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t THE
r^NTOMOLOGIST
^n iJUustratcti JJournal
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
KOBEET ADKIN, F.E.S.
W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S.
W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S.
G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.S.
W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S. Dk. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., Ac.
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
"By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made."
VOLUME THE THIRTY-SEVENTH. (A
-^ /L
LONDON: ^^\
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited.
1904.
LIST OF CONTKIBUTORS.
Abbott, L. R., 265
Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., 286
Anderson, Joseph, 286
Ansaldo, B., 242
Ansokge, E. C, 85, 117, 241
Arkle, J., 17, 26, 44, 74, 142
Baker, W. E. N. 242
Barraud, Philip J., F.E.S., 21, 283
Barrett, J. P., 263, 267, 287
Battley, a. U., 321
Beaumont, Alfred, F.E.S., 323
Bellamy, P. G., 143
Bell-Marley, H. W„ F.E.S., 116
Bogue, W. a., F.E.S., 168, 287
Bracken, C. W., 188
Brande, T. Gristock, 264
Brooks, W., 266
Beown, Henry H., 240, 266
Browne, C. Seymour, 186, 204
Butler, W. E., F.E.S., 214
Cameron, P., 31, 109, 161, 208, 259, 306
Campion, F. W, & H., 20, 252, 300
Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., &c., 68,
314
Chartres, S. a., 242
Clarke, Lionel, 189
Claxton, Eev. W., 167, 214
Cockayne, E. A., 141, 149, 249
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A., 5, 179, 231
Coney, G. B., 127
Conquest, G. Harold, 145
CoRBiN, G. B., 189
Corder, Paul, 268
Cox, G. Lissant, 327
Crallan, G. J., 244
Crewe, Hugh Harpur, 189
Croft, J. A., 84, 215
Dale, C. W., F.E.S., 85
Dannatt, Walter, F.E.S., 173, 240
Delves, Wm., 266
Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 258, 277
Dobree, E. Awdry, 265
DoBsoN, H. T., F.E.S., 102
DoNCASTER, Leonard, 285
Douglas, James, 43, 46, 296
Druitt, a., 286, 288
DuNSTKR, L. E., 323
Fletcher, Thomas Bainbrigge, R.N.,
F.E.S., 143, 273, 285, 315
FOUNTAINE, Miss MARGARET, F.E.S., 79,
105, 135, 157, 184
Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., 245,
262, 265, 267, 268
Garratt, Eichard, 323
Gibus, A. E., 141
Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.E.S., 49
GouLTON, E. C, 324
Grimshaw, Percy H., F.E.S., 284
GuRNEY, Gerard H., 325
Hadden, N. G., 266
Harvey-Jellie, B., 268
Harwood, p., 26
Heath, E. A., M.D., F.L.S., 101
Hill, John, 265
HoDsoN, Lawrence, S., 119, 243
HugctINs, H., Jun., 288
Hyde, John V., 44
Jackson, R. A., 266
Jacobt, Martin, F.E.S., 63, 197, 268,
293
Kaye, William James, F.E.S., 194
Kirby, W. F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 85, 117,
196
KiRKALDY, G. W., F.E.S., 10, 40, 61,
72, 98, 138, 142, 160, 174, 226, 230,
254, 279, 299, 303
Lathy, Percy L, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 71
Leigh, G. F., F.E.S., 84, 118
Leigh, Harold S., 266
Littler, Frank M., F.E.S., M.A.O.U.,
114, 115
Lowe, Rev. F. E., M.A., F.E.S., 272
Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 29, 84, 85,
113, 118, 196, 214, 220, 240, 243,284,
321
Lyle, G. F., 262, 267, 268
McN AUGHT, H. A., 243
McRae, W., 243, 268
MATHEW,Payniaster-in-Chief Gervase F.
F.L.S., F.E.S., etc., 241, 242, 322
Meade-Waldo, G., F.E.S., 69, 301
Meyrick, E., B.A., F.Z.8., F.E.S., 284
Moose-Robinson, Leslie H., 18
Morgan, E. D., 265, 322
Oldaker, F. a., 23, 47, 290
Parry, F. A., 214, 267
Pearce, W. S., 287
Phipps, M. M., 286
Pickard-Cambbidge, O., 189
Plum, H. V., 188
Poole, Hubert F., 190
PoRRiTT, Geo. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., 239,
251
Priske, R. a. R., 214, 240
Prout. Louis B., F.E.S., 115, 116, 151
Quail, Ambrose, F.E.S., 93, 269
Randell, G. J., 265, 268
Randell, R., 289
Raynor, Rev. Gilbert H., 141
R. D. R., 47
Richards, Percy, 263
Riley, L. A., 190, 266
IV
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
EoTHSCHiLij, The Honourable Natuaniel
Chakles, M.A., F.L.S., &c., 1
Eowland-Bkown, H., F.E.S., 17, 49, 113,
122, 146, 169, 192, 221, 222, 284, 291,
322, 329
Russell, G. M., B.Se., 17, 126, 263
Sabine, E., 283, 285
Shaepe, Miss Emily Mary, 131, 181, 202
Shelley, Thomas J., 44, 242
Shepherd, T. H., 44, 115, 118
Shwaytes, J. Ed., 188
Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., 108
SiMMONDS, Hubert W., 244
Small, F. A., 263
Sopp, E. J. B., F.E.S., F.R.Met.S., 28,
89, 90, 147, 171, 218, 331
South, Richard, F.E.S., 15, 16, 17, 44,
113, 115, 118, 124, 172, 196, 220, 240,
242, 244, 264, 287, 288, 320, 321
Standen, R. S., F.L.S., F.E.S., 263
Stanley, D. Dewae, 215
Stonell, B., 44, 45
Tarbat, Rev. J. E., 44
Tarrant, H. P., 323
Teend, J. B., 18
Theobald, Fred. V., M.A., 13, 36, 77,
111, 163, 211, 236
Thompson, A. B., 286
Thornewill, Chas. E., 214
Tomlin, J. R. le B., 147, 171, 218, 331
Trend, T. B., 323
Turner, H., 268
Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 27, 88, 123, 147,
170, 216, 292, 330
Verity, Roger, F.Fr.E.S., F.It.E.S., 53,
142
Verrall, G. H., F.E.S., 166
Wainwright,Colbran J., F.E.S., 91, 123,
192
Walker, S. L. & J., 19, 286
Weddell, B., 286, 288
Werner, W. H.. 265
WiGELSWORTH, R. J., 28, 92, 124, 172,
219, 292
Williams, J. W., 167
Wheeler, Georgis, 117
Woodbridge, Francis E., 9
Young, S. L. Orford, 241
PLATES.
I., II. — New Siphonaptcra from Egypt ......
III. — Dragonflies
IV. — SomeForms of Lepidoptera Rhopalocera found iu Tuscany
V. — Cossidas . . •
VI. — Nijssia lapponaria ........
VII. — 1. Cldorippe nodmaiii, sp. n. ; 2. Monethc johiistoni, s-g.u.;
3. DclUts hempcli sp. n. .
VIII. — Group : Fellows of the Entomological Society of London
at Oxford
IX. — Tubercles of Lepidopterous Larva?
to face
page
1
29
53
93
149
173
221
269
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
Some Aberrations of Common Moths 9
Ccelorrhina cornuta, s^.n., di.nA. C. immaculata, ^-p.n 101
Aberrations of Epinephele tithonus 125
Variations of Nyssia lapponaria 249
INDEX.
GENERAL.
Aberration of Argynnis paphia, 142
Aberrations of Dragonflies, 285 ; of
Epinephele tithonus, 125 ; of Euro-
pean Butterflies, 116, 142
Abundance of Catocala nupta, 2(38
A " Butterfly Summer " in Asia Minor,
79, lUo, 135, 157, 184
Acherontia atropos at Beading, 214 ;
in Kent, 287
Acidalia degeneraria partly double-
brooded, 43
A Fortnight in Mid Northumberland,
74
Agrion hastulatum, ^Eschna juneea, and
^E. isosceles, 85
A Hint to Collectors of Parasitic Hy-
menoptera, 142
A List of the Coccidro of the Hawaiian
Islands, 226
Alleged Occurrences of Papilio podalirius
at Marlborough, 284
A New Form of Gnophipla, 213
An interesting form of Chesias spartiata,
60
Aplecta nebulosa var. robsoni, 263
Aporia cratfegi ab., 262
Argynnis euphrosyne var., 283
"Assembling " in Bombyx quercus, 320 ;
in Ennychia cingulata, 263
Autumnal Lepidoptera in Surrey, 18
A Week on the Norfolk Broads, 325
Bees from San Miguel County, New
Mexico, Some, 5
Bibliographical and Nomenclatorial
Notes on the Hemiptera, 254, 279
British Diptera wanted, 165
British Orthoptera, 240
British specimens of Hydrotffia wanted,
284
Butterflies in Honolulu, 15 ; in North of
France, 324 ; of Culliford Tree, Dor-
set, 167 ; of France, 113
Butterfly hunting in the South Tyrol,
222
Callidium violaceum at Esher, 241
Captures at Sugar at Chichester, 286
Carabus nitens in Isle of Man, 85
Chesias spartiata var. capriata, 60
Chcerocampa celerio at Saxmundham,
44 ; nerii at Eastbourne, 242
Chrysophanus phloeas var. schmidtii at
Erith, 285
Cirrhoedia xerampelina at Bromley, 286
Cleora glabraria, etc., in Dorsetshire, 286
Clostera reclusa at Reading, 214
Clytus arcuatus, L., in North London,
167.
Coincidence of Pyrameis cardui and
Plusia gamma, 16
Coleoptera reared from decayed wood,
323
Colias edusa in Cambridgeshire, 241 ; in
Cornwall, 190, 266, 285; in Devon-
shire, 266, 285 ; in Dorsetshire, 243 ; in
Essex, 241, 267 : in Hampshire, 243,
267, 285 ; in Hertfordshire, 243 ; in
Kent, 267, 285 ; in November, 323 ; in
S. Wales, 267 ; in Sussex, 268
Colias edusa var. helice in Devon, 266
Colias hyale in Kent, 267 ; in Devon, 266
Collecting in Devon. Torquay, & Neigh-
bourhood, 1903, 18 ; in the New Forest,
242, 289 ; in Normandy, Notes on a
Month's Collectmg, 301
Cross-pairing of Zygfena trifolii and Z.
fllipendulffi, 15
Current Notes, 10, 40, 72, 98, 138, 160,
303
Culicidiv from the Federated Malay
States, New, 12, 36, 77, 111, 163, 211,
236
Cychrus rostratus in Surrey, 215
Deilephilalivornica, 168, 188 ; at Bourne-
mouth, 243 ; in Hampshire, 287 ; in
Kent, 214, 265, 207 ; in S. Wales, 265
Deilephila livornica and Plusia moneta
in Wales, 214
Deronectes latus in the New Forest, 241
Description of a New Species of Cyrestis,
71 ; of a variety of the larva of Calo-
campa vetusta, 321
Descriptions of a New Genus and some
New Species of East Indian Hymeno-
ptera, 306 ; New Lepidoptera from
Equatorial Africa, 181, 202; of Some
New Species of Chlamyda; from South
America, 197 ; of Some New Species
VI
INDEX.
of Mastostethus, 63 ; of Some New
Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera,
2'J'S ; of the egg of Coleophora murini-
pennella, 68 ; of Three New Butter-
flies, 173 : of Two New Species of
Cetonid Beetles from British East
Africa, 101 ; of Two New Species of
Aculeate Hymenoptera from Japan, 3-1
Dipterous Parasite attacking Silkworms,
84
Dragonflies in 1902 and 1903, 29, 84 ; of
Epping Forest in 1901, 30u
Early appearance of Cidaria jDicata, 26
Earwig attacked by Acari, 213
Ennomos autumnaria at Fareham, 44
Ennychia cingulata "assembling," 263
Entomology in the Hawaiian Islands,
On the Present Condition of, 299
Epinephele ida var. albomarginata, Fal-
lou, 113 ; jurtina ab. anommata
(Verity), 283
Erebia glacialis var. nichoUi, Ob., 284
Eucosma branderiana in Surrey, 242
Eurygaster maurus (Hemiptera), 214
Field Work in 1903, 21
Genitalia of Lepidoptera, 170
Geometra vernaria, 17
Gryllus campestris, 85
Gynandrous example of Cyaniris argi-
olus, 85 ; of Lyca;na (Polyommatus)
ffigon, 263
Hadena atriplicis and Dicycla oo in
Huntingdonshire, 214
Heliothis peltigera at Bognor, 268 ; at
Deal, 287
Hemerophila abruptaria in January, 44
Hertfordshire Lepidoptera and Coleo-
ptera, 139
Hybrid Smerinthus, 86
Hymenoptera from Japan, 34
Hyria auroraria and Melitasa artemison
Wimbledon Common, 45
Lampides telicanus (for L. tilicanus), 284
Laphygma exigua at Chester, 44 ; near
Tunbridge Wells, 286
Larva of Apatura iris on poplar, 84
Larvffi feeding on Castanea vulgaris,
268 ; from Honeysuclde, 323 ; of
Arctia caia swarming in the Scilly
Islands, 262
Late appearance of Ourapteryx sambu-
cata, 288
Lepidoptera at Christchurch, Hants, 287 ;
at Light during 1903 in the Dorking
district, 46 ; in Jersey, 1903, 127 ; in
N. Dorset, 1903, 45 ; of Malta, 273, 315
Leucania albipuncta in Devon, 265
Leucophasia sinapis ab., 118
Life-history of Lyca^na argiades, 245
Limenitis Camilla ab., 240
Literature on Belgian Forest Insects,
Recent, 230
Lycffina jegon var. Corsica in Norway, 263
Lycfena icarus var. melanotoxa, 115
Lygris (Cidaria) reticulata in Westmore-
land, 268
Melitaja didyma ab., 17
Migratory Flight of Crenis boisduvali,
Wall., 116
Morimus funereus in England, 117
National Collection of British Lepido-
ptera, The, 17, 85, 213, 321
Neuroptera from Cheshire, 117
New Culicid£E from the Federated Malay
States, 12, 36, 77, 111, 163, 211, 236
New Forms and New Localities of some
European Butterflies, 53
New Records of Bees, 231
New Rhyuchota-Cryptocerata, 258
Note on a Sawfly from New Zealand, 84 ;
on Halias piasinana, 188 ; on the
Dragonfly .Eschna cyanea, 239 ; on the
Hybernation of Gonepteryx rhamni,
141 ; on the Orthopterous Genus Cap-
nobotes, 179 ; on Zeuzera eucalypti,
114
Notes from the New Forest, 268 ; from
New Zealand, 246 ; from the North-
west, 23 ; from Westclift'-on-Sea and
District, 143 ; on a Month's collecting
in Normandy, 301
Notes on a Collection of Butterflies and
Moths made in Touraine, 69 ; on Cos-
sidfe, 93 ; on Some Lepidoptera reared
during 1903, 20 ; on Sphingidas in
Wales, 288 ; on the Genus Metro-
coris, 61 ; on the Ova and Early
Stage of the Larva of Acidalia emu-
taria, 108; on Variation in Malaco-
soma (Bombyx) neustria, 43
Norfolk Broads, A Week on the, 325
Nothochrysa capitata (Neuroptera), 85,
214, 239
Nymphs of Cordulegaster annulatus, 113
Obituary : —
Kelsall, Thomas, 52
McLachlan, Robert, 172, 196
Odonata, &c., in the Norfolk Broads, 251
Olethreutes branderiana in Surrey, 242
On a dark form of Ischnura elegans, 252
On a series of aberrations of Epinephele
tithonus, 125
On New Species of Butterflies from
Equatorial Africa, 131
On Nyssia lapponaria, 149
On Some New Genera and Species of
Hymenoptera, 109, 161, 208, 259
On the Tubercles of Thorax and xVbdo-
men in First Larval Stage of Lepido-
ptera. 269
INDEX.
Vll
Orobena (Evergestis) straminalis in Sur-
rey, 287, 3-24
Orthotienia branderiana, in Surrey, 242
Papilio (Iphiclides) podalirius as a
British Insect, 264
Pararge achine on the Mendel, 272, 322
Peronea hastiana from Surrey and the
Lancashire Coast, 320
Phytophagous Coleoptera, 63
Plusia moneta in Essex, 214 ; at Read-
ing, 214 ; in Worcestershire, 243
Poha chi var. olivacea, 263
Polyommatus (Lycaena) argiades in So-
mersetshire, 47
Prehminary List of the Lepidoptera of
Malta, 273, 315
Probable effect of Last Season on the
occurrence of Insects, 142
Pyrameis cardui at Dovercourt, 241
Recent Books on Coccidse, or Scale
Insects, 117
Recent Literature : —
The Moth Book, by W. J. Holland, 50
Aquatic Insects in New York State,
51
Ichneumonologia Britannica, by
Claude Morley, 51
British Tyroglyphids, by Albert P.
Michael, 92
Who's Who? and Who's Who Year
Book, 92
Catalogue of British Coleoptera, by
T. Hudson Beare and H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe, 148
New Zealand Neuroptera, by G. V.
Hudson, 148
Eighth Annual Report of the State
Entomologist of Minnesota for
1903, by F. L. Washburn, 148
Index Fauna Novre Zealandii^^ edited
by Captain F. W. Hutton, 148
A List of Y'orkshire Lepidoptera, by
G. T. Porritt, 172
Proceedings of the South London
Entomological and Natural History
Society, 172
British Lepidoptera, by J. W. Tutt,
vol. iv. 193
Eleanor Ormerod, LL.D., Economic
Entomologist, Autobiography and
Correspondence, edited by Robert
Wallace, 219
The Honey Bee, by T. W. Cowan, 220
Trans. City Lend. Ent. and Nat. Hist.
Soc. for the year 1903, 220
TheLepidopteraof the British Islands,
by 0. G. Barrett, vol. ix. 220
Orders of Insects, by A. E. Shipley,
138
Handbook of the Natural History of
Cambridgeshire, by J. E. Marr and
A. E. Shipley, 332
Report of the Superintendent of the
Government Laboratories in the
Philippine Islands for 1903, 332
Annual Report and Transactions of
the Manchester Microscopical So-
ciety for 1903, 332
(See also Current Notes, pp. 10, 40,
72, 98, 138, 160, 303)
Saturnia carpini on Lythrum salicaria,
240
Shipley's Arrangement of the Orders of
Insects, 138
Siphonaptera from Egypt, New Species
of, 1
Sirex gigas in the Isle of Man, 44 ; in
Wiltshire, 18
Sirex juvencus in Selkirkshire, 287
Smerinthus i^oiDuli in August, 323
Societies : —
Birmingham Entomological, 90, 123,
192
Entomological of London, 48, 120,
145, 169, 190, 290, 327
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo-
gical, 27, 88, 123, 147, 170, 217, 330
Manchester Entomological, 27, 91,
171, 218, 292
South London Entomological and
Nat. History, 26, 85, 122, 146, 169,
215, 291, 329
The Entomological Club. 124, 219
Some Recent Phases of Variation in the
Larentiidffi, 151
Some New Oahuan (Hawaiian) Hemi-
ptera, 174
Some Noteworthy Occurrences in 1904,
264
Some Tasmanian Case-bearing Lepi-
doptera, 310
" Sounds produced by Insects," 171
Sphinx convolvuli at Cardiff, 44 ; at
Chichester, 286 ; at Dovercourt, 241 ;
at Walmer, 266 ; in Berkshire, 265 ;
in Derbyshire, 265 ; in Devonshire,
265,286; in Essex, 265 ; in Hamp-
shire, 244, 265, 2SS ; in Kent, 286 ;
in Lancashire, 265 ; in London, 244 ;
in Moray, 266 ; in Norfolk, 242 ; in
Selkirkshire, 286; in Surrey, 266,
286 ; in Wales, 265, 323 ; in York-
shire, 266
Spiders exhibited, 170
Spring Dragonflies from the South of
France, 283
Stauropus fagi in Northamptonshire,
268
Supplementary List of the Lepidoptera
of the Island of Capri, 186, 204
Tasmanian Case-bearing Lepidoptera,
Some, 310
Thecla w-album in Glamorganshire,
242
Vlll
INDEX.
TJie Dragonflies of Epping Forest in
1903, 19 ; in 1904, 300
The Generic name Syntomis, Ochs, A
Synonym, 116
The Tubercles of Saturnia carpini, 262
The Variation of Epinephele tithonus,
263
Three Weeks in the New Forest, 1903,
118
Trichoptikis paludum in Surrey, 287
Twelve Months' Work among the Dra-
gonflies of Surrey and Hampshire,
102
Two Questions of Generic Homonymy,
115
" Undescribed Rhynchota," 277
Unusual find of Sphingid Larvfe, 118
Urticating effects of larval hairs, 114
Vanessa antiopa in Kent, 268 ; in the
Isle of Wight, 323
Variation of Tivniocampa gracilis, 141
Variations of Nyssia lapponaria, 249
Varieties : —
Abraxas grossulariata, 86, 122
Amphipyra pyramidea, 87
Anthrocera lilipenduhe, 87
Aporia crattegi, 262
Arctia caia, 86, 290
Argynnis aglaia, 86 ; paphia, 142
Bombyx trifolii, 169
Bryophila muralis, 86
Bupalus piniaria, 146
Calhmorpha dominula, 146
Chrysophanus eleus, 137 ; phloeas, 285
Cleora glabraria, 86
Colias edusa, 87 ; electra, 121
Cyaniris argiolus, 85
Cymatopliora duplaris, 330
Epinephele tithonus, 125, 263
E^junda lichenea, 86
Gonepteryx rhamni. 240
Grapta e-album, 158
Hemerophila abruptaria, 87
Hypena rostralis, 122
Ligdia adustata, 86
Limenitis Camilla, 240 ; sibylla, 87
Lycasna ffigon, 263 ; bellargus, 17 ;
icarus, 157 ; trochilus, 137
Mamestra brassicfe, 146
Melanargia galatea, 330 ; hertha, 184
Melanthia ocellata, 86
Melitrea didyma, 17 ; trivia, 184
Nemeophila russula, 87
Nyssia lapponaria, 249
Ocneria dispar, 86
Pieris brassicas, 327 ; rapae, 86
Polygonia c-album, 87
Polyommatus ffigon, 331
Sagara senegalensis, 169
Tffiniocampa gracilis, 141 ; munda,
86 ; stabilis, 27
Thestor nogellii, 136
Zygffina minos, 331
Visit of the Entomological Society and
Entomological Club to Oxford, 221
Vitality of Blaps mortisago, Linn., 240
Winter treatment of Pupfe, 166
Xylophasia zollikoferi, Frey., in Britain,
16
INSTRUCTIONS to BINDER.— The SPECIAL INDEX, given with
the 'Entomologist' for January, 1905, belongs to this Volume, and
should be placed next to this General Index.
SPECIAL INDEX.
Neiv Genera and Sjjecies are marked ivith an asterisk.
COLEOPTERA.
Abdera fuscum, quadrifasciata, 290
Acanthocerus, 48
Acidota crenata, 120
Jilmona hirta, siniplicollis, 244
Amara spinipes, 28
Anchomenus parumpunctatus, 48
Anisotoma dubia, 331 ; furva, 28
Anthonomus grandis, 803
Anthophagus alpinus, 120
Aphanisticus emarginatus, 28
Apion sanguiueum, 48, 120 ; sorbi, 48
Apoderus coryli, 291
Arpediuna brachypterum, 120
Asphyra punctata, 216
Aulonium sulcatum, 290
Bagous glabrirostris, lutosus, 328
Bembidium sexatile, 28
Blaps mortisaga, 240
Bledius femoralis, taurus, 291
Callidium alni, 210 ; violaceuni, 241
Cantharis vesicatoria, 89
Cetonia aurata, 87
Chcctocnema confusa, hortensis, sub-
cffirulea, 330
Chlamys adspersata, 201 ; balyi, 293 ;
centromaculata,* 201 ; constricti-
pennis,* 202; donckieri, 198; fulvi-
mana,* 200; hircina, 198; knochi,
200; minax, 198; reticulata, 197;
semibrunnea,* 198 ; semicristata,*
293 ; seminigra,* 198 ; surinamensis,*
200; trimaculata,* 197
Chrysomela ceralis, 120 ; sanguinolenta,
28
Cicindela tuberculata, 244
Cis bilamellus, 327
Cistela ater, 323
Clytus arcuatus, 167
Ccelorrhina cornuta,* 101
Corynetes rufipes, 26
Cryptocephalus coryli, sexpunctatus,
124
Cryphalus abietis, 323
Cryptolffimus montrouzieri, 226
Cryptogonus orbicularis, 226
Cryptophagus acutangulus, 147
Cychrus rostratus, 215
Dendrooctonus micans, 231
Dermestes lardarius, 87
Deronectes latus, 241
Donacia dentipes, 291 ; discolor, 28 ;
sericea, simplex, thalassina, vulgaris,
291
Dorcadion almarzense, neilense, 121
Dryophilus anoboides, 323
Dyschirus politus, 291
Dytiscus circumflexus, 215 ; marginalis,
171
Elater elongatulus, lythropterus, po-
moiife, sanguinolentus, 171
Eudicella immaculata," 102; smithi,
102
Galerucella calraariensis, 291
Glenea pulehella, 121
Gynandrophthalma atHnis, 28, 122
Halyzia ocellata, 216, 330
Heplaulacus villosus, 124
Horaalium testaceum, 48
Hydroporus bilineatus, 28
Hylobius abietis, piceus, pinastri, 221
Lffimophlceus ater, 323
Lampi-ina aurata, 329
Lasiorhynchus barbicornis, 244
Lathridius bergrothi, 28
Leiopus nebulosus, 28
Leistus montanus, 28
Liparus germanus, 292
Lucanus cervus, 87 ; elaphus, 42
Luperodes lateralis, 296
Macrodontia cervicornis, 147
Mastostethus abdominalis, 66 ; alter-
nans, 65; argentinensis,* 65; auran-
tiacus, 63; balyi,* 66; ephippiger,
67; erichsoni,* 64: femoratus,* 64;
funereus,* 63 ; lacordairei,* 65 ; nigri-
collis,*66; nigrovarians,* 63; quadri-
plagiatus,* 67 ; 5-maculatus, 66 ;
tibialis, 65 ; trifasciatus, 65
Melfficus paradoxus, 28
Melanotus rufipes, 28
Meloe brevicoUis, 124
Monliotina rufum, salomonensis,* 295
Monohammus sutor, 147
Morimus funereus, 117
Mycetophagus multipunctatus, 221
Myelophilus minor, piniperda, 231
b
11
INDEX.
NacercTes melanura, 99
Nebria gyllenhali, 28
Neuraphes carinatus, 291
Nitocris nigricornis, 190
Novius koebeli, 226
Ocypus olens, 216
Odontria santhosticta, 244
Omalium jiygmffium, 323
Orochares angustata, 169
Oi'chestes iota, 292
Orsodacna cerasi, 216
Osphya bipunctata, 124
Otiorrhynchus blandus, maurus, 28;
sulcatus, 291
Phyllobrotica quadrimaculata, 292
Platynaspis nigra, 229
Polydrusus confusus, 291 ; sericeus, 291
Prionus coriarius, 292
Psalidognathus friendi, 219
Pselaphus dresdensis, 169
Pterostichus vitreus, 28
Ptinus tectus, 120, 147
Quedius longicornis, 120
Rhizotrogus, 291
Rhodolia, 226
Rhynchites sequatus, 291
Sagra humeralis,* 294 ; peteli, 295 ;
senegalensis, 169
Scirtes hemisphfericus, 291
Sticholotis punctatus, 226
Silpha atrata, reticulata, 124 ; subrotun-
data, 28
Sitones griaeus, 27
Hphenophorus parvulus, 98
Sphodrus leucopthalmus, 28
Strangalia quadrifasciata, 292
Telephorus testaceus, 292
Tetropium fuscum, 290
Trichosternus antarcticus, 244
Tropiphorus obtusus, 121 ; tomentosus,
48, 121
Tychius polylincatus, 169
Vedalia cardinalis, 226
Xyleborus dispar, 48, 122
DIPTEEA.
Acromyia, 99
Anopheles cortalis, funestus, 218
Anthrax paniscus, 166
Antipalus varipes, 166
Asilus varipes, 166
Beris fuscipes, 165 ; geniculata, 165
Bibio marci, 75, 76
Bicellaria, 99
Callicera fenea, yerburyi, 290
Catageiomyia, 78
Cecidomyia destructor, 11, 148
Ceratitis capitata, 11
Ceratophyllus henleyi,* 3
Chelifeia, 99
Chrysops sepulcralis, 166
Corethra obscuripes, 190
Cyrtoma, 99
Danielsia," 78; albotfeniata,* 111
Didea alneti, 328
Dioctria flavipes, 166 ; linearis, 166
Ephydra, 100 ; riparia, 73
Eretmapodites, 211
Eristalis crytarum, 328
Eutolmus rutibarbis, 166
Glossinia morsitans, 217
Hfematopota italica, 166
Heleodromia, 99
Helophilus pendulus, 329
Huleocoeteomyia trilineata,* 163
Hyperechia xylocopiformis, 191
Leicesteria,* 77, 211; longipalpis,* 211
Leptis annulata, 166 ; conspicua, 165 ;
strigosa, 16'6
Leptopa filiformis, 48
Lophoscelomyia asiatica,* 12
Lucina fasciata, 48
Macleaya, 77, 78
Macleayia, 211
Macrostomus, 99
Mantipeza, 99
Miltogramma punctata, 90
Mochlonyx velutinus, 191
Myzomyia albirostris, 12
Nemotelus brevirostris, 165 ; notatus, 165
Neoitamus colthurnatus, 190 ; socius, 166
Odontomyia ornata, tigrina, viridula, 165
Oncodes pallipes, 166
Orthopodomyia,* 236; albipes,* 237
Oxycera dives, falleni, 165
Pachygaster minutissima, 165
Pelidnoptera nigripennis, 48
Phora formicarum, 145
Platyphora lubbocki, 328
Psilocephala ardea, 166
Pulex mycerini,* 1 ; pyramidis,* 3; ra-
mesis,* 2
Rhamphomyia, 99
Sargus flavipes, nebeculosus, 165
Scenopinus glabrifrons, 166
Sciodromia, 99
Scutomyia albolineata,* 77
Sericomyia borealis, 329
Spania nigra, 166
Stegomyia nivea, 12, 113; scutellaris, 78
Stenopteryx hirundinis, 329
Stratiomys furcata, riparia, 165
Symphoromyia melaBna, 166
Syneches, 99
Syrphus ribesii, vitripennis, 165
Tabanus glaucopis, 166
Thyreophora fuscata, 48
Toxorhynchites leicesteri,* 36; metal-
licus,* 36
Xylomyia varia, 165
Xylophagus cinctus, 166
INDEX.
Ill
HEMIPTERA.
Abricta, 282
Acanonicus, 282
Acanthiclium, 280
Acantbidiellum, 280
Acanthocephala, 282
Acantholybas, 282
Acantischium, 281
Acotropis, 281
.Etalion, 282
/Etius, 280
Alchisme, 279
Aleyrodes, 282 ; citri, 41 ; vaporaiiorum,
11
Alsol, 279
Aloha ipomoeas,* 177
Althos, 280
Arafortas, 280
AmoriDhococcus, 257
Anagnia, 279
Ancylopus, 282
Aneurus Itevis, 292
Anomus, 279
Antillocoris, 280
Anubis, 280
Aonidia aonidum, lauri, 258
Apayphe, 282
Aphidioides, 281
Aphioides, 281
Aphis sambuci, 256 ; ulmi, 255
Aradus, 281
Argante, 279
Ai-ytaena, 282
Ascra, 281
Aspidiotus cydonite, heder®, 228; perni-
ciosus, 11, 228; persearum, rapax,
228
Assamia, 279
Asterolecanium, 258; pustulans, 227
Atelias, 280
Anlacaspis pentagonia, rosa?, 229
Axona, 28
Baracus, 280
Bardistus, 280
Bergia, 279
Bergias, 279
Bergthora, 279
Berta, 280
Bertsa, 280
Blissus leucopterus, 98, 148
Boethoos, 279
Botocudo, 280
Brachybasis, 280
BrachysceHs duplex, 190
Brachystele
Brontostoma, 280
Brysocrypta, 281
Burma, 280
Calceolariffi minor, 257
Callipappus, 257
Calocoris canus, 179
Calymmata, 256 ; acuminatum, hes-
peridum, longulum, 228
Campy losteira, 283
Campylostisa, 283
Cardiastethus fasciventris, 26
Carthffia, 279
Cephalotenes, 282
Cephalotonus, 282
Ceratocombus coleoptratus, 329
Ceratoleptus, 281
Cercometus fumosus,* 278
Ceroplastes ceriferus, flavidensis, rubens,
228
Chffitococcus bambusffi, kermicus, 227
Chauliops rutherfordi,* 277
Chermes, 255
Chrysocorys, 256
Chrysomphalus aurantii, 228
Cibyra, 280
Cicada tibicen, 87
Cicadetta, 282 ; montana, 292
Cimex, 281
Cletus, 281
Clinocoris, 282
Clonia, 280
Coccus aceris, 257 ; cacti, 89, 255, 256 ;
mexicanus, 255 ; perforatum, 257 ;
sylvestris, 257
Colgorma, 279
Cona, 279
Conorrhinus megistus, 329
Corizus capitatus, 292
Coryxidea, 282
Cryptoporus, 280
Cyarda, 279
Cybus, 282
Cylindrostethus, 256
Cyllocoris, 281
Dactylopius coccus, 255; tomentosus,257
Dakulosphaira, 281
Dalcera, 280
Damellera, 280
Damelia, 280
Darthula, 282
Daunus, 279
Davila, 280
Delphacodes mulsanti, 177
Delphax maidis, 176
Deltocephalus hospes,* 177
Dersagrena, 280
Diffiretus, 282
Diaphorina, 281
Diaspis boisdrvalii, bromeliae, 229, 230
Dicranoneura, 282
Dicranotropis maidis, 176
Dikraneura, 282
Dilasia decolor, denigrata, 179
Dimorphella, 281
Dioclophara, 279
Dolichistre, 280
b 2
IV
INDEX.
Drosicha, 256
Drosycha, 256
Dryaphis, 279
Dryobius, 279
Dryopeia, 279
Dysepicritus, 281
Elachisme, 280
Elasmatostethus, 282
Elatiptus, 282
Elathea, 280
Embolimus, 282
Embolophora, 281
Encarsia, 257
Endeis, 279
Enicocephalus braunsii, 160
Erga, 281
Eriococcus araucariae, 226
Eteocles, 280
Eteoneus, 279
Eucalymnatus perforatum, tesellatuua,
228
Euhadrocerus, 281
Eulecanium curtisi, 257 ; mori, 228
Eupododus, 280
Eurus, 281
Euryaspis, 283
Eurysaspis, 281, 282
Eurysthethus, 281
Eutettix perkinsi,' 175, 178
Eysarcoris, 281
Fiorinia arecffi, 258 ; fiorinia?, 229, 258
Florichisme, 279
Gallipappus, 257
Gastrinia, 280
Gelastogonia, 279
Gelastophantia, 280
Gelastophara, 279
Gelastyra, 280
Glechossa, 280
Glossopelta dudgeoni,* 277
Gonionotus, 281
Grimgera, 280
Gueriniellus, 280
Hajckelia, 280
Halticus chrysolepis, 175, 179
Hamadryaphis, 279
Harma, 282
Handhirschiella, 283
Henicocephalus braunsii, 160 ; pugna-
torius,* 278
Hesperophanta, 279
Heterotoma, 282
Homotoma ficus, 256
Hoplobates, 282
Howardia biclavis, 229
Hyadaphis, 279
Hygyops, 283
Hypselotropis, 279
Ilburnia, 282
Ilerda, 280
Imbrius, 280
Isachisme, 280
Ischnaspis longirostris, 229
Issus auroreus, 99
Ithamar hawaiiensis, 175
Kalania, 280
Kareol, 279
Kessleria, 279
Kronides, 279
Lachnus ulmi, 255
Lamus, 280
Laveia, 256
Lecanopsis rhizophila, 257
Leila, 281
Lepidosaphes beckli, 229 ; cockerelliana,
257; crotonis, gloverii, pallida, pinnae-
formis, 229
Leptophara, 279
Leptostyla, 280
Leucaspis, 257
Leucodiaspis signoreti, 257
Lilia delecta, 179
Lioderma, 280
Liodermion, 280
Lissocapsus wasmanni, 160
Livia, 282
Loewia, 282
Lucilla, 279
Macrocephalus, 281, 283
Macrocoris flavicoUis, 258 ; transvaal-
ensis,* 258
Macrothyreus, 280
Mfficenas, 280
Major, 257
Margus, 280
Marichisme, 280
Megamelus leahi,' 176
Megoura, 282
Melampsalta, 283
Melanocoris, 280, 281
Melanostoma, 280
Menuthias, 280
Mesocerus, 282
Mestor, 280
Metriorrhynchomiris, 280
Metriorrhynchus, 280
Metrocoris compar, distanti, 61, 62 ;
histrio, lituratus, 61 ; stall, 61, 62
Metrosideros ohia, 257
Microleptes, 280
Micromasoria, 279
Microphyllia, 280
Microphysa elegantula, 26
Microsiphum corallorhiza, 10
Mindarus, 280
Monanthia, 281; dumetorum, humuli,
292
Monophleba, 257
Montandoneus, 280
Morganella maskalli, 228
Myrmecocoris, 282
Myrmedonobia, 281
Mysolis, 279
Mytilaspis, 258 ; albus, 257
Nabis lusciosus, 179 ; subrufus, 179
Nanichisme, 280
Neoblissus paraaitaster, 160
Nesiotes, 280
INDEX.
Norsia, 279
Notonecta trivittata, 41
Oliarus leporinus, 292
Ophistoscelis, 257
OiDuna hawaiiensis, 175
Orthostira parvula, 329
Pachygroutha, 283
Panaphis, 279
Paramecus, 280
Parlatoria pergandii, 229 , proteus, 229,
257 ; zizyphus, 229, 257
Parmula, 279
Paulia, 279
Pelocoris femorata, 72
Pendulinus, 282
Peniscomus, 281, 282
Peregrinator, 280
Peregrinus*'maidis, 175
Peribalus vernalis, 146
Phacusa, 279
Phenacaspis eugeniae, 229
Phidippus, 280
Phillontocheila, 281
PhlcEophthiridium, 282
Phyllochisme, 280, 281
Phyllontocheila, 283
Phylloxera, 282
Physatochila, 280
Physatocheila, 281, 282
Picromerus bidens, 292
Piestodorus, 282
Piestosthus, 282
Pineus, 282
Piosomus, 282
Plagiognathus pulicarius, saltitans, 291
Plagiostylus, 282
Platycoris, 280
Plegmatoptera, 282
Pododus, 280
Poecilocytus vulneratus, 291
Pcecilostola, 279
Pollinia, 258
Polychisme, 280
Poronotellus, 280
Poronotus, 280
Prionochilus, 281
Probergrothius, 280
Proutista, 279
Psammocoris, 281
PseudarsBopus lethierryi, 177
Pseudococcus, 258
Psylla, 255
Psyllopsis, 282
Ptychodes, 279
Pulvinaria, 258 ; mammea, psidii, 227
Pycnos, 282
Pydna, 280
Pygseus, 280
Pyranthe, 279
Eagnar, 280
Eeduvius personatus, 305
Reuterista, 280
Rhaphidogaster, 282
Rhinortha, 279
Rhizaphis, 282
Rhizobium, 257
Rhizophthiridium, 282
yacchiphantes, 282
Saissetia hemisphffiricum, nigrum, olete,
228
Salacia, 280
Schizonotus, 280
Selenocephalus cincticeps, 41
Semiotoscelis, 283
Siphocoryne xylostei, 279
Southia, 279
Sronachlachar, 283
Stephanitis, 281
Stethotomus, 282
Stictocoris, 280
Stictonotus, 280
Stictosynechia, 282
Stroggylocephalus, 282
Sundarion, 279
Systolonotus, 282
Targionia, 258
Telesneniia, 282
Temora, 279
Tetigonia viridis, 256
Tetraneura ulmi, 255
Tetrisia, 280
Tettigoniella, 256
Texas, 280
Thalsia, 283
Thanatophara, 280
Thanatophantia, 279
Thaumastopsaltria, 283
Thrasyniedes, 279
Thurselinus greeni, 259
Tingis, 280 ; cardui, 281
Tongorma, 283
Trachyops, 280
Trechocorys adonidum, longispinus, 258
Trichochermes, 280
Trichocorys albizziffi, bromelliae, calceo-
laria, citri, filamentosus, nipae, 227
Trichopsylla, 280
Triphleps niger, 160 ; persequens, 179
Triquetra, 279
Tropidocheila, 282
Tropidochila, 281
Tropidocoris, 282
Tropidostethus, 281
Tryphlocyba comes, 40 ,
Westermannia, 280
WoUastoniella, 282
Xosias, 280
Xosophara, 279
Xosophsaltria, 280
Xylocoris, 282
Zaitha fluminea, 87
Zanchisme, 280
VI
INDEX.
HYMENOPTEEA.
Andrena birtwelli, 233 ; fuscipes, 90 ;
inoa,* 210; mellea, 6; mariaB, 233;
phasdra, 210 ; pilipes, 90 ; prunorum,
6, 233 ; salicinella, 233
Anthidium poiteras, 7
Anthophora euops, 234
Arpactus lucinctus, 90
Bembex fossoria, 2(i2 ; mtgadonta,* 261 ;
pinguis, 262
Bombus iridis, 8 ; juxtus, 234 ; sonorus,
8, 234
Centris atripes, bicolorella, foxi, smithii,
235
Chalicodoma muraria, 73
Ccfilioxys acuminata, 91
Coelochalcis,* 110 ; carinifrons, 110
Coelojoppa,* 162; cariniscutis,* 208
Colletes, 120 ; gilensis, fodiens, 6
Crabro agycus,* 261 ; cetratus, 91 ; tri-
chiosoraus,* 260
Cremastogaster ranavolonis, 160
Dialictus, 235
Dianthidium parvum, 8 ; sticticum, 234
Dielis testaceipes,* 34
Emphoi'opsis salviarum, 234
Eriocampa adumbrata, 85
Euconnus maklini, 48
Eumenes coarctatus, 290 ; micado,*
punctata, 35
Gorytes tumidus, 90
Greeleyella,* 235; beardsleyi,* 236
Halictus celamatisellus, 6 ; himalayen-
sis,* 210; ovaliceps, 6; ruidosensis,
6
Haliphera flavomaculata,' 306 ; fusci-
tarsis, maculipes, 307
Lasius flavus, 160 ; niger, 145
Lisitheria nigricornis,* 306
Megachile eleomis, 8 ; emoryi,*7; lati-
manus, 7, 8 ; raaritinia, 7 ; monard-
arum, 7 ; montana, 8 ; obliqua, 8 ;
pallidicincta, 8 ; sapellonis, 7 ; sayi.
8 ; sphseralcese, 8 ; vidua, 7 ; willugh-
biella, 7 ; wootoni, 7
Melecta interrupta, 77
JNIonomoiium salomonis, 327
Monostegia antipoda, 85
Murgantia histrionica, 10
JMyrmicaria fodiens, 327
Nomada fragilis, 233 ; guttulata, 48
Noniia, 8
Odynerus camicrus,* 259 ; rhipheus,*
308; ty tides,* 309
Oncochalcis* 161 ; deeste, 162 , mar-
ginata,* 162
Oxffia, 8
Oxycoryhpus,* 109; pilosellus,* 110
Paltothyrus tarsatus, 191
Panurginus perltevis, 236
Perdita affinis, 6 ; chrysophila, stottleri,
townsendi, 6
Polistes gallicus, 290
Pompilus cinctellus, rufipes, 90
Prosopis basimacula,* 209 ; niesillaj,
233
Proteraner leptanthi,* ranunculi, 232 ;
rhois,* 233
Rhoptromyrmex transversinodes, 160
Sirex gigas, 44 ; juvencus, 44, 288
Solenopsis gemmata, 160, 327
Sphecodes arroyanus,* 231 ; arvensis,
5, 6, 232 ; metathoracicus, pecosensis,*
5; sophiffi,* 232; veganus, 5
Sphecodes, 327
Spilojoppa,* 208 ; fulvipes,* 209
Spinoliella meliloti, 234
Stelis phffioptera, 90
Stigmus niger, HOB
Stoniatocerus, 109
Synhalonia californica, 235
Trypoxylon figulus, 90 ; intrudens, 303
Vespa austriaca, rufa, 40
Xylocopa fenestrata, 191 ; varipuncta,
234 ; violacea, 171
LEPIDOPTERA.
Abraxas adustata, 21; grossulariata, 71,
86, 122, 130, 302; sylvata, 218;
ulmata, 218
Abrostola urticae, 252
Acherontia atropos, 19, 25, 76, 171, 214,
287
Achivus machaon, 318
Acidalia avei-sata, 130, 152, 206, 298
circellata, 24 ; contiguaria, 331 ; de
generaria, 43, 206 ; depravata, 206
dilutaria, 45 ; elongaria, 206 ; emu
taria, 108, 297 ; humiliata, 299
imitaria, 45, 47, 130, 287, 288 ; im
rautata, 252 ; incanaria, 130 ; infir
maria, 206 ; marginepunctata, 22 ;
obsoletaria, 206 ; ochreata, 205 ;
ornata, 22, 200, 302; politata, 206;
promutata, 130; remutaria, 24, 45,
216 ; rubraria, 206 ; rubricata, 130,
131; scutulata, 130; spoliata, 206;
straminata, 24 ; trigeminata, 206 ;
trilineata, 205
Acontia luctuosa, 19, 22, 47, 71, 88, 129,
140, 297, 302, 319
Acrrea arreca, 132; circeis, 181; egina,
48, 49, 132; harrisoni,* 132; melano-
sticta,* 181; perenna, 48; pharsalus,
48 ; servona, 181 ; rahira, 121 ; zetis,48
INDEX.
Vll
Acrobasis glaucella, 207
Acronycta aceris, 70, 286 ; albovenosa,
121 ; alni, 1-17, 289, 290 ; leporina, 26,
147, 252, 264 ; ligustri, 18, 292 ; mega-
cephala, 128, 218, 298, 302 ; psi, 45,
128, 204, 268, 286, 302; rumicis, 19,
24, 70, 100, 128, 302 ; stngosa, 302 ;
tridens, 70, 297 ; venosa, 171
Actinotia hyperici, 70
Adopasa lineola, 226 ; thaumas, 22, 226
iEUopos hirundo, 118
Agdestes beiinettii, 216
Aglais urticas, 315
Agriopis aprilina, 129
Agrius convolvuli, 194, 318, 329
Agrophila trabealis, 71
Agrotis agathina, 18, 242, 243, 331
aquilina, 140 ; ashworthii, 25, 91, 171
190, 292, 331 ; cinerea, 47, 215, 123
298 ; c-nigrum, 70, 204 ; corticea
19, 123, 128, 298; crassa, 204, 319
cursoria, 151 ; exclamationi':, 70, 123
128, 297, 298 ; fimbria, 192 ; hicernea
19, 331; lunigera, 19, 298; mar
garitosa, 204 ; nigricans, 49, 128
porphyrea, 18, 119, 128, 289 ; pronuba
319; puta, 46, 70, 122, 319; ravida
292 ; saucia, 19, 45, 46, 128, 144, 204
319 ; segetum, 70, 128, 297, 319
spini, 145 : strigula, 47 ; suffusa, 18
45, 128, 144, 319 ; tritici, 128, 151
trux, 204, 319 ; ypsilon, 204, 319
Amata passalis, 116
Amorpha populi, 86
Ammocouia senex, 205
Ampelopliaga rubiginosa, 305
Amphidasys betularia, 24, 26, 47, 130,
219, 268 ; doubledayaria, 24 ; stra-
taria, 47
Amphipyra pyramidea, 46, 47, 70, 87,
128, 302 ; tragopogonis, 45, 128, 302,
326
Amphisa gerningana, 75
Anaitis plagiata, 18, 47, 77, 130, 154,
206
Anarta myrtilli, 18, 24, 119, 243, 289
Andriasa mutata, 118
Anchocelis lunosa, 19, 47, 129, 144 ;
pistacina, 47, 129, 144 ; rufina, 19,47,
88, 129, 144
Angerona corylaria, 302 ; prunaria, 86,
119, 292, 302
Anisopteryx ascularia, 47
Anosia archippus, 15 ; plexippus, 146
Antanartia amaiiroptera,* delius, schce-
neia, 181
Antliocharis ausonia, 135 ; belemia, 329 ;
belia, 135, 329 ; cardamines, 69, 135 ;
glauce, 329
Anthrocera filipendulfe, 26, 87 ; hippo-
crepidis, 27 ; trifolii, 26
Anticlea badiata, 18, 46, 47, 169 ; deri-
vata, 130; rubidata, 19, 130, 144;
sinuata, 28
Apamea basilinea, 45, 128 ; didyma, 71,
151, 302, 326 ; geniina, 19, 297 ;
fibrosa, 326; leucostigma, 326; oculea,
71, 298, 302; ophiogramma, 151;
secalis, 151; unanimis, 252
Apatura clytie, 100 ; ilia, 225 ; iris, 84,
140, 223, 225, 289, 324
Aphantopus hyperanthus, 22, 226, 324
Aphelia osseana, 75
AphnaBus orcas, 203; rattrayi,* 203
Aplecta advena, 331 ; herbida, 242 ;
nebulosa, 25, 119, 263, 302, 323;
prasina, 86; robsoni, 25, 263
Apopestes calaphanes, 205
Aporia cratffigi, 69, 135, 187, 262, 292,
325
Aporophyla australis, 128, 205 ; lune-
burgensis, lutulenta, 47
Arctia caia, 46, 70, 86, 127, 192, 262,
290, 302, 327 ; fasciata, 122 ; fuli-
ginosa, 18 ; plantaginis, 45 ; villica,
70, 127
Argvnnis adippe, 22, 118, 144, 289;
aglaia, 55, 86, 100, 168, 184, 223, 324;
alba, 55 ; albescens, 55 ; aniathusia,
223, 224 ; dia, 225 ; euphrosyne, 21,
123, 243, 283, 324 ; ino, 223 ; latonia,
55, 90, 184, 225, 324; levana, 100;
napfca, 225 ; niobe, 223, 224 ; pales,
223; pandora, 184; paphia, 70, 118,
123, 184, 286, 287, 289, 290, 298, 324 ;
pelopia, 225; selene, 118, 324; thore,
88, 223, 224 ; valezina, 142, 168, 225,
286, 287, 289
Asphalia flavicornis, 26, 169
Aspilates citraria, 130, 131 ; ochrearia,
206; strigillaria, 24, 119, 243
Asteroscopus cassinea, 23; nubeculosa,
169 ; sphinx, 23
Asthena candidata, 18, 22, 47 ; luteata,
45 ; sylvata, 140
Augiades comma, 22, 226 ; sylvanus, 22,
226
Aventia flexula, 131, 215
Axylia putris, 19, 128, 298, 302
Bapta temcrata, 21, 45, 130
Bedellia somnulentella, 123
Biston hirtaria, 169 ; strataria, 45, 46
Boarmia abietaria, 124 ; consortaria,
119, 130, 213, 242, 290; gemmaria,
302, 339; glabraria, 119; repandata,
47, 86. 119, 130, 323, 331 ; rhomboid-
aria, 45, 71, 130, 323; roboraria, 47,
119, 289
Bombyx neustria, 43, 302 ; quercus, 24 ;
rubi, 243, 289 ; trifolii, 169
Botys hyalinalis, 26
Brenthis amathusia, 329 ; euphrosyne,
87
Brephos notha, 215 ; parthenias, 170
Bryophila algae, 70 ; glandifera, 128, 266 ;
mm-alis, 45, 86, 123, 299, 319 ; perla,
25, 45, 46, 70, 76, 86, 123, 218, 299, 319
Bupalus p'niaria, 21, 119, 146
Vlll
INDEX.
Cabera exanthemata, 130 ; pusaria, 47,
119
Calamia phragmitidis, 326, 327
Caligula japonica, 124
Callicore, 87
Calligenia miniata, 289
Callimoi'pha dominula, IS, 86, 146 ;
hera, 19, 127, 2G6, 302
Callophrys rubi, 21
Calocampa exoleta, 319; vetusta, 18,
321
Calymnia affinis, 129, 302 ; diffinis, 192 ;
pyralina, 192, 302 ; trapezina, 71, 129,
286, 302
Camptogramma bilineata, 22, 86, 130,
153, 155 ; fluviata, 287, 328 ; hibernica,
153 ; infuscata, 153 ; isolata, 153
Capua coffearia, 41
Caradrina alsines, 24, 128 ; ambigua, 71,
128,302; blanda, 19; cubicularis, 25,
45, 75, 120; morpheus, 45, 46, 119,
128, 298 ; quadripunctata, 25, 75 ;
taraxaci, 298
Carpocapsa pomonella, 207
Carsia paludata, 329
CarthaBa saturnoides, 146
Castnia fonscolombei, 328
Catagi'amma astarte, hydaspes, 87
Catephia alchymista, 205
Catocala nupta, 18, 70, 87, 129, 268, 302 ;
nymphagoga, 205 ; promissa, 119, 290 ;
sponsa, 119, 289
Catoptria cEecimaculana, scopoliana, 144
Celffina cytherea, matura, 70
Cephonodes hylas, 42, 118
Cerastis ligula, 19, 46, 129 ; spadicea,
19, 47 ; vaccinii, 129, 169
Cerigo cytherea, 128, 302 ; matura, 46,
302
Cerostoma nemorella, xylostella, 323
Cerura furcula, 25
Charffias graminis, 75, 326
Charaxes epijasius, harrisoni,* jason,133
Chariclea marginata, umbra, 144
Cheimatobia boreata, 25, 155 ; brumata,
23, 25, 130, 155 ; fasciata, 155 ;
hyemata, 155
Chehnatophila tortricella, 207
Chelonia villica, 18
Chesias capriata, 60, 206 ; rufata, 60 ;
spartiata, 47, 60, 206
Cheimabache fagella, 207
Chilo infuscatellus, 40 ; phragmitellus,
144, 252, 326, 327
Chlontha hyperici, 205
Chlorippe godmani,* 173, 290; selina,
174
Chloroclystis nigrosericeata, rectangu-
lata, 152
Chcerocampa celerio, 27, 44 ; elpenor,
26, 70, 252 ; eson, 84, 118 ; euphorbia,
318; lucasii, 42; nerii, 28, 242; por-
cellus, 26, 70, 71, 77
Chrysocorys, 256
Chrysophamis alciphron, 136; amphi-
damus, 122 ; asabinus, 136 ; bolden-
arum, 244 ; dispar, 56 ; dorilis, 58,
137, 225; eleus, 57, 137, 187, 317;
enysii, 244 ; eurybia, 224 ; f ulvior, 58 ;
gordius, 136, 216 ; hippothoe, 224 ;
melibseus, 136 ; nigrolineata, 57 ;
ochimus, 82, 108, 136 ; omphale, 136 ;
phlceas, 48, 57, 86, 117, 137, 187, 225,
285, 317 ; radiata, 57 ; rutilus, 56,
136 ; salustius, 244 ; schmidtii, 57,
117, 285 ; thersamon, 136 ; thetis, 107 ;
upoleuca, 58 ; vh-gaureEe, 136, 222, 225
Cidaria associata, 46, 75 ; corylata, 24,
130, 243 ; dotata, 47, 75, 302 ; fulvata,
22, 47, 119, 302 ; unmanata, 153, 156 ;
insulicola, 153 ; miata, 19, 46 ; mu-
sauaria, 153 ; picata, 26, 28, 167 ;
piceata 153 ; populata, 153 ; porrittii,
156; prunata, 75, 302; psittacata,
130, 131 ; pyraliata, 75, 130 ; reticu-
lata, 268 ; ribesiaria, 19, 75, 302 ;
russata, 18, 74, 130, 289 ; suffumata,
22, 47, 130, 153, 156; testata,46, 130,
289, 325 ; thingvallata, 156 ; truncata,
46, 47, 153, 243, 297, 323; unangu-
lata, 28
Cilix glaucata, 22 ; spinula, 128
Cirrhcedia xerampelina, 18, 144, 280, 329
Clania lewinii, 310
Cleora glabraria, 86, 242, 286 ; lichen-
aria, 218, 289, 330
Clisiocampa americana, 11
Clostera reclusa, 214
Ccenobia rufa, 327
Ccenonympha arcania, 69, 272, 301, 326,
329 ; davus, 23, 76 ; leander, 186 ;
lyllus, 316 ; marginata, 316 ; pam-
philus, 69, 186, 187, 226, 316; roth-
liebii, 87; satyron, 226; thyrsides,
316; typhon, 23, 76, 87
Coleophora albitarsella, 192, 215 ; alcyo-
nipennella, 191, 215; badiipennella,
216 ; bicolorella, 192, 216 ; conyzte,
170, 191 ; fuseedinella, 122 ; dis-
cordella, 192 ; hemerobiella, 191, 215;
ibipennella, 216; laricella, 191, 216,
330 ; lineolia, 215, 216 ; lixella, 170,
191 ; murinipennella, 68 ; nigriccUa,
192, 216 ; ochrea, 192, 216 ; olivaceella,
215: pyrrhulipennella, 191, 215 ; soli-
tariella, 215 ; troglodytella, 170, 191 ;
vibicella, 291, 330; viminetella, 191,
216 ; virgaureffi, 330
Colias aurorina, 83 ; cleopatra, 317, 318;
Cffirulea, 54 ; edusa, 19, 22, 76, 87, 116,
143, 169, 189, 225, 241, 266, 267, 268,
285, 286, 302, 317, 323. 325; electra,
121 ; helice, 54, 169, 225, 266, 317 ;
helicina, 317 ; hyale, 22, 54, 69, 136,
225, 267, 268; libanotica, 83 ; minor,
54, 143, 317; obsoleta, 317; phico-
mone, 224, 225 ; rhamni, 317
Collix sparsata, 252
INDEX.
IX
Conchylis francillana, 1-44
Coremia algidata, 155 ; coarctata, 154
designata, 154; dissolutaria, 155
feiTugata, 10, 46, 47, 130, 154, 155
munitata, 155 ; propngnata, 130
quadrifasciata, 155 ; spadicearia, 154,
155 ; unidentaria, 130, 154, 243
Corycia taminata, 243 ; temerata, 18
Cosmia affinis, 286 ; trapezina, 242
Cossus ligniperda, 24, 4y, 70, 127, 326
Crambus chrysonnuchellus, 170 ; cul-
mellus, 75 ; pinellus, 144 ; trabeatel-
lus, 207 ; tristellus, 75
Crenis boisduvali, 116
Crocallis elinguaria, 45, 129, 323
Cryptoblabis bistriga, 331
Cucullia absinthii, 91 ; asteris, 91, 167 ;
lactucse, 205; lychnitis, 91, 171;
scrophularias, 70, 171 ; umbratica, 45,
70 ; verbasci, 129, 167, 171, 286
Culama expressa, 93
Cyaniris argiolus, 22, 85, 86, 122, 225
Cymatophora duplaris, 25, 46, 330 ;
octogesima, 90, 302 ; ocularis, 128, 302
Cynthia crota, 124
Cyrestis gilolensis,* paulinus, 71
Dacala acuta, 114
Dauais chrysippus, 146, 329
Dajibnis nerii, 194
Dasycarapa rubiginea, 28, 323
Dasycera sulphurella, 219
Dasychira pudibunda, 21, 45, 46, 127,
268, 289
Deilephila euphorbise, 188 ; galii, 51, 77;
greutzenbeigi, 188 ; livornica, 168,
188, 189, 214, 243, 265, 288
Deilinea pusaria, 71
Deiopeia pulchella, 189, 244
Delias heiiipeli,* 173, 290; Candida, 173
Demas coryli, 19, 90, 215
Depiessaiia subpropinquella, 207
Diacrisia mendica, 70
Dianthoecia albimacula, 192, 330
cassia, 192 ; capsincola, 129 ; carpo
phaga, 19, 47, 204; compta, 192
conspersa, 19, 87, 129, 330 ; cucubali
252 ; ticklini, 327 ; filigramma, 204
irregularis, 192; luteago, 204, 327, 330
nana, 87
Diatraa saccharalis, 11; striatalis, 11, 40
Diasemia literata, 287
Dichrorampha politana, petiverella, 144
Dictyopteryx contaminaua, 24
Dicycla oo, 214
Dilina tilia?, 188
Diloba cseruleocephala, 45, 46, 128, 275,
319
Dipterygia pinastri, 70, 119
Dodonidia helmsi, 121
Doritis apollinus, 79, 135
Dreata petola, 40
Drepana falcula, 289 ; hamula, 128 ;
lacertula, 289
Drurya antimachus, 48
Drymonia chaonia, 90
Dryobota protea, 205
Dysauxes faraula, punctata, 207
Dysthymia luctuosa, 19
Ebulea stachydalis, 287
EUopia fasciaria, 76, 119 ; prosapiaria,
76
Elymnias borneensis, 122
Ematurga atoiiiaria, 71, 130, 292
Emmelesia angustifasciata, 154 ; affini-
tata, 19, 46 ; albulata, 130 ; decolorata,
46, 130 ; tivniata, 154
Emydia cribrum, 119, 243
Endromis versicolor, 20, 90, 167
Ennomos alniaria, 18, 46, 47, 129 ;
autumnaria, 44, 49 ; erosaria, 129,
131; fuscantaria, 18, 45; quercinaria,
152 ; tiliaria, 46, 289
Ennychia cingulata, 263
Enodia hyperanthus, 215
Epagoge hyerana, marginata, 328
Ephippiphora bimaculana, simulana,
24 ; trigeminana, 144
Ephyra omicronaria, 289; porata, 130,
206 ; punctaria, 130, 206 ; subpunc-
taria, 206: trilinearia, 119
Epinephele albomarginata, 56, 113 ;
anommata, 283, 328 ; hispulla, 316 ;
hyperanthus, 76, 118, 324 ; ianira, 24,
28, 69, 86, 185, 275, 316, 328 ; ida,
56, 113 ; jurtina, 22, 73, 86, 100, 226,
275, 316, 328 ; lycaon, 185, 224, 226 ;
semialba, subalba, 56 ; tithonus, 22,
24, 56,69, 114, 118, 122, 125,226, 263,
324
Epione apiciaria, 25, 289, 326, 327
Ei)ipyrops, 99 ; barberiana, 72 ; nawai,
304
Epirrhoe alternata, 153, 154, 155 ;
borealis, 153 ; degenerata, 155; galiata,
156; gothicata, hastata, 153 ; luctuata,
lugubrata, 153; obscurata, 153 ; rivata,
155 ; sociata, 153 ; thulearia, 153
Epunda lichenea, 18, 86, 129, 218, 323,
331 ; lutulenta, 144 ; nigra, 18, 19,
129
Erastria fasciana, 298 ; fuscula, 129, 242
Erebia asthiops, 55, 107, 184, 224 ; albo-
vittata, 55 ; alecto, 226 ; cascilia, 223 ;
cassiope, 28, 55, 142, 223 ; epiphron,
28, 223 ; etrusca, 54, 142 ; euryale,
117, 142, 223; evias, 192; glacialis,
224, 284; goante, gorge, 223 ; leuco-
tfenia, 56; ligea, 142, 223; lappona,
223 ; manto, 226 ; medon, 28 ; me-
lampus, 226 ; melas, 224, 284 ; melu-
sina, 184 ; mnestra, 22:3, 225 ; neoridas,
55, 142; nerine, 123; nicholli, 284;
pronoe, 223, 225 ; stygne, 192 ; triopes,
tyndarus, 223
Eremobia ochroleuca, 144
Eriopsela fractifasciana, 140
Eubolia bipunctaria, 22, 47, 71, 298;
cerviraria, 18, 46, 47, 147; limitata.
X
INDEX.
75 ; lineolata, 298 ; mensnraria, 15,
302 ; palumbaria, 24, 289, 298 ; plum-
baria, 24, 46, 242, 243
Euchelia jacobffife, 21, 28, 46, 70, 119,
127, 289
Euclidia glyphica, 21, 71, 77; mi, 21,
71, 77, 243
Euchloe cardamines, 21, 187, 215;
turritis, 187
Euchloron megerea, 118
Eucosmia certata, 47, 156; undulata,
119, 143
Eucosma branderiana, 242
Eucrostes herbaria, 205
Eumorpha elpenor, 26
Euphasdra christyi,* 183 ; paradoxa,*
132; rattrayi,* 182; zaddachi, 183;
zampa, 182
Eupithecia absinthiata, 47, 289 ; albi-
punctata, 152, 330 ; altenaria, 152 ;
angelicata, 152 ; assimilata, 47 ;
atraria, 152 ; campanulata, 152, 321 ;
centaureata, 25 ; consignata, 17, 192,
321 ; constrictata, 321 ; coronata,
321; debiliata, 321; denotata, 152;
exiguata, 47, 321 ; fraxinata, 321 ;
fumosffi, 152; helveticaria, 321; in-
signata, 192, 321; irriguata, 321 ; iso-
grammaria, 144 ; jasioneata, 321 ;
munitata, 321 ; nanata, 321 ; nubi-
lata, 152 ; oblongata, 47, 130 ; plum-
beolata, 144 ; promutata, 47 ; pusil-
lata, 321 ; rectangulata, 47, 321 ;
satyrata, 21, 321; subciliata, 321;
subfulvata, 18, 47, 130 ; subfuscata,
152 ; sobrinata, 321 ; succenturiata,
144 ; trisignaria, 321 ; venosata, 87,
152, 321 ; vulgata, 47
Eupcecilia angustana, 144
Euplexia lucipara, 19, 45, 119, 129, 242,
297, 302
Euploca, 122
Euproctis chrysorrhcea, 231 ; minor,
40
Eurymene dolobraria, 129, 216, 243
Eurymus croceus, 143, 285, 317 ; edusa,
317
Eutelia adultrix, 205
Euthemonia russula, 18, 70
Eutricha quercifolia, 291
Euvanessa antiopa, 87
Euxoa, 122
Euzoplierodes, 207
Everes argiades, 292
Evergestis straminalis, 287
Fidonia atomaria, 46, 119 ; piniaria, 18,
243
Galleria melanella, 287
Geometra papilionaria, 190, 302 ; ver-
naria, 17, 144, 302
Gnophajla clappiana, ruidosenis, 213
Gnophos asperaria, cymbalariata, 206 ;
obscurata, 119, 220, 298; pityata, 206 ;
variegata, 71, 206
Gnophria quadra, 302 ; rubricollis, 45,
119, 289
Gonepteryx cleopatra, 169, 240, 318,
329; farinosa, 136; rhamni, 21, 22,
69, 119, 141, 136, 1G9, 240, 289, 317,
329, 330
Gonodontis bidentata, 90, 220 ; nigra,
220
Gonophora derasa, 19
Gonoptera libatrix, 18, 25, 45, 289, 302,
326
Gortyna flavago, 128
Grammesia trigrammica, 46, 297; tri-
linea, 19, 128, 242, 243
Grapholitha nigromaculana, 144 ; uli-
cetana, 300
Grapta c-album, egea, 158
Habrostola tripartita, 45, 47, 302 ; tri-
plasia, 24, 25, 45, 129, 302; urticje,
71, 129, 252, 302
Hadena atriplicis, 91, 214 ; chenopodii,
129 ; contigua, 243 ; dentina, 47, 129,
2U7, 302; giauca, 147; leucostigma,
204 ; monoglypha, 123 ; oleracea, 45,
129, .•!02 ; pisi, 47, 129, 167, 218, 289 ;
protea, 19, 144; secalis, 204; solieri,
319 ; thalassina, 19
Halia vauaria, 45, 47, 119
Halias prasinana, 188
Harma beckeri, marmorata,* 183
Hastula hyerana, 328
Hecatera serena, 70, 129
Hecatesia fenestrata, 121
Heliaca tenebrata, 45
Heliodes arbuti, 18
Heliothis armiger, 244, 303 ; peltigera,
268, 287
Heliophobus hispidus, 18, 19, 128
Hellula undalis, 207
Hemaris bombyliformis, 27 ; fuciformis,
289, 329, 330
Hemerophila abruptaria, 27, 41, 44, 45,
47, 87, 88, 130, 328 ; serraria, 187
Hemithea strigata, 302 ; thymaria, 119,
130
Heodes phloeas, 86
Hepialus lupulinus, 46 ; hectus, 9 ;
hethlandica, 26 ; humuli, 26, 45, 46,
87, 215 ; virescens, 244
Herculia glaueinalis, 207
Herminia cribralis, 144, 252
Hesperia alceffi, 69 ; alcides, 83 ; alveus,
187, 224, 226; carthami, 224, 226;
comma, 186 ; conjuncta, 40 ; fritillum,
226; hyrax, 186 ; linea, 118 ; malv®,
21, 243 ; sao, 69, 226 ; sylvanus, 69,
118, 186; thamuas, 118, 186
Heteropterus morpheus, 222, 226
Heterosais sylphis, 120
Himera pennaria, 18, 23, 45, 47, 129, 242
Hipparehia semele, 87, 298
Hippotion celerio, 27
Homceosoma sinuella, 207
Hoporina croceago, 169
INDEX.
XI
Hybernia aurantiaria, 20, 23, 47 ; cle-
foliaria, 20, 23, 25, 47, 130, 242;
leucophasaria, 18 ; marginaria, 47,
130, 169; progemmaria, 18; rupi-
capraria, 18, 47, 88, 130, 146
Hydrelia unca, 252
Hyclriomena furcata, 152 ; sordidata,
86, 152
Hydrocampa stratiotalis, 252
Hydroecia micacea, 45, 46 ; nictitans, 289
IJyles euphorbia-, 318
Hyloicus pinastri, 194
Hylophila bicolorana, 'JO, 206 ; prasi-
nana, 127, 167, 206, 242, 268, 289
Hypena proboscidalis, 47 ; rostralis, 18,
122, 140
Hypolhtinas misippus, 192
Hypolycffina buxtoni, hatita, ugandsp,*
203
Hypsipetes elutata, 302, 331; sordidata,
22, 75, 86, 152, 302, 331
Hypsotropa lirabella, 207
Hyria auroraria, 45, 252
Hyrmina, 120
Idsea ornata, rubiginata, 71
lodis lactearia, 130; vernaria, 71, 298
lolaus alboniaculatus,* 204 ; hemi-
cyanus,' iasis, 203
Iphiclides podalirius, 264
Ithomia florula, zarepha, 120
Kallima rattrayi,* rumia, 182
Kedestas tucusa, 121
Lampides bellieri, 58 ; boeticus, 15 ;
telicanus, 58, 225, 284
Laphygma exigua, 44, 286
Larentia autiimnalis, 123 ; caesiata, 74,
75, 152, 331 ; cupreata, 206 ; cupres-
sata, 206; didymata, 74, 75, 76, 152;
liavicinctata, lo'i ; fluctuata, fluviata,
206; glaciata, 152; impluviata, 123;
multistrigaria, 152; neapolisata, 206;
nigra, 152 ; nubilata, 152 ; obscurata,
152; olivata, 19; pectinitaria, 119,
130, 243 ; truncata, 71 ; unifasciata,
200 ; viridata, 22
Lasiocampa quercus, 45, 70, 77, 119,
128, 302, 318, 320, 330 ; sicula, 318 ;
trifolii, 128
Laspeyresia ulicetana, 300
Lauron partita, 120
Leueania albipuncta, 91, 128, 131, 205,
265 ; comma, 46, 297 ; conigera, 46,
290 ; cyperi, 205 ; favicolor, 85, 328 ;
fuscilinea, 205; impura, 46, 302, 326;
1-album, 128; lithargyria, 128, 302;
littoralis, 326 ; pallens, 45, 46, 128,
215, 297, 302, 326 ; putrescens, 18, 19,
128, 131, 205, 331 ; scirpi, 205 ; sicula,
205 ; turca, 119 ; vitellina, 128, 131
Leptidia diniensis, lathyri, 187 ; sinapis,
54, 187, 225
Leucoma salicis, 24, 122, 292
Leucophasia sestiva, duponcheli, 136 ;
sinapis, 69, 118, 186, 830
Libythea celtis, 158, 216, 272
Ligdia adustata, 46, 47, 86
Limenitis cardui, 289 ; camelina, 158,
225, 240 ; populi, 302 ; sibylla, 09, 87,
118, 225 2'.18, 301, 324
Liparis auriliua, 127, 242 ; monacha,
119, 242; salicis, 122
Lithosia aureola, 289 ; caniola, 18, 19,
127, 131, 207; complanula, 18, 127;
griseola, 327 ; kuideola, 302, 327 ;
mesomella, 119, 144, 243
Lobophora carpinata, 24, 155 ; hyemata,
156 ; lobulata, 24 ; polycommata, 156;
viretata, 47, 130
Lomaspilis marginata, 21, 47, 130
Lophopteryx carmelita, 46 ; camelina,
46, 128, 264, 268, 289
Lophostethus dumolinii, 118
Lozopera deaurana, 327
Luceria, 115
Luperina cespitis, 46 ; testacea, 19 45,
46, 128
Lycffina acis, 69, 325 ; admetus, 83, 157 ;
adonis, 22; agon, 24, 118, 137, 225,
262, '^89 ; agestis, 22 ; agraphomena,
59 ; alexis, 22, 75 ; allous, 225 ; alsus,
22, 168, 297 ; amanda, 292 ; amandus,
272 ; anteros, 79, 157 ; antiochena,
79; argiades, 47, 69, 223, 246; ar-
giolus, 69, 158, 289; arion, 69, 223;
arcua, 115, 116 ; astrarche, 137, 157,
225, 316; balcanica, 137 ; baton, 137,
222, 225 ; bavius, 137 ; bellargus, 59,
115, 157, 168; bellis, 79, 158; boetica,
137 ; calida, 316 ; candalus, 157 ;
carmon, 107, 157 ; celina, 316 ; cero-
nus, 59 ; coretas, 223 ; Corsica, 263 ;
corydon, 22, 115, 157, 168, 191, 224 ;
corydonius, 157 ; cyllarus, 69, 158,
187 ; damon, 59, 83, 222, 225 ; damone,
107 ; eros, 157 ; escheri, 59, 223 ;
eurypilus, 137 ; helena, 79 ; hopfferi,
83, 107, 157 ; hylas, 69, 223 ; icarus,
58, 75, 115, 143, 157, 225, 316 ; iolas,
146, 158 ; iphigenia, 158 ; loewii, 107,
157 ; lugens, 187 ; melanotoxa, 68,
115, 116, 143, 316; meleager, 157,
223 ; menalcas, 83, 107, 157 ; minimus,
225 ; mithridates, 83, 157 ; optilete,
224; orion, 223, 284; ornata, 316;
panagaea, 137 ; pheretes, 223 ; posei-
don, 83, 157; ripartii, 83, 157 ; rufina,
317 ; sebrus, 158 ; semiargus, 69, 79,
158, 225 ; steveni, 157 ; telicanus, 137 ;
theophrastus, 137 ; zephyrus, 137
Lygris associata, 206 ; reticulata, 268
Lymantria dispar, 231
Macaria alternata, 119, 130, 287, 288;
liturata, nigrofulvata, 25
Macroglossa fuciformis, 243 ; stella-
tarum, 26, 45, 71, 77, 127, 267, 289,
318 ; trochilus, 118
Macrothylacia rubi, 119, 154, 289
Malaco&oma neustria, 43, 45, 46, 231, 302
Xll
INDEX.
Mamestra abjecta, 144, 331 ; aneeps, 19,
24, 292, 297, 331 ; brassica?, 45, 46,
70, 128, 146, 302 ; capsincola, 70 ;
furva, 140 ; genista, 70 ; lithoxylea,
71 ; persicariffi, 46, 70, 302 ; pisi, 123 ;
sordida, 24, 45 ; trifolii, 319
Manduca atropos, 118, 194
Mania maura, 18, 70, 129, 302, 326;
typica, 129, 302, 323, 326
Melanchra mutans, 271
Melanippe albicillata, 144 ; fluctuata, 9,
47, 130 ; galiata, 130, 131, 213 ; mon-
tanata, 46, 243 ; procellata, 18, 46 ;
rivata, 9, 46, 119, 144 ; sociata, 46 ;
subtristata, 130 ; unangulata, 22
Melanargia galatea, 28, 69, 144, 184,
225, 298, 325, 330, 331 ; hertha, larissa,
procida, 184
Melanthia albicillata, 119 ; bicolorata,
153 ; coarctata, 154 ; inquinata, 153 ;
ocellata, 22, 86, 130, 154, 243
Melinia circellaris, 88 ; ocellaris, 87
Melitffia albina, 54 ; arduinna, 79, 184 ;
artemis, 45 ; asteiia, 225 ; athalia, 54,
69, 225 ; aurinia, 83, 87, 124, 159 ;
cinxia, 100, 131, 159, 296 ; dia, 69 ;
dictynna, 225; didyma, 17, 69, 184,
225 ; orientalis, 83 ; parthenie, 225 ;
plicebe, 54, 69, 184, 225 ; provincialis,
159 ; i^yronia, 54
Metiocampa honoraria, 206 ; margari-
taria, 47, 129, 218, 219, 243
Metura elongata, 312
Miana arcuosa, 24, 46 ; bieolor, 302 ;
fasciuncula, 45, 46, 298 ; furuncula,
45, 297 ; strigilis 46, 128, 286, 297
Miselia oxyacanthaj, 18, 45, 47, 129
Moma orion, 119, 268, 289
Monethe johnstoni,* 174
Morpho anaxibia, 170
Myclopliila cribrella, 140
Naenia typica, 218
Napeogenes, 120
Nemeobius lucina, 21, 69
Nemeophila russula, 87, 127
Nemophora metaxella, 252
Nemoria viridata, 18, 130, 243
Nephele accentifera, 118
Nephopteryx hostilis, 143
Neptis lucilla, 222
Nesarcha hybreadalis, 272
Neuria reticulata, 46
Nisoniades niarloyi, tages, 186
Noctua baja, 215 ; brunnea, 25, 87 ;
castanea, 331 ; c-nigrum, 18, 45, 47,
128, 144; ditrapezium, 302; festiva,
128, 297, 298, 322 ; glareosa, 19, 128,
140 ; neglecta, 18, 242, 243, 331 ;
plecta, 45, 128, 243, 298, 302 ; rhom-
boidea, 302 ; rubi, 45, 47, 128 ; stig-
matica, 302 ; triangulum, 128, 297,
322 ; xanthographa, 47, 128, 243
Nola cristulalis, 127 ; cucullatella, 20,
24 ; strigula, 206, 242
Nonagria brevilinea, 326 ; geminipuncta,
124, typhffi, 289
Notodonta camelina, 26, 119, 147, 243 ;
chaonia, 289; dictaea, 25, 46, 128;
dictffioides, 46, 128, 147 ; dodonea,
289; dromedarius, 26, 87, 147, 289,
291 ; trepida, 46 ; trimacula, 46 ;
ziczac, 75, 128, 143, 289, 291
Nudaria mundana, 18 ; senex, 25 2
Numeria pulveraria, 27, 46
Nycteola ialsalis, 206
Nymphidium lysimon, 27
Nyssia hispidaria, 20, 169 ; lapponaria,
149, 167, 216, 249 ; zonaria, 171
Ocneria dispar, 70, 86
Odonestis potatoria, 128, 302, 326, 327
Odontopera bidentata, 45, 46, 47, 91,
129, 218, 219, 331 ; nigra, 331
CEceticus ignobilis, omnivorus, 312
ffinestis quadra, 302
Olethreutes branderiana, 242
Oncoptera intricata, 146
Ophiusa stolida, 27
Oporabia autumnaria, 27 ; bicinctata,
155; dilutata, 47, 130, 155; lati-
fasciata, 155
Orgyia antiqiia, 26, 216, 218, 292 ; pudi-
bunda, 18, 243
Orobena straminalis, 287, 324
Orrhodia ligula, 18
Orthocraspeda trima, 73, 100
Ortholitha bipunctaria, 206
Orthosia caBrulescens, 205 ; helvola, 205
litura, IH, 45; lota, 18, 46, 129; lu
nosa, 45 ; macilenta, 46, 47, 129
pallida, 244; pistacina, 18, 45, 205
rubreta, 205 ; rufina, 45, 205 ; serina,
205; upsilon,129
Orthotaenia branderiana, 242
Ourapteryx sambucata, 288
Oxylides faunus, feminina,* 202
Pachnobia rubricosa, 47, 169, 215
Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, 119, 206
Pachygastria iberica, 319 ; trifolii, 169,
319
Pachytelia villosella, 207
Pamphila comma, 169
Panagra petraria, 21, 24, 46, 47, 130
Panolis piniperda, 26
Papilio andrsmon, 170 ; cenea, 120, 192 ;
dardanus, 120 ; epius, 124 ; hippo-
coon, 120 , karna, 170 ; machaon, 69,
135,225,252,318,325; memnon, 292;
neptunus, 170 ; podalirius, 69, 135,
223, 225, 264, 284 ; ridleyanus, 49 ;
trophonius, 120 ; weiskei, 120 ; zan-
clffius, 135 ; zidora, 49
Pararge achine, 223, 226, 272, 322;
adrasta, 185 ; climene, 185 ; egeria,
21, 118, 185, 226, 289, 315 ; egerides,
69 ; mffira, 69, 185, 187, 226; megsra,
69, 185, 226, 289, 316; roxelana, 185
Parnassius apollo, 225
Pedaria pilosaria, 218
INDEX.
Xlll
Pelurga comitata, 47, 130
Pericallia syringaria, 119, 323
Peridroma saucia, 151
Perisama, 87
Perizoma albulata, 153 ; angustifasciata,
154 ; tasniata, 154
Peronea caledoniana, 24 ; cristana, 268 ;
ferrugana, 24 ; hastiana, 320
Petasia cassinea, 128, 242
Phalera bucephala, 46, 128, 289
Plialacropterix apiformis, 207
Phasiane clathrata, 71
Phibalapteryx corticata, 206 ; lapidata,
215 ; lignata, 243, 252, ; testata, 19,
144 ; vitalbata, 47 ; vittata, 326, 327
Phigalia pedaria, 47, 129, 192, 242
Phlegathontius fulvinotata, 118
Phlogophora meticulosa, 18, 20, 45, 47,
70, 129, 144
Phorodesma bajularia, 216, 331 ; smarag-
daria, 144, 329
PhragmatfEcina arundinis, 96
Phragmatobia fervida, 207; fuliginosa,
207, 302
Phytometra tenea, 21, 45, 129
Pieris alba, 116 ; brassicse, 21, 22, 53, 59,
135, 190, 225, 231, 272, 317, 325, 327;
callidice, 225 ; cheiranthi, 53 ; chlori-
dice, 82, 135 ; cratregi, 225 ; daplidice,
54, 135, 187, 317 ; flavescens, 222, 225 ;
mannii, 53 ; messanensis, 317 ; metra,
317; napi, 21, 22, 69, 75, 123, 135,
225 ; rapaj, 15, 21, 22, 53, 86, 135, 225,
272, 302, 317, 326, 329; raphani,
rossi'i, 53
Plusia bractaea, 77, 90 ; chrysitis, 25,
45, 71, 119, 129, 214, 302; festucffi,
19, 71, 77, 252 ; gamma, 16, 22, 47,
71, 129, 214, 302; gutta, 71; iota,
25, 45, 77, 214, 218, 289, 302 ; moneta,
340, 214, 215, 243 ; pulchrina, 24, 77,
218 ; v-aureum, 302
Plutella cruciferarum, 24, 272
Poecilocampa populi, 23, 45
Polia canescens, 319 ; chi, 123, 219, 319 ;
flavicincta, 19, 45, 129, 140 ; nigro-
cincta, 319 ; olivacea, 218, 263 ; rufo-
cincta, serpentina, 205 ; xanthomista,
3] 9, 330
Polygonia c-album, 87, 225
Polyommatus aegon, 263, 331 ; alexis,
116; arcua, 116; argiades, 47; bel-
largus, 330 ; boeticus, 316 ; corvdon,
86 ; dorilis, 69 ; eros, 329 ; grayi,
118 ; hylas, 329 ; icarus, 86 ; phlceas,
22, 69
Pontia daplidice, 317
Porina despecta, 271 ; enysii, 244
Porthesia auriflua, 45, 242, 302 ; cbry-
sorrhcea, 70, 127, 302 ; similis, 46
Prionoxystus robiniae, 96
Procodeca adara, 40
Protambulyx ganascus, 328
Psalis securis, 40
Pseudoterpua eoronillaria, 205 ; cyti-
saria, 119, 289 ; pruinata, 205
Psilura monacha, 123, 231, 289, 290
Pterostoma palpina, 40, 312
Ptilophora plumigera, 147
Pygasra curtula, 87 ; pigi'a, reclusa, 143
Pyralis costalis, 18; glaiicinalis, 24;
obsoletalis, 207
Pyrausta aurata, 140 ; cespitalis, 207
Pyrameis atalanta, 15, 159, 274, 315 ;
cardui, 15, 16, 159, 241, 267, 315;
gonerilla, 160 ; itea, 160
Pyropsyche moncaunella, 121
Retinia buoliana, turionana, 231
Rhodia fugax, 124
Rhodocera rhamni, 317
Rhodophfea consociella, tumidella, 144
Rhodostrophia vibicella, 71
Rhopalocampta benjamini, 191
Rumia cratasgata, 45, 129, 190 ; luteo-
lata, 45, 47, 71, 302
Rusina tenebrosa, 19, 46, 128, 298
Sarrothripns revayana, 206, 268 ; undu-
lanus, 268
Saturnia carpini, 77, 240, 262, 289, 302 ;
pavonia, 215 ; pyri, 70
Satyrus amalthea, anthelea, arethusa,
185; bischoffii, 83, 185; circe, 184,
223 ; cordula, 223, 329 ; fatua, 185 ;
geyeri, 107, 185 ; hermione, 69, 184,
222, 223 ; hyperanthus, 70 ; ma^ra,
316 ; megaera, 316 ; mersina, 184
mniszechii, 185 ; pelopea, 186 ; pirata,
184; semele, 24, 70, 118, 184, 226,
242, 289, 325 ; statilinus, 185
Schoenobius mucronellus, 252
Sciadion obscurata, 220
Sciropophaga intacta, 40
Scodiona belgiaria, 243
Scoparia angustea, 207; pallida, 144
Scopelosoma satellitia, 18, 19, 46, 129,
242
Scopula lutealis, 75
Scutosia dubitata, 19, 302
Selenia bilunaria, 47, 169, 302; illu-
naria, 18, 129, 215, 289 ; juliaria, 312
lunaria, 47
Selidosema plumaria, 130, 242, 289
Senta maritima, ulvae, 144
Sesia asiliformis, 91 ; bembeciformis,
218 ; chrysidiformis, 207 ; formicae-
formis, ichneumoniformis, 81 ; scoliae-
formis, spheciformis, 81 ; stellatarum,
26, 318 ; tipuiiformis, 91
Setina irrorella, 22, 297
Smerinthus ocellatus, 20, 41, 45, 46, 265,
266; planus, 41; populi, 25, 45, 86,
127, 264, 292, 323 ; tilias, 25
Sora, 115
Sphaleroptera ictericana, 144
Sphinx convolvuli, 19, 44, 76, 127, 131,
241, 242, 243, 265, 266, 267, 286, 288,
318, 323 ; ligustri, 70, 194 ; pinastri,
70
XIV
INDEX.
Spilodes palealis, 144, 167
Spilosoma fuliginosa, 70, 87, 127, 302 ;
lubricipeda, 46, 86, 123, 127, 243;
mendica, 77, 127, 243 ; nienthastri,
46, 127, 243 ; zatima, 86, 123
Spilothyrus alceae, lavaterae, 186
Spindasis nairobiensis,* victoriffi, 133
Stalachtis evelina, pha3dusa, 120
Stauropus alternus, 41; fagi, 90, 268, 289
Stenia punctalis, 207
Sterrha atrifasciaria, sacraria, 206
Stilbia anomala, 19, 128, 205 ; faillas, 205
Strenia clathrata, 22, 47, 292, 298
Syntomis phegea, 116, 207
Hyrichthus alveus, cirsii, malvs, nomas,
orbifer, phlomidis, 186 ; sidse, 186, 216
Taeniocampa cruda, 18, 169 ; gothica
18, 47, 129 ; gracilis, 18, 141 ; incerta
47, 205 ; instabilis, 18, 129, 169
miniosa, 18, 21, 242; niunda, 18, 47
86, 169; opima, 91, 166, 171; [:opu
leti, 169 ; pulverulenta, 47, 205
rubricosa, 18 ; stabilis, 18, 27, 47, 129
Taleporia pseudobombycella, 170 ; tabu-
losa, 170
Tanagra atrata, 46
Tapinostola elymi, 326 ; fulva, 327 ;
helmanni, 140
Temmora marginata, murinata, 118
Tephroclystia abbreviata, phceniceata
IJiimilata, semigraphata, 206
Tephrosia biundularia, 24, 215; cine
taria, 215 ; consortaria, 20 ; crepuscu
laria, 18, 47 ; extersaria, 119, 242, 268
290
Teiacolus carteri, 134 ; evenina, 133
isaura, 133 ; xantholeuca,* 133
Thais Cassandra, 135, 215, 216 ; cerisyi
135 ; deyrollei, 135 ; polyxena, 135
215, 216
Thaleropis ionia, 82, 159
Thalpochares ffistivalis, 319 ; candidana,
205 ; carthami, 319 ; ostrina, 205, 319 ;
parva, 205 ; paula, 205 ; purpurina,
205 ; rubefacta, 205
Tiianaos tages, 21, 226
Thecla acaci£e, 56, 225 ; beccarii 56 ;
betulffi, 325 ; ilicis, 56, 69, 136, 225,
301 ; pruni, 90, 325, 331 ; quercus,
118, 136, 289, 325; rubi, 23, 136;
spini, 136, 225 ; w-album, 56, 90, 242
Theope endocia, foliorum, 27
Thera juniperata, 146; obliterata, 152;
scotica, 153 ; variata, 47, 152
Theretra porcellus, 26
Thestoi- nogellii, 82, 136
Thyatira batis, 19, 70, 119, 128, 242, 289,
302 ; derasa, 45, 119, 289, 298, 302
Thysania agrippina, strix, 146
Timandra amata, 71 ; amataria, 22, 45,
71, 130, 252, 264
Tinea pellionella, 272
Tortrix fuscana, podana, 144
Toxocampa pastinum, 325
Trachea piniperda, 18
Trichiura crattegi, 45
Trichoptilus paludum, 287
Trigonophora empyrea, 129, 131 ; flam-
mea, 205
Triphffiina comes, 70, 121, 302, 323;
curtisii, 121 ; fimbria, 18, 20, 70, 128,
147, 291; iauthina, 18, 47, 70, 128,
302 ; interjecta, 19 ; orbona, 128
pronuba, 20, 47, 70, 128, 151, 302,
319 ; subsequa, 218
Triphosa dubitata, 18, 46
Troides meridionalis, 120
Urapteryx sambucaria, 24, 47, 77, 119,
129, 302
Valeria oleagina, 192
Vanessa antiopa, 69, 76, 159, 223, 268,
323, 325 ; atalanta, 22, 23, 69, 92, 123,
141, 225, 289, 315 ; c-album, 92, 158 ;
cardui, 92, 141, 225, 315; egea, 69,
158, 301 ; fervida, 158 ; gonerilla,
244; io, 22, 69, 87, 159, 225, 289,
326; itea, 244; polychloros, 22, 69,
92, 158, 225 ; turcica, 158; urticne, 21,
23, 69, 158, 225, 315; xanthomelas,
158
Venilia maeularia, 45, 71, 129, 243
Venusia cambrica, 153, 155
Xanthia aurago, 19, 28, 144 ; cerago, 19,
144 ; circellaris, 45, 144 ; citrngo, 18 ;
ferruginea, 19, 129 ; fucata, 28 ; ful-
vago, 144 ; gilvago, 18, 90 ; silago,
19, 129
Xanthorhot' albicans, 155 ; fluctuata,
153 ; immaculata, 155 ; montanata,
154 ; neapolisata, 153 ; thules, 153
Xylina petriticata, 18, 19 ; socia, 46
Xylocampa areola, 87, 205 ; lithoriza,
18, 87
Xylophasia alopecurus, 46 ; hepatica,
19, 119, 297, 302, 331 ; lithoxylea, 45,
128, 297 ; monoglypha, 18, 25, 302,
326; polyodon, 25, 128, 297; rurea,
46, 297 ; scolopacina, 218 ; sublustris,
297 ; zollikoferi, 16, 49
Xylopoda fabriciana, 21
Ypsipetes sordidata, 152
Zamarca flabellaria, 206
Zanclognatha grisealis, tarsipennalis, 47
Zegris menestho, 82, 135
Zephyrus quercus, 22 225 ; taxila, 42
Zeritis damerensis,felthami,melome,121
Zeuzera coffe:p, 73; eucalypti, 114, 272 ;
pyrina, 95, 302
Zonosoma annulata, 45, 218 ; linearia,
22 ; obsoleta, 218 ; pendularia, 218 ;
subroseata, 218
Zygfena boisduvalii, 187; calabrica, 187;
lilipendulaj, 15, 22, 26, 207 ; hippo-
crepidis, 15 ; lonicerffi, 18 ; minos,
331; neapolitana, 187 ; ochsenheimeri,
207 ; oxytropis, 187 ; scabiosffi, 187 ;
sorrentina, 187; stcechadis,207; traus-
alpina, 187, 207; trifolii, 15, 26, 70
INDEX.
XV
NEUROPTEEA.
iEschua cferulea, 32 ; cyanea, 19, 31,
103, 239, 301; grandis, 19, 32, 103,
301 ; isosceles, 32, 85, 145, 251, 329 ;
jnncea, 31, 85 ; mixta, 31, 32, 84,
103, 301
Agrion armatura, 33, 251, 327 ; hastu-
latum, 33, 85 ; mercuriale, 32, 33,
105; puella, 19, 30, 105, 284, 300;
pulchellum, 33, 105, 251
Anabolia nervosa, 117
Anax imperator, 30, 31, 103, 301
Ascalaphus coccajus, longicornis, 330
Asynarchus cienosus, 117
Biachytron prateiise, 103, 251, 283
Calopteryx splendens, 19, 32, 104 ; virgo,
32, 104
Clirysopa flava, 117
Cordulia fenea, 29, 103
Cordulegaster annulatus, 31, 103, 113,
284
Enallagma cyathigerum, 20, 30, 105,
285, 300
Erotesis baltica, 251
Erythromma naias, 104, 251
Gomphus flavipes, 30 ; simillimus, 283 ;
vulgatissimus, 103
Halesus radiatus, 117
Hemerobiu3 subnebulosus, 117
Hemianax ephippiger, 29, 30
Ischnura aurantiaca, 33 ; elegans, 19,
33, 104, 251, 252, 283, 285, 300 ; pu-
milio, 32, 33, 104, 254
Leptocerus aterrimus, senilis, 251
Lestes barbara, 32 ; dryas, 32, 33, 104 ;
sponsa, 20, 104, 251, 301 ; virens, 32 ;
viridis, 32, 33
Leucorrhinia dubia, 32; pectoralis, 30
Libellula depiessa, 29, 103, 2S3, 301 ;
fulva, 31, 32, 251 ; quadrimaculata, 29,
30, 103, 251
Limnophilus centralis, 117 ; griseus,
117; ignavus, 117; lunatus, 70, 117;
luridus, rhombicus, sparsus, xan-
tliodes, 251
Lindenia forcipata, 30
Micropterna lateralis, 117
Mystacides lougicornis, nigra, 251
Nemoptera huttii, 169
Nothochrysa capitata, 85, 214, 239 ;
fulviceps, 239
Orthetrum cancellatum, 31, 32, 84, 329
Oxygastra curtisii, 31, 32
Phryganea grandis, 117, 251 ; striata,
117 ; varia, 251
Platycnemis pennipes, 33, 104
Plectrocnemia couspersa, 118
Pyrrhosoma nymphula, 19, 29, 30, 251,
283, oOO ; tenellum, 30, 33
Eaphidia notata, 129
Soraatochlora arctica, 32 ; metallica, 32
Stenophylax stellatus, 117
Sympetrum riaveolum, 30; fonscolombii,
34 ; sanguineum, 19, 30, 301 ; scoti-
cum, 26, 30, 102, 284 ; striolatun:, 19,
30, 102, 301
Sympycna fusca. 283
Termes ladeus, 100
TriiEnodes bicolor, 251
ORTHOPTERA.
Acridium asgypticum, 144, 171 ; cris-
tatum, 28, 171
Acrydium ffiruginosum. succinctum, 100
Amblycorypha oblongifolia, 12
Anisolabis colossa, 48
Apterygida albipennis, 290, 330, 331 ;
arachidis, 331 ; media, 330
Blattaamericana, 218, 231 ; australasise,
86, 147, 331 ; orientalis, 100
Capnobotes bruneri, 181 ; fuliginosus,
iniperfectus, occidentalis, viridis, 180
Deroplatys arida, 28
Dinarchus dasypus, 49
Epilampra caraibfBa, 90
Forticula auricularia, lesnei, 213
Gomphocerus maculatus, 330 ; rufus,
329, 330
Gongylus gongyloides, 87, 120
Gryllotalpa vulgaris, 171
Gryllus campestris, 85, 171, 329 ; do-
mesticus, 171
Labidm-a riparia, 87, 290, 331
Leucophcea surinamensis, 331
Locusta viridissima, 171, 329, 331
Mantis religiosa, 28
Panchlora virescens, 147, 331 ; viridis,
147
Periplaneta americana, 331 ; australasine,
100, 331
Phyllodromia duplex, 229
Stenobothrus elegans, 330; parallelus,
330
Tettix bipunctata, 251
Xiphidium dorsale, 251, 331
Entomologist, Jan. 1904.
Plate I.
West, Newman llth.
New Siphonaptera from Egypt.
Entomologist, Jan. 1904.
Plate ir.
Wesi, Newman lith.
New Siphonaptera from Egypt.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIL] JANUARY, 1904. [No. 488.
NEW SPECIES OF SIPHONAPTEEA FROM EGYPT.
By the Hon. N. C. Piothschild, M.A., F.L.S.
(Plates I. & II.).
The four new species described in the present article were
collected by the Hon. Francis R. Henley and myself on our joint
expedition to the Natron Yalley.*
1. PuLEx MYCERiNi, n. sp. (Plate I., figs. 1, 3, 4.)
The head is similar in shape to that of P. cheopis, and bears on
its hinder portion a row of short hairs along the antennal groove.
Above this row, situated in the middle, there is' one long bristle. The
row of bristles standing before the apical edge of the head is incom-
plete, the lowest bristle, which is very long, being separated from the
one above it by a large interspace. Between this long bristle and the
row of short hairs there is one short bristle. The mesothoracic epi-
merum bears three bristles, one below the middle near the suture
which separates the epimerum from the episternum, the second near
the upper hinder corner, and the third close to the stigma. The meta-
thoracic epimerum bears one bristle beneath the stigma, and in addi-
tion a proximal row of three or four, and an apical row of three bristles.
The three thoracical tergites and the second to seventh abdominal ones
bear each a single row of bristles, while the first abdominal tergite
bears a few hairs in the middle, as is the case in the allied species. In
the male the first abdominal sternite bears one hair on each side, the
second to the sixth two, and the seventh two or three. In the female
the first abdominal sternite bears one hair on each side, the second to
sixth three, and the seventh four. The hind coxa bears two bristles
at the hinder edge near the apex. The hind femur is not angulate
beneath ; it bears on the inner side a row of from five to seven bristles,
and on the outer side ventrally near the apex two bristles. In one of
" For further reference to this Expedition, and the hosts from which
these specimens were collected, cf. Nov. Zool. vol. x. pp. 279-285 (1903).
ENTOM. — JANUARY. 1904. B
2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the females there are two bristles on one and three on the other femur.
The hind tibia bears, besides the apical and dorsal paired bristles, only
one row of hairs on the outer side, there being no hairs on the inner
and ventral surfaces. The long apical bristles of the fore tibia reaches
to the apex of the second tarsal segment, or a little beyond it. The
fourth segment of the fore tarsus is nearly twice as broad as it is long.
The fourth segment of the hind tarsus is short, being only a little
longer than it is apically broad. The first hind tarsal segment bears
externally on the ventral surface a row of two, three, or four long
hairs. The second hind tarsal segment bears at the apex on the outer
side (hinder side on slide) two long bristles, of which the longer one
reaches to the claw, while the second extends beyond the middle of the
fifth segment. The fifth segment of all the tarsi bears on the ventral
surface at the apex only two bristles instead of three, the external one
being absent, as is the case in several species of this group of Pnlex.
The eighth sternite of the male bears on each side a single bristle
beyond the middle, and another close to the apex. The clasper bears
(fig. 1) three processes, as shown in the figure. The uppermost is the
largest, being widest near the rounded apex. The process bears at the
apical edge a number of bristles, of which the second, counted from the
ventral side, is the longest. The second process is very slender, while
the third is short and broad, being nearly square. The manubrium is
very slender. The ninth sternite is elongate (fig. 2), finger-shaped,
bearing subdorsally before the apex two hairs placed close together, and
several shorter hairs ventrally at and near the apex. The internal
plate of the penis is similar to that of P. nnbicus,-'- being ventrally at
the apex more evenly curved than in the specimen of P. nnbicus, from
which the figure was taken. The penis bears apically a conical struc-
ture which is clothed with short hairs. The nintli tergite of the male
bears internally above the manubrium a short projection, which is more
distinct than in the allied species (P. mibicus, P. pallidas, &c.). The
eighth abdominal tergite of the female does not bear any hairs above
the stigma (fig. 4). The apical margin is broad, rounded, and ventrally
sinuate. There is a series of seven or eight bristles near the edge, the
uppermost standing ventrally of the first apical bristle. This row is
continued ventrally by three or four more long bristles, as shown in the
figure. On the lateral surface there is one long solitary bristle on a
level with the first apical one, and two more bristles further down, the
second of these being a little more ventral than the last apical one.
The so-called pygidium is a little longer than broad in side view.
Length : <? , 1-5 mm. ; 2 , 2-4 mm.
Three males and five females were secured in March, 1903,
at Bir Victoria, from Gerhillus tarahuli, and one male, at the
same locality and at the same time, from Pachyuromys dupresi
natronensis.
2. PuLEx RAMEsis, n. sp. (Plate I., fig. 2.)
This species is very closely allied to P. mycerini, but differs in the
sexual apparatus of the male, and in the legs of both the male and
- Eut. Mo. Mag. (2) xiv. p. 84, t. 2, f. 10, 16 (1903).
NEW SPECIES OF SIPHONAPTERA FP.OM EGYPT. 6
female. The bind tibia of tbe present species bears one, two, or three
pairs of hairs at the ventral (anterior) edge, besides the ordinary sub-
apical pair of bristles. The fourth segment of the fore tarsus is not
as broad as in mycerini, being only one-third broader than it is long.
The fourth segment of the hind tarsus is decidedly longer than in
vujcerini, being nearly twice as long as it is broad. The second hind
tarsal segment is in the present species longer than in mycerini, the
proportions between the first and second segments being in mycerini
29: 20, while in the present species they are 28 : 23. The longest dorsal
apical bristle of the first hind tarsal segment does not reach the third
segment, and the two long apical dorsal bristles of the second segment
are also somewhat shorter than in mycerini. In the male the clasper
(fig. 3) has three processes as in mycerini, but the upper process is
larger, being truncate, and bearing a number of rather stout bristles
at the apical margin, and a belt of bristles in the middle, as shown in
the figure. The conical hairy structure at the end of the penis is
much longer than in mycerini. The eighth tergite of the female
resembles that of mycerini. In the type (male) the eighth abdominal
sternite bears on each side in the middle several hairs instead of one
only. Length : 3 , 1-5 mm. ; 2 , 2-2-2 mm.
Four males and four females were secured in March, 1903, at
Bir Victoria, from Pachyiiromys dupresi natronensis, and five
females from Gerbillus tarahuli.
3. PULEX PYRAMIDIS, n. Sp.
This species is very closely allied to P. cleopatrce. In size it is much
larger, and the comb on the hind coxa consists of fourteen spines. The
abdominal sternites of the female bear five hairs only, and the long
apical bristle of the second segment of the hind tarsus reaches only a
little beyond the middle of the fifth segment.
A single female specimen was secured at Bir Victoria on the
9th March, 1903, from Jacidus jaculus.
4. Ceratophyllus henleyi,* n. sp. (Plate I., fig. 5 ; Plate XL,
figs. 6, 7, 8.)
The head is similar in shape to that of C. fasciatus. There is a
row of three long bristles in front of the eye, but no long bristles
further forward. On the hinder part of the head there are three
round pale spots, which are similar to the pale spots situated along the
frontal edge of the -head, the first being subdorsal, and the other two
post-median and lateral. BbIow the lower spot there is one single
long hair, there being no other long hairs on the side on the posterior
part of the head, apart from some along the hinder edge. The pro-
notal comb consists of nineteen or twenty teeth. The mesonotum
bears on each side five to seven long thin hair-like spines, which are
situated between the row of long bristles and the apex. The epimerum
of the mesonotum is provided with a bristle near the anterior ventral
corner, another further upwards before the middle, a third on a level
"-'= This species is named in honour of the Hon. Francis E. Henley.
B 2
4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
with this near the apex, and two more near the stigma. The meta-
notmii bears two heavy obtuse apical spines on each side. The epi-
merum of the metathorax bears a vertical row of from two to four
hairs near the base, three hairs from the stigma downwards, and one
at the apex. The first and second abdominal tergites have one or two,
and the third one short stout apical spine. The abdominal tergites
bear two rows of hairs, the anterior one being restricted in the male
to the dorsal side of the segment. The stigma of the middle segments
is somewhat anterior to the first row of hairs. The seventh tergite of
the male bears one very long apical bristle. Below this there is a very
short but rather stout hair, and above the bristle there is another
stout hair, which is not quite so long as the sensory plate (pygidium).
In the female the seventh tergite bears two long bristles, and above
them a short one. Abdominal sternites two to seven bear on each
side in the male two to four hairs, in the female three to five, besides a
few very short ones. The hind femur bears on the inner side six or
seven hairs. There are also several hairs on the mid femur. The
hind tibia is on the outer side furnished with a row of hairs situated
near the dorsal bristles, and with a row of four further towards the
ventral side. On the ventral edge (anterior in the slide) there are two
or three pairs of thin bristles. The longest apical dorsal bristle of the
fore tibia reaches nearly to the apex of the second tarsal segment, and
the longest ventral spine to the base of the same segment. Both the
ventral and dorsal long apical bristle of the second hind tarsal segment
reach to the base of the fifth. The fourth segment of the fore tarsus
is very short and broad. The eighth abdominal tergite of the male
bears between the stigma and the hinder vertical edge a number of long
bristles, which are placed as shown in the figure (fig. 8), The eighth
sternite of the male (fig, 5) is very small, and has at the apex on each
side an elongate process (A), which bears a bristle at the end. The
process (P) of the clasper bears three hairs at the top. The finger
(F) is (on the anterior side) straight from the apex to near the middle.
On the hinder (ventral) side there are four hairs at the apex and two
small ones above the middle. The ninth sternite of the male is shaped
as in londiniensis and fasciatus, being ventrally deeply sinuate. Proxi-
mally of the sinus there are two rather stout spine-like bristles besides
two hairs. The distal portion of the ninth sternite is covered with very
short spine-like hairs. The seventh sternite of the female (fig. 6) is
ventrally sinuate on each side, the lobe above the sinus being trun-
cate. The eighth tergite of the female bears two long bristles below
the stigma, and the process articulated with the anal segment is almost
conical in shape, and nearly three times as long as it is broad.
Length : <? , 3"2 mm. ; ? , 2-4 mm.
One male and four females were secured at Bir Victoria in
March, 1903, from GerhiUus tarabuli and Pachyuromys dupresi
natronensu.
SOME BEES FEOM SAN MIGUEL COUNTY, NEW
MEXICO.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
Sphecodes veganns, n. sp.
$ . Length about 9h mm. ; head, thorax, legs, and anteiinse
black, the flagellum very faintly brownish apically, spurs rather light
ferruginous ; abdomen of ordinary form, bright ferruginous or chestnut-
red, sinning, the fifth segment hairy, black, slightly reddish basally.
Mandibles stout, black stained with dark red, with a blunt inner tooth ;
labruni with a broad low transverse punctate ridge, not at all emargi-
nate ; antennae with fourth joint short, broader than long ; flagellum
stout ; face broad, covered with white hair ; clypeus with very large
strong punctures, averaging closer together than the diameter of one ;
front with close strong punctures ; mesothorax shining, with strong
and rather close punctuies (closer than in S. arvensis), median and
parapsidal grooves distinct ; metathorax with the enclosure large,
semilunar, distinct, with very strong vermiform longitudinal rugae,
partly connected by small transverse ones ; sides of metathorax coarsely
rugose ; teguls large, pale testaceous with a dark spot ; wings faintly
dusky, stigma and nervures black or almost so ; second submarginal
cell very narrow ; first longer than in arvensis; first abdominal segment
with very aparse punctures on a shining ground ; second and following
segments with minute close punctures, except on the apical margins.
Hab. Las Yegas, New Mexico, September. This and the
next species are superficially like S. arvensis, but are distin-
guished by many characters. The fine close punctures of the
abdomen of S. veganus are very distinctive.
Sphecodes pecosensis, n. sp.
? . Length slightly over 8 mm. ; head, thorax, legs, and antennae
black, the flagellum longer than in S. veganus ; spurs rufo-fuscous ;
abdomen of ordinary form, shining, bright chestnut-red, the fifth seg-
ment only slightly dusky at apex. Mandibles reddish only at tips,
with a divergent inner tooth ; labrum with a strong transverse ridge,
not emarginate ; antenntB with the fourth joint somewhat longer than
broad, much longer than the third ; face broad, rather thinly pube-
scent ; clypeus with extremely large, almost confluent punctures ; a
raised vertical line between antennae ; front extremely densely punc-
tured ; a small transverse ridge behind ocelli ; mesothorax with large
confluent punctures all over, giving it a very rough (though not dull)
appearance ; median groove scarcely indicated ; scutellum with sparse
punctures on a shining ground ; enclosure of metathorax semilunar
but ill-defined, with very strong straight longitudinal rugte, as Sichel
describes for S. metathontciciis, only in our species the metathorax out-
side of the enclosure is coarsely cancellate ; teguls with the anterior
border hyaline, then a large black spot, and behind that ferruginous ;
wings dusky ; stigma and nervures black or almost ; second sub-
marginal cell narrowed above ; first and second abdominal segments
b THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
with very sparse punctures on a shining ground (closer at sides of
second) ; third and fourth with closer, but by no means dense, punc-
tures. The eyes are narrower than in S. veganus.
Hah. Pecos, New Mexico, June 25tb, 1903 (IF. P. Cockerell).
The altitude of Pecos is about 6700 ft.
Colletes gilensis, Clill.
Pecos, Aug. 7th, a female at flowers of Melilotus alba (W. P.
Cockerell). In Europe the same plant is visited by Colletes
fodiens, as is recorded by Loew.
Halictus ruidosensis, Ckll.
Pecos ; two females at flowers of Castilleia ijitegra, June 26th
{M. Grahham). The usual visitor of this plant is H. ovaliceps.
Halictus clematis ell us, Ckll.
Pecos ; both sexes common on Petalostemon oligophyllus, Aug.
12th (IF. P. Cockerell). Previously taken only on Clematis.
Andrena mellea, Cresson.
Pecos, rather common ; taken in June at flowers of Fallugia
acuminata {Fallugia jjaradoxa var. acuminata, Wooton, Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club, 1898, p. 306). At Glorieta (Sta. Fe County)
a female was taken in a flower of Argemone intermedia, August
23rd.
Andrena prunorum, Ckll.
Pecos ; at flowers of Fallugia, June 24th ( W. P. Cockerell).
Perdita affinis, Cresson.
Pecos ; both sexes at flowers of Grindelia inornata, Aug. 24th
<1F. P. Cockerell). At Glorieta my wife took it on Chrysopsis
villosa.
Perdita stottleri, Ckll.
3' . About 5 mm. long ; similar to P. townsendi, but smaller, with
the fifth black band on abdomen wanting, or represented by a mere
shaded line.
The species was described from a single female taken on
Bigelovia. It proves to be really a species of Gutierrezia sarothra,
which it visits in great numbers at Pecos, New Mexico, during
the last half of August. Its rediscovery is due to my wife.
Perdita chrysopMla, Ckll.
A male was taken at Pecos, New Mexico, at flowers of Picra-
deniaflorihunda, Aug. 21st, 1903 {W.P. Cockerell). It is a little
smaller than the only specimen previously known, and the
metallic tints of the head and thorax are dark blue, not at all
green.
SOME BEES FROM NEW MEXICO. 7
Melecta interriipta, Cresson.
Pecos ; at flowers of Falliigia, June 27th (M. Grabham).
Anthidiimi porterce, Ckll., var. amahile, n. var.
^ . Abdomen with the ground colour red instead of black ; the
yellow markings rather more developed, the abdominal bands very
little, some not, interrupted in the middle line. A very beautiful
variation, but in no sense a subspecies.
Hah. Pecos, New Mexico, Aug. 29th, 1903.
Megachile emoryi, n. sp.
2 . Length 18 mm. ; black, with the pubescence arranged as in
M. latimanm, but entirely orange; the dorsum of thorax, except at
sides, bare, and as closely punctured as is possible throughout. This
looks like a gigantic M. latimanns, but in addition to its large size it
offers the following differences : pubescence more highly coloured ;
mandibles with the broaa cutting edge presenting low crenulations in
place of distinct teeth ; sides of vertex more closely punctured ; eyes
in life black, with a broad green central baud ; tegulae dark brown,
with extremely close but shallow punctures ; wings yellowish grey.
From M. sapelionis, which resembles it in size, M. emoryi is easily
known by the straight aud simple anterior edge of clypeus, orange
abdominal hair-bands, and extremely broad basal joint of hind tarsi.
Hah. Pecos, New Mexico, on Kinkale Pianch, Aug. 31st, 1903.
It visits the flowers of the larger yellow-rayed Compositfe.
Named after Lieut. Emory, who published an early account of
the region it inhabits.
Megachile sapelionis, Ckll.
Pecos, Aug. 31st ; female. Eyes in life entirely black.
Megachile ivootoni, Ckll.
Pecos, Aug. 31st ; female. Eyes in life entirely black. The
specimen has black hair on vertex and mesothorax, breaking
down the distinction between ivootoni and calogaster.
Megachile monardarum, Ckll.
Pecos ; male at flowers of Thelesperma gracile, Aug. 7th (IF.
P. Cockerell) ; both sexes, Aug. 31st. This is the American
representative of M. ivillughhiella, and in the male I cannot dis-
tinguish it from that species {cf. 'Psyche,' 1901, p. 283). Mr.
Viereck (Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. 1902, p. 48) has declared this species
to be identical with M. vidua, Smith. This is quite erroneous ;
.]/. vidua is the American representative of M. maritima. M.
monardarum has the eyes in life entirely black in the female ;
but sea-green, with the anterior margin broadly, the posterior
margin narrowly, and the upper third or fourth, black, in the
male.
b THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Megachile latimanus, Say.
Pecos ; female at flowers of Tkelesperma gracile, Aug. 7th
(W. P. Cockerell). Eyes in life black, with a rather obscure
greyish median band.
Megachile sayi, Cresson,
Pecos, Aug. Slst ; male. Eyes in life black, the lower half
strongly shaded with green.
Megachile cleomis, Ckll.
Pecos, Aug. 31st ; three males. Eyes in life green in middle,
black at sides. The length of the last antennal joint and of the
second submarginal cell are variable, and sometimes the disc of
thorax shows much black hair ; it is possible that two or three
species are included in my present conception of cleomis, but at
present I cannot satisfactorily separate them.
Melissodes sphceralcecE, Ckll.
Pecos, August ; common. Visits flowers of Sphceralcea fend-
leri. My wife has found it nesting in the ground ; the entrance
of the nest is without any structure such as is built by Anthophora
and Diadasia. In life the eyes of the female are a beautiful
grey-blue.
Melissodes ohliqua, Say.
Pecos, Aug. 31st ; female. Eyes in life very dark purplish,
nearly black.
Melissodes pallidicincta, Ckll.
Pecos, June 12th. Dr. M. Grabham took a female of this
and one of Diauthidiuin parvum asleep in Pentstemon flowers, in
rainy weather.
Anthophora cleomis, Ckll.
Pecos, Aug. 31st ; female. Eyes in life sea-green, blackish
in front and on hind border.
Anthophora montana, Cresson.
Pecos, Aug. 31st ; female at flowers of Salvia lanceolata.
Eyes in life grey-blue, faintly purplish in front and on hind
margin.
Bombus iridis, Ckll. and Porter.
Pecos; at flowers of Fallugia, June 24th (W. P. Cockerell).
Bombiis sonorus, Say.
Pecos, Aug. 31st. The specimen has the bright yellow pube-
scence of sonorus, but differs in having the hair on the pleura
partly yellow and partly black.
It seems advisable here to make some statement regarding
the species of Oxcca, Nomia, &c., which Mr. Cameron has de-
SOME ABERRATIONS OF COMMON MOTHS.
9
scribed (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc), purporting to come from the
region about Santa ¥6, New Mexico. The character of the
species is Mexican, and I am quite confident that the locaHty
assigned is entirely wrong. I wrote Mr. Cameron about it, and
he kindly informed me that the material was collected years ago
by a person who was known to have visited the Santa Fe region,
but who might very well have obtained the insects elsewhere.
The collection included some species of Bomhiis which might
have come from near Santa Fe.
Colorado Springs, Colorado.
SOME ABEERATIONS OF COMMON MOTHS.
By Francis E. Woodbridge.
1. 2.
M
3. 4.
1. HepialiLs /i(?ciws.— Male taken at Dunkeld in June,' 1900.
The markings on the fore wings are rather broader than usual,
and there is a row of golden yellow spots along the hind margin
between the nervules, increasing in size towards the hinder
angle. The hind wings are beautifully dashed with golden
yellow along the hind margin between the nervules, with a
golden yellow blotch near the apex, and a similarly coloured
dot near the costa. The photo shows the markings exactly.
2. Melanippe rivata. — Female taken at Uxbridge some
years ago. The central band on the fore wings is reduced to
a blotch on the costa, and towards the hinder angle there is
a dusky cloud extending from the band on the hind marginal
area across the usual white stripe towards where the central
band should have been. Hind wings normal.
3. Melanippe fluctiiata. — Female taken at Uxbridge in May,
1903. The blotch near the apex rathe\- more flattened than
10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
usual and somewhat suffused at the edges. The central blotch
narrowed to a thm neck on the costa, then widening into a
kidney-shaped blotch narrowed in the middle and flattened at
the end, somewhat suffused. The wavy lines are somewhat
thicker and more distinct than usual. Hind wings rather dark.
4. Coremia ferrugata. — Female taken at Throwleigh (Dart-
moor) in August, 1901. This specimen, taken at a height of
nearly 1,000 feet, shows distinct traces of melanism. The
central band of the forewings is blackish, with distinct black
edges on either side, rather suffused. The hind wings blackish
from the middle to the base, with very few wavy lines. The
photo shows the black marking on the hind wings fairly well,
and also the black edgings to the central band on the fore wings.
CURRENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Coutinued from vol. xxxvi. p. 315.
These notes are intended, not only to afford references to
recently published monographs, revisions, &c., but to call atten-
tion to stray notices which might otherwise be long overlooked.
Rudolph. I. Geare, 1902 : " A Hst of the Publications of the
United States National Museum" (Bui. U.S. Nat. Mus. 51, pp.
1-168 & i-vii). This useful annotated catalogue enumerates 21
annual reports, containing 122 papers, 23 volumes of proceedings
(embracing 1240 papers, 50 bulletins, 4 special bulletins), and 50
circulars, the whole comprising (on a rough calculation) 52,000
pages, 8800 plates, and 5700 text-figures, a magnificent result
for a quarter of a century.
T. D. A. CocKERELL, 1903 : "Two Orchids from New Mexico"
(Torreya iii., pp. 139-140). The Aphid Macrosipkiim corallorhizce,
Cockerell, is mentioned as occurrmg on Corailorhlza vrcelandii,
Rydberg.
T. 1). A. Cockerell, 1903 : " New Bees from Southern Cali-
fornia and other records" (Bui. South. Calif. Ac. Sci. ii., pp.
84-5). Two new species of the bee-genus Halictus, and a new,
almost black var. of the Cimicid Murgantia histriotiica are de-
scribed, with locality notes on some Diptera, Rhynchota, and
Crustacea.
E. G. LoDEMAN, 1902 : "The Spraying of Plants" (The Mac-
millan Co., New York, pp. i-xvii & 1-399, text-figs. 1-92, and
frontispiece (portrait of Alillardet) ). This little work, now re-
printed four times, is invaluable to the horticulturist and to
everyone interested in economic entomology. The first chapter
CURRENT NOTES. 11
deals with the early history of liquid applications ; the second to
spraying in " foreign countries " ; the third to spraying in
America ; the fourth to materials and formulas ; the fifth to
machinery, &c. ; the sixth to the action of insecticides and
fungicides. Part 2 contains specific directions for spraying cul-
tivated plants, and there is an appendix dealing with laws
regarding spraying and the metric sj^stem.
P. BoNAMB, 1902: "Les Borers de la Canne a Sucre. Insecti-
cides et Fungicides " (Bui. Sta. Agron., Colony of Mauritius, no.
7, pp. 1-28). [Lepidoptera.j A considevatioii o( Diatrcea stria-
talis and D. saccharalis, their parasites, and remedies against their
depredations.
W. E. Britton, 1903: *' Second Rep. State Entom." (Rep.
Connecticut Agr. Exper. Sta. for 1902, pp. 99-178 & i-x, pis.
l-lo, text-figs. 1-19). The greater part of the report is con-
cerned with the San Jose Scale {Asjndiotiis }}erniciosus) , pp. 114-
38; the Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar {Clisiocamjm americana),
pp. 139-48; and the Whiteliy {Aleyrodes vaporariorum !), pp.
148-63, the notices of the latter being especially useful.
Vernon L. Kellogg, 1903 : " The Net-winged Midges (Ble-
pharoceridte) of North America" (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (3) iii.
Zool., pp. 187-232, pis. 18-22). [Diptera.j A valuable contribu-
tion to our knowledge of this interesting family, especially in the
notices of the immature stages. The author points out that the
life-history of no Blepharocerid is fully known, the first eggs of
any species being yet to be found ; the food- habits of the male
are also unknown.
G. Compere, 1903: "In search for Parasites" (Journ. Dept.
Agric. Western Australia, viii, pp. 132-45). Report of a tour
round the world in search of a parasite of the Fruit-fly {Ceratitis
capitata) and other insects, and discussion of parasitic insects v.
spraying.
J. M. Stedman, 1903: "Hessian Fly in Missouri {Cecidomyia
destructor, Sav) " (Bui. Coll. Agric. Univ. Missouri, no. 62, pp.
129-49). [Diptei-a.]
S. Sa-\vamura, 1902 : Investigations on the digestive enzj^mes
of some Lepidoptera (Bui. Coll. Agric. Tokyo Imp. Univ. Japan,
iv, pp. 337-47). Though the expanded part of the intestine in
Lepidoptera is commonly called the stomach, its physiological
function resembles rather that of the intestines of Vertebrata.
There is no part of the intestines in Lepidoptera comparable
with the stomach of Vertebrata, since no genuine acid gastric
juice exists in them.
Arthur M. Lea, 1903: Remedies for Insect and Fungus Pests
of the Orchard and Farm (2nd edition). (Dep. Agriculture,
Tasmania, pp. 1-54 ; text-figs.) A popular account of the Orchard
and Farm Pests of Tasmania.
W. S. Blatchley, 1903: ''The Orthoptera of Indiana"' /27th
12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Ann. Kep. Dept. Geology, Indiana, for 1902, pp. 123-471 ; one
coloured plate and many text-figs.). A somewhat popular account
of the Orthoptera of Indiana, treated in a very full and clear
manner, accompanied by notices of their natural enemies, a
bibliography, and analytical keys ; the accounts of habits and
geographical distribution are very interesting, especially the con-
sideration of the life-zones of the State as exemplified by the
distribution of the present order. There is a fine coloured plate
of the remarkable pink variety of Amhbjcon/pha ohlonr/ifolia.
Ed. J. Kyle & Edward G. Green, 1903 : " The Tomato "
(Bui. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. 65, pp. 1-31). The Rbynchoton
Dicypluis saparatus, Uhler, is noted as a new tomato insect causing
serious injury in Texas.
(To be continued.)
NEW CULICID.E FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY
STATES.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
A collection of twenty-three specimens of Culicidae recently
sent to me by Dr. Leicester, taken and bred by him in and near
Kuala Lumpur, contains ten new species and six new genera.
Two other species were sent, namel}^ Stegomyia nivea, Ludlow,
and Myzomyia albirostris, Theobald, previously known, the
former from the Philippine Islands, the latter from Malay.
The descriptions of most of these species have been sent me,
drawn up by Dr. Leicester, from fresh specimens, with great
care. These descriptions are reproduced here in inverted
commas, showing that Dr. Leicester is the describer of the
species and not myself, but I have added a few notes on each
species. I have proposed six new genera, one named after Dr.
Leicester. Most are jungle-living species, and this probably
accounts for the novelties in the collection, as the majority of
collections so far made have been in and around human habita-
tions. Besides the six new genera, there is a new Melanoconion,
Theob., three new Toxorhynchites, Theob., and a,nev! Catageiomyia,
Theob. I believe Dr. Leicester has notes on the larvse of these
species to be described elsewhere. I wish it clearly to be under-
stood that the new species, except Toxorhynchites leicesteri,
Scatoinyia alholineata, and Leiccsteria longipalpis, are on the
authority of Dr. Leicester. The types are deposited in the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.).
ANOPHELINA.
Genus Lophoscelomyia, nov. gen.
Head with upright forked scales, and some narrow-curved ones ;
palpi densely scaled iu both sexes, most so in the male ; thorax with
NEW CULICID^. FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. 13
very long curved hair-like scales. Protlioracic lobes large, with a
tuft of black spatulate scales on the anterior face, and with black
bristles. Abdomen with hairs only, except the last two segments,
which have lanceolate scales. Hind legs with a dense tuft of out-
standing scales on the apex of the femora. Wings clothed with
broadish blunt lanceolate scales.
This "genus approaches Nyssorlujiichus, Theob., but differs in
having long, curved hair-like scales on the thorax instead of
narrow-curved and spindle-shaped ones. The dense apical tufts
on the hind femora are very marked in both sexes.
So far I have seen no Anopheline approaching it in general
appearance. Possibly others will be found in jungle growth.
A single species only is known, and is here described by Dr.
Leicester.
The female type is, unfortunately, broken in transit.
LoPHOSCELOMYiA AsiATiCA, Leicester, sp. n.
" Hind legs with the femora with a dense apical tuft of long
black and white scales. Wings with two yellow costal spots. Tarsi
unhanded.
" ? . Head black, frosted, when dry dark brown ; the scales are
arranged in tufts, and bare places are left between; it is rather lighter
along the orbital margins, giving the appearance, under a hand lens,
of a narrow white margin to the eyes ; on the vertex is a tuft of long,
silky hair-like scales, with a double curve on them which project well
forwards; behind these are a few white narrow-curved scales placed on
either side of a bare black line and extending but a small way back
and laterally for a short distance down the orbital margins ; behind
these are some flat-topped white upright scales which merge behind
into a dense mass of black (when dry, brown) upright scales extending
laterally over the occiput to just short of the eyes, from which they
are separated by a bare space. I can perceive no flat scales anywhere.
There are a few black narrow-curved scales succeeding the white along
the orbital margin. The eyes are a metallic bronzy-green. Antennae
with the basal joint dusky, its depression brown, some rather broadly
spindle-shaped white scales on its inner face ; the second joint light
brown, some black spindle-shaped scales on its inner face, succeeding
joints similar but without scales ; all the joints except the basal one
covered with short white hair ; verticillate hairs pale brown. Palpi
equal in length to proboscis ; pallid, covered with long black scales, a
few pale ones at the junction of the third and fourth joints, and some
pallid hairs at the tip (be^^t seen with a hand lens). Proboscis
covered with black short scales ; labellfe fawn-coloured. Mesonotum
with the greater part of the upper surface of a pale fawn colour (in
some lights it has a greenish tmge) with a dark brown line in the
centre in front ; on either side there are two dark brown patches
separated by a narrow pale line. Looked at sideways these patches
look lighter except for a small round dark spot at the upper part
of pale line separating the two patches. In front is a rosette of fairly
broad curved scales, white in colour; the rest of the mesonotum is
covered with scattered pale golden hair-like curved scales (white in
14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
some lights) and pale golden bristles. Protboracic lobes elongated
forwards but not mamillated ; a tuft of black spatulate scales placed
on their anterior superior face, and there are also some black bristles.
Scutellum with the central part dark brown, black under a hand lens;
lateral portions same colour as mesonotiim ; a few pallid curved hair-
like scales are scattered irregularly over it, and the bristles are brown
in colour. Metanotura the same colour as the mesothorax, with a dark
brown central stripe. Wings with the costa black scaled, except for
two yellow scaled spots involving the first longitudinal, and the second
spot involves the upper branch of second longitudinal. The first spot
is placed rather more than half way from base of the costa, the second
just before the apex of the wing. There are two patches of black
scales, one at base of second long vein, and the other at base of third
and at base of the fourth. There is a light scaled area on the lower
branch of second longitudinal. The first sub-marginal cell longer and
narrower than the second-posterior cell with its base nearer the
base of the wing (cross-veins cannot be made out). All the rest
of the veins clothed with black scales, t'rnjge black except opposite
the yellow apical spot, where it is golden yellow, Pleurfe dark brown,
marked with pallid lines. Legs with coxse pallid ; fore-legs clothed
with black spindle-shaped scales with a purplish hue in some lights ;
knee-spot pale, and a few pale scales at junction of tibia and metatarsus.
Mid-legs the same as the front, except for a conspicuous patch of white
scales on the dorsum of the femora just before the apex. Hind-legs
have a little before the apex of femora a dense tuft of lanceolate scales
which stand out on either sides conspicuously ; where this ends the
femora become snowy white, and similar long scales, snowy white in
colour, project from either side. There is no banding of the tarsi.
Fore and mid ungues equal and simple. Abdomen has the dorsum
greenish-yellow except segment four, which is dark brown ; there are
numerous pale golden hairs ; on the last two segments there are numer-
ous golden brown and dark brown lanceolate scales. The apices of the
segments are slightly darker than the bases.
" (J . Head muddy brown when fresh (dark brown when dry) ;
between the eyes is a triangular space bordered on either margin by
white narrow-curved and more to the front by long silky white
hair-like scales, which cross and project forwards over the face ;
behind this space are a number of white spatulate scales standing
upright like palisades ; the ends are not forked ; passing backwards
towards the nape and also laterally is a dense tuft of upright scales
which become darker and darker the further back they are placed.
Antennae with the basal joint dark brown, succeeding joints dirty white
at the base, yellowish at the apex, plumes pale tawny brown. Palpi
long, black scales at the base on their outer sides ; dark brown scales
over the whole of the apparent first joint, except for a ring of pale
scales about its middle ; a ring of yellowish scales at the junction
of the penultimate and antepenultimate joints ; upper surface of
apical half of penultimate joint scaled with yellowish scales and all
the terminal joint except for a patch of black scales near its base.
Proboscis uniform. Thorax pale fawn brown ; a median dark line
and lateral dark brown patches ; on the anterior margin is a rosette of
long narrow-curved white scales ; hair-like golden bristles arranged in
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 15
lines are distributed over it ; there is a dark spot in front of scntellum.
Wings with the costal spots much paler yellow than in the female ;
the first spot is very long, and commences fully two-thirds from the
base of the costa ; the second spot is small, and near the apex both
involve the costa to first longitudinal, the second involving also the
upper branch of second long vein. At the base of the second long
vein is a distinct patch of black scales, and a few are scattered along
the course of this vein. There is another patch at the base of the
third vein, and another near the base of fourth, and a very few along
the course of the vein. Besides these and the scaling on the costa and
subcosta and first long vein there are no other dark scales on the wing.
In the feathering of the hind legs and the markings of the legs
generally it resembles the female. Abdomen as in the female." —
(Leicester). Length 4 mm., male ; 4-3 mm., female.
Observations — This species was taken in Ambang Jungle, six
miles from Kuala Lumpur, on the 27th of June. It is a very
distinct small Anopheline, the hind femoral tuft alone distin-
guishing it, and the wings have five noticeable black spots, four
prominent and true distinct yellow costal spots. The specimen
sent by Dr. Leicester is in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
Collection (deposited).— F. V. T.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSEKVATIONS.
In a letter from our colleague, Mr. W. G. Kirkaldy — who holds an
appointment in the Department of Agriculture and Forestry at
Honolulu — he mentions having seen ten species of butterflies, among
them being Pieris rapce, Pyra)iieis cardui, P. atalanta, Lanipides hoeticus,
and Anosia archippus. P. rapcB has probably been accidentally im-
ported, and two species of Lycsenidse have been introduced for experi-
mental purposes.
Although the insect fauna of the Hawaiian islands has been pretty
closely investigated, there still remains considerable scope for further
research, especially as regards the important matters of life-histories,
distribution, &c.
Cross-pairing of Zyg^na trifolii and Z. filipendul^e. — At the
end of July last, while inveptiigating the lepidopterous fauna of the
Weybridge district, I came upon a colony of Z . fiJipendnUe on some
marshy ground. Among the specimens were several fine examples of
a form exactly identical with hippocrepidis, Steph.. which occurs in May
and June in meadows at Northwood, and to which reference has pre-
viously been made (Entom. xxx. 181). Flying with the fdipendulce
were a few males of A. trifolii; but still more interesting was the dis-
covery of no less than four crossed pairs of trifolii a,ndjiiipendiilce, the
males in each case being referable to the first named. Some little
16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
distance farther on the breeding-ground of trifolii was found, but no
Jilipendxdcc were there.
All the available specimens on the fill penduUr ground were carefully
examined, with the result that a very instructive series was obtained.
Besides the hippocrepidis there were several examples so very like
trifolii that one could readily suppose them to be six- spotted specimens
of that species ; indeed, if they had occurred on the trifnlii ground
such a conclusion would have been very natural ; as, however, they
were only found in the Jilipenduhe camp, the probability seems to be
that they, and perhaps also hippocrepidis, are the progeny of cross-
pairings.
In the Middlesex locality, where the two species occurred in close
proximity in May and June, I often looked for cross pairs on the trifolii
ground, but without success. The JilipenduUe colony there was in a
less favourable situation for observation, and therefore was not so
closely examined ; if this could have been done, some instances of
crossing might have been detected.
I may mention that only two of the cross-pairs were taken, and one
of these was given to Mr. Carr. Each of the females deposited ova, and
the larvaB hatched in due course. I believe that every egg in my batch
hatched, but, unfortunately, there has been great mortality among the
larvae, so that at the present time there are less than a score remaining.
It is to be hoped that Mr, Carr may be able to get his larvfe through
to the perfect state, as the result ought to help us to clear up some of
the doubt concerning the status of hippocrepidis, Steph. So far as one
can see at present there does not appear to be any sufficient reason to
consider it a species, or even a subspecies. — Eichard South.
Xylophasia zollikoferi, Frey., in Britain. — Mr. T. Ashton Loft-
house (Ent. Mo. Mag. (2) xiv. 290, and ' The Naturalist,' no. 563, p.
456) records the capture of a specimen of this species at Linthorpe,
Middlesbrough. It was taken at sugar on Sept. 26th last. So far as
we know, only two specimens of X. zoUihofeii have previously been
observed in Britain. One of these was taken in October, 1867, by Mr.
Harding, of Deal, and the other by Mr. Tait, at Inverurie, in Scot-
land. The former is in the Doubleday Collection in the Bethnal
Green Museum. The species seems to be exceedingly rare in Europe,
the occurrence of a third specimen in Britain is therefore of great
interest.
Coincidence of Pyrajieis cardui and Plusia gamma. — The following
extracts from my note-book for 1888, will, I think, be interesting to
Mr. H. Eowland-Brown (ante, p. 316) and, possibly, to the readers of
the ' Entomologist ' generally : —
P. cardui. In profusion in the Chester district during the first half
of June (Entom. xxi. p. 315). The butterflies were in fine condition.
There was a second appearance about the middle of September.
Larvae were abundant on thistles, Heysham Moss (North Lancashire),
July 27th (Entom. xxi. p. 317). From these I reared a fine dark
series.
P. gamma. " The moth swarmed with us — a curious coincidence
to the season's abundance of P. cardui" (Entom. xxi. p. 318). Seen
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 17
also at Chatteuden, Cuxton, Fardborough (Kent) and Westcombe
Park (Entom. xxi. p. 187) ; at Sheffield (Entom. xxi. p. 212) ; and at
Sunnyside, Groombridge, Sussex (Entom. xxi. p. 233). The season
was a notoriously wet and dull one, and the temperature low, on the
Vvhole — anything but favourable for insect immigration ; yet it was
not only a cardui and gamma year, but a galii year as well (Entom.
xxi. p. 256).
Curiously enough, the season for 1888 was the only one in which
I ever remember seeing larvae and pupre of P. gamma. On rough
hilly wastes I found larvsB (many of them) feeding on burdock, and
the pupre spun up, chiefly on thistles, in July and August. — J. Arkle ;
Dec. 3rd, 1903.
Melit^a didyma ab. — Since writing my note to an illustration of
an aberrant M. dUi/ma (Entom. xxxvi. 153) I have come across, in the
' Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France,' for 1900, a plate of
aberrations of the same species, one of which is almost identical with
that figured by me. These, with a note furnished by M. Charles
Oberthiir, are exceptionally interesting, inasmuch as he takes the view
that such " aberrations are always analogous according to the pre-
vailing scheme of each species, and even of each genus." " The
aberrations," he continues, " are not isolated examples, occurring
once not to re-occur in like form ; they are rather regular variations
appearing in certain places where the necessary conditions exist for
their development. What these conditions may be appears to be little
known. Heat, cold, light, and electricity seem, however, to be the
principal causes of aberration in Lepidoptera." And he goes on to
cite the curious case of a lilac-winged aberration of Lycmia bellargus,
taken after a thunderstorm in some numbers, where none of that
species differing from the normal colour form had been observed before
or after the electrical disturbances of the atmosphere. Incidentally
also to the occurrence of M. didyma at Bourg-des-Compts in the
neighbourhood of Eennes, M. Oberthiir says that this without doubt
is the furthest western locality for the species in France, and there-
fore Europe. — H. Rowland-Brown ; Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald,
Nov. 25th.
Geometra vernaria. — My experience with regard to the emergence
of this species was very similar to that of Mr. Clarke (Entom. xxxvi.
291). The first insects to emerge were all males, the females remain-
ing till last. There was, however, some overlapping, one or two of the
latest males emerging about the same time as the first of the females.
G. M. Russell ; Portchester, Nov, 12th, 1903.
Contribution to the National Collection of British Lepidoptera.
— Twelve specimens of Eupithecia consignata, by Mrs. Hutchinson, of
Leominster, Herefordshire. Ten of the specimens were reared last
April, and are the direct descendants of a female example captured in
April, 1874.
ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1904.
18
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CAPTUEES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
SiREX GiGAs IN WILTSHIRE. — In October last an example of this
species was captured at Coulston, near Westbury, Wilts. It was a
female, in excellent condition. — J. B. Teend ; 1, Grosvenor Square,
Southampton, Dec. 13th, 1903.
Autumnal Lepidoptera in Surrey. — This autumn seems to have
been particularly favourable for collecting at gas-lamps, and among a
host of other things taken by this means since Sept. 1st I may
mention : — Neuronia pojmlaris, Luperina cespitis, Xanthia citraf/o,
X. gilvago, Cirrhcedia a-eramjwliiia, Calocamjm vetusta, Knnomos alniaria,
E. fuscantaria, Himera fennaria, Eitpithecia subfidvata, Triphosa duhl-
tata, Euholia cervinata. Sugaring has also produced its insects, though
of only the commoner order, the following being taken since Sept.
29th : — Xylophasia monofjlyplia (one on Oct. 13th), Agrotis suffusa (two),
Noctua c-nigrum, Mania maura (one on Sept. 3()th), Orthosia lota,
0. pistacina (abundant), 0. litura, Orrhodia ligula, Scopelosoma satel-
litia, Xanthia gilvago, X. circellaris (common), Miselia oxyacanthce,
Phlogophora meticiilosa (in swarms), Catocala nupta (slightly worn),
Hypena rostralis, and Pyralis costaUs. — Leslie H. Mosse-Robinson;
Wandle Bank, Wallingtoii, Surrey, Oct. 20th, 1903.
Collecting in Devon, Torquay, and Neighbourhood. 1903. — The
first three months of 1903 were very mild, which caused the sallows
to come into leaf before the catkins had a chance to open. Therefore
we did not get many insects at sallow. Larvs were fairly plentiful
during the first quarter of the year. I append a list of the principal
captures for the year, taken from my note-book. In January and
February larvfe of Heliopliobux hispidus were fairly plentiful ; also a few
each of Leucania putresceyis (full-grown in January), Rvsina tenebrosa,
Triphcsna ianthina, T. fimbria, Epunda lichenea. The following moths
were taken at sallow, light, &c. : — Hybemia rupicapraria (males and
females at rest on blackthorn bushes), H. leucophceatia, H. progem-
maria (males only). In March, imagos of Selenia illmiana (first speci-
men taken March 19th). Xylocampa lithoriza and Taniocampa yothica
were the only fresh things noticed out.
In April the following moths were noticed, principally at sallow: —
Tmniocampa munda, T. cruda, T. mimosa, T. gracilis, T. stabilis, T.
instabilis, T. rubricosa, Hop)orina croceago (one), Scopelosoma satellitia,
Xylina petrificata, and a few Trachea piniperda. In the same month the
larv^ of Arctia fuliginosa, Chelonia villica, Nudaria mundana, Calli-
morpha dominula, were noticed among others.
In May, larvae of Lithoda caniola, L. complanula, Epunda nigra, and
on heather larvae of Agrotis agathina, A. porphyrea, Noctiianeglecta, &c.
The moths for the month, noticed, were Anarta myrtUli (one) on May
8th, at rest on heather (is not this early for this species ?), Heliodes
arbiiti, Gonoj)tera libatrix, Tephrosia crepuscularia, Neworia viridata,
Asthena candidata, Corycia temerata, Fidonia piniaria, Melanippe procel-
lata, Anticlea badiata, Cidaria russata, and Anaitis plagiata.
June : the following imagos : — Zyycena lonicera, Euthemonia russula
(males only), Chelonia villica, Orgyia pudibunda, Acronycta ligustri, A.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 19
rumicis, Axylia imlris, Dianthcecia carpophaga, 1). cunsptiou, Mamestra
anceps, Gra)}imesia trilinea, Puisina tenebrosu, Euplexla lucipara, Hadena
thalassina, Larentia olivata, Enimelesia affinitata, Cidaria ribesiaria, Phi-
balapteryx tersata, Anticlea rubidata, among others, were noticed.
July was the best month during the season : Agrotis liiceniea, Leu-
cania putrescens, Agrotis corticea, Thyatira batis, Gonopkora derasa,
Agrotis Innigera, Dysthytnia Inctuosa, PUisia festuccn, Apamea gemina,
Caradrina blanda occurred, among other commoner things.
August produced Lithosia caniola ; only five were taken this year.
Five journeys were made to Dawlish for Callimorpha hera ; this month
only nine specimens were taken ; this species also appears to be
getting scarce. At sugar, a few such things as Lxiperina testacea,
Agrotis saticia, aad a few Triphmia interjecta were the best insects taken.
September and October produced a few each of Epunda nigra,
Heliopkubus his/jidits, Hadena protea, Xylina petrijicuta, Polia fiavi-
cincta, Anclwcelis rujina, Xoctua glareosa, Anchocelis liinosa, Cerastis
vaccina, C. ligula (spadicea), Scopelosuina satellitia, Xanthia citrago, X.
cerago, X. silayo, X. aurago, X. ferruginea, and Stilbia anoviala ; among
Geometers, Scotosia dubitata and Cidaria miata.
November, up to the second week, produced nothing fresh in the
way of moths ; a few larvre of Heliopkobus hispidus, Leucania putrescens,
and Xglophasia hepatica were the principal species.
The season, as a whole, has been a very poor one ; we have had
very little sunshine, so have not done much with the bntterflies. One
example of Cvlias ediisa was taken at Dawlish, and one at Torquay in
August ; these were the only specimens seen by us during the season.
We had one Sphinx convulvuli brought to us ; it had been found at rest
on a stable door on Sept. 1st, and one Acherontia atropos, which was
picked up on the road, dead, on Oct. loth ; these latter were very fair
specimens. — S. & J. Walker ; Torquay, S. Devon.
The Dragonfues of Epping Forest in 1903. — Our season began
on the 1st June with the taking of Pyrrhosoma nymphula and Agrion
jniella ; then followed Ischnura elegans on 21st June. No fresh species
fell to our net until 9th August, when we took Sympetrurn striolatum,
immature, and a single specimen of S. sanguineum. We did not again
meet with the last-named dragonfly during the season, and we com-
mented upon its apparent absence in 1902 in our report for that year
(' Entomologist,' Feb., 1903). On Aug. 16th we took, near Chingford,
for the first time in Epping Forest, a specimen (female) of Calopteryx
splendens; the late period of this capture will be noticed. On the same
date we collected jischua cyanea and ^35. grandis for the first time this
season. Both species became unusually abundant ; in a single morn-
ing (Sept. 1st) we took M. cyanea no fewer than seven times (six
males, one female). Upon several occasions, early in September, we
were much interested in watching M. grandis ovipositing in a pond
near Chingford. The females of this species receive no assistance
from the males in the important function of oviposition ; they rest
upon rushes and other plants growing in a suitable situation, and
thrust the abdomen deep mto the water. On Sept. 13th we took a
specimen while thus employed, when we found that the last five seg-
ments (numbers 6 to 10) were wet from immersion in the water. In
20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the beginning of September we made several visits to some ponds
near Loughton, and on the 3rd of that month we toolc there a series of
Lestes sponsa. At the same ponds, on the same day, we found Encd-
lagma cyatlwjerum plentiful ; in our report for 1902 we remarked upon
the apparent scarcity of this species in the forest, but perhaps it would
be more correct to describe the insect as being very local rather than
scarce. We continued to collect the undermentioned species until the
date noted against each: — A. paella, Sept. 1st; /. elegnns, Sept. 4th ;
E. cyathigerum, Sept. 4th ; jE. fjrandis, Sept. 13th ; M. cynnea, Sept.
20th; 8. striolatum, Sept. 20th.— F. W. & H. Campion; Waltham-
stow, Essex, Nov. 6th, 1903.
Notes on some Lepidoptera reared during 1903.— I was much
interested with Mr. F. A. Oldaker's notes on Lepidoptera bred during
the past season, and can sympathize with him in the ill-luck which he
experienced with some of the species. I thought that a few remarks
with regard to those which I attempted to breed might not be without
interest.
In February and March I obtained a number of common species,
such as Triphccna j}youuba and PhloyopliDra vieticulosa, together with a
few Triph(Ena fimbria, by searching in the garden after dark with a
lantern. To save trouble, I kept these under glass in the kitchen, to
induce them to feed up quickly and pupate before the usual time. This
plan was very successful, and nearly all produced fine imagines in due
course. Later on, by beating birch, crab-apple, &c., in this district, I
took numbers of larvffi of Hybemia defoliaria H. aurantiaria, and yola
cucullatella, all of which I was successful in bringing through to the
perfect state. The H. defoliaria are nearly all of a very dark form.
From aspen I obtained a few larvte of Tethea snhtusa, a species which
I had not previously found here. Unfortunately only one pupated
successfully, but this produced a lovely specimen, which emerged on
the 9th July. I completely failed with Smerinthus ocellatm, of which I
had about one hundred ova from a New Forest female (laid May 29th,
30th, and 31st). The larvae began hatching on June 11th, but nearly
all died when quite young ; a few only grew to about half size, when
they also died off.
Of Nyssia Impidaria I had about twenty ova sent me, which began
hatching April 14th. The larvae did very well till full grown, when
they died otf in the most disappointing way, one by one. I was more
successful with Donas coryli, and have now some pupge resulting from
about fifty ova laid at the beginning of June. These hatched between
June 6th and 15th, and fed up well on oak.
Another species with which I was unsuccessful was Endromis
versicolor. The larvfB hatched from May 2nd onwards, and although I
provided them with fresh birch I could not induce them to even com-
mence feeding, and all died in a few days.
When in the New Forest, at Whitsuntide, I obtained a very worn
female of Tejihrosia cousortaria, which on June 1st and 2nd laid a
number of ova in a chip-box, placing them quite out of sight between
two layers of the wood. The egg is bright green when laid, oblong
in shape, with rounded ends, and the surface minutely pitted. These
hatched in due course, but in my subsequent absence from home were
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 21
overlooked aucl consequently perished. During the same visit to the
New Forest I found about fifty hirvje of Taniocanijxi ininiosa, about half
an inch long. These fed up remarkably well, and I have now about
four dozen healthy pup^e.
In April, when at Wimborne, Dorset, I found larvae of Xylopoda
fabriciana, commonly in rolled-up nettle leaves. This little larva spins
a whitish opaque tough cocoon in the rolled-up leaf. The pupa is
light brown at first, turning darker before emergetice, about 6 mm.
long, and very active. The first moth emerged on May 8th.
With regard to Mr. Oldaker's remarks on Eitchelia jacubcece I may
mention that I found larv* very commonly on ragwort near Orford,
Suffolk, at the end of July and beginning of August. Those which I
took pupated about Aug. 8th, but there were many small ones left
which could not have gone down until a fortnight or so later.
Having a few pupag of Dasycliira pudibanda in the spring, and
wishing to breed the species, I attempted to obtain eggs, but for some
unaccountable reason I was unable to obtain a single pairing. The
females laid a number of ova, but these were, of course, all infertile.
The dates of emergence of the specmiens are somewhat interestmg, all
the females emerging before any of the males, vis. : — May 1st, one
female ; 2nd, one female ; Ith, one female ; 10th, two females ; 11th,
one female; 12th, one male; 15th one male. — Philip J. Babeaud;
Bushey Heath, Herts, Dec. 5th, 1903.
Field-work in 1903. — A record of my work with the net during
the past season may not prove uninteresting. On the whole, the
weather has been peculiarly depressing, and many of the days on which
I had hoped to get plenty of msects were totally unsuited ; for, even
if there was no ram actually fallmg, the wind was blowmg, and the
temperature was too low to tempt any insects out into the open. My
collecting times were, with a few exceptions, Wednesday and Satur-
day afternoons. On Feb. 8th I noticed I'ane.^sa urtica: out, and at in-
tervals during March it appeared in my garden on days warmer than
usual. It was not till April 20th that 1 observed Guneptevyx rhamni,
and one of the features of this season, as far as my observation goes,
has been the rarity of this species. Pieris brassicce and P. rapcc were
first seen on May 4th, but no P. napi till May 30th. Euchloe carda-
mines was as abundant as ever near Eanmore Common from May 21st
onwards ; and on the same date Pararye eyeria was observed in a copse
in fair numbers, and the first specimens of Nciiieobins lucina were
noticed. This species was very abundant later on, and the searching
for ova on the cowslip leaves yielded good results on several days when
little else was to be done. Bapta tenierata and Abraxas adastuta were
beaten from the bushes on May 21st, and a beautifully marked speci-
men of Lomaspilts maryinata on May 23rd. Hesperia malvie and Callu-
phrys rubi were first observed on the same date, as well as Eiipithecia
satyrata, which I obtained then for the first time, near Eanmore.
H, malvcE was one of the species particularly plentiful this year.
Aryynnis euphrosyne appeared on May 27th, as well as Eudidia ylypliica
and E. mi, and on May 30th Phytometra cenea and Punayra petraria
turned up, as well as Thanaos tayes. On June 1st, which I spent on
Eanmore and the neighbourhood, we got Bupalus piniaria, Cidaria
22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
siiffumata, Strenia clathrata, Zonosoma linearia, as well as a number of
larvfe of Zephyrus quercns from the oaks. On June 3rd Lyccena adonis
was first seen, but this species was difficult to get in good condition,
owiug to the rain and wiud. L. al.exis was first noticed on the same
day also, as well as Acontia luctuosa, which was taken in some
numbers during the next ten days. On June 4th Acidnlia ornata was
taken, but few of tiiis species were observed. June 12th was a blank,
except for a few Asthena canduiata, and on June 17th nothing new
turned up except Melanippe imaiujulata. On June 22nd we took
LyccEna alsns for the first and only time this year, and then only three
or four specimens. But Atiyiades sylvanus, seen first on the same day,
was more plentiful than usual, and an interesting variety of Campto-
(jramma hiiineata, with dark bands, was taken. On June 24th Melan-
thia ocellata and Larentia viridaiia were beaten out, and a female
Lyccena ayestis deposited about fifty ova in a pill-box. These duly
hatched on June 29th, but all died off before the first moult. On July
4th Cidaria fiilvata was plentiful and in fine condition, and on July
8th a good number of Aplmntopus hyperanthns were netted, only to be
released again, when it had been found that they were normal. On
July 11th very little was about, but diligent work among long grass
produced a good series of Endrosa irrorella, and a fair number of pupse
of Zyyana jilipendula were noticed at the same time. July 22nd saw
the advent of Adopa^a thaumas in fair numbers, and a few males of
Aiujiades comma were taken, the first female being seen on July 25th,
on which date Eubolia hipimctaria was noticed. The above notes refer
almost exclusively to work on and near Ranmore, but on July 80th I
migrated to the neighbourhood of Bognor, which I found singularly
unproductive in the daytime, of course owing to the atrocious weather.
A walk from Bognor to Arundel on Aitg. 7th produced one Ar(jynnis
adippe, but nothing else except PLerls brassiae, P. rapce, P. napi, Epi-
nepkele jurlina, E. tilhonus, Lycmia alexis, Adopiea thaumas, and Plnsia
(jamma. On Aug. 10th Vanessa atalanta was observed, and V. to on the
12th, as well as Acidalia marginepiinctata. Polyommatus phlccas was
the only insect to be seen on Aug. 18th, but on the 19th Timandra
amataria, Hyptsipetes sordidata, aud other geometers were obtained by
beating the hedges by the roadside. On Aug. 29th CULv glancata was
taken in the same manner. On Sept. 1st a fine female variety of
Epinepkele. jiiitina, with white patches on the two upper wings, was
netted ; and on Sept. oth, when I had returned to Dorking, two belated
females of Lycana corydun were seen. Single specimens of Vanessa
atalanta were noticed at difl'erent times during this month, and several
worn specimens of i'. cardui.
Such IS my record for the year, and I think the most noteworthy
feature is the entire absence of Cyaniris argiolus, which is usually
plentiful here. No specimens of Vanessa polychloros, Colias cdusa, or
C. hyale were seen, and very few Gonepteryx rhamni.
A curious circumstance that happened is perhaps worthy of note.
One of my boys put a setting-board, containing four specimens of
Vanessa atalanta, into a cupboard, and on looking at it the next moru-
ino he found that the insects had entirely disappeared. Subsequent
events, in which a penny trap figured successfully, revealed the fact
that mice were the culprits. We found a few fragments of wings
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 23
scattered about the cupboard, but the mice had eaten or removed every
vestige besides, leaving nothing whatever but the pins and paper on
the setting-board. — F. A. Oldakee ; Parsonage House, Dorking,
Nov. 26th, 1903.
Notes from the North-west. — The season for 1903 will probably
be remembered for some time, and all over the country, for its climatic
eccentricities — eccentricities even for British weather. Generally
speaking, the summer may be described as one of the coldest and
wettest, if not the coldest and wettest, on record. Nothing unusual,
here in Cheshire, marked the weather of January, except that it was
often springlike ; and February was so genial, that I do not remember
ever seeing such a fine display of spring flowers. Hawthorns, lilacs,
and laburnums were green with foliage. April 10th (Good Friday)
was generally voted a perfect day ; white and pink lilacs were in
bloom ; there was even a rhododendron ; and I gathered a bit of white
hawthorn -blossom from a hedge. Then came a frost— " a killing frost "
— and all these too-innocent flowers were covered with snow on Easter
Monday. April continued cold and wet, with frequent frosts, almost
to its close. May came in upon us with sharp thunderstorms, but
redeemed its character somewhat after the middle of the month, so
that Whit Monday (the 81st) was positively warm, sunny, and cloud-
less. Everybody expects fine weather in " the flowery month of June,"
and, I should say, on the whole, it is the pleasantest British month of
the year. But people took to overcoats on the 14th, and there was
such a frost on Midsummer-day that most of the brackens and birches
in Delamere Forest became as brown as in December. There were
some warm, sunny days at the end of the month, as usual ; but there
was, altogether, more rainfall than we liked. July was a cold, wet,
windy month, taken on the whole. The following is from my note-
book for the 6th : — " I do not remember such a low July temperature
as to-day's; and [ certainly never set asJncortJtii, davHs, myrtilli, Sbud
nebulosa in such a low temperature. The wind whistles as in stormy
October." The same cold, wet, and windy character applied to August,
and was continued, more or less, through September, with the addition
of two degrees of frost on Sept. 14th. October was a month of almost
constant rain. November assumed its accustomed character — plenty
of moisture, either in a state of fog or rain — together with the usual
mild few days about the middle of the month, when Himera pennaria,
Hybernia defoliaria (with an occasional H. auranthtria), Cheimatobia
brumata, Asteroscopus sphinx (cassinea), and Pcecilocampa popuU faithfully
and annually make their appearance at the street-lamps.
Under such unfavourable weather conditions it is not surprising
that insects have either been scarce or have come and gone unobserved.
The following are some of the species which, in my experience, seem
to deserve special mention. I saw few butterflies. There were some
of the three commonest " whites," a few Vanessa urticce, but, apparently,
no F. io or V. atcdanta. Thecla rubi was a common butterfly among
heath and birch in Delamere Forest, June 6th. Ccenonympha typJwn
{davits) had not appeared in its accustomed haunts by June 27th, but
was in plenty on July 4th. Unfortunately, on that date, the specimens
were nearly all badly chipped, although fresh, owing to the boisterous
24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
weather. On July 11th the butterfly was not so numerous, but it was
in good condition. Lycmia (Bf/on and Epinephele ianira were numerous
and fresh on that date in the Forest district ; and I should not forget
to say I had glimpses of E. tithunux in the Shotwick neighbourhood on
July 31st. On the Crosby sandhills, near Liverpool, August 1th,
Satijrns semele was common. The coloration of the specimens!, struck
me as being unusually rich, but perhaps this was owing to their un-
doubted freshness. Another thing I could not help noticing about
these Crosby S. semele was the fact that they were not ne^^rly so
skittish and difficult to capture as are specimens of the same species
on the rock-faces of North Wales and North Lancashire. I found
Leucoma salicis on these sandhills as well, on the same date.
Among moths I saw Lobophora carpinata (lobnhtta) in Delamere
Forest from April 15th to April 25th, at rest on palings and. tree-
trunks, where it posed in flat contradiction to the doctrine of protective
resemblance. Tephoda hiuudularia I first saw on April 25th, and the
species continued out until June 6th, when the specimens were getting
decidedly shabby ; I got a fine ashy-grey female with blackish wing-
sufifnsions and bands on May 16th. From this interesting female I
have now a large progeny lying over the winter in the pupal state.
Panagra petraria seems to be a local moth in Delamere Forest ; it
was plentiful, though worn, on one particular bracken-covered spot,
June 6th. EuboJia plumbaria (paliniibayia) was fresh and abundant on
Hatchmere Heath on the same day, and I took a fine series of both
sexes to renew. Among the birches in the Forest Acidalia re'inttmia
and Cidaria corylata were also fresh, and plentiful enough. A nice
A. straminata var. circellata has already been recorded for July 11th
(Entom. xxxvi. 317). and, all being well, I mean to look out for this
little prize next season. Aspllates strii/illai ia was just appearing on
June 27th, but was represented throughout by smaller numbers than
I have observed in former years. I met with Anaita m>/rtilli. on
July 4th to July 11th ; on the latter date both males and females, in
fine condition, were swept off the tops of the heather. I recommended
the spot to my friend Mr. J. Thompson in September, and he went
there and obtamed a considerable number of larvae off the heather ;
these larvffi a few days afterwards pupated. All the above are Dela-
mere Forest Lepidoptera, and the list was extended from October 3rd
to October 10th by Peronea ferrugana (beaten from birches), Ephippi-
phora similana = bimacuJana, P. caledoniana (dark forms), Dlctijopteryx
contaminana, and Plutella criiciferarnm.
I tried "assembling" with a fresh female Bombi/x qiiercus on the
Delamere heaths, July 11th, but the experiment was a total failure;
a few males were seen on the wing.
Electric lamps were almost useless for attracting insects ; this is
not to be wondered at, for the latter are always most active in high
temperatures. A male Cossus ligniperda was taken, June 23rd. I had
only two favourable nights — June 29th and July 10th. On the first date
Amphidasys betularia var. douhledayaria, Dicranura vinuln, Phisia pul-
chrina, and Habrostola triplasia were my best captures ; and on July 10th,
the heat being almost tropical, JJropteryx sambucaria, Pyrain ulaucmaHs,
A. betularia var. doubledayaria, Nola cucidlatella, Caradrina alsines, Ma-
viestra sordida (anceps), Miana arcuosa, Acronycta rumicis, Bryophila
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 25
perJa, Plusia pulchrina, P, iota, P. chnjsitis, and H. triplasia. A fine
Achernntia atropos was taken from a lamp, October 24tli.
Abnormal appearances were represented by a fresh Xylophasia
monor/lypha [pohjodon), taken at an electric lamp, September 24:th.
A specmen of Carndn'na quadripunctata [cubicularis) was bred on
November 10th.
Among insects reared from the chrysalis, the following, with dates,
may be of interest : — Eupithecia centaureata (eggs from a female taken
September 4th, 1892, at an electric lamp), May 18th, May 24th, and
May 31st; Macaria liturata, a\l vslv. ninrofidvata (CoWins), May 24th
to May 30th ; these were from Delamere Forest larvae, and I netted
a worn example of the variety in the Forest, June 27th ; Ceriira farcida
emerged June 10th to June 25th, the larvse were collected in the
district. Ova obtained from these moths were all infertile. Notodonta
dict(Ba appeared June 24th ; Xoctiia brunnea (from Delamere larvae),
June 27th and June 28th ; Aplecta nebidosa (Delamere larvfe), with the
almost black form robsoni (Collins), June 8th to June 29th ; Agrotis
ashwurthii, July 1st to July 6th ; Gonoptera libatrix (pupae spun up in
the tops of low sallows in August), September 4th ; Cheimatobia boreata
and C. brumata | Delamere larvre), November 9th to end of the month.
A few eggs of Epione apiciaria, from a female taken at an electric lamp,
August 28th, 1902, hatched June 11th to June 21st. I could only
count seven larvae ; but they all turned up as perfect insects between
August 10th and August 16th.
What prompted Mr. J. Thompson and myself to join our forces of
Smerinthus ocellatus and S. popuii with the view of obtaining a cross, it
is, after this lapse of time, difficult to'say. It was certainly no desire
to assist Nature in the evolution of species, so it had best be put down
to a morbid interest or idle curiosity. Anyhow, we brought about, in
captivity, four pairings, with eight moths, of the two species ; and the
resultant eggs were all infertile, although the weather conditions were
most favourable. A fifth pairing between a male ocellatus and a female
popuii (fresh moths, of course) resulted in fifty more infertile eggs ;
but a second painnij of these two moths brought twenty-seven fertile egys.
These began to hatch, July 8tli. My share was thirteen eggs, Mr.
Thompson's, fourteen; and mine were the last laid — in fact, they were
taken in a cluster from off the outside of the terminal segment. All
Mr. Thompson's larvae died in the course of the various stages ; but
luck favoui'ed me, and I have now eight pupte. The larvae partook of
the characters of both species. I did, relatively, better than with
ninety-six eggs of S. tilia I had sent me. The larvfe from the latter
died off fast in their early stages, and I have only fifteen pupae. These
pupte, I believe, I owe to removing the remaining larve to a warm
kitchen -shelf.
Out in the open country, larvae seemed to be, comparatively, scarce
throughout the season, and I frequently came upon dead caterpillars.
In Delamere Forest, also, dead larvae were sometimes met with, but,
to those who know the runs, even good things were to be had in that
sheltered locality in satisfactory numbers. The rich, coffee-coloured
caterpillar of H. defoliaria, with its interrupted side stripe of yellow
dashes, was well in evidence, July 28th, and before that date. So were
BNTOM. — JANUARY, 1904. D
26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
.V. dromedarius, A. hetnJaria (the latter species to' be had right into
October), and Cymatophora duplaris. These were found to repeat
themselves. August 3rd. with the addition of one A. leporina and
some Panolis piniperda, the last-mentioned being sometimes mistaken
for 3/. Uuirata. All these could have been beaten from birch (with the
exception of P. piniperda, from Scotch firs) until well into October.
In addition, I got five .V. dictceoides (deep purplish shiny brown, with a
broad yellow side stripe, and very geometer-looking), a good many
N. camelina, and three A. nehulosa (the last caught napping, as they
are night- feeders), all in October, off birch. Perhaps the most curious
experience of the season in the way of larvfe was finding a colony of
On/yia antiqna, August 12tli, feeding on meadowsweet, mace-reed, and
water- dock.
It was a bad season for dragonflies. The only record worth show-
ing is the abnormal capture of a solitary male Si/mpetnnn scoticnm
on Hatchmere Heath (Delamere Forest), October 10th. — J. Arkle;
Chester.
Early Appearance of Cidaria picata. — On May 16th, 1903, when
cycling near Hadleigh, Suffolk, I saw a good- sized geometer on the
wing, and on capturing it was surprised to find it was a fine female
Cidaria picata. Some years ago I took a specimen on June 1st, which
I then thought was a very early date, so that this capture may be
worthy of record. — P. Harwood ; "Marlborough," Chesterfield Road,
Newbury.
SOCIETIES.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
October ^2nd, 1903.— Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., President, in the chair.—
Mr. C. W. Simmons, of Tufnell Park, N., and Mr. J. Ovenden, of
Friudsbury, Rochester, were elected members. — Mr. South exhibited
very interesting series of Anthnicera [Zyrjmia) trifoUi and A. filipendula
from localities in Middlesex and Surrey, together with aberrations and
supposed hybrids, and read a short paper on the exhibit. — Mr. McArthur,
a short series of Hepiaiu^ huntuHvax. hetldandica, taken in Unstin 1882.
Mr. Dodds, specimens of the Coleopteron, Corynetes rujipes, found alive
in a box of cigars. — Mr. Edwards, a wedding-cake which had been over
twenty years under a glass shade in a city confectioner's; the interior
was thoroughly demolished by beetles, and the sugar was burrowed in
an extraordinary way by them. The species was recognized as Ano-
hium paniceum. — Mr. Carr, series of bred and captured males of Orgyia
antiqna, of which the former were very considerably the larger. — Mr.
Tonge, very fine photographs of the larvae of Sesia (Macroglossa)
stelldtarum, Eumnrphn (Choerocampa) elpenor, Theretra (Chcerocampa)
porcellus, and Asphalia fiavicornis. — Mr. West, short series of two
species of Hemiptera, Mtcropiiysa elegantula from Darenth, and Cardia-
stethus fasciventris from Box Hill. — Dr. Chapman, an album of photo-
graphs, showing the embryonic development of Botys hyalinalis, taken
by Mr. Hammond and Mr. Jeffreys of Canterbury. It consisted of a
SOCIETIES. 27
unique series taken at short intervals, from the time of the laying of
the egg until the exclusion of the young larva. — Mr. Kaye, bred speci-
mens of Theope endocia, T. folionon, and Nymphidiani lijsiinon, with
figures of the larvae and pnpae from Trinidad. The larvae were found
to live on friendly terms with species of ants, who milked them from
papillae above the anal segment. — Mr. R. Adkin read the reports of the
field-meetings at Limpsfield and St. Paul's Cray.
November 12th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Jilger exhibited
a specimen of Ophima stolida, a Noctuid new to Britain, taken at
sugar near Dartmoiuh, on Sept. 23rd, 1903. — Mr. Kaye, two remark-
able aberrations of T<eniocaiiipa atuhUis (1), a female, with shiny pale
hind wings, the fore wings brick-red, and the transverse line and lunule
distinct ; (2), a female with grey fore wings, the hnes strongly black,
and a broad blackish fascia passing through the reniform stigma. —
Mr. McArthur, a specimen of Rippotion (Chcerocampa) celerio, captured
at Brighton on Oct. 24th by Mr. Clayton. — Mr. Cothrup, a large
number of the various species and forms of British Anthrocerids
(Zygasnids), including A. kijipocrepidis. — Mr. Fremlin, an example of
Hemaris bo)nbyliforniis, from the New Forest. — Mr. Tonge, very finely
executed photographs of the ova of yumeiia pnlveraria, Oporabia
autiiuinarw, and Heineropldla abru]>taria. — Mr. West (Greenwich), a
short series of Sitones (/riHeiis from Oxshott, where it was common on
broom. At Yarmouth he had usually met with it at the roots of grass.
— Messrs. Dennis, Goulton, Main, Touge and West (Streatham) then
showed a large number of lantern-slides, comprising studies of flowers,
ova, larvae and pups of Lepidoptera, resting habits of imaguies,
diatoms, and geological formations in North Wales. — Hy. J. Turner
{Hon. Rep. Sec).
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The Fifth
Ordinary Meeting was held in the Royal Institution, Liverpool, on
Monday, November 16th, Mr. Wm. Webster, M.R.S.A.I. (St. Helen's)
presiding over a large attendance of members. Messrs. A. H.
Garstaug, F.R.S.L., of Southport ; H. A. Sweeting, M.A., of Liver-
pool ; and Carrington B. Williams, of New Brigliton, were balloted
for and duly elected members of the Society. On the motion of Mr.
P. N. Pierce, seconded by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomliu, a vote of con-
dolence was unanimously accorded the President, Mr. Samuel .J.
Capper, F.E.S., on his recent bereavement, and the Secretary was
desired to write a letter conveying the same to him. Details in con-
nection with the next (St. Helen's) meeting having been discussed,
Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, F.R.Met.S., F.E.S., communicated an interesting
paper " On the Birth and Infancy of Dytiscus pimctulatus, F." After
explaining the manner of ovipositing, and describing the varying
effect of temperature on the length of time required for the develop-
ment of the ova in spring and winter, he gave particulars of diseases
to which the eggs were liable both in their earlier and later stages.
The birth of the larva, process of change of skin at tiie various
ecdyses, &c., were described from notes in his diary written at the
time of observation. The paper was illustrated by eggs, cast skins,
larvae in various stages of growth, and perfect insects. Amongst the
large number of exhibits on view were the following : — A drawer of
28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Xanthias, including Daaycampa ruhiginea and XantJda aurago var.
fueata, by Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S. ; a fine collection of Lepidoptera
from Cumberland and Westmoreland (1903), including the Alpine
species Erebia epiphron, E. casfiiope, E. medon, &c. ; an exotic Ortho-
pteron — Acridmm (? sp.) — captured on a vessel in the Liverpool
Docks, and a fine specimen of the oleander hawk-moth (C. nerii), cap-
tured on the steamship ' Achilles,' Liverpool, by Mr. H. B. Prince.
Long series of Melanargia galatca and Cidaria picata, a curiously
bleached form of Epinephele ianira, and specimens of Antidea sinuata
and Cidirria imangulata from Devonshire, by Mr. W. A. Tyerman.
Mr. J. Roxburgh distributed a series of Erebia medon. Mr. J. W.
Dutton exhibited Coleoptera collected at Stromness by Mr. George
Ellison, of Liverpool, including Amara spinipes, Donacia discolor,
Chrysomela sanguinulenta, and Otiorriii/nchtis hlandus. Mr. Guy A.
Dunlop's local Coleoptera contained Bembidium saxatile, Melanotus
rvfipes, Leiopus nebidusus, and Metircns paradoxus ; whilst Dr. J. W.
Ellis's Easter captures on Slieve Donard and in the neighbourhood
of Newcastle, Co. Down, included Leistus mo^itanns, Nebria gyllenhali,
Fterostichus vitreus, Silpha atrata var. suhrotundata, and Otiorrhyn-
elms maurus. Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, F.E.S. , showed recent addi-
tions to the list of British Coleoptera, including Gynand rophthabna
affinis, Aplianistiois eiaarginatus, Lathridins bergrothi, and Hydroporus
bilineatus. Mr. Richard Wilding exhibited the British Donacire. Mr.
C. B. Williams, collections of Japanese Lepidoptera and Coleoptera ;
a small collection of local Coleoptera ; and a living lepidopterous larva
from a barrel of Canadian apples. Mr. E. J. B. Sopp exhibited
Anisotoma furva from Leasowe, and the large locust, Acridium cris-
tatum, from British Guiana ; and Mr. W. H. Jennings, a fine specimen
of Sphodrvs leucopthalmus, found under a kitchen floor at Hoylake.
Amongst miscellaneous exhibits also made were two excellent photo-
graphs of the larvas of Eucluiia jacoba'ce feeding on ragwort, taken from
nature by Mr. Henry Ball, M.P.S.— E. J. B. Sopp, F.R.Met.S., and
Fked. Birch, Hun. Secretaries.
Manchester Entomological Society. — November Mi, 1903. — Dr.
W. E. Hoyle, M.A., F.R.C.S., the President, in the chair.— Mr. G.
Kearey read a paper on Coleoptera, in which he described the require-
ments necessary for collecting, and the most suitable places for obtain-
ing insects. He then briefly explained their structure, food and habits,
commenting on several species from personal observation, and concluded
his remarks by an urgent appeal, showing the advisability of members
of societies recording their captures. The following exhibits were
made : — Mr. R. Brauer, insects belonging to the Mantidfe, and in-
cluding species of Deroplatys arida from Borneo. Ma^itis religiosa and
others. — Mr. L. W. Atkinson, a scorpion found in Manchester, taken
out of wood from Jamaica. — Mr. L. W. Hewett, Sphinx convoJmdi
captured at Blackpool in October, 1903. — Henry S. Slade, Lepidoptera
taken at Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire. — Mr. W. Warren Kinsey gave
a demonstration on larvae preserving. — Mr. C. F. Johnson, Lepidoptera
from Deal, North Wales, and Stafi'ordshire. — R. J. Wigelsworth,
Hon. Sec.
Entomolosiist, March, 1904.
Plate 111.
^J^
1
sr"3HB|
^
J-^fm
r
-J
1
DRAGONFLIES. (See p. 34.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIL] FEBRUAKY, 1904. [No. 489.
DEAGONFLIES IN 1902 AND 1903.
By W. J. Lucas. B.A., F.E.S.
(Plate III.).
Both seasons were ushered in by a late, ungenial spring,
and, though casual emergences took place fairly early, the
season proper was late in commencing in each case. With most
species the bad weather seemed to make no great difference as
regards numbers later — a result which might be expected with
insects that pass their early stages in the water. Consequently
the scarcity so marked in the case of Lepidoptera was not so
very noticeable amongst the Odonata, at any rate in Surrey and
the New Forest.
In 1902 Mr. F. M. B. Carr met with Pijrrhosoma nymj^hida
as early as April 24th in the New Forest, and with a freshly
emerged Libellula depressa on April 28th ; but the first dragon-
flies observed by myself were Libellula quadrimacidata and Cor-
didia cenea at the Black Pond, Esher, on May 19th. In fact,
dragonflies were shy in emerging in Surrey till after the
beginning of June.
Though the weather promised better in the earlier part of
the spring of 1903, ungenial weather later again kept the insects
from emerging. My first sight of a dragonfly was on May 4th
in the New Forest, and the species was probably P. nymplmla.
The first L. quadrimacidata was seen at the Black Pond on
May 24th. The warm weather of the last day or two of May put
a new complexion on things, and on the glorious summer day
that ushered in the month of June dragonflies were very numer-
ous at the Black Pond.
Curiously, on February 24th, 1903, a fine female specimen of
Hemianax epkippiger was taken flying in a street in Devonport.
The species somewhat resembles, and is nearly as large as,
ENTOM. — FEBRUARY. 1904. E
30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Anav imperator. It is, of course, in no sense a British insect,
nor was it even a migrant ; it was the merest casual, like the
specimen of Gomjjhua flavipes taken in 1818, of Leiicorrhijiia
pectoralis in 1860, and of Lindenia forcipata, all three of which
have often been quite unjustifiably placed on the British list.
H. ephippiger is a native of Africa, and Mr. M'Lachlan, into
whose possession the insect passed, suggests that it "may have
come on board a passing vessel off the African coast, and then
have fallen into a lethargic condition, waking up during the high
temperature that prevailed in the English Channel towards the
end of February." The figure (PI. III., fig. 1) is reproduced
from a photograph of the insect, taken natural size.
As regards the termination of the seasons, the various species
disappeared about the usual time. In 1902 one or two male
specimens of Enallcuima cyathigcrum were seen on Esher Com-
mon on September 17th ; one Sympetriim scoticum was noticed at
the Black Pond as late as November 2nd, and a few Sympetnun
striolatum at the same place on November 9th. In 1903 the
early species, Agrion paella and P. nymphula, were both seen in
the New Forest, connected per collum, on August 12th, this being
rather late for the second species, though perhaps not so much
so for the former ; a female Pyrrhosoma tenellum was found at
the Black Pond on September 20th.
Having thus glanced at the two seasons as a whole, those
British species which have afforded points of interest to myself
will be noticed in order. Unfortunately in most cases there is
little new to record.
It is always interesting to note the time of the day (or night)
at which dragonflies emerge ; it is therefore worth recording
that a specimen of Sympetrum striolatum from Richmond Park
that emerged in captivity on July 10th, 1903, was found hanging
expanded, but quite yellow in colour, about 10.30 p.m., having
no doubt come out in the evening. By the next morning, about
7 a.m., it had flown to the window. Though perhaps dragon-
flies more often emerge in the night or early morning, one not
seldom meets with them in nature emerging during the day. A
male of this species emerged in captivity in the early morning of
July 28th, 1902, when it was noticed that the abdomen before it
extended resembled much in appearance that of a Lihellula, thus
shewing its affinities at that stage.
Sympetrum Jlaveolum was not seen in either year at the ponds
on Ockham Common, so we may conclude that there was no
migration. S. sanguineum, however, was found there both
seasons, and on September 6th, 1903, at least one male was
taken (H. J. Turner) at the Black Pond, Esher, making yet
another new record for that locality.
Nymphs sometimes travel some distance from the water
before disclosing the imago. On May 25th, 1902, I saw a
DKAGONFLIES IN 1902 AND 1903. 31
L. quadrimaculata clinging to the empty nymph-skin two or three
yards from the brink of the Black Pond.
Libellula fulva has occurred more plentifully than used to be
the ease, probably because it is better known than it was, and is
more sought for. Major Robertson has taken several during the
last season or two near Pokesdown. Mr. Edelsten took the
species in the Norfolk Broads in 1902, from June 26th-30th ; in
1903, June 18th-22nd. Mr. Porritt also took twelve in the Nor-
folk Broads from June 29th to July 1st, 1903. It is possible
that this dragonfly breeds in rivers rather than in ponds, judging
from some of the localities in which it has been taken. In this
connection it should be noted that M. Bene Martin gives as the
habitat of the nymph in France — " etangs, rivieres, et surtout
ruisseaux lents."
As regards Orthetrum cancellation, one male was taken at
Wisley Pond, Surrey, on July 5th, 1902, and Mr. Edelsten took
it in the Norfolk Broads from June 26th-30th, 1902, and from
June 18th-22nd, 1903. Apparently this still remains a rather
uncommon species.
In 1902 Major Eobertson found Oxygastra curtisii in fair
numbers in its one locality. He took his first on June 27th, and
the last on July 24th. The species was also found in 1903.
Early in th.e morning of June 7th, 1902, or during the
previous night, a fine female C or dideg aster anmdatus emerged
from a New Forest nymph secured about the last day of April.
From the beginning of May, when it was put into a fish-globe in
Kingston-on-Thames, it was remarkably sluggish, as a rule
scarcely moving a limb even if touched. A day or so before
emergence it kept its head and the upper part of the thorax out
of the water. It was given no food after capture. On August
10th one or two half-grown nymphs were found in the New
Forest, shewing that the insect passes two seasons at least in
that stage. On July 13th in the same year a male was taken
(A. Lane) by the side of the Byfleet Canal, near the station. It
was a good specimen, and adds another to the meagre list of
Surrey localities for this grand insect.
On August 5th, 1903, a very blue female A?iax imperator was
taken in the New Forest. The next day a male and a female
were taken at Pokesdown, and again the female was bluish.
Of i-Eschna mixta, I have only two captures to record, both
being in 1902 — a female on Esher Common (F. Carter) on Sept.
4th, and a male (R. South) two days later in the same district.
The species seems to have become scarce again. Is this due to
the late inclement seasons ? jE. juncea seems to have quite dis-
appeared from the Black Pond ; in fact, I have but one record —
a female near Pokesdown, August 2nd, 1902. jE. cyanea has
been common enough. On August 6th, 1902, I came across a
male flying at Hurst Hill in the New Forest a few minutes before
E 2
32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
7 o'clock p.m. Though the sun had not set, the Hght was poor
amongst the trees there. On September 2nd of the same year I
watched an ^. grandis near Oxshott hawking about in the rain
amongst the fir-trees, where a number of small insects were in
the air. On June 26th, 1903, a number of ^schnid nymphs were
dredged from a small pond in Eichmond Park. I suspected them
to be Ai. grandis. One that had recently changed its skin on
the evening of July 2nd was seen to be of a brilliant green
colour except the eyes, which were dark. The markings shewed
a little on the dorsal surface of the abdomen. It was one of
these that Mr. H. T. Dobson reared, establishing its identity,
and whose emergence he so minutely described in the ' Ento-
mologist,' xxxvi. p. 253.
One of the most interesting points I have to record is the
placing of ALschna isosceles on a sure footing in the British fauna.
For many years scarcely a specimen had been taken. In 1902
(on July 27th) Mr. Edelsten saw one in the Broads, but did not
secure it. In 1903 Mr. Porritt determined to make a strict
search for the insect, with the result that, as described in the
Ent. Mo. Mag., he saw a considerable number, and captured a
few. Mr. Edelsten also captured two the same season, on July
26th. Mr. Edelsten's dates are rather late for what is looked
upon as one of the early ^schnas. The last four or five years
have seen all the dragonflies (except Lestes harhara, L. virens,
and L. viridis), whose position on the British list was precarious,
safely established there. These species are Leucorrhinia dubia,
Lihelkda fidva, Orthetrum canccllatum, Somatochlora metallica, S.
arctica, Oxygastra curtisii, M. mixta, M. ccertdea, M. isosceles,
Lestes dryas, Isclinura immilio, and Agrion mercuriale. Messrs.
Briggs, King, Morton, and Porritt have been especially assiduous
in working up many of these species, particularly in remote dis-
tricts, and students of the British Odonata owe them a debt of
gratitude for the trouble they have taken, though probably the
success they attained was sufficient reward.
On August 11th, 1902, a large number of nymphs of Calopteryx
virgo were dredged in the New Forest. Some were of a fair size,
and others quite small. None of these could emerge till 1903 :
would the small ones not arrive at the perfect condition till
1904?
In this country we do not often obtain evidence of dragonflies
falling a prey to other animals, but on June 24th, 1903, ujDon the
footpath of the canal near Byfleet, I came across scattered wings
of C. splende7is — in one case about a dozen together. Something,
I presume, had been catching them, and feeding on the bodies.
On August 4th, 1902, a male of this species was found near
Einefield in the New Forest, and Major Piobertson had previously
shewn me specimens from Holmsley. Virgo is the common
Calopteryx ot the New Forest.
DKAGONFLIES IN 1902 AND 1903. 33
Mr. Edelsten took a single specimen of Lestes dnjas in South
Kent on August Isfc, 1903. He did not identify his specimen till
he returned home, and so hopes for a better " bag " next season.
This adds another to the few localities for the species. Some
months back Mr. E. E. Speyer sent me for examination a male
Lestes, which he took on August 11th, 1899, Hying swiftly over
an alder-bush on the side of a large lake at Shenley, Herts. It
arrived in fragments, but the appendages (fig. 6) left no doubt
as to its being Lestes viridis ; but I should rather hesitate to add
it to the British list till more specimens are captured. Perhaps
this note will cause others to search for it next season. It is
already reputed to be British, but the evidence is not sufficient.
PlaUjcncmis pennipes, which does not seem a common insect
in Surrey, was noticed in July, 1902, more plentifully than usual
at the canal between Byfleet and Weybridge, more especially
towards the latter.
Pijrrliosoma tencUum was on the wing as early as June 1st in
1903 at the Black Pond. The varieties ceneatiim and nibratum
were taken as usual in the New Forest.
At the end of June, 1902, Ischnura piimilio was common in
the locality discovered a year or two since in the New Forest,
and the variety aurantiaca was plentiful. It again seemed to be
over there by the beginning of August. But in 1903, on August
1st, 2nd, and 9th, I was delighted to find this species about a
mile from the former locality, but on similar ground. On the
2nd and 9th both sexes were found, and in fair numbers, but no
var. aurantiaca were taken or noticed on either day. This dis-
covery is interesting as extending the range of the species in the
New Forest, and also the latest date at which it has been
observed there upon the wing. Further, a single male was dis-
covered (A. L. Walker) on August 3rd, some distance frofn either
locality, and quite near to Brockenhurst village.
On July 5th, 1902, Mr. South caught, at Wisley Pond, an
Ischnura elegans, flying off with a small moth, Cramhus pas-
cuellus.
Mr. Edelsten records Agrion pulchellum for both seasons from
the Norfolk Broads in June.
Another extension of the range of a scarce species has to be
recorded. On August 11th, 1902, both sexes of Agrion merciiriale
were taken at a bog some miles away from the other known
localities in the New Forest, and in a different drainage-basin.
It was plentiful in the better known locality, and was seen in
1903 as late as August 23rd.
In 1903 an Agrion, new to Britain, was taken (one of each
sex) in the Norfolk Broads by Mr. Balfour Browne. Agrion
armatum is a small but rather stout insect, which appears to be
scarce everywhere. It will be a welcome addition to our some-
what meagre list, and the male should be easily identified, if
34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
anyone is lucky enough to meet with it, by the very highly
developed appendages, and (except from Agrion hastulatum) by
the spots on the dorsal surface of the second segment (figs. 2, 3,
4, 5). It is strange that Mr. Edelsten should have taken one
in 1902. He placed it in spirit to preserve its colour, intending
to send it to me ; but it came to grief on his journey home, and
it was not till after seeing Mr. Browne's specimens that he
recognized the identity of his capture.
A female Sympetrum fonscolomhii was taken by Mr. W. C.
Boyd in June, 1903, near Trewoofe in W. Cornwall.
Mr. J. J. F. X. King has taken again A. hastulatum in 1903
in Aviemore.
Explanation of Plate III.
PIG.
1. Hemianax ephippiger (nat. size).
2. Anal ai:)]}e'n.da,ge oi A(/rion arntatum, (3^ (ventral). Figs. 2-6 all much
3. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, „ (dorsal). [magnified.
4. „ ,, „ ,, ,, „ (lateral).
5. Segments 1 and 2 of „ ,, (dorsal view).
6. Anal appendage of Lestes viiidis, $ (dorsal).
DESCKIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF ACULEATE
HYMENOPTERA FEOM JAPAN.
By p. Cameron.
DiELIS TESTACEIPES, Sp. nOV.
Black ; the clypeus, labrum, maudibles, except at the apex, the
apex of the pronotum (the line dilated laterally), the apices of the
basal four abdominal segments above, and of the second to fourth
laterally below, yellow ; the legs testaceous ; the apical half of the
fifth and the whole of the sixth and seventh abdominal segments
rufous. Antennae black, the scape rufous beneath. Wings fuscous-
hyaline, darker along the radius, the nervures dark testaceous. (?.
Length, 14 mm.
Hah. Japan {George Lewis).
Vertex almost smooth, the front deeply furrowed in the centre, the
lower part deeply punctured, bordered above by an indistinct curved
furrow. Clypeus smooth, sparsely covered with long rufous hair ; the
occiput thickly, the front sparsely, covered with long testaceous hair.
Thorax thickly covered with rufo-testaceous hair ; the mesonotum and
scutellum sparsely punctured; the metauotum more closely and finely
punctured. There is a small mark on the sides of the scutellum at
the base. Abdomen shining, the basal segments with blue and violet
tints ; the segments fringed with long testaceous hair, the apical more
NEW SPECIES OF ACfLEATE HYftYENOPTEEA FROBI JAPAN. 35
thickly haired than the basal. The front coxse are yellowish, the four
hinder black ; the legs are thickly covered with long pale hair.
The males of the recorded Japanese species of Dielis are
known, and the female of the present species is probably un-
described. Characteristic are the rufo-testaceous legs and the
rufous apical segments of the abdomen.
EUMENES MICADO, Sp. nOV.
Black; the antennal tubercle, a large irregular mark, about three
times longer than wide, on either side of the base of the clypeus, a
small line on the upper side of the outer eye-orbits, the base of the
pronotum narrowly, the base of the propleurte broadly — the mark
extending to near the centre above and half-way below — the greater
part of the tegulpe, two large marks, broader than long, on the base of
the scutellum, the post-scutellum, a large irregular mark, broader than
long and with irregular edges, on the sides of the metanotum. Two
slightly smaller ones belo-w them, these having the outer side straight,
the inner rounded and irregular ; the apex of the first abdominal seg-
ment narrowly, and of the second more broadly — the band narrowed
in the centre — yellow. Legs black, the knees, the anterior tibite in
front, the basal half of the four posterior and the spurs testaceous.
Wings hyaline, tinted with fuscous-violaceous, the nervures and stigma
dark fuscous. ? . Length, 18 mm.
Hab. Sharo-Kowa, Japan {George Lewis).
Antennfe brownish at the apex. Front and vertex closely and
distinctly punctured, sparsely covered with short fuscous pubescence.
Clypeus sparsely punctured, the apical part less strongly, more de-
pressed, and with a curved broad iucision on the apex. Mandibles
brownish at the apex. Thorax above coarsely and closely punctured,
the metanotum more coarsely than the rest. Pleurae less strongly and
closely punctured, the apex of the meso- and the base of the meta-
pleurffi more broadly smooth. Petiole longer than the second segment,
the dilated part strongly and closely punctured, the punctuation closer
and stronger at the apex ; the second segment closely and much more
finely punctured.
This species is closely related to E. jjunctata, but that species
is smaller (13 mm.), has the head and thorax densely pilose, the
clypeus shorter compared with its width, the antennal tubercle
more distinctly dilated above, the apex of the metanotum more
distinctly roundly dilated, its petiole is more distinctly longer
compared with the second segment ; the abdomen is more and
the thorax much less largely marked with yellow, the metanotum
is less rugosely punctured, and more clearly furrowed ; and the
scutellum has a more oblique slope, and is less rounded.
36 THK ENTOMOLOGIST.
NEW CULICID^ FEOM THE FEDERATED MALAY
STATES.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
(Continued from p. 15.)
MEGARININA.
Genus Toxorhynchites, Theob. (Mono. Culicid. i. p. 244, 1901).
TOXORHYNCHITES LEICESTERI, 11. Sp.
Thorax with metallic green scales, an azure spot over the wings.
Abdomen pm-ple, banded with pale blue. Legs uubauded in the male,
banded with white iu the female; last two tarsi white.
? . Head black, covered with broad flat scales ; along the orbital
margin is a narrow band of scales broadening out laterally, which are
peacock-blue, in some lights they show purple ; the rest of the upper
surface of the head is clothed with metallic golden scales. Immediately
around the nape are a few upright forked scales, dark golden in
colour ; on the vertex are four golden-brown bristles. Eyes black.
Antennae with basal joints black, frosted, naked ; remaining joints
black at the nodes, brown at the iuternodes ; verticillate hairs black.
Palpi three-iointed, very short, not more than one-sixth the length of
the proboscis ; first joint swollen at the base and constricted, the last
joint small and nipple-like; scales broad, spatulate, under a hand lens
dark brown, iu stronger light rich blue, except at the tip, where the
scales vary from rose-purple to a mauve according to the angle at
which the light strikes them. Proboscis broad at the base, long and
bent, covered with purple or rose-purple broad scales ; at the angle
the scales are golden green and some peacock blue mixed among
them. Prothoracic lobes small, oval, rather prominent ; thickly
clad with scales which are purple-blue or rose-purple as the position
to light is varied. Mesonotum black, densely covered with broadly
spindle-shaped metallic green scales ; over the bases of the wings the
scales are larger, longer and spatulate-shaped. (In a fresh specimen
the colouring is said to be like a green botile-fly.) If the thorax is
examined through a lens, the central part looks dark coppery brown to
purple, while the sides, where the light strikes at an angle, show
metallic green — in other lights the scales appear bluish green or dark
coppery red ; at the anterior margin of the mesonotum is a band
of scales which appear violet, rose-purple or purple according to the
light, and below tuis a triangular patch of silvery scales immediately
behind the prothoracic lobes, and over the roots of the wings a patch
of peacock-blue scales and a row of short stout black bristles.
Scutellum densely clothed with broad, long flat scales, which on the
lateral lobes are of peacock blue or metallic green according to the
light, and on the central lobe of a dark green fringed with lighter
green posteriorly. Scutella bristles short, dark brown. Metanotum
dark brown. Wings brown in colour ; the costa and first longitudinal
vein clad with broad, flat scales, which are peacock blue, golden green,
and purple according to the light ; the position of the cross-veins, the
NEW CULICIDiE FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. 37
size of the fork-cells and the scaling of the other veins is that of a
typical Toxorhynchites. Legs with the coxae yellowish, mid and hind
clad with creamy scales on their outer face ; fore legs with the upper
surface of the femora clad with rose-purple scales ; at the extreme
apex is a tuft of long spindle-shaped scales which are white or peacock
blue ; just behind these are black spines placed in a semicircle ;
the whole of the under surface is covered with bright golden scales ;
tibi® entirely covered with purple scales ; a short distance from the
base on the metatarsus is a ring of creamy yellow scales ; third and
fourth tarsals mostly covered with creamy scales, the rest of the tarsus
and metatarsus with purple scales ; mid legs, femora and tibia as
in the fore legs ; the basal half of metatarsus with creamy scales,
apical half purple scaled ; all the tarsal joints creamy scaled. Hind
legs golden at the base and on the under surface, purple above ; scales
at apex similar as in the other legs ; tibia purple scaled ; metatarsus
purple scaled except for a broad ring of creamy scales a little beyond
its base ; first and second tarsal joints purple scaled ; third and fourth
creamy scaled ; ungues equal and simple on all the legs. Pleurfe
dark brown, for the most part covered with silvery grey scales.
Abdomen with the dorsum of the first segment covered with peacock-
blue scales, in some lights a dark green ; the other segments covered
with rose-purple scales, basal banding of peacock-blue scales. Venter
bright golden except for a patch of dark scales on the fourth seg-
ment ; the last segment fringed with pale golden hairs, no caudal
tuft.
3' • Head with a deep depression in the middle line ; the scaling
is much as in the female. Anteunie banded brown and white ; plumes
black; basal joint black; second joint scaled with numerous broad
golden scales; the two last joints dark and elongated. Palpi 3-jointed,
the first joint with a swollen base, having the appearance of a joint
constricted in the middle ; the second scaled with golden scales except
at the apex, where there is a narrow band of purple-blue scales ;
in the middle there is also a band of purple scales, and towards the
base there are on the upper surface purple scales. Proboscis purple
scaled, green scaled at the angle. Thorax as in the female. Legs
with the cox£e and under sides of femora gold scaled ; knee spots
peacock blue, or creamy in some lights ; the remaining parts of legs
purple scaled; no banding. Ungues, fore and mid, unequal; the larger
tooth uniserrate. Abdomen as in female. Length 10 mm.
Habitat. — Kuala Lumpur.
Observations. — Described from two perfect specimens sent by
Dr. Leicester. The beautifully adorned abdomen, metallic green
thorax, with azure wing root-spots, and the last two white hind
tarsals of the female, are very characteristic.
Toxorhynchites metallicus, n. sp. (Leicester.)
" Thorax brilliant metallic green ; abdomen deep rose-purple,
with basal creamy yellow bands, no caudal tuft. Legs in the male
unhanded, in the female the mid legs have a basal creamy white
band ; fore and mid unhanded. Male palpi with the second and third
joints mostly golden yellow.
38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
" ? . Head black ; a narrow band of creamy yellow scales along
the orbital margin, which laterally broadens into a distinct patch ;
the rest of the vipper surface of head is covered with broad flat scales
which vary in colour. If looked at from behind, the central patch
looks bronze-green and the scales at the sides blue-green. In one
specimen the whole patch is a deep rich blue, while the marginal
scales are silver. Immediately above the occipital foramen are a few
fawn-coloured upright scales scarcely notched ; a few small bristles
are placed on the vertex which look black or purple or even golden
brown according to the light. Antenna with the basal joint black,
with a silvery tomentum, naked save for a few short white hairs ; the
second joint scarcely swollen, light yellow in colour, with a few black
spatulate scales on its upper face ; the succeeding joints black with
white pubescence ; the verticillate hairs black. Ciypeus black, with
silvery sheen, notched on either side. Palpi short, not more than
one-fifth the length of the proboscis, 4-jointed(?); last joint small and
nipple-like. First two joints with golden scales at the sides and
beneath ; the two last joints are covered with scales which are coppery
or rose-purple accordmg to the angle the light strikes them. The
proboscis is long, swollen at the base; the scales are purple or coppery.
Prothoracic lobes small, thickly covered with broad, fiat racquet-shaped
scales of a creamy yellow colour, with some light brown bristles.
Mesonotum black, thickly clad with spindle-shaped flat scales, which
laterally become very broad and blunt-ended, and which in a good
light appear of a brilliant metallic green to the naked eye in a fresh
specimen. Under a lens the colour varies, peacock blue, bronzy
purple and metallic green appearing intermixed, now one colour pre-
dominating, now another, as the fly is shifted to different angles. On
the anterior margin are some golden scales and numerous golden
bristles, and laterally in front, immediately behind the prothoracic
lobes, there is a band of metallic rose-purple scales, and beneath this
is a triangular patch of creamy yellow scales. The two patches meet
in a straight line, but the external edges are convex ; hence with the
prothoracic lobe they form a rough ellipse. The upper band is to be
seen when looking down upon the mesonotum, and is very ornamental.
The scutellum is clad with rather long, flat spatulate scales, which are
coppery, bronzy or purple-bronze as the direction of the light varies.
There is a tuft of bristles over the root of each wing. Scutellar
bristles are brown in colour. The pleurte are a dark, glistening
chestnut brown, naked in parts, scaled in other parts with creamy
yellow scales. The wings are quite typical ; the costa and first longi-
tudinal vein are scaled with metallic rose-purple scales. Legs with
the coxfe and femora light yellow ; tibia and tarsi much darker ; the
C0X8B, bases and under surface of femora clad with metallic golden
scales ; the upper and lateral surfaces of femora and the whole tibia
and tarsi of fore leg covered with brilliant metallic scales, varying
from coppery-bronze to rose-purple or bronze-purple; there are creamy
scales at the apices of all the femora. Mid leg as the fore, except for
a band of golden scales at the base of the metatarsus and golden
scales covering the penultimate tarsal joint ; tibia and tarsi of hind
legs the same as the fore. Ungues equal and simple. Metanotum
black. Halteres with pale yellow stems and dark scaled knobs.
NEW CULICID.TL FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. 39
Abdomen with the first segment scaled creamy j'ellow laterally, rose-
purple centrally ; the other segments brilliant rose-purple, with
creamy yellow banding expanding laterally into triangular patches ;
venter scaled with metallic golden scales, except segment four, which
has a patch of dark purple scales.
" (? . Head black, with a deep furrow in the centre ; there is a
large central patch of flat scales of a bronze green or golden green
colour ; the scales along the orbital margins are peacock blue, laterally
there is a patch of scales peacock blue or rose-purple according to the
light in which they are seen. Antenuffi with the basal joint black,
nude; remaining joints creamy, growing darker towards the apex;
the second joint scaled with spatulate and elongated scales of a dark
brown colour ; a few scales show metallic colouring. There are
numerous dark brown hairs on the joints ; the verticillate hairs dark
brown, almost black, neither very dense nor very long. The antennae
are not nearly so marked a feature as they are in a Mei/arhinus.
Palpi, 3-jointed ; first joint shows a slight swelling at the base, and
there is a thinning of the chitin which looks like a joint but is not ;
there is also a second thinning, and the chitin is folded in more basally ;
the whole joint is very long. The second joint is about half the length
of first ; tlie third is long and pointed, almost as long as the first
joint, which is almost entirely golden scaled except on its upper
surface near its base, where there is a patch of rose-purple scales and
a band of the same about its middle and a few dark scales dorsally at
the apex ; the second joint golden scaled beneath and also the sides,
except apically ; the upper surface is purple scaled ; the third joint is
entirely purple scaled. Proboscis scaled with purple scales to the
angle, then green scaled. The markings of both proboscis and palpi
vary. In one specimen I have the first joint of the palpus is entirely
gold scaled save for a ring of purple scales on the middle and apex.
The thorax is similar to the female. Legs with the coxse and under
sides of femora golden scaled. The upper surfaces of the femora and
the rest of all the legs are clad with purple scales ; a few pale scales
are inserted at the apices of the femora ; fore and mid ungues
unequal, the larger uniserrate. Abdomen scaled as in the female.
No caudal tuft. A few rather long golden hairs inserted on the two
last segments." — (Leicester). Length 10 mm., male and female.
Habitat. — Kuala Lumpur.
Observations. — This is a very distinct species. The most
striking features are the honey yellow and purple male palpi
and the single creamy band on the mid legs of the female.
Had this species been described from the dried types sent me by
Dr. Leicester, I should have described the abdomen as un-
handed, for in the female it is evidently shrunken, and no
trace of the bands seen in the fresh specimen can now be
noticed.— (B\ V. T.)
(To be continued.)
40 THE KNTOMOLOGIST.
CURRENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 12.)
Geo. H. Carpenter & Denis R. Pack-Beresford, Sept., 1903:
"The Relationship of Vespa austriaca to Vesj^a i-iifa" ('Irish
Naturalist,' xii, pp. 221-38, pi. 2). [Hymenoptera.]
M. V. Slingerland, 1903 : " The Insects destructive to
Fruits" (Thomas' 'American Fruit Culturist,' ed. 21, chap. xii.
pp. 160-210, text-figs. 210-78). A practical working manual for
the amateur and farmer. Prof. Slingerland's name is a guarantee
of the scientific accuracy and the lucidity of the entomological
contribution of fifty pages.
M. V. Slingerland, 1903 : " A big fight with Grape Pests "
(Proc. Forty-eighth Ann. Meeting Western New York Hort. Soc,
pp. 1-4 ['? Sep.] ). An account of ravages of the Grape Rootworm
{Fulia ) and the Grape Leaf hopper {Typhlocijha comes).
John Fields, E, E. Bogue, and others, Sept., 1903: Bulletin
Oklahoma Agr. Exp. Sta. no. 59 (being reprints from Bulletins
47, 50, and 52, and Ann. Reports 8-11), pp. 1-200; text-figs.
Notices on grape insects.
W. VAN Deventer : " Insecteneieren welke veel op het suikerriet
gevonden worden," 1903 (Archief voor Java-Suikerindustrie, xi.
pp. 437-46, pi. vii. & viii.). An important paper on the eggs of
certain Javan sugarcane pests. These are delineated in situ and
separately. Among these are Hesperia conjuncta, Eu}yroctis minor,
Procodeca adara, P sails securis, Dreata'petola, Scirpophaga intacta,
Chilo infiiscatellus, and Diatrcea siriatalis among the Lepidoptera,
and various unidentified spiders, bugs, and flies.
A. Zimmermann, 1903 : "Ueber einige auf den Plantagen von
Ost- und West-Usambara gemachte Beobachtungeu," (Bericht
iiber Land- und Forstwirtschaft inDeutschostafrika, i. pp. 351-81,
pi. iv. (coloured) ). An account of observations made on some of
the plantations in German East Africa, principally of cofi'ee ; a
number of injurious insects of diflerent orders are figured with
their work, &c.
"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Asso-
ciation of Economic Entomologists" (Buh. U. S. Div. Entom.,
new series, 40, 1903, pp. 1-124, 2 plates and 6 text-figs.). The
proceedings of last meeting of the above Association were as
usual full of general interest. The address of the President
(Dr. E. P. Felt) has been previously noted (see Entom. 1903,
p. 311). Herbert Osborn (pp. 35-6) gives "a method for
mounting Dry Coccidas for permanent preservation." C. L.
Marlatt has a most instructive article on " Applied Entomology
in Japan" (pp. 56-63), illustrated by two plates, representing
CURRENT NOTES. 41
Japanese insect placards, the first showing the Ehynchoton
Selenocephalus cincticeps, an enemy of the rice plant, with its
parasites, &c. ; the second the Lepidopteron Hemerophila atri-
lineata, an enemy of mulberry, also with its parasites. Dr. J. B.
Smith discusses " Mosquitocides " (pp. 96-108), and concludes
that there are several preparations that will serve both as
disinfectants and larvicides, even when highly diluted. We
note that the Association numbers eighty-six active, forty asso-
ciate, and forty foreign members, a total of one hundred and
sixty-six.
K. Nagano (July 15), 1903: " Smerinthus planus, Walker
{Uchi-suzume)" ('Insect World,' vii. no. 7, 1 p. Engl. suppL).
[Lepidoptera.] Stated to be the same apparently as S. ocellatus,
L. A figure is given, together with one of the larva, which
is also briefly described ; its food-plants are noted as Salix,
Priuius x>seudocerasus, and Pyrus mains. Plate vii. contains
twelve figures of waterbugs, named only in Japanese, but re-
cognizable; among them are the imago and ova of Notonecta
trivittata, Motschulsky.
H. A. GossARD, 1903: " Whitefly (Aleijrodes citri) " (Bull.
Florida Agric. Exp. Sta. 67, pp. 595-66, pis. i.-vi. ; with a note
on its aUies by T. D. A. Cockerell, pp. 662-6). [Rhynchota.]
This is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of this remark-
able family, which links together in some ways the Coccidfe and
Aphidffi, and the type of which was described by Linnaeus as a
Tinea. The Citrus whitefly is described and figured in all stages
and in great detail ; it is of unknown origin, though probably
American, and is the worst orange pest where it now occurs.
In Florida there are three annual broods, and there are few in-
sect enemies, though two fungous diseases are more or less
efficient in suppressing it.
P. Preuss : Ueber Pflanzenschadlinge in Kamerun," 1903
(Der Tropenpflanzer, vii. pp. 315-61, 5 text-figs.). Descriptions
and figures are given, amongst others, of various Longicorn
Coleoptera injurious to coffee, cocoa, and india-rubber.
H. A. Kelly, 1903 : The Culture of the Mulberry Silkworm
(Bull. U. S. Div. Ent., new series, 39, pp. 1-32, text-figs. 1-15).
E. E. Green, 1903: The Tea Tortrix {Capua cofearia, Niet-
ner) (1903, Circulars and Agric. Journal, Botanic Gardens, Ceylon,
ii. pp. 33-46, 1 plate and 1 text-fig.).
E. E. Green, 1903 : " The Lobster Caterpillar," a tea pest in
Ceylon {op. cit., ii. pp. 95-107, 3 pL). Cajma cofearia was de-
scribed as far back as 1861, but has only come into prominence
as a tea pest of late years. Mr. Green has worked out the com-
plete life-history. The Lobster Caterpillar (Stauropus alternus,
Walker) was formerly considered as somewhat of a prize by the
collector of Lepidoptera, but has recently appeared in enormous
numbers on certain tea estates in Ceylon. It occurs also in
42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Burmah and Java, and has been noted as occasioning consider-
able mischief in India. The life-history is worked out.
Among papers on American insects that will be useful to
European workers may be cited : —
J. D. Evens : " List of Canadian Coleoptera," commenced in
* Canadian Entomologist,' xxxv. (1903) pp. 239-43.
W. T. Clarke : " A list of Californian Aphididfe," I. c, pp.
247-54.
J. E. DE LA Torre Bueno : "Notes on the Stridulation and
Habits of Ranatrafasca, Pal. B., /. c, 235-7.
Prof. C. H. Fernald states that graduate students in en-
tomology in the Massachusetts Agricultural College are tested
for colour-blindness, to prevent possible errors in descriptive
entomology {I.e., p. 206).
H. F. WiCKHAM has two short papers {I. c, pp. 205-6, fig. 7,
and p. 207, fig. 8) on gynandromorphism in Lucanus elaphus, and
on a remarkable instance of duplication of part of the left pos-
terior leg, which bears a bifurcate tibia, two tarsi, one of which
is also bifurcate and carries two pairs of claws, thus six in all
on one leg.
John H. Lovell : " The Colours of Northern Gamopetalous
Flowers" (1903, 'American Naturalist,' xxxvii. pp. 365-84 and
443-79). On pp. 472-9 are discussed the relations between
flowers and insects of the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepido-
ptera, and Hymenoptera. The author believes that "the colours
of flowers, both in general and particular, have been determined
by their utility rather than by an aesthetic colour-sense in insects.
Insects distinguish between different colours, but they do not
receive greater pleasure from one hue than from another. Any
preference they may manifest has arisen from the association of
the colours with the presence of food substances. Conspicuous-
ness, or contrast of the inflorescence with the foliage, has been
induced by insects. It is of advantage to insects, since it enables
them to find nectariferous flowers quickly, and to plants because
it aids in securing cross-fertilization."
K. Nagano continues his descriptions and figures of imagines
and larvae of Japanese Sphingididae [Lepidoptera]. Two of the
latest are Cephonodes liylas, Linne {O-sukasJiiba), and Chcerocampa
ZMcasii, Walker {Beni-siizume), both from Formosa ('Insect World,'
1903, vii., nos. 8 & 9, English page). In the former number is
a plate (viii.) of the Lepidopteron Ze2)hyrus taxila, Brem., and
its metamorphoses ; in. the latter, one (ix.) representing an ex-
hibition of insects used in secondary education.
(To be continued.)
43
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Notes on Variation in Malacosoma (Bombvx) neustria. — On the
30th May I found a nest of the larvae of j\[. neustria, about half grown,
feeding on wild plum. Wishing to discover whether different food-
plants had any part in causing the considerable variations in the
imago, I divided the larvffi roughly into two batches — giving one
ordinary garden plum, and the other apple. In due course about
thirty-five pupated, and the moths began to emerge on July 22nd —
ten females and one male on that day, and three females and four males
on the 23rd. Twelve more, all males, emerged up to August 4th. It
will therefore be noted that the bulk of the females emerged first. Of
course, a much longer series of experiments would be necessary before
arriving at any definite conclusion ; but it may be interesting to put
some of the facts on record, as a starting-point for further investi-
gations. I must here acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. F. A.
Oldaker, of Dorking, for some interesting notes with respect to larvse
fed on apple and blackthorn, which notes I have incorporated. In the
first place, there was a much greater disparity between the numbers of
the sexes in those fed on apple and blackthorn than in those fed on
plum, viz. on apple — (Dorset) three females, eight males; (Surrey)
seven females, eleven males; or a total of ten females to nineteen
males. On blackthorn — (Isle of Wight) two females, eight males ;
while on plum (Dorset), ten females to nine males. In colour there
was nothing sufficiently distinctive of either batch to be noted ; but
there was an abrupt line of demarcation between the brown and yellow
males — the brown, though varying in intensity, being always brown,
never approaching yellow ; the yellow constant in tone. As to number
— Mr. Oldaker was not fortunate enough to get any yellow males either
from the apple or blackthorn ; but of mine, the apple produced six
yellow and two brown ; the plum, four yellow and five brown. The
sizes across the wing when set were — Apple : Dorset, females 38-
89 mm., males 29-30 mm. ; Surrey, females 36^ mm., males 28 mm.
Plum: Dorset, females 37-38 mm., males 29-30 mm. Blackthorn:
Isle of Wight, females 32 mm., males 28 mm. — James Douglas;
Sherborne, Dorset.
AciDALiA degeneraria PARTLY DOUBLE-BROODED. — Last year (1902)
I took, at Portland, a few worn A. degeneraria, and, contrary to my
expectations, obtained some ova from them, which duly hatched. The
larvae fed up satisfactorily, and the perfect insect commenced emerging
on June 2nd last. On the 7th a pair mated, and ova were deposited on
the 12th, Two other pairs were mated on the 22nd and 23rd, and
eggs were laid on the 25th and 26th. On the 25th the first batch of
ova hatched ; and on July 1st the other two lots, which had been put
into one box, commenced hatching. All the larvse were subsequently
put together. Towards the end of July I noticed that six of the larvse
were much larger than the others, and on Aug. 10th one of them spun
up. On the 15th another had spun, on the 20th two more, and I
found two that had pupated without spinning any web, one of which
was deformed. On Sept, 2nd a pair of perfoct insects emerged, and
I found them mated on the night of the 3rd. Eggs were laid on the
44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
4th and 5th. On the night of the 6th the same pair were in cop. again.
Three other imagines, all males, subsequently emerged. On the 27th
the ova hatched, and so far the larvfe have progressed satisfactorily.
I am keeping the two lots of larvae separate for observation in the
spring. — Jno. V. Hyde ; " Cranbourne," Kirtleton Avenue, Weymouth,
Dec. 22nd, 1903.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
SiREx GiGAs IN THE IsLE OF Man. — A somewhat small specimen
was taken in Molly Quirks Glen, Isle of Man, August, 1902, by T. H.
Shepherd, Carr Lane, Shipley.
Sphinx convolvuli at Cardiff, Glamorganshire. — On Sept. 25th
last I took a male specimen of this fine insect on the ground beneath
an electric lamp here. It might easily been have passed unnoticed,
had it not been that its brightly banded body could be seen between
the parted wings. — Thomas J. Shelley; 103, King's Koad, Cardiff,
South Wales.
Laphygma exigua at Chester. — On Sept. 25th of last year I took
a moth at one of the Chester electric lamps which has been identified
as L. exigua. This is the second recorded capture of the species here,
the first being taken at an electric lamp in 1900, by Dr. Herbert Dobie.
Unfortunately, my specimen is minus the tip of the right upper wing.
— J. Arkle ; Chester.
Chcerocampa celerio at Saxmundham. — I have much pleasure in
recording the capture of a specimen of C. celerio at Saxmundham, on
15th or 16th of October last, by Mr. J. G. Franklin, who found it at
rest at the base of a plant of Xicotiana ajfinis in his garden. I have
not noted any mention of the appearance of this moth in this country
for some time. — Wm,- A. Carter ; 4, Burr Villas, Bexley Heath.
[An example of this species was taken at Brighton, on Oct. 24th
last; vide Entom. for 1903, p. 292.— Ed.]
Ennomos autumnaria (alniaria) at Fareham. — In August last, one
of my choir-boys brought me a few larvffi of a " thorn " I did not
know, which he had found feeding on a cherry-tree in a neighbouring
garden. It seemed that already a large number had been destroyed by
the owner of the garden, as the larvae had been found in great abun-
dance. The resultant imagines turned out to be E. autumnaria, but
very small in size, though the larva? were nearly full-fed when received.
The species has been taken elsewhere in Hants, but is not cherry an
unusual food-plaut for the larvae? — (Rev.) J. E. Tarbat ; Fareham,
Hants, Jan. 18th, 1904.
Hemerophila abruptaria in January. — On January 16th I opened
a cage containing pupas of Hemerophila abruptaria, and was surprised
to find that a female specimen had emerged. It was somewhat worn,
so had probably been out some days. — B. Stonell ; 25, Studley Road,
Clapham, S.W.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 45
Hyria aurorakia and Melit.ea ARTEMIS. — I was recently shown a
series of these insects taken, I was informed, on Wimbledon Common
in 1900. I should be pleased to hear if these species have been taken
by other collectors in this district. — B. Stonell.
Lepidoptera in N. Dorset, 1903. — I think the most noteworthy fact
this year after (and certainly consequent on) the abnormal rainfall was
the paucity of individual specimens. Most of the species commonly
occurring in the district put in an appearance, but the numbers of each
could be counted with at least one nought less than usual, with one or
two exceptions. Of these the most noticeable were Bryophila peda — a
lichen-feeder and therefore one which would naturally revel in a wet
season — and Polia Jiavicincta. The latter seems to have appeared in
many places where not previously taken, and to have been abundant
in its usual haunts ; but for this I am unable to assign any reason. I
should mention that various causes prevented any entomological work
being done until April, and that I was away from home from July
23rd to Sept. 3rd, thus considerably shortening my list, which, how-
ever, does not include many of the very common species, of which no
note was taken.
Smerinthus ocellatus, June 20. Macroglossa stellatarum, April 7.
Gnophria rubricollis, June 1. Arctia ji^nntaf/inis, July 8. Hepialus Jm-
muli, June 30. Fuithesia aurijiiia, July 19. Dasijchira pudibunda
(from pupa), March 30. Trichiura cratcEi/i, Sept. 24. Pcecilocampa
popnli, Dec. 8, 9. Malacosoma neiistria, July 22 to Aug. 4. Lasio-
campa qno-ciis, July 7. Dicraniira vinnla, May 22 to 30. Thyatira de-
rasa, July 20. Bryophila viuralis, July 20. B. perla, July 8 to Sept.
7. Acronycta psi, July 14. Diloba candeocephala (males), Oct. 12 to
19. Leucania pallens, Sept. 23 to Oct. 2. Hydrcecia viicacea, Oct. 17.
Xyhphasia lithuxylea, June 25 to July G. Luperina testacea, Sept. 11
to Oct. 1. Mamestra soidida, July 6. M. brassicci;, Oct. 2 ijust emerged).
Apiuaea baslmea, June 22. Miana fasciimcula, July 6. M. furuncula,
July 15 to 19. Caradrina morpheus, July 16. C. ciibicularis, Sept. 6
to 30. At/rotis siifusa, Sept. 22 to Oct. 9. A. saucia, Sept. 22. A.
seijetum, Sept. 26 to Oct. 3. Soctna plecta, Sept. 3 to 7. N. c-niyrum,
Sept. 18 to 26. xV. rubi, Sept. 4 to 26. Ampkipyra trayopoyonis, Sept.
3. Orthosia phtucina, Sept. 26 to Oct. 10. 0. riijina, Oct. 2. O. U-
iura, Sept. 12 to Oct. 10. O. lunosa, Sept. 16, 17. Xant/da circellaris,
Oct. 2. Polia fiavicincta, Sept. 17 to Oct. 5. Miselia oxyacantlicp., Oct.
19. Phloyophorameticulosa, June 22, Sept. 9 to Oct. 3. Enplexia Itici-
para, July 18. Hade7ia oleracea, June 21 to July 18. Cucullia uvi-
bratica, July 20. Gonoptera libatrix, May 21. Uabrostola tripartita,
July 16 to 20. H. triplasia, June 29 to July 19. Plusia chrysitis,
July 10. P. iota, July 10 to 18. Ueliaca tenebrata, May 22. Phyto-
metra anea. May 21 to June 27. Fvumia luteolata (cratceyata), July 18,
Sept. 13 to 23. Venilia viacidaria, May 31 to June 1. Odontopera bi-
dentata, May 19. CrocaUis elinyuaria, July 7. Knnomos fuscantaria,
Sept. 23, Himera pennaria, Nov. 22. Biston strataria, March. Heme-
ropJdUi abruptaria, May 21 to 28. Boarmia rhomboidaria, July 10 to
18. Zonosoma annulata, Sept. 5. Asthena lateata, June 20 to July 7.
Acidalia dilutaria, July 21. A. remutaria. May 31. A. imitaria, July
15. Timandra amataria, July 15. Bapta tem?rata, June 1. Halia
ENTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1904. F
46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
vaiiaria, July 9 to 17, Sept. 18 to 17. Panagra jjetraria, May 31. Nu-
meria pulveraria, May 31. Fidonia atomaria, May 21, 22. Ligdia
adustata. July 10. Emmelesia affinitata, May 30. E. decolorata, May
80. Melanippe procellata, July 8. M. rivata, May 31. M. sociata,
May 24 to 31. M. montanata, May 24. Anticlea badiata, May 4. Co-
reinia ferrugata, May 24 to 30. Trijihosa dubitata, Sept. 15. Cidaria
miata, Sept. 25 to Oct. 24. C. testata, Sept. 27. C associata, July 9
to 18. Eubolia plnmbaria, July 11. Tanagra atrata, July 11.
The most notable absentees were A. puta, A. corticea, A. pyramidea,
0. lota, 0. viacUenta, C. ligula, S. satcllitia, X. socia, E. alniaria [tili-
aria), E. cervinata. Some of these are accounted for by the atrocious
weather in October, and the fact that ivy was a complete failure, the
continuous and heavy rains washing off the pollen and rotting the
unespanded flowers.
L. pallens, in this district, appears either to be double-brooded, or
to emerge over a much longer period than usual, as the specimens
taken at the end of September, both this year and last, were perfectly
fresh. — James Douglas ; Sherborne, Dorset.
Lepidopteka at Light during 1903, in the Dorking District. —
I devoted special attention to this method of collecting last year, and
the results obtained are, I think, very encouraging, especially when
the adverse climatic conditions are considered. The chief drawback
to it is that one has to be out so late, the best work being done be-
tween 11 p.m. and 1 a.m., and scarcely anything is to be taken before
11, as a rule. I employed the Dixon lamp-net to a limited extent,
and I only used it for lamps which were difKcult to climb. But most
of the lamps here have a projecting ridge about three feet from the
ground, and this provides a fairly safe foothold. My captures con-
sisted chiefly in males, quite ninety per cent, of the whole ; but I was
fortunate in taking several fertile females, such as Dasgchira pudibimda,
Dicranura vinula, Notodonta dictaoides, Agrotis puta, Odontopera biden-
tata, and Biston strataria. I append a list of the insects taken, with
the date of capture of the first specimen in each case : —
Smerbithus ocellatiis, May 27. S. poptdi, June 11. Euchelia Jacob (ecb,
May 25. Arctia caia, July 18. Sj^Uosoma hibricipeda. May 24. S.
menthastri. May 10. Hepialus humnli, June 17. H. lupnlinus, June
10. Porthesia similis, July 17. Dasychira pudibunda, May 28. Mala-
cosoma [Bomby.r) neustria, July 22. Dicranura vinula, May 31. Ptero-
stoma palpina, May 23. Lophopteryx camelina, June 6. L. carmelita,
May 1. Notodonta dictcBa, May 28. N. dictaioides, May 31. N. trepida,
May 81. N. trimacula, May 23. Phalera bucephala, July 4. Cytnato-
phora duplaris, July 16. Bryophila perla, June 27. Diloba ccBruleo-
cephala, Oct. 19. Leucania conigera, July 24. L. cowma, June 16. L.
impura, July 12. L. pallens, July 1. Hydrcecia micacea, Sept. 26. Xylo-
phasia rurea var. alopecurus, June 20. Neuria reticidata, June 24.
Cerigo matura, July 26. Luperina testacea, Sept. 14. L. cespitis, Sept.
14. Mamestra brasdcte, July 17. M. persicaricB, July 16. Miana stri-
gilis, July 5. M. fasciuncida, June 27. M. arcuosa, July 18. Gram-
mesiatrigrammica, May 31. Caradrina morpheus, June 27. C. taraxaci,
June 29. C. quadripunctata, June 4. Rusina tenebrosa, June 27.
Agrotis puta, May 18. A. exclamationis, June 11. A. corticea, July 1.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 4^
A. cinerea, May 28. A. nigricans, July 1. A. singula, July 5. Noctua
c-nigriim, Sept. 6. .V. rubi, June 4. N. xanthograpka, Sept. 6. Tri-
phmia ianthina, July 26. T. pronuha, July 22. Aviphipyra pyramidea,
July 24. Pachnobia rubricosa, May 8. Tiodocampa gothica, March 21.
T. incerta. March 26. T. stabilis, March 26. 7'. munda, March 26.
T. pulveridenta, March 21. Orthosia macilenta, Oct. 28. Anchocelis
pistacina, Sept. 25. ^. lunosa, Sept. 12. Cerastis spadicea, Oct. 28.
Dianthcecia carpophaga, June 23. Aporopliyla lutulenta var. lunehurg-
ensis, Sept. 21. Miselia oxyacantlicB, Oct. 19. Phlogopliora meticulosa,
Sept. 26. Hadena dentina, June 17. H. j^'m, June 29. Habrostola
tripartita, June 23. Plusia gamma, June 22. Acontia htcttiosa, July 1.
Zanclog7iatlia grisealis, June 23. -2'. tarsipennalis, June 26. Hypena
prohoscidalis, July 14. LJrapteryx samhucaria, July 9. Rumia luteolata,
May 18. Metrocampa margaritaria, July 7. Selenia bilunaria, March
26. S. lunaria. May 28. Odontopera bidentata, May 18. Ennomos
alniaria, Sept. 14. Himera pennnria Nov. 3. Phigalia pedaria, Feb.
11. Amplddasys strataria, March 20. ^. betularia, June 18. Hemero-
phila abriiptaria, May 15. Boarmia repandata, July 4. 5. roboraria,
June 5. Tcphrosia. crepnscidaria, May 10. Asthena candidata, July 1.
Acidalia imitaria, July 16. Cabera pusaria, June 25. Halia vauaria,
July 16. Strenia clathrata, May 28. Panagra petraria, May 20.
Ligdia adustata, May 21. Lomaspilis viarginata, May 27. Hybernia
rupicapraria, Feb. 13. -fif. aiirantiaria, Nov. 13. H. marginaria, Feb.
13. 1/. defoliaria, Oct. 19. ^. cBscularia, March 26. H. brumata,
Nov. 3. O. dilutata, Oct. 19. Eupithecia oblongata, May 18, -B. si<5-
fulvata, July 28. £". vulgata, May 22. £". absinthiata, June 16. E.
assimilata, May 2. E". exiguata, May 31. E. pumilata, May 23. E.
rectangulata, May 28. Lobophora viretata. May 29. Thera variata,
July 26. Mtianippe fluctuata. May 4. Anticlea badiata, March 25. Co-
remia ferrugata, May 10. Phibalapteryx vitalbata. May 8. Eucosmia
certata, May 14. Cidaria trmicata, Sept. 26. C. suffumata, July 28.
C. fulvata, July 5. C. dotata, July 4. Pelurga comitata, July 28.
Enbolia cervinata, Sept. 22. i?. bipunctaria, Sept. 14. Anaitis pla-
giata, May 4. Chesias spartiata, Oct. 19.
It will be observed from this list that there is an absence of
records for August. I was away from Dorking during that month,
and though on my return in September the lamps afforded a fair
harvest, the results for October, November, and December were very
poor, a great many insects that I had taken in 1902 during those
months being either entirely absent or present in very small numbers.
Still, the results for the year as a whole may be regarded as good. —
F. A. Oldaker ; Parsonage House, Dorking, Jan. 19th, 1904.
POLYOMMATUS (LyC^NA) ARGIADES IN SOMERSETSHIRE. I haVe a
male specnnen of P. argiades in my collection which I captured in
1895 or 1896 at Wrington, about twelve miles nortli of Bristol. I was
not aware of the name of my insect until I saw the figure of this
butterfly in the new issue of Mr. Kirby's ' Butterflies and Moths of
Europe.' — R. D. R. ; 3, Tirlestane Road, Edinburgh.
48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — November 18th, 1903. — Pro-
fessor E. B. Poulton.D.Sc, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. John
Kowland Cattle, of Netdeton Manor, Caistor and 59, Chancery Lane,
E.C., and Mr. B. J. Hare, of 8, Hillsboro' Road, East Dulwich, S.E.,
were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited
numerous specimens of both sexes of Xyleborus disjmr, from Moncayo,
Spain, taken out of beech-stumps. — Mr. F. B. Jennings (1), on behalf
of Mr. H. Britten, of Great Salkeld, Cumberland, a specimen of Tru-
piphorus tomentusHs, Marsh, from Great Salkeld, showing the deciduous
false mandibles intact ; (2), a female specimen of Anchomenus parum-
imnctatm, F., from the same locality, showing a malformation of the
middle right tibia, which was abnormally thin, and bent in the centre,
but thickened at the base ; the right antenna also had the last seven
joints flattened and dilated. — Mr. Jennings also exhibited, on his own
behalf, Apion sanguineum, De G., taken at Brandon, Suffolk, in August
last, on liurnex. — Mr. H. St. J. K. Douisthorpe, Apium sorbi, male,
taken this year at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, and said that the male
of this species was extremely rare. — Mr. M, Burr, two females and two
males of the largest known earwig, Anisolabis colossea, Dohrn., from
New South Wales. — Mr. A. J. Chitty, a specmien of the rare Homa-
liiim testaceioa taken in Blean Wood in 1900, and a pair of bees,
Nomada guttulata, of which the male has never been recorded hitherto
in Britain, taken by him at Huntingfield, Kent, in May last. — Dr.
Norman Joy (1), luiconnus viaJdini, Mannerh., taken at Bradfield in
July, 1901, new to the British list of Coleoptera, and (2), a series of
beetles taken at Bradfield at the exuding sap of trees attacked by
Cossus lii/niperda. — Colonel J. W. Yerbury, specimens of rare British
Diptera from Porthcawl, including Leptopa Jiliformis, Zett., Pelidno-
ptera nigripeiinis, Lucina fascicita, and Tliijreopliura fuscata. Dr. T. A.
Chapman, specimens of Chri/sophanns phlaas from Reigate, Locarno,
and Spain, showing the apparent effects of temperature on the wing
markings and coloration. Mr. G. J. Arrow showed specimens and dia-
grams illustrating a remarkable kind of variability noticed in beetles of
the Trogid genus Acanthocenis. The President showed an exhibit sent by
Mr. A. H. Thayer, of Mondarock, N.H., U.S.A. The greyish sil-
houettes of two butterflies were represented in a tint nearly the same
as the basal ground, but sufficiently disthict to be easily recognisable.
Mr. Thayer considered the dark ground colour of many Bhopalocerous
insects represented shadow under vegetation, the white submarginal
lines and dots a generalization of ffowers and flower-masses. But these
markings also had a second meaning in that they tended to obliterate the
tell-tale margin of the wings. The President also exhibited specimens
of Drurija antimachHs, together with the butterflies which he suggested
as forming a group synaposematic with it. The central species
appeared to be Acma cgina, round which clustered a number of other
species of the same genus so much alike as to be probably indis-
tinguishable upon the wing. Examples of these were exhibited, viz.
A. zetis, percnna, rogersi, and pharsalus. Another beautiful Papilioniau
member of the group, P. ridleyanus, was also shown ; in pattern it was
nearest to that of the male A. egina. In fact, so close was the resem-
SOCIETIES. 49
blance, that Godart had been entire!}' misled by it, and had described
the Papilio under the name of zidora as the female of Acrcea etiina. —
Mr. E. Saunders, F.E.S., communicated " A Supplementary Note to
a Paper entitled * Hymenoptera Aculeata collected by the Kev. A. E.
Eatou, M.A., in Madeira and Tenerife, in the spring of 1902.' " — H.
Kowland-Brown, Hon. Sec.
December 2nd. — The President in the chair. — Mr. F. H. Day, of
Carlisle ; the Rev. Thomas Prinsep Levett, of Frenchgate, Richmond,
Yorkshire, and Parkington Hall, Lichfield ; and Mr. Robert C. L.
Perkins, B.A., of Honolulu, were elected Fellows of the Society. —
Mr. H. Goss, one of the secretaries, again read the names of the
officers and members of the council proposed for election at the
General Meeting.— Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited, on behalf of Mr. T;
Ashton Lofthouse, a specimen of XijlopJiasia zollikoferi, taken at sugar
near Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, on Sept. 26th last. He said he be-
lieved that this was only the second specimen which had been recorded
as having been taken in Britain. Mr. McLachlan, F.R.S., said the
strongest evidence existed that a very large immigration of insects
from the nearest continental coast took place during the exceptional
(for this year) spell of warm and calm weather prevailing towards the
end of September, and he was of opinion that the specimen of Xylo-
phasia zollikoferi, taken by Mr. Lofthouse in Yorkshire, formed an
item in this migratory swarm. — Mr. Malcolm Burr exhibited, and
remarked on, a specimen of Dinarchns dasi/pus, Illig., belonging to a
family of five or six species confined to the Balkans. — The President,
a series of photographs sent by Mr. A. H. Thayer to illustrate his
views on the significance of the colours and patterns of butterflies'
wings. The insects had been photographed on masses of foliage and
flowers, and it was obvious that the dark ground colour harmonized
with the the dark shadow behind and under the vegetation, while the
light markings stood out as unconventionalized representations of single
flowers and flower-masses. Also the eyeless imagines and pupa cases
of Ennomos autumnaria, in illustration of his remarks at the meeting
on November 18th. Imagines produced by unblinded larvte were also
shown for comparison. Dr. Chapman made some remarks on the
specimens exhibited by the President. — The Rev. Francis D. Morice,
M.A., read a paper entitled, "Illustrations of the Male Terminal Seg-
ments and Armatures in Thirty- five Species of the Hymenopterous
genus Colletes."— H. Goss, Hon. Sec.
Tlie 70th Annual Meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday,
Jan. 20th, 1904, the President in the chair. — After an abstract of
the Treasurer's accounts, showing a large balance in the Society's
favour, had been read by Mr. R. W. Lloyd (one of the Auditors), Mr,
Herbert Goss (one of the Secretaries) read the Report of the Council.
It was then announced that the following had been elected Oflicers
and Council for the Session 1904-1905 : — ^President. Professor Edward
B. Poulton, D.Sc, F.R.S. ; Treasurer, Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S.;
Secretaries, Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.S., and Mr. Henry Rowland-Brown,
M.A. ; Librarian, Mr. George C. Champion, F.Z.S. ; and as other
members of Council, Lieut. -Colonel Charles Bingham, F.Z.S., Dr.
Thomas A. Chapman, F.Z.S., Mr. Arthur John Chitty, M.A., Mr.
James Edward Collin, Dr. Frederick A. Dixey, M.A., Mr. Hamilton
50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
H. C. J. Druce, F.Z.S., William John Lucas, B.A., the Eev. Francis
D. Morice, M.A., the Hon. N. Charles Kothschild, M.A., F.L.S., Dr.
David Sharp, M.A., F.R.S., Colonel Charles Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S.,
and Colonel John W. Yerbury, R.A., F.Z.S. The President referred
to the loss sustained by the Society, in common with other com-
munities for the advancement of science and thought, in the death of
Mr. Herbert Spencer. He then spoke of the losses Entomology had
sustained during the past Session by the deaths of Mr. F. Bates, Mr.
W. D. Crotch, M.A., Mr. E. R. Dale, Herr Johannes Faust, Prof. A.
Radcliffe Grote, the Rev. J. Hocking-Hocking, M.A., the Rev. T. A.
Marshall, M.A., Dr. P. Brookes Mason, the Eev. Canon Bernard
Smith, Mr. J. S. Stevens, and Mr. S. J. Wilkinson. He then delivered
an address on the subject of " What is a Species ? " What is there
to fill the vacancy left by the disappearance of the Liunean conception,
founded on " special creation " ? In many respects it would be advan-
tageous to abandon the word, or to use it solely with its original
logical meaning of " kind," or, as zoologists would say, "form." This
view was, however, regarded as " a counsel of perfection," impossible
of attainment ; and the attempt was made to show that the conception
of a naturally and freely interbreeding (or syngamic) community lies
behind the usual definitions ; and that the barrier between species is
not sterility, but simply cessation of interbreeding (or asyngamy). —
H. Goss, Ho7i. Secretary.
RECENT LITERATURE.
The Moth Book. By W. J. Holland, D.D., Ph.D., &c. Royal 8vo,
pp. xxiv, 479; pis. 48; figs. 263. New York: Doubleday,
Page & Co. Price 4 dollars net.
This handsome volume forms one of a series of " Nature Books
with Coloured Plates and Photographs from Life " issued by an enter-
prising American firm at an incredibly low price. Many of our readers
are probably already acquainted with Dr. Holland's ' Butterfly Book,'
uniform with the present volume, which must have done more to
popularize the study of American butterflies than all previous works
on the subject put together.
Moths are so much more numerous than butterflies that it would
have been impossible to treat them with equal fulness, unless a whole
series of volumes had been devoted to them ; but nevertheless nearly
eighteen hundred species are illustrated, including most of the larger
and more interesting species of North American moths, and a few
representative species belonging to the Micro- Lepidoptera. Introductory
chapters are devoted to such subjects as life-history and anatomy,
capture, preparation and preservation, classification, and books ; and
much space is devoted to habits, economic importance, silk-culture,
&c. The non-technical portions of the work are written in an easy
and attractive style, interspersed with poetical and other quotations,
even from so little known a poem as Oehlenschlager's ' Aladdin.' Here
and there we meet with small popular digressions, such as the section
entitled " The World of the Dark" (pp. 77-80). Why should not
RECENT LITERATURE. 51
entomology, as well as other branches of natural history, be made
more generally interesting ? Everybody cannot read text-books or
catalogues, or even Kirby and Spence ; and lighter books, like
Acheta Domestica's 'Episodes of Insect Life,' have their place too.
We are very pleased to see readable matter, not exclusively entomo-
logical, scattered through the works of such American writers as
Scudder and Holland ; and we should like to see the example followed
in this country. On the other hand, the extent of Dr. Holland's book
has left little room for detailed descriptions, the illustrations being
the main feature of the more technical part of the book ; and the
matter on many pages (p. 251 especially attracted our attention) is as
bald as that in the later volumes of Morris's ' British Moths.' English
as well as Latin names are attached to many of the species. We note
that many moths are being rapidly exterminated in America by the
extensive use of artificial light. Thus we read (p. 95), under Anisota
rubicunda, " The disappearance of the moth [in Pittsburgh] is due no
doubt to the combined mfiuence of the electric lights, which annually
destroy millions of insecis which are attracted to them, and to gas-
wells and furnaces, which lick up in their constantly burning flames
other millions of insects. Perhaps the English sparrow has also had
a part in the work of extermination." This moth is still common in
other localities in the United States ; but we have been informed that
the American representative of the European Deilephila galii, formerly
common at Toronto, has almost disappeared from that locality during
the last few years, having probably been destroyed in the same way
by the electric lights.
There is much more interesting and important information in Dr.
Holland's book which we have no space to allude to ; but we most
cordially recommend it to the notice of all lepidopterists who do not
confine their attention exclusively to one continent or one country.
W. F. K.
Aquatic Insects in Neio York State. Albany. 1903. [Bulletin 68.]
In this Bulletin of the New York State Museum, consisting of
300 pages and 52 plates, besides a number of illustrations in the text,
we have the result of work carried on at the entomological field-station
at Ithaca in 1901. The chief papers have to do with — Life-histories
of Dragonflies and Diptera (J. G. Needham), Aquatic Chrysomelidae
(A. D. MacGillivray), Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera (0. A. Johannsen),
The Sialididae of North and South America (K. C. Davis).
W. J. L.
Iclmeinnonologia Britanica : The Ichneumons of Great Britain. By
Claude Morley, F.E.S. Pp. i-1, and 1-315. With one plate
and text illustrations. Plymouth : James H. Keys. 1903.
Six families of Hymenoptera are comprised in the suborder
Ichneumonidea, and, with the exception of certain members of the
Cynipid^, all the species belonging to the group are generally under-
stood to be parasitic on other insects, spiders, &c. The family
Ichneumonid^ is again divided into five subfamilies, and one of these,
52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Ichneumoniiiffi, has been monographed by Mr. Morley in the volume
before us.
On pages xi-xxii are presented a copious glossary and a list of
works consulted. Then follows the introduction (twenty-eight pages),
dealing with, among other things, metamorphosis, structure, the
history of the study of Ichneumonida?, and classification. In his
excellent descriptive account of the tribes, genera, and species known
to occur in the British Islands, the method of treatment will be
warmly appreciated, not only by the student of the group, but by all
who desire to work out the identification of their ichneumons.
The number of indigenous species seems to be about three hundred
and eight, while there are only about eight hundred that are so far
known to occur in Europe altogether. These species are distributed
among the ten tribes and subtribes as follows : —
Genera. Species.
1. Listrodromides . . 2 2
2. Joppides ... 7 35
3. Ichneumonides
(a) Oxypygini . 9 119
(b) Amblypygini . 9 53
(f) Platyurini . 5 26
4. Phffiogenides
(a) Heresiarchini . 1 1
(b) PhiBogenini .16 71
5. Alomyides ... 1 1
To those who collect lepidopterous larvfe with a view of rearing
moths and butterflies, the parasitic hymenoptera are by no means
strangers. In fact, they are probably better known than appreciated.
Although familiar, however, with the appearance and habits of these
attractive insects, few lepidopterists are acquainted with the scientific
names or the systematic position of even those species that most
frequently come under their notice. With the majority of people
especially concerned in lepidoptera, the presence of a " wretched
ichneumon " in the breeding-cage is ruefully regarded, and although
usually slaughtered on sight, is rarely preserved as a specimen. The
publication of Mr. Morley's book on the Ichneumonina3 will most
certainly moderate present aversion to the tribe, even if it does not
entirely transform that feeling into one of kindly interest.
OBITUARY.
We have to record with regret the death of Thomas Kelsall, who
recently passed away at his son's house at Blackpool, at the age of
eighty-three. He was formerly employed in the Geological Depart-
ment of the Manchester Museum, Owens College, where for many
years he rendered efficient service. He was a member of the Ento-
mological Society in 1859, together with G. Aspinall, Benjamin Cook,
Joseph Chappell, -lohn Hardy, B. B. Labrey, and others. Mr. Kelsall
was a man of marked and original character. His loss will be regretted
by many, who will feel sincerest sympathy with his family. — K. J. W.
Entomologist, March, 1904.
Plate IV.
I
•;-. /•^ r#
Some forms of Lepidoptera Rhopalocera found in Tuscany.
(See p. 53.)
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVILl MARCH, 1904. [No. 490-
NEW FORMS AND NEW LOCALITIES OF SOME
EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES.
By Roger Verity, F.Fr.E.S., F.It.E.S.
(Plate IV.)
PiERis RAPiE, L. var. Rossii, Stefanelli, Trans, of the Ital.
Ent. Soc. xxxii. (1900). — This fine and well-marked variety is the
summer form of var. majinii, Meyer, of the spring brood. It can
at a glance be separated from all the other forms of P. rapce by
the great development in size and intensity of the black mark-
ings, and may well be said to be the variety of P. rapce corre-
sponding to var. cheiranthi, Hb. of P. hrassicce, L. The apical
marking extends to more than one-third of external margin and
has the shape of an equilateral triangle ; the black spot in the
middle of fore wing is in the male distinctly reniform in shape,
much larger than in the type, and suffused along the edges ; a
well-defined black streak connects its upper end to the outer
margin, which it joins just at the lower corner of apical patch ;
another streak runs parallel to the first, from lower end of reni-
form spot. Very often the space between these two streaks is
filled up with dusky. In the female the first spot is more or less
square in shape, three or four times as large as in type, and it
has the two streaks connecting it with margin more marked than
in the male. The second spot is distinctly crescent-shaped, with
the concave side turned towards the base. The costal spot of
hind wings is somewhat larger than in P. rapce. As to the under
side, it only differs from that of type in having the yellow colour
much brighter.
This variety is so distinct that it might be thought a true
species, if intermediate forms, which connect it with P. rapce,
did not occur commonly. Prof. Stefanelli collects var. rossii
ENTOM. — MARCH. 1904. G
54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
sparingly in the neighbourhood of Florence every summer ; I
have found it in the pine-woods that run along the coast of
Northern Tuscany ; its habits and appearance at a distance are
quite similar to those of Leptidia sinapis, L, ; it flitters lazily
about the undergrowth in sunny spots in the woods, but scarcely
ever wanders out into the meadows where P. rapes is abundant.
(Plate IV., fig. 1, (? ; 2, ? ).
P. DAPLiDicE L., ab. EAPHANi, Esp., Die Schmett. in abb.
nach der Nat. p. 163. — This form differs from the type in having
the green markings on the under side of hind wing replaced by
yellowish ones. It is found commonly in Morocco and Persia,
where it often replaces true dapUdice entirely. I found a speci-
men of it along the coast in Tuscany, where it seems to occur
as an aberration, though very rarely indeed.
CoLiAS HYALE, L., S^ AB. — Tliis accidental variety has
been caught near Modena in September, 1900. It has the black
borders very wide, just as wide as those of female C edusa ; the
yellow spots upon it are nearly obsolete, and there is a wide
dash of black joining the discoidal spot to the border. On the
under side this dash is reproduced, though more faintly ; and on
the hind wings each of the crescentic reddish spots is prolonged
in a dash of the same colour ; these converge and join at the
back of discoidal spot.
C. EDUSA, Fab., ab. minor, Failla, Naturalista Siciliano, vii.-viii.
(1889). [Pyrenaica, Gr. Gr. Horse, Soc. Ent. Rossicae, xxvii.
(1893)] . — This is an exceedingly small form of C. edusa which
occurs occasionally with type. The male and female figured in
plate were caught in Tuscany, but I have lately obtained a still
smaller specimen, which is not larger than Chrysophanus disjjar.
I also possess a specimen which combines the characters of ab.
? helice, Hb. and of ab. minor (Plate IV., fig. 3, <? ; 4, 2 ).
C. EDUSA ab. c^rulea, ab. nov. — I propose this name for a
most beautiful form of C. edusa, of which I possess a specimen
(unique, I believe), caught in August, 1902, on the top of Mount
Matanna, 4000 ft. (Alpi Apuane, the coast range in Northern
Tuscany). The specimen is a female, and has the ground colour
white as in ab. helice, Hb., but it differs from this form in having
all the green colour of the under side replaced by the most lovely
pale sky-blue. The whole of the upper side, too, is suffused
with strong silvery reflections.
Melit^a phcebe, S.V., ab. albina. — I possess a specimen of
this species caught in the province of Lucca in September, 1902,
which has the ground colour of both right wings yellowish white,
both on the upper and under surface.
M. athalia, Rott., ab. pyronia, Hb., Samml. Europ. Schmett.,
figs. 585-8. — Of this well-known but exceedingly rare aberration
figure a specimen which I found in a small collection made
NEW FORMS OF SOME EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES. 55
more than balf a century ago. The specimen comes from
Central Tuscany (Plate IV., fig. 5).
Argynnis lathonia, L., ab. alba, Spiiler. — This is an albino,
with the ground colour of all the wings white, of the well-known
Argynnis. I j^ossess a good specimen of it, caught in Tuscany,
as well as one of the corresponding form of A. aglaia, L. ; for
the latter I propose the name of ab. albescens, ab. nov.
Erebia neoridas, Boisd., Europ. Lepid. Ind. meth. p. 23. —
Since the discovery of this species towards the beginning of the
last century, it had never been found beyond the French frontier,
and it had always been thought that its range was limited to the
south of France ; but at the end of August, 1901, I received a
specimen that had been caught by a friend of mine on the Pania
della Croce (Alpi Apuane, the Tuscan mountains mentioned
above). Soon after, a gentleman who was collecting for me
during the same time on another mountain of the same range,
sent me thirty males and three females, and during the two fol-
lowing years I discovered the species to be quite common in the
second half of August on all the higher tops of the Alpi Apuane
towards 1200 or 1300 m. ( -- 3500 or 4000 ft.). Considering that
the Alpi Apuane have a much older geological formation than
the Apennines, being in fact a continuation of the Maritime Alps,
it is interesting to notice that E. neoridas has never been found
in the Apennines, where E. cethiops, Ugea, cassiope, and other
species of the genus, are common.
On examining an extensive series of specimens of E. neoridas
from the south of France and others from Tuscany, one is imme-
diately struck by the much greater variation this species under-
goes in this locality. Some specimens are in fact so different
from the typical form that one would certainly think they
belonged to a distinct species, if there did not occur a series of
intermediate forms to connect them.
E. NEORIDAS var. ETRuscA, var. nov. — I possess some Tuscan
specimens in which the submarginal fulvous band of the fore
wings is reduced to half the width it has in the type ; it rapidly
tapers to a point towards the hind margin, and ends abruptly on
or before the first medial nervule, instead of reaching the sub-
medial. There are only two coalescent apical spots, greatly
reduced in size, all the others being absent. The hind wings are
uniform brown, with no fulvous band or ocellated spots. For
this markedly different form I propose the name given above.
(Plate IV., fig. 6,<?; 7,?).
E. NEORIDAS ab. ALBoviTTATA, ab. nov. — Another fine variety
which occurs in Tuscany has the apex of the fore wings on the
under side, as well as the base of hind wings and submarginal
band, bluish silvery white instead of light greyish brown as in
type of the species. This light colour stands out well on the
G 2
56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
dark ground colour, and gives this form quite a different look
from true neoridas. I should call it ab. alboviUata. It corre-
sponds to ab. leucotcenia, Stgr. of E. cethiops, Esp. (Plate IV.,
fig. 8).
Epinephele jurtina, L. ab. anommata {dvoixixaToi = without
eyes), ab. nov. — I propose this name for a new form of this well-
known s^Decies, in which the apical white pupilled spot of the
fore wings is entirely wanting. I possess a male specimen of it
captured last July on Monte Senario, not far from Florence.
E. JURTINA ab. SEMIALBA, Bruand. — The specimen figured is
an uncommonly fine example of this exceedingly variable aber-
ration. It was captured on Mount Matanna (Alpi Apuane) in
August, 1902. I possess a few more specimens with large white
patches on different parts of the wings, amongst others a male
and a female with both the hind wings entirely white, the
female having also the greater part of the fulvous patch on the
fore wings replaced by white (Plate IV., fig. 9).
E. IDA, Esp., ab. suBALBA, ab. nov. — M. Fallou described, in
the Transactions of the French Entomological Society for 1883,
an albino of E. ida, in which all the brown colouring of the
wings was replaced by white, and he gave it the name of ab.
albomarginata. The specimen figured in the plate, which is the
exact reverse of it, was captured in August, 1902, at the foot of
the hills at the back of Viareggio on the coast of Tuscany. It
has all the ground colour yellowish white, instead of fulvous.
This form, as well as the following, which is the corresponding
one of tithonus, L., has, I believe, never been described (Plate
IV., fig. 10).
E. TITHONUS, L., ab. subalbida, ab. nov. — I possess two males
and one female of E. tithonus, collected on Mount Matanna in
August, 1903, which have the ground colour yellowish white. I
would give this albino form the name mentioned above.
Thecla acacije, F., ab. beccarii, ab. nov. — Signor Nello
Beecari, in the month of July, 1902, captured on Mount Senario,
not far from Florence, a most interesting Thecla. I certainly
think it is an aberration of T. acacia, though it differs so much
from this species that it might even be at first sight an aberration
of T. w-albam, Knoch, or T. ilicis, Esp. As may be seen from the
figure, it is much smaller than any of these three species ; it has
not got on the under side the faintest trace of the white streak ;
and only one of the marginal orange markings is distinctly visible
(the one above the tails) ; the other two, on the right and left
of it, can scarcely be seen ; the tails are exceedingly short (Plate
IV., fig. 11).
Chrysophanus dispar, Haw., var. rutilus, Wernb., Beitr. zur
Schmett. (1864), p. 391. — This Continental form of the cele-
brated English large copper had in Italy only been found in the
NEW FORMS OF SOME EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES. 57
provinces of Modena and Milan, and doubtfully, perhaps, also in
Piedmont and in the Pontine Marshes. I have three specimens
captured in the small marshes that extend along the coast of
Tuscany, from Pisa nearly to Spezia ; these are the first speci-
mens recorded from Tuscany. The two females differ strikingly
from specimens from Modena or other localities by their smaller
size (one not being larger than good-sized C. phloias), and by the
minuteness of the spots on the fore wings (Plate IV., fig. 12).
C. DisPAR, Haw., ab. nigrolineata, ab. nov. — I propose this name
for a new aberration of which I have a specimen collected near
Modena on the 6th of September, 1900. It may be said to corre-
spond to ab. radiata, Tutt, of C. phloeas, having on the fore wings
each of the black spots of the subterminal row greatly increased
in size and prolonged across the submarginal brown band to the
base of cilia. On hind wings the black dots are so enlarged and
lengthened as to fill up entirely the internervular space up to the
edge of coppery bands. The copper-colour also differs greatly
on fore wings from that of type, as it is thickly strewed with
reddish scales, which give it a much richer reddish tone. These
scales are in every respect similar to those that may be seen very
thinly strewed here and there on the fore wings of some female
specimens of var. rutiliis. On the under side of fore wings each
spot of the submarginal row is greatly prolonged outwardly and
ends in a sharp point, which, in the case of the three last spots,
blends itself with the corresponding small black dots plainly
visible in the type on the inner edge of the hind marginal grey
border. The hind wings have nearly no blue at the base.
C. PHLCEAS, L., ab. scHMiDTii, Gcrh. — I have had the luck of
being able to examine an uncommonly large number of speci-
mens of the well-known albino of C. iMceas. In the last three
years I was able to secure eight specimens from two Tuscan
localities. Three were collected in the neighbourhood of Florence
in September, 1901. One of these is represented in the plate.
It has an unusually pure white ground colour, and also has the
characters of var. eleus, F., well marked. The other two are
very slightly suffused with pale coppery reflections. The five
other specimens were found this summer, after a year of patient
search in a locality at the back of Viareggio (province of Lucca),
where phloeas is particularly abundant. One of these specimens
is pure milky white ; another has a remainder of metallic
reflections ; a third has both the left-hand wings normal, and
both the right-hand side albino (I had already heard of speci-
mens of this form) ; a fourth has the fore wings pure white, and
the submarginal band of hind wings copper colour ; whilst a
fifth is exactly the reverse of this one, having the fore wings
normally bright copper, but the band of hind wings white. The
two last specimens are, I believe, unique (Plate IV., fig. 13).
58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
C. DORiLis, Hufn., ab. upoleuca (t'^roAEyxoj = whitish), ab. nov*
— The locality that has proved so rich in albino forms of
C. ijhlosas has also produced some very interesting ones of
C. dorilis. I possess a male, caught last year, with the hind
wings quite white, and a female, collected near Modena, with
the ground colour of fore wing pure white ; the fulvous colour
only remains along the costa and on an exceedingly small area
of the base. The hind wings are quite similar to those of typical
specimens. I may add there is not the slightest trace of
blackish suffusion on fore wings, so that this specimen also
belongs to ab. ? fulvior, Stef., a fine form that occurs probably
in the whole of Southern Europe, but has at present only been
recorded from Central Italy.
Lampides telicanus, Lang, ab. nov. — I do not think it advisable
to give this accidental form a name, but it is distinct enough to
be noticed. Though I have never seen the Sicilian specimen
named ab. bellieri by Eagusa [Nat. Sicil. i. (1881-2), p. 37, pi. 3,
f. 2] , I gather from his description that my specimen is a very
near ally to it. Both forms differ from type on the under side
only. The aberration, of which I possess a specimen has on this
surface the whole of the ground colour of all the wings uniform
greyish brown. On the fore wings are two subterminal rows of
light grey lunules and three transverse oblong rings of the same
colour, which cross the upper half of the wings respectively
towards the middle of cell, at the end of it and between this
point and first row of lunules. On hind wings the submarginal
pattern of fore wings is prolonged, but the inner row of lunules
widens greatly, and these take the shape of arrow-Leads ; at the
end of discoidal cell is a very oblong ring, a very small round
one is on costa above it, and a row of three extends from costa to
hind margin across the middle of discoidal cell. Near anal angle
are, as in type, two greenish spots surrounded by orange rings.
This specimen was caught on July 31st, 1902, in the neighbour-
hood of Modena.
Lyc^ena ICARUS, Kott., ab. melanotoxa, Pincit. Marott. Giorn.
Sc. Nat. Pal. xiv. (1879). — This well-marked form is but little
known. It differs from the type in having a.black streak parallel
to the hind margin on the under side of the fore wings. This
streak is formed by the last spot of marginal row and by the
second of basal spots ; these have, so to say, increased in length
towards each other, and have blended together. Signor Pincitore
thought this form was only to be met with in Sicily, and that it
was only a female aberration. So did all the other writers
think, who mention the form, up to the present day ; but this
summer I caught two males with the black streak very well
marked, and discovered that specimens of this form, as far as
the female is concerned, are not rare in Tuscany. (Plate IV.,
fig. 14).
NEW FORMS OF SOME EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES. 59
L. EscHBRi, Hb., ab. 5 subapennina, Turati. — This new form,
discovered only a few months ago, corresponds to ab. ? ceronus,
Esp., of L. hellanjiis, Eott. It has the entire area of both fore
wings and hind wings suffused with bright violet-blue. The
orange spots are few, and much reduced in size. I possess a
very fine specimen, caught in the Modenese Apennines, and had
the intention of describing it, when I found out Signor Emilio
Turati had anticipated me.
L. DAMON, Schitf. ab. agraphomena {ay pa(p6f^Evog =z not streaked),
ab. nov.— I propose this name for an aberration of L. clamoii
that I believe to be undescribed ; it has the white streak on the
under side of hind wings entirely obliterated. I describe this
form from a specimen collected in July, 1902, on the Grand
Salove Mountain, south of Geneva. The discovery of this aber-
ration is more important than might be thought, when one con-
siders that the chief difference between many Lycasnse of the
damoii group, considered by most entomologists as distinct
species, consists simply in the presence or absence of this white
streak.
If anyone has met with the forms mentioned above, or with
others allied to them, I would be glad to know of it.
1, Via Leone X, Florence, Italy : Nov. 26th, 1903.
Explanation of Plate IV.
Fig.
1. Pieris ra/uc, Z., var. rassii, Stefan., ^ (coast of Northern Tuscany).
2. ,, ,, " . 2
3. Uolias edasa, Fab., var. viinor, Failla,, $ (Northern Tuscany).
■^^ 5' M >) + )J )J
5. Melitaa athalia, Eott., ab. pi/ronia, Hiibn. (Central Tuscany),
6. Erebia neoridas, Boisd., var. etrusca, Verity, ^ (N.-E. Tuscany).
• • J> »> »> J) + !> J)
8. ,, ,, var. albovittata, Verity ,, ,,
9. Kpinephtie jurtina, Z., ti^h, sfiwialba, BrnQjUd ,, ,,
10. Epinephele ida, Esp., ab, suhalhn, Verity ,, ,,
11. Tkecla acaciiE, F. ab. beccarii, Verity (neighbourhood of Florence).
12. CAr^so/j/trtn/ts (/(■»/>«/■, Haw., var. rwi//».s,Werub., ? (N.-E. Tuscany).
13. Chnjsophmius phlceas, L., ab. sckmUitii, Gerh. (neighbourhood of
Florence).
14. LyccB7ia icarus, Eott., ab. melanotoxa, Pincit., $ (coast of
Northern Tuscany).
Note. — To my great regret, the photograph has not accurately
reproduced the black markings of P. rapm var. rossil (figs. 1 and 2).
They should be much more strongly developed, especially the two
streaks connecting the spot with the outer margin.— E. V.
60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
AN INTERESTING FORM OF CHESIAS SP ART I AT A
(VAR. CAPRIATA, N. VAR.).
By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.
It is curious that although Guenee points out that Chesias
spartiata varies much, and C. rufata " much less," and mentions
three marked aberrations of the former (one almost becoming a
local race in the South of France), yet there does not seem to
be a single named form of it ; whereas of C. rufata Staudinger
catalogues no less than three. In the British Islands, to be
sure, C. spartiata seems a very constant insect, excepting for the
rather strong sexual dimorphism, but further south it would
appear to be much more unstable, and its variation will deserve
more attention than it has yet received.
My kind correspondent, Mr. C. Seymour Browne, who is
doing such good work in investigating and making known the
very interesting fauna of the Island of Capri, has brought to our
notice a striking variety which occurs with him, and has sug-
gested that if I think it of sufficient interest, I should describe
it as "var. capriata.''^ I certainly do think it of sufficient
interest, and have much pleasure in subjoining a description. I
must not omit to add that Mr. Browne has generously pre-
sented me with the specimen which I am describing as the type,
and to publicly tender him my thanks for this and other kind-
nesses.
Chesias {Eucestia, Hb.) spartiata (Herbst in Fuess. Archiv),
var. capriata, mihi, n. var.
Ground colour delicate pale grey, weakly marked, the characteristic
white (or whitish) "streak" and the dark markings at the base and
on the three "amygdaloid" patches in the central area being entirely
absent. The result is that there are only two colour-shades present,
and even these seem rather abnormally arranged and somewhat ill-
defined. Basal area irregularly blended of the grey ground colour and
light brown; " firtet line " (i. t;. inner boundary of the narrow central
area) light brown, forming two acute angles, or a kind of irregular
Greek sigma (s), the upper angle not completely intersecting the
central area, but the lower (on the fold between veins 1 and 2) inter-
secting it completely, thus leaving one amygdaloid grey blotch at inner
margin. A rather broad light brown band runs obliquely from the
apex, thence forming the outer boundary of the central area, narrowing
and becoming more indistinct towards inner margin. Pale subterminal
line traceable, though not very conspicuous, the colour again light
'■= Perhaps when more southern material is to hand we shall have to
write " var. et ab." I find amongst my Canales (Northern Spain) geometers
a small worn specimen, taken by Dr. Chapman in July, which was apparently
intermediate between the new form and the type.
NOTES ON THE GENUS METROCORIS. 61
brown between this and tlietermen. A rather conspicuous dark mark
at the origin of veins 3 and 4. Hind wings normal or rather pale.
Occurs on Capri in autumn, apparently supplanting the type.
Type (?) in coll. L. B. Prout. Paratypes ( <? ? ) in coll.
C. S. Browne et Brit. Mus.
I
NOTES ON THE GENUS METROCORIS (RHYNCHOTA).
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
A MONOGRAPHIC revision of this genus and its immediate
allies has, owing to a variety of causes, been shelved for some
time, and is likely to remain so for a little longer. I hasten
therefore to describe now a new species which was placed in my
hands for study by Mr, Distant, and was returned to him a long
time ago with a manuscript name attached.
Although it would not be profitable at the present moment
to discuss any of the other species at any length, each of these
is enumerated.
The generic synonymy is detailed in Lethierry and Severin's
' Catalogue des Hemipteres-Heteropteres,' vol. iii. p. 64, and need
not be copied here. M. lituratus, Stal, appears to be marine, but
the record requires confirmation ; it may well be so, however, as
Rhagovelia, Mayr, contains a few estuarine or semi-marine
forms, the majority being fluviatile or paludicolous. The other
four species of Metrocoris are frequenters of fresh water.
Tables for the determination of the Species.
Males :
1. Anterior femora strongly incrassate, with tubercles 2.
la. Anterior femora not, or not strongly, incrassate, with-
out tubercles beneath . . 3. compar (F. B. White).
2. Dark, with pale markings ; one tubercle . 5. stall (Dohrn).
2a. Pale, with dark markings ; two tubercles . 1. lituratus (Stal).
Males of histrio and distanti unknown.
Females :
1. Ground colour pale flavous, with black markings (only
apterous forms known) . . . . . .2.
la. Ground colour black, with pale markings . . .3.
2. Medio-longitudinal black line on the thorax reaching
to the abdomen ; abdomen truncate apically beneath.
China : Wampoa, Hongkong . . 1. lituratus (Stal).
2a. Same line on thorax not reaching abdomen, which is
apically angular (^almost rounded beneath). Japan
2. histrio (White).
62 THE BNTOiMOLOQIST.
3. Ventral surface dark. India : Kurseong 3. compar (White).
3a. Ventral surface pale ....... 4.
4. Base of pronotum practically uninterruptedly black,
straight ; anterior femora not incrassate ; first ven-
tral "genital" segment not visible above. South
Africa ....... 4. distanti, n. sp.
4a. Pronotum black, with a "C3" on each side pallid;
femora subincrassate ; first "genital" (ventral)
segment visible above. India, Ceylon . 5. stall (Dohrn).
The pattern in both sexes is very similar.
1. M. litiiratns (Stal). — The colours in the female are brighter
and more distinct than in the male. The type is in the Stockholm
Museum, and was from Wampoa ; I have it from Hongkong.
2. histriu ('^'/hite). — This species I know only by White's
description. I believe the type is in the British Museum.
3. compar (White). — This was recorded by White from " India."
Through the kindness of my friend Mr. G. Severin I have seen
some examples in the Brussels Museum, from Kurseong. I
believe the type is with M. histrio.
4. stall (Dohrn). — Of this I have seen specimens, both
macropterous and apterous, sent to me by my friend Mr. E. E.
Green from Ceylon (Pundaluoya), from sheltered pools in rocky
streams ; my friend Mr. M. Burr has also given me examples
from Assam, Chenapunghi (Khasia Hills). The type appears to
be lost.
5. distanti, n, sp.— This species may be best described by
comparison with M. stall. As I believe Mr. Distant will describe
in detail and figure it, I need only point out the salient cha-
racters.
The colouring and pattern in these two species is almost
identical, except that the pallid markings on the mesonotum are
more rounded exteriorly in stall, more angular in distanti. The
base of the pronotum in distanti is practically uninterruptedly
pale, while in stall there are two rounded pale markings ; the
pale marks are also redder in the former. The form of the
"genital" segment is also very different; in distanti it is sub-
triangular, while in stall it is subrotundate ; in the latter the
apex of the " sixth" is almost truncate, and of the " seventh " is
widely bisinuate; in the former the apex of the "sixth" is
apico-laterally produced subrotundately, obtuse-angularly, and
the " seventh " is truncate.
? . Length, 5| mill. South Africa, Zoutspanberg (Koessner).
Type in coll. Distant. <? unknown.
Honolulu.
63
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF MASTO-
STETHUS (PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA).
By Martin Jacoby F.E.S.
The species described here are contained in my collection,
and seem to be new ; these insects are proportionately rare,
and form generally but a very small proportion in collections
received from tropical South America, where they are principally
found.
Mastostethus nigrovarians, sp. n.
Narrow and parallel, flavous ; the head with two spots ; thorax
impunctate, with an M-shaped mark ; scutellum black ; elytra closely
punctured, a transverse band before the middle exteudiug up the
shoulders, the extreme basal margin and another band below the
middle, black ; breast and the flanks of the thorax spotted with black ;
femora flavous, with black streaks. Length, 8 mill.
Head closely punctured near the eyes, pale fulvous, a spot at the
base of the vertex and a larger more elongate one between the eyes
black ; clypeus separated from the face by a deep transverse sulcus ;
antenna black, the lower four joints shining, the basal joint flavous
below ; thorax nearly twice as broad as long, entirely impunctate ; a
black mark in shape of an M extends across the entire disc ; elytra
rather strongly and closely punctured, flavous, with two narrow trans-
verse black bands, one before the other below the middle, both with
their margins deeply indented, the anterior baud extending with a
narrow streak upwards at the shoulders, and connected with the black
basal margin, the flavous portions dividing these bands of about the
same width, the apical portion of the elytra more broadly of the
ground colour, and more finely punctured than the rest of the surface ;
below flavous, the flanks of the thorax and the anterior coxae with two
black spots, the upper portion and the sides of the breast as well as
the metasternum black, femora with a black band above, tibiae and
tarsi entirely yellow.
Hah. Prov. Goyaz, Brazils.
I possess two exactly similar specimens of this species, which
seems most nearly allied to M. aurantiacus, Lac, but the head
with two black spots only, the elytral bands connected, not com-
posed of spots, the second one not at but below the middle, and
of regular transverse, not oblique shape, but with its outer por-
tion slightly widened at the lateral margins.
Mastostethus funereus, sp. n.
Black ; thorax nearly impunctate ; elytra very closely and finely
punctured, flavous, the extreme basal margin, the apex, and four small
spots at the middle black. Length, 11 mill.
Head black, finely punctured in front of the eyes, the anterior
margin of the clypeus and that of the labrum ^ulvous ; antennae black,
64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the lower four joints shining ; thorax about one-half broader than
long, black, nearly impunctate ; scutellum very finely punctured,
black ; elytra broad and flattened, extremely closely and rather finely
punctured, yellowish white, the basal margin narrowly black, this
colour extending to the shoulders and to the extreme lateral margins,
the apical third portion in shape of a triangular patch and two small
spots placed obliquely at the middle of the disc of each likewise black ;
under side and legs of the latter colour, clothed with long yellowish
pubescence.
Hob. Peru.
This species is easily known by its system of coloration, and
the four black spots at the middle of the light-coloured portion
of the elytra.
Mastostethus femoratus, sp. n.
Dark fulvous ; the antenna?, breast, and legs blackish ; head with
three, thorax with two, black spots ; elytra closely and finely punc-
tured, the posterior femora with a strong tooth. Length, 10 mill.
Broad and flattened ; head sparingly punctured at the vertex, more
closely so near the eyes ; between the latter is a black spot, and two
others are placed at the base of the vertex ; posterior edge of the clypeus
raised in shape of a transverse ridge, testaceous as well as the palpi,
the rest of the head reddish fulvous ; antenufe black, the basal joint
fulvous below ; thorax nearly twice as broad as long, very sparingly
and finely puncturecf, fulvous, the disc with two small black spots ;
scutellum finely punctured, fulvous ; elytra broad, not narrowed
posteriorly, tlie lateral margins below the shoulders strongly raised
and preceded by a longitudinal sulcus, the surface closely and finely
punctured ; thorax below fulvous, the flanks with a black spot ; the
anterior coxa3 likewise black ; breast deep black ; the mesosternum
strongly produced, compressed and truncate anteriorly ; legs nearly
black, the anterior femora and their tibite within, as well as the anterior
and intermediate tarsi, flavous ; posterior femora strongly thickened,
with an acute tooth ; abdomen fulvous.
Hah. Bahia.
From all other uniformly coloured species, in regard to the
upper side, the present one differs in the colour of the legs and
the strong femoral tooth ; a single specimen is contained in my
collection.
Mastostethus erichsoni, sp. n.
Fulvous ; the antenna, tibis, and tarsi black ; head and thorax
spotted with black ; elytra finely punctured, with two transverse narrow
pale yellow bauds. Length, 10 mill.
Head very finely punctured near the eyes, reddish fulvous, the
vertex, a central longitudinal band, and a narrow stripe at the inner
margins of the eyes black ; clypeus and labrum with a transverse
black band; antenna black, the lower four joints shining, the rest
opaque, strongly transverse ; thorax narrowed anteriorly, the sides
straight, the posterior angles strongly produced and pointed, the disc
very finely and sparingly punctured, reddish fulvous, a U-shaped mark
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MASTOSTETHUS. 65
at the middle and two spots at the sides black ; scutellum black ;
elytra finely and rather closely punctured, the base more strongly so,
black, with two transverse yellowish narrow bands, the edges of which
are irregularly notched, the first band placed immediately before the
middle, the other of slightly concave shape near the apex ; under side
fulvous, the sides of the breast and an obscure oblique streak at the
sides of the mesosternum black, the latter strongly produced into a
conical point ; legs fulvous, the femora with black stripes above or
below, tibise and tarsi entirely black.
Hab. Peru.
Almost identical in coloration with M. alternans, Lac, but
the elytral pale bands much narrower and irregular in outlines,
the basal margin not pale as in that species, and the elytral
punctuation finer. From M. trifasciatiis, Lac, the species
differs in the markings of the head and thorax, also in the
absence of the basal elytral pale band.
Mastostethus lacordairei, sp. n.
Flavous ; the antennse, tibife, and tarsi black ; head with a black
band ; thorax very finely punctured, black, the margins flavous ;
elytra extremely closely and finely punctured, flavous, a broad trans-
verse band at the base (not extending to the basal margin) and another
one below the middle black. Length, 10 mill.
Head strongly punctured at the vertex, the lower portion near the
eyes more finely and closely punctate, flavous, the upper portion with
a broad longitudinal band extending to the middle of the eyes ; antennre
black, terminal joints broadly dilated ; thorax of usual shape, rather
closely and finely punctured, the disc black, the margins narrowly
flavous ; scutellum black ; elytra distinctly narrowed posteriorly, very
closely punctured, a broad transverse band at the base, narrowed
towards the suture, and not extending quite to the basal margin, and
another narrower band below the middle black ; under side and the
femora flavous ; the tibife and tarsi, the anterior and intermediate
femora, with a black streak above ; mesosternum produced anteriorly.
Hab. Peru.
Closely allied to M. tibialis, Fab., but with the basal elytral
band extending right across the suture, the thorax with the
margins flavous only, the posterior band of the elytra placed
higher, not concave at its upper edge, the margins not black but
flavous.
Mastostethus argentinensis, sp. n.
Flavous ; the upper portion of the head, the disc of the thorax,
the scutellum, and the tibife and tarsi black ; elytra strongly and
closely punctured, flavous, with a transverse band before, another
behind, the middle, and the extreme apex black. Length, 8 mill.
Head closely and strongly punctured near the eyes, black, the
lower portion flavous, the two colours separated by a straight margin,
the space between the antennae impressed with a deep transverse
sulcus ; antennfe black, the lower four joints shining, the rest opaque ;
fi6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
thorax about one-half broader than long, narrowed anteriorly, the disc
very finely and sparingly punctured, black, the lateral and the pos-
terior margin narrowly flavous ; scutellum black ; elytra rather strongly
punctured, flavous, with two transverse black bands, the first placed
before the middle, rather narrow, not wider than the following flavous
space, its edges irregularly dentate ; the second band rather broader,
and nearly regular in outlines ; both bands do not quite extend to the
lateral margins ; the extreme apex likewise black ; iinder side flavous,
the sides of the breast witli a small black spot, the anterior and inter-
mediate femora with a black streak above ; tibioe and tarsi entirely
black.
Hob. Prov. Tucuman, Argentine Eepublic.
Of this species I received two specimens from the La Plata
Museum. The insect is closely allied to M. 6-maculatas, Lac,
but in that species the vertex of the head is fulvous, the basal
elytral band is wider and of more regular shape, and the apex of
the elytra is fulvous ; the under side also differs in coloration.
Mastostethus nigricollis, sp. n.
Black ; thorax impuuctate, with an obscure fulvous spot at the
base ; elytra dark reddish fulvous, closely punctured. Length, 10 mill.
Head black, shining, with the usual group of punctures near the
eyes ; antennae with the lower four joints shining, black ; thorax
scarcely twice as broad as long, the angles very pointed, the disc
entirely impuuctate, black, with a small obscure fulvous spot at the
middle of the base ; scutellum fulvous, with a few fine punctures ;
elytra rather closely and finely punctured, the punctures much finer
posteriorly, dark chestnut-brown ; under side and legs black; the last
abdominal segment fulvous or partly so; mesosternum strongly pro-
duced.
Hab. Prov. Goyaz, Brazils.
Closely allied to M. abdoniiuaUs, Klug, but the elytra dark
brown without black basal margin, the abdomen with the last
segment fulvous only, and the thorax with a fulvous spot, as well
as the scutellum entirely, of this colour ; two exactly similar
specimens are contained in my collection.
Mastostethus balyi, sp. n.
Testaceous ; the head with a longitudinal black band ; thorax with
a few minute punctures ; scutellum black ; elytra strongly and closely
punctured, the extreme sutural and lateral margins, a spot on the
shoulders and the extreme apex, black ; sides of the breast, the outer
margin of the tibiae, and the posterior tarsi black. Length, 9 mill.
Head testaceous, finely punctured near the eyes, the latter very
large, the indented portion black ; the middle of the vertex with a
broad and long longitudinal band, which consists almost of two parts,
joined at the middle ; labrnm black ; antennae obscure flavous, the
lower joints with a black streak above ; thorax short and transverse,
the angles acute but scarcely produced, the posterior ones with a deep
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MASTOSTETHUS. 67
fovea, the surface testaceous, extremely minutely and remotely punc-
tured ; scutellum black ; elytra very slightly narrowed posteriorly,
testaceous, closely impressed with deep and dark punctures, the mar-
gins very narrowly and a triangular spot on the shoulders black ; at
the apex this colour is slightly widened ; under side and legs flavous,
the sides of the breast black, femora darker fulvous, the posterior ones
incrassate, the outer margin of the tibife and tarsi black.
Hab. Upper Amazons.
MaSTOSTETHUS BOLIVIANUS, Sp. D.
Flavous ; a central band at the head, the disc of the thorax, and
the breast and legs, black ; elytra finely punctured, flavous, a broad
longitudinal band occupying the entire disc and abbreviated at the apex
black. Length, 7 mill.
Head with the usual punctures near the eyes, pale fulvous, the
base, a longitudinal central band, and the space in front of the eyes
black, the clypeus and the labrum with another transverse black spot,
the indented portion of the eyes and the palpi fulvous ; antennae black,
the basal joint flavous below ; thorax twice as broad as long, the pos-
terior angles acutely pointed, the disc neai'ly impunctate, black, the
sides narrowly flavous ; scutellum black ; elytra somewhat remotely
and finely punctured, each with a broad longitudinal black band,
pointed at the apex, obliquely rounded anteriorly ; this band leaves the
extreme lateral and siitural margin, as well as a narrow space round
the scutellum, of the flavous ground colour ; the apex of the elytra in
shape of a triangular patch remain likewise flavous ; under side black,
the apex of the anterior femora and the base of the abdominal segments
are flavous ; the tibife are strongly curved.
Hah. Bolivia.
In its system of coloration this species resembles somewhat
M. ephippi(ier, Mann., but in that species the elytral black band
is of quite a different shape, strongly narrowed at the shoulders,
and constricted at the middle, the whole base of the head is
black, and the entire abdomen is flavous.
MaSTOSTETHUS QUADEIPLAGIATUS, Sp. U.
Fulvous ; the head with one, the thorax with two spots and the
sides black ; elytra closely punctured, the extreme sutural and lateral
margins, a triangular spot at the base, and a transverse one at the
middle black. Length, 8 mill.
Head closely punctured near the eyes, fulvous, with a black spot
between the latter parts ; first joint of the antenna) fulvous, with a
black spot above, the other jomts wanting ; thorax about twice as
broad as long, the lateral margins slightly concave, the angles acnte,
the disc with a few scarcely perceptible punctures, fulvous, the sides
with a slightly curved black band near the lateral margins, the middle
of the disc with two black spots ; scutellum impunctate, fulvous ; elytra
closely and finely punctured, fulvous, the extreme sutural and lateral
margins black, the middle of the base with a triangular black spot, the
disc with a short transverse band at the middle, not extending to either
68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
margin ; under side and legs flavous, the flanks of the thorax and the
sides of the breast with a black spot, the upper portion of the latter
part likewise black, the posterior tibise at their outer edge, and the pos-
terior tarsi entirely, black.
Hah. Bahia.
I know of no other similarly coloured species, of which a
single example is contained in my collection.
DESCRIPTION OP THE EGG OF COLEOPHORA
M UR INIPENNELLA .
By T. a. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S., &c.
Eggs of Coleophora murinipemiella, laid in heads of Luzula
campestris, were received from Mr. A. Sich on May 17th, 1901.
The eggs are deposited at the hase of the flower (or fruit) outside
the perianth, within the scale or glume from within which each
flower arises, occupying the little hollow between the scale and
the flower-stalk, if so short a stem can be so called.
The egg is white, with pearly lustre. They vary a little in
size, from a length of 0"2() to 0"33 mm., and a width of 0*15 to
0"19 mm. These measurements may be to some extent in error,
since the egg is a very soft one, and moulds itself readily to the
position in which it is laid, and also appears to dry readily, and
show various hollows in consequence. Eggs placed in water for
a minute or two rounded up, and measured the full sizes just
noted. In looking for any sculpturing, the first things observed
were some very definite striae, very unlike, however, any ordinary
egg-sculpturing. These proved to be the impressions received
from the veins of the glume, within which the egg is laid. The
long axis is the micropylar one, and the other two were not
detected to be different ; no surface sculpturing was detected.
The micropylar area is a raised mammilla, about one-ninth of
the width of the egg in diameter, i. e. rather less than 0*02 mm.,
and of half this height, or barely so. The whole so transparent
that its rosetted structure was not very clear, but appeared to
give the little prominence a scolloped margin.
Betula, Eeigate.
69
NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BUTTERFLIES AND
MOTHS MADE IN TOURAINE.
By Geoffrey Meade Waldo.
The following notes cover a collection made from the end of
May until the end of August round Tours, and for the most part
at St. Avertin, a small village some four miles from it. In
France, as elsewhere, the weather was most unseasonable, hence
the not very large results in the number of species. Sugaring
at the beginning of August was the most satisfactory method,
although the weather then was not any better.
To begin with the Rhopalocera, Papilio machaon was taken on
May 22nd and not seen again during my whole stay, though P.
podalirius was out the first week in June, and again in the
middle of August, when several perfect specimens were caught.
The three " whites "' were common everywhere, Pieris napi
coming out much later than his congeners. Leucophasia sinapis
was also common during most of my stay, males being by far
the commonest. AntJiocharis cardamines was abundant, as was
Gonepteryx rhamni. Among the Lycaenidfe, L. ci/llarus, L. hylas,
L. avion, L. argiolus, L. argiades were taken, as well as L. semi-
argus {acis). L. avion made its appearance the first week in
-July, and were out for about ten days only. A few hybernated
Vanessa antiopa were seen, and any number of F. io larvae could
be obtained, which pupated about the middle of June and
hatched in due course, producing a second brood of larvae in
August. Not many V. egea were seen, but I got a larva which
safely pupated, but was unfortunately thrown away by the
servant. V. urticcs was swarming, but V. polychloros and V.
atalanta were much scarcer. Aporia cratagi was in splendid
condition during the first half of June, and was followed by
Melanavgia galatea. Limenitis sibi/lla and Thecla ilicis were
common in the oak woods, and Colias hyale and Nemeohius
lucina were sometimes to be seen along roads and railway
cuttings. Polyommatus phlosas was out principally in July and
August, but P. dovilis was out in June. Melitcea didyma was
plentiful and varied. M. phoebe, M. dia, and M. athalia were
also taken. In early June some beautiful Paravge nuera and
P. me.gceva were to be seen sitting sunning themselves on stone
walls, and P. egerides was abundant in the woods. Ep'mepliele
ianira was, of course, almost a plague in July, and E. tithonus
was very common. A beautifully fresh Coenonympha avcania
was caught on June 22nd, followed by plenty more afterwards,
C. pamphilus was very common. Among the Hesperidae, syl-
vanus alcece and sao were caught, but very few Hesperidae were
seen at any time. On Aug. 14th a solitary Satyvus hevmione was
ENTOM. — MARCH, 1904. H
70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
caught during a shower of rain. This was the only one seen ;
;S'. hyperanthes and S. semele were also taken. I saw Arriynnis
paphia often along the high roads, but never saw any of the
dark variety.
During the greater part of my stay, going round the flowers
at night constituted my collecting for moths. By this means I
caught Sphinx ligustri, S. pinastri, Cha'rocampa elpcnor, and C.
porcellus, all at honeysuckle. Saturnia pyri was seen often, but
only one taken ; a batch of ova of this species, found on a
poplar-leaf, all turned out to be ichneumoned. I rescued a very
damaged C. elpcnor from my killing-bottle one evening (June
24th), and kept her for ova; on the 25th she laid eight, which
was all I got ; these hatched on June 30th ; two died during the
skin-changing; the rest fed up well on vine, buried during the
first week in August, and were six healthy pupae when I packed
them up on Aug, 25th. I also had ova from a C. porcellus (laid
in a chip-box on May 29th) : these took exactly a fortnight to
hatch (June 12th) and, feeding well on Galium, were all buried
by July 21st. It seems strange that whereas C. porcellus ova
take a fortnight to hatch, C. elpcnor only takes five days ! Eu-
chelia jacohcecs swarmed as larvae and imagines all the summer,
and Zyyccna trifolii was very common in the hayfields during
June. From several larvae of Lasincampa quercus I obtained
imagines from Aug. 9th onwards, and by means of "assembling"
got several males ; in fact, when I was bottling tlie female, a male
flew in at the window and followed her into the killing-bottle.
Males of Euthemonia russnla were common enough, and I also
got two females. Spilosoma menthastri, Arctia caia (common in
larval stage, end of July, hatched in September), A. villica,
SpilosouKi fuliyinosa, and Diacrisia mendica were also taken, and
Ccillimorpha hera was caught by night and day, flying along the
walls against which fruit-trees grew. Some ova of C. hera laid
by the moth when on the setting-board Aug. 6th, hatched on the
18th, but never did any good I bred a series of Porthesia chry-
sorrhoea from larvae on sloe, and later on found a batch of ova in
their warm covering on a hawthorn-leaf. Larvae of Ocneria
dispar were common on willow. Cossus ligniperda was taken at
sugar on July 24th. Acronycta aceris, A. rumicis, A. tridens, and
Actinotia hyperici were also taken at sugar in August, and Celana
cytherea {matura) was in beautiful condition at the end of August.
Cucullia umhratica and C. scroplndarice were caught at honey-
suckle in the beginning of July, and Hecatera serena and Ma-
mestra capsincola at lavender. Bryophda perla (at the top of
Tours Cathedral) and the beautiful B. nlgce (at sugar). Other
catches at sugar were: — Mania maura, Catocala nupta, Thyatira
hatis, Amphipyra pyramidea, Phlogophora meticulosa, Tripluena
prouuba, T. comes, T. fimbria, and T. iantiiina, Agrotis segetum,
A. exclamationis, A. c-nigrum and A. puta, Diptergyia pinastri
^scabriuscida), Mamestra brassicce, M. persicarice, M. genistce, M.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CYRESTI8. 71
lithoxfjlea, Calymnia trapezina, Caradrina amhigiui, and Apmnea
didifma (oculea). Most of these species were abundant, but
some nights were absolutely blank ; nights with a wind and
slight drizzle gave the best results. On Aug. 26th I caught a
male MacrotJiylacia ruhi. Acontia luctaosa was common at the
end of July, and Pliisia chrydtis, P. gutta and P. gamma, and
Habrostola urticce were caught at different times, mostly on
lavender. Pliisia festuca was bred from ova found on willow.
EucUdia mi and E. glyphica were also common. Among Geo-
meters, which I did not much work for, I took Cidaria bilineata,
Einaturga atomaria (males only), Larentia tnincata, L. fluctaata,
L. tersata, Eubolia hipunctaria, Pliasiane clathrata, Venilia m<icu-
laria, Rumia luteolata, Boarmia rhomhoidaria, Deilinia pusaria,
Id(Ba ornata, I. rubiginata, Timandra amata (amataria), Abraxas
gross ular lata, Agrophila trabealis, Rhodostroplna vibicaria, lodis
vernaria, and Gnophos variegata. The very different dates on
which I took imagines of Choerocdmpa porcellus rather point to a
second brood, for I took a very worn specimen on June 24th,
and perfectly fresh ones on August 2nd and 4th. There was no
resident collector that I ever discovered, although there was a
naturalist's shop, with the usual assortment of exotic butter-
flies, but the proprietor did not know much about the Lepido-
ptera of the district, so I could not find out what does occur
usually. Pliisia gamma occurred very sparingly, as also did
Macroglossa stellatarum, both insects generally being abundant
on the Continent. Altogether the summer was most unkind for
collecting, despite one or two spells of beautifully warm weather.
Stonewall Park, Edenbridge, Kent.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CYRESTIS.
By Percy I. Lathy, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Cyrestis gilolensis, sp. nov.
Fore wing white, the basal half crossed by numerous irregular
brown lines ; a submarginal row of obscure dark spots faintly en-
circled by brown lines ; nearer the margin a row of lunular brown
markings, followed by a dark brown line ; outer margin brown. Hind
wing white, the basal half crossed by irregular brown lines, forming a
W just above anal angle ; marginal markings as in fore wing, but the
inner series much more pronounced, and a yellowish patch at anal
angle ; wing produced into a short tail at upper median nervule ; anal
angle lobed. Under side as above, but basal markmgs much less ; also
those on outer margin.
Hab. Gilolo. Type in coll. H. J. Adams.
Allied to C. paidinus, Feld., but may easily be distinguished
by the absence of the wide marginal dark borders.
H 2
72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CURRENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 42.)
1. F. M. Webster, 1903 : " The Price of Dairy Products as
influencing the abundance of some Insects " (Journ. New
York Ent. Soc. xi. pp. 59-60).
2. F. M. Webster, 1903 : " The Diffusion of Insects in North
America" ('Psyche,' pp. 47-58, pi. 2 (map) ).
3. Lawrence Bruner, 1903 : "A Plea for the Protection of
our Birds " (Spec. Bui. Dep. Ent. & Ornith,, Univ. Nebraska,
no. 3, 4 pp.).
4. T. W. Kirk, 1902: " Rep. of the Biologist " (10th Ann. Rep.
New Zealand Dep. Agr., app. x., pp. 359-470, 18 plates
and several text-figs.).
5. W. W. Froggatt, 1903 : " Insects that damage Wheat and
other Foodstuffs " (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, pp. 481-92,
and plate).
6. N. A. Cobb, 1903: "Letters on the Diseases of Plants;
2nd series" (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, pp. 627-52, and
681-712, 2 coloured plates, and text-figs, 1-71).
7. J. R. DE LA Torre Bueno, 1903 : " Brief Notes towards the
Life-history of Pelocoris femorata, Pal. B., with a few re-
marks on Habits" (Journ. N. York. Ent. Soc. xi. pp.
166-73, text-figs. 1-2). [Rhynchota.]
8. W. W. Froggatt, 1903 : " Cicadas (Locusts) and their
Habits " (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, xiv. pp. 341 and 418-25,
plates).
9. Harrison G. Dyar, 1902 : " A Lepidopterous Larva on a
Leafhopper {Epipyrops barheriana, n. sp.) " (Proc. Ent.
Soc, Washington, v. pp. 43-5).
10. Harrison G. Dyar, 1903 : Dissension in Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash. v. pp. 180-1, on the above.
11. L. Reh, 1903: "Zur Naturgeschichte mittel- und nordeuro-
paeischen Schildlause " (Allg. Zeitschr. fiir Ent. viii. pp.
301-8 and 351-6). [Ehynchota.]
12. D. W. Coquillett, 1903 : " The Genera of the Dipterous
Family Empididse, with notes of New Species " (Proc.
Ent. Soc Wash. v. pp. 245-72).
13. RuD. Endlich, 1902: "Die Aussichten fiir die Bekamp-
fung des Texasfiebers und der Tsetsekrankheit " (Der
Tropenpflanzer, vi. pp. 269-85). [Diptera, &c.]
14. Carl Borner, 1903: "Eine neue im weiblichen Geschlecht
fliigel und halterenlose Sciariden-gattung, nebst Bemer-
kungen iiber die Segmeutierung des Hinterleibes der
Dipterenweibchen " (Zool. Anzeiger, xxvi. pp. 495-504,
text-figs. 1-7).
CURRENT NOTES. 7S
15. W. Geest, 1903 : " Neue Schmetterlings-Aberrationen "
(Allg. Zeitschr. fiir Entom. viii. pp. 308-13, text-figs. 1-5).
[Lepidoptera.]
16. P. Bachmetjev, 1903: "tjber die Anzahl der Augen auf der
Unterseite der Hinterfliigel von Epinephele jiirtina, L."
(Allg. Zeit. fiir Ent. viii. pp. 253-6). [Lepidoptera.]
17. E. Fischer, 1903: " Lepidopterologische Experimental-
Forscbimgen" (Allg. Zeit. f. Ent. viii. pp. 221-8 with 42
text-figs., pp. 269-83 with 11 text-figs., and 356-68).
18. G. Ulmer, 1903 : " Uber das Vorkommen von Krallen an
den Bienen einiger Tricbopteren-Puppen " (Allg. Zeit.
f. Ent. viii. pp. 261-5, text-figs. 1-8). [Lepidoptera.]
19. H. Friese, 1903: "Uber eine Koloniebildung bei der IMor-
telbiene (Hym.) [Chalicodoma muraria, Retz.] " (Allg. Zeit.
f. Ent. viii. pp. 315-5, with a text-fig.).
20. E. Wasmann, 1903: " Zum IVIimicrytjpus der Dorylinen-
giiste" (Zool. Anzeig. xxvi. pp. 581-90). [Hymenoptera
and Coleoptera.J
21. Stewart Stockman, 1903 : " On a Plague of Grasshoppers
in the Central Provinces" (The Agric. Ledger, Calcutta,
X. pp. 55-85, text-figs.). [Orthoptera.]
22. A. N. Caudell, 1903: "Notes on the Nomenclature of Blat-
tidse " (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. v. pp. 232-4). [Orthoptera.]
23. August Busck, 1903 : " Notes on Brackenridge Clemens
' Types of Tineina' " (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. v. pp. 181-
220). [Lepidoptera.]
24. Arthur ]\I. Lea, 1903: "Rep. of Govt. Entom.," Chief
Inspector of Stock Rep. for 1902, Parlt. of Tasmania (no.
32), pp. 10-12. [Principally Rhynchota.]
25. W. W. Froggatt, 1903: "The White Ant City" (Agr.
Gaz. N. S. Wales, pp. 726-30, plate, and 7 text-figs.).
[Neuroptera.]
26. L. Zehntn'er, 1903 : " (a) De Zeuzeraboorder {Zeuzera
coffecR, Nietner) ; (/3) Een Rupsenplaag veroorzakt door
Orthocmspeda trima, IMoore " (Proefstation voor Cacao te
Salatiga Bui. 2, pp. 1-23, pi. i.). [Lepidoptera.]
27. W. H. Harris, 1903 : " The Dentition of the Diptera "
(Journ. Quekett Micr. Club, pp. 389-98, 1 plate).
28. I. Tragardh, 1903 : Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dipteren-
Larven, i. Zur Anatomie, &c., der Larve von Ephydra
riparia (Arkiv for Zool. i. pp. 1-42, 4 plates).
29. H. Schouteden, 1903 : Note Complementaire sur les Aphido-
cecidies palearctiques (IVIarcellia, ii. pp. 91-9). [Rhyn-
chota.]
(To be continued.)
74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A FOETNIGHT IN MID-NOETHUMBERLAND.
By J. Arkle.
A MORE extended list of insects than the following could
doubtless be obtained in Mid-Northumberland in the latter half
of August, provided the weather conditions were more favourable
than those for that period in 1903. But records from the county,
under any circumstances, appear to be so rare, that the species
forming the subject of these remarks may, possibly, be of general
interest, I took the long cross-country railway-ride from Ches-
ter on the morning of the 14th of August, and reached Morpeth,
on the river Wansljeck, late in the afternoon. Here I stayed for
the night, and then went on next day by the Wansbeck Valley
Eailway to the hotel at Scots Gap, which I had already fixed
upon as my chief quarters. The day was one of fierce wind and
rain storm ; but, next morning, I began my list of captures by
taking a fine female Boarmia repandata as it rested low down on
a wayside beech trunk. It is paler in general coloration, and
less distinctly marked, than the Cheshire examples I have seen,
and particularly so when compared with the dark, richly marked
Delamere form. From this female I obtained about a hundred
eggs, which hatched September 4th ; and the larvae, evidently
night-feeders, are now i^January 7th) hybernating and doing well.
The district I had visited to spend a fortnight in is composed
of rolling and often well-wooded uplands, with extensive moors
covered by coarse grass or heather, the heather being at the
time in all the purple glory of fullest bloom. Here and there
the moors rise in stately slopes, and terminate in abrupt, tum-
bled, blackened, and overhanging crags of coarse, pebbly millstone
grit. Shaftoe Crags would be three or four miles to the south of
my hotel ; Simonside Hills eight miles to the north ; Eothley
Crags about two to the north-east; and Wannie's Crags about
eight to the south-west as the crow flies; the whole enclosing
the upper part of the Wansbeck basin. Nestling on the upward
slope of Wannie's Crags is Sweethope Lake, where the river
takes its rise. Beyond Simonside Hills is Eothbury, on the
river Coquet, and west of Wannie's Crags is Bellingham, on the
North Tyne — two small country towns which each command a
ten miles' view of the border range of the Cheviots. There were
many evidences, other than insect life, of the retarded appear-
ance of things in this north-country district. Lime and elder
trees, for example, were just coming into bloom.
August 17th was a fine sunny day, and was spent on Shaftoe
Crags. Here I took my first Larentia ccesiata, a fine female,
resting on some white- blossomed heather. This moth had a
distinct green tinge, which has not yet altogether disappeared.
Other insects were L. didymata, two or three Cidaria russata,
A FORTNIGHT IN MID-NORTHUMBERLAND. 75
Crambus culmellus, and Charmas graminis. The last-named spe-
cies was common everywhere in the pastures leading up to the
moor, resting among and creeping about the grass.
At Kothley Crags, on the 19th, L. ccedata was plentiful
enough. C. culmellus, C. tristellus, Aphelia osseana, and the pretty
AniphUa gerningana were common moths. I came upon a female
C. associata = dotata at rest upon the heather. This was the only
locality were I found A. gcniingana, and it was certainly plenti-
ful. Flying lazily, and in numbers whenever the sun broke out,
was a curious-looking coal-black dipteron. This has been iden-
tified as Bibio marci ; and the sight of it, with its easy aerial
motions, and trailing its long russet and black legs behind it, was
something very odd. In size this insect is a little larger than
our common housefly, but with very much longer legs. The
wings are also longer. At dusk I netted a fresh C. prunata =
ribesiaria in a garden.
At Bellingham I found the moors in the neighbourhood
apparently destitute of insect life at this time of the year. On
the 21st, on a piece of rough grassy ground near the railway-
station, and covered with knapweed, scabious, galium, St. John's
wort, harebells, yarrow, and thistles, all in full bloom, I netted
Pieris rapce, P. napi, a chipped Lyccena icarus = alexis, several
Eubolia Umitata ^= mensuraria, as well as a lot of Scopula liitealis.
The last-mentioned occurred by every roadside in the district.
One of the Umitata, a male, is a very dark insect, and almost
unicolorous. Hareshaw Linn is a fine waterfall at the top of a
lovely wooded glen about a mile or so from the town. Here
my captures were only one P. napi, two Hgpsipetes sordidata =
eliitata (both dark insects, and one of them almost unicolorous),
and L. didymata. But I could not help thinking what a fine
locality this must be earlier in the summer. Netting at dusk
only showed a solitary C. pyraliata ; and in my comfortable hotel,
redolent with the scent of sweet peas, I found a Caradrina quad-
ripunctata ~ cubicularis at rest on one of the windows. I only
saw a single caterpillar in all the fortnight — a full-fed Notodonta
ziczac, on sallow.
At Wannie's Crags, on the 21th, L. casiata was most abun-
dant. The moth, throughout the district, is more clearly marked
with waved and almost black striae — on an almost white ground
— than examples I have taken in North Wales. I have met with
the same distinctly-marked form on the Cumberland hills. In
two of the Wannie's specimens the median band across the fore
wings is sooty black, and unicolorous except for the smallest
possible indication of the grey blotch close to the costal margin.
The males of L. didymata on these crags have an ochreous tiuge,
and the females, throughout the whole district, appear to be very
pale in coloration, and similar in this respect to those on
Glougha Pike, North Lancashire. I met swarms of the black
76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
dipteron {B. marci) sailing above the heather; and the common
Crambidae, ah'eady referred to, occurred on the low boggy ground
at the foot of the rocks. This weird and lonely spot very likely
saw an entomological net that day for the first time. A more
desolate lake than that under the curious misnomer of Sweethope
can hardly be imagined ; nothing but heaving, heather-clad
moors about, with a few dwarf trees at the east end, evidently
imported, and dragging on a miserable existence. An east
breeze set in, and the only insect that would then condescend to
fly was the caddis- fly, Limnophilus lunatus. The pale lunule on
the outer margin of each upper wing, together with the mark-
ings generally, are darker and more clearly defined than in our
Hatchmere specimens (Delamere Forest).
At Eothbury, Aug. 26th, the weather was so thoroughly
broken up that I saw no insects except L. didymata and a few
dark Bri/ophila perla sitting on the stone walls ; and I was glad
to get back to my quarters at Scots Gap. In a pine wood hard
by I netted, one evening (the 25th) a male Ellopia prosajnaria =
fasciaria, but the nights throughout my stay were too cold for
either sugaring or sport with the net, and I was not sorry to get
back to Chester on the 29th, and more within the influence of
the Gulf Stream.
Only once did I meet with an irate gamekeeper. As to my
doings with the net, he assured me " naething disturbed game
sae much as gannin aboot like that." The only thing I had
disturbed was a fox from its lair among the rocks, and, after all,
the keeper and I parted on friendl}^ terms with each other. On
one or two of the localities named, however, intending visitors
will do well to get a permit from the owners.
I had a good look through the collection of the late Mr.
Edward Pearson, of AVallington. The collection, if secured for
the benefit of future lepidopterists in the neighbourhood, and
placed under care in the adjoining village institute, would form
a valuable work of illustration and reference for this part of
Northumberland. The following list is a personal note of some
of the species in Mr. Pearson's collection which had been taken
in the fertile valleys or on the extensive moorlands of the
district : —
Colias edusa. Occasional at Middleton.
Epinephele hyperanthns. Almost black; white fringes on all the
wings.
Crenonympha typlion = davus. Not such a good form, I thought, as
that taken in Delamere Forest (Cheshire) and in North Lancashire.
{Vanessa antiopa. A specimen used to be in the collection of Mr.
Hedley, of Wallington. Another was nearly captured by Mr. Pearson
and others.)
Acherontia atropos. Belsay ; South Middleton.
Sphinx convolvuli. Close Houses; Wallington; Mr. Pearson's garden.
NEW CULICIDjE from THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. 77
Deilephila gain. Six; Mr. Pearson's garden. — D. livornica. One;
Humshaugh, near Hexham.
Chcerocampa porceUus. One; Mr. Pearson's garden.
Macrofjlossa stellntarum. Numerous ; Wallington.
Lasiocaiiipa quercus. Numerous ; moorland ; one a fine dark fepaale.
Saturnia carpini. Numerous, and very fine ; moorland.
Spilosoma mendica. Numerous.
Fliisia bractea, P. festucce, and P. iota. — P. pulchrina. Numerous,
and very dark.
Xijlophasia riirea. Ground colour of upper wings pale grey ; mark-
ings as usual, and distinct ; a fine form.
Euclidia mi and E. (jlyphica. Numerous.
Uropteryx sambiicaria. A few.
Anaitis plagiata. Numerous ; typical.
NEW CULICID.E FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY
STATES.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
(Continued from p. 39.)
CULICINA.
Genus Scutomyia, nov. gen.
Head covered with flat scales except in the mid region, where there
are narrow-curved ones. Scutellum with all flat scales. Other
characters as in Macleaya.
One species, so far, has only been observed.
The genus differs from Stegomyia in having narrow-curved
scales on the head, and from Macleaya in having the scutellum
entirely clothed with fiat scales. From the new allied genus
(Leicesteria) , described here, it differs in having all flat scutellar
scales.
Scutomyia albolineata, n. sp.
Thorax black, with a broad median silvery white line in front and
a median silvery spot on the scutellum. Abdomen black, with basal
silvery white lateral spots, the last two segments with basal silvery
white bands. Fore and mid legs black, unhanded, the hind with
the metatarsi and the first two tarsals with basal white dorsal patches.
? . Head clothed with black flat scales except in the middle,
where there is a median broad area of white, narrow-curved scales ;
palpi, clypeus, proboscis and antenna black, the basal joint of the
latter with white scales inside ; proboscis long, nearly as long as the
whole body. Thorax black, with long narrow-curved bronzy black
scales and with a broad median silvery white line running from the front
of the mesothorax to about its middle ; numerous long black bristles
project in front and over the roots of the wings; scutellum black, very
78
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
deeply trilobed, the mid lobe with dense flat silvery white scales,
the lateral lobes with black flat scales ; there are also a few black ones
bordering the posterior edge of the mid lobe, which has five brown
bristles; metanotum black and shiny; pleurae brown, with silvery
white spots. Abdomen narrow, basally broadening to the apex, which
is truncated, smoky black, with triangular silvery white lateral basal
spots, the two last segments with basal white bands (under the
microscope the lateral spots look pale blue), border-bristles black ;
the first segment densely black scaled, large, with black scales forming
two backwardly projecting patches, and with blade bristles ; venter
with broadish basal white bands. Legs black, the fore and mid pairs
unhanded, the hind with the base and venter of the femora yellowish-
white, a small snowy white apical spot ; the metatarsi and first two
tarsi with a basal streak of white on the dorsal sides, givmg a banded
appearance when viewed from above ; ungues all equal and simple.
Wings with brown scaled veins, the costa dark, fork-cells small,
the first submargiual longer and narrower than the second posterior,
its stem nearly as long as the cell ; stem of tiie second posterior as
long as the cell ; the bases of the fork-cells nearly level ; posterior
cross-vein rather more than its own lengtli distant from the mid ;
median vein-scales small and spatnlate, dark ; lateral ones short and
rather tliick on tlie first and second veins, others longer and thinner.
Halteres short and with contorted yellow stems, the knobs broadly
expanded, with black scales. Length 4 mm.
Time of capture. — June.
Habitat. — Kuala Lumpur (in jungle, six miles away).
Observations. — Described from a single female. It bears at
first sight a close resemblance to Stegomyia scutellaris, Wlk., but
the median white thoracic stripe is wider, and the markings
of the abdomen and legs are different ; moreover it cannot be
placed in the genus Stegomyia. I am not sure if the narrow
waist of the abdomen is natural or due to subsequent contraction
in drying. The fact that the white abdominal lateral patches
appear blue under the microscope and yet not under a hand lens
is peculiar. I have not observed the same in any specimen
before.
Genus Danielsia, nov. gen.
Head covered with small flat scales, with truncated ends, loosely
and rather raggedly placed on the head, a few long narrow-curved
ones beiiind, and small upright forked ones with them. Scutellum
with small narrow-curved scales ; mesothorax with narrow- curved
scales. Palpi short in female, densely scaled ; in the male as long as
the proboscis, the two apical Joints short, the apical rather shorter than
the penultimate, hair-tufts scanty ; fork-cells rather short.
A single species only occurs at present. It comes near
Macleaya and the former genus, but can at once be told by the
narrow-curved scuteilar scales, and from Catageiomyia by the
long male palpi.
(To be continued.)
79
A "BUTTERFLY SUMMER" IN ASIA MINOR.
By Margaket E. Pountaine, F.E.S.
Asia Minor is a part of the world that for some time has had
a particular attraction for me ; in fact, ever since I visited the
Natural History Museum at Athens, some three years ago, and
found that I was almost invariably informed by Herr Kriiper, in
reply to any exclamation of admiration on my part over some
special insect I saw in the collections there : " Das ist von Klein
Asien bekommen ! " But the accounts I received of this " happy
hunting-ground " from those in authority at Constantinople were
scarcely encouraging. The British Consul did not hesitate to
tell me that the country was not safe, and when I divulged to
him some of my plans for the summer, he remarked dryly :
" There would need to be an Englishwoman at the back of all
that ! "
However, I had made up my mind to risk it. So, on the
17th of April, I started for Broussa (a place easily reached by a
short sea trip on the placid Sea of Marmara, to Moudania, and
from thence in about two hours by train) ; having secured the
services of a first-rate courier called Bersa, and with a strong
belief in the infallibility of the buttertly-net as a protection, inas-
much as its presence to the ignorant and uninitiated natives of
these remote regions is generally looked upon as a badge of
harmless lunacy, and no one troubles to interfere with a poor
lunatic, especially if he is such an apparently harmless one.
I remained live weeks in this neighbourhood, at a place
called Tchekirghe, about three miles to the west of the town of
Broussa, which is most beautifully situated at the foot of Mount
Olympus. The country was quite lovely, and water was abun-
dant, but I was too early for most of the butterflies, and did not
get anything special, except Doritis apollinus, some Melitcea
1 believed to be ardidnna, Lijccena anteros, and L. semiargus var.
bellis — a very distinct form, and quite unlike var. helena from
Greece, or var. aiitiodiena from Syria. It was much too early to
make the ascent of Mount Olympus, and much as I enjoyed the
wonderful beauty of the country, and the eternal songs of the
nightingales, about the 20th of May I returned to Constantinople,
intending to go on by the next steamer leaving for the Black Sea
to Samsoun, eti route for Amasia.
As the result of a letter of introduction Mr. Elwes had given
me to Dr. Washburn, the Principal of the Robert College, I now
obtained from him another letter of introduction to Dr. Riggs, of
the American College at Mersivan. This was, of course, in-
valuable to me, and 1 resolved that I would in consequence first
go to Mersivan, and from thence to the much-longed-for Amasia.
80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
I reached Samsoun on May 25th, my impressions of the
Black Sea having been far from favourable, and that same day I
started with Bersa for the interior. Now there are so-called
carriage-roads in most parts of Asia Minor, but the advantages
of this in practice I soon found to be somewhat dubious, for any-
thing more appalling than the condition of these roads would be
quite inconceivable. Heavy rains having recently fallen, the
entire surface was one deep quagmire of mud for miles. The
carriages I had secured at Samsoun (kind of covered vans, called
"yileys," whose occupants had nowhere to sit except on the
floor) were constantly over the axles of the wheels in thick mud,
while the horses sank in above their knees, and the holes were so
deep, and the joltings so frequent and yet so sudden, that it really
seemed as though the horrors of the Black Sea were being " con-
tinued in our next." Outside and away from the town 1 hoped
for better things, but if anything matters grew worse, and the
"arabaje" (yiley driver) looked very gloomy when asked if the
road was going to be like this the whole way. So I declared that
I would take only the one yiley for my luggage, that they must
procure saddles for the two horses now attached to the other one,
and that 1 and Bersa would ride, rather than be shaken to atoms.
But all kinds of obstacles were raised in the way of this arrange-
ment, which I afterwards found out was because the two yileys I
had engaged did not hail from Samsoun, but were returning any-
how to Mersivan. The man they belonged to therefore did not
wish to leave his yiley behind in exchange for a couple of saddles.
So we persevered, and I resigned myself to my fate, with an
inward reflection that travelling in Asia Minor was not exactly
" travelling made easy." Neither was it possible to get out and
walk, for the mud was so deep and thick that in many places I
might almost as well have decided " to get out and walk" from
the Austrian Lloyd steamer on the Black Sea. And yet every
peasant here is taxed three francs a year for the maintenance of
these roads, the money being unscrupulously appropriated by
the authorities.
As we got up into the mountains rain came on — a perfect
deluge ; we passed through dense clouds of vapour, sometimes
scarcely able to see a yard ahead, and towards evening experienced
the effect of driving through the heart of a thunderstorm. It
was a marvellous sight, as from time to time the thick atmo-
sphere became one mass of lurid fire from the lightning, and the
simultaneous roar of the thunder was quite deafening. For we
were in it, and it was all around us, and the torrential rain
descended with unabating violence. Then darkness came on,
and still through the night the rain fell heavily, though the
thunderstorm had swept away. The road was wild and deserted,
but the very violence of the storm was in itself a protection, and
one must be prepared to encounter some inconveniences in order
A "butterfly summer" in ASIA MINOR. 81
to reach such a butterfly paradise as Amasia was to prove after-
wards to be. At about 9 p.m. we reached a village called
Tchakaler, where there was a khan (there are no hotels or even
inns in the interior of Asia Minor). Here I put up for the
night. Bersa had procured provisions at Samsoun, enough to
last for the three days' journey to Mersivan ; so, having had an
open stove of charcoal placed in my room, I soon became warm,
and passed an excellent night.
It was still raining the next morning, but the weather was
better that day on the whole, and so were the roads — just a little
better, I thought — though it might only have been that I was
getting more accustomed to them. In some places where they
were under repair, and in others where they were too hopelessly
bad, the yileys would strike down into the fields, and go for miles
along temporary tracks, which were certainly less rough than the
main road even at its best ; but the descent and ascent to and
from this lower level was exciting, to say the least of it. The
bridges across the rivers were generally so hopelessly out of
repair as to be practically useless, so that one of these precipitous
leaps over the side of the road would be made, and then, in order
to cross, a swollen ford must be scrambled through, to the immi-
nent peril of the yileys being upset over and over again ; and
sometimes they are upset, I was told.
Kauzar was the next stopping place, and on the third day I
reached Mersivan, where Dr. and Mrs. Eiggs most kindly invited
me to stay as a guest at their house, the luxury of which was
wonderfully appreciable after the hardships of that journey.
Here I made the acquaintance of Prof. Manissajian, the zoologist
at the College, and he showed me the collections, which were
most interesting, and gave me many useful hints about Amasia,
also providing me with a letter for two Armenians, with whom,
he said, I could stay during my sojourn there, as there were
nothing better than khans even in Amasia. During the two
days I spent at Mersivan I met with much hospitality and kind-
ness, more especially from my host and hostess. Dr. and
Mrs. Biggs.
The way to Amasia lay across a wide flat plain, and I was told
that the road was better than that from Samsoun, but nothing
would induce me to resign myself again to the tender mercies of
a yiley ; so I told Bersa to hire only one for the luggage, and
two saddle-horses. This was a much better arrangement, but
when I had ridden for the better part of eight hours on a Turkish
saddle, I could stand it no longer ; so a Greek master from the
College, who had joined forces with me for the journey, said he
would take my horse and gallop on to Amasia with the professor's
letter, so that the old couple with whom I was going to lodge
would be all in readiness to receive me. I thought this an
excellent arrangement, but I could not stay in the yiley, so I got
82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
out and walked ; for this conveyance was by this time, as usual,
filled up with Turks and Armenians, of that class who wear
European clothes surmounted by the never-failing tarboosh.
Persons of this description always did seem to occupy my
luggage-waggon, though how they got there, or what became of
them afterwards, I never knew ; and I would only stipulate that
no one should sit on my hold-all.
It was still over an hour before I came within sight of Amasia
(1500 ft.), and, though I was very tired, footsore, and otherwise,
I thought I had never seen any place so beautiful before. The
town was, as it were, wedged into a huge cleft in the mountains,
by which it was shut in on all sides, and the surrounding country
in every direction presented an aspect which made me long to
explore it at once.
Neither were my anticipations doomed to be disappointed ; the
neighbourhood of Amasia was quite delightful, and the butterflies
wonderful. Every day I came across some species new to me,
and some days two or even three new ones ; and these in most
cases were so abundant that good series were easily obtained of
almost everything. My only regret was that I had not come to
this " butterfly paradise" a month earlier, for the first brood of
Pieris chloridice had quite disappeared, and the few specimens of
ChrysopJiiinus ochimus which still remained were so worn that I
could only wait for their second a[>pearance also ; while the
beautiful Zegris meiie^tho was, alas ! practically over too, with no
hope of a second brood there. That TJialeropis ionia was also
quite worn and faded, I scarcely troubled about ; it was, I knew,
so certain to return in far greater numbers in its second brood
towards the end of June. Besides, there were plenty of species
fresh enough, some just emerging, and many yet to come.
The country was quiet and settled, aud the peasants civil and
obliging. Prof. Manissajian had told me of an old Armenian
peasant, who, having collected with himself for years, knew all
the specially favoured haunts in the neighbourhood, having also
acquired a certaiu amount of knowledge relating to nearly all the
most important of the local species, calling them for the most
part by their Latin names. The services of this old man, when
I first got to Amasia, were invaluable, for Bersa had not previously
visited this district, so that the country was as new and unex-
plored to him as it was to me. But I soon discovered that he
was possessed of a wonderful faculty for finding his way about,
which proved most useful, as I have no talent at all for doing so.
We had only to go once to some favoured haunt - say, the little
narrow gorge on the Caraman, where Thestor nogdlii flitted over
the hot rocks below — and the next day, or a week later, or at any
time, Bersa would take me back to the exact spot with an un-
erring certainty which was most convenient ; for Amasia abounded
in special localities, and none there were which did not demand
many subsequent visits.
A "butterfly summer" in ASIA MINOR. 83
Prof. Manissajiaii had also most kindly lent me Dr. Staudin-
ger's book on the ' Lepidoptera of Asia Minor,' especially treating
of Amasia, where he spent the summer himself some thirty years
ago. I took most of the species he mentioned, and in one or two
instances, such as Satyrus hischofjii, I seemed to meet with rather
better success. But there were also some he referred to, such as
Hesperia alcides, which I never saw at all. A place called Guelly,
not more than forty minutes' walk from the town, was capital
hunting-ground. But for the Lycsenidae, and all the "valley"
species, the Tschirtschir Valley was the most prolific; L. hopfferi
and L. dolus var. menalcas literally swarmed here towards the
end of June and throughout July. The females were much less
abundant than the males, and it was extremely difficult to
separate the individual species from each other, all having got
the white dash, as in L. damon, on the underside, and the mark-
ings almost similar, Var. menalcas w^as comparatively distinct,
I thought, for it was always smaller, and there was also a strong
family likeness on the under side to the males of that species,
which was to me unmistakable. But L. hopfferi and L. poseidon
were almost impossible to distinguish (as even the males of those
two species were identical underneath), so I have only separated
the females of them by the more strongly accentuated venation
visible on the upj)er side of those I consider to be L. poseidon, as
there were more like this on the Caraman, where poseidon was
the commoner of the two, and very few in the Tschirtschir Valley,
where the prejDonderance of hopfferi was very decided indeed.
Added to all this, L. admetus, with an occasional var. ripartii,
flew abundantly in the same localities at the same time, to say
nothing of L. mithridates, of which last, however, I only suc-
ceeded in taking one magnificent male, and one rather doubtful
female.
The Kerasdere (Cherry Valley), which seemed to have been
Staudinger's most happy hunting-ground, was always dis-
a])pointing; so that I could only conclude that during the thirty
years which had elapsed since then an increase of cultivation
had diminished its attractions from an entomological point of
view.
On the top of the Lokman, three or four hours' ride from the
house where I was staying, I found but little in June, and,
though I went there at frequent intervals, at the time when
Colias anrorina var. libanotica was due to be out, I never saw a
sign of it. Staudinger did not seem to have met with much
success with this species either, but there it most certainly must
occur sometimes, for I saw a pair myself in the museum at Mer-
sivan, taken by Prof. Manissajian on this very mountain. Another
of my disapi>ointments was Melitcea aurinia var. orientalis — a
most beautiful insect, which I had also seen in that museum —
for it appears to fly only in May, and towards the beginning of
84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the month ; so that I had to resign myself to the loss of that too
hy spending so many weeks at Broussa, where there was com-
paratively little to be got.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Larva of Apatura iris on Poplar. — In looking through ray notes
for 1903, I find that a full-grown larva of Apatura iris was taken on a
poplar [Populns] in June near the village of Rottingdeau, Sussex. I
hope this note may be of interest to the readers of your paper. —
J. A. Croft ; Charterhouse, Godalmiug, Feb. 11th, 1904.
[Nearly all continental authors mention poplar as well as sallow as
the food-plants of the larva of A. iris, but in works on British Lepido-
ptera sallow alone is given. — Ed.]
Dragonflies in 1902 and 1903. — In connection with my paper on
this subject {ajite, p. 29), Mr. G. T. Porritt tells me that he found
Orthetium cancellatum plentiful in the Norfolk Broads in 1903. He
further reminds me that he found .-Eschna mij-ta very common in
S. Devon in 1902, and that it then occurred over a wider area than
that in which he had found it previously. — W. J. Luoas.
Dipterous Parasite attacking Silkworm Larv^. — Wishing to
breed a few Chcerocampa eson this season, I collected about fifty larva)
of the species. Over thirty of these were badly " ichneumoned " ; this,
however, was not apparent until they reached the pupa state. From
these thirty there must have been over two hundred dipterous flies,
and many remained in the room, on the windows, &c. My wife was
rearing a large number of silkworms in the same apartment. On
Dec. 2nd she showed me several of these silkworms turning black, and in
many places swollen. I opened some, and found them full of maggots.
I killed over fifty of the worms that were attacked in this way, keeping
three or four. They never spun up, but two managed to turn to pup®,
and I have since bred several of the same parasitic flies that emerged
from the C. eson. One, however, was so full of the grubs that, before
it finally burst, fifteen large maggots emerged. Thinking this was
something unusual, I have written these few notes. In any case the
fly must have made a mistake, as besides the one that burst as men-
tioned, I am sure many that I killed were too full of the grubs for the
latter to be able to feed up in their host. From the two that pupated
without spinning, only eleven flies resulted. I conclude the silkworm
is "ichneumoned " in the natural state, but this is the first time I have
ever seen any, or heard of any, being attacked when kept in confine-
ment, and my wife has been rearing silkworms for years. I may
mention that the silkworm is double-brooded here. — G. F. Leigh ;
Durban, Natal.
Note on a Sawfly from New Zealand. — Some years ago I described
a small species of Tenthredinidae from New Zealand, which appears
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 85
to be the only sawfly known from that locality. Mr. P. Cameron,
however, sinks it as a synonym of the well-known European species,
Eriocampa adumhrata, King ; and repeats the statement in a list of
Hymenoptera published in vol. xxxv. of the ' Transactions of the New
Zealand Institute.' Col. C. T. Bingham has kindly examined my
types with me, and we find that the New Zealand species is a true
Monostegia, with only one middle cell in the hind wings, whereas Klug's
species is a true Eriocampa with two cells. It is, of course, possible
that Mr. Cameron may have received specimens of the real E. adum-
hrata from New Zealand, in which case it would be a second (and
probably introduced) species ; but it would not be my M. antipoda,
though the two insects are superficially alike. — W. F. Kirby.
The National Collection of British Lepidoptera. — Paymaster-
in-Chief, Gervase F. Mathew, has presented three specimens of
Leucania favicolor, Barr. ; also an example of a form of Apamea gemina
closely resembling var. oblongn, Haw. (Steph. 111. ii. 182).
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Carabus nitens in Isle of Man. — I have to record the capture of
Carahus nitens in the Isle of Man by Mr. J. H. Shepherd in August,
1903. It is a rather small specimen. — E. C. Ansorge ; 12, Addison
Road, Bedford Park, W., Feb. 4th, 1904.
Agrion hastulatum, jEschna juncea, and M. isosceles. — Mr.
C. W. Dale informs me that he has specimens of Agrion hastulatum
taken by Mr. Richard Weaver in Sutherlandshire in 1842, and that
he has taken jEschna juncea near Penzance. He tells me also that
his father took ^. isosceles at Whittlesea Mere in 1818 and 1824. —
W. J. Lucas.
Gryllus campestris. — I have four specimens of the Orthopteron,
Gryllus campestris, taken by my brother at Christchurch in 1885. —
C. W. Dale ; Glauvilles Wootton, Dorset.
Nothochrysa capitata. — My brother took this species (sub-order
Planipennia of the Neuroptera) here in 1868. My father took it in
the New Forest in 1827 and 1830.— C. W. Dale ; Glauvilles Wootton,
Dorset.
SOCIETIES.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
November 26th, 1903.— Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., President, in the chair.—
This evening was set aside for the Annual Exhibition of varieties,
special forms, and notable captures of the year. There was a very
large attendance of members and their friends, and many very inte-
resting exhibits were made. — Mr. J. A. Clarke exhibited a gynandro-
morphous specimen of Ci/aniris argiohis, taken in Yorkshire in May,
ENTOM. — MARCH, 1904. I
86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
1903 ; and a uniformly smoky example of Lifjdia adustata, taken at
Bexley in March, 1903. — Mr. Chittenden, Heodes (Chit/sophamis) phlceas,
light and dark forms, from Kent ; Hi/drinmena (Hypsipetes) fmrdidata,
dark from Yorkshire, and red-barred from Ashford ; and black-fringed
Spiloaoma luhricipeda var. zatinta. — Mr. McArthur, a very pale example
of Amorpha [Smerinthus) popiili, and a very strongly suffused reddish
example ; with a photograph of a Pieris rapes, having two large black
spots on the under side of the left lower wing. — Mr. R. Adkin,
examples of Argijnnis arjiaia from Brighton, with the black markings
on the upper side elongated and joined up, as were also some of the
silvery markings of the under side ; also several richly coloured
females ; a partially bleached female of FJpinephele jnrtina (^ianira) ; a
Cleora glabra ria with a much extended series of black markings ; a
hybrid Smeriuthus ocellatus-pnpuli, bred July, 1903, from a 1901 larva;
and a long series of Boarmia repandata from various localities, to show
local variation. — Dr. Chapman, a large number of specimens of H.
phlccas, taken in various parts of Western Europe, especially to illus-
trate the geographical and seasonal variation rather than the possible
aberrational variation. He discussed the named forms — var. suffum,
var. eleus, and var. hypophJeas — with regard to size, form, tail develop-
ment, and colour. — Mr. Simmonds, a long series of the rare CucuUia
<lnaph(dii from Sevenoaks ; a variety of Epunda lichenea without the
usual reddish or greenish markings, perhaps corresponding to var. calve-
scens of P.flavicincta. — Mr. Colthrup, long and varied series of Bryophila
perla and B. muralis, the various shades of green; a pink form, from
the Isle of Wight ; a black form ; very dark forms from South Devon,
and most of the named forms of the latter species, including var.
2)nr : of the former species were many pale, dark, and suffused forms. —
Mr. G. B. Browne, varied forms of Aplecta prasina, Polyonmiatus icanis,
H. jjhUeas, C(i))iptO(jramiiia biUneata (banded), Melanthia occllata (dark
black band), and a brown form of TcEniocampa munda. — Mr. Main, a
living example of Blatta auHtralasia, found among imported bananas.
Mr. Dodds, some very remarkable and aberrant bred male forms of
Ocneiia dispar, having numerous irregular patches and streaks of light
colour on all four wings. The species had been inbred for three years.
— Mr. Pickett, series of E. jurtina with bleached vars. ; of Pohjommatus
corydon with vars. and abs. ; suff'ma, martjinata, obsoleta, striata, &c., with
dwarf examples ; very deep-banded females of Cyaniris aryiolus : various
local races of H . phlceas ; Callimorpha dominula with much suffused
hind wings ; Abraxas yrossulariata with var. lacticolor, and a very dark
form ; long series of forms of Angerona prunaria, including numerous
beautifully banded examples ; a long and graduated series of Arctia
Inbricipeda and var. radiata, some being exceptionally dark ; and a
curiously marked Arctia caia with streaked arrangement of the mark-
ings.— Mr. Moore, H. phlceas from the Himalaya Mountains and from
North America (Indiana to Cape Breton) ; the former was an exceed-
ingly dark example, while the latter were much like the Lapland forms
in Dr. Chapman's exhibit. — Mr. Carpenter, series of H. phlceas, bred,
from Abbot's Wood, Folkestone, and Bude, each of which showed a
racial facies, although the divergence was but small. — Mr, Mont-
gomery, long series of H. phlceas, including many pale and sparsely
SOCIETIES. 87
spotted specimens, some of which were emergences as late as Novem-
ber.— Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main, series of Dianthmcia nana [con-
spevsa), Eupithecia venosata and Aplecta nebulnsa, showing their various
geographical forms and races ; series of Noctua brmmea and Notodonta
droniedarim, bred from Delamere Forest larvae, comparatively darker
than South England forms ; and Cornish specimens of Hipparchia
setnele, considerably darker on the under side than Eastbourne forms.
— Dr. J. H. Spitzby discussed the variation of Edmund Reitter's
group of the Carabida?, Carabl iniiltisetosi and of Cetonia anrata, and
exhibited a large number of examples from various parts of Europe. —
Dr. Sequiera, a box of most interesting and remarkable aberrations of
Lepidoptera, including Vansesa to, slate-blue suffusion ; Catocala nupta
with smoky black margins ; Polt/zfonia c-albtwi without a trace of the G-
mark ; a strongly marked melanic form of Hemerophila abrnptaria from
the New Forest ; Nemeophila russula, female, with wholly black hind
wings; pale salmon Anthrocera Jilipemialie ; and CoUas edusa vfiih. ex-
ceedingly pale margins. — Mr. Lucas, specimens of the earwig, Labidura
riparia, from Bournemouth, and a pupa of Leucanus cerviis. — Mr.
Cannon, a series of Kuvanessa antiopa, bred from ova deposited by a
female taken in the South of France ; Linienitis sibylla with only faint
white markings showing through the almost uniform black of the
upper side ; a long series of bred Melitcea aurinia from Ireland ; bred
M. citixia from Isle of Wight larvffi ; a very tine series of Ccenonympha
tijphon var. rothliebii taken at Witherslack ; a deeply marked female of
Brenthis eiiphrosi/tie, from Reading ; and captured examples of Melinia
ocellaris. — Mr. Manger, a case containing more than twenty species or
named forms of tiie gorgeous South American genera, Catagramma,
Peiisaina, and Callicore, including the type-form of the genus Cata-
gramma, 0. astarte (hydaspes). — Mr. Schooling, a varied series of Spiio-
soma ftdiffinosa bred from ova ; and a fine series of Xylocampa areola
(Uthorhiza). — Microscopes were lent by Messrs. Cant, Edwards, Fremlin,
Warne, and West (Streatham).
December lOih. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Smallman, of
Heme Hill, and Mr. Ansorge, of Kingston-on-Thames, were elected
members. — Mr. Edwards exhibited a specimen of the floral simulator,
the orthopteron Gonyylus gonyyluides, from India. — Mr. McArthur : (1)
a specimen of Hepialus hiimuli, male, showing white patches of scales
on the under side ; (2) two examples of Dianthoecia nana (conspersa)
from the Isle of Lewis, both very dark, and five examples from Shet-
land, all much, and two very much lighter, from the development of
white and orange patches. — Mr. West (Greenwich), two species of
aquatic Rhyncophora from near Montreal — the huge Belustoma umeri-
canum and the smaller Zaitha tiuminea — as well as an example of
Cicada tibicmi. — Mr. Dobson, a very light specimen of Amphipyra pyra-
midea, taken in his garden at sugar ; it was a striking contrast to the
rich mahogany form characteristic of the New Forest race ; Pygcera
curtida, bred, rich in colour ; one captured at light very pale ; a series
of S. faligiwjsa of a rich coloration. — Dr. Chapman, a large number
of species of Lepidoptera he had captured during a tour in Spain, in
company with Mr. Champion, and read notes on his journey.
January Wtli, 1904. — E. Step, F.L.S., President, in the chair. —
88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Mr. East, of Stoke Newingtou, was elected a member. — Mr. R. Adkiii
exhibited a short bred series of Acontia liictuosa, and contributed notes
on their life-history. — Mr. Edwards, ova of Hi/bernia nipicapmyia, and
a specimen of the large and curious Orthopteron sent by M. Montandon
from near Bucharest. — Mr. Tonge, a series of capital photographs of
the ova of Lepidoptera, including Hyhemia rnpicapraria, Hemerophila
abruptaria, Melinia circetlaris, Ar(jynnis thore, and Anchocells rufina. —
Mr. West, specimens of Dennestes lardarius, which he had bred from
almonds, among which it had occurred freely. — Mr. Browne, a large
number of species of Lepidoptera captured at Dawlish between July
23rd and Aug. 7th, 1903. — Mr. Turner, a few species of Lepidoptera
taken at the same place and at about the same tune. Mr. Browne then
read a paper descriptive of his holiday-collecting at Dawlish, to which
Mr. Turner added a few notes on the Micro-Lepidoptera and other
orders. — The report of the field-meeting held on July 11th, 1903, at
Wendover, was read.
Janiianj 28th, Annual Mectimj. — The President in the chair. — The
first half of the meeting was devoted to the receiving of the Treasurer's
Report and Balance-sheet, the election of the Ofiicers and Council for
the ensuing year, and the reading of the Annual Address by the
President. — The following is a list of the Officers and Council for
1904: — President, Alfred Sich, F.E.S. ; Vice-Presidents, H. Main,
B.Sc, F.E.S., and E. Step, F.L.S. ; Treasurer, T. M. Hall, F.E.S. ;
Librarian, A. W. Dodds ; Curator, W. West (Greenwich) ; Hon.
Secretaries, Stanley Edwards, F.L.S. (Corresponding), and Hy. J.
Turner, F.E.S. (Report); Council, R. Adkin, F.E.S., F. Noad Clark,
F. B. Carr, H. L. Fremlin, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., M. J. Lucas,
B.A., F.E.S., H. A. Sauze, and M. West (Streatham). Subsequently
Mr. Thompson, of "Garlands," Redhill, was elected a member. — Mr.
Tonge exhibited several admirable photographs of the ova of Lepido-
ptera ; Mr. Step, a specimen of the Dublin prawn ; and Mr. Turner
read notes on the natural history of Canada, sent to him by Mr. A. J.
Croker. — Hy. J. Turner, ilo)i. Rep. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — By the courtesy
of the St. Helen's and District Naturalists' Society the concluding
meeting of the present session was held in the Association Buildings,
St. Helen's, on December 21st, the gathering partaking of the nature
of a joint meeting of the two societies, of which a large number of
members were present. Mr. Wm. Webster, M.R.S.A.L, Vice-President,
occupied the chair. The minutes having been confirmed, the Secre-
tary announced the following donation to the library : " The Coccidse
of the British Isles," vol. ii., by Robt. Newstead, A.L.S., F.E.S.,
Hon.F.R.H.S., &c., presented by the author. On the motion of the
Council it was unanimously resolved to elect Major Ronald Ross,
F.R.C.S., F.R.S., &c., an Honorary Member of the Society. The
following gentlemen were proposed for election as ordinary members
in January : Messrs. H. Mousley, of Buxton, and Donald Kent, of
Sefton Park, Liverpool. Certain amendments to the rules of the
Society having been adopted, communications were read by Messrs.
R, S. Norman, F.G.S., and J. G. Wallbridge, M.P.S. Mr. R. S. Nor-
man's paper on " Fossil Insects " dealt in an exhaustive manner with
SOCIETIES. 89
the palfeoutological branch of historical geology. Having first briefly
described the process of formation of the great groups of stratified
roclfs, he dealt seriatim with the principal systems that have proved
prolific of fossil insect remains in both Europe and America, special
attention being paid to those occurrmg in Britain. In dealing with
the wealth of material from the carboniferous strata, the lecturer
dwelt interestingly on the vast number of insects that had been re-
covered from the coal-measures of Commentry. Passing to the
secondary series of rocks, he alluded to the abundance of insect remains
that had recently been discovered in certain of the limestone forma-
tions. In commenting on the Coleoptera and Diptera from the Wealden
rocks, he attributed the smaller size of the majority of specimens
therein found to a lowering of the temperature during the period in
which the deposits were laid, contending that, other things being equal,
the lower the temperature the smaller would the insects tend to range.
On the whole, however, he was of opinion that with some few excep-
tions the climate of the geological past differed little from that of the
present day. — Mr. J. G. Wallbridge's interesting communication on
"Economic Insects " was divided into (1) a general survey of his sub-
ject under the headings of (a) beneficial and [b] injurious insects ; and
(2) the consideration of the life-histories of several of our better known
hexapods, with special reference to the honey-bee. Treating of oak-
galls, he remarked that perhaps the most commercially valuable was
that of the dyer's oak (Qtiercus infectoria). From this we obtain gallic
and pyrogallic acid, whilst the powdered galls constitute the essential
ingredient in gall ointment, and are also largely used in the manufac-
ture of ink and dyes. An interesting account of the blister beetle
{Cuntharis vesicatoria) was given, and the use of cantharides in hair
restorers explained. The habitat and habits of the cochineal insect
(Coccus cacti) were dealt with in full, and the commercial value of the
carmine dyes commented on, a colouring we constantly meet with in
our confectionery, jellies, and tooth-powders, and which is not alto-
gether unknown to ladies who are given to adorn nature. The lac
insect and others were also instructively referred to. — On the conclusion
of the papers an interesting discussion took place, in which many of
the members participated, and a cordial vote of thanks was accorded
the readers. — E. J. B. Sopp and Feed. Birch, Hon. Sees.
The Annual Meeting was held in the Eoyal Institution, Liverpool, on
Jan. 18th, Mr. William Webster, M.R.S., Vice-President, in the chair.
Major Ronald Ross, C.B., F.R.C.S., F.R.S., was elected an honorary
member, and Messrs. H. Mousley (Buxton), and Donald Kent (Sefton
Park, Liverpool), ordinary members of the Society. The report of
the Council was read by Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, who congratulated the
Society on its marked and steady progress. The Hon. Treasurer
then presented his balance-sheet, by which it was seen that notwith-
standing an increased expenditure the credit-balance in the Treasurer's
hands was the largest of recent years. The following officers were
elected to serve during 1904 : — President, Samuel J. Capper, P.E.S. ;
Vice-Presidents, R. Tait, F. C. Thompson, and Rd. Wilding; Hon.
Treasurer, Dr. J. Cotton, F.E.S. ; Hon. Secretaries, Messrs. E. J. B.
Sopp, F.R.Met.S., P.E.S. , J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., F.E.S., and W.
90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
D. Harrison ; Hon. Librarian, Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S. ; Council, Dr.
G. W. Chaster, and Messrs. B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S. , J. F. Datton, A.
Tippins, H. Tonkin, W. A. Tyerman, and Wm. Webster, M.R.S.A.I.
It was resolved that the summer meeting be held at Petty Pool, Dela-
mere Forest, on Saturday, June 11th. This concluding the business,
the retiring Vice-President delivered his Address, entitled " The
Eutomologist before the Law," in which he ably reviewed those laws
of the land which afiect the entomologist in the pursuit of his hobby.
Property m law was described under the heading of real or land, and
personal, after which the law of trespass as applying to collectors was
fully dealt with, and much useful iuformation furnished on rights of
way and other matters of considerable importance to entomologists.
After dealing exhaustively with the law as affecting ourselves, the
lecturer described the influence that insects have had on the law. A
brief allusion to the law of copyright brought a most interesting paper
to a close. On the motion of Mr. E. Wilding, seconded by Dr. J.
Cotton, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Webster for his in-
structive discourse, as well as for his able services in the chair during
the session just closed. Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, F.E.S., exhibited Epi-
lamjna caraibea, Sauss., captured in Liverpool, a Cuban cockroach
which had not previously been recorded as having occurred in Britain.
The insect had been kindly identified for him by Mr. M. Burr, F.Z.S.,
F.E.S.— E. J. B. Sopp and J. R. le B. Tomlin, Hon. Sees.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — November \Qth, 1903. — Mr.
G. T, Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Mr. G. W. Wynn
read a short paper giving an account of all the rarer and more note-
worthy Lepidoptera he had found in Wyre Forest, and illustrated
the paper by a boxful of selected specimens. The more noteworthy
were our old friend i?,'j(t/ro/H/.s- versicolor, HijIapJiila bicolorana (very rare),
the Cymatophoridte (all the British species of which occur, octoyesinia
being tlie rarest), Stauropusfai/i (one specimen only having been taken
so far), Dnjiiioma ehaonia (of which he showed five specimens, reared
from seven eggs laid by a captive female ; very rare), and Pliisia
bractea. — Mr. W. H. Flint showed a specimen of Argi/nnis lathmia,
taken in Wyre Forest (on Worcestershire side) in 1899, when he
believes he also saw one or two others, also Kent specimens for com-
parison.— Mr. A. H. Martineau, a little lot of Aculeates, the result of
five or six days' collecting, at different times in 1901-2, at Budleigh
Salterton. He also gave an account of the district, the coast-line, and
geological formation, and the occurrence of each species in turn.
Amongst other species taken were Poiipilus rujipes, P. cinctellus,
Gorytes tionidus, Arpactus lucinvtiis, Andrena pilipes, A. fuscipes, Stelis
phceoptera, &c. He also showed a specimen of the Tachinid Miltogramma
punctata, bred from a pupa found inside a cocoon of Tri/pox-i/lon figidus.
— Mr. Gilbert Smith, a few nests of Hymenoptera, from various
places. — Mr. G. H. Kenrich, a number of Lepidoptera, all having been
bred this year, from various localities, amongst others were Endromis
versicolor (from Wyre Forest), Thecla pruni, T. w-album, Xantkia
ffilvago (from Northamptonshire), Denias conjli and others (from Suther-
landshire). He mentioned that in Sutherlandshire he had found larvae
of Gonodontis bidentata commonly on birch, in three well-marked forms,
SOCIETIES. 91
one grey, one purple, one black sxni\ white, each agreeing perfectly with
different parts of the birch trees. — Mr. W. H. Flint, drawers containing
his collection of the genus Cncitllia and the Sesiidfe, both containing
fine series of most of the species. In CucuUia was a fine series of
absinthu, all taken in one night at light near Rossall ; also scrophularm,
Capieux, from Cambridge, asteris from Kent, and lychnitis from Arundel.
Amongst the Sesiidre were Hesia fonnico'formis from Sutton Park (one),
vespifonnis, L. (adliforinis, Rott.) from near Knowle, tipitliformis from
Sutton, cuiiciforiins from near Knowle, Shirley, and Wyre Forest,
ichneiimoniformis long series from Forest of Dean, scnliaformis from
Dolgelly, and spheciformis from Wyre Forest and Abrewaa. — Mr.
Bethune- Baker, various new books.
Jamiarij 18th, 1904. — The President in the chair. — Mr. R. C.
Bradley exhibited Cceliosaf/e acuminata and Crabro cetratus, both taken
in his garden at Moseley, in 1903. — Mr. A. D. Imms read a paper upon
tsetse flies and nagana, in which, with the aid of lantern-slides, black-
board diagrams, &c., he gave an account of all that is known at present
about the flies of the genus Glossina, their structure, life-history, dis-
tribution, &c. ; and also described the disease nagana and the Try-
panosana brucei which causes it. — Colbran J. Wainwright, Hon, Sec.
Manchester Entomological SociExy. — December 2nd, 1903. — At
the Manchester Museum, Owens College, Dr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A.,
F.R.C.S., President, in the chair, the meeting took the form of an
exhibition evening, and included specimens captured by members of
the Society. These were much appreciated, being of a very interest-
ing character. The following is the complete list : — Mr. B. H. Crab-
tree, varieties of 0. hidentata, ranging from very pale forms to black,
from South Manchester district. Mr. W. Buckley, Lepidoptera taken
at Wallasey, Delamere, Padgate, and Anglesey, during the year. Mr.
Geo. 0. Day, a series of T. opima, and Lepidoptera bred in 1903. Mr.
R.Tait, junr., a case containing H. atripllcis, L. albipuncta, A. aslmorthii,
C. absinthii, &c. Mr. R. Brauer, a collection of preserved larvffi
(British), and a specimen of Cleniza calif ornica with trap. Mr. R. J.
Wigelsworth, insects captured on the River Plata, and at Ensenada
(Argentine Republic). Mr. J. Ray Hardy briefly referred to the late
Thomas Kelsall, and commented on the valuable work he did on
behalf of entomology, especially in connection with the collection at
the Manchester Museum. A case containing Coleoptera mounted on
cards, by Mr. Kelsall, was shown by Mr. G. Kearey. Some recent
publications from the British Museum, concerning several orders of
insects, were reviewed.
January Qth, 1904. — Annual Meeting held in the Manchester
Museum, Owens Collage. The President occupied the chair. The
report from the Secretary showed a membership of forty, and ten
meetings and two excursions having been held during the year. The
Treasurer's report was satisfactory ; notwithstanding heavy expenses,
there was an encouraging balance in hand. The following officers
were elected for the current year : — President, Dr. W. E. Hoyle ;
Vice-President, B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S. ; Treasurer, W. Buckley;
Secretary, R. J. Wigelsworth, 131, Duke Street. Old Trafford, Man-
chester ; Librarian, J. Ray Hardy ; Council, C. F. Johnson, R. Tait,
92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and W. W. Kinsey. — Exhibits were afterwards shown by the members :
Mr. B. H. Crabtree, case containing species of the AcidaUas. Mr.
Brauer, a case of V. cardui, V. c-album, V. atalanta, and V. polycMoros,
showing in each instance their foreign relations. The members,
under the guidance of Mr. J. Eay Hardy, afterwards inspected the
collection of British Curcnlionidne belonging to the Manchester
Museum. In the group Khyncophora 460 species out of the 480
known were shown, including the grain- and the whole of the timber-
destroying species. Also the group Scolytidas, the species of which
were notorious for the ravages inflicted, both in its larval and perfect
state, upon elm-trees, especially in London parks. — R. J. Wigels-
WORTH, Hon. Secretary.
RECENT LITERATURE.
British Tiiro(ihjphi(l<£. By Albert D. Michael, F.L.S., &c. Vol. II.
183 pp. 20 plates. London : Ray Society. 1903.
The first volume of this important work was issued by the Ray
Society to its subscribers for 1901, and a notice of it was published in
the ' Entomologist ' for 1902, p. 176. In this, the concluding volume,
the remaining nine genera and sixteen species are described and their
habits discussed. There is a list of the principal foreign species which
have not so far been recorded as British. The chief books and papers
dealing with the Troglyphidfe are also referred to in the bibliography,
and a most convenient index has been provided. As in the previous
volume, the plates are excellent, and many of the numerous figures
are coloured. When one understands that the author had to rely
almost entirely upon his own exertions in obtaining British species for
study, and that he drew all the figures on the thirty-nine plates, one
can form some idea of the enormous amount of labour that he has
bestowed in the preparation of this work.
Whos TF/iO? 1700 pp.; Who's Who Year- Book, 112 pp.; &nd The
EnrjUshwomen s Year- Book, 352 pp. London : Adam and Charles
Black. 1904.
As we have been favoured with a copy of each of the above-
mentioned works, we have much pleasure in calling the attention of
our readers to them. Among the host of notable personages whose
biographies are given in ' Who's Who,' we find, among others, the
names of Bateson, William ; Distant, William Lucas ; Elwes, Henry
John; Godman, Frederick DuCane ; Hampson, Sir George Francis ;
McLachlan, Robert ; Meldola, Raphael ; Poulton, Edward Bagnall ;
Rothschild, Hon. Lionel Walter ; Sharp, David ; Tutt, James William ;
and Lord Walsingham. In the ' Year-Book,' which used to form part
of ' Who's Who ? ' there is much information of a useful and general
character, and this is conveniently arranged in tabular form.
Entomologist. April, 1904.
Plate V.
--^1
COSSlD/t. (See p. 93.)
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVII. 1 APRIL. 1904. TNo. 491.
NOTES ON COSSIDtE.
By Ambrose Quail, F.E.S.
(Plate V.)
A LOCAL species of Lepidoptera discovered by Mr. Illidge was
described as Culama expressa (Cossidge) by Dr. Lucas, of Brisbane,
Queensland,* some two years ago. I banded over a pair (male
and female) of tbis species to tbe collections at Soutb Kensington
a few months since, and was informed "it is not a Cossid," but
could not learn from the Museum officials why it is not, or what
it is !
The present writer in not responsible for placing the species
among Cossidae, but has some sort of proprietary interest in the
moth, having dealt with the habits and structure of its embryo-
logical stages in our paper "Australasian Wood-boring Cossidfe," f
and would be better pleased believing it to be a Cossid. I have
been unable to look into the literature of the subject, involving
the original diagnosis of the genus Culama (Walk.), but have
examined by way of pastime some stray material of Cossid^e
which was available, and trust my notes thereon will prove of
interest to readers, even also of some slight value to systematists.
Having dealt already with the habits of Cossidse so far as
known to us in the above-mentioned paper, I will only say here
that anyone knowing C. cossus would consider the larva of
Culama expressa to be a Cossid, from its resemblance in shape,
colour, and habits to the larva of C. cossus in its first year. At
pupation C. expressa prepares a similar cocoon of silk and chips,
but the pupa does not seem to bear out the resemblance to cossus.
Dr. r)yar,t on the classification of lepidopterous larvfe, says : —
" From a consideration of the first larval stage in conjunction
-:= Trans. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1902.
f Roy. Soc. Qnslcl. Proc. 1903 {imds;e and Quail).
\ New York Acad. Sci. Trans. 1894.
ENTOM. — APRIL. 1904. K
94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
with the later stages, I believe that a series of snperfamilies
can be satisfactorily defined. This is as far as classification
from the arrangement of the tubercles can be carried. . . .
Superfamily Cossina (Micro-Lepidoptera) : Tubercles with single
seta, normal, fourth and fifth approximate or consolidated, the
rest remote Includes the families Adelidse, Psychidse, Cos-
sidfe, Pyralidffi, Tortricidse, Sesiidse, Tineidne, Orneodidae, and
Lacosomidffi "
The ovum of C. cossus has been described b}^ Mr. J. W. Tutt,
F.E.S. (Ent. Eec. xv. 333), and to Mr. A Bacot, F.E.S., I am
indebted for specimens of newly-hatched C. cossus larvas ; these
are quite large animals, in length 3*5 mm. I believe the species
has not hitherto been figured in this larval stage, and some
remarks on the homology of the thoracic tubercle setse with
abdominal tubercle sets are suggested by examination of these
newly-hatched larvffi of C. cossus.
Looking further afield than Cossidae, one notes that a fun-
damental arrangement of abdominal setse, of newly-hatched
larvae especially, largely prevails throughout the Lepidoptera,
Approximation and loss of certain tubercles is admitted to be
specialization. In Hepialidae, newly-hatched larvae have this
fundamental arrangement also on the thoracic segments — i. c.
anterior first, posterior second, supraspiracular third, subspira-
culars fourth and fifth, and basal — correspond in number and
position with the abdominal tubercle setae. It is here necessary
to note that I refer only to the meso- and post-thoracic segments,
the protliorax everywhere has a special arrangement of the setae.
In Hepialidae * iii is applied to two setae — in fact, iii a, h, the
spiracle, and iv, v, tubercles, are curiously associated on one
common area in the newly-hatched stage.
As indicated by Hepialidae, no doubt the primitive arrange-
ment of the tubercle setae was alike on both thoracic and abdo-
minal segments. Movement (noticably approximation) of setal
tubercles has taken place to a greater extent on the thoracic than
on abdominal segments. Elimination of the spiracles — outward
indication of internal modification in connection with wing deve-
lopment— has not affected the abdominals, but is probably the
chief cause of the altered positions of the tubercles on thoracic
segments.
In lateral descending order the abdominal tubercle setae of
newly-hatched C. cossus (figs. 1 and 3) are i and ii normal in
position single seta each, iii single seta.t I cannot trace iii b,
* Figure, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. 1900.
f Mr. Bacot believes he can detect iii b on C. cossus. \ Not so ! Mr.
Quail uses iii b as denoting the second supraspiracular setae on Hepialidae
larvae. The tubercle I remarked on to Mr. Quail as being present on larvae of
C. cossus is a minute free spiracular point of very general, if not universal,
occurrence on the abdominal segments of lepidopterous larvae, and probably
has no relation at all to iii b of Hepialidae. — A. Bacot.]
NOTES ON COSSID^. 95
iv and v approximate on one plate common to both, and basal
setae. Most of the setae are typical, long, hollow, bristle-like,
and pointed ; but on the anterior trapezoidal and anterior sub-
spiracular tubercles are short setae with curious tips, which we
will call trumpet-like. Immediately on noticing these curious
setae, I observed also that the thoracic segments had two exactly
similar setae (fig. 2). These were conspicuous on the specimens
which I first examined. Mr. Bacot questioned the shape of the
setffi, the specimens he had examined not apparently exhibiting
the trumpet-like form of seta. I therefore gave further attention
to the matter, and am satisfied that the two setae on the thoracic
segments are exactly similar to the two on the abdominals. The
figure (4) of an abdominal anterior trapezoidal seta was drawn
from one of Mr. Bacot's slides; on that specimen are other more
or less trumpet-like setae, the curve of the seta is probably due to
pressure of the cover-glass. Although not absolutely certain, I
believe we have here a functional seta of a remarkable kind
which can open and shut; when open at the tip the seta is
trumpet-like, closed it loses this appearance.
The position of all the tubercle setae on the thoracic segments
differs from that of the abdominals. On C. cossus, in addition
to the displacement of thoracic setae from spiracular reasons
above referred to, one notes iii b has been eliminated, resulting
in the approximation of iii and the anterior subspiracular tubercle,
and, moreover, the movement of this to a position above iii.
The homologues appear to be in lateral descending order on the
thoracic segments : i, ii approximate, subspiracular seta moved
up ; then iii ; single subspiracular below and basal.
It is unfortunate that I cannot carry these observations
further as regards C. cossus. The nearest material I have being
adult Zeuzera pyrini, which is not really of value to compare
with C. cossus newly-hatched. On the thoracic segments of Z.
pyrini adult larva (fig. 5) : i, ii are separate ; iii a, b approxi-
mate— I do not think the subspiracular seta is here moved
up, iii a* b exists definitely on the abdominal segments ; iv, v
are curiously above what is perhaps a scar of the eliminated
spiracle, and, moreover, the setae are on separate tubercles — such
spiracle scars exist in all Zeuzerinae I have seen ; vi is below,
and on the base of legs another single seta.
The abdominal tubercle setae of Z. pyrini (fig. 6) : i, ii remote
normal; iii a* b ; iv, v approximate; vi posterior; and three
basal setae. A minute, subdorsal, anterior seta may also be
noted ; this, like the sj^iracular scar, persists on all species allied
to Zeuzera.
As the result of criticism. Dr. Dyar admits that the tubercle
setae of the thorax are homologous with those of the abdominal
* See my note, foot of p. 94. — A. B.
k2
96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
segments, and should bear corresponding identification numbers.
I do not know where or in what form Dr. Hofmann's criticism
was pubHshed, and am unacquainted with his arguments, with
which mine should be more or less in accord.
Wlien the imaginal wings of a lepidopteron are examined
under a high power, it is seen that veins pass through the
nervures (fig. 9), sending forth smaller veins from either side,
and still smaller veins, until they pass into the whole wing area.
These veins are of course easily seen in the wings of the very
large foreign Cossids, but if looked for can always be demon-
strated. These veins are not identical with the nervures — the
latter act merely as hollow protecting tubes ; nor are the veins
confined to the nervures — they may be observed, for instance,
on the inner area of the fore wing between the anal nervure and
inner margin. These veins, if functional in connection with
wing expansion, may also be functional throughout the existence
of the insect, the wing being unquestionably a *Mive" organ.
Are the erect wing-bristles and the nervule "discs" of Dr.
Chapman associated with the veins ? I know nothing about the
matter, but it appears to be one of interest ; perhaps some abler
microscopist, or someone who knows where to refer for informa-
tion, will tell us something about the matter, which I believe
would interest others as well as myself.
We are concerned, however, with the remarkable constancy
of the nervures in maintaining definite positions on the wings,
thus affording assistance in classification.
In the pattern of wing-neuration of Cossus cossus (fig. 7) some
of the radial nervules of the fore wings are forked. Zeuzera
pyrini shows this more definitely than, at any rate, the specimen
of C. cossus from which this figure was drawn ; and Professor
Comstock's American type of Cossidae — Prionoxi/stus rohinice — is
very definitely forked. Although I have only this material to
hand, speaking from memory of other species which I have seen,
the forking of the fore wing radial nervules is characteristic of
the group. Now, comparing (Culama ?) expressa, which I have
enlarged (fig. 8), for that purpose (the insect expands 28 mm. to
38 mm.), one notes there is no forking of the radial nervules,
but the hind wings of cossus and expressa are almost identical.
The wing-pattern of the Tortricidae is very similar to that of
C. expressa, of fore and hind wings also.
The imaginal antenna of Zeuzera pyrini, male, is a partially
bipectinate and rather pretty form, the pectination gradually
increasing, then decreasing in length droop with gentle curve,
forming a convexity with thread-like terminal of unpectinate
segments. The antenna is devoid of scales, except on a few
basal segments, which have slight dorsal scaling, but none on the
dorsa of pectinations.
Phrac/niatcecina arunclinis male antenna (fig. 12) is not unlike
NOTES ON COSSID/E. 97
that of Z. pijriiii, but of less pronounced convexity. The dorsum
of shaft is covered with numerous scales arranged in irregular
rows across each segment ; there are scales also on the dorsa of
pectinations and numerous ventral sense-hairs. Three segments
are transitional between the bipectinate and the terminal seg-
ments. These have a ventral appendage, with sense-cones,
sense -hairs, and bristles ; the short lateral extensions are of the
appendage, not of the shaft itself.
The female antenna of Z. pijriiii, C. cossiis, and of C. expressa
are without pectination, and bear ventral extension with anterior
sense-cones, sense-hairs, and bristles. Comparing the male
unpectinate terminal segments of Z. pijrini with the female
antennal segments, and remembering the transitional segments
of P. amndlnis, one concludes that ventral extension preceded
bipectination among these insects.
Thus, I should say, P. rohiiiue is a higher — more recent —
species than Z. pijriiii, as in the former species both sexes are
bipectinate. The male pectination being slender, smooth, devoid
of scales, without scaling on the shaft, and very like Z. pyrini,
except that the segments are bipectinate to tip of antenna. The
female segments (iig. 15) have stout bipectination to the tip, and
one row of scales per segment on shaft.
It is interesting to hnd that the male antennal segments of
C. cossiis have simply a tongue-like ventral appendage, which,
viewed in section, is almost round (figs. 18, 14) ; two rows of
scaling per segment are represented by somewhat diminutive
scales on the dorsum of shaft. The female antenna has cones
on the anterior surface of the appendage.
C. expressa male antenna (tig. 10) approaches that of P.
arundiiiis more nearly than either of the Cossids in regard to
scaling. The dorsum of shaft very closely covered with scales,
two rows per segment, and the dorsa of the pectinations are
likewise covered very closely with scales to the tips. The
female antenna (fig. 11) has a close resemblance to the Cossid
antenna, the dorsum of shaft having two rows of scales per
segment.
From the foregoing it is evident C. expressa is not a Cossid ;
still, it has Cossid affinities, and if in other respects it is a
Tortricid, it must be rather low in that family. There is also
some reason to suggest that Zeuzera and Cossus are not such
near relatives as is sometimes supposed, but more material in
the newly-hatched larval stage must be examined.
98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Explanation of Plate V.
FIG.
1. CossMs cossf/s, First larval stage, dorsal aspect of thorax, and first
abdominal segments, X 80.
2. ,, „ ,, ,, ,, mesothorax laterally, x 80.
3. „ ,, ,, ,, ,, third abdominal segment, x 80.
4. „ ,, Anterior trapezoidal third abdominal seta, X 400.
5. Zeuzera pyrini, Adult larva, mesothorax, enlarged.
6. ,, ,, „ ,, third abdominal segment, enlarged.
7. Cossus cossns, Imaginal wing neuration, nat. size.
8. Cidama expressa, „ „ „ enlarged.
9. „ „ Fore wing anal nervure about one-third from base,
showing enclosed vein and subsidiary veins
which ramify tluongh the wings, X 400.
10. „ „ $ antennal segment, x 200.
11. „ „ ? „ „ X 400.
12. Phraijinatcecina anindinis, ^ transitional antennal segment, X 400.
13. Cossus cossus, 3' transitional antennal segment, laterally, x 80.
14. „ „ 3 „ „ „ transverse, x 80.
15. Prionoxystus robiniic ? transitional antennal segment, X 200.
i<!ote. — Fig. 8 has really somewhat stouter nervures than should be
tiie case. Tortricids are very fine, and difficult to examine there-
fore ; also the two inner anal nervures of the hind wings should
be a little wider spaced.
CUKRENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 73.)
F. M. Webster concludes (1) that "Lucrative prices for dairy
products stimulate dairying ; this increases the area of timothy
meadows, and tends to their continuance for a series of con-
secutive years. This increases the abundance of" Blissus leii-
copterus [Rhynchota] and Sj^henophorus parvulus iColeoptera] ,
" and consequently the magnitude of their ravages." The same
author deals (2) with the diffusion of North American insects,
principally Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. L. Bruner makes a
powerful plea (3) for the protection of birds, not only from a
humane point of view, but as a contribution to economic en-
tomology. He calculates that the estimated 75 millions of birds
in Nebraska require, at a very low estimate, 1875 millions of
insects for each day's rations — that is, roughly, 15,625 bushels of
insects. " Birds, like all other animals, feed upon that food which
CUERENT NOTES. 99
is most readily obtained, hence the insectivorous kinds destroy
those insects which are most numerous — the injurious species."
T. W. Kirk (4) relates experiments on Coccidse, and notices
of the wharf borer (the Coleopteron Nacerdes melannra), the rest
of the extensive report being occupied with fungous diseases, &c.
W. W. Froggatt (5) notices the weevils and moths that damage
foodstuffs. The paper of N. A. Cobb (6) is concerned principally
with fungous diseases, but refers to the exciting causes of Stigmo-
nose, &c., being the punctures of Coccidpe, Aphidse, Thysano-
ptera, &c. (pp. 694-704).
De la Torre Bueno (7) has presented us with the first modern
account of the metamorphoses and habits of a Naucorid ; he
finds that the oval instar lasts about twenty- four days, the five
nympal about fifty, while the adult may under favourable con-
ditions live for over a year ; oviposition seems to be continuous
during the summer. The paper is a distinct advance in our
knowledge. W. W. Froggatt (8) gives descriptions and notices of
the habits, &c., of the Australian Cicadidae, with a bibliography
of the literature. This, like all Froggatt's papers, is of high
value, but he is the victim of his publishers in the detestable
manner in which his papers are presented. The original source
of the present contribution is 'Agricultural Gazette of New South
Wales,' xiv. pp. 334-41, and 418-25, published in April and
May respectively of this year. It is republished, however, as a
miscellaneous publication "of the Department of Agriculture,
N. S. Wales," pp. 1-15, without any proper indication of its
original source. The plates and woodcuts also are never numbered.
It is to be hoped that Mr. Froggatt will use his influence to have
these publications brought into line with modern methods.
When discussing Miss Nawa's paper on "A Parasitic Moth "
(Entom. xxxvi. 130), I was unaware of Dyar's notice of a lepi-
dopterous larva on a leafhopper (9). This larva was found
firmly attached to the dorsal surface of the abdomen, under
the wings, of a species of Issiis (near aurorens, Uhler) from New
Mexico. Nawa's paper was further discussed by Dyar (10), who
thought that Epipiirops might be a true parasite after all.
Keh gives the first two instalments (11) of what promises to
be a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the Coccidee of
the northern and central portions of Europe. To Coquillett (12)
we are indebted for "an ait,empt to settle the type species of
each North American and European genus of Empididse, and to
bring some kind of system out of the present confused condition
into which the genera of this family have fallen." The well-
known genus Mantipeza is replaced by Chelifera, Ilhamphoniyia
by Macrostomus, Sciodromia by Helcodronda, Syneclws by Acro-
myia, and Cyrtoma by Bicellaria. Endlich (13) discusses, w^ith
copious bibliographical references, the fight against Texas fever
and the Tsetse sickness. Borner (14) describes a new genus of
100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Sciaridse from Sicily, in which the female is without wings and
halteres ; the segmentation of the abdomen in female Diptera is
also discussed at some length.
Geest (15) describes aberrations of a number of butterflies,
with figures of aberrations of Melitcea ciiixia, Arciynnis aglaia,
Acronycta rumicis, Apatura dytie, and Argynnis levaiia. Bach-
metjev (16) gives an account of the number of "eyes" on the
under side of the hind wings in a quantity of Epincphele jurtina
captured in Sophia. Fischer provides (17) the third part of his
experiments on temperature variations, dealing in this principally
wath the Vanessines. Ulmer notes the occurrence of cla^vs on
the tarsi of trichopterous pupse (18).
Friese (19) describes a colony of mason-bees, with a figure of
a mass of rock with about one hundred and eighty nests of the
species in question ; while Wasmann deals with the guests of
the Doryline ants (20).
Stockman (21) reports on a plague of Acrydium sncci)ictum
and ceriiginosum in the Central Provinces of India, methods taken
for the protection of the crops, experiments with fungi, hatching
observations, &c. ; Caudell (22) criticises the recent papers of
Rehn and Krauss, and correctly — in final effect through scarcely
in detail of working — declares oricntalis to be the type of Blatta ;
Blattella is proposed instead of the preoccupied Phyllodromia
for germanica.
Busck contributes notes (23) on the tineid types of Clemens,
based on the discovery of a box found in the Academy of Natural
Sciences at Philadelphia ; one hundred and ninety-two out of the
two hundred species of Clemens have now been identified, and
five more are known with certainty from the descriptions, leaving
only three at present unknown.
Lea (24) is convinced that, although the San Jose scale was
first officially reported from Tasmania two years ago, it is not
now, and never will be probably, a serious pest in Tasmania.
Froggatt contributes a "Nature Study" on Termcs Inctciis (25).
Zehntuer discusses at some length the life-history of the
coffee-borer (Zeuzcra), a pest to cacao in Java, its metamor-
phoses, habits, and enemies ; also of another lepidopterous cacao
pest, Orthocmspeda trima. Figures in all stages are given of
these two forms (26). The dentition of the Diptera is discussed
by Harris (27) ; the anatomy and development of the larva of
Ephydra, a dipteron, is considered at some length by Tragardh
(28). Schouteden supplements (29) his list of aphid galls already
noticed in the 'Entomologist' (1903, pp. 287 and 262).
(To be continued.)
101
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW CETONID BEETLES
FROM BRITISH EAST AFRICA.
By E. a. Heath, M.D., F.L.S.
<;=S)<.
FifT. 1.
Fiir. 2.
CcELOREHINA CORNUTA, Sp. 11. (fig. 2).
Head and frontal horn red. Pronotum and scutellum shining
brown-green, iridescent ; lateral and anterior margins of pronotum,
lateral, posterior, and sutural margins of elytra raised, piceous. The
head is anteriorly prolonged into an oblong channel-like process, with
a lateral tooth on each side, and a terminal bilobed ear-shaped process
turned upward. Length of head and horn, ih lines. At the base of
the head are two lateral, curved horns, pointing forward and down-
wards, 2^ lines in length. The elytra are shining, pale yellowish
brown ; at the base and apex of each elytron near external margin is a
dark brown spot. Elytra, scutellum, and thorax finely punctured.
Body beneath dark olivaceous green, somewhat coarsely punctured.
Abdomen with an obscure central longitudinal reddish-brown fascia.
Legs reddish brown ; apices of femora and the tarsi black ; a thick
fringe of light brown hair on the under side of front femora, a fringe
of light brown hair on the posterior tibitc, and on the yellowish
pygidium. Long. 16 lines ; max. lat. 7 lines.
Hah. Uganda, British East Africa.
102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
EUDICELLA IMMACULATA, Sp. H. (fig. 1).
Basal half of head, pronotum, scutellum, epimera of mesothorax,
and pygidinm dark olive-green, thickly and finely punctured ; lateral
margins of pronotum raised, smooth, and shining. The head is pro-
longed into three shining mahogany-coloured horns, the central horn
being bifurcate, pointed, 6 lines in length, curving upward ; the lateral
horns about 1^ lines. The elytra are shining, pale yellowish brown,
and spotless. The sutural margins and body beneath are of the same
dark green colour, the last finely punctured. The mesosternuin spar-
ingly covered with light yellow hair ; the upper part of sternal process
thickly covered with yellow hair. Tlie legs are bright shining
mahogany coloured ; the tarsi bright shining black ; the front femora
has a thick fringe of light brown hair on the under side ; there is also
a slight fringe of the same coloured hair on the pygidium. The front
tibia? in the male are smooth on the outer side, but have seven or eight
teeth on the inner side. The female is the same in every respect,
except the horns and the front tibia, which are smooth on the niner
side, but have three teeth on the outer side. Long. 17 lines ; max. lat.
10 lines.
Hah. Uganda, British East Africa.
Closely allied to E. smithi, but differing in having a more
finely punctured thorax and elytra, the pygidium green, and the
elytra spotless ; the pygidium in smithi is red.
114, Eburj' Street, Eaton Square, S.W.
TWELVE MONTHS' WORK AMONG THE DRAGON-
FLIES OF SURREY AND HAMPSHIRE.
By H. T. Dobson, F.E.S.
Finding Lepidoptera very scarce during the summer of 1902,
I decided to try my fortune among the Odonata, with the result
that I captured, between September, 1902, and September, 1903,
no less than twenty-six species out of the thirty-nine given for
Great Britain by Mr. J. AV. Lucas in his excellent work on
'British Dragontlies,' published in 1900.
Thinking there must be many readers of the ' Entomologist '
who, like myself, are deeply interested in this important and
splendid group of the Neuroptera, I venture to offer the following
notes.
I shall consider the species according to the classified order
used by Mr. Lucas, quite disregarding the rotation of my cap-
tures. Of the five species belonging to the genus Sjjmpetriim, I
took but two, viz. striolatiim and scoticum. My first capture of
the former was on August 8th, at the Black Pond, Esher, and I
continued during 1903 to take it until the middle of October. I
DRAGONFLIES OF SURREY AND HAMPSHIRE. 103
also found the species in fine condition in the New Forest on
September 30tii, but the best dark forms I took in September,
1902, at Freshwater.
It was at tlie Black Pond, Esher, that I first captured S.
scoticum ; it was fluttering about in the immature state on July
21st. A series quickly fell to ray net. I found it, however, a far
more difficult insect to take in the New Forest on September 30th,
when it was in a perfect condition ; I also saw it flying in com-
pany with S striolatam at Wisley late in October.
With regard to the genus Libellala, I took or saw both
depressa and quadrimaculata at Esher on June 1st ; of the former
I captured a splendid long series at Rhinefield on June 8th.
Although the latter species was also common near Brockenhurst,
yet my best success came from Esher, where on June 29th I took
a beautifully suffused variety.
The commonest dragonfly to be seen in the New Forest during
the second week in June, 1903, was Orthetram, aeridescens ; it
flew in thousands on the heaths in the vicinity of the bogs.
Of the beautiful CorduUa (enea, I captured a male and female
in the hot sunshine on June 1st. A week later I found the
species flying commonly close to Brockenhurst, but, although
many specimens were netted, I only succeeded in taking one
female.
Of the somewhat rare Gomphus vulgatissimus, I took three
males, the result of searching for it in the New Forest on June 8th
and 9th. On the first of these dates I also caught flying in com-
pany with it two males of Cordulcfj aster annulatus ; I may add
that I took a female of the latter species on September 17th, 1903,
at Sidmouth, which appears to be much later than any date re-
corded for the insect.
A grander and more powerful dragonfly than C. annulatus is
Anax imperator ; this was flying commonly in the New Forest
early in June. When the sun was shining it was certainly diffi-
cult to catch, but on the dull days (and we had plenty) my son
and I caught between forty and fifty, from which I selected what
I required, and then gave the others their liberty. While en-
gaged in this interesting amusement my son took an example of
Brackjjtron pratense flying round a pond.
I now pass on to the genus .-Eschjia. Of the six British
species comprised in this group, I have taken mixta, cijanea, and
grandis. Mixta, although much smaller than either of the other
two, is far more difficult to catch. After trying for several days
at Freshwater, I succeeded, on September 18th, 1902, in taking
two males. A couple of days later I saw another of these
lovely flies, but could not capture it : I have not seen the species
since. A much larger insect is ."E. cyanea. I look upon it as
the commonest representative of the genus, and comparativel}'
easy to capture. It made its appearance at New Maiden towards
104 THE ENTOMOLOaiST,
the end of July in 1903, but I took the species perfectly fresh at
Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, on September 3rd. I also captured
nine males Hying over a pond in a brickfield at Brockenhurst on
September 26th ; three of these were splendid brown forms (no
doubt due to age). All were taken between half-past four and
five o'clock, when the lengthening shadows from the trees had
almost covered the water ; still there was one corner where the
sun could be seen, and here I had no trouble in securing ci/anea.
Although .£J. graiulis flies late in the day, and is often very busy
during a shower, yet I have never found it fall so easy a victim
to the net as cyanea. I first saw rirandis last year at Esher on
July 21st ; later on I took several there, and also secured the
species upon two occasions at Byfleet Canal.
I now wish to refer to those two brilliant dragonflies that be-
long to the genus Calopteryx. It was my pleasure to get both
viryo and splendens ; virgo was flying commonly in Brockenhurst
and surrounding neighbourhood when I was there in June, but
lovely splendens was not to be seen in the locality. I first took
the last named species at Guildford on June 18th, but, as it was
only just emerging, I waited till July 10th, which was about the
hottest day we had last year ; then, having made my way to
Byfleet Station, I walked about two miles to a little stream.
Here I secured a nice series, flying along the edge of a corn-
field ; one of the females shews no signs of possessing the usual
pterostigma.
Of the remaining twelve species of the Agrionidae, I succeeded
in securing eleven, Lestes dryas being the one that eluded my
search. However, to take them in order, I obtained a series of
L. sponsa in the New Forest in July. I caught but a single
specimen of Platycncmis pennipes on Ockham Common on July
10th. I also met with Erythromma naias upon one occasion only,
when I took a few flying over the Byfleet Canal on July 25th.
The two crimson-bodied dragonflies which belong to the
genus Pyrrliosonia were to be taken throughout June, July, and
part of August at the Black Pond, Esher ; but as I suppose
entomologists must have met these many times, I will pass on to
the rare IsclDiura puindio. I am glad to report that I took this
on June Gth at a bog in the New Forest. It was Mr. Lucas's
capital work that enabled me to identify this from the commoner
species /. eleyans, which I ctiught at the same time and in the
same place. I should add that I found elegans in many districts,
but perhaps nowhere was it so common as in Eichmond Park, a
light red variety being almost as numerous as the type. On
July 4th I put one of this variety in a glass-top box with a
normal coloured specimen. On the following morning the typical
elegans was very frisky, but the whole of the body of the variety
had vanished, the survivor having devoured it.
Although I captured our three species of Agrion, yet I only
A "butterfly summer" in ASIA MINOR. 105
obtained single examples oi pidchdlnm and meroirialc, the former
from the banks of the Bj^fleet Canal on July 25th, and the latter
at Brockenliurst in the early part of June. I found puella com-
monly in the New Forest on June 8th ; I also took it in the
neighbourhood of Bylieet on July 10th.
I have now but one more species to say a few words about,
viz. Enallngma cyathigerum, and I imagine that this beautiful
blue- bodied dragonfly is the commonest of the Agrionidee. It
was in great evidence at the Black Pond, Esher, on June 1st,
and I found plenty of them each time I visited the locality up to
September. I could also have taken any quantity at the lakes in
Richmond Park in July. Adverting to the question of preserving
the colours of this and species of the genus Agrion, I have
certainly not yet succeeded to my satisfaction. I have tried
several methods, and shall continue to try, for if there could only
be obtained results as good as I have had with the larger species,
I think no one need say, "I do not collect dragonfiies because
they lose their colours."
Ivy House, New Maiden, Surrey : Feb. 13th, 1904.
A "BUTTERFLY SUMMER" IN ASIA MINOR.
By Margaret E. Fountains, F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 84.)
But I do not think on the whole I had much to complain of;
the climate was as near perfection as anything could well be ; for
without that intense arid heat of the more southern countries I
have visited, every morning in June, almost without exception,
was gloriously fine, and the violent thunderstorms and heavy
rain, which not iufrequentW came on in the afternoon, were as
soon over as they were violent while they lasted, and a calm
starlit night, with summer lightning quivering over the distant
mountains, would invariably be succeeded by the dawning of
another day, bringing with it that miracle of loveliness — a sum-
mer morning in the south ; while, in consequence of these
occasional downpours, the country remained fresh and green,
and fruit of every kind was in the most amazing abundance
everywhere.
On July 10th I left Amasia for Tokat, two days' journey
farther inland. It was on my way there that I met with the only
really unpleasant experience I ever did during all the time I was
in Asia Minor. This was with some Circassians in a wayside
khan. '• The Circassians are all robbers ! " was the verdict I had
heard passed upon them, and I suppose they thought a lady
106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
travelling alone with her courier would be an easy prey. But in
this they found they were mistaken. There were some five or
six of them, and the driver of my yiley (a brute I would like to
have kicked many a time had I been a man) was evidently in
league with these Circassians. Bersa behaved splendidly, as he
always did, and I instinctively felt that the principal thing was
to show no fear ; neither did I feel any, for I knew they were
cowards — all Circassians are — and to be met with courage,
especially in a woman, would be the only way to get the better
of them. But it was not till Bersa, at my bidding, had given
them to understand that, as I was related to the British Consul at
Constantinople, they would get into more serious trouble than
they perhaps anticipated, that they gave in, sneaking away one
after the other, till I was allowed to go on my way unmolested,
without having relieved my purse of so much as one metelik.
The weather was now intensely hot, and during this journey I
slept on the roofs of the khans, amongst the storks' nests, with
nothing above me but star-strewn sky, and in the pale dawn it
was wonderful to wake up, maybe to see the dark outline of a
stork close by, standing on one leg beside his nest, or to hear
the muffled, measured tread and clanging bells of a long line of
heavily-laden camels passing along the dusty road below. I once
counted one hundred and fifteen of these animals in one drove,
to say nothing of the diminutive donkey at intervals, who leads
each detachment, generally ridden by one of the drivers. We
passed many of these caravans of camels, laden with grain and
other produce, on their way from the interior to the coast, and
sometimes it would be a long line of some thirty or forty bullock-
waggons, frequently drawn by big patient bufl'aloes, who always
looked hot and thirsty, and as if they were longing to be lying
down in some stream or river-bed, as they so loved to do when-
ever they got the chance. The wheels of these waggons were
apparently never oiled, so that as each one creaked on a different
note, the discordant and almost deafening noise they produced is
better imagined than heard, and 1 often knew when a troop of
the clumsy vehicles was coming by these fearful sounds at some
considerable distance off.
I soon found out that it was difficult to work the neighbour-
hood of Tokat : the mountains were high, and for the most part
barren ; there were very few of those lovely sunny glades and
flower- strewn valleys which made the neighbourhood of Amasia
so delightful. Also the country was by no means so safe as
round that much favoured vicinity; indeed, for a long expedition
I was obliged to take a zaptieh, which was however, I believe,
quite a necessary evil. There was a lovely pine forest three or
four hours' ride from where I was staying, through which wound
the Old Sivas Pioad, but I never saw such apparently splendid
collecting- ground in the month of July with so little to be got
A ** BUTTERFLY SUMMER" IN ASIA MINOR. 107
there. It is true that I found here the only Erehia I ever saw in
Asia Minor, but it was nothing but a fine form of E. cetliiopn, —
I suppose var. melusina, which appeared to me to be almost
typical. I had ranch hoped to come across Chrijsophanns thetis,
which does not occur at Amasia, but this is an insect which has
always evaded me, and at Tokat it did so again. I never saw a
sign of it. This place was at least a month behind Amasia,
though the difference of altitude was insignificant, but I was told
by my hostess (a German lady married to an Armenian) that
strong winds blew here constantly throughout the summer, and
this year they seemed to have had an unusual amount of rain
during the month of June, so perhaps that in some measure
accounted for my finding Li/ccsna loewii and L. damone var.
cannon still in perfect condition, whereas both these species had
been practically over at Amasia before the middle of June. L.
var. menalcas was only just beginning, and L. hopferi did not
appear at all.
At the end of a week my kind hostess had, I am sorry to say,
been taken so seriously ill that I felt myself obliged to leave, so
I returned to Amasia to await Satyrus geyeri. I got back in two
days ; this time without any adventures. The second day I
travelled in company with a Turkish gentleman, who was
travelling on a tour of inspection. He had many plans for the
future respecting his native country, and was most sanguine
that, in a year or two at most, the road from Sivas to Samsoun
would be in such an improved condition, and with all the bridges
in such a high state of preservation, that a diligence would be
able to perform the journey thither in two days, instead of six or
seven as at present. May his hopes be realized ; but the
Turkish Government is not encouraging to these progressive
spirits, who must exist greatly to their own perpetual sorrow and
constant mortification when born in Turkey.
I first caught Sati/rus gei/eri, July 25th, on the rock-strewn
plateau on the top of the Lokman : here it soon became ex-
tremely abundant, and with Bersa's assistance I easily captured
altogether from one hundred and fifty to two hundred specimens ;
for Bersa had become quite an expert in the use of the net, and
collected admirably, also showing some considerable ability in
learning to distinguish the different species. Cue can never be
too thankful to have escaped being mixed up with with anything
of the nature of a fool !
As soon as August was in I could feel that the season was on
the wane. The green flowery valleys were now dried up, and
full of prickly grass-stalks and seeds ; and the tired earth, no
longer throbbing and palpitating with the supreme effort to
reproduce, now lay parched and languid beneath the scorching
rays of the August sun ; " bad specimens " became all too
common amongst the Lycaenidse, the Satyrus, even geyeri, were
108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
getting more and more chipped and worn, and though the
second brood of Chrysophanus ochimiis was just beginning, I
began to feel at last that I could not put up with living " a la
Turca" any longer.
So I hired one yiley and one saddle-horse and started for the
coast. This proved to be a capital arrangement, as when I got
tired of the jog-trot of the horse I retired into the yiley for an
hour or two ; and when the jolting of the yiley became unbear-
able, Bersa dismounted and I rode the horse again.
Towards the end of August and beginning of September I
spent another fortnight at Broussa, hoping to make the ascent
of Mount Olympus, which I attempted, but the weather was so
hopelessly bad that day, that after reaching the second plateau
I was obliged to retrace my steps, having seen nothing but dense
clouds of vapour, and having got nothing except being drenched
to the skin.
And thus ended my summer in Asia Minor, a country of vast
possibilities, not only for the collector of butterflies, but in
many other ways as well, too numerous to mention.
(To be continued J
NOTES ON THE OVA AND EAELY STAGE OF THE
LAEVA OF ACIDALIA EMUTARIA.
By Alfred Sich, F.E.S.
In the Isle of Parbeck, on August 28th, 1901, I took a female
AcidaUa rmutaria on or close to a plant of Galium palustre.
During the next two days she laid several eggs, mostly in small
groups, on the sides of the chip-box in which she was confined.
In shape the ovum may be likened to an elongated barrel,
standing upright. The long (micropylar) axis measures 0*9 mm. ;
the horizontal axes being about 0"4 mm,, both being about equal.
There are about two dozen ribs running up the walls of the egg,
but they decrease, by concurrence, to about one dozen at the
micropylar area. The interspaces, about double the width of
the ribs, are broken up into oblong cells. The micropyle con-
sists of about seven smaller and rounder cells lying below the
points of the ribs, which terminate mostly just before reaching
the micropylar area. In colour the ova were pale ochreous for
the first twenty-four hours ; afterwards, to the unaided eye, they
assumed a pink tinge. By aid of a strong lens this tint was
seen to be due to the appearance of numerous crimson rings and
blotches.
On September 10th I noticed the ova were lead-coloured, and
the next day two larvae hatched. The bulk came out on the
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 109
12th, and the remainder on the 13th. The larvae were very long
and slender, and must have rested in the egg coiled like a wire-
spring. I had no opportunity of making a description of them,
but noticed the very curious thick club-shaped hairs with which
many of the tubercles were furnished. Having no marsh-bedstraw
{Galium iialiistre) at hand, I fed the larvae on knotgrass. This,
strange to say, they preferred quite fresh, in contrast to most
other Acidalia larvae, which seem to have a liking for rather dry
food. I suggest that one of the natural food-plants of this
species is the above mentioned Galium. None of this brood
were reared, as I believe it was kept in too dry a condition.
Corney House, Chiswick, Middlesex : March 5th, 1904.
ON SOME NEW GENEEA AND SPECIES OF
HYMENOPTEKA.
By p. Cameron.
CHALCIDIDiE.
OxYCORYHPUs, gen. no v.
Antennae longish, the scape long ; on the lower (almost) half it
becomes gradually dilated, the end of the dilated part abrupt, forming
a large sharply pointed tooth ; the apical part becomes gradually, but
not much, dilated ; the pedicle longer than broad ; the third joint dis-
tinctly longer than the fourth. Malar space as long as the eyes.
Frontal depression narrow and widely distant from the ocelli. Temples
very narrow, almost obsolete on the outer side. Mandibles bidentate.
Scutellum large, as long as the mesonotum, narrowed towards the
apex, which is narrowed, slightly incised in the centre, and projecting
over the metanotum, which is irregularly reticulated, and has two
stout keels in the centre, forming a large area, extending from the
base to the apex. Abdomen short, the basal segment nearly as long
as the other segments united, sessile. Hind femora swollen, in-
distinctly toothed. Submarginal vein long and narrow ; the sub-
costal vein long and narrow ; the costa and radius short, thick, and
forming almost one vein. The prothorax is nearly as long as the
mesonotum ; the sides of the metapleuras near the apex project ; the
base of the middle femora is broadly and much narrowed, compared
with the apex, which has spurs. The antennae are eleven-jointed ; the
last joint is as long as the preceding. On the base of the hinder
femora, on the under side, is a broad rounded projection. The apical
two joints of the antennae are closely united ; the pedicle is bare,
narrowed.
The peculiar structure of the antennal scape makes the male
of this genus easily recognized. Comes near to Stomatoceras,
Kir by.
ENTOM. — APRIL, 1904. L
110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
OXYCORYHPUS PILOSELLUS, Sp. nOV.
Black, densely covered with silvery pubescence ; the hinder femora,
the greater part of the four anterior and their tibiae, and the middle
tarsi rufous ; the wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous, blackish at the
apex. <? . Length, 2^ mm.
Hab. Deesa (Nurse).
Antennae nearly as long as the head and thorax united, the scape
bare and shining, the flagellum opaque. Vertex and sides of front
closely and distinctly punctured ; the frontal depression smooth ; the
vertex only sparsely pilose ; the rest of the head covered with long
silvery hair, v^^hich hides the surface. Pro-, mesonotum, and scutellum
closely and rather strongly punctured, the scutellum more strongly
than the mesonotum.- Metanotum irregularly reticulated; the base
with a central area of equal width, about three times longer than
broad. Pleurfe rugose ; the apex of the meso- closely and distinctly
striated. The second dorsal segment of the abdomen at the sides and
the rest all over rather strongly punctured. Legs thickly covered with
white pubescence.
CcELOCHALCis, gen. nov.
Antennae situated half-way between the lower part of the eyes and
the mouth. Front deeply and widely excavated to the front ocellus,
the sides of the depression sharply keeled, and to a less extent above.
Lower outer orbits sharply margined. Antennal scape short, not
reaching to the ocelli ; of equal width throughout ; the pedicle not
longer than broad, pilose ; the other joints long ; the last longer than
the penultimate, which is shorter than the preceding. Parapsidal
furrows distinct, curved. Scutellum obtusely bidentate at the apex.
Metanotum reticulated. Posterior femora not greatly dilated, not so
thick as the coxae ; below without teeth ; the middle coxae spined.
Abdomen sessile. Subcostal vein long, reaching close to the middle
of the wing ; the costal short, about four times longer than wide, the
radius very short, broader than long. Mandibles shortly bidentate.
The abdomen is shorter than the thorax ; its basal segment is as long
as the other segments united ; the sides of the median segment are
not spined or toothed ; in its centre are two stout longitudinal keels ;
the hinder femora are stoutly bordered on the apical half beneath.
The antennae are shorter than the body ; the scape of the antennae is
short, and does not reach to the ocelli ; the pedicle is bare, broader
than long ; the first joint of the flagellum is slightly longer than the
second.
This species, as regards the position of the antennae, stands
between Halticella and Clialcis, it being placed higher up than in
the former, but not so high as in the latter. There are ten joints
in the antennae ; the last is fully one-half longer than the ninth.
It may be composed of more than one joint, but I cannot see any
suture.
CcELOCHALCIS CARINIFRONS, Sp. UOV.
Black, the mesonotum and scutellum covered with pale golden
pubescence ; the mandibles and palpi, the apex of the hinder coxae,
NEW CULICID^ FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. Ill
the femora and tibife, red ; the four anterior legs black, the apex of
the femora, the base and apex of the tibife, and the tarsi rnfo-testaeeous ;
the wings hyahne, the nervures black ; the tegulse red. 3' . Length,
4 mm.
Hah. Sikkim.
The antennal tubercles and the scape smooth and shining ; the
flagellum opaque. Face roundly convex, smooth and shining ; the
malar space opaque, closely punctured, margined in front and behind.
Centre of the frontal depression closely, transversely striated. Pro-,
mesonotum, and scutellum closely, uniformly punctured. Metanotum
irregularly reticulated and striated on the sides of the central area.
The depressed base of the mesopleuras striated ; the rest irregularly,
coarsely rugose ; the metapleuras irregularly reticulated. Third and
following segments of the abdomen thickly covered with white pube-
scence.
(To be continued.)
NEW CULICID^ FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY
STATES.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
(Continued from p. 78.)
Danielsia albot^nlata, Leicester, n. sp.
" Thorax with the anterior half scaled shiny silvery white,
remainder brown, a lateral brown spot on each side of the silvery
anterior area. Abdomen brown, witli basal white bands. Hind legs
broadly pale-banded basally ; fore and mid with indistinct pale bands
to metatarsi and first tarsals.
" 5 . Head black, with frosty tomentum ; there is a bare line
down the centre, with a few narrow-curved scales on either side of it ;
outside this behind, and in front between the eyes, the head is thickly
clad with broad spatulate scales slightly brown- tinged ; there is an
oblong spot, parallel with the orbital margin, of broad black scales,
laterally white flat scales, then another small spot of black scales ;
behind these are numerous upright forked scales, mostly black, with a
few light brown ones. On the apex, between the eyes on either side,
three bristles, light brown at the base, black at the apex, project
forwards, more laterally there are three other bristles and then two.
Antenna with the basal joint muddy with a dusky hue, clad with white
scales on its inner surface ; second joint muddy at its base, black
at the apex, clad with longish black scales ; remaining joints black,
pale at the nodes, verticillate hairs black ; silky white hairs on the
internodes. Palpi four-jointed ; the two first joints round and small ;
the third joint somewhat swollen ; the fourth longer than the third ;
fifth very minute and nipple-like, thickly covered with black scales
with a few long black bristles. Proboscis covered with black scales,
except for one-fourth its length in the middle, clad with creamy scales.
l2
112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Clypeus rounded and black. Prothoracic lobes prominent, upper
surface covered with broad white scales. Mesonotum dark brown ; in
front of the wing bases the mesonotum is entirely clad with long silky
white scales, except for a small notch of bronzy scales on either side ;
the white scaling has much the appearance of an inverted Y with
a very thick stem, and there are white scales on the lateral margin ;
at the root of the scutellum is a bare patch. On either side there are
a few white narrow scales. The rest of the mesonotum is clad with
bronzy narrow-curved scales. There are a row of bristles along the
anterior margin of the mesonotum and over the roots of the wings.
Scutellum yellowish-brown ; central lobe clad with white and black
narrow-curved scales ; lateral lobes with white-curved scales. Scutellum
bristles ochraceous. Metanotum dark brown. Wings of Culex type,
clad with dark brown scales ; the median scales rather long and
narrow, lateral scales long and narrow with square ends. Fork-cells
moderately long ; first submarginal longer but scarcely narrower than
second posterior, its base nearer base of wing ; the stem about two-
thirds the length of the cell. Supernumerary and mid cross-veins
meet at an angle. Posterior cross-vein about three times its own
length from mid cross-vein ; fringe scales black. Pleurae with seven
patches of silvery white broad scales, arranged in two rows of three
and one patch above the middle coxa. Metanotum dark umber brown.
Legs with the coxffi creamy, fore and mid legs pale yellowish covered
with black spatnlate scales, except the under surface of the femora
which shows a line of white scales, the under side of the base of the
tibia, the apex of the tibia, which is ringed with creamy yellow scales
in the fore leg, and the base of the metatarsus, and the first tarsal
joint which in both legs show a white band ; hind femora covered with
black scales ; a ring of white scales, about one-third of the total length,
extends round the whole circumference save for a narrow line on the
dorsum ; on the under surface of the apex some creamy yellow scale
and a minute ring of the same placed just before the apex. Knee
spot and imder surface of tibia white scaled ; a broad white band
at the base of the metatarsus and first three tarsal joints. Fore
and mid ungues equal and uniserrate. There are some pale golden
bristles on all the tibiae. Abdomen covered with black scales with
basal white bands which expand laterally into broad spots, especially
large on the seventh and eighth segments. Segments beneath brown
Ecaied, basally white banded.
" (? . Head black, frosted, clad almost entirely with broad white
flat scales parted in the centre over the occiput, leaving a bare line of
the black head showing broadest in front ; laterally there is an oblong
patch of black scales which may almost disappear if the head shrinks
much in drying ; more laterally still a round patch of black scales.
Between the edge of the first patch and the orbital margin is a row of
white narrow-curved scales ; there are other narrow-curved scales
on either side of the middle line just above the occipital foramen
and a few on the vertex between the eyes. There are a moderate
number of upright forked scales bebind and a few inserted among the
black scales of the most median of the two black patches ; they are
dark brown in colour ; there are five brown bristles on either side
projecting forwards ; in some specimens the median bristles are pale
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 113
golden and white, and inwards more laterally there are three to five
others. Antennae 15-jointed ; the two last joints long and thin;
basal joint dusky dark brown in the depression ; a few narrow-white
scales on its internal face ; remaining joints banded dark brown and
white ; the plumes dark silky brown tipped with white, except on
segments seven to ten, where the plumes are pale yellowish brown.
Proboscis black scaled. Palpi scarcely longer than the proboscis, black
scaled, the two last joints clad with pale glistening white hairs ; the
brown lateral spots on the thorax smaller than the female. Wings
scaly, less dense lateral scales bemg very few in number. Markings on
the legs are similar to the female. Fore and mid ungues unequal,
larger tooth biserrate. Dorsum of the eighth segment of the abdomen
covered with pearly white scales, pale golden hairs dense laterally on all
the segments." — (Leicester). Length 4-5 mm.
Time of capture. — ApriL
Habitat. — Kuala Lumpur, in bamboo jungle, Chang Eoad,
five and three-quarter miles from town. Bred from larvae.
Observations. — This species resembles Stegomyia nivea,
Ludlow, but can be at once told by the leg banding and by
the squamose characters as not being a Stegomyia. The female
specimen has three border-bristles to the mid lobe of the scutellum,
a character chiefly noticeable in .^dinae. — F. V. T.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Nymphs of CoROULEGASTiiR annulatus. — The Kev. J. E. Tarbat
has sent me an empty nymph-case of the dragonfly Curd til i'(jaster annu-
latus, of wiiich he found a number last summer about one hundred feet
above Lake Derwentwater. They were by the side of the road next to
the fell, which rose steeply. The nymph-cases were on the earth at
the bottom of the hill — not on rushes or grass. The nymphs must
have travelled some distance before disclosing the imago, for the
nearest water was a small pond some one hundred yards away, on the
other side of the road. — W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames.
Butterflies of France. — I should be much obliged if collectors
who have visited districts in France other than Alps (Savoy, Basses,
and Maritimes), Pyrenees, and Piiviera, would send me lists of butter-
flies (only), and dates if possible ; or refer me to local lists, other than
British. Any such information will be most acceptable, and I will
willingly pay postage, and take care of and return any books or
records submitted to me. — H. Eowland-Brown; Oxhey Grove, Harrow
Weald.
Epinephele IDA var. albomarginata, Fallou. — Mr. Verity's reference
{ante, p. 56) to the aberrant example of E. ida, taken at Roquefavour
in July, 1878, and described and figured by M. Fallou (Ann. Soc. Ent.
Fr. 1888, p. 21, pi. i. figs. 2, a,b) reminds one of the parallel aberration
114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of E. tithonus taken by Mr. Spindler iu Sussex in 1897 (Entom. xxx.
253, fig.).
Note on Zeuzera eucalypti. — A little while since, on going into
my study, I was surprised to see, hanging down from one end of the
table, what appeared at first sight to be a large spider's web, but on
closer examination proved to be a vast number of minute larvffi of this
moth suspended by threads, which from their intermingling had
formed a web. I was at a loss for some time to account for the
strange occurrence, but on reflection remembered that there was a
female moth on a setting-board in the drying-cage standing on the
table, which had laid a vast number of eggs before becoming quiescent.
The colour of the larvae was dark fawn, head black, with a few hairs
projecting along the sides, and a greater number on the anal segment.
Length, 2 mm. They were extremely active, both when making pro-
gress on a level surface, and when suspended over the edge of the table
and letting themselves down by threads. The larvte live for some
three years or more in the trunks of the various species of Acacia
(wattles), and attain to a length of from four to six inches, and as
thick as one's thumb ; they are then of a rich cream-colour flushed
with pink. By many bushmeu they aie considered a delicacy when
roasted over a fire. It is unfortunate that eucahjpti was chosen as the
specific name, as the larvs never tunnel in any species of Encahjptus.
Their tunnels commence some distance up the trunk of a tree, and are
pushed down towards the roots. Sometimes they extend below the
surface of the ground. When a larva is ready to pupate, a large
cocoon covered with sawdust-like fragments of wood is formed. When
ready to emerge, the pupa works itself towards the opening of the
tunnel by means of its strong deflected spines, then pushes itself half
out of the burrow. The perfect insect then emerges, generally during
the night. The female perhaps remains on the tree-trunk until a
male comes along, when copulation takes place. The minute yellowish-
white eggs are thrust, by means of the female's long rigid ovipositor,
into nooks and crannies in the bark all over the tree. The damage
done to the timber of the various species of Acacia is something
enormous. It is hardly possible to find a tree that has outgrown the
sapling stage without one or more — most frequently more — tunnels
formed by the larvse of this moth. The scarcity of natural enemies
accounts for the ravages of these larvffi ; there are no woodpeckers to
lessen their numbers ; parasitic flies and natural causes are practically
the only enemies they have to contend against. Each female lays a
prodigious number of eggs. — Frank M. Littler; Launceston, Tas-
mania.
Urticating Effects of Larval Hairs. — I have read with much
interest the notes that have appeared from time to time on this subject,
but have never until quite recently had any ill-effects from the very
many cocoons of all species of moths that I have handled. A few days
since I had occasion to move some two or three dozen cocoons of the
moth Dacala acuta (one of the Liparidfe) from one box to another.
Not anticipating any ill-efi'ects, I handled them as freely as is my
usual custom. Shortly after I had finished my forearms began to
smart and tingle ; on rolling back my sleeves I found them, from
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 115
wrists to elbows, covered with small hard white lumps about J in, in
diameter, and highly inflamed all round. In a short while the pain
was intense ; eau de cologne was applied, but with no effect ; vinegar
was then tried, with the result that in a few hours the pain had given
place to a feeling of irritation. Next day the lumps had subsided, and
appeared as angry red spots beneath the skin. It was some days
before they disappeared altogether. The only place I was affected on
the hands was between the fingers ; it is a great wonder to me that my
face and neck escaped. As is perhaps well known, the larvae of
D. acuta are very hairy, the greater part of which hair finds its way to
the surface of the cocoon ; it is then brown in colour, and broken
quite small, and at the slightest provocation flies like dust. Some-
times, after handling the cocoons of this moth, I have had my fingers
covered with the short barb-like hairs sticking into the skin, — Frank
M. Littler ; Launceston, Tasmania,
Two Questions of Generic Homonymy. — As the working out of
exact dates of publication, on which hinges so much of our stability of
nomenclature, is a somewhat laborious business, I hold it a duty to
publish such results as one is able to reach. Two of the generic
names brought forward in Heiuemann's Schmett. Deutsch., Band i,,
1859, viz. Luceria (p. 442) and Sora (p. 459), had the misfortune to
collide with the same names in Walker (List, &c., xix. 853, and Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) iii. 259), both dating from the same year. Sora,
by the way, is wrongly attributed to " White " in Marschall's ' Nomen-
clator.' I find that Heiuemann's Luceria will be able to stand, which
is fortunate, as it has been adopted by Stauduiger and Rebel (Catalog,
p. 190) ; but Sora will sink as a homonym. The dates, as nearly as I
can ascertain, are as follows: Sora, Walk., April, 1859; Sora and
Luceria, Heinem., Oct., 1859 (advertised in Brockhaus' Monthly
Catalogue for Nov., 1859, p. 182) ; Luceria, Walk., after Nov. 12th,
1859 (date of preface). — Louis B. Prout ; 246, Kichmond Road, N.E.,
Feb. 17th, 1904.
Lyc^na ICARUS var. melanotoxa. — I Itave a small specimen of L.
icanis which corresponds almost exactly with that referred to by Mr.
Verity (ante, p. 58, pi. iv., fig. 14) ; also a similar aberration, but with
the line crescent-shaped instead of a bar. These examples are from
the Isle of Man. — T. H. Shepherd ; 15, Hope View, Carr Lane, Shipley.
[The form of L. icarus referred to by Mr. Verity as var. melanto.ra,
Pincit., is pretty generally known to lepidopterists in this country. The
union of the lower basal spot with the last of the marginal series, on
under side of the fore wing, is a form of aberration not confined to
L. icarus, but is found to occur in its British congeners L. conjdon and
L. bellargus ; in the former of these two species perhaps more espe-
cially. The last spot of the marginal series is geminate, and in the
early stages of the development of the aberration >t is the upper
portion of this double spot that generally becomes elongated in the
direction of the lower basal spot. The complete junction of the two
spots usually assumes the arcned form (ab, arena, Fav. ), sometimes
termed a "horseshoe-mark" by collectors, but it maybe bar-like, as
in vielantoxa. — Ed.]
116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The Generic Name Syntomis, Ochs., a Synonym. — In vol. i. of his
' Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsenfe,' p. 59, Sir George Hampson
cites Sijntomis, Ochs. (type phegea) and Amata, Fab. (type ■passalis) as
generic synonyms, giving the date of both as 1808; and he naturally
gives preference to the more generally employed name. But. unfor-
tunately, Zeller's citation of the date 1808 for vol. vi. of Illiger's
' Magazin,' in which Fabricius's Amata and other genera are pub-
lished, is as indefensible as it is inexplicable ; the title-page is dated
1807 ; this date is accepted by Zeller's collaborators in Agassiz's
'Nomenclator,' and even Zeller himself is not consistent, for he gives
1807 in at least one case [Castnia). On investigation, I find definite
proof that the names in question were really published in 1807, for
they are quite freely cited by an anonymous reviewer of Hilbner's
' Sammlung Exotischer Schmetterlinge " in the Allg. Lit. Zeit. for
Dec. 19th, 1807 (1807, Band ii.. No. 303, pp. 1177-1181). Amata,
Fab., is therefore certainly prior to Syntomis, Ochs. — Louis B. Prout ;
246, Richmond Road, N.E., Feb. 17th, 1904.
Migratory Flight of Crenis boisduvali, Wall. — On Feb. 10th we
were surprised by the above flying over the district of Verulam in such
numbers that I shall not perhaps be exaggerating when I say millions
passed over within an hour. The direction of the flight seemed to me
at the time to be from S.W. to N.E. There was nothing unusual at
the time as regards the temperature, unless it was a little hotter for
the midday ; but old residents of this place tell me they have on other
occasions seen a white butterfly (I believe them to be referring to
Pieris alba, Wall.) swarm around the flats for hours, the fowls, &c.,
following them up for food. C. boisduvali, though never so common
as P. alba, is commonly found down the South Coast, where it feeds
upon a shrub named in Medley-Wood's ' Natal Plants,' Ea-ccccaria
reticulata, and known to the Kaffirs as " Hlya-im-punzi " ; but there is
no accounting for these flies putting in their periodical appearances in
such numbers as mentioned. The larva is not gregarious, and can
never be taken in dozens when collecting. Three years ago I made
reference in this magazine (Entom. xxxiv. 98) to a butterfly migration
when the regiment was stationed in Northern Natal. — H. W. Bell-
Maeley; Durban, Natal, Feb. 12th, 1904.
Aberrations of European Butterflies. — In the March number of
the ' Entomologist,' Mr. Verity gives an account of several interesting
varieties of butterflies from Tuscany, and inquires whether anyone else
has met with similar forms. On p. 36 of my • Butterflies of Switzer-
land,' &c., I liave noted that Polyommatus alexis ab. arcua is the usual
form around St. Triphon, and not uncommon elsewhere at the Vaudois
end of the Rhone Valley. This form is identical with var. melanotoxa,
Pincitore, as given in Mr. Verity's illustration. I described the form
in the Ent. Rec. vol. xiv. p. 58, and inquired whether it was identical
with melanotoxa. Not having received any answer to this query, I used
the name current in the Rhone Valley, viz. arcua, Favre ; this must
evidently fall before Pincitore' s name, which dates from 1879, Favre'a
name not having appeared in print (though previously current in con-
versation) until my mention of it in the Ent. Rec. as above. Colonel
Agassiz, of Lausanne, has specimens of Colias edusa of much the same
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 117
size as those illustrated by Mr. Verity. I have compared them to-day.
They are early spriug specimens from the neighbourhood of Florence.
With regard to the varieties of Erebia neoridas, is it really certain that
the insects illustrated belong to that species at all ? They lack the
characteristic shape of the fore wings, which are usually very trun-
cated. Another peculiarity of E. neoridas, even more universal, is that
the inner edge of the rust-coloured band, upper side fore wing, is almost
as straight and firm as if marked off with a ruler, and, although in the
two upper side illustrations the band is broken off before its normal
termination, yet there is more than enough remainmg to show the
strongly curved form of the inner edge of the band. If the illustrations
are as good as they appear to be, I should have had no hesitation an
referring all three to Erebia eiiryale. I have specimens from the Dent
du Midi above Champery, taken last August, which exactly correspond
with the under side illustration, except that the light band is yellow
instead of white. The deep tooth on the inner side of the band is very
characteristic of E. eunjaie ; that in E. neoridas is much slighter and
less conspicuous. A specimen of Chrysoi^lianus phlceasah. schmidtiiviQ,^
taken by Mr. Sloper at Martigny in August, 1901 (see ' Butterflies of
Switzerland,' &c., p. 18). — George Wheeler ; Montreux, March 17th.
Kecent Books on Coccm.E, or Scale Insects. — Those who are
interested in this very important, but till lately much neglected, family
of insects, may be glad to know that the study has been greatly
facilitated during tlie last year or two, and is now receiving attention
from many good practical observers both at home and abroad. Three
large books on the subject may specially be mentioned : —
1. Robert Newstead, ' Monograph of the British Coccidae.' Two
vols. (Ray Society), 1901 and 1903. (Completed.)
2. Mrs. Maria E. Fernald, A.M., "A Catalogue of the Coccidte of
the World " (Special Bulietm, Hatch Experiment Station of theJMassa-
chusetts Agricultural College, Bulletin No. 88), 1903. (Completed.)
3. E. Ernest Green, ' The CoccidtB of Ceylon.' Parts 1-3, 1896,
1899, 1901. (In progress.)— W. F. Kirby.
CAPTUEES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
MoRiMus FUNEREus IN ENGLAND. — A Specimen of the longicorn
Moriiiius funeretis was taken either in 1899 or 1900 in the East India
Docks, I believe for the first tiir e in England. For this reason it may
perhaps be well to record it. — E. C. Ansorge ; 12, Addison Road,
Bedford Park, W., March 17th, 1904.
Neuroptera from CHEsmRE. — The following species of Neuroptera
were taken by Mr. R. South in 1895 : — tlemerobius siibnebalosus,
Macclesfield. Ciuysupa fiaca, Macclesfield. Phri/(/anea grandis, P.
striata, Macclesfield. Liinnophilus griseas, L. ignavus, L. lunatus,
L, centralis, Langley. Asgnarchus codiosus, Langley. Micropterna
lateralis, Macclesfield. Stenophylax stellatus, Macclesfield. Ilalcsus
radiatus, Macclesfield. Anabulia nervosa, Macclesfield. Fiectrocnemia
118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
conspersa, Macclesfield, I should say that several of these were identi-
fied by Mr. McLachlan. — W. J. Lucas.
Leucophasia sinapis, ab. — At Grange, last June, I captured an
example of L. sinapis in which the black apical spot is absent ; thus
the fore wings are pure white. — T. H. Shepherd; 15, Hope View,
Carr Lane, Shipley.
[The specimen referred to above seems to be an example of ab.
erydmi, Dup., which is a form of the female sex only. — Ed.]
Unusual Find of Sphingid Larvae. — I think that January 18th,
1904, will long remain a record day so far as concerns findicg Sphingid
larvae. The day was dull and a fine rain was falling, and I was out
from 10 a.m. till 1.30 p.m., and from 3.15 p.m. till 6 p.m. During
that time I found, entirely by searching, no less than fifty-three larvsB
and thirteen different species, made up as follows: — Andriasa mutata,
very rare, one; Lophostethus dumolinii, very rare, two; Macroglossa
trochilas, three ; Cephonudes hylas, nine ; Aellopos hirundo (new ; Dr.
K. Jordan, of Tring, will describe), five; Temnora manjinata, ten;
T. rnurina (new ; Dr. K. Jordan will describe), two ; Pohjptychus grayi,
five ; Clicerocampn eson, two ; Xephele accentifera, five ; FAichloron me-
gerea, rare, six ; PldegetJiontius fulvinotata, rare, two ; Manduca atropos,
one. The imago of A. hirundo has not been seen on tlie wing here
since January, 1901, and is always very rare; larvfe were discovered
by following up a female that was depositing ova on Saturday, 9th inst.
Temnora uiurina is another very rare iiawk-moth, and, although I found
two or three larvae last year, I did not preserve the same, as I wished to
rear the moth. The il/. atropos and C. eson larvae I only took to make
up two more species ; both are very common, and I could have taken
numbers more had I chosen to search for them. I may mention that,
besides the hawk-caterpillars mentioned above, I took abovit fifty larvfe
of other families of moths, but nothing out of the common, except
two Acripia poliutis, a new and rare species. — Geo. F. Leigh ; Durban,
Natal.
Three Weeks in the New Forest, 1903. — My friend and co-
collector Mr. H. G. Toye and myself decided to try the New Forest
last year ; being the first time we had ventured in that part of the
country, we were greatly delighted with the scenery, and the insects to
be talien. Considering the very bad season, I think we may con-
gratulate ourselves on having done fairly well. A professional collector
told us that it was the worst season for insects he could remember, a
statement fully confirmed by several other collectors whom we met.
We arrived at Brockenhurst on June 26th. Amongst the captures
during the daytime I may mention Argynnis paphia, in very good con-
dition and in great numbers ; the males were first seen on the 29th,
and the females on July 7th ; of the aberration valesina we took some
twelve specimens and saw several others, mostly in very fair condition.
We also took A. adippe, Limenitis stbglla (in great numbers and in very
good condition during the first week of our stay), A. selene (one with
bleached under wing), Satyriis semele, Epinephele hijperanthus, K. titho-
nus, Thecla quercns (one male on July 12th), Paiarge egeria (poor),
Lyca^na agon, Hesperia sylvanus, H. thanmas [linea), and a number of
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 119
larvse of Gonepteryx rhamni from buckthorn (Rhamnus fra?igula), some
young and some nearly full-grown, which pupated between July 9th
and 18th, the first to emerge being a male on the 28th of the same
month, males and females continuing to emerge until August 3rd.
We also took larvae of Eachelia jacobcece feeding on ragwort (Senecio
vulgaris), together with several male and female examples of the perfect
insect; Gnuphrla ruhricollis, Eiicosmia undulata, and one Boarmia gla-
braria on July 13th ; I also obtained two larvce of this local insect
feeding on lichen on oak trees on July 4th, which pupated on the 28rd
and 27th; the imagines emerged on August 5th and 8th respectively.
On some of the moors I took fine series of Euthenionia russida (both
sexes), Fidonia atomaria, Lasiocampa qiiercus (male), Macruthylacia ruhi
(male), Anarta myrtilli, Pseudoterpna cytiscaria, Lithosia mesomella,
Melanippe rivata, and Tephrosia extersaria.
Sugaring was the worst I have known for years ; though we sugared
religiously every night, our take was very small, including Leucania
turca, Moma oiion, Thyatira derasa, T. bads, Aplecta nebulosa, Euplexia
lucipara, Dipterygia pinastri, Xylophasia hepalica, Carodrhia morpheus ;
we expected Catucala spotisa and C. pro)nissa, but were disappointed.
At dusking we were fairly successful — more in quantity, though, than
in quality; Melanthin albicillata , Gidaria fulvata, Boarmia roboraria,
B. consortaria, Lithosia mesomella, Fseudoterpna cytisaria, Metrocampa
margaritaria, Larentia pectinitaria, Aspilates strigillaria, Ellopia fasci-
aria, Cabera pusaria, Ephyra trilinearia, and Heiuithea thymuiria were
amongst our captures in this line.
We tried light, both with and without a sheet, also acetylene gas,
but the result was far from satisfactory. By these means we took
Pericallia syrinyaria, Plusta chri/sltis, Agrotis porphyrea, Xotodonta
camelina, Urapteryx sambucaria, Boarmia roboraria, Macaria alternata
(one), and Halia vauaria. I also obtained from an oak tree a full-
grown larva of Lipans monacha, which pupated on the 16th, and
emerged a fine female on the 28th of July.
On June 30th we went to Ringwood, in the hope of taking Emydia
cribrum, but, though we tramped the heather there all day, we did not
see a single specimen ; possibly we were rather late for this insect.
The only insect taken worthy of note was a good series of Bupalus
piniaria, including both sexes, flying round pine trees. Having heard
that Gnophos obscnrata was being taken, and wishing for a series our-
selves, I broached the matter to several professional collectors, but
found this class of collector very shy on such subjects, and could get
no information whatsoever as to the spot to find this insect. I was
afterwards told by a gamekeeper of the Forest of a spot where he used
to take the species twenty years previously. We found this spot, and
by rattling with a stick in the rabbit-holes, and by raking about under
ridges of the ground, we disturbed them from their hiding-places, from
which they flew out by dozens, so that after a very short time we had
as many as we could possibly wish for, all being of the dark form. I
also took Angerona prunaria. and Pachycnemia Idppocastanaria. I may
mention that during tiie three weeks of our stay at Brockenhurst we
only had one really rainy day. — Lawrence S. Hodson ; "Maisonnette,"
Palmer's Green, N.
120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — February 3rd, 1904. — Pro-
fessor E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc, F.Pi.S., President, in the chair. —
The President announced that he had nominated Dr. Thomas Algernon
Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. ; Dr. Frederick Augustus Dixey, M.A., M.D. ;
and the Rev. Francis David Morice, M.A., as Vice-Presidents for the
Session 1904-1905. — Mr. A. J. Chitty exhibited two specimens of
Ptinus tectns, Boisd., taken by him in a granary in Holboru in the
winter of 1892-93 ; also a complete series of the red Apions to com-
pare with A. sanriuincum fi'om the late Frederick Smith's collection. —
Mr. 0. E. Janson exhibited specimens of Papilio iveiskei, Ribbe, and
Troides meridiojialis, Rothschild, recently taken by Mr. A. S. Meek near
the Aroa River in the interior of British New Guinea. — Mr. E. C.
Bedwell exhibited the following species of Coleoptera taken by him in
North Wales (on Snowdon) in the first week of August, 1903 : — A fine
series of Chnjsomela ccrealis, L., a pair of them being of the curious
dull form, Anthophcujiia alpinus, Payk., Aciduta crenata, F., Arpedium
brachi/jitenoii, Grav., and Qiiediiis lungicornis, Kr., the latter taken close
to the Llanberis Falls. There appears to be no previous record of
this species occurring in Wales. — The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited a
series of lantern slides illustrating the structure of concealed ventral
segments in males of the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. Mr. W. J.
Kaye exhibited a Mullerian association of black and transparent
species from the Potara Road, British Guiana, consisting of Ithomiinm ;
Ithomia zarepha, Ithoniia jionda, Heterosais sylphia, and ^^apeocjenes
n. sp. ; Erycinidcc : Stalachtis phadusa, and Stalachtis ecelina ; Hypsidce :
Laiiron partita; Geoinetridce, Hyrmina, n. sp. The whole of the speci-
mens had been caught on one single forest-road, some 170 miles
inland. Mr. Kaye called particular attention to the new species of
Xupeoijenea, and said it was a most remarkable divergence from the
usual coloration of the genus Xapeuyeius as a whole, where brown-
yellow and black were the prevailing colours, while the present insect
was black and transparent only, and conformed in a wonderful way
with many true members of the genus Itliomia. — The President
exhibited a male and female of Papilio dardanus, captured iii coitu
by Mr. George F. Leigh at Durban in 1902, and examples of the
offspring reared from the eggs laid by the female. The latter was of
the cenea form, as were the great majority of the female offspring ;
three, however, were of the black and white hippocoun form. More
recently, in 1903, Mr. Leigh had captured a female of the rare tropho-
nius form, and had bred from the seven eggs laid by it five butterflies,
of which the two females were both of the commonest cenea form. The
female tropliunius was also exhibited, together with the five offspring.
— Capt. C. E. W^illiams read a paper upon " The Life-history and Habits
of GoiKjylus (jonyyloidcs, a Mantis of tlie tribe Erupasides, and a Floral
Simulator," and exhibited a living female in the nymph stage, to-
gether with coloured drawings, photographs, and lantern-slides, show-
ing both the adult and immature insect in various positions. The
chief features of interest in the exhibitions lay in the peculiar modi-
fications of shape and colouring by which this Mantis conceals itself
and attacks the LepidoxJtera and Diptera which constitute its prey.
SOCIETIES. 121
The female exhibited was the sole survivor of twenty-one brought to
England in June, 1903, from Kangoon. It was hatched during
January, and had passed through eleven ecdyses, but failed to effect
the last change to the imago stage in October, 1903. — Mr. G. A. J.
Eothney comniunicated "Descriptions of New Species of Cnjptonm
from the Khasia Hills, Assam, and a New Species of Bembex," by
Peter Cameron. — Mr. Malcolm Burr contributed " Systematic Obser-
vations upon the Dermatoptera." — Dr. T. A. Chapman read a paper
" On a New Species of Hetemgynis,'' and exhibited specimens of this
and other allied species. — Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., read a paper
" On some New or Imperfectly-known Forms of South African Butter-
flies," and exhibited, among other specimens illustrating his remarks,
typical and aberrational forms of Acrau rahira, Zeritis felthami (a new
species), Z. mulowe, Trim., and Z. dawarensis, Trim. ; typical Colias
electra, L., from Natal, and a remarkable melanic aberration of the
same species ; also Kedestas tucusa, a very rare and unfigured Hesperiid,
male and female, from the neighbourhood of Johannesburg.
March 27id. — The President in the chair. — Mr. L. C. H. Young, of
1, Rampart Row, Bombay, was elected a Fellow of the Society. —
Commander J. J. Walker, E.N., exhibited Hecatesia fenestrata, Bdv.,an
interesting Australian moth, the male possessed of a very marked power
of stridulation, the stridulating organ being on the longitudinal trans-
parent bar on fore wing, known in N. S. Wales as the "whistling moth ; "
Dodonidia hclmsi, Butler, a rare Satyrid butterfly from New Zealand ;
and a gigantic species of the Thysanurid genus Jai)yx, found at Picton,
New Zealand. — Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse exhibited and commented upon
a diagram of the mouth of one of the Mallophaga, Lainobothrium titan.
— Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited specimens of two species of Dor-
cadioii found during his recent journey in Spain — D. almarzense, Esc. ?,
from the summit of Moncayo, and D. neilense, Esc, from the Sierra
de Logrono. He also exhibited numerous examples of Fi/ropsi/che mon-
caunella, Chapm., found by Dr. Chapman and himself on Moncayo. —
Mr. A. J. Chitty, Mr. F. B. Jennings, and other Fellows, exhibited
specimens of the genus Triopiphonis, which seemed to show that T. tomen-
tosHs and T. obtusus were in reality one and the same species. — The
President exhibited a specimen of a beetle, Gienea piilchella (Thoms.),
one of the three individuals of the species taken on June 25th of last
year, near Barwood, in the Nilgiris, by Mr. Leslie Andrewes, which
clearly mimics a large ichneumon fly. He said that when the whole
genus Gienea is examined, the marked conspicuousness of some of the
species suggests that the mimetic resemblance displayed by others is
Miillerian or Synaposematic, rather than Batesian or Pseudaposematic.
— Mr. L. B. Prout exhibited, on behalf of Mr. A. Bacot, long bred series
of Triphmia comes, Hb., the result of breeding for two generations from
a wild female of the cnrtisii form, taken near Forres. In the first gene-
ration, rather more than half the progeny followed, to a certain extent,
the parent female, though varying from rich deep red to almost black.
Pairings of these dark specimens resulted in a brood in which the per-
centage of ab. cnrtisii was slightly increased, although the type-forms
were still well represented ; but it was noticeable that in every specimen
the orbicular stigma was filled up with the darker or melanic colour. —
Dr. F. A. Dixey read a note on the " Bugong " moth, which is used for
122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
food by some Australian natives in New South Wales. He pointed
out that it was not a Eiiplcea, as supposed by Kirby in his ' Bridge-
water Treatise,' but a Euxoa ; and not a butterfly, as further stated by
Westwood.— Mr. Arthur M. Lea commuuicated " Notes on Australian
and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, with descriptions of New Species." —
Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow communicated " A Revision of the subfamily Pelid-
notinae of the Coleopterous family Rutelidfe, with descriptions of New
Genera and Species," by the late Frederick Bates. — Colonel Charles
Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S., read a paper " On some New Species of
Eastern Australian and African Moths in the British Museum." — Mr.
George Charles Champion, F.Z.S., read a paper on " An Entomo-
logical Excursion to Moncayo, Spain, with some remarks on the
Habits of Xylehonis dispar, Fabr., by Dr. Thomas Algernon Chapman,
M.D." — Mr. Kenneth J. Morton communicated " Further Notes on
Hydroptilidfe belonging to the European Fauna, with descriptions of
New Species," and Mr. W. C. R. Shelford, M.A., communicated " A
Note on Elymnias bonieensis, Wallace." — A discussion on " What is a
Species ? " was opened by the Rev. F. D. Morice, in which Mr. H.
J. Elwes, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Mr. A. J. Chitty, Mr. W. E. Sharp, the
President, and other Fellows joined. — H. Rowland-Brown, Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
February Uth, 1904.— Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—
Mr. Montgomery exhibited a curious malformation of the wings which
had occurred in a brood of Ocneria dispar. A pair of the malformed
specimens were selected, and from them was bred a brood, nearly the
whole of which had the same peculiarity, viz. a large semicircular
portion of tbe apical part of the hind wings being undeveloped. — Mr.
South, albino and santbic aberrations of Epiuephele tithonns, taken by
Mr. G. M. Russell, on the chalk downs in South Hampshire, in 1898,
1899, and 1900. — Mr. Kaye, photographs of the Potara River, British
Guiana, where he had spent some months in entomological collecting.
Mr. R. Adkin, series of Leucoma (Liparis) saHcis reared from pup^e col-
lected at Heme Bay last year, and made remarks on the scarcity and
abundance of the species for some years past. — Mr. Newberry, several
conspicuous species of Indian Coleoptera, and a very large species of
water-bug. — Mr. West (Greenwich), an example of the rare Coleo-
pteron, Gunandrophthalma ajfim's, from Wychwood, Oxford, where it
was discovered in 1899. — Mr. H. Moore, specimens of Coleoptera and
Orthoptera, from Natal. — Dr. Chapman, brilliant but dwarf speci-
mens of Cyaniris aryiolus, and bred examples of Arctia fasciata, one of
the most gorgeous of Continental " tigers," from Moncayo. Spain,
together with a bred series of Chrysophanus amphidamus. — Mr. Sich
read a paper, " Notes on the genus Coleophora," dealing chiefly with
the life-history of C. fnscedinella, with description of its egg, and with
the method of constructing and enlarging its case.
February 25th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Edwards ex-
hibited a striking variety of Hypena rostralis, having a broad light-
brown costa, and other unusual markings of the same colour. — Mr.
Colthrup (1), a very light aberration of Abraxas grossulariata, having
only a few black dots and marks on the disc and margins, with a
narrow yellow band and base ; (2), a blotched form of Aryynnis
SOCIETIES. 123
[Brenthis) eupJirosyne ; and (3), a series of photographs of varieties of
Brijopldla murnlis, B. perla, Polia cJii, and Psilura monacJia. — Mr.
Manger, an example of Halicopis cupido from Demarara, which was of
a beautiful light ground colour, with more or less suppressed and di-
minished dark markings, together with the typical form from Brazil,
for comparison. — Mr. Sich, a specimen of Bedellia somnulentella, with
its pupa-case, which closely resembled that of a Pierid in miniature. —
Mr. Montgomery, long and varied bred series of Pieris napi. largely
from Ireland, and contributed notes. — A large number of lantern-
slides were exhibited by Messrs. Tonge, Warne, Lucas, Hamm, Dennis,
Harrison, Goulton, Main, and Clark. The objects represented were
larvffi and ova of Lepidoptera, protective resemblance in insects,
orchids, plants in their haunts, studies of trees, diatoms, and forami-
nifera.— Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — February loth, 1904. —
Annucd Meeting. — Mr. R. C. Bradley, Vice-President, in the chair. —
The various Annual Pieports were read, and Officers and Council
elected for the ensuing year. — Mr. G. W. Wynn exhibited a boxful of
varieties of various Lepidoptera, including, amongst others, the fol-
lowing: — Aryynnis valesina, Esp., from the New Forest; pale Vanessa
urtica;, L., from Teignmouth ; SpUosoma lubricipeda, L. ab. zntima, Cr. ;
black Hadena laonoylypha, Hufn., from Hampton-in-Arden ; Ayrotis
exclamationis, L., from Wyre, with spots confluent ; a beautiful varie-
gated var. of A. corticea, Hiib., from Lapworth ; A. cinerea, Hiib. var.
obsciira, from Wyre Forest ; and Mamestra pisi, L., with the white
markings lengthened out across the wing, from Sutton Park. — Mr. J.
T. Fountain showed a series of Larentia autumnnlis, Strom, {implu-
viiita, Hb.) bred from sallow-bloom, from the Wye Valley. The larvfe
were found in the old blossoms of the female trees, which still remained
attached to the stems in June. There were but a few larvas, but the
resulting imagines showed almost the whole range of variation — uni-
colorous black, barred forms, dark marbled ones, light marbled ones
nearly all green, and some with ochreous ground colour. — Mr. H.
Willoughby Ellis showed his collection of the Geodephaga, and gave a
general account of the division and a running account of the species
and their local occurrence, &c. — Colbran J. Wainwright, FI071. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire and Manchester Entomological Societies.
— The first ordinary gathering of the current session took the form of
a joint meeting of the two societies, which, by the kind invitation of
Dr. Hoyle, was held in the Museum, Owens College, Manchester, on
Feb. 15th, 1904. The President of the Manchester Society, Dr. W.
E. Hoyle, presided over a large assembly of members. On the invi-
tation of the chairman, Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A. (Manchester), ex-
tended a hearty welcome to the visiting Society, alluding in the course
of his remarks to his having first taken up the study of entomology
when in Liverpool, and first collected on the Wallasey sandhills with
the late Messrs. Ben Cooke, Gregson, Roxburgh and others, prior to
settling in Manchester in 1871. Having congratulated Mr. G. 0. Day
on his new List of Local Lepidoptera, he referred to his pending
departure from Lancashire. Dr. Hoyle intimated that the Manchester
Society hoped shortly to issue a List of the Lepidoptera of the District.
124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Letters having been read from Mr. S. L. Capper, F.E.S., President of
the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, and Major Ronald
Eoss, C.B., F.R.S., the chau-man called on Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S.,
who communicated an excellent paper " On the Structure of the Lepi-
doptera," which was illustrated by the author's preparations thrown on
the screen by a new micro-lantern, shown by Mr. Greenwood. The
lecturer dealt in an interesting and instructive manner with the
structure of the wings, legs, and other organs of the Lepidoptera, and,
by the aid of a long series of most beautiful slides, showed the un-
doubted relationship existing between certain species and groups of
moths as exhibited by the genitalia. A hearty vote of thanks having
been accorded the reader, an adjournment was made for refreshments,
kindly provided by Dr. Hoyle, after which the following exhibits,
amongst others, were shown : — Nonat/ria geminipuncta, from the Isle of
Wight, by Mr. R. Tait, Junr., who mentioned the fact of its attacking
the reeds where they are more scattered, such as in the bordering hedge-
rows, rather than where they grow more closely in the centre of the
marshes where it is found. He also showed two very fine dark forms
of Boanuia abietaria. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree exhibited Melitaa aurinia
from various English and Irish localities, the latter possessing clearer
and more defined markings than the English specimens, which have
a browner tinge. — Mr. J. Collins exhibited a valuable representative
collection of Crambidfe. — Mr. L. Krah, fine specimens of Caligula
japonica and Rhodia fugax, bred in England from Japanese ova, in ex-
hibiting which he gave some interesting details regarding their food-
plants, and stated that the cocoon of the former, consisting of a fine
network, was usually attached, either to a piece of stick, or to folded
leaves. — Mr. J. Kidson Taylor's British Coleoptera contained, amongst
many other rarities, Meloe brevicollis (Millersdale), Cryptocephalus coryli
(Sherwood), and C. sexpunctatus (St. Osyth's), Heptaulacns villosns,
OspJuja bipunctata (Cheltenham), and Silpha reticulata (Barmouth). —
Mr. J. Ray Hardy's extensive collection of the Rhyncophora of the
world found many admirers. He also exhibited three specimens of the
very rare Eaphidia notata, captured in Sherwood Forest ; and gave
some interesting introductory remarks anent the well-known Reston
Collection of British Coleoptera, which, through the kindness of Dr.
Hoyle and Mr. Hardy, was also on view. Cgnthia cruta, Papilio epius,
and other exotic moths, were shown mounted between slips of glass,
with the object of facilitating the examination of either side. — E. J. B.
Sopp and R. J. Wigelsworth, Hon. Secretaries.
The Entomological Club. — On Tuesday, March 15th, a meeting
was held at Wellfield, Lingards Road, Lewisham, the residence of Mr.
Robert Adkin, the chairman and host of the evening. Five of the six
existing members and eleven honorary members and friends were
present. After supper. Professor E. B. Poulton and Mr. A. J. Chitty,
who had been appointed honorary members at Mr. Verrall's meeting,
held at the Holborn Restaurant on Jan. 19th last, were elected members
of the Club. The membership of eight is therefore now complete.
A meeting was also held on March 23rd at 58, Kensington Mansions,
South Kensington, when Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe entertained fifteen
visitors, four of whom were members of the Club.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVII.
MAY, 1904.
[No. 492.
ON A SEKIES OF ABEERATIONS OF EPINEPHELE
TITHONUS.
By G. M. Russell, B.Sc.
In the 'Entomologist' for 1898 (xxxi. p. 293), I recorded the
capture, on the chalk downs of the south of Hampshire, of an
aberrant specimen of E. tithonus, in which the normal ground
colour was replaced by yellow. Since that time I have obtained
other zanthic and also albino specimens from the same locality,
with the result that I now possess a series of nine varieties in
which the usual brownish orange ground colour is replaced by
yellow in some specimens, and by white in others. This series
of varieties seems to deserve special notice on account of the
whole of them having been taken within a very limited area ;
one occasionally sees records of captures of odd specimens of
ENTOM. — MAY, 1904. M
126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
yellow varieties, but I am not aware that any other single locality
has produced a number. Besides the insect taken in 1898, re-
ferred to above, two of the specimens were taken in 1899, and
no less than six in 1900. In addition to these, a yellow male
was taken in 1897, and another fine yellow male was seen on
August 12th, 1903. In connection with the larger number taken
in 1900, it may be mentioned that E. tlthonus was exceptionally
abundant in that year in the South Hampshire locality where
the varieties were obtained ; and this abundance probably ex-
tended to other districts, for the large numbers in which the
species appeared at Christchurch and the New Forest were the
subject of a note by Mr. W. J. Lucas in the * Entomologist '
(xxxiii. p. 350).
With the exception of two white females (one of which is
figured, fig. 1), all the specimens are males. Although two or
three of the yellow specimens are much alike as regards ground
colour, the whole series shows a gradation in colour from a
specimen which has partial normal colouring, through inter-
mediate chrome-yellow specimens, to the three white ones. The
beautiful specimen shown in fig. 2 difters from the normal
not only in having a clear yellow ground colour, but also in
possessing additional spots on all the wings, the upper spot on
the hind wings being white-centred.
The whole of the varieties were taken at spots within a mile
of each other, and about a mile or so from the sea. Three of
the specimens were taken, in different years, at spots only a few
yards apart, but any conjecture as regards the transmission of
the variant character from parent to offspring is, of course,
useless until a direct ajjpeal is made to experiment. All the
specimens were taken on chalk hills, and it is interesting, and
perhaps suggestive, to note that the white male, fig. 3, was most
difiicult to capture on account of its matching so closely the
lights and shades of the chalky soil of the field in which it was
taken. Although only a feeble flier, some half-dozen unsuccess-
ful attempts at capture were made, and at each attempt the
insect at once left the grass-bordered hedgerow and made for the
cultivated part of the field. Its absolute and sudden disappear-
ance as it passed over the edge of the broken-up ground was
most astonishing, and one could only wait for its return to
the hedge, where in a few moments it was again found some
yards off.
I may mention that the form, called by Tutt (* British
Butterflies ') ab. excessa, which possesses one or two additional
black spots but has normal colouring, is not uncommon in the
South Hampshire locality where I have collected, thus supporting
Barrett's statement (' Lepidoptera of the British Islands ") that
this variety occurs in the immediate neighbourhood of the sea.
It would be interesting to learn in what localities the albino
LEPIDOPTERA IN JERSEY. 127
specimens figured and described by Barrett were taken. The
one or two records wliich I have seen of the captures of yellow
and white specimens seem to indicate that these varieties also
are found only in the vicinity of the coast. The yellow speci-
mens seem to be similar to the form described by Seebold under
the name var. mincki (Berliner Entom. Zeitschrift, xxxvi. 1891,
p. 467). The yellowish white form, suhalhida, Verity {ante, p. 56),
appears to be intermediate between var. mincki and my white
specimens. I therefore propose the name albida for the white
form (figs., 1, ? ; 3, <?).
On looking at this series one can hardly help speculating as
to the possible cause of the albinism. The question is essentially
one for experiment, and the observations which appear to give a
clue to the answer are those of Standfuss, who showed that the
majority of aberrations were caused by the effect of abnormal
temperature conditions on the pupa. He showed, moreover,
that the general effect of treating the pupa as in his "heat " ex-
periments was to produce aberrations in Avhich the colours were
paler than the normal. Numbers of aberrations similar to those
actually occurring in nature were produced in this way, but I
am not aware that tithonus was one of the species treated.
LEPIDOPTERA IN JERSEY, 1903.
By G. B. Coney.
The following is a list of moths taken and reared during
the past year in Jersey, with dates of capture of the more in-
teresting species. From July 6th to 31st, being away, I did no
collecting in the island : —
Sphinx convolvuli, August 25th to October 14th.
Smerinthiis po2mli, June 27th.
Macroglossa stellatarum, March 26th.
Ilyloyhila prasinana, July 1st.
Nola cristulalis, May 31st.
Lithosia complamila. L. caniola, August 17th to September 24th.
Euchelia jacohcece.
Callimorpha hera, August 25th.
Nemeophila russula, June 27th.
Arctia caia. A. villica (reared).
Spilosoma fidiginosa, August 12th. S. mendica, May 23rd
and 24th. S. lubricipeda. S. menthastri.
Cossus ligniperda (reared).
Porthesia chrysorrhoea (reared).
Liparis auriflua, August 8th to 12th.
Dasychira 2)udibimda, June 26th.
M 2
l'^8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Lasiocampa quercus. L. trifolii, September 24th.
Odonestis potatoria.
Drepana hamula, August 19th.
Cilix spinula, June 3rd to 27th, and August 2nd to 11th.
Lophopteryx camelina, May 21st to 30th, and August 9th to 80th.
Notodonta dictcea, May 25th. N. dictceoides (reared). N. zic-
zac (reared).
Petasia cassinea, December 10th.
Phalera hucephala, August 26th.
Diloba ccBi'ideoccphala (reared).
Thyatira hatis, August 20th to September 3rd.
Cymatophora ocularis, June 26th to July 1st.
Bryophila glandifcra, August 12th.
Acronycta 2)si. A. meyacephala, July 4th. A. riimicis.
Leucania vitellina, October 3rd. L. litkargyria. L. alhipuncta,
August 19th to October 17th. L. patrescens, August 12th to
September 1st. L. l-alhum, September 8th to November 2nd.
L. pallens.
Gortyna fiavago, September 20th.
Axylia putris, May 30th to July 4th.
Xylophasia lithoxylca. X. polyodon.
Aporophyla australis, September 24th to 26th.
Heliophohus hispidus, September 8th to October 3rd.
Cerigo cytherea, August 12th to 27th.
Luperina tcstacea, August 28th to September 14th.
Mamestra hrassiae.
Apamea hasilinea, May 28th. A. ocidea.
Miana strigilis. M. farmicida, August 6th.
Grammesia trilinca, May 30th to June 17th.
Stilbia anomala, September 15th to 18th.
Caradriiia morphcus, May 31st to June 30th. C. cdsines,
July 2nd and September 9th. C. amhigua, June 9th to July 5th,
and August 28th. C. cubicidaris, September 9th to November 3rd.
Riisina tenebrosa, May 31st to June 27th.
Agrotis piita, August 12th to November 13th. A. suffusa,
October 28th to November 2nd. A. saucia, August 22nd to
November 9th. A. scgetum. A. exdamationis. A. corticea, July
2nd and August 22nd. A. nigricans, August 12th to 19th. A.
tritici, August 19th to September 12th. A. porphyrea, August 2nd.
Noctiia glarcosa, September 29th to October 28tb. A^. plecta.
May 27th to June 17th, and August 2nd to September 12th.
N. c-nigrum, June 9th and 17th, and August 17th to 30th.
N. triangidnm, July 2nd. N. /estiva, June 9th to 26th. N. rubi,
June 1st and August 9th to 30th. N. xanthographa, August 12th
to October 14th.
Triphcena ianthina, August 6th to 30th. T.fimhria, Septem-
ber 4th to 20th. T. orbona. T. pronuha.
Amphipyra pyramidea, August 8th to September 17th. A. tra-
gopogonis, August 12th to September 6th.
LEPIDOPTERA IN JERSEY. 129
Mania typica, August 12th. M. maura.
Teeniocampa gothica, May 27th. T. instabilis, March 8th.
T. stabilis, March 9th to April 24th.
Orihosia upsilon (reared). O. lota, October 20th to November
13th. 0. macilenta, October 20th to 28th.
Anchocelis riifina, September 30th to November 4th. A. jns-
tacina. A. liinosa, September 29th.
Cerastis vaccinii, October 17th to 28th. C. liqida, October
17th to November 9th.
Scopelosoma satellitia, March 12th.
Xanthia silago, October 20th. X. ferruginea, October 3rcl to
November 2nd.
Calymnia trapezina, September 1st. C. affinis, August 12th.
Diantha'cia conspersa, May 19th to July 5th. D. capsincola ,
May 13th to June 27th, and August 21st.
Hccatera serena, June 27th to 29th.
Polia flavicincta, September 23rd to October 23rd.
Epunda lichenea, October 20th to 29th. E. nigra, October 7th
to November 13th.
Miselia oxyacanthce, October 12th to November 2nd.
Agriopis aprilina, October 3rd to November 2nd.
Phlogophora meticnlosa.
Trigonophora empgrea, September 30th to November 4th.
Euplexia lucipara, May 22nd to June 17th.
Hadena dentina, June 8th. //. chenopodii, August 11th to
September 5th. H. oleracea. H. pisi, June 2nd to 17th.
Cacidlia verbasci, May 20th to 30th.
Habrostola urtic(e. May 21st to June 27th. H. triplasia.,
September 20th to 24th.
Plusia chrysitis, June 27th to July 4th, and August 26th. P.
gamma.
Acontia luctuosa, July 1st.
Erastria fuscala, May 31st to June 27th.
Phytometra cenea, June 17th.
Catocala nupta, August 22nd to October 20th.
Uropteryx sambucata.
Biimia ci'atcsgata.
Venilia macidaria, June 12th.
Metrocampa margaritaria.
Eurymene dolobraria, June 25th to 30th.
Selenia illunaria. S. lunaria, May 28th to June 1st, and
August 22nd.
Odontopera bidentata, May 13th to June 15th.
Crocallis elinguaria, August 15th to 22nd.
Ennomos alniaria, August 2nd to September 23rd. E. erosaria,
August 27th to September 15th.
Himera pennaria, October 30th to November 23rd.
Phigalia pedaria, February 26th.
130
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Amphidaays hetularia (reared).
Hemcropliila ahruptaria, May 19th to June 11th.
Cleora lichenaria, August 1st.
Boarmia repandata. B. rhomhoidaria. B. consortaria, May
28th.
Nemoria viridata, June 27th.
lodis lactia7'ia.
Hemithca tJiymiaria.
Epliyra porata, August 2Gth. E. punctaria, May 24th and
August 12th.
Acidalia ruhricata, August 13th. A. scutulata, June 30th and
September 1st to 16th. A. incanaria, May 28th to June 16th.
A. promutata, August 15th to September 25th. A. imitaria.
A. aversata.
Timandra amata via.
Cabera exanthemata.
Bapta temerata, July 1st to 5th.
Macaria alternaia, June 17th.
Panagra petraria.
Selidosema plumaria, August 6th to 13th.
Ematurga atomaria .
Aspilates citraria, May 30th to 25th, and August 13th to Sep-
tember 23rd.
Abraxas grossulariata.
Lomaspilis marginata, June 28th to July 5th.
Hyhernia rupicapraria, February 12th. H. marginaria, March
11th to April 6th. //. defoliaria, December 20th.
Clieimatobia hrumata, January 20tli to 26th.
Oporahia dilutata, November 9th to 23rd.
Larcntia pectinitaria.
Emmelesia alhidata, June 9th. E. decolorata, May 28th to
June 17th.
Eupithecia oblongata. E. subfulvata, August 25th to Sep-
tember 22nd.
Lobophora viretata, June 6th.
Melanthia ocellata.
Melanippe snbtristata. M. galiata, June 1st to July 2nd, and
August 1st. M. flactuata.
Anticlea ruhidata, June 4th to July 5th. A. derivata, May 11th.
Coremia j't'opiignata, August 12th to 27th. C. ferrugata.
C. unidentaria.
Camptogramma bilineata.
Cidaria psittacata, October 28tli to November 3rd. C. cory-
lata, May 30th to June 27th. C. russata. C. suffiimata, April
24th to June 8th. C. testata, August 21st to September 30th.
C. pyraliata, June 26th to July 1st.
Pelurga comitata, August 2nd to 18th.
Anaitis plagiata, June 17th to 27th, and September 22nd.
NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 131
Aventia flexiila, July 1st.
Other species of the genera Eupithecia were taken, but are
at present unidentified.
A few. notes on the best captures may be of interest. Sphinx
convolvuli was abundant at tobacco plants, thirteen specimens
being taken, and many more seen. Ten specimens of Lithosia
caniola were taken at a lamp placed in the window of a room
overlooking the seashore. One Leucania vitellina at sugar. L.
albipuncta was common. L. putrescens, eight specimens at sugar
and light. Eight L. l-album at sugar. Nine Heliophobus his-
pidas (all males) at light. Nine Epunda lichenea at light and
ivy. Trigonophora empyrea, very plentiful at sugar. The
sj)ecimens of Selenia lunaria, taken in August, were very much
smaller than the early brood. Ennomos erosaria, two specimens
at light. Five Acidalia ruhricata on sandhills by day; these
varied in colour from drab to dull crimson. Aspilates citraria
was found commonly, and Melamppe galiata swarming. Though
searched for on several nights, I only obtained four specimens of
Cidaria psittacata, and two of these were chipped. The only
butterflies worth mentioning are a fine series of Melitcea cinxia,
reared from larvae found on the sandhills in April.
Glen Vale, St. Martins, Jersey.
ON NEW SPECIES OP BUTTERFLIES FEOM
EQUATORIAL AFRICA.
By Emily Mary Sharps.
Mr. a. H. Harrison has entrusted me with the determination
of a very large collection of Lepidoptera which he made in various
districts of Equatorial Africa, such as Nandi, Nairobi, Nyangori,
Kamagombo, &c.
I have found the collection to be one of great interest, and
have described several new species, amongst which is a very fine
Charaxcs.
1 have not given a detailed list of the species collected by
Mr. Harrison, but the following will give some idea of the number
procured by him : — Danaidse, 12 ; Satyrida3, 26 ; Acraeidae, 41 ;
Nymphalidae, 91 ; Lycaenidae, 56 ; Pieridae, 81 ; Papilionidte, 20 ;
Hesperidfe, 36 ; Heterocera, 29.
Mr. S. A. Neave has seen and examined some of the speci-
mens in this collection, when working at Mr. Wiggins's series of
Lepidoptera from the same region, in the ' Novitates Zoologicae,'
vol. xi. p. 323, 1904. He has helped me considerably in my
determination of Mr. Harrison's collection. I must also thank
132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST^
Prof. Poulton, F.PuS., for the help and advice he gave me when
I visited the Hope Museum.
Family Acr^id^.
ACR^A HARRISONI, Sp. n.
Closely allied to A. egina, Cram., but distinguished from that
species by the bright red streaks between the nervules of the
fore wing.
^ . Fore wing : Ground colour smoky black, rather more trans-
parent towards the apical area. The brilliant red patch on the inner
margin extends slightly more to the base, and the black spots, although
situated exactly as in A. eijina, are somewhat larger. Huid wing very
similar to that of A. ei/inti. The under side, although brighter and
having the spots and markings more pronounced, agrees in other
respects with that of the above mentioned species. Expanse, 3 in.
Hah. Nyangori. (Type in A. H. Harrison coll.)
$ . Differs somewhat from that of A. eijina, the apical band on
the fore wing in this species beiug yellowish buff instead of white. The
black spots ou the hiud wing are also rather smaller. Fore wing :
Ground colour smoky brown, with a light suffusion of red ; two spots,
one in the cell situated between two black spots, and the other near the
posterior angle, also red and brighter in colour ; red streaks between
the nervules also indicated as in the male. The yellowish-white band
near the apical area not so white as in the female of A. eyina. Hind
wing : General colour bright red, the costal and inner margins deep
yellow ; the basal area suffused with brown, and the black spots much
reduced in size. The under side of both wings does not differ from
that of A. cf/ina and A. arcca, Mabille. Expanse, 3 in.
Hah. Nyangori. (Type in A. H. Harrison coll.)
This species may turn out to be only a local form, but, as a
fair number have passed through my hands, I venture to give it
a name. Besides the types above described, Mr. Harrison has
in his collection a male from Nairobi (October 17th, 1903), a male
from Nandi, and a female from Nyangori.
Family Nymphalid^e.
EuPH^DRA PARADOXA, Neave, Nov. Zool. xi. p. 333, 1904.
<? . Fore wing : Costal margin, apical area, and hind margin
glossy greenish black, the apical area relieved by an oblique creamy-
white band ; the base and central portion of wing of a much brighter
green tone. Hind wing : Ground colour of bright glossy green colour,
with a narrow hind marginal border of greenish black, relieved by
internervular spots of paler green. The under side, with the exception
of being a pale uniform green, does not differ from the description
given by Mr. Neave of the female. Expanse, 2-3 in.
Hab. Nairobi, March 17th, 1903. (Type in A. H. Harrison
coll.)
NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 133
Both sexes are represented in Mr. Harrison's collection, of
which there are two pairs ; all taken at Nairobi, March 17th,
1903.
Charaxes harrisoni, sp. n.
Allied to C. epijasius, Eeiche, and the European species
C. jason, Linn., but differs from the former species in having a
distinct submarginal row of orange-buff spots on the fore wing.
The blue on the hind wing is more restricted than in the former
species, although more strongly marked than in C. jason.
^ . Fore wing : The whole of the basal area chestnut-brown ; discal
area brownish black, relieved by a transverse line of chestnut spots
from the costa to as far as the inner margin, and situated between the
nervules ; a second row of orange-buff spots also strongly indicated, but
not extending beyond the first median nervule. The orange-buff border
on the hind margin agrees with that of C. epijasiHs, but is decidedly
narrower. Hind wing : Ground colour brownish black, suffused near
the base with dull chestnut ; about the centre of the costal margin is,
a very distinct white patch suffused with chestnut ; the lower portion
(which becomes somewhat narrower) bright chestnut-brown, and termi-
nating above the radial nervure. The submarginal line of blue deeper
in colour, but narrower than in C. epijasius. The orange-buff hind
marginal border not so broad. The under side is similar to that, of
C. epijasius. Expanse, 3'1 in.
Hab. Kamagombo, January 24th, 1903. (Type in A. H.
Harrison coll.)
Family Lyc^nid^.
SpINDASIS NAIROBIENSIS, Sp. n.
Allied to S. victorice, Butl., and S. mozamhica, Bertol, but is
distinguished from both species by having the bands on the
under side of both wings bright chestnut-brown.
Fore wing : The extent of the orange-yellow area on the apical
portion somewhat larger than in S. victoria;, the two spots in the cell
being also tinged with yellow. Hind wing similar to that of the species
mentioned above, but exhibiting a little more red on the anal angle.
Fringe of both wings reddish yellow. Under side nearest to that of
S. victoria, but has the ground colour of both wings yellowish white ;
the silver lines heavily outlined by chestnut-brown. Expanse, 1 in.
Hab. Nairobi, March 17th, 1903. (Type in A. H. Harrison
coll.)
Family Pierid.e.
Teracolus xantholeuca, sp.n.
Allied to T. evenina, Wallengren, but differs in wanting the
black border on the inner side of the orange apical patch on the
fore wing.
<? . Fore wing : The whole of the central area creamy white,
faintly dusted with grey on the inner margin near the base ; the apical
area bright orange-yellow, narrowly edged with black on the costal
134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and hind margins to as far as the first median nervule. Hind wing :
Ground colour creamy white ; the nervnles terminating in black spots
on the hind margin ; the costal margin greyish black ; a slight dusting
of grey visible at the base of the wing. Under side : Central area of
the fore wing white, the apical area orange-yellow, but paler than on
the upper side ; black nervules relievin'; the orange patch, but not
extending beyond the second median nervule. Inner margin blackish
grey, but not continued for the whole length. Hind wing : Ground
colour white, all the nervules indicated in black, a faint indication of a
brownish band across the discal area just visible, although more strongly
marked in some of the otlier specimens. Expanse, 1"4 in.
Hah. Kavirondo, January, 1900. (Type in F. J. Jackson
coll.)
The female resembles those of T. carteri, Butl., and T. isaura,
Lucas.
? . Fore wing : Central area creamy white ; the basal area rather
thickly dusted with greyish black ; the apical area brownish black,
relieved by five orange spots of a somewhat pale tint ; a faint line of
this pale orange colour being also visible on the inner edge of the dark
apical patch. Near the posterior angle, on the inner margin, is a
dusky grey spot, a thin dusky line uniting it to the dark apical area.
Hind wing : Central area white, the base dusted with grey, hind
marginal border brownish black, rather heavily marked ; a broken
transverse discal line of brownish black also shown on the costal
margin, and again across the median nervules, almost uniting with
the hind marginal border. Under side : Ground colour white ; on the
apical area an oblique band of orange, with a smoky suffusion of brown,
the latter extending to the posterior spot ; the apex pale sulphur-
yellow ; the costa and nervules near the hind margin smoky brown.
Hind wing : Ground colour greenish white, the nervules strongly
emphasized as brown lines ; tlie reddish-brown discal band well pro-
nounced, but broken between the third median and radial nervule ;
the usual orange streak present along the costal margin. Expanse,
1*5 in.
Hah. Kavirondo, January, 1900. (Type in F. J. Jackson
coll.)
Some of the females vary somewhat, the yellow spots on the
apical area of the fore wing being replaced by white ones. This
is an interesting little species, and I shall figure it shortly in my
' Monograph of the genus Teracolus.'' It seems to have a fairly
wide distribution, as specimens are in Mr. Harrison's collection
from Nairobi, Nyangori, and Kamagombo.
In the Hope Museum at Oxford are specimens sent by Mr.
Wiggins from Lake Victoria Nyanza, north-east shore, 3800 ft.,
South Kavirondo, Ugaia to Kisingiri ; all collected January
lst-14th, 1903.
135
A "BUTTERFLY SUMMER" IN ASIA MINOR.
By Margaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 108.)
The following is a list of my captures : —
Papilio podalirius, L. — Generally distributed ; very common at
Broussa in April and May. Some of the specimens of the summer
brood at Amasia had an inclination, more or less, for var. zanclmis, Z.
P. machaon, L. — Not so common as the preceding.
Thais cerhyi, B. — I took some magnificent males at Broussa, at
the end of April and in May ; they did not differ from the typical form,
except in being rather larger. At Amasia, at the end of May, this
butterfly was over, but I collected a good quantity of the larvae, which
I found feeding on a small-leaved dwarf aristolochia, from which I
have about thirty healthy pupse, so that I hope in the spring to obtain
some var. deyroUei, Oberth.
T. volyxena var. cassandra, Hiib. — Two specimens only from
Broussa in April and May.
Doritis apollinns, Hbst. — Common locally near Broussa towards the
end of April. The specimens are larger and finer than those I have
from Syria ; but though the females are much darker, and generally
more or less suffused with red on all the wings, the small red marks
which are present on the fore wings of the males in all my Syrian
specimens, are either entirely, or almost entirely, absent in everyone
I took at Broussa. At Amasia this butterfly was completely over, and
the larvae, even on the Lokman (4000 ft.) already nearly full-fed.
Aporia cratcegi, L. — A splendid form, common at Broussa in May.
Pieris brassica, L. — Not very common ; all the specimens I saw
were typical.
P. rapm, L. — Not common anywhere ; I only observed it occa-
sionally, and seem to have but one specimen, which I took at Broussa
in September.
P. )iapi, L. — Also not common. I have one typical specimen from
Broussa in May.
P. daplidice, L. — Abundant at Amasia. The females were large,
and broadly marked, whereas the males were for the most part small
and undersized.
P. chloridice, Hiib. — The summer brood appeared at Amasia about
the second week in June. Up a side valley, with a dried- up water-
course, off the north side of the Kerasdere, it flew abundantly, but the
males were extremely difficult to catch. It was also not uncommon
in the Tshirtshir Valley, fresh specimens being easily met with
throughout July.
Anthocharis belia var. ausonia, Hiib. — Common on the plateau at
the top of the Caraman on June 16th.
A. canlamines, L. — Common at Broussa in April.
ZegrU menestho, Men. — Over at Amasia when I got there at the
end of May ; I only took one good female on the 80th of that month,
and two more females early in June ; but neither of these were really
136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
fresh, and the few males still left were almost past recognition. I
hoped to find the larva, but did not succeed in doing so.
Leucophasia. sinapis, L. — Common at Broussa in April and May.
L. duponcheli var. (estiva, Stgr. — Very common at Amasia in June
and July.
Colias edusa, F., and C. hyale, L. — I took no other Colias but these
two species. The former was common everywhere ; the latter rather
less so.
Gonepteryx rhamni var. farinom, Z. — All at Amasia were of this
variety, and when compared with the type are quite distinct, the lower
wings in the males being of a pale greenish yellow, and the upper
wings also much suffused with the same tint towards the outer
margins. The females, too, were slightly greener than the type. I
saw two broods of this insect at Amasia ; the first was out when I
arrived at the end of May, and the second appeared towards the end
of July and August.
Thecla spini, L. — Aggressively abundant in the Maidan, and other
localities near Amasia in June.
T. ilicis, Esp. — Just coming out before I left Broussa in the middle
of May.
T. qucrcus, L. — Two very fresh specimens (both males) in the pine
forest, above the old Sivas Road, near Tokat, in July.
T. rubl, L. — Common at Broussa in April and May.
Thestnr nooeUii, H.S. — Fairly common on one spot near the top of
the Caraman ; also singly in the Maidan, and other places near
Amasia, at the end of May and beginning of June. The orange patch
on the fore wings, which is such a decided sexual distinction in 2\
ballus, was in this little butterfly not only by no means restricted to
the females, but neither was it necessarily always present in that sex.
Of the two female specimens I was able to procure, in one of them the
orange patch is very large and conspicuous, whereas in the other it is,
on the fore wing, almost invisible ; and of the males I have a series
gradually diverging from entirely dark, till the patch in at least two of
them is very nearly as broad and distinct as in the one female.
Chrysophaniis rirrjaurea, L. — One very fine male taken near Tokat.
C. ochinnis, H.S. — Bad specimens were not infrequent near Amasia,
in the Maidan, &c., at the end of May and beginning of June. The
second brood began the first week in August, but I did not stay late
enough to get any females.
C. thersamon, Esp. — Extremely common at Broussa in August and
September. I had also observed some few specimens there in the
spring. It also occurred at Amasia and Tokat, but I took none
belonging to the var. omphale, Klug.
C. asabinus, H.S. — One rather damaged specimen on the Caraman
in July. I saw no others.
C. ratilus, Wernb. — In the marshy meadows of the plain near
Broussa; not uncommon, but rather the worse for wear when I first
discovered it there early in September.
C. alciphron var. melibcEus, Stgr. — One splendid female only, two
days before I left Broussa (May 19th). The species was evidently only
just beginning to come out, and at Amasia all I saw, which was not
many, belonged to the var. yordiiis, Sulz.
A "bUTTKRFLY summer" in ASIA MINOR. 137
C. dorilis, Hiib. — In May, and again in August, at Broussa. The
females were dark, except for the orange band on both wings ; but I
have specimens equally so from Austria and Hungary.
C. phloeas var. eleus, F. — A very good form of this variety occurred
at Broussa in August and September. Bersa caught a fine male, in
which the submarginal row of black spots on the under side of the fore
wings were elongated into broad black bands, almost confluent.
Lijcano. bcetica, L. — Fairly common at Broussa in August and
September.
L. telicanus, Lang. — Common in certain places on the plain near
Broussa in September.
L. balcanica, Frr. — A succession of broods seemed to appear at
Amasia throughout the summer. It also occurred singly at Broussa,
spring and autumn. The specimens were smaller and darker, with
more black spots on the upper side than those I took in Palestine two
years ago. Possibly the latter were L. theophrastus, F. (?).
L. trochilus, Frr. — A brood was just out in the Maidan when I first
got to Amasia at the very end of May. Later on another brood
appeared in July, and I took a female on the Caraman, in which
the ground colour is black instead of dark brown, and the orange
bands above and below of a pale straw-colour, the freshness of the
specimen entirely precluding any possibility of its being faded. At
Broussa this species was rather rare.
L. (E(jon, S.V. — Very common on the top of the Lokman, near
Amasia, in June.
L. loewii, Z. — At Amasia early in June. The males were very
common at Guelly, especially up a small narrow gorge, where a tiny
stream was still trickling down through the rocks ; later on this
stream was quenched in the drought of summer, Loewii was also
common at Tokat, and both sexes were in fresh condition in the
middle of July.
L. zephi/rus, Frr. — One male taken at Mersivan, the end of May,
and a few females at Amasia a little later,
L. eurypilus, Frr. — Very common all round Amasia in June and
July, and it also occurred at Tokat. The females were sometimes
only distinguishable from those of L. loewii by the orange band being
brighter and less suffused with black on the under side of the fore
wings.
L. bavius, Ev. — Only two females caught in the Maidan, at the
beginning of June, the species being nearly over, and I should imagine
not common at any time.
L. baton, Berg. — At Broussn, in April, and Amasia in June ; not
very common.
L. panarjcea, H.S. — I have only two specimens of this little butter-
fly. One I took in the " Nogellii Gorge," on the Caraman, and the
other in the Tschirtschir Valley ; both in June, I think I ought to
have taken more, but at a place like Amasia, with so many interesting
species, mostly occurring m swarms, things of insignificant appear-
ance are not uneasily overlooked.
L. astrarche, Bgst. — Common at Amasia throughout the summer.
(To be continued.)
138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CURRENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 100.)
1. A. E. Shipley: "The Orders of Insects" (Zool. Anzeiger,
xxvii. 259-62 (1904).
2. R. C. L. Perkins : "Later Notes on Lantana Insects"
(Proc. Hawaiian Live Stock Breeders' Association, 2nd
Ann. Meeting, pp. 58-61 (1904)).
3. E. Bergroth: " Neue Myrmecopliile Hemipteren " (Wiener
Ent. Zeitung, xxii. 253-6 (1903)).
4. J, D. Alfken : " Beitrag zur Insectenfauna der Hawaiischen
und Neuseelandisclien Inseln (Zool. Jahrb., Abth. fiir
Syst. xix. 561-628. Plate 32 (double) (1903) ).
5. A. J. Turner: "Revision of Australian Lepidoptera" (Proc.
Linnean Soc. New South Wales, xxviii. 42-92 (1903) ).
6. F. W. GoDiNG : "A Monograph of the Australian Membra-
cidffi" (/.c.2-41; Plate 1 (1903)).
Shipley's arrangement of the orders of Insecta (1) is identical
with that of D. Sharp (1898), except that the Panorpatse are
separated as a distinct order ; the opportunity, however, is taken
to disturb several well-known names in order to have a uniform
termination of "-ptera"; it is to be hoped that this somewhat
childish mnemonic will not be followed. The sequence is as
follows, a supposed new name being indicated by a star : —
After YGOTA : —
Old Name.
Shipley's Name.
1.
Thysanura.
Aptera.
2.
Collembola.
^-'^Apontoptera.
Anapterygota : —
3.
Mallophaga.
"-•'Lipoptera,
4.
Anoplura.
"Ellipoptera.
5.
Siphonaptera.
Apbaniptera.
EXOPTERYGOTA : —
6.
Orthoptera.
Orthoptera.
7.
Perlidffi.
Plecoptera.
8.
Psocidffi,
"^'Psocoptera.
9.
Termitidae.
Isoptera.
10.
Embiida?.
"Embioptera.
11.
Ephemerida^.
'•■'Epbemeroptera.
12.
Odonata.
'■'Paraneuroptera .
13.
Thysanoptera.
Thysanoptera.
14.
Hemiptera.
Hemiptera.
Endopterygota :-
—
15.
Neuroptera.
Neuroptera.
16.
Mecaptera.
Mecaptera.
17.
Tricboptera.
Tricboptera.
18.
Lepidoptera.
Lepidoptera.
19.
Coleoptera.
Coleoptera.
20.
Strepsiptera.
Strepsiptera.
21.
Diptera.
Diptera.
22.
Hymenoptera.
Hymenoptera.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
139
The correct fixation of the Linnean orders Aptera and Neu-
roptera is a matter of very great difficulty, and should be very
carefully worked out. The original spelling of the first order was
Thysanoura. The fleas have a prior name, viz. Suctoria; while'
the correct name of the Orthoptera is, as pointed out by West-
wood, undoubtedly Dermaptcra. The prior name of Trichoptera
is Elinguia. While keeping apart the Trichoptera, Siphonaptera,
various " Neuropteroidea," &c., it is perhaps a little inconsistent
not to recognize the earwigs as Euplexoptera. The Procidse have
a prior ordinal name, viz. Corrodentia; and the Ephemeroptera*
should be known as Plectoptera. While giving these recent
names, what becomes then of the more ancient Pseudoneuro-
ptera, Anisoptera, Megaloptera, Pihaphioptera, &c. ?
Perkins (2) brings up to date the account of the insects that
were imported into the Hawaiian Islands from Mexico, to check
the growth of lantana. Although the difficulties of transportation
were very great, five species of Lepidoptera have thoroughly
established themselves, as have also two species of Diptera and
one bug ; "of the two species of flies, the success of the one was
instant and phenomenal."' With the exception of the imported
bug, which has natural enemies in the shape of other bugs, all
the other imported lantana insects are " at present practically
free from attacks from other predaceous or parasitic insects ;
and it is quite certain that the parasites, which in Mexico destroy
at least ninety per cent, of the individuals of the lantana-eating
species, were entirely eliminated here before the latter was liberated.
To this fact is due the astonishing rapidity of increase of some of
the quicker-breeding insects in these islands, so that, after three
months, from two or three dozen of the berry-eating fly originally
liberated the progeny, had already run into many millions." This
dipteron is as yet undetermined.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS.
Hertfordshike Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. — A meeting of
the Hertfordshire Natural History Society was held at Watford on
March 29th, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson, Secretary, Linn. Soc, President,
in the chair, when Mr. A. E. Gibbs, Recorder of Insecta for the
Society, presented his annual report. He remarked that it was satis-
factory, at the close of a season which had proved so disappointing as
1903, to be able to announce the addition of uine species of Lepidoptera
to the list of a county which had been so well worked as Hertfordshire.
It was true that all these records could not be credited to 1903, but
'•' For it is stated that E^jlicmeroiotera is a new name ; it was, however,
employed by J. B. Smith in 1896.
140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the majority of them were the result of last season's work. They
were: — Tapinostola hellmaniii, Mamestra fi(n'a, and Afirotis aquilina, all
taken at light at Hitchin by Mr. A. H. Foster, of The Gr'ange, Hitchin ;
Xoctua ijlareosa, captured on heather-bloom at Ashridge by Mr. A. H.
Goodson, of Tring ; Dicycla uo, taken at sugar in the garden by Miss
Alice Dickinson, of New Farm, St. Albans; Polia chi, a very light
specimen, from larva taken at Hitchin on monkshood when searching
for pupae of Plusia moneta ; Asthena si/lvata, taken in the same town at
light; Pi/iausta aurata, of which, after diligent search, two specimens
were discovered near Tring by Mr. A. H. Goodson ; and Friopsda
fractifasciana, beaten out of a hedge by Mr. Philip J. Barraud at
Aldbury.
An interesting result of the work of the past few seasons had been
the confirmation of several records made by F. J. Stephens, the well-
known entomologist, in the earlier years of the nineteenth century,
thus re-establishing in the county list species which it was feared had
disappeared from Hertfordshire. Stephens, who was a clerk in the
Admiralty, in the formation of his famous collections made frequent
visits to many places in the vicinity of London, the neighbourhood of
Hertford being a favourite hunting-ground. In his ' Illustrations of
British Entomology ' are given a large number of records of Lepido-
ptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Neuroptera from
that locality, and these form the earliest, and in some cases the only,
local lists. So far as the Lepidoptera are concerned, these have been
collected together by Mr. John Hartley Durrant, F.E.S., and embodied
in a valuable paper, which is printed in the ' Transactions of the Hert-
fordshire Natural History Society.' The Coleoptera noted by Stephens
had been dealt with by Mr. E. Geo. EUiman in the first volume of tl^e
' Victoria History of Hertfordshire,' and the comparatively few records
of insects of other orders had been by himself (Mr. Gibbs) in the same
work. In the ' Illustrations ' Stephens mentions Apatura iris as
occurring near Hertford in July, 1833. but from that time until the
present no record of the presence of the insect in the county had, so
far as he was aware, appeared. He was glad, however, to be able to
state that it was almost certain that A. iris was still to be found in
some of the larger woodlands. Mr. Foster, of Hitchin, had seen, but
not taken, it, and the keepers in two woods stated that they had seen
a beautiful purple butterfly settled on the dead animals in their
"larders." This evidence, although perhaps not absolutely conclusive,
was very suggestive, and he hoped another year would see A. iris
definitely re-instated in the county list. Other records of Stephens's
which after the lapse of many years had received confirmation were
Acontia liictuosa, taken near Hitchin by Mr. Foster, and Mi/elophila
cribrella, captured at light at Cheshunt by Mr. Boyd. The year 1903
was, he thought, generally regarded by entomologists as one of the
worst seasons on record. The long-continued spell of cold wet weather
was, he thought, the chief cause of the scarcity of insects. The
bright interval in October appeared to have been the chief redeeming
feature of a bad year. For a few evenings at that time he found sugar
very attractive, one of the most abundant species in his garden being
Polia fiavicincta, of which insect and of Hi/peno rostralis, and one or
two others, he exhibited a long and varied series. In Hertfordshire,
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 141
as elsewhere, Vanessa cardid appeared in thousands, and another
butterfly which was in evidence in every garden was F. atalanta, which
he found very partial to the overnight sugars. Some interesting
reports from observers in various parts of Hertfordshire brought the
paper to a close.
Mr. Gibbs subsequently read a second paper dealing with the
species of Coleoptera which had been added to the county list during
the year by Mr. E. Geo. Elliman, of Chesham. The number of species
recorded by Mr. Elliman in the 'Victoria History' was 1542, and that
gentleman now announced the discovery of thirteen other beetles,
making a respectable total of 1555. — A. E. Gibbs.
Variation of T^niocampa gracilis. — From about forty larvfc of
Tccniocampa gracilis found in the Rannoch district on sweet-gale
(Myrica gale), most of which were destroyed by ichneumons, I have
bred six specimens, all of the soft bright red form. In four of these
the stigmata are obscure, a,nd the subterminal line is darker red.
Two, however, are of a form I have not seen described. The sub-
terminal line is bright pale green with no dark shading. The stigmata,
including the claviform, are outlined with pale green clouding, a band
of which joins the orbicular and the reniform. From the latter, rays
of the same colour extend for a short distance along the nervures
towards the subterminal line. — E. A. Cockayne; 6, Tapton House
Road, Sheffield.
Note on the Hybernation of Gonepteryx rhamni. — January 17th,
1904, dawned extremely cold, no less than thirteen degrees of frost
being registered. But the sun was shining brilliantly between ten and
eleven, when I happened to notice a female 6r. rhamni sitting on a
stem of Jasminnm nuditlomm about a foot from the ground. Had she
been in this position for any considerable time previously, I think I
must have noticed her, as I pass the spot several times every day,
seeing that it is between my front door and front gate. The jasmine
clambers over an eastern wall, which is also partly covered with ivy,
and my theory is that the butterfly had been previously sitting con-
cealed in the ivy, but had been tempted by the bright sun to crawl out
on to the jasmine, where her colour was in harmony with the multi-
tudinous yellow flowers. The wall faces the east, and is built on
Loddard's Hill, 161 ft. above sea-level. Thinking that under these
bleak conditions she was not likely to remain in her seemingly ill-
chosen position for very long, I observed her carefully, and took notes
of the temperature for the next few days. But in spite of ray antici-
pations to the contrary, there she remained until March 9tli — a period
of fifty-two days ! During this time, through every possible vicissitude
of weather (except deep snow), tlie insect never left the same stem,
although she moved some two or three inches higher \vg it. One day
I noticed that her antennae were thickly covered with hoar-frost.
The day when she took her departure, flying towards Maldon, was
bright and warm, and a friend of mine residing some five miles off (in
that direction) tells me he noticed a rhamni flying in his grounds on
that day. " The same, or not the same, that is the luestion." — (Rev.)
Gilbert H. Raynor ; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, April 5th, 1901.
ENTOM. — MAY, 1904. N
142 the entomologist.
Probable Effect of Last Season on the Occurrence of Insects. —
I believe it will be a matter of general interest if field entomologists
will note, during the coming season, the scarcity or otherwise of day-
flying moths, butterflies, and dragonflies. Especially with reference
to butterflies and dragonflies there seems reason to expect a falling- off
in the numbers of species, since the small amount of sunshine, low
temperatures, frequent winds and rains must have necessarily inter-
fered with their matrimonial alliances. — J. Arkle ; Chester,
Aberrations of European Butterflies. — I was somewhat surprised
in reading Mr, Wheeler's observations {ante, p. 116) on my article,
" New Forms and New Varieties of European Butterflies," or rather those
in reference to my new variety etrusca of Erebia neoridas. Mr. Wheeler
states he is not sure the specimens I figure belong to E. neoridas at
at all, saying true neoridas presents two constant characters that my
specimens lack, viz. that the fore wings " are usually very truncated,"
and that "the inner edge of the rust-coloured band, upper side fore
wing, is' almost as straight and firm as if marked off with a ruler."
An accurate examination of a series of specimens from the south of
France has proved to me that the two characters mentioned by Mr.
Wheeler are not constant ; about ten per cent, of the specimens haviug
the rust-coloured band nearly half as narrow in the middle as at the
ends, and the borders consequently very concave : as to the shape of
the fore wings, some have them much less truncated than the speci-
mens I figure. If Tuscan specimens are considered, it is found they
vary much more than the French ones, and that the inner edge of
rust-coloured band is venj rarely straight. What is still more strange
is that Mr. Wheeler " should have no hesitation in referring all three
specimens figured to E. eunjale," since the first character that distin-
guishes this species and E. ligea from all the others is the chequered
white and black fringe ; whilst even in the plate the fringes of my
specimens are clearly uniform brown. As to the tooth on inner edge
of band on under side of hind wings, it is just as marked in many
French specimens of E. neoridas as it is in the one that I figure. I may
mention here that one of my specimens of this species from Tuscany
has the rust-coloured band on upper side of fore wings so broken up
as to look rather like E. cassiope, and that another has this band
replaced by a greenish grey one ; I do not think any other Erebia has
bands of this colour. If Mr, Wheeler or other readers of the ' Ento-
mologist ' are interested in Tuscan Erebia neoridas, I will willingly
send them specimens. — Roger Verity ; 1, Via Leone Decimo,
Florence, Italy.
A Hint to Collectors of Parasitic Hymenoptera. — Examine
closely the younger larval instars of various leaf- hoppers, especially of
Liburnia and its allies. — G. W. Kirkaldy ; Honolulu,
Aberration of Argynnis paphia. — When looking over back numbers
of this Journal, I came upon a figure in vol, xxvi. p. 97, of an
aberration of a female Arfjynnis lyaphia, which has pale spots on the
fore wings similar to those found upon its variety valesina, and it struck
me that I had a specimen — a male — not unlike it. On comparing it,
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 143
however, I found it to differ in some respects from the figure, mj'
specimen having four smaller spots, one on each wing. Those on the
fore wings are identical as regards position with the most prominent
white markings of valesina, except that they are much smaller, round,
and indented, like the effect produced by pressing the head of a pin
upon paper. On the lower wings the spots, which coincide with those
on the upper wings, have not the latter peculiarity. Still, the aberra-
tion strikes one as having been produced by something which had
pressed heavily upon the wing-cases of the pupa of the insect. Mr.
Frohawk {I.e.) tells us that specimens of A, paphia, mostly males,
frequently have the white spots on each wing, as in this case, others
on one wing only ; whilst in other instances the primaries only are
spotted. He adds that they seem to be found nowhere else but in the
New Forest, whence I secured my example. Now, as there seems to
my mind little doubt that the aberration of the latter was caused by
accidental pressure upon part of the wing-cases of the pupa, may it
not be possible that the occurrences of these spots in A. paphia, as
well as of many of the other irregular forms of coloration in Lepido-
ptera generally, owe their origin to a like cause ? If so, then the
question arises, why should the aberration in the case of A. paphia be
almost, if not altogether, confined to the New Forest ? — F. G. Bellamy ;
Ringwood, April 11th, 1904.
Aberrations of Butterflies. — In reply to Mr. Verity's queries
{ante, p. 59), I have one female of Lycccna icarus var. melanotoxa, taken
on June 17th, 1895, and one example of the same sex, taken on
September 12th, 1894. Both specimens are from Riddlesdown in
Surrey, and that last mentioned also has the basi-costal spots of the
hind wings confluent and strigated, and the superior basal spot of the
fore wings geminate. Also three males taken in Malta on May 17th,
1902, June 14th, 1902, and July 19th, 1901. It is particularly to be
noticed that these are all male specimens. Of Eunjtnus croceus {Colias
edusa) ab. minor, Failla, I have two males, one taken in Malta on
June 2nd, 1902, and the other at Plateali, in Greece, on February 7th,
1901. — Thos. Bainbrigge Fletcher; H.M.S. ' Impregnable,' Devon-
port, April 8th, 1904.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Notes from Westcliff-on-Sea and District. — The season last year
was a most wretched one here, as elsewhere, but, notwithstanding the
almost continuous rains, I met wioh a few interesting species of Lepi-
doptera when the weather was kind enough to allow one an opportunity
of doing a little field-work.
During April and May Pygcera pigra [reclusa) emerged freely in my
breeding-cages from larvte found on aspen and sallow in September,
1902, near Eastwood. From other larvse found at the same time and
place, and also on the same food-plants, were bred odd specimens of
Dicranura bifida and Notodonta ziczac ; also a short series of Eucosmia
tmrfitZrt^fi and half-a-dozen specimens of the scarce " knothorn," Ne-
phopteryx hostilis, Steph., the latter from larvie found on aspen only.
144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
On June 1st the larvae of Geomctra vernaria were found not uncom-
monly on clematis near Southchurch, and during the month Melanippe
unanrjulata was beaten out of hedges here and there ; the latter species
appears to occur all over the district, but not commonly ; a few M. rl-
vata and one Anticlea rubidata were also taken, together with several
Eupithecia succentauriata ; Phibalapteryx tersata also occurred freely
amongst clematis near Prittlewell.
I was unable to do any night-work until July, when Benfleet was
visited on several occasions, and the palings, etc., near the railway
were treacled, with very poor results ; a few of the common Noctua?
which are out in July appeared, and four examples of Mamestra abjecta
were taken ; the commonest insect at the sugar was, strange to say,
Tortrix podana, with several of the var. fuscana. A visit to a ditch
full of reeds near was more interesting, as here I took one Scuta nuni-
tima [idva) at rest on a reed-stem, whilst Chilo phranmitdliis, Scoparia
■pallida, and Herininia cribralis were flying over and amongst the reeds,
and a fine Phorodesma smarai/daria was captured as it iiew over an
adjacent bank.
On July 15th, one of the few fine days we had last summer,
I visited the woods near Hadleigh. Enpitliecia plumbeolata, Lithosia
meaomella, Melanippe albicillata, Crambus pinellus, lihodopluea conaociella,
and II. tumidella were taken, with many other species. Arinjnnis adippe
was seen in the woods, and Melananjia fjahitea was flying freely in the
meadows near the woods ; the latter butterfly I have never met with
elsewhere in Essex, but in this district it is distributed, I am glad to
say, over a wide area along the hills from Benfleet towards Leigh, and
also inland, and it is also to be found on Canvey Island.
During August the larvfe of Eupithecia isogrammaria were in plenty
feeding inside the buds of the clematis near Prittlewell, and on the
coast the larvre of Cliariclea umbra {manjiiiata) were not uncommon at
the end of the month on the rest-harrow ; whilst searching for the
latter I took a single specimen of Eremobia ochroleiica at rest on a
thistle-head. During this month also Tortrices were fairly abundant
on the rough slopes facing the railway near Leigh, and the following
species were netted in the course of two short afternoon visits to the
locality : — DichrorampJia politana, D. petiverella, Sphaleroptera ictericana,
and Catoptria scopoliana, all abundant, the last-named species par-
ticularly so ; C. cacimaculana (two only), and a few each of Grapholitha
nigromaculana, ConcJnjlis frujicillaiia, EpJtippiphora trigeviinana, and
Eupcecilia anr/ustana. At Shoeburyness, on September 20th, the larvae
of Spilodes palealis were found feeding in the seed-heads of Daucus
carota, some nearly full-fed, others not half-grown.
There are still a few fields and hedgerows left between Westcliff
and Leigh, although I am sorry to say the jerry builder is fast covering
them with bricks and mortar. From September 24th to October 4th
I sugared along one of these hedgerows on six occasions, and the
following Noctuas were seen or taken: — Agrotis siifusa (a series),
A. saiicia (two), Phlogophora meticulosa (abundant), Noctua c-nigrum
(abundant), Anchocelis pistacina (abundant), A. riifina (one), A. liinosa
(several), A. litura (two), Xantlna fulvago = cerago (several), X.aurago
(six), X. circellaris (several), Cirrhccdia xerampelina (one), Epunda liitu-
Icnta (one), and Hadena protea (three). I was rather surprised at
SOCIETIES. 145
meeting several of the species named, X. aurarjo particularly, in open
country, no woods being near ; but I think their continued existence
in the locality is due to the fact that many of the hedgerows here-
abouts contain a varied growth of maple, oak, asli, and other forest
trees and bushes, probably descendants of the original woodlands of
the district ; these hedgerows doubtless saved A', aurago and many
other species from extinction when the woods were destroyed.
Although collecting in Essex, chiefly in the Epping Forest district,
for the last twenty-five years, I have found a number of species here
which I had not met with before in the county, and hope, with better
weather during the coming season, to considerably extend the list.
In concluding these brief notes, I should like to express my great
indebtedness to Mr. Whittle, of Southend, who has most kindly given
me the benefit of his unrivalled knowledge of this locality. — G. Hakold
Conquest; "The Moorings," Westclifi'-on-Sea, March 26th, 1904.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Socikty of London. — Wednesday, March IQth,
1904.— Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., President, in
the chair. — Miss M. Maude Alderson, of Worksop, Notts ; the Hon.
Richard Orlando Beaconsfield Bridgeman, R.N., of Shifnal, Salop, and
H.M.S. ' Clio,' Australian Station ; Mr, W. A. Luff, of La Chaumiere,
Brock Road, Guernsey; Mr. Frank S. Mumford, of 10, Mouutfield
Gardens, Tuubridge Wells ; Mr. Edward Harris, of 2, Chardmore
Road, Upper Clapton, N.E.; Mr, Thomas Frederick Furnival, of
Bushey Heath and Bishopstone, Sussex ; and Mr. Geoffrey Mead-Waldo,
of Edenbridge, Kent, and Magdalen College, Oxford, were elected
Fellows of the Society. — Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited a pair of JEschna
isosceles, taken by him in the Norfolk Broads last summer. The species
had been regarded as almost lost to the British list for many years. —
Mr. J. E. Collin exhibited Phora fortnicarum, Verr., which is parasitic
on the ant Lasins niger, obtained by sweeping the herbage in a paddock
at Newmarket. Prof. Westwood, as long ago as 1810 (Intro. Mod.
Classification Ins.) recorded having " repeatedly observed on disturbing
the nest of the common brown garden ant a very minute species of
Phora hovering over and flying upon the ants." This species has not
been found or recognized by Continental dipterologists. He also
exhibited Phora sp. found in a garden at Newmarket, running about at
the entrance to a nest of a species of Boinbus. Specimens received
from Dr. Sharp, labelled " from Bomhns nests," were also the same
species. — Commander J. J. Walker exhibited a series of Buprestid®
from Sydney, N.S.W., and the adjoining district (including the nearest
part of the Blue Mountains), comprising about a hundred and twenty
species, of which seventy belonged to the genus Stigmodera. Also a
dried specimen of Angophora cordifolia, Cav., a small tree of the
natural order Myrtacete, the flowers of which are the great attraction
in New South Wales for the Buprestidas, as well as for many other
Coleoptera ; specimens of the " Bugong " moth, Agrotis spina, Guenee,
from Jervis Bay, N.S.W. (referred to at the previous meeting) ; and
146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CarthtEa saturnoides, Walk,, a remarkable moth from Perth, W.A., now
referred to the Geometrina, but possessing an extraordinary superficial
resemblance to a Saturniid in aspect, though not to any of -the known
Australian species of that family. — Mr. A. J. Chitty exhibited a
specimen of Peribalus vernalis, Wolff., a rare bug, of which only five or
sis specimens appear to have been taken, and pointed out that as the
records in Saunders' ' Hemiptera ' included Cumberland and Weston-
super-Mare, and his own specimen was taken at Huntingfield, Kent,
probably it had been overlooked. Mr. Claude Morley had also taken
one specimen in Essex. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited a remarkable pale
form of Mamestra brassicd, taken by Dr. G. B. Longstaff and himself
at Morthoe, North Devon, on July 16th, 1903.— Mr. C. G. Barrett
had examined the specimen, and pronounced it pvobably unique. Sir
George Hampson had also seen it, and pointed out that it was provided
with the spur on the anterior tibia, which is characteristic of M.
brassiccB among the allied European species. — The President, Professor
Poulton, read " Some Observations on the Gregarious Hybernation
of certain Calif ornian Insects," communicated by Professor Vernon
L. Kellog, of the Leland Stanford Junior University, California. He
also read a paper, " A Possible Explanation of Insect Swarms on
Mountain-tops," and a discussion followed, in which Dr. Chapman,
Mr. Chitty, Mr. Champion, Mr. Tutt, Colonel Swinhoe, and other
Fellows joined. — Mr. 0. E. Janson contributed, on behalf of Mr. F. P.
Dodd, of Townsville, Queensland, a note upon " Maternal Instinct in
Ehynchota ; " and Mr. Bowland-Brown read a "Note on Oncoptera
intiicata," a moth extremely destructive to pastures in Tasmania, by
Mr. F. M. Littler, M,A.O,U., of Launceston, Tasmania. He also
exhibited examples of the imago and larva of the species, — H. Piowland-
Brown, Ho7i. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
March 10th, 1904.— Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— Mr.
Tonge exhibited (1) specimens of Danais chri/sipjms and Anosia
plexippus, with other species of butterflies he had just received from
Siam; (2) a photograph of a female Lfjacna iolas, bred by Dr. Chapman,
showing its resting pose; (3) photograph of the ova of Thera juniperata,
in situ on a juniper leaf, and also of the ova of Hybeniia rupicapraria.
Mr. Moore, a living specimen of the locust, Acndiitm cEgypticwn , found
in Covent Garden Market in a basket of mimosa, and read notes on its
habits. — Mr. Adkin (1), a female aberration of Bupalus piniaria, in
which the usual dark markings were represented only by two small
spots on the costa and a few spots on the fringes, the remainder being
of a pale brown ; (2) an aberration of CallimGrpha dominuhi with the
usual red colour of the hind wings replaced by yellow. — Mr. Sich,
sketches of larvfe illustrating the main characters of the various lepi-
dopterous groups. — Mr. McArthur, two specimens of the extraordinary
South American owl-moth, Thysania cit/rippina (stri.v), one of which
measured more than ten inches across the expanded wings. — Mr. Tutt
gave an address entitled, " Some Modern Kequirements in Oval and
Larval Description," illustrating his remarks by blackboard sketches,
and a large number of diagrams prepared by Mr. Bacot. A con-
siderable discussion took place.
\
SOCIETIES. 147
March 2ith. — The President in the chair. — Mr. H. Eowland-
Brown, F.E.S., of Harrow, was elected a member. — Mr. Main exhibited
a collection of Coleoptera from Cape Colon}', Hemiptera from West
Africa, and a spider found in a cargo of sugar from Java. — Mr.
Groulton, photographs of the ova of PtUophora pluinigera and Enbolia
cervinata, with notes on their characteristics. He also showed photo-
graphs of various species of lepidopterous larva in their resting
positions. — Mr. Mauger, a large Coleopteron, Macmdontia cervicornis,
from Demerara. — Mr. West, an example of the rare British Longicorn,
Monohammus siitor, taken on a doorstep at Great Yarmouth in 1903. —
Mr. Malcolm Burr gave a very interesting address on his tour in
Montenegro, and along the mountains on the eastern coast of the
Adriatic ; and illustrated his remarks with a large number of lantern
slides, made from photographs taken by himself. — Hy. J. Turner,
Hon, Rep. Secretary.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The Second
Ordinary Meeting of the Session was held in the Royal Institution,
Liverpool, on March 21st, Mr. Robert Tait, Junr., presiding over a
large attendance of members. — Mr. W^m. Mansbridge, F.E.S., Sefton
Park, Liverpool, was elected a member of the Society. — A paper
entitled "Notes of Captures, &c., near Simonswood Moss," was con-
tributed by Dr. J. Cotton, F.E.S. After describing the situation and
limits of the Moss, which is roughly a mile long by three-quarters of a
mile broad, the lecturer entered into details of the best methods and
most suitable nights for sugaring. He prefers to work with a sheet
and acetyline lamp, manufacturing the gas on the spot by means of a
simple and portable apparatus. The extent of ground to be covered
makes a companion desirable, for the possibility of meeting with
poachers is not a remote one. The only time a friend seems de trop is
when single rarities such as Acromjcta aim or black A. leporina turn
up, and there comes the inevitable division of the spoil ! The paper
was largely devoted to a description of some twenty of the most note-
worthy forms which occur on the Moss, including Notodonta camelina,
N. dictceoides, N. dromedarius, Hadena glatica, Triphana fimbria, &c.,
with earliest and latest dates of capture. An enumeration of the
Lepidoptera taken on this Moss shows a total of one hundred and
fifty-six species, twelve of these being butterflies. A discussion was
afterwards carried on by Major Ross and Messrs. R. Tait, Junr., R.
Willing, F. N. Pierce, F. Birch, and E. J. B. Sopp ; and it was
generally accepted that all the evidence forthcoming corroborated the
theory tliat dampness is the predominant factor in producing melanism.
On the motion of Mr. R. Wilding, a hearty vote of thanks was
accorded the lecturer. — Dr. G. W. Chaster exhibited all the species of
the genus Agathidium, including the recent addition to the British list,
A. badiam. — Mr. C. E. Stott showed Periplaneta australasia;, a cock-
roach which has now become naturalised at Worsley (Lanes.). — Mr.
F, N. Pierce, a specimen of Cryptophagun acutangulus, from Manchester.
— Mr. J. J. Richardson, Ptinns tectus, from Liverpool ; and Mr. Sopp,
Panchlora viridis and P. virescens, from Liverpool, which had been kindly
identified for him by Mr. Malcolm Burr. — E. J. B. Sopp and J. R. le
ToMLiN, Hon. Secretaries.
148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
EECENT LITEEATUEE.
Cataloqiie of British Coleoptera. By T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc P.R.S.E.,
JF.E.S., and H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 8vo.
Pp. 51. Loudon : 0. E. Janson. 1904,
Appears to be a revised and extended edition of the Sharp-Fowler
Catalogue, published in 1893. The species are numbered consecutively
throughout, and with six mentioned in the addenda reach the respect-
able total of 3271. There are but few changes in the arrangement of
families, and generic and specific nomenclature remain pretty much as
they were. Lists of Introduced and of Doubtful Species are also given.
New Zealand Neiiroptera : a Popular Introduction to the Life- Histories
and Habits of Matj-Jlies, Drarfonfiies, Caddis-flies and allied^ Insects
inhabitinq Neiv Zealand: includimf Notes on their Relation to Angling.
With eleven Coloured Plates. By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S. * 8vo.
Pp. i-viii and 1-102. London : West, Newman & Co. 1904.
In this admirable little volume the author has entered pretty fully
into details connected with the habits and life-histories of the more
important and conspicuous neuropterous insects inhabiting the streams,
rivers, and lakes in New Zealand.
Sharpe's arrangement of families has been adopted. These are
eleven in number, but the Mallophaga and Psocidte have been omitted,
and of EmbidiB and Panorpidfe no representative has been so far
observed in the country. Altogether sixty-one species belonging to
thirty-six genera are dealt with. Of these, tweuty-four species belong
to the PhryganeidfB, thirteen to the Ephemeridfe, ten to the Odonata,
and seven to the Hemerobiidae.
The plates, reproducing the author's own drawings, are exceedingly
good.
Eighth Annual Report of the State Kntomologist of Minnesota for the year
1903. Second Annual Report of F. L. Washburn. Pp. i-xvi
and 1-184.
This volume is full of interesting matter connected with the occur-
rence of injurious insects in the State of Minnesota during 1903. The
greatest loss to farmers during the year seems to have been caused by
the chinch bug {Blissm leacupterus), whilst the Hessian fly (Cecidoifigia
destructor) has also been active, but not more so than in previous years.
Forty-seven kinds of insects are mentioned as more or less destructive
to apple-trees. Of these, eleven are beetles and twenty-three are moths.
Index Faunm Norm Zealandice. Edited by Captain F. W. Hutton,
F.R.S. Pp. i-vhi and 1-372. London : Dulau & Co. 1904.
In this exceedingly useful index to the animals of New Zealand
the Insecta alone occupy one hundred and forty pages, eighty of which
refer to Coleoptera and twenty-three to Lepidoptera. Synonymy,
which would probably have greatly added to the size of the book, has
been excluded, but references are given to the works where such
particulars as well as descriptions can be found.
Entomologist, June, 1904.
Plate VI.
2.
3. 4.
NYSSIA LAPPONARIA, i:<iis<l.
Figs. 1 and 2, males at rest. Fig. 3, female at pest. Fig. 4, female depositing ova
on a reed. All slightly enlarged.
From photographs taken by E. A. Coekayne.;
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVII.] JUNE. 190 4. [No. 493.
ON NYSSIA LAPPONARIA.
By E. a. Cockayne.
Plate VI.
Last spring I had hoped to have published some observations
on the habits of Ni/ssia lapponaria. Unfortunately, a bitter cold
north-west wind raged the whole time I was in the Eannoch
district, and I only saw a single male and four females. This
season I have been more fortunate, and hope the following notes
will be of interest.
The ova are laid during the day in any deep chink, in batches
of 10 to 150. The female walks slowly up anything which grows
in the marshy ground they inhabit, probing with her extremely
long ovipositor until a suitable place is found. I have actually
observed wild females laying in reeds between the stem and outer
sheath, in a crack in a dead bracken stem, and under flakes of
bark on fallen sallow twigs ; but the most usual place is un-
doubtedly in the dry brown corollas of the cross-leaved heath
{Erica tetraUx).
This last, with bog-myrtle {Mijrica), appears to be the
favourite food of the larva?, which hatch from May 20th to the
30th, and are full-grown at the beginning of July, a few lingering
on to the end of the month, or even till the second week in
August. The pupas lie very near the surface, and are quite
without cocoons. Out of doors they probably always remain
two years in this state ; but in the house many emerge after one
winter, and can easily be recognized, since in them the insect is
fully formed a month or tw^ after pupation, and they become
very dark in colour. They are very sensitive to changes of
temperature, and a cold night will prevent any from emerging.
This, and their power of remaining in the ground till a more
favourable season, probably explains the extreme irregularity of
their appearance.
During the day they sit on the top of the bell-heather and
common ling, frequently paired or a male and female close
together, or about half-way up the stem of a bog-myrtle, with
ENTOM. — JUNE, 1904. 0
150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
head pressed against a small outstanding twig. When paired,
the male is usually upside down — the only time it assumes this
position — and is consequently rather difficult to see. Both sexes
also sit on posts or the trunks of birches, if these occur in their
chosen haunt. The males are very fond of sunshine, and some-
times spread their wings and bask like a butterfly. We saw one
male even flying in the sunlight, low down and very swiftly.
Their true flight-time I did not discover, but probably it is at
night, which is also the time of emergence. The insect appears
to be very sluggish, clinging very tightly, and finally falling with
legs drawn up, feigning death, the wings either tightly closed or
held up over the back.
We never met with a really worn specimen, though they
continue to emerge the whole of April. In captivity the first
emerged on January 31st, and the last on May 7th, in 1902.
The insect is very local, many apparently suitable spots being
quite untenanted. In all cases, however, they were near a small
stream, doubtless owing to the abundance of their food-plants in
such a situation.
The males vary only slightly in depth of colour and thickness
of the black bands, and in ground colour both of fore and hind
wings, which is white or pale grey. One I obtained was so dark
grey as to appear almost uniformly smoke-coloured. In two others
the reverse occurred; the black bands had almost vanished, being
represented only by two thin black lines and a black discal spot.
The scales on thorax and abdomen were also much whitened.
The females vary in the amount of orange dusting. In some
it is absent altogether ; while in one I took it is so intense that
the insect appears to have an orange ground colour. In two
others dull yellow replaces all the orange, and the hair is very
short. I also found a female in which the rudimentary flaps
representing the fore wings were more than twice the usual length,
the hind flaps being normal ; doubtless a case of reversion.
I have one other remark to make. The scales on the under
surface of both wings are present, very thin, and not overlapping,
it is true, but no thinner than on the upper surface ; certainly
not totally absent, as Barrett has described in his recent work.
To the naked eye, however, the under surface does appear smooth
and shiny.
[Nyssia lajpponaria was made known as a British insect in
1871, but only one specimen was then obtained. This example,
a male, was taken in Perthshire by Mr. Warrington (Knaggs,
Ent. Mo. Mag. vii. p. 282 ; Ent. Ann. 1872, p. 116 ; 1874, pi. i.
fig. 2). About ten years ago Mr. William M. Christy obtained
the species in Scotland ; and in 1895 he sent ova to Mr. F. W.
Frohawk, who was thus enabled to study the metamorphoses of
N. Icqjponaria, and to describe and figure its stages from ovum
to imago (Entom. xxviii. pp. 163, 237). — Ed.]
151
SOME RECUERENT PHASES OF VARIATION IN
THE LARENTIID^.
By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.
I SUPPOSE no lepidopterist can take up the systematic study
of the variation in a particular family or genus, &c., without
being struck with the parallel lines upon which it runs in the
several species — a very evident suggestion, we may take it, of
community of descent. To be sure, many of the most frequently
recurrent phases of variation may almost as aptly be described
as characteristic of the whole order of Lepidoptera, subject only
to such limitations as are imposed by the nature of the general
colour-scheme or pattern; and as some of these will be mentioned
in the following tentative notes, I might, if I had not held a
lengthy title inexpedient, have more accurately headed them
*' Some Recurrent Phases of Variation in the Lepidoptera, as
especially exhibited in the Larentiidae " ; but it is none the less
true that the emphasis, if one may so speak, of a particular type
of variation is often restricted to a comparatively few families or
genera, and that the student therefore gradually comes to asso-
ciate such type rather with these than with the Lepidoptera
en masse. Take, for instance, the characteristic costal darkening
of Apamea ophiogramma, which appears again in one of the forms
of the allied A. secalis (didyma), but is absolutely unknown in
many other Noctuid genera, where it might conceivably have
occurred ; or, again, the pale costa which is apt to characterize
certain forms of many Agrotids — Tripluena pronuha, Peridroma
saucia, Agrotis tritici, A. cursoria, &c. And even some other
variations, which appear in a wider range of unrelated genera
than these — such, for instance, as the suppression of certain
markings, or a variability in their position — are decidedly more
prevalent in some groups than in others.
The distinctive types of marking of the Geometrides in general,
and of the Larentiida in particular, seem to lend themselves to
the following frequent phases of variation, amongst others: —
melanism ; a narrowing of the central area, by approximation of
the first and second lines; a breaking up of a normal "central
fascia " into lines, or, conversely, a consolidation of what are
ilormally mere lines into a " central fascia " ; and a suppression
of markings in the basal and marginal areas, often accompanied
by an intensification of them in the central. I want to call
attention here to some of the principal Larentid species ex-
hibiting these phases of variation, and I have called my notes
*' tentative " because I have not yet given adequate systematic
attention to the matter, and am hoping, by writing on the
subject, to obtain supplementary information from fellow-
entomologists.
0 2
152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Melanism is, as is well known, of very wide occurrence in
our fauna, but I think that even it can only be regarded as
really characteristic of a comparativel}' limited number of groups.
Confining our attention, for instance, to the Geometrides, we
only find it at work to any large extent in two of the principal
families, the Boarmiidse (sens, lat.) and the Larentiidae, although
I admit that they are the two largest numerically; but even in
the former of these the distribution of melanism seems somewhat
partial and irregular. Thus the "thorns" (Ennominfe;, although
occasional dark aberrations of Ennomos quercinaria, &c., show
that they are capable at least of " melanochroism," cannot be
said to markedly favour variation in this direction ; whereas the
BoarmiinaB (the genera Boarmia, Tephrosia, &c.) show few
British species indeed which are free from the tendency. The
other principal geometrid families— the Acidaliidte or "Waves,"
the Geometridffi or " Emeralds," the Orthostixidfe, ffinochromi-
dfe, Cyllopodidre, &c., of which we in England know so little —
are practically a "negligeable quantity" when we are considering
melanism ; I am not forgetting a few isolated cases, such as a
fine melanochroic specimen of Acidalia aversata bred by my friend
Mr. W. G. Sheldon, but (with all deference to the Evolution Com-
mittee of the Pioyal Society) I cannot allow that the Linnean
(banded) type of this species has any right to be included in
the series of melanic forms. As to the absence of prominent
melanism in the tropical families, &c., I can only say that, so
far as is at present known, it seems to be mainly a phenomenon
of the fauna of the holarctic region.
In the Larentiidffi melanism is decidedly conspicuous. Several
species of Eupithecia, &c., have very interesting black or blackish
forms— e.g. Chloroclystis rectangulata (ab. nigrosericcata, Haw.),
Eupithecia albipunctata (ab. angelicata, Barr.), E. virgaureata
(? var. altenaria, Stgr., pro parte), E. vulgata (ab. suhfuscata,
Haw.), E. de)iotata = campamilata (? var. atraria, H.-S.), &c.
The Shetland form of E. vcnosata {v?iY.fumosce, Gregs. = mibi-
lata, Bhtsch.*) is likewise well on the ropd towards melanism,
compared with the pale typical form of the species. In Larentia
(in sens. Guen.) we get L. multistrigaria (ab. nubilata, Tutt),
L. ccesiata (ab. glaciata, Germ.), L. Jiavicinctata (Staudinger has
recently named our dark Scotch race var. ohscurata), and even
L. didijmata (ab. nigra, mihi, n. ab. ^^ Barrett, Lep. Brit. viii.
176, pi. 346, fig. 2c). In Hydriomena {Ypsipetes), nothing could
be much more extreme than some of the forms of H. furcata
{sordidata). In Thera, T. variata var. obliterata, B. White
-•'- I cannot trace the original reference to Gregson's overlooked varietal
name, but it is certainly long prior to that of Bohatsch, for it appears in
Robson & Gardner's list, 1886; probably it was a manuscript name befoi'e
that date. I have to confess that I had also lost sight of Gregson's name for
the Orkney var, of the same species — var. ocliracce, Gregs. (Young Nat. vii.
128) — and renamed it orcadensis (Ent. Rec. xiii. 336).
RECURRENT PHASES OF VARIATION IN LARENTIIDiE. 153
(scotica, Stgr.), is sometimes intensely black. Xantliorlioc,
Epirrhoe, &c. {Melanippc, Dup. et Gn., nom. praeocc.*), furnish
several interesting examples, especially' as we get towards the
north and east of their range — I imagine we must place North
America to the northward from this point of view, as the con-
nection seems to lie between Icelandic forms and those of
Labrador, &c. ; though I believe some run a long way south
in the Kocky Mountains. Thus there are X. Jluctuata var. uea-
polisata, frequent in Scotland, and the more extreme var. thules
in Shetland ; E. alternata, Miill. = sociata, Bkh., darkened in the
Hebrides (var. ohscurata, South) ; Melanthia procellata, almost
melanic in Japan (var. inquinata, Butl.) ; E. hastata and E. liic-
tuata, Schiff. {luguhrata, Stgr.), often extremely black in Labrador
and the Kockies, &c. (var. gotliicata, Gn., and var. ohductata,
Moesch., respectively; Petersen, Lep. Estl. 131, has recently
added a ** var. borealis " to the latter, occurring in Esthonia and
in Northern Finland, and making a transition to the var. ob-
ductata). E. hastata is also darkened in Iceland, producing the
curious "Darwinian species," thulearia. In Guenee's incongruous
genus " Melanthia,'" \ melanism is well known in our interesting
Scotch forms of M. bicolorata, and has even occurred in such an
unlikely species as M. albicillata (ab. snfusa, Carrington). In
Perizoma, Hb. {Emmelesia) , it crops up in a very marked form
in the Shetland var. thides of P. albulata; in Oporahia, in all the
species; in Venusia, in the type-species cambrica. In " Cidaria,"
as used by our British writers, there are several interesting
examples, such as C. suffamata ab. piceata, C. truncata and C. im-
maiiata, C. populata ab. musauaria, C. testata var. insidicola,
Stgr. — our Shetland form. Lastly, I must not omit to mention
the wonderful Irish forms of Camptogramma bilincuta dealt with
by Mr. Kane {vide Irish Nat. v. 74-80, 1896 ; Entom. xxxi. 85,
1898), and unaccountably overlooked in Staudiuger's 'Catalog.'
These are ab. lubernica, mihi,| =infascata, Kane nee Gmppbg.,
with almost unicolorous fuscous-brown fore wings, and the still
more extreme var. isolata, Kane, with all the wings sooty black.
The next phase of typical variation to be considered in the
family is the narrowing of the central area. This is, I suppose,
liable to occur in any species which has the wings divided by
■'•' I have endeavoured to use chiefly generic names familiar to British
readers, but I cannot bring m;yself to perpetuate error by maintaining a
homonym, against all canons of zoological nomenclature.
f Guenee's Melanthia does not even retain the type of Duponchel's genus
of that name, which the author himself fixed as -procellata ; as 2)i'ocellata
seems to be sui generis {cfr. Tijd. Ent. xxxii. 207), it ought to be known as
Melanthia procellata, not as Flemyria, Hb., as proposed by Snellen ; the
type of Pleimjria is bicolorata, Hfn. (not "Hb."), as stated by Hulst.
I The "Geometrides" in Mr. Tutt's valuable " List of Species, Varieties,
and Aberrations of Lepidoptera, so far only recorded from British Localities "
were written up entirely by me {i. c. Ent. llec. xiv. 202-204), although not so
indicated.
154
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
transverse lines at all, and one meets with it occasionally in
Macrothylacia riihi, in certain Noctuids, &c. But so far as my
observation goes, it is nowhere else so persistently recurrent as
in the Larentiidae. There are very few of our " carpet-moths "
in which it is not recorded, and in many it has appeared
rei^eatedly; so that most of our moderately large collections can
boast some characteristic examples of it. When I was specially
interesting myself, some ten or eleven years ago, in Coremia ferru-
gata and C. uiiidentaria, I obtained information of the existence
of some half-dozen very striking examples of the extreme nar-
rowing of the median band in the latter (ab. coarctata, mihi, ex
Warr. MS.), and I have since heard of others, and of two or
three in the allied "ferrugata" (rightly to be called spadicearia,
Schiff.). In C. dcsignata, my friend Mr. Goldthwait has bred
some nice examples, and one of Mr. Sydney Webb's is figured in
Barrett (pi. 343, fig. 2 ^) ; in C. manitata I have myself taken one
in Aberdeenshire ; whilst in such species as Xanthorhoe fluctuata,
X. montanata, and Epirrlioe alternata {sociata), quite a large
number are known. Are our friends on the Continent less keen
on these chance aberrations than we ? I have a rather extreme,
narrow-banded X. montanata from Hamburg, priced at six-
pence (only six times the value of typical specimens), which
seems to me strictly parallel to the extreme Coremia imidcntaria
ab. coarctata, a form that fetches about a sovereign at Stevens'.
My specimen of Melanthia ocellata, figured by Barrett, plate
338, fig. 2 h, was most generously presented to me by my old
friend Dr. F. J. Buckell, who took it at Wimbledon on June 5th,
1890, and has been recorded by him. I have never yet seen nor
heard of another to equal it, though specimens with the band
narrowed to a less extreme degree turn up occasionally ; but as
the extreme form is always liable to recur, and most of the aber-
rations of this nature have received, or are receiving, distinctive
names for convenience of recording, I propose to apply one in
the present case as follows : —
Melanthia ocellata, L., ab. coarctata, mihi, n. ab. Median
band extremely narrow, width hardly exceeding 2 mm. at the
widest part, and the boundaries almost meeting at the narrowest.
Type figure, Barrett's ' Lepidoptera of the British Islands,' vol.
viii. pi. 338, fig. 2 h.
In Perizoma (Emmelesia) I have a North Devon specimen of
P. tceniata, agreeing with Strand's recently described ab. angus-
tifasciata (Arch. Math, og Nat. xxv. No. 9, p. 17, 1903) — "the dark
median band so narrowed that its breadth is scarcely one-sixth
of the wing-length." In Anaitis plagiata, the narrowing of the
central area results in a very striking aberration, fairly well
known to British entomologists, though, I think, unnamed as
yet ; for here, always and necessarily, we get what only extremely
rarely happens in the forms with wider central area — that area
RECURRENT PHASES OF VARIATION IN LARENTIID^E. 155
entirely filled in with dark colour, making a " central fascia," and
rendering the popular name of " the treble bar " a misnomer.
It is very interesting to trace the still further reduction of
the central area, resulting in the breaking up of the band into
two separated portions, both of course very narrow ; and finally
in its almost reaching " vanishing point," a minute portion
around the discal spot generally persisting. Of the former
phase, EpiryJioe alter nata {sockita) ab. degenerata, Haw., is a
good example ; vide Barrett, Lep. Brit., pi. 337, fig. 3 a, for an
extreme development of it, and fig. 2 a for a similar thing in
E. rivata. Mr. Embr. Strand, of Ghristiania, is to some extent
following Mr. Cockerell's advice (Entom. xx. 151), by employing
a uniform terminology for this variation, for he has already
described it in several species as " ab. constricta.'" His Larentia
montanata ab. constricta (Arch. Math. xxv. No. 9, p. 19, 1903) is
synonymous with my ab. degenerata (Ent. Rec. vii. 249, 1896),
suggested on the analogy of Haworth's ^'degenerata'" mentioned
above. Of the latter phase (reduction of band almost to vanish-
ing point) I can cite well-known examples in Tkera variata
(compare Barrett, pi. 366, fig. 3 b), in Xanthorhoe fluctuata (ab.
immacidata, Tutt, Ent. Piec, i. 322, et ab. deleta, CklL, Ent. xxii.
100, cfr. Ent. Rec. viii. 103, 164), X. montanata (ab. albicans,
Strand, Nyt. Mag. Nat. xxxix. 59, 1901, compare Barrett, pi. 341,
fig. 1 c), &c.
The third line of variation which I mentioned as characteristic
of the family, was in the dissolution or consolidation of the
central fascia. What I mean is, that several of the banded
species show a tendency to break up into the "waved" or
lineated type of markings, which was perhaps the more ances-
tral ; while several of the waved occasionally develop a well-
marked dark central band. Of the former class I may instance
the species of Coremia, and notably C. munitata var. algidata,
Mosch., from Lapland; C . spadicearia (ferrngata), in some of the
Scotch and Irish forms, &c. ; and C. quadrifasciata ab. dissolii-
taria, Petersen (Lep. Estl. 127, 1902) — " ahs anticis fascia media
in strigis dissoluta." In the direction of consolidation I instance
Mr. Sydney Webb's marvellous aberration of Eucosmia uudidata,
figured by Barrett, pi. 363, fig. 3a; the well-known Rannoch
iorms of Lobojjhora carpinata ; Cheimatobia bramata ab. hyemata,
Huene, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1901, pi. vi, fig. 3, Barrett, pi. 372, fig.
2c; the corresponding C. boreata &h. fasciata, Petersen, Lep.
Estl. 120; Oporabia dilutata ab. latifasciata, mihi, Entom. xxxiii.
60, pi. ii, fig. 12, = bicinctata, Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. liii. 58 ;
besides occasional aberrations of the variable Camptogramma
bilineata, of Venusia cambrica, &c.
Finally, and perhaps closely connected with the last-men-
tioned massing of lines to form a dark central band, we get the
not infrequent suppression of markings in the basal, and espe-
156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
cially in the marginal areas, " often accompanied," as I said
above, "by an intensification of them in the central." A perfect
example of this is the exquisite Cidaria sujfnmata ab. porrittii,
Eobs. & Gard. (List Brit. Lap. 45), of the Huddersfield and Dover
districts, probably well known to most of my readers, and well
figured by Mosley (Var. Brit. Lep., Cidaria, pi. 3, fig. 4) and
Barrett (Lep. Brit., pi. 359, fig. 1 d), with its beautifully clear
creamy or even chalk-white wings marked only by the intense
basal and central fasciae and slight apical streak. But of course
the existence of this aberration alone would not have warranted
my inclusion of it in an article on " recurrent " phases of varia-
tion, and I must mention a few others. This is by no means
difficult, and indeed some are hardly less striking than C. sufii-
mata ab. ijorrittii. Iceland is famous for two of these — Cidaria
immanata ab. thingvallata, Stgr., " al. ant. albid., basi fasciaque
media atra vel fusca," and Larentia ccesiata ab. gelata, Germ. —
diagnosed in nearly the same words ; something very near the
former has certainly been taken in Scotland. Of Lohophora
polijcommata, a very pretty form stands in our museum as ab.
hycmata, Bkh., with just this same suppression of subordinate
markings, leaving the central fascia in the boldest relief. Then,
too, I have bred the same kind of thing in Epirrhoe galiata from
Torquay ; and very effective is the unusually dark central area
on the clean, almost unmarked, chalk-white ground.* In Eii-
cosmia certata Mr. Barrrett figures, again from Mr. Sydney
Webb's rich collection, an example which combines the narrow-
ing of the central fascia with its darkening, and the disappear-
ance of strigffi from other parts of the wings ; it is certainly
parallel to the cases we have been considering, although the fact
that the ground colour is light brown instead of white renders
its general effect somewhat less conspicuous.
I feel that I have by no means exhausted my subject, but I
must have exhausted my readers' patience, and it is high time to
close. In selecting the Larentiidae for these investigations, I
cannot help feeling that I have made a happy choice, as their
dominance in those regions where variability seems to reach its
highest point, conduces hardly less to the furnishing of material
than does the particular adaptability of their type of pattern ;
and I could only wish that a larger number of my fellow-
entomologists would awaken to a more lively interest in them,
instead of reserving nearly all their affection for " tigers " and
" magpies."
* The. usual Huddersfield form approaches this, but is decidedly less
extreme.
157
A "BUTTERFLY SUMMER" IN ASIA MINOR.
By Margaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 137.)
Lycana anteros, Frr. — Fairly common at Broussa the first fortnight in
May; singly at Amasia and Tokat. My best specimens of this species
I took in some sloping flowery meadows at Aruaoutkeuy, near Con-
stantinople, in the middle of September. It was evidently an autumn
brood. The females were easily distinn^uished from L. astrorche by the
warm tone of the ground colour underneath ; the males not unfre-
quently had orange spots on the lower margin of the hind wings on
the upper side, and the inclination to this was more decided in the
autumn brood.
L. eras var. candalus, H.S. — Common round Amasia all the summer;
the females were, however, rare and difficult to meet with, which was
no doubt partly owing to their insignificant appearance.
L. icanis, Rott. — Common everywhere. A beautiful form in the
female, shot with blue almost over the entire area of the wings,
occurred not uncommonly at Amasia and Tokat. I caught one male
at Amasia in July, almost without spots on the under side.
L. beUarijm, Rott. — I did not see anything but typical specimens
either at Broussa or Amasia.
L. corydon var. cnrydonius, H.S.- — ^I took my first specimen of this
lovely variety at Tokat, July 13th, but did not see any more till I
returned to Amasia. It was not at all particularly common, and I
only took two females, and some ten or twelve males, all told.
L. meleaijev var. steveni, Tr. — All the females belonged to this
variety, both at Amasia and Tokat.
L. admetus, Esp. — Common at Amasia in June and July ; prin-
cipally the type, but there was an occasional inclination to var. ripartii,
Frr., in some of the specimens.
L. mithridates, Stgr. — This was a very rare butterfly, and though I
kept a sharp look-out for it, I only took one magnificent male at
Amasia, in July, just before I left for Tokat ; and afterwards, in August,
one female, which, I think, is also mithridates.
L. dolas var. menakas, Frr. — First specimen taken on June 20th,
in Tschirtschir Valley, where it afterwards became extremely abun-
dant, though the females were always much less common than the
males. When flying, the male of this butterfly looks quite white ; the
ground colour of the under side varied from a dull drab to a pale fawn
colour, and in the females the tone was much warmer.
L. hopfferi, H.S. — Also first captured on June 20th, in the Tschirt-
schir Valley, where it also became extremely abundant at the end of
June and throughout July. The females were extremely difiicult to
distinguish from L. poseidon.
L. poseidon, Ld. — This most lovely "blue" was not nearly so
common as the two preceding species. It flew at the same time, and
in the same localities, but on the Caraman it was rather more
common than either of them.
L. damone var. camion, H.S. — This beautiful butterfly elucidated
158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the difficulty of distinguishing their females by appearing some ten
days before the other closely-allied species ; also she has the fringes of
•her wings white, instead of pale brown, as was the case with all the
others. I first caught it on the Caraman on June 10th ; but at Tokat,
in the middle of July, it was apparently quite fresh out, and in fine
condition, when every sign of it had long since disappeared at Amasia.
Var. iphigenia, H.S. — I took two examples of a paler blue at Tokat,
which I suppose would be classed as belonging to this variety.
L. arrjiolus, L. — In the Kerasdere, &c., near Amasia, in June.
L. sebrus, B. — Fresh out on the Caraman and other places, end of
May and beginning of June.
L. semiarf/us var. bcilis, Frr. — A few very fine specimens at Broussa
in May ; one at Amasia in June ; and a few, not very fresh, from the
pine forest on the old Silva Road, near Tokat, in July.
L. cyllarus, Rott. — Common at Broussa in May.
L. iulas, 0. — A remarkably fine form at Amasia in June, and Tokat
in July. The specimens were fresher at Tokat, and I hoped for a
second brood at Amasia, which, however, did not appear.
Lihythea celtis, L. — Common at Amasia and Tokat.
Linieidtis cuinilla, S.V. — At Broussa in May, and again in August
and September. The autumn brood of this species was extremely
plentiful. It also occurred at Amasia.
V. Grapta cijea, Cr. — At Amasia in July, but rare.
V. G. c-albuiii, L. — -At Broussa in September. I took one speci-
men in which the dark marginal borders on all the wings were
replaced by a pale greenish ochre, and the under side was a plain dull
drab, with the markings much less distinct than is usual with this
species, but the c mark is quite typical. The rest of the specimens
from Broussa are of the form that is dark underneath. What is the
rule (if there is one) about these light and dark " commas ? " Of three
I have from North Italy, one is light, one is inclining towards being
dark, and the other is quite dark ; they were all summer broods taken
in the month of August, in different localities, the two first on the
plains, the last-named in the mountains. One I have from Switzer-
land, in July, and another from Sicily, in June, are both light. One
from Austria, and two from South-east Hungary, all in July, are
decidedly inclined to be dark ; therefore I cannot see that they can be
said to be influenced by season or altitude, but I do not recollect ever
having taken the two forms flying together at the same time and place.
Vanessa polijchloros, L. — Fairly common round Amasia throughout
the summer.
V. xanthomelas var, fervlda, Stdg. — I took only one specimen on the
Lokman, but saw several others ; I did not observe it in the valleys.
It seems to me to come nearer to V. xanthomelas than it does to V.poly-
chlorus, indeed I find it difficult to separate it from the former at all.
V. urticcB var. turcica, Stgr. — 1 secured over a hundred " lesser
tortoiseshell " larvffi at Broussa, in April ; and after Bersa had endured
having his fingers stung with nettles several mornings, procuring their
food-plant, they all duly pupated. I had expected that a good per-
centage of them would also have been "stung " m a different way, but as
this was the case with only one out of all the number I had, there was
indeed more than enough when the butterflies began emerging in the
A "butterfly summer" in ASIA MINOR. 159
beginning of May. Some \Yere almost typical, others inclined towards
the variety, and a good many decidedly belonged to it, though scarcely
any quite so much so as those I have (also bred) from the Cedar
Mountain in the Lebanon.
V. in, L. — There were hybernated specimens at Broussa in April,
but I did not see it again in the autumn.
V. antiopa, L. — Eare in the neighbourhood of Amasia. I only
caught two, both in the Tschirtschir Valley in June, and saw no
others, except a few hybernated specimens in the Kevasdere.
Pyrameis atalanta, L. — Generally distributed.
P. cardui, L. — Towards the end of July, when I first got back to
Amasia from Tokat, a perfect plague of these insects was swarming
everywhere ; there were hundreds and thousands of them, from the top
of the Lokman down into the hot valleys below. They were all in
perfect condition, and had no doubt been reared on the dwarf yellow
thistles, which grew everywhere, by the roadsides, up the valleys, and
on the mountains. It was quite a nuisance ; everything else seemed
for the moment to be comparatively exterminated by this gigantic
visitation of "painted ladies." For three or four days I was quite in
despair over them ; then all at once, to my intense relief, they sud-
denly disappeared, nothing but a stray specimen here and there was to
be seen ; evidently a huge migration had taken place, for which I felt
I could not be too thankful.
Thaleperis ionia, Ev. — The first brood was practically over when I
first got to Amasia, but I knew it would come again, so awaited
reappearance with hope and patience. Guelly and the Kevasdeve were
the two best localities for this most interesting butterfly, and at the
end of June it was soon common enough, but difficult to catch, as it
generally flew far out of reach, hovering over the upper branches of the
Celtis shrubs, which unluckily grew here to the size of big trees. It
resembled an Apatura in its predilection for one special twig, to which,
if not seriously alarmed, it would return again and again with un-
erring persistency ; alas, that this favoured twig should so often have
been just out of reach of the net. However, I got a very good series
of males, though only three females. One of these Bersa caught,
settled on me. We were stalking it with great excitement, when 1 felt
something suspiciously like a stroke from the "business end" of a
butterfly-net across my shoulders, and immediately guessed what had
happened. Another I took early in June, and she was evidently a
belated specimen belonging to the first brood. I did not see this
butterfly at Tokat, though there was plenty of Celtis there. I also
searched, even at Amasia, in vain for the larva ; the Celtis trees were
too plentiful and too tall.
Melitcea aurinia var. provincialis, B. — A few specimens, mostly
worn, on June 4th, at one particular place on the Lokman, shown to
me by Professor Manissajian's old guide.
M. cinxia, L. — Common at Broussa in May ; it also occurred at
1 Amasia.
■ (To be continued.)
160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CURRENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 139.)
Bergrotli (3) describes several new myrmecophil Rbyncbota ;
among tbe Pyrrbocoridae [Lyggeidse auctt.] , Neoblissus i^aras-
sitaster, a new genus and species from Brazil allied to Blissus,
living in tbe nests of Solenopsis geminata (Fabr,). Wasmann
states tbat tbe apboid appearance of tbe young larvffi and the
investment of fine yellow bairs of tbe adults seem to point to
a true guest-relation (myrmecoxeny) ; but Bergrotb notes tbat
Blissus, which is not myrmecophil, has similar larvae and a
similar pilosity. In the ReduviidaB is noted Enicoceijhalus (or,
as Bergrotb spells it, " HenicocepJialus") hraunsii, a new species
from South Africa, which lives in the nests of Ilhoptromyrmex
transversinodis, Mayr, an ant very much smaller than its visitor.
This is tbe first known myrmecophyl Enicocepbaline, and as this
subfamily is insectivorous, tbe new form is probably myrmeco-
phagous. In tbe Miridae, Lissocapsus wasmanni, a new genus
and species very near Systcllonotus, Fieber. This is from Mada-
gascar, and lives in tbe nests of Cremastogaster ranavolonis, Forel.
Bergrotb also mentions the occurrence of Triphleps niger, Wolff,
in the nests of Lasius flavus in Germany.
Alfken (4) gives lists and descriptions of the insects collected
by Schauinsland in the Hawaiian Isles, Laysan, New Zealand,
and Chatham Island, during 1896 and 1897. The double plate
contains six beautifully coloured figures of Pyrameis gonerilla and
itea [Lep.] and ten plain figures of Orthoptera.
Turner (5) has commenced a revision of Australian Lepi-
doptera, beginning with tbe Notodontidae and YponomeutidcB ; in
these families seven genera and seventeen species are described
as new.
The historian of the American Membracinae has now given
us [6] a monograph of the Australian forms ; fourteen genera
and thirty-two species are noted — surely a small proportion of
the entire membracine fauna of Australia. Some of the species
of Tragopa live in tbe ground in tbe nests of ants.
Among other recent publications may be noted : —
7. C. Borner: " Zur Kliirung der Benigliederung der Atelo-
ceren"(Zool.Anzeiger,xxvii. 226-43; text-figs. 1-5 (1904)):
a Survey of Limb Articulation in tbe Artbropoda.
8. E. H. Sellards : "Discovery of Fossil Insects in the
Permian of Kansas" (American Journ. Science (4) 16,
pp. 323-4 (Blattidffi) (1903)).
9. H. Gadeau de Kerville : " L'accouplement des Forficu-
lides" (Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 85-7; 1 text-fig. (1903)).
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 161
10. G. DE Rocquiny-Adanson : "Accouplement de Nevropteres "
{I.e. 227 (1903)).
11. J. E. Guthrie: "The Collembola of Minnesota" Geol. &
Nat. Hist. Survey Minn., Zool. no. 4, pp. 1-110, 16 plates
(1903) [18 new species]).
12. T. Garbowski : " Parthogenese bei Porthesia'' ;Zool. An-
zeiger, xxvii. 212-14 [Lepid.j (1904)).
13. W. P. Cockerell : "A Trip to the Truclxas Peaks, New
Mexico " (1903 [pub. 1904 ?] ). American Nat. xxxvii.
887-91). Several insects recorded, with a new var. of
Bomhus [Hymen.] .
14. W. W. Froggatt : "Notes on the Genus Psychopsis, New-
man, with descriptions of new species " (Proc. Linn. Soc.
New South Wales, xxviii. 453-6, pi. 21 (1903) [Neuro-
ptera] ).
15. G. d'Utra: "Contra os inimigos do fumo " (Bol. da Agri-
cultura Sao Paulo, iv. 111-22 ; 3 text-figs. (1903) ).
Notices of a number of enemies of the tobacco plant.
16. Adolph Hempel : " Notas sobre alguns insestos nocivos "
{I.e. iii. 237-55 (1902)). Notes on some of the insect
pests of S. Paulo, containing detailed descriptions of
several Brazilian Coccidae and Aleyrodidae.
(To be continued.)
ON SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF
HYMENOPTERA.
By p. Cameron.
CHALCIDID^.
(Continued from p. 111.)
Oncochalcis, gen. nov.
Autenuffi short, thick, eleveu-joiuted, the scape not reaching to the
ocelh ; they are widely separated from the mouth. Mandibles 3-den-
tate ; the teeth small, the central smaller than the others, almost
obsolete. Temples short ; the occiput transverse. Parapsidal furrows
distinct, curved. Scutellum large, its apex broadly rounded, with a
short projecting border. Metanot"':m short, reticulated, its apex with
a steep slope. Abdominal petiole sessile, the ovipositor short. Hind
femora largely thickened, beneath minutely dentate. Middle tibiae
spined. Submarginal vein twice the length of the marginal, the post-
marginal half the length of the marginal, the stigmal vein short, about
twice longer than broad. The mandibular teeth are small and indis-
tinctly separated ; the first abdominal segment is about one-third
shorter than the others united ; the scape of the antenna3 is half the
length of the flagellum ; the femoral teeth in one species are distinct,
in another indistinct.
162 THE BNTOMOLOaiST.
Oncochalcis marginata, sp. nov.
Black ; the tegulre, apical third of anterior, apical fourth of four
posterior femora, and the tibiae and tarsi bright luteous ; the four front
tibiae with a dark fuscous band on the basal half ; the hinder femora
with five stout teeth on the apical half, the apical two close together,
the others more widely separated ; the base indistinctly toothed ; the
apes, of clj'peus with a distinct projecting border, which is widest in
the middle ; the median segment coarsely and distinctly reticulated,
the base with a row of areje, of wbich the middle two are the wider.
Wings hyaline, the nervures black. ? . Length, 5-6 mm.
Hah. India.
Scape of antennae shining, covered with a microscopic down ; the
flagellum opaque, covered thickly with a pale pile ; the third and fourth
joints equal in length, the last pale and hollowed on the apex in the
centre. Front and vertex rather strongly punctured ; the lower part of
the front, the sides, and to a less extent the centre of the face, thickly
covered with longish silvery pubescence. In the centre of the face
is a smooth, shining, raised plate, which is obliquely narrowed
above ; the lower part slightly narrower and roundly incised laterally.
Clypeus smooth, punctured closely in the centre. A.pex of mandibles
broadly piceous, the base opaque, closely punctured. Pro- and meso-
notum closely punctured, the centre of the latter more strongly than
the sides ; the sides of the former indistinctly bordered at the base ;
the parapsidal furrows curved, shallow. The arete on the metanotum
are irregularly striated ; the central basal is sharply, obliquely nar-
rowed at the base. Propleurffi irregularly striated in the centre ; the
upper part of the meso- smooth, and with a row of large round foveao ;
the lower coarsely, irregularly longitudinally striated and reticulated ;
the rest smooth, with the upper two-thirds irregularly striated. Meta-
pleurae closely, irregularly rugosely reticulated. The third and follow-
ing segments of the abdomen are thickly covered with white pube-
scence ; the penultimate segment closely and strongly punctured, and
thickly covered with long silvery pubescence. The lower part of the
outer orbits are distinctly margined, as is also, less strongly, the lower
part of the malar space, the border on the latter being shining ; the
inner side has also a shining margin, which is continued obliquely
upwards below the eye.
May be known from 0. deesce by the stronger femoral teeth, by
the more strongly developed temples, and by its more robust
form.
ICHNEUMONID^.
Cgelojoppa, gen. nov.
Scutellum not much raised, its sides distinctly keeled to near the
apex.- Median segment completely areolated ; the areola large, trans-
verse at the apex ; the basal half obliquely narrowed, with the centre
at the base rounded ; the segment is large ; its apex has an oblique
slope, and is toothed above laterally. Head large, the temples large,
roundly narrowed ; the occiput roundly and deeply incised, margined
above. Face and clypeus flat, not separated ; the apex of clypeus
NEW CULICIDiE FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES, 163
broady transverse. Labrum hidden. The upper tooth of mandibles
nauch longer than the lower. Palpi longer than usual. Areolet
4-angled, the nervures uniting above ; there is a short stump of a
nervure on the disco-cubital ; the transverse basal nervure is inter-
stitial. Petiole long, the post-petiole not much widened. Gastrocceli
shallow, widely separated. Legs moderately long ; the tarsi much
longer than the tibiae and sparsely spined. Antennae long, distinctly
dilated towards the apex. Eyes large, parallel, reaching below the
middle of the face, the malar space being less than the length of the
scape of the antennae.
Comes near to Charitojoppa and Xenojoppa.
(To be continued.)
NEW CULICID^ FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY
STATES.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
(Continued from p. 113.)
Genus Hulecoeteomyia, n. gen.
Head mostly covered with flat scales, but there is a pronounced
median area of narrow-curved scales, which also exist along the nape
and around the eyes. Palpi short in the female ; in the male the
palpi are long, but shorter than the proboseis, thin and devoid of hair-
tufts ; the apical joint about half the length of the penultimate.
Scutellum with a rosette of flat and somewhat spindle-shaped scales
to mid-lobe, scattered ones of similar form on lateral lobes ; pro-
thoracic lobes with small flat scales ; fork-cells small.
This genus can at once be told by the cephalic characters,
and by the scutellar scales, which, as pointed out by Dr.
Leicester, differ entirely from those in Stegomyia. I have not
yet detected any scales in the Culicina like those of the scutellum
in this genus ; they are somewhat difficult to make out in form,
but apparently' are all rounded apically, not pointed as in true
spindle-shaped scales.
A single species has so far only been taken. They might
easily be mistaken for Stegomyias unless microscopically
examined.
Hulecoeteomyia trilineata, Leicester, n. sp.
" Thorax rich brown, with three narrow golden lines, the median
one entire, the lateral broken before the roots of the wings. Abdomen
black, with pearly white lateral basal spots in the female, with narrow
white bands in the male. Legs black, basally pale-banded, most
prominently on the hind legs. Fork-cells short. Male palpi about
four-fifths the length of the proboscis.
" 2 • Head black, clothed with flat black scales and numerous
upright black forked scales ; there is a line of narrow-curved scales,
164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
creamy yellow in colour, running down the centre and along the orbital
margins, and behind over the nape, scattered among the flat black
scales, are a few white narrow-curved ones ; laterally there is a patch
of white flat scales succeeded by black scales, which are followed again
by white scales ; on the vertex, projecting forwards between the eyes,
is a tuft of pale golden bristles ; there are other bristles along the
orbital margins which are black at the base and pale at the tip.
AntennjB witli the basal joint dusky black, with small black spindle-
shaped scales on its inner face (in some specimens this joint is ferru-
ginous), remaining joints black; second joint black-scaled ; verticillate
hairs black ; all the joints after second clothed with short silky white
hairs. Clypeus black, frosted. Palpi yellowish-brown, four-jointed ;
first joint constricted in the middle ; fourth joint very small, clothed
with black spatulate scales except towards the tip, which is white-
scaled. The amount of this white scaling varies. In one specimen it
includes little more than the last joint, in another one it includes half
the penultimate joint. Proboscis yellowish-brown, black-scaled dorsally
and laterally ; beneath it is white-scaled ; about half way white scales
appear laterally, and may even go right round, forming a complete
baud. Prothoracic lobes simple, prominent, white-scaled. Mesonotum
dark brown, clothed with narrow-curved scales, black under a hand
lens, but under a two-thirds power the tips appear pale golden ; there
is a ceutral Hue of pale golden scales which forks in front of the
scutellum, enclosing an unsealed area ; on either side there is another
line which runs back about one-third the total distance ; placed a little
further out is another line running forwards from the scutellum and
ending just a little to one side oi the anterior lateral line ; there is
another golden line over the roots of the wings, and on the anterior
margin, just above the prothoracic lobes, are scattered white scales;
there are numerous black bristles arranged in lines. The scutellum is
fawny brown ; on the central lobe there is a patch of black almost
spindle-shaped scales arranged in a rosette, with a central line of
creamy white scales which become narrow-curved scales at the apex of
the scutellum ; the lateral lobes have a few black narrow-curved scales.
The scutellum is not heavily scaled, and the scales are quite unlike
those of an ordinary Stetjtnnyia ; there are four to six bristles on
the central lobe, two of which are pale golden, four black. Pleurae
dark brown, with patches of broad white scales. Wings clad with
black scales ; median scales rather long and narrow spatulate-shaped ;
lateral scales lanceolate ; some white scales on the costa at its base.
Fork-cells of moderate length ; first submarginal longer and narrower
than second posterior, its base nearer the base of the wing, the cell
longer than its stem. Supernumerary and mid cross-veins meeting at
an angle ; posterior cross-vein twice its own length from mid cross-
vein. Legs with the coxae creamy yellow ; femora of fore and mid
legs black-scaled dorsally and laterally, white-scaled beneath ; a ring
of golden brown spines around the apex ; tibiae the same as femora
minus the spines, except that the extreme apex is clothed with a few
creamy yellow scales ; metatarsus and first tarsal joint basally banded
with creamy yellow, the remainder black-scaled ; ungues equal and
uniserrate ; hind femora scaled as the others, except for a patch of
white scales about the middle of the anterior and posterior surfaces ;
NOTKS AND OBSKRVATIONS. 165
knee spot creamy ; tibia entirely black- scaled, with four lines of short
white spines running down its whole length ; metatarsus basally
banded ; first two tarsal joints very broadly basally banded with
creamy white. Ungues equal and simple. Metanotum dark chestnut-
brown. Halteres with black-scaled stems and white-scaled knobs.
Abdomen black-scaled ; a few white scales at the bases of the segments
after the second, but scarcely amounting to basal banding in some
specimens ; laterally there are triangular patches of white scales, and
ventrally the segments are basally banded white.
" (? . Head as in the female ; the antennfe have pale internodes
and dark nodes ; the two last joints are very long ; verticillate hairs
long and black ; palpi about four-fifths the length of the proboscis,
dirty white, black-scaled ; a naked area in the middle of second joint
which shows white under a lens ; white scales, which may or may not
form a complete band, at the apex of the second and third joints ;
these scales may involve both sides of the joint — they are variable.
Proboscis long, black-scaled, with a narrow band of white scales about
its centre. The thoracic scaling is the same as in the female, and the
leg scaling also. Wing scaling similar but not so heavy. Abdominal
banding more marked, all the segments showing fairly broad basal
white bands and large lateral spots. The penultimate segment shows
a dorsal patch of white scales with a pearly lustre. The fore and mid
ungues large, unequal, larger tooth biserrate. Length, female, 5 mm. ;
male, 4 mm."
Time of capture. — April.
Habitat. — Kuala Lumpur.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
British Diptera Wanted. — I should be much obliged if anybody
would send me fresh or recent specimens, for examination and descrip-
tion, of : —
Xylomijia varia, Meig. (male and female), and X. marginata, Meig.
(female).
Berts yeniculata, Hal. I know the female of the species, which is
distinct from B. fuscipes, but I have not seen a male.
Sarrjus. Any yellow-legged species except S. fiavipes ; also S.nube-
culosns (male), if such a thing exists.
Pachyrjaster mimitissiina, Zett.
Stratiomys furcata, Fall. I cannot distinguish what I have seen
from S. riparia.
Odontomyia . Any species except 0. ornata, tiyrina, and viridula. I
expect three or four species unknown to me occur in Britain.
Oryceni dives, Lw. (female), and 0. falleni, Staeg.
Neiiwtelus brevirostris, Meig. I fear all ours are N. nototits, Zett.
Leptis conspicna, Meig. Said to be common in some places, but
although I can distinguish SyrpJms ribesii and vitripennis by the naked
ENTOM. — JUNE, 1904. P
166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
eye at half a dozen yards' distance, I cannot distinguish L. conspicua
yet even with the aid of a microscope.
L. strUjosa, Meig. I have never seen any British specimens at all
like this.
L. sp. ? One or two large species of Leptis occur in Britain which
have no yellowish markings. I want to see more of them.
L. annulata, De G, I have never seen this from Britain.
Symphoromyia melano, Meig.
Spania nujra, Meig. (female).
Xylophagus cinctus, De G.
Hamatopota italica, Meig. (male). The species probably occurs
freely at the mouth of the Thames Valley.
Tabanus ylaiicopis, Meig. (male).
Chrysops septclcralis, Fabr.
Anthrax. Any clear-winged species except A. paniscus. I believe
at least three others occur in Britain.
Bomhylius. Any clear-winged species.
Psilocephala ardea, Fabr.
Oncodes pallipes, Latr., and 0. varius, Latr.
Dioctria linearis, Fabr., as distinguished from D. flavipes, Meig.
Asilus. Several species unknown to me ought to occur in Britain
belonging to the old genus Asilus, especially such as Antipalus varipes,
Meig., Neoitamus socius, Lw., ]>ysmachiis sp. ?, &c.
Eutolmus riijiharbis, Meig.
Scenopitius niyer, DeG., and *S'. ylabrifroiis, Meig. (male).
Or anything else apparently unrecorded as British in the above
families. — G. H. Verrall ; Sussex Lodge, Newmarket, May, 1904.
Winter Treatment of Pup.e. — It miglit be interesting to others,
as well as myself, if we could have a short discussion on the best
method of keeping pupfe through the winter. The Rev. J. Greene, in
his very practical book, mentions that he never " damps " his pupte,
and certainly I know personally that he has been very successful in
rearing them. On the other hand, other entomological luminaries
give elaborate directions for -' damping " pupte. and presumably are
successful also. And to come to my own small experiences, I have
found that if I keep pupte without moisture they as a rule dry up, so
that not one in ten emerges ; wliile if I damp them a larger propor-
tion emerge, but a good many grow mouldy. It seems reasonable to
suppose that some moisture would be beneficial, but probably the mode
of application is the difficulty. As I hope that others will give their
experiences, may I begin with one of my own ? I once had a brood
of forty TcEniocawpa opinia, which I reared in two very large flower-
pots half full of earth, into which in due course they retired and
pupated in autumn. I left them strictly untouched, but once a month
I gave the earth a good soaking from a watering-pot, and in the end
the whole forty emerged, without a single cripple or failure of any
sort. Now, I should like to combine this question with that of
" forcing." And what I wish to know about this is : is forcing likely
to be successful with all pupte, or are there some to which it is simply
destructive ? Again, I should like to narrate the system I have been
trying during the past winter. I took a large wooden box and balanced
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 167
ifc on the hot water-pipes of a small greenhouse, which are kept hot
clay and night. In the box I placed a tin tray full of moss so as to
retain water and so keep the moss always damp ; on top of the moss
reposes a smaller wooden box, in which are the pupre on silver-sand,
some with cocoons and some without, and covered over with gauze ;
finally, the outer box is covered by sheets of glass. The total result
of all this is that the pupie, without touching any damp substance
themselves, are kept in a moist atmosphere of about eighty degrees F.
This treatment I do not begin before January 1st, as I think the pup^e
do not respond before the turn of the year. In some cases the result
of it is startling. Thus Cacullia verbascl, Hadena psi, Hijlophila
prasiuana, and a few others, come bolting out of their cocoons within
a few days of the warmth being applied. Cidaria picata takes about a
month ; C. asteris and Spilodcs palcalis have only just begun to show
up after nearly five months' treatment — i. e. at nearly the time they
would be due naturally ; and some, which ought to have been out very
early, notably Endromis versicolor and Ni/ssia lapponaiia, have not put
in an appearance at all, but I fear are dead. Is it then possible that
the above described arrangement is, in some cases, simply an apparatus
for the extensive slaughtering of pupa3 ? And if so, can anyone say
what class of pupie should not be placed in it ? I should be particu-
larly grateful for information as to .V. lapponaria, and the best way of
carrying them through the winter. Being a northern insect, perhaps
some exposure to ftost would be good for them, followed by a turn in
the hot-water machine. It seems to me that a ventilation of ideas on
these subjects would be of use to collectors at least (I do not say
entomologists !), the object in view being of course to get one's bred
insects safely out of the way before the rush of summer collecting
begins. In any case opniions as to the best way of keeping pup^e
through the winter cannot fail to be interesting and instructive. —
W. CiiAXTON ; Navestock Vicarage, Romford.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Clytus arcuatus, L., in North London. — A specimen of this
beetle, very rare so far as this country is concerned, was sent to me
last year for identification by Mr. J. 0. Braithwaite, of Chingford,
Essex. It was captured by the warehouseman in Messrs. Bush & Co.'s
Stores in Ash Grove, Hackney. On my writing for further particulars,
the sender wrote : — " At that time we were having a lot of raspberries
up from Welling, in Kent. It was in July, 1903. The man saw this
beetle, and thought it was a kiud of wasp, and stuck his pen into it
before bringing it to me. We had had a recent consignment of
chemicals from Germany. It may be that the ' fly ' was imported in
them, but I am more inclined to think he came with the raspberries."
J. W. Williams ; 128, Mansfield Road, Haverstock Hill, N.W.
Butterflies at Culliford Tree, Dorset. — It has occurred to me
that, although a very large number of entomologists find their way
annually to Weymouth, mainly for the purpose of being near Lulworth
168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
for Adiijura (Hespcria) act(Fo)i,jet very few of them kuow of a little spot
called Culliford Tree, which is a very El Dorado for entomologists.
Several years ago, when a boy at school, I visited this place, and on
every visit was eminently successful, but I very rarely heard of anyone
else who knew of the locality. Culliford Tree is reached from Wey-
mouth by going along the Preston Koad until one is a few yards past
the second milestone, and then beariug sharply to the left, and again
to the right after a yard or two along Littlemoor Road, one gets into
Chalbury Vale. Chalbury is hardly known to entomologists, but here
one finds Lyccetm cori/don and L. bellargiis [adonis) in very large num-
bers. ZijgcEna filipendul(B is also very common here. Continuing up
Charlbury valley for about a mile and a half, Culliford Tree is at
length reached, and here I obtained last summer several specimens of
Ar(jiinnis paphia, and A. aglaia swarmed. Earlier in the year A. selene
is very common, and Thanaos {Nisoniades) tages and Hesperia (Si/richthus)
malviE are in great numbers. Of the Lycfenidaj, L. astrarche, L. cori/don,
L. alexis, L. adonis, and L. alsKs are found, the latter being very common
in July and August. Colias edusa and Gonepteryx rhamni are found
there, but not commonly. Of the Vanessidfe, Vanessa io, Pyrameis
atalanta, P. cardui, and ]'. urticce. are common. Of the " browns,"
Epincphele tithonus and E. ianira swarm, Satyrus sonde is fairly com-
mon, and Aphantupus hyperanthns is common in the wood at the side
early in the summer. Pararye eyeria is also common in the wood, and
as for Melanaryia yalatea it is found in every part of the field. I also
got a very fine female of Aryynnis paphia var. valesina, and a friend of
mine captured another a day or two after I had found mine. I cap-
tured a remarkable variety of L. corydon here, which showed peculiar
melanism on the under side, the markings on all four wings difi'ering
one from the other. Altogether, I thnik Culliford Tree one of the
most delightful spots I have ever been to for entomology, and it is not
lacking in choice botanical specimens, which may perhaps account for
the large variety of butterflies. If you think this worthy of insertion
in the pages of the ' Entomologist,' I shall be glad, as I think it very
desirable that entomologists should have a knowledge of where to go
when in a strange neighbourhood. — W. A. Bogue ; Spring Cottage,
Shepton Mallet, Somerset, May 6th, 190i.
Deilephila livornica at Bournemouth — A fine specimen of Deile-
phiia livornica was brought to me alive to-day. It was found on a
plant in a garden, and had evidently freshly emerged from the pupa,
as it is in perfect condition. — G. E. J. Crallan ; Bodorgan Manor,
Bournemouth, May 22nd, 1904.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — April 20th, 1904. — Dr. F. A.
Dixey, M.A., M.D., Vice-President, in the chair. — M. Jules Bourgeois,
St. Marie-aus-Mines [Markirch] , Germany ; Mr. James E. Black,
Nethercroft, Peebles, N.B. ; Mr. Maurice Frederic Bliss, " Conings-
burgh," Montpelier Road, Ealing, W. ; Mr. Edward F. S. Tylecote,
M.A., Durham House, Lansdowne Road, Bournemouth; Mr. Francis
SOCIETIES. 169
Gilliat, B.A., of Lloyds', E.G., and Forest Dene, Worth, Sussex, were
elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited a male speci-
men of the beetle Hagra senegalensis with female characters, received
from Mr. Barker in Natal, who had taken it in cup. — Dr. Norman Joy
exhibited Orochares aiujustatn, Ev., taken at Bradfield, Berks, in
December, 1903 — the second recorded British specimen ; a species
of Ti/chius, which he said might be a variety of Ti/cliius puli/lincatas,
Germ, (not now included in the British list), or, more probably, a new
species closely allied to it, taken near Streatley, Berks, last year ; and
two specimens of Pselaphus dresdeiisis, Herbst, taken near Newbury
this year. — Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse exhibited an unnamed species of
Nemnptera from Asia Minor, resembling Xemuptfiia huttii from Australia.
— Mr. F. Enock, F.L.S., read a paper on " Nature's Protection of Insect
Life, illustrated by Colour Photography," and exhibited a number of
lantern-slides. — Mr. P. I. Lathy, F.Z.S., communicated a paper on
*' New Species of South American ErycinidfB." — A discussion followed
on specimens of the dipterous families Stratiomyidae to Cyrtid^e, opened
by Mr. G. H. Verrall, who exhibited specimens, and said the object of the
discussion was to determine as far as possible the number and distri-
bution of the British species comprised in these families. The total
number of species was but small, as there were only from 130 to 150
species in Britain, but the extreme difficulty consisted in finding out
the correct names for them. Col. J. W. Yerbury said that on behalf of
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., he had been asked to exhibit some
specimens, mainly interesting on account of the specific names used,
which names were useful as showing the nomenclature employed by a
past school of dipterologists, and might give a clue to the manner in
which some reputed species have found their way into the British list.
Dr. F. A. Dixey and other Fellows joined in the discussion. — H.
Rowland Brown, Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
April Uth, 1904.— Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— Mr.
Tonge exhibited a series of photographs of the ova of Lepidoptera,
including Pampkila comma, Anticlea badiata, Biston hirtaria, Hoporina
crocea/jo, Cerastis vaccinii, and Hijbernia marginalia. — Mr. B. Adkin,
examples of Pachygastria (Bomhyx) trij'oHL showing the two extreme
variations of the species in England, together with intermediate forms.
The pale form ab. Jiava were from Kent, while the dark forms ab. rufa
were from the Scilly Islands. — Mr. Main, photographs of Gonepteryx
Cleopatra (bred, from Cannes) and Nyssia hispidaria in their resting
position, and also of the larvfe of Selenia bilunaria. He also exhibited
ova of Golias edusa var. helice, laid by a female specimen sent to him
from Hyeres by Dr. Chapman ; they were deposited upright on a
glutinous, pellucid base, singly or in small batches.
April 28th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Tonge exhibited an
album of photographs of a farther series of the ova of Lepidoptera,
including Taniocampa munda, T. instabilis, T. cruda, T. populeti, As-
phalia fiavicornis, Pachnobia rubricosa, Asteroscopus nubeculosa, &c. As
several members expressed the difficulty they experienced in breeding
the last-named species, Mr. Adkin said that he had been very suc-
cessful, no doubt from the care he had taken, first, m well washing the
170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
food before giviug it to the larva3 ; secondly, by giving sufficient friable
earth for the larvfe to pupate in ; and, thirdly, by never disturbing the
pupte. — llev. H. Wood exhibited a number of spiders to illustrate his
paper, including Epelra anf/ulata, E. ijibbusa, E. diadeinata, E. cucnr-
bitina, and others, obtained by Mr. Carr in the New Forest, with living
examples of Argynmeta aquatica. — Mr. Carr, a specimen of the rare
beetle Elater poinoriim, taken from a birch stump in the New Forest. —
Mr. Garrett, ova of BrepJws parthenias deposited by a female specimen
taken on Wnubledon Common, and placed in a glass shade with twigs
of birch in the sunshine. — Mr. Tonga showed photographs of the ova
of this species. — Mr. Manger, a very perfect example of the elephant
beetle, ^legttsoma elephas, from Venezuela. — Mr. Edwards, specimens
of Papllio neptnnus from the Malay, P. karna from Java, P. andnenion
from South America, and Morpho anaxibia, male and female, from
Brazil. — Mr. H. J. Turner, living larvfe of (1) Coleophora lixella, with
the larva-case, which was made of pieces of grass-leaves; (2) C. conyzcc,
with the case made from the hairy cuticle of Inula congza ; and (3)
C. troijlodijtella, with the smooth case made of silk. All the material
was received from Mr. Eustace Bankes, of Corfe Castle, wlio obtained
it in the Isle of Purbeck, and to whom he was indebted for many
details of the life-history of the species. — Mr. Sich, a short series of
Crambm chrysoniichelliis from the chalk-hills east of Guildford, with
males and females ; also cases of Taleporia tabalosa ( psfudo-bombyceUa) .
— Mr. Wood read a paper entitled "Notes on Argyroneta aquatica and
other Spiders," and a considerable discussion ensued. — Hy. J. Turner,
Hon. lie p. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The Third
Ordinary Meeting was held in the Society's Rooms, Royal Institution,
Liverpool, on Monday, April 18th, 1901 ; Mr. Richard Wilding, Vice-
President, in the chair. Messrs. William Clitheroe, F.L.S., Ashton-
on-Ribble ; Thomas Dewhurst, Preston ; Walter Rimmer Teare, Bir-
kenhead; and Thos. Temple Morgan, Liverpool, were elected members
of the Society. Donations to the Library were announced from Mr.
H. St. John K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., and the Council of the Manchester
Entomological Society. Communications were read by the Secretary
from Major Ronald Ross, C.B., F.R.S., inviting the Society to hold its
next meeting, on May 16th, in the Johnston Tropical Laboratory,
University of Liverpool, and from the Manchester Entomological
Society, accepting the invitation to visit Liverpool in October next.
On the motion of Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., seconded from the
chair, it was unanimously resolved that Rule IV. be reconstructed, to
permit of the election of a certain number of persons, residing outside
the counties of Lancashire and Cheshire, as corresponding members of
the Society, at half the ordinary subscription, such members to enjoy
all the privileges of ordinary members. Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, P.R.Met.S.,
communicated a note " On the Callipers of Earwigs." — Mr. F. N.
Pierce, F.E.S., read a paper " On the Minor Structure of the Lepido-
ptera," in which, by the aid of a long and beautiful series of his pre-
parations shown by the micro-lantern, he was able to show the un-
doubted general likeness to one another exhibited by the genitalia in
certain groups of the order, which was in many cases very marked.
SOCIETIES. 171
A cordial vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer, on the motion of
Mr. Wilding, seconded by Mr. Willoughby Gardner, F.L.S., who con-
gratulated Mr. Pierce on the excellence of his slides, and referred to the
interest of the subject, as instanced, for example, in Aijrotis asluvorthii,
which was shown by the genitalia to be a Xnctua. Amongst the exhibits
were the following : — By Mr. F. N. Pierce, Cucullia scruphtilaria, C.
verhasci and C. h/chnitis, Acronycta venosa and A. alhovenosa. — Mr.
Willoughby Gardner, specimens of the carpenter bee, Xylocopa violacea,
from Northern Italy, with diagrams of its burrows in pine-wood, in
showing which he gave some interesting facts of its life-history ; also
living examples of Xijssia zomiria, taken near the mouth of the Conway,
North Wales. — Mr. J. J. Eichardson, a case of South American, East
Indian, and Mayalan hawk-moths. — Mr. J. K. le Brockton Tomlin,
long series of the red Elaters, E. lythropterus, E. pomoua, E. elon-
gatulus, and F\ sawndnolentus, from Wimbledon, Sherwood, and the
New Forest. — Mr. W. Mallinson, ova of Tceniocampa opima, in natural
position on branches of Rosa spinosissima, from Wallasey. — Mr.
E. J. B. Sopp, a pair of the largest of the European grasshopper,
Acriditnn (ei/i/ptium, captured in Southport during 1903. For com-
parison he also exhibited Acridiuni crhtatum from British Guiana, one
of the largest of the genus, and Lociista riridissima, the largest of our
British grasshoppers, from Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight. — E. J. B.
Sopp and J. R. le B. Tomlin, Honorary Secretaries.
Manchester Entomological Society. — At the Manchester Museum,
Owens College, on March 2nd, 190i, Mr. C. F. Johnson presided. A
paper entitled " Sounds produced by Insects " was read by Mr. R.
Brauer. Dealing in the first place with Coleoptera, one of the
simplest cases is that of the Anobimn, which produces the noise by the
tapping of its body, and, if imitated, will again repeat the sound.
Certain Longicorn beetles carry on their hind legs a small file, on ,
which Landois has counted not less than 238 ribs, and this, coming in
contact with the body, acts as the stridulating organ. Mr. Brauer
also dealt with instances relating to British Curculionid^e, Necrophorus,
and Dytiscus manjinalis. In Lepidoptera Acheruntia atropos, a well-
known example, produces the sound, it is said, by rubbing the palpi
against the base of the proboscis. Amjeronia feronia, a South American
insect, makes a peculiar clicking, which can be heard for a distance of
several yards. In the tropics, the Cicadas become a positive nuisance
in places where they abound, on account of the noises produced ;
to this Darwin, in his ' Descent of Man,' makes special reference.
Some scientists believe that a horny scale or drum is responsible for
this. Mention was made of Gryllus campestris, G. domesticus, and
Gryllotalpa vulgaris ; and a certain species, according to Professor
Dolbear, acts as a thermometer, for by noting the number of chirps
made per minute the exact temperature of the air has been estimated.
Other groups dealt with were the Locustidfe, Acridiid^, and the South
African genus Pneumura. Singular as it may appear, with few excep-
tions it is the males that produce so much music in tlie insect world ;
doubtless it is intended as calls to the females, or it may be simply
expression of joy in life, such as the singing of birds on a summer's
day. Again, if so many insects of different orders are endowed with
172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
noise-producing organs, there can be no doubt they also have the
sense of hearing. Fresh fields for investigation open at every point,
and the subject is one of interest and profit. The paper was followed
by a short discussion. Microscopical slides dealing with entomo-
logical subjects were shown by Messrs. S. Taylor, R. Brauer, W.
Buckley, and E. C. Stump. A number of preserved larvae were dis-
tributed by Mr. W. Warren Kinsey. — Robert J. Wigelsworth, Hon.
Secretary.
EECENT LITERATURE.
A List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera. By George T. Porritt, F.L.S., F.E.S.
(Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union). 8vo, pp. i-xvi and 193-269.
London : A. Brown & Sons. 1904.
A Supplement to the List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera, published in
1883, by same author. It contains fifty-three species not found in the
first edition ; of these seventeen are Tortrices and eighteen Tinefe.
Fifteen species which were included in the former list are now with-
drawn. The total number of species for the county is given as 1879.
The author's remarks on Melanism, in the preface, are of consider-
able interest. He mentions twenty-nine species of which black or
nearly black examples are of regular occurrence in particular districts
in Yorkshire, and, referring to a number of other species, he states that
*' specimens so much darker than the typical forms are so frequently
taken as to indicate that they too are gradually being influenced
towards the same end."
The list is a valuable addition to faunistic literature.
Proceedinrfs of the South London Entomolof/ical and Natural History
Society, 1903. Pp. i-xix, 1-90. With a plate and map. Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. 1904.
Among other items, this modest little volume contains short papers
on holiday collecting at Dawlish, and the reports of field-meetings of
the Society held during the year 1903. A chart, or map, accom-
panying Mr. Robert Adkin's account of the excursion to Limpsfield is
especially interesting, as it not only indicates the route taken by the
party on that particular occasion, but it will also be exceedingly useful
to anyone wishing to farther explore the district.
Iji the Presidential Address, Mr. Edward Step, F.L.S., gives a
resume of the year's additions to the British Fauna Lists, and also
touches on the subject of the tsetse-flies and their association with the
African " sleeping sickness."
The reports of the meetings of the Society occupy over forty pages,
and afford much interesting reading,
Obituary. — With much regret we have to announce the death of
Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S., &c. A further notice will appear in
the July issue.
Entomologist, July, 1904.
Plate VII.
^
I. ChlORIPPE GoDMANI. 2. MONETHE JOHNSTONI.
3. Delias Hempeli. *^
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIL] JULY. 1904. [No. 494.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW BUTTERFLIES.
By Walter Dannatt, F.E.S.
(Plate VII.)
Delius hempkli, sp. n. (PL VII. fig. 3, under side).
Male. Chalky white, with black markings. Fore wings have the
lower discocelluar black, and a brond black patch beyond it, extending
from just below the costa to near the outer margin, terminating at the
second vein ; its inner edge is diffuse, and from its outer edge the
black is continued alono: the veins, forming five elongated white spots
on tlie outer margin. Hind wings white, powdered beyond the middle
with greyish, with four cuneiform spots faintly distinguished. Under
side fore wings similar to tipper side, but the black has a brownish
tinge, and is diffused more or less over the whole of the area, the basal
and inner margin being yellow suffused with black. Hind wings
black, basal area yellow, extending along the inner margin, where it is
powdered with black ; marginal spots yellow, the upper two longer
than the others. The under side of this species (a male) most nearly
resembles the female of Delias Candida, but the fore wings are much
lighter, and the spots on under side of hind wings are reddish and of a
different form. Expanse, 73 mm.
Hab. Gilolo. I have much pleasure in naming this species
after an American friend, Mr. Adolph Hempel.
Chlorippe godmani, sp. n. (PI. VII. fig. 1).
Female. Dark chocolate-brown, tinged with fulvous on the outer
marginal area, crossed by a broad white band from the subcostal
interspace to the inner margin ; this is followed by a darker diffuse
band. There is a reddish subapical spot, and another between the
white band and the anal angle, and some bluish scales beneath.
Under side of fore wings pallid ; the subapical spot is almost white, the
basal third of the wings fulvous, obscured by silver at its extremity
and along the costal area, white opaque band ; the outer marginal area
is duller brown, becoming whitish beyond the cell ; the whole area,
except the margin itself, is washed with silver, outer margin whitish.
Thorax and abdomen brown above, white beneath. This species is
ENTOM. — JULY, 1904. Q
174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
very constant in the markings. Dr. Staudiuger says it is nearest to
C. selina female. Expanse, 68 mm.
Hah. Venezuela. I take the liberty of dedicating this species
to Mr. F. Du Cane Godman, D.C.L., F.R.S., &c., through whose
generosity our National Collection is being greatly extended, en-
larged, and considerably enriched.
MONETHE JOHNSTONI, Sp. n. (PI. VII. fig. 2).
Male, Wings orange ; apex blunt ; external margin black, irre-
gular, widest at the apex. Hind wings : outer margin black, with a
narrow metallic green hair-line near the outer edge. Under side
similar, but paler, and without the green hair-line. Palpi long.
Rather similar in form to Monethe molione (Godman), but the apical
spot is disconnected in that species. Expanse, 38 mm.
Hub. British Guiana. I have the pleasure of naming this
species after Sir Harry Johnston, K.C.B.
SOME NEW OAHUAN (HAWAIIAN) HEMIPTERA.
By G. W. Kiekaldy.
The island of Oahu may be divided roughly into two parts,
viz. the Forest Piegion, say, from 1500 ft. upwards, to which for the
most part autochthonous insects are confined — and those, indeed,
sparsely — and the Lowlands, where introduced plants flourish,
and where autochthonous forms are the exception. Around the
coast, during the greater part of the year, there is nothing but a
dreary vista of algaroba [Prosopis jidijlora), gluebush {Miwosa),
and the hateful lantana {Lantana caniara), all of them destructive
to clothing and temper.
Some time, however, during the period which the people here
are pleased to call " winter," but which would pass very well for
summer in England— and, if I may judge from recent reports,
would scarcely be distinguishable from the English summer of
1903 — sometimes var3'ing much as to exact time and duration ;
after the heavy rains of November, December, January, and
even, as this year, February and March, a lowly investment of
Malvaceae, especially Sida, Linne, and other similar plants,
springs up, and with it certain insects found only at such times
and in such situations around the Oahuan coast. The spot most
convenient for dwellers in Honolulu is the well-known Leahi, or
Diamond Head, an extinct crater some six miles from the city.*
Inside the crater (near the top of the rim only, for lantana and
mimosa now fill the sides and floor), on the sloping sides exte-
'■"' The highest point of Leahi is 762 ft. above sea-level, the floor of the
ci-cater being 800 or 400 ft. lower.
SOME NEW OAHUAN (HAWAITAN) HEMIPTERA. 175
riorly and down to the shore, are patches and stretches of Sida,
&c., where the lantana and mimosa permit them to grow. How-
ever, in this coast region one finds Ithamar hawaiieusis, Opuna
haicaiiensis, &c., as well as some of the forms now described.
Although all these coast forms are so far not known outside the
Hawaiian Islands, it is possible that some may 3'et be found on
the coast-line among the short-lived spring vegetation in some
of the southern Polynesian Islands.
Collecting on the mountains often has to be restricted to the
knife-like ridges, the sides being almost impassable ; in a few,
such as the ridge from the Pacific heights to Konahuanui, there
is a rough trail. Occasionally one sees a pair of the glorious
Pyrameis tammeamea coquetting around the top branches of a
koa-tree, or in brushing through the tree-ferns one disturbs a
nest of hornets {Polistes hehrmis. Fabr.) ; but usually insects
have to be closely looked for or beaten out of the trees. Sweeping
is of no avail, as there are almost no autochthonous species
feeding on low-lying plants, and, indeed, there are scarcely any
low-lying autochthones on the mountains.
For the present, the reader may profitably consult " Mr.
Blackburn's resume of his Journeys and Collecting in the Archi-
pelago " (1885, Sci. Trans. K. Dublin Soc. (ii.) iii. pp. 197-208) ;
soon, however, there will appear the Introduction to the 'Fauna
Hawaiiensis,' in which all these matters will be fully discussed.
The genera and species now described are (*=new) : —
Fam. Fulgoridse, subf. Asiracinfe.
Peregrinus* maidis (Ashmead).
Megamelus leahi*
Aloha ipomoeceJ'
Fam. Tetigoniidse subf. Jassinae.
Deltocephalus hospes*
Eutettix 2)erkinsi.^
Fam. Miridse subf. Mirinse.
Halticus chrysolepis.*
It is hoped that all these will be described in detail, and
figured in the ' Fauna Hawaiiensis.'
Peregrinus, gen. nov.
Belongs to the section wiih short first segment of antennas,
and with lateral keels of pronotum not outwardly deflected, but
reaching posterior margin. Somewhat allied to Megamelus,
Fieber, but distinguished by the more rounded head, much larger
and differently formed pronotum, different tegminal venation,
&c. Somewhat like Eueides {= Euides, Fieber, preoccupied),
but distinguished by the different form of the keel of the pro-
notum.
q2
176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Vertex seven-sided, formed much as in Eneides, central keel of
front forked nearer to the base than to the apex, somewhat again as in
Eueides, but a little more roundedly ; lateral margins anterior to the
eyes subparallel. Antenna also very similar to Eueides, but the
second segment a little more dilated apically. Pronotum subrotun-
dately emarginate basally, lateral keels reaching to the base, a little
arched outwardly ; there is also an impressed dot on each side of the
middle keel. Scutellum very large, nearly three times as long
medianly as the not insignificant pronotum, the part within the keels
produced posteriorly subacutely, this produced part being about one-
third of the entire scutellar length ; lateral keels straight, slightly
diverging posteriorly, widely separated anteriorly from the middle keel.
Posterior tibins longer than the femora, extending well beyond the apex
of the abdomen ; first segment of the tarsus much longer than the
other two together.
Type, P. maidis (Asbmead).
Delphax maidis, Ashmead, 1890, 'Psyche,' v. 323, text figs.
Dicranotropis maidis, Van Duzee, 1897, Bull. Buffalo Soc.
Nat. Sci. V. 240.
In his description, Ashmead has omitted to mention a cha-
racteristic dark brown elongate spot in the angle formed by the
junction of the great claval vein and the interior margin of the
tegmen.
Hah. North America : Florida and Texas ; on corn and
coarse grass. Hawaiian Islands : Hawaii, Oahu, and Kauai ; on
corn (introduced).
I am indebted to my friend Mr. Van Duzee for a specimen of
this insect, which he had before him when writing his paper on
the North American forms (cited above).
Descriptions and figures of the earlier stages of this and
other forms will, it is hoped, appear shortly in another place.
Megamelus leahi, sp. n.
The short winged form only is known, and is distinguished
from the other described species by the shape of the tegmina,
which are longer and narrower, and rounded apically ; the veins
are strongly studded with setiferous granules.
Head, thorax, and legs pale greenish, with a slight bluish tinge ;
intercarinal areas on head, a broad band on each side of the central
keel of pronotum and scutellum, three small spots on each side of the
pronotum between the last mentioned and the lateral keels, and one
on the scutellum, pale brownish green. Eyes brownish black. Clypeus
apically more or less silvery, spotted with brownish red at the base ;
front also somewhat obscurely striped longitudinally with pale brownish
green, and spotted apically with brownish red. The legs are also
marked with pale brownish green, the apices of tibiae, of tarsi, and of
the spines brownish black. Tegmina semiopaque, milky, veins pale
brownish, granules dark brownish. Abdomen above pale greenish
brown (with a purple lustre towards the base), and with a median and
SOME NEW OAHUAN (HAWAIIAN) HEMIPTERA. 177
three lateral longitudinal silvery stripes, the median of these three not
nearly reaching the base. Ovipositor in the female pale brownish.
Tibial spur with eight strong spinelets. Long. 2i- mill.
Oahu : Leahi. On a yellow composite not yet determined.
(Only inside the crater, or on top, not on the lower slopes.
March-April, 1904— G. W. K.).
The above is the colouring in living examples ; when dry the
green often turns to pale yellow, and the whole colouring becomes
more obscure.
Aloha,='= gen. nov.
Belongs to the division with short antennfe, and straight
entire pronotal keels.
Head narrower than the pronotum (lateral margins between the
eyes subparallel), little prominent before the eyes, as seen from above,
anterior margin roundly truncate ; vertex shaped something like
Deljthacndes, Fieb.f (nee Melichar), but the middle keel generally
almost obsolete (sometimes, however, strongly developed), with an im-
pressed spot on each side. First segment of antenna? about two-thirds
of the length of the second. Frons somewhat narrow, subparallel,
with two median keels which are subparallel, but slightly rounded out-
wardly, obsolete on the arched part of the head. Clypeus tricarinate,
median keel strongly developed. Rostrum reaching to posterior coxae.
Pronotum short, keels entire. First segment of posterior tarsi about
twice as long as the other two together, tibial spur about two-thirds
the length of the first segment of tarsi. Tegminal venation very
similar to that of Me<jamelus.
Aloha ipomoe^, sp. n.
2 . Flavo-testaceous above and beneath, exterior lateral margins
spotted with blackish brown. Tegmina hyaline tinged with brownish,
immaculate in the long-winged form, except that the apical angle of
the lower claval area is dark brown ; in the short-winged form there
is a spot at the apex of the costal area ; veins with setigerous blackish
granulations.
(?. Similar to the female, but darker; abdomen blackish, apical
margin (and lateral margins more or less) pale ochreous or flavous.
Tegmina spotted with black. Long. 2i^-3 mill. ; expanse of tegmina,
8 mill.
Hah. Honolulu, from coast-line up to about 1000 ft. ; on
various species of Ipomoea (R. C. L. Perkins and G. W. K. ;
March, April, 1004). This species is doubtless autochthonous.
Deltocephalus hospes, sp. n.
In structure somewhat near to D. signatifrons, Van Duzee,
but with different head pattern, &c.
* "Aloha," the Hawaiian salutation (lit. "love").
f The type of Delphacodes, Fieb., is inulsanti, Fieb. For Melicbar's
genus Deljihacodes I propose the name Pneudarceojnts, iype Icthicrriji (Key).
178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Fusco-testaceous ; front transversely broadly striped (about eight)
with dark brownish, the basal markings of these visible just at the apex
of the vertex. Eyes purplish brown. Tegmina with colourless veins,
the claval and some of the corial sparsely sown with dark brown,
extreme apex of clavus dark brown, apex of tegmina obscurely fumate.
A characteristic dark broicn spnt at the base of the mediun ante-apical cell.
Legs pallid, with dark granules. Abdomen more or less dark. Vertex
strong, somewhat flat, margin in front of the eyes straight ; ocelli
almost on a level with the disk of vertex before the upper margin of
eye. Pronotum scarcely twice as broad as long, sides short, posterior
angles strong, postero-lateral margin nearly parallel with scutellar
margin of tegmina, which are long with appendices slightly over-
lapping; costal veins not reflexed, median ante-apical cell a little con-
stricted, extending posteriorly clearly beyond the adjacent cells, and a
little farther than the exterior discoid cell. Length, 3 mm.
Honolulu ; attracted to light in the evening (probably from
grasses), March, 1904 (K, C. L. Perkins). Possibly introduced.
EUTETTIX PERKINSI, Sp. n.
Not closely allied to aiiy species known to me.
Head, pronotum. and scutellum pale clear yellow. Vertex with a
tiny brownish dot on each side (near the intero-apical angles of the
eyes as seen from above) joined together by a thin brownish line, at
right angles to the longitudinal suture of the vertex ; on each side of
the last-named, in the middle of the subquadrilateral areas thus
formed, is a larger brownish speck. Eyes greyish, Mesonotum with
antero-lateral and apical margins black, concealed by the pronotum,
part of which thus acquires a greenish tinge. Lateral margins of
scutellum narrowly blackish, two dots on the disk the same colour.
Tegmina opaque ivory white interiorly, milky subhyalme exteriorly ;
base of clavus smoky, bordered internally by dark brown ; extreme
apex of clavus dark brown, interior and apical parts i except the anti-
apical areoles) smoky."- Beneath pale stramineous, claws brown.
Vertex well rounded, between the eyes very delicately, longitudinally
wrinkled and punctured. Lateral margin of vertex between the eyes
slightly diverging outwardly and anteriorly. Venation rather obscure
exteriorly, not reticulated. Ultimate segment about four times as
long as the penultimate, posterior margin notched apically. Pygofers
scarcely four times as long as the last segment, spines almost colour-
less. Long. 4 mill.
Leahi; on Sida (one of the Malvaceae), March, 1904.
N.B. — In somewhat immature specimens the tegmina are
only slightly smoky, the apical veins being more or less dark
brownish (especially at the extero-lateral margins). In very im-
mature examples the whole insect is pale yellowish, only the
claws being dark.
* The effect of the tegminal colour and pattern is therefore smoky, with
a large pale opaque spot in the centre (of the two tegmina shut together), and
pale lateral margins.
NOTE ON THE OKTHOPTEKOUS GENUS CAPNOBOTES. 179
Halticus chrysolepis, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum shining blacli, immaculate. Teg-
mina brownish bhick. Pronotum, scutellum, and tegmina sufficiently
thickly covered with easily divested pale golden scale-like hairs. First
and second segments of antennae pallid, apex of second black, third
and fourth dark ; base of third tarsal segment black, posterior femora
a little reddish. Abdomen black. Head as seen in front subequi-
laterally triangular. Clypeus as seen from the sida scarcely wider at
the apex than in the middle ; labium narrow as seen from the side.
Pronotum transversely aciculate. Long. 2\ mill.
Honolulu ; on grass and Carex (March, 1904, R. C. L. Per-
kins).
N.B. — Calocoris canus, Distant (1893), is usually quoted as a
synonym of H. uhleri, Giard, but, I think, in mistake. Distant's
species seems more allied to the saltator, Fourcroy, group. It
has certainly nothing to do with Calocoris.
In July last (1903) I had the opportunity of a very brief
survey, through the courtesy of Mr. Alex. Rodger, the curator, of
F. B. White's collection of Hawaiian Hemiptera, contained in
the Museum of Natural Sciences, Perth, Scotland.
Five types are lost, viz. : —
1. Geotomus jucundus, which is well known to be =])yg)}ialus,
Dallas.
2. Triphleps perseqnens, of which, however, I have seen a
specimen answering to the description.
3 & 4. Dilasia decolor and denigrata. Both now placed as one
species in Lasiocheilus.
5. Lilia delecta. Unknown to me.
Of the others : —
6. Nabis lusciosus is similar to the example figured on pi. v.
f. 35, of my " Hemiptera " (' Fauna Hawaiiensis,' iii.).
7. Nabis subrufas is similar to fig. 37.
The other forms have been correctly interpreted.
NOTE ON THE ORTHOPTEROUS GENUS CAPNOBOTES.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
During the last week of August, 1903, at Pecos, New Mexico,
I became acquainted with the Decticid genus Capnobotes. The
dry hillocks at Pecos are clothed with nut pines {Pinus edidis)
and so-called cedars, species of Sabina. From the pines, at
dusk, there proceeds a shrill cry, produced by the males of
Capnobotes. The noise is loud, but pitched in so high a key that
my companion, who was not at all deaf to ordinary sounds, could
180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
hear nothing. The capture of the insects proved a matter of
considerable difticulty, and although, from their cries, they were
evidently numerous, I got only two. The attempt to find them
in the daytime proved futile, and the cries only commenced just
before darkness set in, leaving a very short time during which
they could be seen, after they had been detected by the ear. It
was almost impossible to climb into the small trees without
making enough disturbance to cause the insects to become silent
and take a leap for another branch ; for this reason hunting
them with a light was useless,— they would jump off into the
darkness and be lost.
The Decticinae of New Mexico, so far as previously known,
numbered five genera and nine species. The discovery of Cajmo-
botes at Pecos added a sixth genus and tenth species. In the
' Canadian Entomologist,' April, 1897, Scudder gives a table of
the known species of Capnohotes, three in number. A fourth, found
in Mexico, was added by Mr. Rehn in 1900. In Scudder's tables
the Pecos species runs to C. occidentalis (Thomas), known from
California, Nevada, and Utah. To confirm (or disprove) the
identity, I asked Professor L. Bruner for measurements of C.
occidentalis in his collection. He kindly gave the following, the
average from four specimens : — Length of body, ^ 26, 2 32 ;
of pronotum, <? 6*5, $ 7 ; of tegmina, 3' 41, ? 49 ; of hind
femora, S 25, ? 29 ; of ovipositor, 28 mm. This agrees with
my specimens, which are evidently occidentalis. The male body,
if stuffed with cotton when fresh, is about 80 mm. long. The
male antennae are from 51 to 53 mm. long. One of my examples*
is sepia-brown in its body, markings of tegmina, &c., but the
other has these parts all apple-green, the pronotum with two
ochreous bands, edged outwardly on the hinder part by a narrow
black stripe. The green form may be known as var. viridis.
In Dr. Howard's ' Insect Book,' PL xxxv, fig. 6, is a good
figure of Capnohotes fidiginosus (Thomas). The Pecos insect is
very similar, but smaller, with much less dark color on the hind
wings.
Table of Capnobotes.
Tegmiua short (Mexico) tmperfectus, Kehn.
Tegmina long 1.
1. Outer margin of anterior femora very faintly spined
beneath ; metazona scarcely elevated above the
prozona; tegmina ^ 41, 5 49mm. ... 2.
Outer margin of anterior femora distinctly spined
beneath ........ 3.
2. Coloured parts dark brown (California to New Mexico)
occidentals (Thos.).
Coloured parts green (New Mexico i occidentalis var. viyidis, Ckll.
'■^' Now in the British Museum.
NEW LEPIDOPTBRA FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 181
Metazona abruptly elevated above the prozona ; teg-
mina spotted aud streaked, in ? as much as 52 mm.
long (Arizona) fidifjinosus (Thos.).
Metazona gradually elevated above the prozona ;
tegmina nearly uniform in coloration (California)
hruneri, Scudder.
Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.A. :
May Gth, 1904.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM
EQUATORIAL AFRICA.
By Emily Mary Sharpe.
Family AcRiEiD^.
ACR.EA MELANOSTICTA, Sp. 11.
Allied to A. servona, Godt., and A. circeis, Drury, but dis-
tinguished by the less transparent fore wing, and the smaller
white spots.
Fore wing : Ground colour entirely smoky brown, relieved by two
whitish transparent spots, one situated in the cell, and the second
between the first and second median nervules. Near the apical area
is an oblique band consisting of three internervular white spots. Hind
wing smoky brown, with a somewhat broad border of ochraceous yellow
crossing the central area. Under side : Fore wing smoky brown, with
the white transparent spots strongly in evidence ; costa yellow, with
streaks of the same colour between the nervules on the apex and hind
margin. Hind wing entirely ochraceous yellow, the nervules on the
hind margin brownish black, with small internervular markings near
the discal area ; the base and central area showing a number of black
spots, larger and more united than in the allied species. Expanse,
1-6 in.
Hah. Toro ; November-December, 1900 (//. B. Rattray).
Family Nymphalid^.
Antanartia amauroptera, sp. n.
Allied to A. deliiis, Drury, but differing in the ground colour
of both wings, which is dark brown.
Fore wing : Ground colour dark brown, with a curved band of
chestnut crossing from near the centre of the costal nervure to the
vicinity of the posterior angle, and with a faint line of minute white
spots visible near the apical area. Hind wing entirely dark brown,
relieved near the inner margin with reddish brown hairs; the hind
marginal border similar to that of A. deUux, but with the characteristic
rufous-yellow markings more chestnut-red in colour. Under side
similar in markings to that of A. (Jeliu.s, but much darker; it may, in
fact, be compared with that of A. schameia, Trimen, as regards the
182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ground colour and markings. The band on the fore wing may be
described as chestnut-brown. Expanse, 1*7 in.
Hah. Tore ; November-December, 1900 {H. B. Rattray).
Besides the type above described, there are five more speci-
mens in Major Eattray's collection, all varying somewhat as
regards the chestnut band on the fore wing. One specimen
resembles .1. f^e/nts on both wings as to the. reddish chestnut
colour ; a second specimen has the chestnut band visible from
the costa to the median nervure ; whilst a third melanistic
variety has no red band in evidence. They were all collected in
the same month, and in the same locality.
Kallima rattrayi, sp. n.
Allied to A', rumia, Westw., but the female has no white
discal patch on the hind wing, and the oblique band on the fore
wing is yellow instead of white.
(? . Very similar to A', rumia in colour and markings ; the mauve
band on the fore wing somewhat brighter in colour, the characteristic
white spots being nearly obsolete. Under side similar to that of
K. rumia. Expanse, 2-3 in.
? . Fore wing : General colour light brown, the apical area some-
what darker, and relieved by two white spots near the apex ; an oblique
band of buff-coloured spots crossing the wing, and terminating above
the first median nervule. Hind wing entirely light brown, the white
patch being absent. Under side resembling that of A', rumia, but
with light spots on the fore wing slightly smaller. Expanse, 2*6 in.
?Jah. Toro ; November-December, 1900 {H. B. Rattray).
Euph.edra rattrayi, sp. n.
Allied to E. zampa, Westw\, but distinguished by the chestnut
patch near the base of the fore wing.
$ . Fore wing : Ground colour rather darker green than in E.
zampa, with an oblique band near the apical area creamy white, broader
than in the above-named species ; near the base a deep chestnut-red
patch, with a suffusion of the same colour extending between the ner-
vules towards the hind margin. Hind wing with the central area red-
dish brown, deeper in colour on the subcostal nervules ; hind margin
bluish green, relieved by internervular white spots suffused with blue.
Under side : General colour of both wings yellowish buff', tinged with
green ; the white bauds and spots similar to those of K. zampa, with
the three whitish spots rather more strongly indicated than in the
latter species. Expanse, 2-7 in.
2 . Scarcely different from that of hi. zampa, the oblique apical
band being somewhat broader, the white spot near the posterior angle
indicated by a faint bluish line. Under side somewhat more dingy in
colour, the apical area having a greenish tint ; all the other white
spots and markings strongly pronounced, especially those at the end
of the cell of the hind wing. The dark outlines of the white spots on
the hind margin less strongly indicated. Expanse, 3'4 in.
Hah. Toro; November-December, 1900 {H.B. Rattray).
NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 183
EUPH^DRA CHRISTYI, Sp. D.
Similar to E. zaddachi, Dewitz, but with no crimson on the
hind wing.
? . Fore wing resembling tbat of K. zaddachi as regards its dark
ground colour, but with the two ochraceous bands slightly broader.
Hind wing : The wiiole of the central area pale ochraceous yellow, with
a greenish tinge near the base and tOAvards the anal angle ; the broad
hind margin brownish black. Under side similar to that of E. zaddachi.
On the hind wing a broad costal line of deep crimson extending from
the base to as far as the submarginal row of internervular black spots ;
the central area creamy yellow. Expanse, 3"2 in.
Hab. Toro ; November-December, 1900 {H. B. Rattray).
Dr. Christy also collected two specimens of this new species
at Kibero, January 11th, 1903.
Harma marmorata, sp. n.
Similar to H. beckeri, H.-Schaeff., the male being somewhat
paler in colour. The female is at once distinguished by the
absence of the bright yellow spot on the hind wing.
(? . Fore wing : Central area pale creamy yellow ; apex and hind
margin deeper yellow ; the dark brown submarginal spots and mark-
ings not so strongly indicated. Hind wing : Central area creamy
yellow, the broad hind marginal border much lighter in colour, and
having a suffusion of orange-yellow ; the dark brown hastate marks
being strongly pronounced. The under side does not differ from that
of H. beckeri. Expanse. 2-7 in.
? . Fore wing similar to that of H . beckeri, but with the white
spots on the discal area more broken up, these spots thus forming two
distinct rows of hastate markings, from the subcostal nervule as far as
the first median nervule ; the spots all tinged with greyish blue on
their outer edge, nearly all the white spots being outlined with this
colour ; the characteristic white area about the centre of the inner
margin being here represented by a creamy yellow patch ; the blue
colour at the base rather more deeply coloured than in U. beckeri.
Hind wing : Central area of wing creamy yellow, with less blue at the
base ; hind marginal border slightly broader ; the second row of white
spots more hastate in shape, and lined on the outer edge with blue.
The first row of white spots is also tinged with blue. The bright
yellow patch towards the anal angle is absent. Under side similar to
that of H. beckeri, with the sams differences as on the upper side as
regards the discal row of spots. The hind wing has a distinct trans-
verse line of deep chestnut-brown from the costa to the anal angle.
Expanse, 3-7 in.
Hab. Toro; November-December, 1900 {H. B. Rattray).
184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A "BUTTERFLY SUMMER" IN ASIA MINOR.
By Margaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 159.)
Melitiva arduinna, Esp. (?). — This is a very difficult species to identity.
I believe those I have from Broussa in the spring, and again in the
autumn, are true arduinna ; but Mrs. Nicholl has thrown many doubts
upon their identity. I certainly did not see it at Amasia.
M. phcebe, Kn. — Generally distributed, but not so common at
Broussa as at Amasia.
M. trivia, S.V. — At Broussa in May ; and at Amasia a succession
of broods throughout the summer. The females varied enormously ;
I have one from Broussa in May, and one from Amasia in June, both
large and strongly marked ; while two I have from Amasia in August
are unlike these as any two Melitaa could well be ; they are small,
with very oblong wings, and the ground colour is light and even
throughout, while the black markings, especially in one of them, are
extremely sparse and scanty.
M. didi/yna, 0. — As usual, presenting an interesting and pleasing
variation. The males of the summer brood at Amasia decidedly
inclined towards the var. neera, some much more so than others. The
females varied from pale fulvous to a greenish grey.
M. athalia, Eott. (?), — One fine female from Tokat in July I have
classed as belonging to this species, to which I have but little doubt
that it does. I do not recollect observing any others.
Arfjynnis lathonia, L. — Generally distributed, and always typical.
A. atjlaia, L. — At Amasia in June and July.
A. paphia, L. — Very common at Amasia; also Tokat, where I took
a fine specimen of the var. valczina, and saw others.
A. pandora, S.V. — Common throughout the summer; also at
Arndoutkeiny, near Constantinople.
Melananjia tjalntea var. procidci, Hbst. — Not common at Amasia ;
much more so at Tokat ; but none of the specimens presented at all an
extreme form of procida.
M. larissa, H.G., and var. hertha, H.G. — First taken on the Upper
Maidan, at Amasia, on June 8th, where it afterwards became common
in all the localities round. Almost on the top of the Lokman, in July,
I took a female of the var. hertha, in which the black tracery is
extremely delicate and undefined. I did not see any others like it.
E. icthiops var. melusina, H.S. — In the pine forest at Tokat ; a fine
large form.
Sat>/rus hermione, L. — Common at Amasia and Tokat. I could not
see that any of the specimens differed in any way from the type.
S. circe, F. — Also common at Amasia and Tokat.
S. briseis, L., and var. /drata, Esp. — Extremely common at Amasia
from the end of June, throughout July. The specimens were larger
and more brilliant than the European form, and var. pirata occurred
with the type, but I was only able to secure an occasional specimen,
as it was far from common.
S. semele var. mersina, Stgr. — Very common all round Amasia.
A "butterfly summer" in ASIA MINOR. 185
Not, in my opinion, a very distinct variety, but constant as far as it
goes.
<S'. bischojfii, H.S. — This lovely Satijnts was by no means common ;
I only took it in one locality at Puelly. It did not appear till the end
of June, and was soon over.
S. pelopea, Klug. — At Amasia at the end of June, and Tokat in
July. It was larger and brighter than those I have from the Anti-
Lebanon.
S. mniszecJui, H.S. — This butterfly, which was formerly classed as
a variety of S. pelopea, is now ranked as a distinct species by Staud-
inger, to which it certainly has every cause to lay claim. My first
capture (a female) was on July 9fch, near Amasia, where it soon became
extremely common. It differs from S. pelopea, which did not appear
till about a fortnight later, by the broad suffusion of fulvous on the
fore wings in the female, and by the colour of the apex and the hind
wings underneath being grey instead of the warm tone so charac-
teristic in pelopea. S. mniszechii did not appear at all at Tokat.
S. anthelea, Hiib. — Fresh out in the Maidan, at Amasia, on May
30th, but though the males soon became extremely common every-
where, I failed to procure one single female ! This butterfly struck
me as coming very close to S. amalthea, but without females it is
difficult to judge.
S. geyeri, H.S. — This insect literally swarmed on the wide, rock-
strewn plateau at the top of the Lokman. I first took it on July 25th,
when it was fresh out, and every succeeding visit I paid to this locality
I found its numbers increasing more and more. I was also able to
secure a good amount of females.
S. arethusa, S.V. — Flying with the preceding, but comparatively
rare.
S. statilinus, Hufn. — This species was very common, but nearly
over, at Broussa, in the end of August.
S. fdtua, Frr. — Very like the preceding, only larger, and the
under side of a more bluish grey tone. It abounded in all the hot
valleys near Amasia, at the end of July and August. It was easily
caught off the fruit which the peasants had spread in great quantities
over the hot rocks to dry in the sun, and which seemed to be par-
ticularly attractive to S. fatua.
Parage roxelana, Cr. — Very common near Amasia in June and
July. Specimens would sometimes even come into the house where I
was staying.
P. cUnmie, Esp. — Staudinger questions the existence of this
butterfly at Amasia, but there it most certainly is, though I did not
find it anywhere except on the lokman, and just above the town on
the way up to that mountain. It occurred towards the end of June,
but was rather rare, and quickly over. I never saw a female.
P. mara var. adrasta, Hiib. — Widely distributed.
P. megcera, L. — Common in all low localities. I could not make
out that any of the specimens dift'ered materially from the type.
P. egerla, L. — Common, like the preceding.
Epinephele hjcaon, Rott. — On the lower slopes of mountains near
Amasia in June. The males were very large and fine.
E. ianira, L. — Never failing to appear almost everywhere.
186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Ccenonipnpha lemider, Esp. — Nearly over at Araasia at the end of
May, and I watched in vain for a second brood.
C. pamphilus, L. — Common everywhere throughout the spring,
summer and autumn. Tiie late summer brood at Amasia produced a
good form of var. lylhts.
Spilothijnis alcea, Esp. — Fairly common at Amasia ; some of the
specimens were paler underneath than the type.
S. lavatercB, Esp. — Very common at Amasia throughout the summer.
Syriclithus nomas, Ld. — Not common ; taken singly at Amasia in
June.
S. sid(E, Esp. — One fine female near Broussa in May. Fairly
common at Amasia in May and June. The specimens were much
more brilliant underneath than those I have from the South of France.
S. alveus var. cirsii, Rbr. — Occurred at Amasia in July.
S. malvcE var. tnras. Meig. — A very marked form of this variety
occurred, not rarely, with the type, at Broussa in April ; unluckily,
most of the specimens were worn.
S. phlomidis, H.S. — This very pretty " skipper " was common all
round Amasia throughout the summer.
S. orhifer, Hiib. — At Broussa and Amasia, not uncommon.
Nisoniades tages, L. — Fresh out at Broussa in April.
N. marloi/i, B. — One specimen only taken on the Caraman, near
Amasia, in June.
Hesperia thawnas, Hufn. — Not common at Broussa in May.
H. sijlvanns. Esp. — Also at Broussa in May ; not common.
H. comma, L. — On the top of the Lokman, in July.
H. ht/rax, Ld. — I believe I overlooked this species, as I seem to
have only one specimen which tallies with the description of it, from
Amasia in Jane, where I think it was not uncommon. I can only
plead the prolific abundance of so many interesting species at the same
time as an excuse for this omission on my part. And I will conclude
this article by once again sounding the praises of Amasia, — that
wonderful locality, worthy only to be called " The Digue of Asia! "
7, Lansdown Place (East), Bath: February, 1904.
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTEEA OF
THE ISLAND OF CAPEL
By C. Seymour Browne.
In continuing this list my forebodings approach fulfilment,
like unto a certain apocryphal animal whose tail was greater
than its body (and, in this case, not yet fully grown), as such
appears to be this list ; and so I must claim the indulgence of
my better -versed entomological brethren.
My best thanks are due to Mr. Eichard South and to Mr.
Louis B. Prout for their kindness and patience in determining
the greater part of the insects mentioned in this list.
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLAND OF CAPRI. 187
This year I hope to have the assistance of a fellow-worker in
further developing the resources of Capri. I should also be
grateful for any hints as to what methods to adopt. It would
also be of the greatest assistance if any readers would inform me
of what works exist bearing on the Lepidoptera of this part of
Italy, and also where a full reference to the lepidopterous work
of the Costas' can be found.
Costa's H. serraria (3848), which Staudinger queries, has
not yet come to hand, though I have seen a doubtful specimen in
a Naples collection. I should be glad to hear of any specimens,
and to receive a photograph of same. Costa gives this moth in
one of his plates.
The correct naming of the Zygtenidae and Syntomidae appears
to be a difficult matter, and I should be glad to receive any speci-
mens of these or of the Sesiidse that would probably be found
here. I think possibly some of specimens may be : —
4327</. Zygcena scahiosce v. neapolitana, Calb.
4356a. Z. transalpina v. sorrentina, Stgr. Sorrento is only
distant two miles.
4356&. calabrica, Calb.
Of 4356c, ab. hoisduvalii, Costa, I have some specimens (yellow
spots), taken on a mountain top above Napoli ; also, in the same
district, the new var. found by Herr Fritz Zickert, which is with-
out the yellow spot on hind wing.
4361. Z. oxytropis, B., found at Avellino, should also be
taken here.
Additions to previous Lists.
PlERID^.
38. Aporia cratmji, Linn. One specimen.
52. Pieris napi, Linn.
57. P. daplidice, Linn. Small form described by Zeller in bis
Italian Lepidoptera.
69. Euchlo'e carda mines, Linn. Very scarce.
69a. E. cardamines, Limi., var. turritis, 0. Only one example, 1903.
81. Leptidia sinapis, Linn,
81«. L. sinapis, gen. vern. lathyri, Hb.
81d. L. sinapis, gen. sest. diniensis, B.
NYMPHALIDJi:.
156. Vanessa io, Linn. Only one example, 1903.
392. Pararge mcera, Linn.
440. Ccenonympha pamphiliis, Linn. Rare.
Lyc^nid^.
512ft. Chrysophamis phlceas, Linn., var. eleus, F.
G38ft. Lycmia cyllarns, Rett., var. lugens, Carad. About equally
common with L. cyllarus,
HESPERiD.a:.
703. Hesperia alveus, Hb. Rare.
188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SPHINGIDiE.
780. THlina tilm, Linn. One undeveloped specimen for a pupa.
749. Deilephila euphorbiip, Linn. Common.
7496. D. euphorbi(B var. ureutzeuberf/i, Stgr. This is the moth that
I erroneously alluded to as a var. of D. Hvornica on p. 307, 1903.
Found on the higher grounds, D. euphorhitc proper on the lower ; fairly
common.
NOTODONTID^.
866. Pygara curtida, Linn.
Lymantrid^.
944. Ocneria riibea, F.
LaSIOCAMPID/E.
970^. Lasiocampa quercus, Linn., var. sicula, Stgr. I have not
quercus proper ; neither do I think it has been found at Naples.
(To be continued.)
CAPTUEES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Note on Halias prasinana. — From nine larvfe which I beat last
August, I have so far reared eight imagines. Of these one female has
the hind wings yellow. Barrett (vol. ii. p. 174) says female has white
hind wings ; my specimen seems to be more sparsely scaled on the
hind wings than my males. I have had one pupa exposed in the
cocoon all the winter, and, except when away, have looked at it every
day. It never, as far as I can remember, presented the same side
twice successively ; thus the pupa turned in the cocoon every day.
The under side of the pupa is originally bright green, and only turns
to orange about March. The wing-cases become bright green three
days before emergence. — H. V. Plum ; The College, Epsom.
Deilophila livornica in England, 1904. —
Carlisle. — On May 17th last a fine specimen of the above was
brovxght to me alive, it having been taken at rest on a barber's shop-
window in Botchergate, Carlisle, about 9.45 p.m. on the evening of
May 16th. It formed quite a centre of attraction to passers-by for
some little time before being taken off. It is in good condition except
a slight damage to right side, where its captor had grasped it with his
fingers, and some of the scales rubbed off the abdomen during contact
with the inevitable match-box. It is a male, and measures three and
a quarter inches from tip to tip of the wings. I have never heard of
any previous record of this insect being taken in or near Carlisle. —
J. Ed. Shwaytes ; 8, Clement Place, Blackwell Road, Carlisle,
June 20th, 1904.
T)evonshire. — A specimen of this moth was taken at Yelverton, near
Plymouth, on May 19th. A cat was playing with it in my garden at
about 6 a.m. Fortunately it was secured in perfect condition. —
C. W. Bracken; Brentor View, Yelverton, S. Devon.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 189
DorsetsJiire. — A male specimen of this rare species was brought to
me a few days ago from Warmwell, near Dorchester, by my son (Rev.
R. J. Pickarcl-Cambridge). It was found, just after it had come out
of the chrysalis state, by Mrs. Haig Thomas in the garden of her
residence (Warmwell House), and Idndly added by her to my collec-
tion.— 0. Pickard-Oambridge ; Bloxworth Rectory, June 1st, 1904.
Gloucestershire. — A fine example of this rare British species was
caught at rest by a lady at Marsemore, near Gloucester, on May 23rd,
1901, and given to her nephew (boy collector). Unfortunately it is
slightly rubbed iu handling, otherwise it looks as though it had only
just emerged from pupa stage. — A. Lionel Clarke; Stroud Road,
Gloucester.
Hampshire. — I have pleasure in adding another capture to the one
recorded from Bournemouth {ante, p. 168). On May 27th a neighbour
brought me a moth he had caught in his shop the previous evening,
no doubt attracted thither by the lights ; and I was most agreeably
surprised, on opening the box, to see a very good specimen of D.
livornica. It is some thirty years ago since I have heard of a speci-
men in this immediate neighbourhood. I took one in June, 1874, and
in 1876 another was taken near Pordingbridge, and about the same
time my friend, the late Rev. H. G. W. Aubrey, took one in his garden
at Hale, near Breamore. Since those dates, occurrences have been
recorded from Winciiester, New Forest, Christchurch, Lymington, and
several other localities in Hants. A casual perusal of volumes of the
' Entomologist ' for the last twenty years or more indicates that,
although June is the principal month for the occurrence of this species
amongst us, yet it has been met with from May to October, and once
— at Crewkerne — in February ; but some years it seems to be absent
altogether. Although Manchester, Carlisle, Norwich, Isle of Man,
and a few other northern and midland localities have their records,
they are few in comparison with the soutliern counties from Cornwall
to Kent. The latter county, however, otherwise so prolific in " good
things " of a supposed continental origin, seems to lack its due pro-
portion of records, whilst the adjoining county of Sussex has the
largest number. That the species is migratory appears evident, from
its not infrequent presence on board ships at sea. Are we indebted to
migrants for most of those in our cabinets, whether "aliens or born
in the land," as is the case with Deiopeia ptdchella, Colias edusa, and
others ? — G. B. Corbin ; Ringwood.
An apparently freshly emerged specimen of this splendid Sphinx
was captured in this house on May 28th. It flew into a bedroom
window, attracted, I think, more by the scent from a vase of azaleas
than by the lamp. It is the first time it has been recorded in this
parish (Milton). — Hugo Harpur Crewe; "Stanleys," near Brocken-
hurst, Hants.
Isie of Wight. — I have two examples of D. livornica that were
captured here about the middle of last month. Both these specimens
seem to have been attracted by light, one coming into a friend's house
through the open window, and one was captured resting on a shop-
window. In condition, one is fair, but the other is very rubbed,
ENTOM. — JULY. 1904. R
190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
though both were no doubt fresh enough when first captured. —
Hubert F. Poole ; Glen-Rest, SbanMin, June 13th, 1904.
CoLiAs EDusA IN CORNWALL. — Last August a friend of mine took
Colias edusa in North Cornwall. It is a fine male, in good condition. —
L. And. Riley ; Manor House, Kingston, Taunton, May 31st, 1904.
Erratum. — Page 167, line 11, for " Hadena " read " Acroiiycta."
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, May 4:th, 1904. —
Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., President, m the chair. —
Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a piece of a plant of Eupatoiium macro-
phyllum from British Guiana. It was stated that the white flowers
were very attractive to the Lycorea, Melinma, and Mechanitis species of
that region. Vast numbers were often to be seen congregated on one
single bush. Species of Heliconius were also found on the same plant,
but only occasionally, and it was significant that only those species
that agreed closely in pattern and coloration with the ItlwrniineB were
so found. He also exhibited a remarkable larva-like twig of birch,
found on Oxshott Heath while he was searching for larvffi of Geometra
pajiiiionaria, and, on behalf of Mr. C. P. Pickett, a pupa of Faimia
cratceyata, the larva of which had spun up in an empty pupa-case of
Pieris brassica;. The latter was on the roof of a breeding-cage, and the
Geometrid larva had completely crept inside to spin its cocoon. — Mr.
J. E. Collin exhibited a specimen of Corethra obscnripes, v. d. Wulp
(?=:C. fnsca, Staeg.), a little-known species of the genus, and new to
the British list, which he had found in some numbers at Newmarket.
— Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited a living larva of Ayiotis asJncorthii, of
which he had found considerable numbers on one of the mountains of
Carnarvonshire during the last week in April. — Commander J. J.
Walker, R.N., exhibited a gall sent him by Mr. Harold S. Mort, iden-
tified by Mr. Froggatt as Brachyscelis duplex, Schrader, and found at
Wentworth Falls, Blue Mountains, N.S.W., where it was by no means
common. Mr. Mort wrote that he thought at first it was made by
joining two leaves, but noticed afterwards that it grew direct from the
trunk of the tree (a Eucalyptus), while Mr. Froggatt had informed
him that the whole of the gall, which resembled a large locust-bean,
including the ears, was made by the insect. — Mr. G. H. Verrall
exhibited three specimens, from the Hope Collection at Oxford, of
Neoitamus cothurnatus, Meig., an Asilid not previously recorded as
British. They were taken near Oxford by Mr. W. Holland. — The
President exhibited a Longicorn beetle, together with a large Bracon
from the same locality, captured near Malvern, Natal, by Mr. C. N.
Barker, who said that the large yellow and black ichneumon, when on
the wing, bore an extraordinary likeness to the Longicorn Nitocris
nigricornis, though no one would suspect a similarity in the cabinet. —
Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited living iarvffi and cases of several species
of the lepidopterous genus ColeopJwra, and contributed notes on C. troy-
SOCIETIES. 191
Indi/tella, C. lixella, C. laricella, C. henierohidla, C solitariella, C. pyrrhu-
Upennella, C. coni/zce, a,nd C. alcijonipenneUa. — Dr. A. Jefferis Turner,
M.D., communicated a paper entitled "A Classification of the Aus-
tralian Lymantriada." — Major Neville Manders, R.A.M.C, com-
municated a paper entitled " Some Breeding Experiments on Catopsilia
pyrantlii', and Notes on the Migration of Butterflies in Ceylon." —
The President read a communication from Professor E. A. Minchin,
describing the attack made by a bird upon a species of Elymnias, and
a part of a letter recently received from Mr. J. C. Kershaw, one of the
Fellows of the Society, living at Macao, throwing light upon the
struggle for life maintained by Rhopalocampta benjamini, a Hesperiid
of that locality. A discussion on the bird enemies of Lepidoptera fol-
lowed, in which Mr. F. Merrifield, Commander Walker, Mr. M. Burr,
and other Fellows joined.
Wednesday, June 1st. — Professor E. B. Poulton, D.Sc. M.A., F.R.S.,
President, in the chair. — Mr. Arthur F. Bayne, Gerencia, Ferro Carril
del Sud, Plaza Constitucion, Buenos Ayres ; Dr. Simon Bengtsson,
Ph.D., Lecturer at the University of Lund, Sweden; Mr. G. Bertram
Kershaw, Ingleside, West Wickbam, Kent ; Mr. W. A. Nicholson,
36, Promenade, Portobello, N.B. ; and the Rev. Thomas John Robert
Armine Slipper, M.A., Tivetshall Rectory, Norwich, were elected
Fellows of the Society. — After a few sympathetic words by the Presi-
dent, who announced the death of Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S.,
Treasurer, and one of the oldest Fellows of the Society, it was
unanimously resolved to express, on behalf of the Society, sincere
sympathy with the family of the deceased in their bereavement. It
was then announced that Mr. Albert Hugh Jones had been elected a
member of tbe Council, and also elected to act as Treasurer in the
place of the late gentleman. — Mr. E. B. Green exhibited various insects
from Ceylon, including a carpenter bee {Xylocopa fenestmla, Fab.) and
a large Asilid fly [Uyperechia xylocopiformis, Wlk.), which very closely
mimics the bee ; specimens of a Mycetophilid fly and cocoons from
which they emerged, showing the beautiful structure, formed of an
open network of white anastomosing threads ; and examples of a
Tineid moth and tbe remarkable larval cases. — Mr. H. St. J. Donis-
thorpe exhibited specimens of the rare Tachys parvidus, taken in the
New Forest in May. — Mr. J. E. Collin exhibited specimens of Moch-
lonyxveliitinus, Ruthe, a rare British Culicid, which he, in company with
Messrs. Verrall and Wainwright, had found in numbers near Beaulieu
in Hampshire, on May 22nd. — Mr. A. J. Chitty exhibited an Ophionine
ichneumon, the head of whi(.h was covered with the pollen of some
orchid, making the insect look as though it was attacked with fungus.
— Mr. C. P. Pickett exhibited long series of Anf/nviia prnnaria
and Lyccena corydun, showing a remarkable range of variation in both
species. — The President exhibited specimens of Paltothyreus tarsatns,
Fabr., an ant belonging to the family Poueridte, recently received from
Dr. S. Schonland, Curator of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown,
who mentioned that he had noticed, about eight miles west of Palapye
Road Station, an awful stench, which, however, passed oft' after a time.
It turned out afterwards that it emanated from some ants of this species
living in trees. — The President exhibited a cluster of the green eggs of
192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Vanessa urtica. fixed to the under side of a small leaf towards the
summit of a nettle-stem. The cryptic resemblance of the eggs to their
environment was very remarkable. He also read a note on the court-
ship and pairing of the species. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited two
very interesting Erebias caught by the President on the Guadarrama
(near Madrid, Spain) on July 2oth, 1902, at an elevation of probably
about 6000 feet. Though taken together, and very much alike they
proved to be of two species, viz. E. evias and E. sti/gne, both males.
Dr. Chapman remarked that the same two species wiiich he found
last year in Spain, associated together and closely resembled each
other, which is not their habit in Switzerland. — Mr. H. J. Turner
exhibited several species of the lepidopterous genus Coleophora,
and contributed notes on C. laricella, C. albitarsella, C. bicolurella,
C. lineolea, C. vhninetella, C. nifjricelki, C. discordelia, and C. ochrea.
Colonel Charles Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S., read a paper on " Tropical
African Geometridas in the National Collection." — -Mr. W. L. Distant
communicated a paper entitled " Additions to a Knowledge of the
Family Cicadidae." — The President communicated a paper by Mr. G. F.
Leigh, entitled " Synepigonic series of Papilio cenea (1902-3) and of
Hypnlimnas misippus (1904), together with Observations on the Life-
history of the former," and exhibited specimens to illustrate the same.
— Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S., communicated a paper on " Hymeno-
ptera Aculeata from Majorca (1901) and Spain (1901-2)." — H. Row-
land-Brown, Hon. Sec.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — March 21st, 1904. — Mr. G.
T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Eev. J. Harvey Bloom,
Whitchurch Rectory, Stratford-on-Avou, was elected a member of the
Society. — Mr. J. T. Fountain showed a series of Ar/rotis jinibria, bred
from larvfe found at Marston Green in 1903 ; also PhiiiaUa pedaria
from Highbury, where he found four on one lamp, and none others. —
Mr. Gilbert Smith, an aberration of Arctia caia bred some years ago ;
the two sides were unequal in size, and quite different in pattern. —
Mr. W. H. Flint gave an account of the genus Eiipithecia, its structure,
allies, habits, and mode of capture, &c., with a detailed account of the
species. He exhibited his collection of the same, amongst which the
most interesting were insi(/nata (comignata), of which he took seven
specimens at Kingswood, Warwickshire, some years ago.
April 18th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. W. H. Flint exhibited
a collection of the genus Dianthcecia and some of its allies. Amongst
the more noteworthy species were D. coinpta, from East Ireland ;
D. cteda, from the Isle of Man ; D. albimacula, from Folkestone ;
D. irregularis, from Cambridge ; Cabjmnia pijraJina, from Kingswood;
C. diffinis, from Marston Green ; and a specimen of Valeria oleaglua
from an old collection. — Colbran J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.
193
EECENT LITEEATUKE.
British Lepidoptera. By J. W. Tutt. Vol. iv. 8vo, pp. 535. Loudon:
Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 1904.
The fourth volume of 'British Lepidoptera' has just been issued,
and, owing to the fact that it treats on a superfamily — the Sphiugides
—that has been studiously worked at and written upon by Messrs.
Eothschild and Jordan in the ' Kevision of the Lepidopterous Family
Sphingidfe ' only just recently, it is bound to be criticized in the light
of a comparison. The author in the preface foresees this, and fears a
" poor comparison." It will be for careful readers and workers to
decide, and we think that perchance good results may accrue from a
perusal of both. It is most unfortunate that we find, even though the
strict rule of priority has been applied to the nomenclature (as in the
case of Messrs. Eothschild and Jordan's work), that it is different from
that work. Is this to mean that, do what we may, agreement is im-
possible ? The present work, put beside the latter, will reveal the
position we have arrived at in this matter.
Prom the Natural History point of view the present volume will
take its place amongst the classics of entomological literature. Mr.
Tutt is nothing unless thorough, and the complete overhauling he has
given to the twelve remaining British hawk-moths will rank as one of
his greatest biological achievements. It mast indeed be gratifying to
the author, and none the less to his readers, to find that the inde-
pendent results of his studies of the larvae and puptB actually coincide
to a large extent with the classification arrived at by Messrs. Eoths-
child and Jordan in their work, which is built up essentially on imaginal
characters. One can compare such a case with two mathematicians
independently solving a difficult problem. Both get the same result.
It is no proof that either is right, but the probability is exceedingly
strong. The searching enquiry that has been made concerning tlie
species treated in vol. iv. should be read therefore with double interest,
in view of this coincidence of opinions. It will be necessary for the
reader to note that the classification of the Paltearctic Sphinges as
given in. the catalogue at the end of the book is not wholly in accord-
ance with that given in the text. We take it that Mr. Tutt was
maturing his opinions as he was writing ; and, in fact, on page 244
we find a footnote that the only way out of a difficulty was to revise
the terminology, although htilf-way through the book. The fact becomes
clear that the whole of the manuscript should have been sent in a single
instalment, and not in pieces, to the printer. It does seem a pity that
one may read something in the first half of the book that is greatly
modified in the second half. For instance, in the text the Eumor-
phina3 are a subfamily of Sphingidse, but in the catalogue they are
a subfamily of Eumorphida;. Even in vol. iii. the raising of the Eu-
morphids to family rank was anticipated, but it has not actually come
till the end of vol. iv. It is not too much to assert, however, that the
portion of the book dealing with the Eumorphids — Eumorphines and
Daphnidines — deserves the highest praise. We here have a very
194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
critical review of all the characters offered, and as a result a classifi-
catory scheme where previously no classification existed. The pages
devoted to the Eumorphinae will be read with great interest, as showing
how the British species are dispersed through four distinct tribes. Each
tribe is in turn fully diagnosed, and in many cases most minute details
of the larval differences are given.
The work of Weissmau on ' Studies in the Theory of Descent ' is
constantly under review, particularly that portion that deals with the
development of larval markings. In the main there is a general
agreement with the views there set forth, but occasionally criticisms
are made that are worth considerable reflection. At page 263 the sub-
family Spiiinginffi is entered upon, which includes the four remaining
British hawk-moths — Hyl(ricus pina.stri, Sphinx lujastri, Afirius con-
volnUi, and Manduca atropos. Over these four species we have 238 pages
of printed matter. The elaborateness of the life-histories accounts for
much of this space. The description and liabits of tlie larva of Agrim
convolvuli runs into twenty-five pages, and represents the scale on which
this side of the work has been done. We are glad also to have previous
published errors rectified. A word must be said, too, of the altogether
unprecedented description of the pupte and the detailed measurements,
which together sometimes occupy more than four pages for a single
species. The last species is Manduca atropos, which occupies seventy-
three pages. Of these the twenty pages devoted to the habits will come
in for a large share of attention. A summary is given of the various
opinions that have been given as to how the cry of the imago is pro-
duced. We should have thought that this was a little unnecessary,
seeing that quite a number of first-rate workers have confirmed one
another as to the real cause. Passerini, Moseley, Poultou, and Chap-
man all give the same reason, and there can hardly be any doubt now
about the matter. There is an appendix, which runs to close on thirty
pages, and contains a valuable life-history of Da/ihnis nerii, with an
exceedingly good black and white plate. Altogether, the Sphingid
specialist has cause to rejoice over such a valuable work, while for
every entomologist there are pages of the deepest interest.
We feel compelled to add a word as to the printing and get-up of
the book. This is not what it should be. The various headings are
not in bold enough type, and there is not a sufficient diversity in these.
Subfamily, tribe, and genus all have the same type, and do not help
tlie eye much in finding anything in connection with these. Again,
under Manduca atrotws it is not at all easy to find where the habit of
robbing beehives or the cry of the imago is described, as these come under
the paragraph " Habits," which is twenty pages long. Such details as
these would greatly serve to increase the facility with which the book
could be used. We mention this matter fearlessly, as we feel that its
modification is an easy matter, and one that would be bound to be
appreciated by everybody. While vol. iv. was going through the press
we heard ominous rumours as to Mr. Tutt's health. We sincerely wish
him a new lease of life to continue his fine work.
W. J. K.
ROBEKT MCLACHLAN. 195
Agrestia Llgnatia : Riviera Nature Notes. A Popular Account of the
more conspicuous Plants and Animals of the Paviera and the Mari-
time Alps. Second edition. With Frontispiece, Thirty-one
Plates and Ninety-three Ilhistrations in the text. London :
Quaritch. 1903. 8vo, pp. xv, 402.
We are very pleased to welcome this new and much-enlarged
edition of an extremely useful and attractive book, by an author who
veils himself under the letters " C. C," but who dedicates his book to
Sir Thomas Hanbury, a view of whose mansion and garden at La
Martola forms the frontispiece. The author informs us that he has
lived in the district for twelve years (part of the time before the
annexation of Nice to France, when the country was in a more
primitive condition than at present), and he is therefore able to write
of it from long personal knowledge.
A large portion of the book is devoted to trees and plants ; but
quadrupeds, birds, lizards, frogs, shells, insects, and spiders, have not
been neglected ; and some very useful appendices are added, such as,
"Problems to Solve," "List of Butterflies" (including Sphinges and
Zygtenie), " Books Useful for the Study of the Flora," and " Sights
worth Seeing."
Although the book deals chiefly with natural history, it is written
in a pleasant gossipy style, and contains frequent references to history,
archfEology, &c. We have no patience with persons who discourage
any reference to non-technical subjects, even in popular scientihc books.
We would strongly recommend anyone visiting the Riviera, either
for health or pleasure, to take this book with them, for we are sure
that they will find much in it that will greatly increase the interest of
their visit, and much information that they will be very pleased to
have with them on the spot.
W. F. K.
EGBERT McLACHLAN.
On May 23rd there passed from our midst a well-known figure in
the entomological world in the person of Mr. Piobert McLachlan. His
health had been failing for some months before his death, which took
place at his residence in Lewisham at the comparatively early age of
sixty- seven.
From his father he inherited independent means, which enabled
him to devote his whole lift to the pursuit of natural history. From
his presidential address to the Entomological Society of London in
1887, we learn that as a child his attention was turned to botany.
As a youth he made a voyage in 1855-6 to Australia and the East,
when, pursuing his earliest bent, he made a valuable collection of
Australian plants. On returning to England, however, he left his
first love, and took up with the study of entomology. Li that
branch of zoology his knowledge was general, though, as we learn
from the 'Entomologists' Annual' for 1858, he commenced, as is
usually the case, with the Lepidoptera. Soon, hoAvever, he found his
life's work in rescuing from neglect and confusion the Neuroptera.
196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The groups constituting the order are most heterogeneous, with life-
histories as varied as their appearance. Add to this that the order
contains some of the more ancient insects, and it is safe to say that in
clearing the path for future students, Mr. McLachlan did a good work
indeed. In 1865 appeared a monograph of the British Trichoptera,
which was followed in 1867 by one on the Psocidia ; while the next
year — 1868 — saw the Planipennia similarly treated. In 1870 (assisted
by Rev. A. E. Eaton in the Ephemeridia) appeared a ' Catalogue of
the British Neuroptera,' which, though many additions have since been
made to the list, has been of great use to students of the Order.
But Mr. McLachlan's magmun opus is the ' Monographic Revision and
Synopsis of the Trichoptera of the European Fauna (1874-1884),' a
work of the very first importance in zoological literature.
Besides these larger works, appeared articles and pamphlets in-
numerable in the transactions of learned societies, and in various
periodicals, especially in the ' Entomologists' Monthly Magazine,' of
which, from its start in 1864, he had been the editor. His connection
with entomologists (neuropterists especially) was world-wide, and his
collections of Neuroptera therefore are amongst the finest in the world.
Mr. McLachlan paid frequent visits to the Continent, and was
honorary member of the entomological societies of many of the Euro-
pean States. Of the Entomological Society of London he had been a
member for nearly half a century, having been Secretary and President,
and holding the office of Treasurer at the time of his deatli. In 1877
he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was, in addition, Fellow
of the Liiinean Society, tlie Royal Horticultural Society, and the
Zoological Society. He took a deep interest in the West Kent Natural
History, Microscopical, and Pliotographic Society, which lie joined in
1873, and of which he was President in 1892 and 1893.
With the death a year or two since of the venerable Baron de Selys
Longchamps, Mr. McLachlan was leit facile princeps amongst students
of the Neuroptera, and we shall probably look around in vain for any-
one capable, in the immediate future, of adequately filling his place.
W. J. L.
Obituary. — We are very sorry to hear that Mr. Edward E. G. J.
Sparke, B.A., F.E.S., of 1, Christchurch Villas, Upper Tooting, S.W.,
died somewhat suddenly in the early part of last May. He was an en-
thusiastic collector, and close observer of the habits of insects, chiefly
Lepidoptera. The Tuddenham fauna received a considerable share
of his attention, but he was also well acquainted with the Lepidoptera
of certain localities in Surrey that he particularly favoured. Although
he did not contribute much to its literature, he possessed a wide know-
ledge of his subject, and this was always at the service of anyone who
sought information from him. He was a genial companion, and by
those who knew him personally will be greatly missed.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVII] AUGUST. 1904. [No. 495.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF
CHLAMYD.E FROM SOUTH AMERICA.
By Martin Jacoby.
Chlamys trimaculata, sp. n.
l^'lavGus ; the head and thorax spotted with purphsh or black,
posterior portion of the latter moderately raised, the elevation undivided ;
elytra with a single tubercle at the base, the latter, three spots at the
middle, and the apex, deep purplish, the rest fiavous, with brown punc-
tures, the middle and sides with some short ridges. Length, 4 millim.
Head closely rugose-punctate, fiavous, the middle with a more or
less distinctly marked dark purphsh band ; antennae fulvous, the ter-
minal joints rather darker ; thorax with the basal portion gradually
raised into a rounded elevation, the back of which is bounded by a
serrate ridge and perpendicularly deflexed, the entire surface is covered
with small rugosities and reticulations, more or less of fiavous coloura-
tion, the back of the elevation dark purplish to a greater or smaller
degree, the anterior portion stained with some small purplish spots,
placed transversely ; elytra subquadrate, with a single conical tubercle
at the middle of the basal margin, followed by an oblique ridge towards
the suture, which below the middle runs parallel with the suture to
some distance from the apex, anotlier shorter ridge is placed still
closer to the suture anteriorly, and joins the other one near the
middle ; smaller ridges occupy the posterior portion of the elytra at
the sides ; the latter are rather deeply sulcate below the shoulders, the
basal and apical portion are i -oddish brown, as well as three elongate
spots at the middle ; of these two are placed near the suture, one below
the other, and the third (the largest) at the side of them ; the rest of
the surface is pale yellowish, marked with dark brown punctures ;
pygidium, under side, and legs fiavous, closely reticulate.
Hah. Jatahy, Prov. Goyaz, Brazil.
At first sight this species seems identical with C. reticulata,
Klug, but in that species the thorax has two broad purplish
bands, and another one at each side, and the elytra are provided
with another tubercle near the suture at the middle, and a third
near the apex, of which there is no trace in the two specimens of
BNTOM. — august, 1904. S
198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the present species before me. Altogether, Lacordaire's descrip-
tion speaks of four tubercles on each elytron ; in C. trimaculata
there is only a single one, as mentioned above. (Collection
M. Donckier and my own.)
Chlamys donckieri, sp.n.
Black ; the antenna, labrum, aud tarsi fulvous ; thorax with a
high conical elevatiou, sulcate at the top; elytra with a velvety black
space below the scutellum, a tubercle near the suture below the middle,
and two more elongate ones near the apex, an oblique ridge at the disc,
and another below the shoulders. Length, 3 millim.
Head opaque, deep black, finely and remotely punctured ; labrum
and antenna? fulvous ; thorax with the middle portion raised into a
high conical tubercle, the top of which is deeply sulcate, the entire
surface and the elevatiou closely punctured and reticulate, velvety
black ; elytra with a similarly coloured broad space below the scutellum,
closely punctured, bounded at the sides by an oblique ridge from the
middle of the base to the suture, at which place it forms a high trans-
verse ridge, from the shoulder another ridge joins the first one before
the middle ; a third ridge is placed near the lateral margins, but be-
comes indistinct posteriorly ; near the apex are two tubercles, one of
elongate ridge-like shape near the suture, the other more conical in
shape ; pygidium strongly rugose-punctate, the suture finely serrate ;
tarsi fulvous.
Hah. Prov. Goyaz, Brazils.
The thoracic hump in this species is very pronounced, and
slightly narrowed towards the top, and the elytral ridges are
strongly raised at their commencement. The insect is no doubt
closely allied to C. hircina, Lac, but differs in the highly raised
elytral ridges and their tubercles ; C. minax, Lac, has the
thoracic elevation of different shape, and differently sculptured
elytra; the same is the case with C. thoracica, Koll. (Coll. Donckier
and my own.)
Chlamys seminigra, sp. n.
Obscure ferruginous ; thorax finely punctured, the base with a
regularly rounded elevation, feebly bicarinate ; elytra with black
punctures, a short transverse ridge before the middle, and five small
tubercles below the latter ; breast and the middle of the abdomen, as
well as a small spot at the sides of the latter, black ; legs fulvous,
femora partly black. Length, 4 millim.
Head flat, pale ferruginous, with a small brown spot at the middle ;
antennfB of the same colour, the fourth and following joints strongly
transverse ; thorax with the basal portion gradually raised into a
rounded elevation, the posterior portion of which shows two feeble
oblique ridges ; the entire surface is finely impressed with small brown
punctures, and the middle portion is rugose, ferruginous, with a small
obsolete dark spot anteriorly, and a short browu baud at each side near
the base ; the elytra are punctured like the thorax, but more closely
so, and have two rather distinct longitudinal ridges at the sides only —
one in front of the shoulders which ends in a short transverse ridge
before the middle, the second ridge is very short, and placed close to
NEW SPECIES OF CHLAMYDiE FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 199
the lateral margins at the middle ; at this place it is marked by a
transverse tubercle ; opposite, near the suture, another tubercle is
placed, three more occupy the posterior portion of the elytra, the inter-
stices at that portion are rather strongly rugose ; the breast and the
middle of the abdomen deep black, also the intermediate and posterior
femora, with the middle portion of the latter colour ; rest of the
under side tlavous ; the first segment of the abdomen with another
small black spot at each side ; pygidium finely rugose, flavous, the
base with a small and obsolete spot at each side ; prosternum trans-
verse at the anterior portion, strongly compressed posteriorly.
Hab. Prov. Goyaz, Brazils.
The colour of the under side, in connection with the nearly
obsolete elytral ridges, will distinguish this species ; the pro-
sternum is also of rather peculiar shape. (Coll. Donckier and
my own.)
Chlamys semibrunea, sp. n.
Subelongate, parallel, piceous, with pale fulvous ridges and spots ;
legs and pygidium fulvous, with dark markings ; thorax with the basal
elevation rounded, the sides of the latter with indistinct pale ridges,
the rest deeply punctured with black ; elytra with a network of pale
and short ridges, closely punctured, the apex with two obsolete
tubercles. Length, 2i millim.
Head closely rugose, dark fulvous, the middle with a blackish
mark ; antennae with the lower three or four joints fulvous, the rest
dark ; thorax with a moderately raised and round basal elevation,
feebly canaliculate at the top, from which irregular pale fulvous and
short ridges project sideways, which intermix and form a kind of net-
work ; the elevation is well limited laterally by a semicircular groove,
and entirely and strongly rugose, at the sides are two feebly raised
callosities, and the entire surface is closely impressed with black punc-
tures ; the anterior portion of the elevation is more or less marked
with fulvous at the middle ; scutellum nearly black ; elytra deeply and
closely punctured, the punctures black, interrupted by transverse
irregular fulvous ridges, without the usual four longitudinal costse, or
of which perhaps only one can be distinguished from the middle of the
base, and gradually approaching the suture, at the middle of which a
short transverse ridge is placed ; another short semicircular ridge
surrounds the scutellum below the base ; at the sides, longitudinal and
transverse short ridges of pale colour join each other, and with the
exception of two very obsolete tubercles near the apex, there are no
others visible at the rest of the surface ; suture finely serrate through-
out ; pygidium with two short ridges at the middle fulvous, with black
punctures, the sides depressed ; breast and abdomen black ; legs
fulvous, the femora and tibite with a blackish spot at the middle, pro-
sternum gradually triangularly widened anteriorly.
Hab. Brazils (C. Brucli).
The almost entirely indistinct elytral costse, the absence of
most of the tubercles, and the sculpture of the thorax does not
agree with any of the other small species described by Lacor-
daire. Two specimens are contained in my collection.
s 2
200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ChLAMYS FULVIMANA, Sp. n.
Obscure feneous below ; the head, antennae, and the spotted legs
fulvous, above black; thorax with a deeply divided basal elevation,
the sides finely and closely punctured, the elevation strigose ; elytra
with nine tubercles, closely and strongly punctured ; sides of the
breast and the abdomen fulvous. Length, 5 millim.
Head finely punctured, fulvous, the vertex with a black central
spot ; antenna fulvous ; thorax finely and closely punctured, black,
the sides with an elongate blunt callosity, the base strongly raised
at each side, deeply divided above, and slightly carinate at the top
of each division, the latter rugosely strigose; elytra constricted at the
middle, strongly punctured, the anterior portion with five tubercles,
a large one at the middle of the base, three small ones placed tri-
angularly below the first tubercle, and one of strongly transverse shape
near the suture at the middle ; five more small tubercles are placed at
the posterior portion of the elytra, at which place the interstices are
more or less rugose or reticulate ; the suture is finely serrate ; pygidium
finely rugose, carinate at tlie middle ; sides of the breast, and to a less
extent of the abdomen, as well as the legs, fulvous ; the femora and
tibiaa with an elongate black streak at the outer side ; abdomen obscure
aeneous, finely punctured, the breast more strongly so.
Hah. Costa Eica.
I only know a single specimen of this well-marked species,
which seems allied to C. knoclii, KolL, but has a differently sculp-
tured thorax, and coloured under side and legs. (My collection.)
Chlamys surinamensis, sp. n.
Bright cupreous ; the labrum and antennae fulvous ; thorax entirely
covered with fine confluent reticulations, the basal portion raised,
sulcate at the top, the sides with a blunt tubercle ; elytra sparingly
punctured, with four acutely raised flexuose ridges at the outer disc, a
short oblique ridge below the scutellum, and one near the suture below
the middle. Length, 5 millim.
Head entirely covered with confluent longitudinal reticulations,
cupreous, the epistome more finely and closely reticulate-rugose ;
labrum and antennre fulvous ; thorax with the posterior portion
elevated, the elevation divided by a short but broad and very deep
sulcus, the back of the raised portion suddenly perpendicularly de-
flexed, and limited by a transverse sulcus, the sides likewise raised into
a broad blunt tubercle, the entire surface closely confluently reticulate ;
scutellum smooth, bright cupreous, its apex bisinuate ; elytra broadly
subquadrate, slightly narrowed posteriorly, with the following highly
raised cupreous costre or ridges : a short oblique one immediately
below the scutellum from below the base to the suture ; a second one
from the middle of the base to the middle of the elytra, where it forms
an acute angle, and is continued along the suture, or gradually ap-
proaching it towards the apex ; at the latter place it turns upwards,
and continues along the lateral margin in a flexuose line to the
shoulder ; a third ridge begins in front of the shoulder, and, after
joining the second one at the middle, accompanies it for some distance,
NEW SPECIES OF CHLAMYDiE FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 201
where it breaks off ; there is also another very short costa visible near
the apex within the space surrounded by the second costa, the shoulders
are tuberculate, or rather prominent and smooth, and a single smooth
tubercle is placed near the scutellum ; all the interstices show some
single punctures of different sizes ; pygidium cupreous, very finely
punctured ; prosternum compressed and narrow, except at the extreme
base.
Hah. Surinam.
I know only a single specimen of this handsome and highly
metallic species ; the design of the elytra differs from any other
with which I am acquainted, but comes somewhat near C.
smaragdina, Lac.
Chlamys centromaculata, sp. n.
Short and subquadrate, flavous ; the thorax with lateral and a
central elongate black spot, the basal portion elevated into a crested
hump ; elytra with the anterior portion with black ridges and tubercles,
the posterior one flavous, with elongate tubercles and ridges ; pygidium
and legs spotted with black. Length, 2 J millim.
Head closely rugose, flavous; the vertex with a central black spot ;
another one is placed at the base of the antenna), the latter with the
fifth and following joints transverse, flavous, the terminal joints slightly
darker ; thorax with the basal portion gradually raised into an acute
ridge at each side, which join at the back, and extend perpendicularly
downwards in another ridge ; these ridges are of black colour, as well
as the sides of the elevation ; an elongate black spot is placed at the
middle of the elevation ; the rest of the thorax is flavous, with several
black spots anteriorly, as well as the punctures themselves, the inter-
stices are slightly and irregularly convex, and the central black mark
is bounded at each side by another small ridge ; scutellum dark ;
elytra for the greater part flavous, impressed with deep dark brown
punctures ; a highly raised oblique flavous ridge runs from the shoulder
towards the suture before the middle, the end of which is nearly black
below the scutellum; it is joined at nearly right angles by a short
costa, which finishes in a flavous tubercle near the suture below the
middle, near the apex are two other larger flavous tubercles, the
interstices are rather closely longitudinally costate and punctured, and
a more prominent black tubercle is placed at the middle of the basal
margin ; the suture is finely serrate ; pygidium with a longitudinal
central groove, flavous, spotted with black anteriorly and posteriorly ;
under side with numerous black punctures ; legs flavous ; tibiae with a
blackish spot ; prosternum carinate, triangularly dilated anteriorly.
Hab. Brazils (C. Brack).
This insect has its probable most nearly allied form in C.
adspersata, IvolL, but neither KoUar nor Lacordaire give a
sufdcient .detailed description. Anyhow, the thoracic spots,
similar in the two specimens before me, are not mentioned, and
many other differences in the sculpture leave no doubt as to the
specific distinction of this Chlamys. •
202 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
Chlamys constrictipennis, sp. n.
Subquadrate, black, opaque ; the lower joints of the antennae and
the tarsi fulvous ; thorax with an isolated raised basal portion, tra-
versed by ridges, the sides tuberculate, minutely granulate and punc-
tured ; elytra constricted at the posterior half, bounded anteriorly by a
high deeply sinuate oblique ridge, apical portion obsoletely tuberculate,
remotely punctured. Length, 4 millim.
Head strongly punctured at the clypeus only, the upper portion
nearly impunctate, finely coriaceous, deep black, opaque ; the very deep
indentations of the eyes with a slight greenish tint, anterior margin of
the clypeus deeply concave ; labrum and palpi fulvous ; antennae with
the fifth and following joints gradually transversely dilated, the ter-
minal five joints piceous, transversely subquadrate, the lower joints
fulvous ; thorax minutely granulate and remotely punctured, the basal
portion raised into an isolated rounded elevation, with a transverse
ridge at each side of the posterior portion at the top ; from these ridges
several smaller and more obsolete branches run downwards to the de-
flexed anterior part of the elevation, which is altogether surrounded by
a groove ; at the sides two larger and one small callosity are placed ;
scutellum with its posterior edge slightly concave, but entire ; elytra
with the anterior half widened, and bounded by a deeply indented and
highly raised ridge, the space within with two small tubercles at the
basal margin, placed obliquely one below the other, and a short oblique
ridge near the suture ; the posterior portion of the elytra with a trans-
verse rather feeble ridge below the middle, followed by three or four
transverse tubercles near the apex ; pygidium carinate at the middle,
impressed at the sides ; under side and legs rather strongly foveolate-
punctate ; tarsi fulvous, pygidium triangularly widened anteriorly,
strongly depressed in shape of a ridge at the posterior portion.
Hah. Peru.
This is a well-marked species, on account of the constricted
posterior portion of the elytra, and the high ridge dividing the
two parts ; the terminal joints of the antennae are not of tri-
angular but subquadrate transverse shape.
(To be continued.)
DESCKIPTIONS OF NEW LYCENIDyE FKOM
EQUATORIAL AFEICA.
By Emily Mary Sharpe.
Family Lyc^nid^.
Oxylides feminina, sp. n.
Allied to O.faunus, Drury, but with more white on the hind
wings of both sexes.
d . Fore wing : The blue area somewhat lighter in colour than
in 0. faunus. Hind wing : The black line on the apex narrower ; the
NEW LYC^NID^-; FKOM EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 203
bind margin near the anal angle white, relieved by three dusky spots
situated between the nervules, the middle spot being almost obsolete.
Under side similar to that of 0. faunus, but the yellow transverse
band slightly narrower. Expanse, 1-1 in.
? . Fore wing : Ground colour smoky brown, with a bluish grey
patch near the centre extending from the inner margin to the discoidal
cell. Hind wing : General colour smoky brown, relieved by a bluish
grey patch near the base ; a large white patch near the anal angle,
extending to the discoidal nervule ; this white area relieved by three
dusky inter-nervular spots as in the male ; the tails and cilia white.
Under side : Similar to that of the male above described. Expanse,
I'l in.
Hab. Entebbe, Uganda; May, 1900 {H. B. Rattray).
APHNiEUS RATTRAYI, Sp. D.
Allied to A orcas, Drury, but distinguished from that species
by the much darker colouring of the under side.
(? . Both wings similar to those of A. orcas, as regards colour and
markings. Under side : — Fore wing : The yellow ground colour much
more dingy than in A. orcas; the silver markings heavily encircled
with deep crimson, a line of this colour being visible along the hind
margin and terminating in a minute silver spot near the apex. Hind
wing : Ground colour dingy yellow, the silver spots and bands sur-
rounded with deep crimson ; the crimson submarginal border relieved
by two small silver spots. Expanse, 1'2 in.
Hah. Toro ; November-December, 1900 {H. B. Rattray).
HyPOLYC^NA UGANDA, Sp. 11.
Allied to H. hatita, Hewits., but differing in the lighter mark-
ings on the under side, which may be compared with those of
H. huxtoni, Hewits.
S- Fore wing: Similar to that of H. hatita, but with the blue
area not quite so vivid in colour as in the above species. Hind wing
blue, the whole of the inner margin greyish white ; the white area on
the anal angle more pronounced, with a second white spot above this
anal marking. Under side : Both wings entirely white, the yellow
transverse bands narrower and not so strongly pronounced ; the prin-
cipal band on the hind margin not united to the submarginal line on
the anal angle as in H. hatita. Expanse, 1-2 in.
2 . Ground colour smoky brown, relieved on the inner margin by
a suffusion of bluish grey. Hind wing : Smoky brown, with a bluish
grey tinge near the base ; the hind margin and discal area from below
the discoidal nervule white, relieved by a thin smoky brown line and
three dark spots, the central spot being the smallest. Under side :
Does not differ from that of the male described above. Expanse, 1 in.
Hab. Entebbe, Uganda; October, 1900 (//. B. Rattray).
loLAUS HEMICYANUS, Sp. 11.
Allied to /. iasis, Hewits., but distinguished from that species
by the larger black area on the fore wing.
204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
J . Fore wing : Nearly half of the wing browaiish black, the basal
area brilliant blue. Hind wing : The apex with a larger portion of
brownish black than in I. iasis, becoming stone-colour along the costa ;
the discoidal cell having the characteristic band, but without the tuft
of hairs ; the lower portion of the wing bright blue ; the inner margin
greyish. Under side : Ground colour of both wings white ; the apical
area of the fore wing dusky, enclosed by a transverse fuscous line from
the costa to as far as the first median nervule ; a similar line, some-
what fainter, near the hind margin ; a slight fuscous line at the end
of the discoidal cell ; a similar fuscous line on the hind wing, followed
by a faint submarginal line, the lower half becoming briglit orange
towards the anal angle ; the usual ocelli visible, one on the lobe, and
the second between the first and second median nervule. Expanse,
1-2 in.
Hab. Entebbe, Uganda; May, 1900 {H. B. Rattray).
lOLAUS ALBOMACULATUS, Sp. n.
Allied to I. iash, Hewits., and its allies, but easily dis-
tinguished by the white patch on the fore wing.
3 . Fore wing : The costa and apical area black, becoming quite
narrow on the posterior angle; the central area deep blue, relieved by
a white patch situated above the middle of the discal area. Hind
wing similar to that of I. iasis, the blue being somewhat more purple
in tint. Under side : Does not differ from that of I. iasis. Expanse,
1-1 in.
Ilab. Toro; November-December, 1900 {H. B. Rattray).
SUPPLEMENTAEY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTEEA OF
THE ISLAND OF CAPEI.
By C. Seymour Browne.
(Concluded houi p. 188.)
Thyrididje.
1059. Thyris fenestrella , Sc.
NocTUiD^a:.
1090. Acronycta pd, Linn.
1185. Af/rotis c-nignim, Linn.
1399. A. ypsilon, Kott.
1401. A. trux, Hb.
1402. A. saiicia, Hb. (as well as var. margaritosa).
1405. A. c7-assa, Hb. A large form.
1527. Dianthcecia luteayo, Schifif.
1542. D.Jilicjramma, Esp.
1553. D. carpophaga, Bk.
1715i ?. Hadena secalis, Linn., ab. lencostigwa, Esp. (Only one
very damaged specimen taken.)
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLAND OF CAPRI. 205
1768. Aporophyla au^tralis, B.
1768. Aimnoconia senex, H.-S.
1774. Polia serpentina, Tr. Scarce.
1778. P. rufocincta, H. G. Appeared in hundreds in December to
light.
1825. Dryobotajyrotea, Bkh.
1843. Chloantha hyperici, Fb.
1858. Trifjonophora fiamviea, Esp.
1940. Leucania sicula, Tr. I had classed these under scirpi, but,
Sir George Hampson having kindly pointed out to me the difference, I
found all but one of my examples to be sicula, and am rather doubtful
if I have L. scirpi, as my one specimen appears to be cyperi.
1940rt. L. sicula, Fr., \a,Y.fusciiinea, Grael.
19406. L. sicula ab. cyperi, B. Calb. calls this a var. of scirpi,
and I am inclined to think that what I have called scirpi is this
form.
1947. L. putrescens, Hb.
1966. L. alhipuncta, F. Only one taken, which Mr. South has
kindly named for me, and noticed some differences of markings.
1981 or 1982. Stilbia . One specimen damaged, which Mr.
Prout, with many others, has kindly examined, and pronounces to be
anomala, Hb., or \)0?,s\h\y faillcE, Piing.
2066. Taniocampa pulverulenta, Esp.
2070. T. incerta, Hufu.
2125. Orthosia hclvola, Linn, (rujiiia, Esp.). Two examples taken
at light in December.
2127. 0. pistacina, F.
21276. O. pistacina ab. serina, Esp.
212i7c. 0. pistacina ab. rubreta, Esp.
2l27rf. 0. pistacina ab. carulescens, Calb. Common with most of
the aberrations from November well into January.
2186. Xylocampa areola, Esp.
2248. Cucullia lactuccB, Esp. One example, summer, 1903, and
another, Jan. 12th, 1904 — a fresh specimen ; in March two or three
more.
2281. Eutelia adultrix, Hb.
2394. Thalpochares velox, Hb. Three or four taken in 1903.
2426. T. purpxirina, Hb.
2428. T. ostrina, Hb.
2429a. T. parva, Hb., ab. rubefacta, Mab.
2431. T.paula, Hb.
2433. T. candidana, F.
2662. Catephia alchymista, Schiff.
2715. Catocala nymphagoga, Esp. Only one in 1903.
2720. Apopestes cataphanes, Hb.
Geometrid^.
2861. Pseudoterpna coronillaria, Hb. Scarce. (/', pruinata, see
p. 308, 1903, was an error.)
2898. Eucrostes herberia, Hb. Only one taken, 1903.
2929. Acidalia trilineata, So.
2934. A, ochrata, Sc.
206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
3006. A. infinnaria, Kbr.
3010. A. ohsoletaria, Rbr.
3023. A. elonr/aria, Rbr.
3026. A. trigeminata, Hw.
3081. 2^. politata, Hb.
3043rt. \^. degeneraria, Hb., ab. depravata, Stgr.
3044. A. rubraria, Stgr.
3048a. A. aversata, Linn., ab. spoliata, Stgr.
3068. A. siibmutata, Tr.
3095. A. ornata, Sc.
3113. Ephyra porata, Fb. (Previously recorded, in error, as
E. punctaria.)
3118. E. subfjunctaria, Z.
SliSb. Sterrha sacraria, Linn., ab. atrifasciaria, Stefan. I have
two specimens of this, both showing very markedly the dots on fore
wings, entirely wanting in my specimens of sacraria, which have only
the bright crimson stripe.
3174. Orthololitha bijnuictaria, Schiff.
3220. Anaitis jilagiata, Linn.
3229. Chesias spariiaUt, Fuesl. The form occurring here has been
described by Mr. Prout as var. capriata {ante, p. 60).
3294. Lyfjris as.sociata, Bkh.
3311. Larentia ciipre.tsata, H. G.
3344&. L.Jiuctuata, Linn., ab. neapolisata, Mill.
3378. L.Jiuciata, Hb.
3419. L. cupreata, H.-S.
3459. L. imifasciata, Hw.
3608. Tephroclystia semigraphata, Brd.
3641. T. pha;niceata, Rbr.
3646. T. abbrcviata, Stph.
3658. T. pamilata, Hb.
3671. PhibaJapteryxvltalbata, Hb.
3673. P. corticata, Tr.
3724. Metrocampa honoraria, Schiff.
? 3760. Euryviene dolobraria, Linn.
3830. Zamacra flabellaria, Heeger. Feb. 10th, 1904.
3830. Z. Jiabellaria, Heeger.
3917. Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, Hb.
3948a. Gnophos variegata, Dup., ab. (et v. ?) cyinbalariata, Mill.
3956. G. asperaria, Hb.
3956a. G. asperaria, Hb., var. pityata, Rbr.
4077. Aspilates ochearia, Rossi.
NoLID^.
4105. Nola strigula, Schiff.
Cymbid^.
4126. Sarrothripus revayana, Sc.
4132. Nycteola falsalis, H.-S.
4141. Hylophila prasinina, Linn., is found on the lower parts of
the island, H. bicolorana on the higher.
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLAND OF CAPRI. 207
SYNTOMIDiE.
4146rt. St/ntomis phegea, Linn., ab. pliegeun, Esp. lu the specimens
of pheiiea found here the white spots are small in size.
41o6c. Dysauxes punctata, Fb., var. famula, Frr. I have also a
darker and a very faint form.
AROTIIDiE.
41686, Phragmatohia fidiginosa, Linn., var. fervida, Stgr. I think
the form here should be described as above.
4301. Lithoaia caniola, Hb. Extremely common. I think my
previous mention of L. unita was an error.
ZYGiENID^.
4351. Zygcena stccchadis, Bkh.
4352c. Z. filipendidcB var. ochsenheimeri, Z.
4356. Z. transalpina, Esp. Varying in the direction of the named
vars., i. e. spots on fore wings reduced in size ; black margins of hind
wings beginning to widen.
PsYCHID^.
4451. Pachytelia villosella, 0.
4490. rhalacropterix apiformh, Rossi.
Sesiid^e.
4627. Sesia chrysidiformis, Esp.
41. Cramhus trabeatellus, H.-S.
208. Hypsotwpa Imbella, Z.
232. Homoeosonia miuella, F.
Eazopherodes sp. Probably undescribed.
739. Acrobasis glaucella, Stgr.
835. Pyralis obsoletalis, Mn.
845. Herculia glaucinalis, Linn.
931. Stenia punctalis, Schiff.
978. Scoparia auqastea, Steph.
1003. Hellula undalis, F.
1241, Pyrausta cespitalis, Schiff.
Other " Micros."
1638. CheimatopJiila tortricella, Hb.
2257. Carpocapm pomomella, Linn.
3133. CJwnabache fagella, F.
3206. Depressaria subpropinquella, Stt.
Acrolepia. Species.
208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ON SOME NEW GENEEA AND SPECIES OF
HYMENOPTEEA.
By p. Cameron.
(Continued from p. 163.)
ICHNEUMONID^.
CffiLOJOPPA CARINISCUTIS, Sp. nOV.
Black, shining; the face, clypeus, the orbits, the basal half of the
mandibles, palpi, a line on the pronotum, a slightly broader one on the
lower edge of the propleurfe, an irregular mark, broader than long, on
the mesonotum, the scutellums, the lower half of the mesopleurfe, the
base of the mark curved upwards, the part under the hind wings, the
apex of the metauotum all round, the line narrowed on the top and at
the bottom reaching to the cox^e, the narrowed part of the petiole, the
apex of the post-petiole, and of the other segments broadly, pale
yellow. The four front legs pallid yellow, the femora fulvous above,
the hinder legs dark fulvous, the coxae and trochanters more yellowish
in tint, and marked with black on the outer half at the apex ; the tibife
darker in tint. Wings clear hyaline, the stigma fuscous, the nervures
darker. Petiole smooth and shining ; a fovea at the base of the post-
scutellum ; the second and following segments closely punctured ; the
gastrocoeli strongly striated, the apex testaceous. 2 . Length, 8 mm.
Hah. Darjeeling.
Spilojoppa, gen. nov.
Scutellum flat, broad, not keeled laterally. Areola large, almost
twice longer than broad, of equal width throughout, open at the base ;
the lateral aretB are separated ; there are no teeth on the apex. Head
large, as broad as the thorax ; the temples broad, the occiput roundly
incised. Eyes large, parallel ; the malar space small. Clypeus not
separated, its apex transverse, its sides rounded. Labrum hidden.
Mandibles with tlie upper tooth much larger than the lower. Antennae
stout, dilated and compressed beyond the middle. Petiole long, the
post-petiole not much dilated, the second and third segments closely
punctured, closely and finely longitudinally striated at the base.
Gastrocceli large, deep ; the last segment is fully larger than the
sixth ; the sheaths of the ovipositor largely project ; the ventral keel
extends to the apex of the fourth segment. Areolet five-angled, nar-
rowed above ; the disco-cubital nervure broken by a minute stump ;
the transverse median nervure is received distinctly beyond the trans-
verse basal. Legs of moderate length ; the apices of the tarsal joints
spinose. The known species is black, largely marked with yellow, the
legs rufous. The second to fifth abdominal segments project at the
apices laterally.
Belongs to the Joppini, and is not unlike Ccelojoppa in form
and coloration, but may be known from it by the flatter, not
keeled scutellum, and by the much larger areola of equal width
throughout. The latter is larger than usual.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 209
Spilojoppa fulvipes, sp. nov.
Black ; the face, clypeus, the eye-orbits — the outer more narrowly
above — base of mandibles, palpi, the upper and lower edge of the pro-
thorax — the lower line not reaching to the apex — tubercles, two lines
on the central part of the mesonotum, the sides and the apex more
narrowly of the scutellum — the black central line being gradually,
roundly narrowed towards the base — the scutellar keels, post-scutellum,
the areola, the apex of the metanotum, except on the posterior median
area, the yellow extending on to the spiracular area and on to the
pleurfe below, a large irregular mark on the lower part of the meso-
pleurte, the mark being roundly dilated upwards at the apex, and
extending narrowly near the apex on to the sternum, the tubercles, the
apex of the mesopleur^e, a squarish mark behind the spiracles, and the
apices of the first, fourth, and following segments, and two large
marks on the apices of tbe second and third segments, pallid yellow.
Legs bright fulvous, the four front coxae and trochanters yellow, the
hinder cox^e black, marked with yellow above ; the hinder femora, &c.,
broken off in my example. Wings clear hyaline, the stigma dark
testaceous, the nervures darker. ? . Length, 12 mm.
Hah. Darjeeling.
APIDiE.
Prosopis basimacula, sp. nov.
Black ; the basal segment of the abdomen with a large irregular
mark, commencing near the base and extending to the apex, where it
extends to the sides, and having an irregular indentation on the inner
side near the apex, brownish red ; the apices of the third and fourth
segments brownish, and covered with fulvous pubescence; the inner
orbits from the base of the antennae rufous, the red line continued to
the base of the mandibles below. Legs black, the anterior tibiffi in
front and the basal half of the hinder pair testaceous. Wings hyaline,
the costal, radial, and cubital cellules smoky violaceous, the stigma
and nervures black. ? . Length, 8-9 mm.
Hah. Darjeeling.
First recurrent nervure received shortly beyond the transverse
cubital, the second interstitial. Metanotal area coarsely rugosely
reticulated. Front and vertex closely rugosely punctured ; the face
and clypeus bearing longish shallow clearly separated punctures.
Malar space large, nearly as long as the third and fourth antennal
joints united. Pro- and mesothorax closely and strongly, almost
rugosely punctured ; the apex of the pronotum is raised. Scutellum
punctured like the mesonotum, the post-scutellum more closely rugosely
punctured. The entire base of the metanotum is coarsely rugosely
reticulated; the apex of the area and the rest of the metanotum closely
rugose, the punctuation running into reticulations on the sides. The
apex and lower part of the metapleurae are closely rugose ; the under
side is bordered by a curved farrow, beneath which it is finely closely
rugose. Abdomen finely, closely, and distinctly punctured.
This is larger than any of the recorded Indian species, with
none of which can it be confounded. The face and the malar
space are longer than usual.
210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Andrena inoa, sp. nov.
Black, the pubescence white, darker on the thorax, on the scu-
tellums fulvous ; the head closely and distinctly punctured ; on the
vertex the punctures are not so strong or so close as they are on the
face, and it is also more shining. The metanotal area coarsely
reticulated in the centre, the sides obliquely striated ; the apical slope
is irregularly reticulated, the strine broken ; its sides are keeled all
round, and there is a stout keel in the centre, which commences
shortly below the top. Legs piceous-black. Wings hyaline, the
stigma testaceous, the nervures darker. <? . Length, 9 mm.
Hab. Himalayas.
Head largely developed behind the eyes. Antennae rather shorter
than usual, with the joints not dilated below. Mandibles black,
smooth, shining, and sparsely haired. Dorsal segments of abdomen
closely and distinctly punctured ; the middle ones slightly depressed
at the apex. In the centre of the apical half of the penultimate
ventral segment is a raised tubercle, covered with fulvous pubescence,
broad and rounded at the base, and becoming gradually narrowed
towards the apex ; the last segment is closely punctured. In front
the third cubital cellule is not much longer than the second ; the third
transverse cubital nervure is roundly curved, and is hardly obliquely
sloped above as in most species of Andrena, The apex of the clypeus
has a stout margin, clearly separated from the upper part ; it is trans-
verse, with the sides bent downwards.
Characteristic of this species is the keeled margin of the apex
of the metanotum, with the stout keel in the centre. In Bing-
ham's arrangement it would come in near A. pluedra, Cam.
Halictus himalayensis, sp. nov.
Black, the pubescence white, the wings clear hyaline, the nervures
and stigma black ; the base of the median segment with curved,
irregular, clearly separated strife, the apex of the segment distinctly
margined, the anal rima with the apical half piceous. ? . Length,
7 mm.
Hab. Himalaya.
The vertex indistinctly, the front closely and distinctly punctured ;
its lower part with a narrow keel in the centre. Face sparsely punc-
tured, its centre almost impunctate ; the clypeus is more strongly, but
not quite so closely punctured as the sides of the face ; its apex fringed
with long white hair. Mesonotum shining and impunctate. Meta-
pleurse opaque, shagreened. Abdomen smooth and shining ; the
apical fringes white, the segments without transverse furrows or de-
pressions. The legs have a brownish tint ; the calcaria pale testaceous ;
the outer spur on the hind^ tibiae stoutly spined. The second recur-
rent nervure is received near the base of the apical third of the cellule.
The head is more elongate and narrower than usual ; the eyes converge
above. The basal area of the metanotum appears larger than usual ;
its strife in the centre are irregular ; laterally more regular and
oblique.
(To be continued.)
211
NEW CULICID.E FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY
STATES.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
(Continued from p. 165.)
Observations. — The two types sent by Dr. Leicester are not
quite perfect, having been shghtly damaged in transit. They
were bred from larvae taken in bamboo jungle on the Pahang
Road, about five and three-quarter miles from Kuala Lumpur.
The thoracic adornment is so very marked the species cannot
well be mistaken, for in M. tremula, which it resembles, the
golden scales of the mesothorax form but very indistinct lines,
not clear narrow ones as in this species. Dr. Leicester's descrip-
tion of the scutellum must be modified, for the scales are certainly
not of the usual spindle-shape, but flattened on the mid lobe,
much smaller and more irregular than in Stegomyia, and with
more rounded apices. — (F. V. T.)
Genus Leicbsteria, nov. gen.
Head covered with flat scales, upright forked scales, and a row of
spindle-shaped creamy ones around the eyes. Palpi in the female
four-jointed, long, being fully one-half the length of the proboscis ;
in the male the palpi are longer than the proboscis and slender, no
hair-tufts. Proboscis swollen apically. Mesothorax with narrow and
broad-curved scales ; scutellum with flat scales ; prothoracic lobes
with flat scales. Venation and wing scales much as in Stegomyia.
This genus comes near Eretmapodites, from which it differs
in (1), having a narrow- scaled border around the eyes ; (2), the
great length of the palpi, in the female, the long palpi also
separating it from the other allied genera {Madcayia, Scatomyia,
&c.). A single species only is known, which is here described by
Dr. Leicester.
Leigesteria longipalpis, Leicester, n. sj).
" Head black in the middle, creamy at the sides ; palpi half the
length of the proboscis, both black. Thorax yellowish brown, with
bronze scales and a creamy line on each side as far as the base of the
wings. Abdomen with apical white lateral spots. Legs unhanded.
" ? . Head black ; the vertex, occiput and nape covered with
broad flat black scales ; along the orbital margin is a narrow row of
spindle-shaped creamy scales ; laterally, where the black ticales end,
is a band of creamy scales, and then black scales again ; there
are a moderate number of black upright forked scales confined to
the nape. Antenns with the basal joint pale dirty yellow ; the inner
face is rather thickly clad with small flat scales with a few dark ones
interspersed ; the basal half of second joint is similar in colour to the
basal joint ; the apical half and the succeeding joints of the antennae
212 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
are black, covered with numerous short white hairs ; verticillate hairs
black ; last joints of anteunse not elongated. Clypeus dark brown, a
few narrow white scales on its anterior margin. Pdjd black-scaled,
four -jointed ; third joint very lonrf — lonrjer than all the other joints }mt
together; fourth joint tniniite. The palpi in tJiis species are umisiially
long, being fidig half the length of the proboscis. Proboscis thick,
entirely black-scaled. Protlioracic lobes thickly clad with flat spatu-
late scales, white on the lower lialf, black above, and from the apex a
tuft of stout dark brown bristles projects. Mesonotum yellowish-
brown ; running round the margin anteriorly and laterally as far as
the wing bases is a creamy line, composed of broad-curved scales; the
rest of the mesonotum is densely clad with long narrow-curved bronzy
scales, which are specially dense and long over the roots of the wings,
where they form dense tufts ; the colour of these scales under a hand
lens is metallic bronze, but under a two-thirds power many appear pale
brown ; in some lights they appear purple, as do the dark scales on
the head and proboscis, indeed the scales on this mosquito show
a play of colours on every part as the angle of the light changes.
Pleurae brownish, clothed with tufts of white elliptical scales.
Scutellum clad with fiat black scales, purple or rose-purple in a good
light, on all the lobes, border-bristles brown. Wings clouded, covered
with dark brown scales, the lateral linear with square ends, the median
also rather narrow ; fork-cells moderately long ; the stem of first sub-
marginal cell about two-thirds length of cell ; the base of the cell
nearer the base of the wing than that of second ; the second posterior
cell is a little broader than first submarginal ; median and super-
numerary cross-veins meeting at an angle ; posterior cross-vein rather
short, distant about twice its length from the median. Legs with
coxse pale ; fore and mid coxae with brown and white scales, the hind
with only white scales ; femora pale scaled beneath, though on the fore
legs there are dark brown scales intermingled; the rest of the legs and
the upper surface of femora clad with dark brown or purple scales,
according to the direction of the light ; there is no banding of the
legs nor any suggestion of it. On the fore legs there are a few yellow
scales at the apex of the tibiae. The fore and mid ungues equal and
uniserrate. Metanotum yellowish-brown, Halteres with pale stems
and black and white scales on the knob. Abdomen covered with
broad purple-brown scales ; no dorsal banding, though the white
lateral bands almost meet over the apices of the segments ; laterally
there are conspicuous white bands passing from beneath upwards and
backwards ; these bands are shaped something like the mesial vertical
section of an arm-chair ; the scales forming them are bluish-white (in
the dried specimen they may change to a dirty yellow).
" <y . The lateral band of creamy scales on the head is broader
than in the female. The vertical bristles are pale golden. Antennae
pale brown, two last joints black and elongated. Plumes long, dense
and purple-brown. Proboscis distinctly enlarged for about one-third
its length at the apex, black scaled. Palpi slender, longer than the
proboscis, scaled entirely save for a few white scales about the centre
of the first apparent joint with dark purple-brown scales. Fore and
mid ungues unequal, the larger uniserrated. Length 4*5 mm."
" Habitat. — Kuala Lumpur."
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 213
Observations. — This species can easily be told by the great
length of the female palpi. I know of nothing approaching it.
The pale apical abdominal spots often spread out to form nearly
complete bands. The type sent over does not show the pale
scaled line up to the base of the wing on the mesothorax, as Dr.
Leicester describes; probably the specimen has been slightly
rubbed.— (F.V.T.)
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
National Collection of British Lepidoptera. — Mr. William M.
Christy, of Watergate, Emsworth, Hants, has presented a very useful
assortment of Lepidoptera from the Woodforde Collection. All the
specimens are in fine condition, and have full data attached. He has
also given a nice series of Boarmia consortaria, reared from Sussex
larvse, and an exceedingly interesting series of Melanippe galiata, bred
from ova deposited by a female specimen taken at Arundel. These
latter have the grouud colour unusually white, and the band is black.
Earwig attacked by Acari. — Near Ashtead, on July 9tli, I took an
immature earwig about 8 mm. long to which were attached six large Acari
of a brilliant vermilion tint and about 1 mm. in length. The earwig was
probably Forjiciila auricnlaria, but as the locality was suitable for F.
leme'i, and immature earwigs are not easily distinguished, it might pos-
sibly belong to the latter species. — W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames.
A New Form of Gnoph.kla. — The mountains and mountain-
ranges of New Mexico are more or less isolated from one another by
dry plains, and consequently present biota ( = faunae and florae) largely
comparable to those of islands. The "insular" races or species found
are of various degrees of diversity, while, of course, in numerous
instances, no obvious differences can be detected between specimens
from different ranges. At Beulah, New Mexico, in the Canadian zone,
the beautiful Pericopid moth Gnophala clappiana, Holland, is very com-
mon. It goes north into Colorado practically unchanged. In the White
Mountains of Southern New Mexico, on the Rio Piuidoso at about
7600 ft. altitude, on August 3rd, Prof. C. H. T. Towusend collected a
male GnophcBla which is clearly different from the numerous examples
of clappiana seen, and is, n"* doubt, one of the " insular" forms just
mentioned. It differs from clappiana in having two small white spots
below the large median spot of the anterior wings ; three spots (sepa-
rated only by black nervures) on the hind wings comparable to those
of the subapical area of the anterior wings ; a small round white spot
in the cell of the hind wings ; and the hind wings not so blue. Such
forms, which are not subspecies because not connected with the
type by intermediates (owing to the break in the distribution), and
are hardly distinct enough to be accepted as species in the ordinary
sense, I liave thought to call idiomorphs. In this case, the Eio
Euidoso Gnophala may stand as G. {clappiana id.) ruidosensis, — T. D. A.
CocKERELL ; Colorado Springs, Colorado.
ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1904. T
214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CAPTURES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
NoTHocHRYSA cAPiTATA (Neuroptera). — On June 5tli last I took, Oil
Esher Common, a specimen of Nothochn/sa capitata, belonging to the
sub-order Planipennia of the Xeiooptcra (Linn.). It "was taken off a
small rush growing in Black Pond, close to the margin, and appeared
not long to have been out. I have a specimen taken by Major Ptobert-
son in Hants ; and Mr. Hare took one, in 1893, at the Byfieet Canal.
(See also ante, p. 85.) What other British specimens are in collections
I do not know, but the insect appears to be a scarce one. — W. J. Lucas ;
Kingston-on-Thames.
EuRYGASTER MAURUS (Hemiptera).— A Specimen of this "bug" was
found on the occasion of the South London Entomological Society's
Field Meeting at Byfleet Canal in 1903. It is one of the Pentatomidse,
or shield bugs, in which the scutellum reaches at least to the base of
the membrane of the wings. In this species the scutellum covers the
wings, reaching to end of abdomen. Saunders gives Woking, Headley
Lane, and Reigate as Surrey localities.— R. A. R. Priske; Acton.
Plusia moneta in Essex. — About two dozen cocoons of P. moneta
were found last June on Delphinium. — Rev. W. Claxton ; Navestock
Vicarage, Romford.
Plupia moneta at Reading. — On July 6th I netted Plusia moneta
in my back garden, also P. iota, P. chrysitis, and P. (jamma, and have
taken three more of the first-named insect since that date. — W. E.
Butler ; Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading, July 14th, 1904.
Deilephila livornica and Plusia moneta in Wales. — I had the
pleasure of seeing last week a fine female specimen of D. livornica,
which had been taken this year close to Monmouth ; it was found
clinging to a window-curtain. I also saw, at the same time, a beautiful
P. moneta, taken two years ago about a mile from Monmouth and close
to the River Wye. The two insects were in the collection of Mr. H.
Green, of Monmouth. If I mistake not, P. moneta has not before
been taken in that part of the country.— Charles E. Thornewill ;
Calverhall Vicarage, Whitchurch, Salop, July 4th, 1904.
Deilephila livornica in Kent. — A very fine specimen of above was
taken at rest on a post very near to the ground early in the day, on
June 12th, 1904. As I had not seen a living specimen before, I could
not realize my good fortune. I think this species has not been pre-
viously taken near this locality — about four miles from Ashford, on the
Canterbury road.— F. A. Parry ; 13, Longport, Canterbury.
Clostera reclusa at Pveading. — On June 22nd last I had the
pleasure of finding larvae of the above, the first time I have taken the
species in this district. — W. E. Butler.
Acherontia atropos at Reading.— On June 28th last a fine specimen
of the above was brought to me alive ; it flew into a room at Wilton
House School, no doubt attracted by light.— W. E. Butler.
Hadena atriplicis and Dicycla 00 in Huntingdonshire. — Whilst
collecting in Hunts recently, I was fortunate enough to take a fine
SOCIETIES. 215
male specimen of H. atriplicis at sugar on June 28th. As this is such
a rarity I have thought it worth recording. A few days later, in
the same neighbourhood, a beautifully fresh B, oo was captured. —
D. Dewar Stanley; R.S.O., Co. Durham.
Cychrus rostratus in Surrey. — ^On July oth I secured a specimen
of Cychrus rostratus floating half-dead in the baths, and on the 14th I
took another example at rest on a reed at Cuttmill Ponds. It was
stridulating loudly by rubbing the extremity of the abdomen against
the under surface of the elytra. I do not know whether this beetle
has been noticed in South-west Surrey before. — J. A. Croft; Charter-
house, Godalming.
SOCIETIES.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
May 12th, 1904. — Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr.
Goulton exhibited another series of fine photographs of the larvae of
Lepidoptera, including those of Aventla Jlexula, Hepialus hiamdi, Phi-
balapteryx lajddata, Knodia hyperanthus, Leucania pall ens, &c. — Mr.
Ansorge, five specimens of ]>ytiscus circumfiexus, taken from one small
pond at Northwood. — Mr. Raynard, ova of Pachnohia rabricosa and
Saturnia pavonia, from Wimbledon and the New Forest respectively,
and the larvae of Xoctua baja. — Mr. Tonge, an album of photographs
of ova recently taken by him. He noted that his magnification was
uniformly twenty diameters. The chief species were, Thais polyxena
var. Cassandra, Brephos notha, Tepkrosia biundularia, T. cinctaria, Demas
coryli, and Selenia illunaria. — Mr. Turner, larvae and cases of the fol-
lowing species of the genus Coleopkora: — (1) C. pyrrhulipennella, a,
black, silken case on heather, from Mr. Main in the New Forest, and
Mr. West at Shirley ; (2) C. alcyonipennella, a very similar case, but
not so compressed, on Centmirea niyra, from Ranmore ; (3) C. solitari-
ella, a slender, wiiitish, tubular case, on Stellaria hulostea, from Mr.
Sich, at Chiswick and albo from Lewisham ; (4) C. hevterubielln, a
tubular, upright, dark brown case, on hawthorn, from Mr. Sich, Chis-
wick; (5) C. albitarsella, a compressed, blackish, hairy case, on mar-
joram, sent by Mr. Bankes, from Dorset ; (6) C. ulivaceella, a long,
slender, brown case, on S. holostea, the rare but close companion of
C. sulitaritUa, from Lewisham ; and (7) C. lineolea, a large, rough case,
on Balluta niyra, from Lewisham. — Mr. Main, a very large species of
"silver-fish," which came over from Java in a cargo of sugar. — Mr.
McArthur, a nice series of finely marked Agrotis cinerea, from Brighton.
—Mr. Barnett, Plusia moneta, from Welling, Kent. — Mr. Carpenter, a
photograph of a pupa of Euchlue cardamines, and stated that the pupc'e
varied with the colour of the environment at the time of pupation ;
those on the green stems were green, those on the drab-coloured food
were drab-coloured, and those on the zinc top of the cage were decidedly
zinc-coloured. — Mr. Lucas gave a very interesting address, with lantern
illustrations, on "'British Orthoptera," and requested members to fur-
nish him with any particulars of the occurrence of the various species.
May 2Qth. — The President in the chair. — The President referred in
suitable terms to the loss Entomology had sustained by the death of
Mr. McLachlan, F.R.S., a member of the Society for many years.
216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
After similar expressions of regret from Mr. Rowland-Browne, as
brother officer on the Council of the Entomological Society of London ;
from Dr. Chapman, as a personal friend for many years; and from Mr.
Adkiu, as near neighbour and friend, a vote of condolence with the
relatives was passed. — Dr. Chapman exhibited (1) a few species of
butterflies taken at Pont du Gard (S. France), including a fine speci-
men of Chri/sophamis f/ordiiis a,nd some St/rirhtlius sidce; (2) a larva of
Thais pohjxena var. cassandra, suspended for pupation, showing the
curious adjustment of the girth ; and also a pupa of Libijtitea celtis
showing how curiously the suspended pupa lies against the surface of
attachment. — Mr. Carr, the larva of Phorodesma bajularia, in its covering
made of the debris of the male flowers of the oak. — Mr. West (Green-
wich), a short series of the rare coleopteron, Asplnjra punctata, from
Gloucester, to show the extreme sexual dimorphism. — Mr. Sich, the
pupa of Ocypus oleus. — Mr. Turner, four species of the genus Coleophora,
viz. cases and larvae of (1) C. viminetella, from Chalfont, on sallow ;
(2) C. badiipeiineUa, from Lewisham, on elm ; (3) C. ockrea, sent from
Dorset by Mr. Eustace Bankes, on UeliantJiemwn vulgare ; and (4)
C. ibipenneUa, feeding on birch, and found by Mr. Sich at Ashtead
during the Field Meeting. He also showed a pupa-case of Adela
vlridella protruding from its curious fiddle-shaped cocoon. — Mr. Main
reported larvae to be very scarce in the New Forest, and members
generally considered the season late. — Mr. Rowland-Browne read a
paper entitled "Collecting Butterflies in the Alps."
June 9th. — The President in the chair. — Dr. Chapman exhibited
ova of Coleophora laricella, laid by a female specimen reared from
larvas obtained in the Isle of Purbeck. He stated they were upright
eggs, with thirteen or fourteen very bold vertical ribs. He also showed
the cocoon of Thais poly.vena, which consisted of a few strands of silk
attached to twigs. — Mr. Lucas, a number of grass stems attacked by a
fungus, in which the larva of a Dipteron was feeding. Dr. Chapman
explained the curious life-history of the latter as far as he knew it.
Mr. Lucas also showed the ova of the large ladybird, Halzia ocellata,
and specimens of parasites (Mymaridae) on the ova of Onjijia antiqiia.
— Mr. West (Greenwich), the Capsid Harpocera thoracica, from Ran-
more Common, and called attention to their knotted antennfe. — Mr.
Carr, ova of Acidalia remutaria. — Mr. Turner, cases and larvae of
Coleophora bicolorclla, a very local species, from Chatham, and read
notes on its life-history. — A discussion-took place as to the season, and
several members gave notes on spring collecting. It was generally con-
sidered that the season was late, and that insects were scarce, although
a few species were exceptionally abundant locally.
June 23rf/. — Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. —
Mr. Carr exhibited a double-sized cocoon of Lasiocampa guercus. It
was of a dirty cream colour, instead of a rich brown — Mr. Ashby,
examples of Callidium alni and Orsodacua cerasi, two rare species of
Coleoptera taken by him at Bookham during the Field Meeting on
June 4th. — Dr. Chapman, larva3 of Agdistes bennettii, sent by Mr.
Ovenden from Rochester, together with ova of the same species. — Mr.
South, living larvaB of Nyssia lapjjonaria feeding on birch. The species
was noted as being extremely local, but apparently not scarce, in its
two known localities in Scotland. — Hy. J. Turner [Hon. Rep. Sec.).
SOCIETIES. 217
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — By the kind
invitation of Major Ronald Ross, C.B,, F.R.S., Professor of Tropical
Medicine, University of Liverpool, Hon. Member of the Society, a
meeting was held in the Johnstone Laboratory, Liverpool University,
on Monday, May 16th. The following were elected members of the
Society: — Corresponding members: Professors J. Hudson Beare,
B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.E.S., and Edward B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.,
F.L.S., F.E.S. ; Drs. C. R. Billups and Geo. E. J. Crallan, M.A.,
L.S.A. ; and Messrs. Geo. T, Bethuue-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Chas.
Capper ; A. J. Chitty, M.A., F.E.S. ; H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.,
F.E.S. ; W. H. Harwood; J. H. Keys; W.J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.;
B. G. Nevinson, M.A., F.E.S. ; E. G. B. Nevinson, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ;
E. A. Newbery; and Edward Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.E.S.
Ordinary members : Messrs. W. P. Blackburne-Maze, and H. Berkley
Score, F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S. The following donation to the Library
was made by Major Ross, " The Hybernation of English Mosquitoes,"
by H. E. Annett, M.D., and J. Everett Dutton, M.B. Light refresh-
ments, kindly provided by Major Ross, having been partaken of, a tour
of the extensive laboratory, with its attendant menagerie, was made,
after which Professor Ross, Dr. Stevens, and the staff of the Liver-
pool School of Tropical Medicine, gave demonstrations " On Mos-
quitoes and other Flies in connection with Tropical Diseases."
Amongst the many interesting exhibits described were preparations of
serum for protection from diseases ; tubes of various bacteria ; models
of an Indian village, and a larger district to show the natural distri-
bution of the typical breeding-grounds of malarial mosquitoes ; a
micvoscopic exhibition of malaria germs in various stages of growth ;
live Trypanosomata of the sleeping sickness and tsetse-fly diseases ;
specimens of the tsetse-fly {Glossinia inorsitam), &c. ; a series of micro-
scopic preparations, showing the characteristic difi'erences in appear-
ance and structure existing between the malarial and harmless gnats,
&c. At 9,30 an adjournment was made to the lecture-theatre, where
Major Ross gave a most instructive and interesting lecture on the con-
nection between malaria and mosquitoes, copiously illustrated by
lantern slides. He began with a series of maps, showing the relative
prevalence of malaria in various parts of the world, and then gave
statistics from India, from which it appears that forty per cent, of the
native children are infected with malaria at one year old, and sixty
per cent, at two years; after that the percentage gradually decreases,
until complete immunity ensues, and the parasite is rarely found in
adult natives. This parasite it a minute jelly-like speck resembling an
Amoeba, and lives inside the corpuscles of the blood. Bursting, it
throws out spores — usually nine in number — into the blood at regular
intervals, together with a minute speck of poison ; this causes a rise
in temperature, and the profuse perspiration which follows carries the
poison ofl'. The regular recurrence of this process causes the regu-
larity of the periods at which malarial fever comes on, the difierent
varieties of fever — quartan, tertian, blackwater, &c. — being due to
different species of parasites. It is, however, necessary that the para-
site should be transmitted from one human being to another by an
insect, a female gnat or mosquito, for it is only the female that bites.
A day or two after the insect has sucked the blood of an infected
'218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
person, the parasites have travelled into its tissues, and, after taking
about nine days to mature, burst, scattering thread-like spores into
the mosquito's blood. These threads work their way into the fly's
salivary glands, and remain there until they have an opportunity of
passing, togetlier with the saliva, into human blood, when the mos-
quito perpetrates her next bite. The species of Anopheles are by
no means all harmful ; those that cause malaria can be always dis-
tinguished by the black spots along the anterior nervures of the wings,
the usual species being A. cortalis and A. funeatus. Their eggs are
canoe-shaped. The larva breed in shallow pools of stagnant water,
floating flat upon the surface, and feed on Confervas. They have no
breathmg-tube, and can thus be easily distinguished from the larvae of
our commoner gnats which belong to the genera Ctdex and Stegomyia,
and hang head downwards iu the water, with a long breathing-tube
projected upwards to the surface. The larvae of the latter insects
breed in tubs, pots, and other vessels lying close to houses. Since the
pools were drained and filled up at Ismalia, a town of six thousand in-
habitants, the cases of malaria have fallen from two thousand to two
hundred per annum, and these are nearly all relapses, as only ten
actually fresh cases were reported last year ! — E. J. B. Sopp and J. R.
LE B. ToMLiN, Hon. Secretaries.
Manchester Entomological Society. — April 6th, 1904. — At the
Manchester Museum, Owens College ; the President, Dr. W. E. Hoyle,
presided. — Mr, A. J. Wilson read a paper entitled "Insects found in
North-West Derbyshire and the Surrounding District." The locality
referred to includes a part of Lancashire and Cheshire. With the
rapid advance oi bricks and mortar, many of the haunts well known
years ago cannot now be visited ; but there are still good and satis-
factory results to be obtained near such places as Glossop, Hayfield,
Marple, Sale, &c. Mr. Wilson illustrated his paper with specimens
from four orders of insects, to be taken in the above-named district.
The following exhibits were shown by the members: — Mr. B. H.
Crabtree, Folia c/ii (Toxal) var. vlivacea (Durham), var. mffiisa
(Rotherham); specimen of Blatta antericana taken in Ancoats (Man-
chester).— Mr. G. Kearey, Pedaria pilomria, from Staley Brashes
(Feb. '27th, 1901) ; specimens showing the mode in which Sesia
bembecifurmis hybernates in its second winter. — Mr. C. F. Johnson,
living larvaB of Epunda lichenea. — Mr. Geo. 0. Day, living larvaj of
Pericallia syriiujaria, and imagines of Zonosoma pendularia var. stib-
roseata, Z. anmdata var. obsoleta, and other species of the genus. — Mr.
W. W. Kinsey, living larvje of Cleora lichcnaria, on lichen, from Wig-
townshire.— Mr. R. Tait, jun., insects from Derbyshire localities, and
included Metrocampa niaryaritaria, Abraxas sylvata (iduiata), Bryophila
perla (dark form), TripJuma siibseqita, Plitsia pidchrina, P. iota, Xylo-
pliasia scolupacina.
May ith. — The President in the chair. Mr. W. Warren Kinsey
read a paper entitled " Collecting the Larvte of Common British Lepi-
doptera." Mr. Kinsey stated that most of his work of larvae-collecting
had been done within the city of Manchester and the immediate neigh-
bourhood, and he considered that the commonest larvae there were
those of Udontupera bidentata, Uryyia antiqua, lladena pisi, Acronycta
ineyacephala, and Ncmia typica. Although the larvre of N, typica were
RECENT LITERATURE. 219
frequently iclmeumoned in the autumn, lie had not found any treated
thus when feeding in the spring. Larvae, too, of O. bidentata were
occasionally ichneumoned in the autumn, but he had never known the
larvfB of Amphidasijs hetulnrla to suffer in like manner, although he
had collected and taken them for years. The following exhibits were
shown by the members: — Mr. G. Keary, D. sulphurella , bred from
fungus obtained at Cheetham, near Manchester; Mr. J. Ray Hardy,
specimens of Psalidoijnathiis friendi from South America, showing the
remarkable difference in size during the dry and wet seasons. — Robert
J. WiGELSWORTH, Hou. Secretary.
Entomological Club. — A meeting was held on July 14th last, at
27 Hereford Square, S.W., the residence of Mr. Arthur J. Chitty, host
and chairman of the evening. Twenty-one sat down to supper,
including fourteen visitors and the following members of the Club : —
Professor Poultou, Messrs. Adkin, Donisthorpe, Hall, Porritt, and
Verrall.
EECENT LITERATURE.
Eleanor Ormerod, LL.D., Economic Entomoloriist, Autohiography and
Correspondence. Edited by Robert Wallace. Pp. 348. London :
John Murray. 1904.
When, in 1852, Miss Ormerod commenced the study of insects,
making beetles her first objects of observation, Entomology was by few
taken seriously, and the economic side of the subject was scarcely
thought of. It seems to have been in 1868 that Miss Ormerod took
up what was practically pioneer work in this phase of insect life, and
from that time almost up to her death her intense energy was centred
upon it. There are still some who think that the hosts of living things
which make up the greater part of the animal kingdom — the insects,
that is — are not worthy of serious study. Consequently, we meet
occasionally with some one who would belittle the work of the economic
entomologist. The honours and distinctions heaped on Miss Ormerod
by Universities and other Learned Societies, as related by Mr. Wallace
in the delightful work before us, enable us to assess the opinion of
such detractors at its proper value.
Miss Ormerod's delightfully fresh autobiography is followed by a
biographical sketch by the Editor, the rest of the volume being occupied
with correspondence. At first sight the last division seems dis-
proportionate in length to the other two ; but we think the reader
will certainly agree with us in finding it by no means too long,
especially as by this means we are introduced to very many of the
beautiful insect pictures that add so much value to Miss Ormerod's
"Annual Reports." The work is, in fact, abundantly illustrated with
thirty full-page plates, and eighty-two illustrations in the text.
In the United States and some other countries the State Entomo-
logists are recognized servants of the Government. In our own country
— unfortunately, we think — we seem to be behind in this respect.
Perhaps it may be thought that agriculture here is in such parlous
state as to be almost beyond hope ; but, if this were the case. Science
might just possibly help to redeem it. Economic Entomology, however,
concerns the allotment-holder and the kitchen-gardener, not to mention
220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the fisherman, &c. If Mr. Wallace's book, and afterwards Miss Orme-
rod's "Annual Reports," were to be read very generally, all industries
that are affected by insects would, we doubt not, be benefited materially.
W. J. L.
The Honey Bee: its Natural Histori/, Anatomy, and Physioloay. By
T. W. Cowan, F.L.S., &c. Second Edition. Pp. 220. London :
Houlston & Sons. 1904.
In November, 1890, appeared the first edition of this work, which
was reviewed in these pages in the volume for 1891. We have now
the pleasing duty of noticing a second edition. Mr. Cowan's name is
a sufficient guarantee of the usefulness of the work before us, and the
text at once reveals tlie thoroughness with which the Honey-bee has
been treated from every point of view — a thoroughness which is en-
hanced by the numerous excellent illustrations scattered throughout
the book. The new edition will no doubt have as wide a circulation
as had its predecessor. -^y^ j^ i^
Tranaactioiifi of the City of London Entomological and Xatural History
Society for the Year 1903. 8vo, pp. 46. The London Institution,
Finsbury Circus, E.G. 1904.
The Reports of Meetings (20 pp.) furnish interesting and instructive
reading. The Presidential Address (Mr. A. W. Mera) deals largely
with Entomology from the field-worker's point of view. There is an
excellent paper by Mr. Louis B. Prout on "Variation in Sciadion
(Gnophos) obscurata," which everyone should make a point of seeing.
Mr. T. H. Hamling contributes "Notes on Breeding Gonodontis bi-
dentata ab. ni/jra" ; and Mr. A, F. Bayne gives an account of some
collecting at Tacuarembo, in Uruguay.
The Lepidoptera of the Briiish Islands. By Charles G. Barrett, F.E.S.
Vol. IX. Heterocera. Geometrina — Pyralidina. 8vo, pp. 454.
London : Lovell Reeve & Co., Ltd. 1904.
In this volume the remaining genera of the Larentidae [Mesotype,
Eubolia, Collia-, Eupithecia] and the family CEnochromidre {Aplasia,
Tanayra) are treated in the first 160 pages; the remainder of the be ^k
being occupied by a large instalment of the Pyralidina. This group
the author, so far, divides as follows: — Sect. 1. Pyralites. Fam, 1,
Pyraustidffi ; Fam. 2. Pyralidae ; Fam. 3. Hydrocampidfe ; Fam. 4.
Endotrichidse ; Fam. 5. Scopariidfe. Sect. 2. PTEROPHORiDiE. Sect. 3.
ORNEODiDiE. Sect. 4. Phycitid.i:. We note that Botys is retained in
the Pyraustidfe, and that nineteen species are placed under it, all of
which, with the exception of hyalinalis, are referred by Hampson and
Rebel to Pyransta and Pionea, and by Meyrick to Pyrausta and Phlyc-
tienia. The three British species, st«ctf«//s, L., verticalis, h., and pale-
alis, Schift"., have recently been placed in Loxosteye, Hb., and also in
PhlyctcEnodcs, Hb. So, until their rightful position is definitely ascer-
tained, there may be no particular harm in retaining them in Spilodes;
but we think that exception will be taken to nrticalis, Schiff., and
verticalis, Schiff. {niralis, Scop.), being included with them.
Entomologist, September, 1904.
Plate VI II.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVII.] SEPTEMBER. 1904. [No. 496.
VISIT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB TO OXFORD.
(Plate VIII.)
A large gathering of the Members of the Entomological
Society and the Entomological Club accepted the kind invitation
of the Hope Professor of Zoology to Oxford on July '2nd and 3rd
and 4th. Among those who were entertained at dinner by Pro-
fessor E. B. Poulton at Jesus College, were Dr. F. A. Dixey,
Mr. A. J. Chitty, Mr. J. E. Collin, Mr. Hamilton Druce, Mr. A. H.
Jones, Mr. W. J. Lucas, and Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, repre-
senting the Council ; Mr. Roland Trimen, Mr. G. H. Verrall, and
Professor R. Meldola, past-Presidents, with Commander J. J.
Walker, Mr. M. Jacoby, Mr. \V. M. Geldart, and Mr. H. St. J.
Donisthorpe representing the Fellows of the Society. Professor
Poulton, replying to a cordial vote of thanks to him proposed
by Mr. Trimen, laid stress on the value of these gatherings
as tending to promote the interests of entomological science,
and said that it was especially notable that he should have
beside him three Fellows who had filled the Presidential chair.
On Saturday and Sunday the Fellows and Members were further
entertained in the Museum, where great progress has been made
in the arrangement of the several collections, and in the after-
noon a picnic up the Cherwell was organized ; not a few of the
party having already taken the opportunity to investigate the
fauna of the neighbourhood, under the direction of Mr. A. H.
Hamm, of the Museum, and others. The expedition was as
great a success as ever : but for some reason the river, usually
alive with dragonflies, yielded not a solitary specimen. The
coleopterists, however, who landed at a certain fungus-haunted
tree, gave a good account of Mycetopliagus multlpunctus, and now
that Commander Walker has come to anchor permanently in
Oxford, we may look for bountiful addition^ to the rather meagre
entomological lists of the county at present in existence. The
ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER. 1904. U
222 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
gathering finally adjourned to the beautiful Fellows' garden of
Wadham College, and later, in Dr. Dixey's rooms, se^^arated, after
a meeting which will be remembered with exceptional pleasure by
all those who were privileged to attend.
H. R.-B.
BUTTERFLY HUNTING IN THE SOUTH TYROL.
By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
Whether the season or the localities be to blame, there is
no doubt that my entomological experiences in search of butter-
flies this year have proved disappointing. My expectations of
the neighbourhood of Vienna had been raised by articles which
have appeared in this magazine, and a study of local lists. But
here, at all events, being alone, I can only think that I failed to
hit out the right spots in the places named, since three several
expeditions proved utter failures, so far as local species are
concerned.
On the footpath leading up to the Kahlenberg from Nussdorf
I met with Heteropterus morpheus rather unexpectedly in a patch of
lucerne, otherwise productive of nothing more than Lyccena baton;
a day at Weidlingbach, besides the commoner butterflies, yielded
only a few L. damon and Chri/soplianus virgaurece; w^hile Modling,
of which I had anticipated great things, furnished forth no more
than Satyrus hermione, a few ordinary fritillaries, and a single
example of Pieris rapce var. Jiavescens, found here in some
quantities by Miss Fountaine in 1898. The park at Schonbrunn
I did not thoroughly explore, but Neptis lacilla was nowhere
visible. Had I extended my observations to the Heterocera, I
could have made a good bag in the Prater from the electric
lamps, but it requires some nerve to collect in the brilliantly
lighted restaurant garden, where, in the tropical weather I ex-
perienced from July 6th to 11th, the entire city dines and drinks
the long summer evenings until far into the small hours.
Leaving on the 11th, I joined Mr. F. C. Lemann, Mr. A. H.
Jones, and Mr. Hamilton Druce at Brenner the next day, but un-
fortunately my arrival in the mountains was signalled by a change
in the weather; a high wind was blowing, and soon after midday
our particular alp was shrouded in misty rain. This was espe-
cially disappointing, as a former visit had convinced me that it
was a really fine hunting-ground for the higher alpine species,
and especially the interesting and, in my experience, rare little
Melitaa asteria, which occurs just above the tree limit. I
secured two or three specimens, mostly from hawkweed flow^ers ;
but it was distinctly rare, and when I returned three weeks later
BUTTERFLY HUNTING IN THE SOUTH TYROL. 223
to the same spot but a single female rewarded a morning's search.
The hills on the left-hand side of the railway looking towards
Brennerbad are the best collecting-ground hereabouts, and
especially fertile in Erebidae. On this occasion I took or
observed E. ejnphroii var. cassiope, E. manto, with ab. ccscilia,
Hb., E. lappona (a small and poor form), E.goante, E. tyndarus,
E. gorge var. triopes (the invariable Tyrolese form), and, in the
fir-woods, E. euryale and E. ligca ; while, on July 27th and 28th,
I found E. pronoe, and E. mnes'tra (one). L. pheretes (females) was
the best of the " blues " present, a genus, by the way, very sparsely
represented, in my experience, throughout the eastern granitic and
dolomitic alps. On the day previous some members of our party
had taken Argynnis thore, in the old locality by the Brenner See,
and this, with A. amathusia, A. pales, A. niobe, and A. aglaia,
very plentifully, constituted all the Argynnida3 seen by me in the
pass. The next day we adjourned to Mendel via Botzen, to find
that this once delightful and remote village had been "dis-
covered" by means of a funicular railway, and the whole place
invaded by crowds of tourists. We were, however, rather fortu-
nate than otherwise in failing to secure adequate accommodation
at the bigger hotels, for we finally decided upon the little Hotel
Adler, where the manners of Herr Spitko were as welcome and
excellent as the cleanliness of his rooms and the quality of his
wine. Frankly, I cannot recommend the Mendel Pass as it now
is to the entomologist who looks for large hauls. Alpine species
there are none, or next to none. The mountains are thickly
girdled with green fir-forest; the few higher points are close
cropped by cattle to their summits, and there is everywhere a
dearth of water. With these drawbacks, however, the views of
the distant Brenta and the towering Ortler ranges are beautiful
in the extreme, while there is at least one good, if limited, piece
of collecting-ground. The zizgags which scale the cliffs of Men-
del are extremely well-wooded with a variety of trees — willows,
poplars, and mountain ash — not usual in this class of road.
We fouud Pararge achine, just going over, in some numbers,
amongst the copses ; Vanessa antiopa, recently emerged and not
uncommon ; Apatnra iris (a few, mostly worn, with immense
females); Satyrus hermione (fresh), and one S. circe; Parnassius
apollo ; Papilio podalirias (frequent), and P. macJiaon, Argynnis
paphia, A. aglaia, A. niobe, and an occasional A. ino ,- and of
LycasnidsB, L. escheri, L. mcleager (one taken by Mr. Bruce), L.
arion (much worn), L. hylas ; and at the bottom of the zigzags,
quite close to the Matschacher Hof, L. argiades, a fresh brood,
with ab. coretas, and an occasional L. orion. The only two
Erebias were E. ceto (scarce), and E. nerine, which i^ par excel-
lence the Mendel "ringlet." On the warm stone escarpments of
the roadside, wherever tlie attractive Sechuii telephium grew, the
males were collected in countless numbers, the females always
u 2
224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
rare, and chiefly to be found among the grasses. A beautiful
insect, with the iridescent shining glow upon its wings ; I do not
consider, however, the Mendel specimens as fine as those which
I took in 1900 near Bormio, the western extremity of its flight.
A walk upon Monte Eoen (67B5 ft.) next day, though bringing
us to a respectable height, added only LyccBua optilete (1), Chryso-
phaims JiippotJioe var. euryhia (males), Colias phicomone, and
Erehia stygne to the bag, and one very fine A. thore, which I was
fortunate enough to secure on the descent, among swarms of
A. amathusia, with L. corydon, the commonest insect about.
Epinephele lycaon was also fairly common on the roadside, with
a complement of the usual Hesperiidae, though all sorts of Hes-
peria, unlike Switzerland, were notably few and far between ;-
indeed, H. carthami and one or two H. var. alveus represented
the group.
From Mendel we drove to Madonna di Campiglio (4970 ft.)
on the 20th, a long hot journey enlivened by swarms of P. poda-
lirius, and as we began the woodland ascent from Dimaro, in-
numerable freshly-emerged Erehia (etliiops. Otherwise the road-
side proved hardly more productive than at Mendel, and the
same may be said for such of the nearer alps and fir-woods as
we investigated in the neighbourhood. Our chief object in visiting
Campiglio was to obtain the local variety of Erehia glacialis var.
alecto, which for some time, and until finally distinguished
by Calberla, I think, was supposed to be the E. melas of the
Pyrenees. The known locality is at a considerable elevation
around the Austrian Alpine Club shelter hut on the way to the
Brenta, but it probably occurs on all the mountains of this
particular range where conditions are favourable. I came across
no specimens, however, approximating to the usual alpine form
of Alecto, though some were certainly nearer to those taken
by me on the spurs of the Ortler above Trafoi four years
ago. We can hardly be reckoned fortunate in the choice of
the three days on which we climbed that stony barren path, for,
although we did find this characteristic butterfly, which merits a
distinctive varietal name quite as much as many less marked
departures from the type, on two occasions it poured with rain
soon after we were on the dchris where it occurs, and on the third
it clouded over almost as soon as the nets were unfurled. The diffi-
culty of securing specimens, however, added not a little to the ex-
citement of the chase, conducted on an almost perpendicular and
moving slope of loose stones, among the crevices of which alecto
disappeared like magic with the failure of the sun, and often
escaped from under the gauze itself. A modest series of about
a score, of which by no means all were perfect, rewarded three
days' hard work ; I should have said hard labour had I not
grateful recollections of the hut, in which we found a welcome
shelter, as well as food and bottled beer. Whilst flying, the
BUTTERFLY HUNTING IN THE SOUTH TYROL. 225
metallic flush of the wings is somewhat difficult to distinguish.
In certain lights in the cabinet it resembles as nearly as
possible the purple glow of Apatura iris. Lower down we took
a very nicely marked form of Erebia pronoe, but again the up-
lands were almost destitute of butterfly life. Nor did a walk to
Pinzolo on a brilliant midsummer day add largely to our ex-
periences, though here, for the first time, we encountered C.
dorilis, and Satijrus cordula, similar rather in size and marking
to my Cevennes forms, and wholly inferior to the splendid speci-
mens taken last year about this time at St. Martin-Vesubie and
Digne.
On the 28th we again drove from Campiglio, where we had
been most comfortably housed at the Hotel Dolomiten, to St.
Michele on the railway to Botzen, where my friends stayed for a
day's collecting, and lound L. orioii now in profusion, while I
returned to Brenner, thence returning by Innsbruck and Bale
to London.
Taken as a whole, the trip, from the entomological point of
view, was decidedly not a success, though, counting single cap-
tures, the number of species met with makes up a respectable
total. Subjoined is a list of those butterflies which were either
observed by me or by members of the party, and, unless other-
wise stated, it may be assumed that they occurred in all localities
visited except Vienna : —
Papilionidae : Papilio podalhius (not at Brenner), P. machaon,
Parnassiiis apollo. Pieridae : Pieris craUegi, P. hrassiccc, P. rapce,
P. napi var. hryonm (Brenner), and var. flavescens (Modling
only), P. callidice? (Campiglio), Leptidia sinapis, with an occa-
sional ab. diniensis ; Colias phicomone, C. hyale, C. edusa, and
ab. helice, rarely. Lyccenidae : Thecla spini, T. ilicis, T. acacice
(1), Zephyrus quercus, all at Mendel; Clirysophajiiis virgaiirece
(not at Brenner), C. liippothoe var. eurybia, C. dorilis (Cam-
piglio), P. phlccas, Lampides telicanus (one taken at Brenner by
Mr. Lemann — rather remarkable at such an elevation, 5000 ft.) ;
LyccEiia argiades (Mendel only), L. agon, L. optilete (1, Monte
Eoen), L. orion (Mendel and Botzen), L. baton (Vienna and Men-
del), L. pheretes, L. astrarcke and ab. allous, L. icarus (very
scarce), L. esckeri (Mendol), L. corydon, L. hylas, L. meleager
(1), L. damoti (Vienna) , L. viinimus, L.semiargiis, L. arion (Mendel) ;
Cyaniris argiolus (Mendel). Apaturidse : A. iris (Mendel), A.
t7ia (Botzen). Nymphalidte: Limenitis Camilla, L. sibylla ; Poly-
gonia c-album, Vanessa polychloros, V. urticce, V. io, V. antiopa,
V. atalanta, V. cardui; M.pho:be, M. didyma, M. dictynna (Mendel),
M. athalia, M. parthcitie, M. asteria (Brenner only), A. euphrosyne,
A. pales and ab. iiapcea, A. dia, A. amathusia, A. tkore i,Monte Pioen
and Brenner), A. ino, A. latonia, A. aglaia, A. niobe (with '? ab.
j)elopia at Campiglio), A. paphia, and one var. valesina (Mendel).
Satyridse : Melanargia galatea ; Erebia epiphron var. cassiope, E.
226
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
melampus (Monte Eoen), E. mnestra (Brenner), E. manto and ab.
coecilia (Brenner), E. ceto, E. stygne, E. nerine (Mendel), E.
glacialis var. alecto (Campiglio), E. lappona, E. ti/ndaras, E. gorge
var. trlopes, E. goante (very rare), E.pronoc, E.cBthiops, E. ligea,
E. euryale ; Satyrus hermione, S. circe? (Mendel), S. semele, S.
actcea var. cordula ; Pararge ntcera, P. megcera, P. egeria, P. acliine
(Mendel only) ; Epinephele lycaon, E.jurtina {E. tithouus appeared
to be entirely absent) ; Aphantopus hyperanthus ; Coenonympha
arcania and var. satyrion, C. 2^ci^nj)^>^^^^'-s ; Hesperia carthami,
H. fritillani var. alveus, H. sao, Thanaos tages, Adopcea thaiimas,
A. lineola, Augiades sylvanus, A. comma, iind Heteropterusmorpheus
(Vienna only).
A LIST OF THE COCCIDiE OF THE HAWAHAN
ISLANDS (HEMIPTEEA).
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Bureau of Agriculture, Honolulu.)
This supersedes my list in the ' Fauna Hawaiiensis.' The
nomenclature is almost exactly that of Mrs. Fernald's Catalogue.
Sub-fam. Cogging (Monophlebin^).
1. IcERYA PURCHASi, Maskell. — Formerly destructive, but since
the introduction of the ladybirds, Vedalia cardinalis, Novius
koebeli, and Rhodolia spp., it is of little importance, only occurring
sporadically.
Sub-fam. Ortheziin^.
2. Orthezia insignis, Douglas.— For a report on this, see
Koebele [7] .* It has so often been stated that Prof. Koebele was
responsible for the introduction of this pest into the Islands for
the purpose of controlling Lantana, that it seems necessary to
declare again that not only is the above statement untrue, the
scale having slipped into Maui some years ago, but that it was
in direct violation of the earnest warnings of Prof. Koebele, that
it was introduced on the windward side of Oahu and on the Kona
side of Hawaii, and with the mistaken idea of exterminating
the Lantana.
Sub-fam. KERMiNiE.
3. Eriogoggus araucari^, Maskell. — On Araucana, alligator
pear, iig, and guava, but now controlled by the ladybirds, Cryp-
tolcemus montrouzieri and SticJiolotis punctatus.
4. Trechocorys longispinus (Kiley) . — Formerly very destruc-
tive to coffee and samang, but practically wiped out by the lady-
birds, Cryptol(zmus montrouzieri and Cryptogonus orbicularis.
''''• The numbers in brackets refer to the brief bibliograi)hy at the end.
COCCID.E OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 227
5 T. ALBizzi^ (Maskell). — In the early nineties, terribly
destructive to all kinds of citrus, but wiped out by Cryptolcemus
montrouzieri.
6. T. CALCEOLARIA (Maskell). —Formerly causing consider-
able destruction to sugar-cane, but of little importance now,
being controlled by Cryptolcemus montrouzieri and Scijmnus
dehilis.
7. T. ciTRi (Risso). — On orange and coffee, but of little im-
portance.
8. T. FiLAMENTosus (Cockerell). — Introduced from Japan in
the early nineties on citrus, from which it soon spread to coffee
and other shrubs and trees. The citrus and coffee were so
infested by it that their destruction in the near future seemed
imminent ; nevertheless it has been practically exterminated by
Cryptolcemus montrouzieri.
9. T. BROMELiiE (Bouche). — A consignment of pine-apples
was recently inspected, slightly infested with this, but was fumi-
gated and the mealy-bugs destroyed. It is possible, however,
that it may have been introduced before systematic inspection
was inaugurated. T. hromelice is also known from India, South
Africa, and Massachusetts (under glass), on Hibiscus, Canna,
and mulberry,
10. T. NiP/E (Maskell). — The cause of considerable destruc-
tion to alligator pears, guava, &c , but largely preyed upon by
Cryptolcemus montrouzieri. [10.]
11. T. viRGATUs (Cockerell). — Leguminous trees were in some
instances entirely destroyed in former years, but the scale has
been rendered unimportant by Cryptolcemus.*
12. AsTEROLECANiuM PUSTULANS (Cockerell). — This is the
Planchonia sp., formerly recorded by Prof. Koebele on Jacaranda
mimosifolia, Prosopis clalcis, oleander, fig-tree, &c. It is con-
trolled by a Chalcid parasite.
Sub-fam. CALYMMATINiE (=CoCCINiE).
13. Chaetococcus bambusa (Maskell). [= kermicus]. -- On
bamboo. I have not seen it in the Islands.
14. PuLviNARiA mammea, Maskell. — Controlled by Cryp)tol(c-
mus montrouzieri, Vedalia cardinalis, and Hyperaspis sp.
15. P. PsiDii (Maskell).— Prof. Koebele writes (5, pp. 107-8) :
" I myself must confess that nowhere have I ever seen a land-
scape so completely blackened by the fungoid growth, caused by
the honey exudation of the Pulvinaria scale in which this grows
[in the coffee districts] , as that of North Kona on my visit in
February, 1894. On my recent trip to the same place, all these
'■''■ The last eight species are Usted as Pseudococcus by Mrs. Fernald, and
were formerly known as Z)(/f/y/Zo^jiMs; both these names arc synonymous,
and apply only to the cochineal insect of Mexico {Dactijlo2)ius mctiicauuti,
Coccus cacti of many authors).
228
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
had changed, and the districts, to me, had the appearance of
another country, all owing to the presence of the Cryptolcemus
beetle that devours the eggs of the scale." Rhyzohius ventmlis
also assists in the control."*
16. Cercplastes RUBENS (Maskell). — Kept in check by four
Chalcid flies.
17. C. CERiFERus (Anderson). — Of no importance.
18. C. FLORiDENsis (Comstock). — Of no importance; kept in
check by a Chalcid.
19. Calymimata acuminatum (Signoret). — Always badly para-
sitised by spp. of Chalcids.f
20. C. HESPERiDUM (Liuiie). — On citrus, apparently now very
rare. I have seen one or two oranges from Japan slightly
infested.
21. C. LONGULUM (Douglas).— One of the commonest species,
but is kept in check to a certain extent by Rhyzohius ventralis, a
ladybird.
22. EuLECANiuM MORI (Signorct). — Of little importance.
23. Saissetia HEMisPHiERicuM (Signoret). — Always kept in
check by Cryptolcemus and by internal parasites.
24. S. NIGRUM (Nietner).
25. S. OLE^ (Bernard).
26. Eucalymnatus tessellatum (Signoret).
27. E. perforatum (Newstead).
These last four are of little importance.
Sub -f am. DiASPiNiE.
28. Chrysomphalus aurantii (Maskell). — Imported from
Japan, but kept in check by the ladybird Piatynaspis nigra.
29. AspiDioTus CYDONiiE, Comstocli. [=zgreenii]. — Of little
importance ; there is a well-marked variety — tecta, Maskell —
apparently found so far only in these Islands.
30. A. persearum, Cockerell. — Of no importance.
31. A. perniciosus, Comstock. — This pest, so terrible on the
mainland, is of no importance here, the conditions being appa-
rently unsuitable. I have seen a few examples on imported
Californian fruit.
32. A. siMiLLiMUs, var. translucens, Fernald. — Of no im-
portance.
33. A. RAPAX, Comstock. — Prof. Koebele notes that it was for-
merly in such numbers on apple, pear, and peach trees imported
from America, that some of the trees had died. Not now seen.
34. A. heder^ (Vallot). — I have no recent information of this.
35. Morganella maskelli (Cockerell). — Of no importance.
'■'■ Prof. Koebele mentions two other species of Pulvinaria, but they are
unnamed, and I have no further information.
I Coccus is used for this by Mrs. Fernald (2), but applies properly to
cacti, Linne.
COCCID^ OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 229
Kept in check by a Chalcid parasite and by a ladybird, Platy-
naspis nigra.
36. PsEUDAONiDiA DUPLEX (Cockerell). — Eepeatedly introduced
from Japan, but apparently not established. I have recently
seen it on camellia plants from Japan.
37. AuLACASPis RosiE (Bouche). — Very common on rose trees
all around Honolulu.
38. A. PENTAGONA (Tozzctti). [Howavdia pninicola and
Diaspis patelliformis] . — Of little importance.
39. DiASPis BoisDUVALii (Siguoret). — Of little importance.
40. D. BROMELi^ (Kerner).— Collected by Dr. Eeh, of Ham-
burg, in 1902 [9] in Honolulu, and recently discussed by Mr.
Van Dine ■ 11] .
41. HowARDiA BicLAVis, Comstock. — Always badly parasitised.
42. Phenacaspis eugeni^e (Maskell).— Kept in check by
Rhyzohius sp. Often occurring in numbers on oleander leaves,
but apparently doing little harm to the tree.
43. FiORiNiA FioRiNi^ (Boisduval). — Kept in check by
Rhyzohius sp.
44. IscHNASPis LONGiRosTRis (Signorct). — Near Honolulu on
palms. If this scale has been previously recorded from these
Islands, the notice must have been published in the daily press.
" The most easily recognized of scales, appearing as a short
black line on the leaf it infests " (Cockerell, 1897, Bull. Bot.
Dep. Jamaica (N. S.) iv. p. 150).
45. Parlatoria proteus (ruricola). 46. P. pergandii, Comstock.
47. P. zizYPHUs (Lucas).
48. Lepidosaphes pinx^formis (Bouche).
49. L. pallida (Maskell). 50. L. ulmi (Linne).
These last six are apparently of little importance.
51. L. gloverii (Packard).— Does not seem of much import-
ance.
52. L. BECKii (Newman), [citricola] . — On various species of
Citrus over all the Islands, but the damage is more apparent
than real, in some places at least, as this species is almost
always badly parasitised, and is also preyed on by the ladybird,
Platynaspis nigra. It occurs sparingly on citrus fruits imported
from the mainland. Occurred in large numbers with L. gloverii
and Calymmata longulum, on citrus fruits from China and Japan. .
Thus, instead of the former widespread havoc caused by the
scale-bugs, and especially by the mealy-bugs, we have now only
three, or at most four, species that can be considered really
destructive, except sporadically ; so much so, that unless one
secures examples of many of the species when they do appear
for a short time, one has to wait often many months for their
reappearance.
53. L. cROTONis (Cockerell). — Honolulu, on Croton. Pre-
viously recorded only from Jamaica.
230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
List of Works on Haivaiian Scales.
1. T. D. A. CocKERELL : "A Check-list of the Coccidfe " [Bull.
Illmois St. Lab. Nat. Hist. iv. pp. 318-39 (1896)] .
2. Mrs. M. E. Fernald : " A Catalogue of the Coccidffi of the
World " [Bull. Mass. Agr. Coll. Exp. Sta., No. 88, pp. 1-360 (1903)] .
3. G. W. KiRKALDY : " Hemiptera " [Fauna Hawaiieasis iii. ;
Coccidfe on pp. 102-12 (1902)]. (On page 174 is a Bibliography of
some earlier writings).
3a. G. W. Kirkaldy: "A Preliminary List of the Insects of
Economic Importance recorded from the Hawaiian Islands " [Hawai-
ian Forester i. pp. 152-9 (June, 1904)] .
4. Albert Koebele : "Report of Entomologist" [Bienn. Rep.
Minister Int. Provis. Gov. Hawaiian Isl. 1894, pp. 98-104 (1894)] .
5. Albert Koebelk : " Rep. Entom." [Rep. Int. Republic Hawaii
for biennial period ending 1897, pp. 105-37 (1898)] .
6. Albert Koebele : " Report " [Rep. Comm. Agr. for 1900,
pp. 36-52 (1901)].
7. Albert Koebele : " Rep. on Lantana Scale " [Rep. Comr. Agr.
for biennial period ending 1902, pp. 54-65 (1903)] .
8. Joseph Marsden : " Rep. Commr. Agric." [Rep. Int. Repub.
Hawaii for 1894, pp. 31-8 (1895)] .
9. L. Reh : " Zur Naturgeschichte Mittel- und nordeuropilischer
Schildlause " [AUg. Zeitschr. fiir Entom. ix. p. 30 (1904)].
10. D. L. Van Dine : " The ' Mealy Bug,' or ' Pear Blight ' of the
Alligator Pear" [Press. Bull. U. S. Federal (Hawaiian) Exp. Sta.
No. 8 (1903)].
11. D. L. Van Dine : " The Pine-apple Scale (Diaspis bromelia,
Earner ") [Hawaiian Forester, i. pp. 111-4 (1904)] .
EECENT LITERATURE ON BELGIAN FOREST
INSECTS.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
IVIy good friend ]\Ir. G. Severin, of the Brussels IVIuseum, has
been so kind as to send me copies of a number of bis memoirs
on the forest insects of Belgium, published in the ' Bulletin de
la Societe centrale forestiere de Belgique.' These memoirs are
economic in purport, and are occupied by a recital of the life-
history of the insects in question, and are illustrated by coloured
plates of the insect in various stages, its habitat, &c., as well as
by text-figures. The Belgian fauna is so interesting to British
entomologists, that an enumeration of these memoirs— published
in a bulletin not readily accessible in Britain — will doubtless be
acceptable to the readers of the ' Entomologist.'
1. " Projet de reglement sur les insectes nuisibles aux forets
resineuses, 1898, pp. 609-56."
2. "Projet de reglement sur les insectes nuisibles. Rapport
NEW RECORDS OF BEES. 231
de la 2" Commission (Campine)," 1899, pp. 290-4. (There
seems also to be another edition of 11 pp.).
3. " Le genre Eetinia " [Lepidoptera] , 1901, pp.598, &c.,
and 674, &c. Four coloured plates and seven text-figures.
Deals with lietinia buoliana and tiirionana.
4. "Les ravages de certaines chenilles en 1901," 1902,
pp. 9-22, three text-figures. Deals with the ravages of Pleris
hrassicxB, Euproctis chrysorrhoca, Lymantria dispar, Malacosoma
neustria.
5. " Le DendroctoniLs micans en Belgique," 1902, pp. 72-83
[by G. Severin and 0. Brichet].
6. "L'invasion de I'Hylesine geante," 1902, pp. 145-52; one
text-map. Deals with the beetle Dendroctonus micans.
7. "Le genre Lophyrus, Latreille," 1902, pp. 619-40; two
coloured plates and five text-figures. Deals with the sawflies,
LophyriLs piiii, riifas, and pallidus. The plates represent pini.
8. "Le genre Hylobius, Schdnherr," 1902, pp. 689-712;
two coloured plates and four text-figures. Deals with the Curcu-
lionids, Hylobius ahietis, piiiastrl, and piceus. The plates repre-
sent abietis.
9. " Le genre Myelophilus," 1902, pp. 754-69 ; three
coloured plates and four text-figures. Deals with the beetles,
Myelophilus piniperda and minor.
10. " Le genre Pissodks, Germar," 1902, pp. 775-801 ; two
coloured plates and fifteen text-figures. Deals with seven beetles
of this genus.
11. " Le role de I'entomologie en Sylviculture," 1903, pp.
152-62.
12. Le Dendroctonus micans,'' 1903, pp. 244-63.
13. " PsiLURA MONACHA," Linne, 1903, pp. 736-61 ; two
coloured plates and six text-figures. Deals with the ravages of
the nun-moth.
Honolulu : April 10th, 1904.
NEW KECORDS OF BEES.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
Sphecodes arroyanus, n. sp.
$ . Length about 9 mm. ; head, thorax and legs black, abdomen
bright chestnut red, the apical half of the fifth segment clouded with
blackish ; head very broad, broader than thorax ; mandibles black,
reddish at extreme tip, notched within ; clypeus strongly and con-
fluently punctured ; front dull, densely punctured ; auteunre black,
flagellum very faintly brownish beneath towards tip ; scape long and
curved ; fourth joint about as long as third, fifth longer ; mesothorax
shining, with very strong rather close punctures, median groove very
232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
faint, parapsidal grooves distinct ; disc of seutellum sparsely punc-
tured ; enclosure of metathorax semilunar, distinctly margined,
coarsely and irregularly cancellate all over ; tegulte testaceous, darker
basally ; wings rather pale fuliginous, stigma black, nervures very
dark brown ; second submarginal cell slightly narrowed above ; abdo-
men broad but rather parallel-sided ; first segment with few scattered
punctures ; second with very minute close punctures basally, but the
middle portion with very sparse punctures ; third segment similar,
with the minutely punctured area larger ; fourth nearly uniformly
punctured, except the broad margin, which is impunctate on segments
one to four ; fifth with a dense apical fringe of white hair ; apical plate
rather narrow, truncate.
Hah. Arroyo Pecos, Las Vegas, New Mexico, June 7th
{Wilmatte P. Cockercll). Differs from *S'. arvensis by the very
sparsely punctured disc of second abdominal segment ; from
S. soj^hicc by its larger size and dusky wings ; from S. arvensi-
formis by the well-defined metatlioracic enclosure, and narrower
thorax and abdomen ; from S. clematidis by the dark nervures,
less black at apex of abdomen, and rather larger size.
S2)hecodes sopltice, Ckll.
Colorado City, Colorado, at flowers of Prunus, two females ;
Manitou, Colo., April 28th, at female flowers of Salix, two females
{T. <C IF. Ckll.). New to Colorado. The specimens exhibit a
good deal of variation, but with the available material I cannot
distinguish more than one species. S. minor, Eob., is closely
allied to S. sophice, but has darker wings, and appears to be less
punctured. It is possible that the two may prove geographical
races of a single species, when material has been collected all
across the country. In this case, viiiior will be the name for the
species, as it has at least six months' priority, both having been
published in 1898.
Protcraner leptanthi, n. sp.
<? . Length about 9 mm. ; head, thorax, and legs black ; abdo-
men dark red, first segment black at base, and with a large black spot
on disc, apex broadly rouuded. Mandibles and antennse entirely
black, fourth joint much longer than 2 + 3 ; mesothorax dull, very
strongly and closely punctured ; enclosure of metathorax without a
raised rim, but distinctly defined, with about fourteen very strong
longitudinal ridges ; tegulfe shining piceous ; wings smoky at tips,
stigma and nervures piceous ; second submarginal cell narrowed at
least half to marginal ; abdomen rather broad, strongly punctured
all over.
Hah. Manitou, Colorado, at flowers of Ribes leptanthum,
April 28th, 1904 {T. tO W. Ckll.). Allied to P. ranunculi, but
distinguished by the perfectly black antennae, strongly punctured
abdomen, &c. Six specimens were taken. On May 11th my
wife took one in Cheyenne Canon.
NEW RECORDS OF BEES. 233
Proteraner rhois, n. sp.
^ . Length about 8 mm. ; like P. leptanthi, but with a con-
siderably narrower, lighter-coloured abdomen, with the basal half of
the first segment black ; enclosure of metathorax typically irregularly
cancellate, not well defined (but in one Manitou specimen longitu-
dinally ridged) ; tegulfe with a distinct narrow whitish margin ;
abdomen well punctured throughout.
Hah. Type from Rio Ruidoso, White Mis., New Mexico, at
flowers of Rhus glabra, July 21st (C. H. T. Townsend). Also
from Manitou, Colo., at flowers of Piihes leptanthum, one April
28th and one May 10th (TF. P. CklL). Very distinct in appear-
ance, by the narrow, lighter red abdomen, but with no other
important character. The sculpture of the metathorax, distinct
enough in the type specimens of rhois and leptanthi, is quite
variable. The Rio Ruidoso locality has an altitude of about
6500 ft. ; Manitou about 6600 ft.
Prosopis mesillce, Ckll.
Colorado City, Colo., May 10th, at flowers oi Prunus, one male
(T. d' W. CklL).
Andrena mar'uB, Robertson, var. oc.
Colorado Springs, Colo., at Salix, April 22nd ; one female
{W. P. Cockerell). Abdomen darker; raised lines of meta-
thoraeic enclosure fewer. The species is new to Colorado.
Andrena salicinella, Ckll., var. a.
Colorado Springs, Colo., at Salix, April 22nd ; both sexes
{W. P. Cockerell). Under side of male flagellum orange (dark
ferruginous in type). The species is new to Colorado.
Andrena hirtwelli, Ckll., var. a.
Colorado Springs. Colo., April 22nd; bbth sexes (IF. P.
Cockerell). Sides of face in female with much black hair. The
species is new to Colorado.
Andrena prunonim, Ckll.
Colorado Springs, Colo., April 19th, at flowers of Cijmopterm
acaulis ; males (IF. P. Cockerell).
Andrena prunonim var. gillettei, Ckll.
Colorado Springs, Colo., April 19th, at flowers of Cijmopterus
acaulis ; one male ; and April 20th to 22nd, both sexes at Salix
(IF. P. Cockerell); Manitou, Colo., April 28th, at flowers of
Prunus pennsylvanica ; one female {T. d IF. Ckll.).
Nomada fragilis , Cresson.
Manitou, Colo., April 28th, at flowers of Ribes leptanthum ;
one male {T. d- IF. Ckll.). In life the eyes are pale yellowish
green, suft'used with reddish at the top.
234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Bomhus juxtus, Cresson.
Maniton, Colo., April 28th, at flowers of Rihes leptanthum ;
one female {T. d- W. CklL). The second abdominal segment
has a small red patch, not mentioned in descriptions. A female
from Beulah, N. M., shows the same character.
Bomhus soiiorus, Say.
San Pedro, California, July 8th, &c. ; common (CklL). New
to California. On July 20th I found them freely visiting Datura
meteloides at 6.30 a.m.; they hunt for nectar, but are compelled
to crawl up the stamens to fly away, as tbey cannot well climb
up the smooth inner surface of the corolla. On July 10th I
found B. sonoras freely visiting the flowers of cultivated desal-
pinia gilliesi. On July 9th I saw them visiting flowers of Abronia
umhellata, Lam., but remaining on them only a moment, and surely
not getting anything. The Abronia is adapted to Lepidoptera.
Xylocopa varipuncta, Patton.
Los Angeles, Calif., July 22nd [CklL). At 7.20 a.m. I found
a female visiting Datura meteloides for pollen ; it hovered a good
while around the flower, and then alighted on the stamens.
Spinoliella meliloti (Ckll.).
This was described from a single specimen. A second one,
agreeing with the type, was taken by Martin D. Cockerell at
Mesilla Park, New Mexico, May 20th.
DiantJiidium sticticum (Fabr.).
Mr. Vachal sends me an example of Anthidium sticticum from
Provence. I find that it belongs to DiantJiidiiuii.
Anthophora euops, Ckll.
Colorado Springs, Colo., April 25th, at flowers of Ribes
longiflorum ; female (IF. P. Cockerell); Manitou, Colo., April
28th, at flowers of Fiibes leptanthum ; three males, one female
{T. ci' W. Ckll). New to Colorado. The female, not before
known, is like the male, but has the face black ; the eyes are
green, as in the male. On May 10th my wife took males at
Colorado City, at flowers of Thermopsis arenosa and Ribes
longiflorum.
Emphoropsis salviarum (Ckll.).
Blue Piiver, Arizona; one female {Dr. A. Davidson). Only
known previously from New Mexico. At the same place Dr.
Davidson collected a large example of Anthophora urbana var.
alamosana (CklL), also new to Arizona. The two insects,
although of different genera, are extraordinarily alike; aside
from the venation, the Emphoropsis may be distinguished by the
much less yellow tint of the thoracic hair, the much higher
NEW RECOEDS OF BEES. 235
clypeus, and the middle of the first ventral abdominal segment
being covered with white hair which slants backwards, whereas
in the Anthophora this region has only a transverse band of erect
hair.
Synhalonia calif or nica (Cresson).
This was described as a Melissodes. From the description I
thought it must be a Synhalonia, and Mr. Viereck has kindly
examined Cresson's type and finds this to be the case. It seems
allied to S. nevadensis, but is a trifle larger, the pubescence is
paler, the clypeus is yellow (yellowish white in nevadensis), and
the basal joint of posterior tarsi has an apical tooth. This
refers to the male, the only sex known. S. californica. Fowler,
needs a new name, unless it is the female of S. edwardsii.
Centris hicolorella, n. n.
Centris smithii, Friese, Termetz. Fiiz. xxiii. (1899), p. 43 (not
G. smithii, Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. vii. (1879), p. 229).
Bolivia and Chile.
Centris atripes, Mocsary.
Beeville, Texas, Aug. 29th, on plant No. 86 (C. H. T. Town-
send). New to the United States. C.foxi, Friese, is very closely
allied, but apparently distinct.
DiaUctns, Robertson.
The species of this genus have been described under various
genera, and one species {Hemihalictus lustrans) has been wrongly
referred to Dialictus by Crawford. The genus appears to include
the following : —
Dialictus anomalus (Robertson). Illinois.
Dialictus occidentalis, Crawford. New Mexico.
Dialictus theodori, Crawford. New Mexico.
Dialictus parvus {Panurgus parvus, Cresson). Cuba.
Dialictus subcyaneus {Dufourea subcyanea, Ashmead). Lesser
Antilles.
Dialictus halictoides {Panurgus halictoides, Fox). Lower
California.
Greeleyella, n. g. (Panurginae).
A genus related to Hypomacrotera, having the following dis-
tinctive characters : —
(1.) Marginal cell shorter and more obliquely truncate than
in Hypomacrotera, but much longer than in Macroteropsis. It is
rather suggestive of that of Exomalopsis, which is otherwise a
very difierent bee.
(2.) The first recurrent nervure meets the first transverse
cubital, as in Macroteropsis.
(3.) The basal nervure is almost straight (like that in
Andrena), and it meets the transverso-medial. (In Hypo-
macrotera the basal falls far short of the transverso-medial).
236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
(4.) There is no sign of the oval pit at the base of the meta-
thorax, which is found in Hypomacrotera.
(5.) The labrum has very large punctures and numerous
stout bristles below the strong transverse ridge.
(6.) The mandibles are simple, and the maxillary palpi quite
ordinary, 6-jointed. Type G. beardsleyi.
Greeley ella beardsleyi, n. sp.
2 . Length nearly 9 mm. ; black, the pubescence pale ochraceous
or dirty yellowish white, nowhere clear white ; head brown, facial
quadrangle much broader than long ; mandibles black, labrum broadly
rounded, the apex truncate; clypeus shining, very sparsely punctured ;
vertex with punctures of two sizes ; flagellum dark brown above,
ferruginous beneath ; third anteunal joint comparatively short ; disc
of mesothorax nude, very shiny, with sparse punctures of two sizes ;
metathorax truncate, with a narrow dull roughened basal area ; tegul^e
shining, reddish testaceous, dark in front ; wings clear, faintly dusky
in apical field ; stigma and nervures reddish testaceous ; marginal cell
obliquely truncate, with an appended nervure ; second submargiual
cell narrowed more than half to marginal ; first recur tent nervxire
meeting first transverso-cuhiud ; second recurrent joining second sub-
marginal a little before its end ; femora black, with a reddish apical
spot beneath ; tibite and tarsi very dark reddish (anterior tibije pale in
front), with pale orange hair ; all the claws very deeply cleft; abdomen
broad, shining, hind margins of segments testaceous ; first segment
impunctate, the others with scattered very minute punctures ; apical
fimbria pale reddish ochreous ; ventral segments with a small ferru-
ginous cloud in the middle.
Hah. Collected by Professor Beardsley, of the Colorado
Normal School, at Greeley, Colorado, June 3rd, 1900. The
insect looks not unlike Paniirginus jierUevis, which, however, has
a quite different venation.
NEW CULICIDiE FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY
STATES.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
(Continued from p. 213.)
Genus Orthopodomyia, nov. gen.
Head clothed with narrow-curved and forked upright scales ; flat
ones are at the sides. Palpi 5-jointed in the female ; long, as long as
half the proboscis ; in the male 4-jointed, three-fourths the length of
the proboscis. Thorax with narrow-curved scales on the prothoracic
lobes, mesothorax, and scutellum. Wings spotted.
Allied to Finlaya, but differs in the squamose structure
of the head and scutellum. The female palpi are noticeably
NEW CULICID.E FROM THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. 237
very long. The hind legs, when the insect is resting, are held
straight out, close together and quite close to the surface upon
which the fly rests, an abnormal attitude in the Culicinse.
Orthopodomyia albipes, Leicester, n. sp.
" A mediuai-sized species much speckled with yellow and grey,
and with the last three hind tarsi with conspicuous creamy yellow,
others with narrow, basal bands. "Wings with four prominent white
costal spots and three small ones at the base. Proboscis with two
white bands. Palpi of female more than half as long as the
proboscis.
" $ . Head broad transversely, set close to the thorax, dark grey,
in a poor light almost black, densely clad with white narrow-curved
scales and upright forked scales which are white in front and dark
brown behind ; the fork-scales are very numerous, broad-topped,
the free forked edge with numerous serrations ; there is a small patch
of broad, white flat scales, laterally on either side, very difficult to
see; there are two vertical bristles, dark brown in colour, projecting
forwards, and three or four post-orbitals. Antennae with the basal
joint brown, the inner and upper faces rather densely clad with
creamy spindle-shaped scales ; the second joint is a dirty white at
either end and black in the middle ; the verticillate hairs are inserted
about the middle, and are very short except on the inner face ; there
is a tuft of long creamy yellow scales on the inner face ; other hairs
are inserted near the base, and there is a whorl of short stiff bristles
inserted at the end of the joint ; the succeeding joints are black at the
apices and at the insertion of tlie verticillate hairs, and dirty white
between their immediate bases ; at the apex of each joint except the
last there is a whorl of short stiff hairs. Clypeus naked, dark brown.
Palpi o-jointed ; first joint short, swollen and constricted in the
middle ; second joint longer, linear ; third about as long as the first
two, rather swollen at the apex ; fourth joint about one-third the
length of third ; fifth joint minute, but quite distinct. The whole
palp is about two-thirds the length of the proboscis, but when dry it
shrinks to about half the length of the proboscis ; it is black scaled
except for some white scales on the upper surface of the first joint,
a ring of white scales at the apex of tlie second, third and fourth
joints, and white scales over the whole of the fifth joint. Proboscis
long, black scaled over the first half, then there is a band of creamy
scales extending about twice as far on the under surface as it does
above ; beyond this above are black scales, and white and black again
at the immediate apex. The labellfe are creamy yellow. Prothoracic
lobes black, not prominent, covered with white narrow-curved scales
above and with broader almost spindle-shaped white scales below.
Metanotum dark grey, almost black, covered with narrow-curved
scales, black, tawny and white in colour, arranged in a sort of pattern.
The anterior margin is covered with white scales, followed laterally
by tawny scales ; dorsally in the centre is a line of white scales
running about half way across the metanotum and ending opposite a
diamond- shaped patch of tawny scales edged with a few black scales
ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER, 1904. X
238 THE KNTOMOLOGISTi
set in a bare space which appears as a black margin ; flanking the
median line of white scales on either side is a line of tawny scales,
and outside this line is a patch of white scales anteriorly and a bare
space having the appearance of a black spot owing to the dark colour
of the metanotum ; the posterior part of the thorax is chiefly occupied
with a diamond-shaped patch of tawny scales edged with a few black
scales and a bare space ; outside this are white and tawny scales
arranged somewhat irregularly. The arrangement of the scales
varies considerably. Another specimen I have seen shows a central
line of white, black and tawny scales from the front backwards, and
flanking this is a bare line, and then a large patch of purple-black
scales. In a dry specimen the scales have a very ragged appearance,
and, being twisted this way and that, have not the same appearance
of a definite arrangement as in a fresli specimen. Scutellum dingy
yellow, clouded with black ; all three lobes clad with rather long
white narrow-curved scales. Scutellar bristles brown. Wings covered
with black and white, broad spatulate in some specimens, almost
spindle-shaped scales in others. Costa black scaled with white spots ;
the first spot close to the base and involving the base of all the long
veins ; the second involves the costal, sub-costal and first long vein ;
the third involves the veins as far as the fourth long vein. The fourth
passes on to the base of the first fork-cell, and the fifth spot is very
narrow and involves the lower branch of first fork-cell; there is a spot
on the wing field at the base of the second long vein, and another on
the upper branch of the fifth vein near its base, and one at its apex and
anotlier spot at the base of the second fork-cell. Supernumerary and
mid cross-veins form an obtuse angle towards the base. Posterior
cross-vein distant about four times its length from the mid cross-veins.
Pleuras dark brown, thickly covered with broad flat white scales.
Legs with the fore coxre pale, with creamy scales in the front legs, and
hind and mid dark brown, with a few white scales ; femorre clad with
purple scales freely mottled with golden ; on the fore legs is a ring of
golden scales a little before the apex which does not include the upper
face ; on the mid and hind legs the scales at the apices of the femora
are elongated, and give an ill-marked feathered appearance to the
legs ; the tibiae are mottled purple and golden, and at the apices of all
the tibias is a band of creamy yellow scales ; the base of the metatarsus
and first two tarsal joints on the fore and raid legs are banded with
creamy scales ; in the hind legs the base of the metatarsus and first
tarsal joiht are banded, and tlie last three tarsal joints are creamy
white. Ungues equal and simple on all the legs. Abdomen covered
with purple-brown scales ; each segment bears on the dorsum two
spots of white scales placed on either side of the middle line and
rather nearer the apex than the base ; laterally there is a basal patch
of white, apically a band of white scales. Some specimens bear
numerous golden hairs on the apex of the segments dorsally ; ventrally
each segment is basally banded, and some of the segments have a
median white spot.
" (? , Head brown ; the narrow-curved scales form a dense tuft be-
tween the eyes and a more definite margin to them than in the female.
There are more white upright forked scales, the brown comprising
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 239
about three or four rows on the nape.- Anteunre with the basal joint
dark brown, sparsely clad with small flat white scales ; succeeding
joints white, with black bands at the insertion of the verticillate
hairs; last two joints much elongated; first five joints with numerous
linear silky white scales with blunt rounded ends ; verticillate hairs
pale ochre-yellow. Palpi four-jointed, about three-fourths the length of
the proboscis ; there are a few white scales on the iipper surface imme-
diately in front of the clypeus, a ring of white scales at the middle of
the second joint, another ring at the apex of third joint, and tlie fourth
joint is completely white scaled ; the rest scaled with dark brown
scales ; the first joint is very short, second joint is very long and
in the middle shows a false joint, the third joint is about one-third the
length of the second, and the fourth joint is short and always carried
bent down towards the proboscis. Proboscis scaled dark brown for
about half its length, then there is an incomplete ring of creamy
yellow scales, followed b\ a band of dark brown scales ; the apical
fourth is swollen and scaled with creamy yellow scales. Thorax as in
the female. Wings with an additional costal spot of white scales
between the basal and second spots. Legs with more pale scales on
the tibiae ; the banding of fore and mid legs is rather more evident ;
fore and mid ungues unequal, larger uniserrate. Abdomen with
a distinct bastil white band to the hinder segment in addition to
the dorsal white spots. Length of female, 5 mm. ; of male, 5-3 mm.
*^ Habitat. — Kuala Lumpur (in jungle fiive miles away).
" Time of cajyture. — April."
Observations. — Described by Doctor Leicester from specimens
bred from larvfe taken in bamboo jungle. It is a very distinct
species, told at once by the last three hind tarsi being white. It
resembles the Finlayas, and can only be separated from them by
scale examination. — (F. V. T.)
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
NoTHocHRYSA cAPiTATA. — I do uot cousider N. capitata quite so rare
an insect as my friend Mr. Lucas's note [ante, p. 214), would lead one
to mfer ; but perhaps it occi.rs more frequently in Yorkshire than in
the southern counties. I have Yorkshire specimens in my cabinet
from Castle Howard, Doncaster, Huddersfield, Selby, Skipwith, and
York, I also have it from Lincolnshire. Still il; seems never to be
common anywhere, and I have only on one occasion taken as many
as three on the same day. The other British species of the genus,
X. fulviceps, is apparently much rarer. — Geo. T. Porritt ; Hudders-
field, Aug. 17th, 1904.
Note on the Dragonfly ^I^schna CYANEA.--The nymphs refused
food a few days before emergence, and became very restless. They
240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
appeared to keep the extremity of the abdomen at the surface of the
water, and produced a lot of air-bubbles. One I saw making great
efforts to climb up the side of a vessel in which it was confined ; but as
it continually slipped back, I guided it with the point of a pencil to
a stick which was fixed in the middle of the basin. It immediately
commenced to climb, went to the top of the stick, and apparently
would liave gone higher if it could. In the case of the one I watched,
a distinct sound was produced when the thorax split. One day I tried
to feed a dragonfly ; but as it would not take the flies, I took it up
carefully and put the fly to its mouth, when it at once began to feed
greedily, and ate three, one after the other. It appeared to have quite
matured its colours, but I am afraid feeding it made it too vigorous,
for it afterwards terminated the experiment by contriving to make its
escape. — R. A. R. Peiske ; G6, Chaucer Road, Acton, W.
Vitality of Blaps mortisaga, Linn. — I received, on July 21st last,
a living specimen of this beetle, which had been found in a box
belonging to a young lady, who returned to Scotland from Egypt three
months previously. The position in which the beetle was found con-
vinced her that it had been packed up in Egypt. It had, in that
event, subsisted for more than three months without sustenance or
air, Blaps is a common Egyptian genus, and mortimtia is found as far
east as the Caucasus. — Henry H. Brown ; Cupar-Fife.
Saturnia carpini on Lythrum salicaria. — On Aug. 14th I found a
large larva of S. carpini in the New Forest, at rest in tbe early morning
on L. salicaria, the purple loosestrife. The spray was plucked, and the
larva carried home upon it. Afterwards it fed readily on the foliage
of this plant, which, I believe, is not one of its usual food-plants. On
this large specimen, no doubt a female, the tubercles were orange in
colour. On a smaller one, found the same day, and which at once
commenced to spin up, the tubercles were pink. This second is no
doubt a male. Was the difference in colour of tubercles due to sex or
age, or chance variation ? — W. J. Lucas.
British Orthoptera. — Could any of our readers kindly supply lists
of the Orthoptera of Orkney, Shetland, Hebrides, Scilly, or any other
outlying, or less known parts of the JSritish Isles ? — W. J. Lucas ;
28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-Thames.
Limenitis CAMILLA ab. — I took a black variety of L. Camilla near
Barbigin, Fontahiebleau, on August 12th last. The specimen is a
female. — Walter Dannatt; Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Black-
heath, S.E.
Variety of Gonepteryx rhamni. — Mr. Lucas sends a beautifully
coloured drawing of Gonepteryx rhamni with the fore wmgs clouded
with orange as in cleopatra. Concerning this he writes: — "It was
reared from one of several larvte taken in the New Forest by Mr. Weir,
on June 26th last. To all intents and purposes this specimen is clearly
cleopatra, but all the other examples bred with it were normal. I
attribute the variation to the fact that the larva3 were, till July 11th,
kept in an extremely hot sbed. On the date last mentioned thev were
CAPTURES AND FIKI.D REPORTS. 241
removed from the shed because of the heat. It does not seem certain
whether this specimen had pupated by that, date or not. This occur-
rence raises a very interesting question as to the relationships of G.
rhamni and cleopatra."
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Callidium violaceum at Esher. — Mr. Lucas has sent me a speci-
men of the above beetle, taken at Esher Station, Surrey, on Jane
12th, 1904. I do not think it is common in this district, — E. C.
Ansorge ; 12, Addison Eoad, Bedford Park, W.
Deronectes latus in the New Forest.— I took one specimen of
this species among the shingle of a clear stream near Brockenhurst,
New Forest, on May 22nd, 1901. I should like to know whether any-
one else has taken it in the South of England. I have seen no
records of it from this part of England. — E. C. Ansorge.
Pyrameis cardui at Dovercourt. — A few fresh examples have been
seen here in the lucerne fields, but no hybernated specimens were
noticed in the spring or early summer, nor did I observe any larvte,
though I fully expected to have done so, after the swarms of the
perfect insect that occurred here last autumn. What became of them ?
Did they pass on ? If they had remained to hybernate here it is not
likely that all would have perished during the winter, which was not a
severe one. — Gervase F. Mathew ; Dovercourt, Essex.
Sphinx convolvuli at Dovercourt. — A male was brought to me
yesterday. It had been confined in a box that was much too small for
it, and in consequence was in poor condition. — Gervase Mathew ;
Dovercourt, Essex.
CoLiAS EDusA IN Cambs. — I saw single specimens of C. edusa on
Aug. 5th, 8th, and 10th of this year, flying in various parts of the
country round Cambridge. They are the first I have seen in the
county since 1901. — S. L. Orford Young; Aug. 15th, 1904.
CoLiAs EDUSA IN EssEX. — The first, a fresli-looking male, was seen
here on July 29th, when one of my boys covered it with his net, but
let it escape, and it then passed me at a furious rate, and we saw it no
more. The wind had been jlowiug fresh from the east and south-
east for several days previously. On Aug. 4th we caught two, a male
and female, in a lucerne field, and saw one or two more. The female
was confined in a breeding-cage, with a piece of lucerne, some syrup on
a sponge, and placed in the sun. On the morning of the 7th she was
found dead, but had deposited forty-two eggs on the muslin, twenty-
eight on lucerne, and three on the wire framework of the muslin hood ;
seventy-three in all. The eggs were placed upon some growing plants
of white clover, began to hatch on the 10th, and on the 16th the more
advanced larvas had already effected their first change. On the 9th a
female was seen, and three males were captured, but no more have
242 THK KNTOMOLOGIST.
been noticed since, so I am inclined to think that these few were im-
migrants blown across the North Sea during the strong easterly winds
that prevailed between tlie 24th and 28th of July. — Gervase F.
Mathew ; Dovercourt, Essex, Aug. 18th, 1904.
Chcerocampa nerii at Eastbourne. — A very fine example of C. nerii
was caught, resting on a bathing-machine, in the early morning of July
14th last, at the Wisii Tower, Eastbourne. It was brought to me
alive, and is now in my collection. — S. A. Chartres ; 17, Mayfield
Place, Eastbourne, July 30th, 1904.
Thecla w-album in Glamorgansuire. — We took several specimens
of T. w-albwH near Cardiff last month, but found it very local. —
B. Ansaldo and T. Shelley; King's Road, Cardiff, August, 1904.
Sphinx convolvuli in Norfolk. — It may interest some of your
readers to know that specimens of S. convulcidi are now to be taken
in Norfolk. I have seen as many as four of an evening, hovering over
flowers of tobacco. I should like to know if these are hybernated or
recently emerged examples. Some of them seem quite fresh, but
others much worn. \Ye often find pupje of this species when taking
up the potatoes in October. — W. E. N. Baker; "The Chase," Tilney
All Saints, King's Lynn.
Orthot^nia branderiana, L. ( = EucosMA branderiana, Meyr. =
Olethreutes branderiana, Rebel) in Surrey. — On June 25th last,
Mr. A. J. Scollick very kindly gave me a couple of Tor trices that he
had beaten from a hedgerow in the Esher district on the previous
day ; these I found to be 0. branderiana, a species which I believe has
not hitherto been recorded from Surrey. Subsequent visits to the
locality by Mr. Scollick and myself resulted in the capture of four
other specimens. I may mention that I had collected among the
aspens in the district almost every year since 1895, but had not seen
the species there, in any stage, until this year. — R. South ; 96, Drake-
field Road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
Collecting in the New Forest in June. — I arrived at Brocken-
hurst on June 4th, but for the first week was rather hampered with a
north-east wind, which did not improve matters as far as insects were
concerned, so I turned my attention to beating, and secured from oaks
the following larvae : — Himera pennaria, TiEniocampa miniosa, Liparis
monacha, Hijbernia defullaria, Cosmia trapezina, Sola strvjida, Liparis
aurijiua, Scopeloso)iia sateilitia, Petasia cassinea, and Pliigalia pilosaria ;
also, feeding on the lichens of oak-trees, a few larvae of Cleora (jla-
braria; and whilst beating I turned out a few imagines of Hylophia
prasinana. Sugaring again this year was very poor as far as my expe-
rience went, the only good nights being on the 16th and 17th, the last
two days of my stay, when I took Boarmia consortaria, Aplecta herbida,
Erastria fuscula, Tkyatira batis, Euplexia hicipara, Tephrosia extersaria,
Grammesia trilinea. Most of the evenings I devoted to larvse-search-
ing by means of an acetylene lamp and dusking over the heath. Of
larvaa I took, feeding on heather, fair numbers of Aijrotis at/athiiiay
Noctua neylecta, Sdidosema pluniaria, Eubotia plumbaria, and a few
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 243
Satijrus semele, and of insects Xemnria viridata, Hadena contipiia, H. pisi,
Phibalaptenjx lignata, and some dozens of Srodiova helf/iarin (males),
a few found at rest, flat on the ground, in the daytime, in which
position they resembled a piece of stone remarkably well. At night
they rested on the top of grass-stems ; and as there was a lot of cotton-
grass { Kriophorum poli/stachipm) growing about the spot, it was very
difficult to distinguish between the two, so much did they resemble
one another, A friend of mine, Mr. W. G. Gould, who was down
with me at the time, took some interestnig flashlight photographs of
S. belffiiiria at rest ; also of larvae of Atjrotis agathina, Xuctua neglecta,
Eubolia plumharia feeding, and various other interesting natural history
objects. By means of light in the glades of the forest I captured
Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe rivata, Eurijmene dolahraria, M. })iontaiifita,
Corcmia unideutata, Grannnesia trilinea, Spilosonia menthastii, 8. luhii-
cipeda, S. nieiidica (female, from which I obtained some hundred or so
ova, from which larvae are now feeding well on plum), Xuctua plecta, X.
xanthoyraplm, Xotodonta camelina, Larentia pectinitaria, Corycia tavii-
nata, Cidana tritncata, C conjlata, Orgyia jmdibunda, Metrocampa mar-
iiaritaria, and Enplexia lucipara. In the daytime there seemed to be
very little about flying in the glades. I took good series of Pararye
egeria, Aryynins euplirosgne, Veiiilia nmculata, Fidonia piniaria (male
and female), Bombyx riibi, and Hesperia malvce ; also, flying over some
of the heaths, Spilosoma fiiliyinosa and Anarta viyrtilli. Attracted by
the flowers of rhododendrons, short series of M acroylossa fiiciforniis and
Euclidia mi. On June 17th I went to Ringwood, and took Emydia
cribi-am, IJtJiosia mesomeUa and Aspilates striyillaria. Fj. cribnim. was
evidently just coming out, as there were very few to be seen; but
those taken were in perfect condition. — Lawrence S. Hodson ; Maison-
nette, Palmer's Green, N., Aug. 3rd, 1904.
Deilephila livornica at Bournemouth. — It may interest the readers
of the • Entomologist ' to know that I had the good fortune to capture
three specimens of this rare hawk-moth, flying over rhododendrons and
azaleas in our public gardens in Bournemouth, on 28th and 29th of
May last, and about the same time Mrs. Jackson, of " Malvern," Crescent
Eoad, also captured three. All six specimens were as good as bred.
Dr. Crallan is breeding a number of larvfe obtained from eggs laid by
a female that was brought to him. Major Robertson and Mr. Hooker
also had a specimen each brought to them. — W, McRae ; Bournemouth.
CoLiAS edusa in Hants and Dorset. — Mr. H. E. Annett saw one
between Brockenhurst and Southampton on Aug. 1st, and Mr. W.
McRae saw one near Christchurch the same day. About Aug. 16th Mr.
E. P. Reynolds saw some half a dozen near Swauage, but succeeded in
capturing only one worn female. On Aug. 20th I captured a beauti-
fully fresh female near Hinchelsea in the New Forest. — W. J. Lucas.
Plusia bioneta in Worcestershire. — With regard to the increas-
ing distribution of P. nioneta, it may be of some niterest to note that
I captured a fresh specimen of this moth in my garden near Worces-
ter, on the evening of July 4th, flying over valerian at dusk. I believe
this is the first time that the species has been recorded from this district.
— H. A. McNaught ; 2, Chatley Villas, Claines, Worcester, Aug. 23rd.
244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Sphinx convolvuli in London. — A very nice example of this species
was found at rest on a window-sill at the Victoria and Albert Museum,
South Kensington, on Aug. 23i-d last. The specimen will be added to
the National Collection of British Lepidoptera.
Sphinx convolvuli in Hants. — I found a fine fresh female ^'. co7i-
vnlvuli on a paling at Totland Bay, at precisely the same spot where I
found a similar specimen on Sept. 10th, 1901. The date of the present
capture was Aug. 19th. — G. E.J. Crallan ; Bodorgan Manor, Bourne-
mouth, Aug, 25th, 1901.
Notes from New Zealand. — Some account of the season 1903-4
in New Zealand may be of interest. Beginning at the end of last
season, I went to Napier during April and May, and there obtained
one or two Vanesm ilea identical with specimens which I took at Free-
mantle, Western Australia ; ChrnHnphanus boUienanim, a pietty little
" copper " delicately suffused with purple, was most abundant on the
beach, and also a few miles up country along the river beds. This
was much lighter than specimens which I have seen from the
South Island, some of which are nearly black. I did no night-work,
and the only moths I took were our old friend Heliothis armu/era,
and a new species which Mr. G. B. Hudson has kindly named for me
OrtJiDsia pallida. I then returned to Wellington, where, winter having
fairly set in, there was nothing doing until the end of November.
About this time the two coppers, Chn/sophanus salitstins and C. enysii,
were abundant on the flowers of the water-cress. About the same
time I obtaiaed one or two Hepialus viresct')ii> at light. On New-year's
Day I took a damaged example of the rare L'urlna enysii in the
Botanical Gardens. Vanessa (jonerilla was early and abundant, my
first example being taken Dec. 6th, and another on the 7th ; this
insect was not out in the 1902-3 season until the end of January.
Owing to the weather being unfavourable when I visited the locality,
and also to the fact that a fire had destroyed a large portion of its old
haunts, I was unable to again obtain Dodunidea helmsi, only seeing one
or two. This fire is particularly unfortunate, as, once destroyed, the
New Zealand bush never re-grows. It will be of interest to English
collectors to know that Sphinx convolvuli was common throughout
both Islands ; this moth is usually confined to the extreme north of
the North Island. In addition to this, several examples of a fine
Choerocampa, not previously recorded in New Zealand, were taken in
different parts of the Colony, probably immigrants from Australia. In
Coleoptera the only notes I have are : an example of the local iMsio-
rhijnchus harhicornis, Jan. 4th, 1903 ; JEmona hirta and yJJ. simpU-
coliis, Dec. 8th, 1903; Trichostenms antarcticus, Jan. 24th, 1094;
Odontria xantrosticta, which is a curious little woolly beetle, was
common in March and April at light, and lying dead on gravel-paths
of a morning. The common ti-tree beetle, and the tiger Cicindella
tuberculata, were abundant throughout the summer. The summer was
very long and warm, which probably accounted for the immigrants. I
omitted to state that several examples of Deiopeia pulchella were also
taken ; these latter, and two of the Choerocampas, by Mr. O'Connor,
at Titahi Bay. — Hubert W. Simmonds.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVII.] OCTOBER. 1904. [No. 497.
LIFE-HISTOEY OP LYCMNA ARGIADES.
By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.
Since the discovery of this species in Dorsetshire, in 1885,
several works on British butterflies have been issued, but there
appears to be no description published of either the egg or pupa,
and the descriptions given of the larva in the various books are
obviously copied from Dr. Lang's ' Butterflies of Europe,' where
it states that the larva is "pale green, with a darker dorsal
stripe, dark lateral streaks, and lif/ht brown and white spots.'"
By the kindness of Dr. Chapman and Mr. Hugh Main in sup-
plying me with eggs of this interesting species, I have been
enabled to work out its life-history ; therefore have now pleasure
in giving complete descriptions of its various stages. The butter-
flies were captured in the South of France in July last by Dr ,
Chapman, who sent them direct to Mr. Hugh Main ; he in turn
kindly sent me some of the ova he obtained from them, which I
received on July 25th, with a note saying they had been laid the
day before. They were deposited in a cluster at the base of the
leaves of Lotus corniculatus, also a few single eggs in other parts
of the plant. Undoubtedly, in a wild state, they are laid singly,
and never in clusters, on account of the cannibalistic habits of
the larvfe.
The egg is very small, being exactly the same size in diameter
as the egg of L. minima, i. e. 5^^y in., and j^^ i^- ^lis^^ > it
resembles the egg of L. icarus in shape. It is circular and com-
pressed, of a clear pale greenish-blue colour, but varies both in
extent of the ground colour and in the structure of the reticula-
tions, which are white, resembling frosted glass, and cover the
whole surface in an irregular network pattern ; in some the
pattern is almost like ordinary network, forming squares, and
others have the cells triangular, but all are irregular, and some
have the juncture of the reticulations much more prominent than
others. The upper surface is very slightly sunken, being almost
ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1904. Y
246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
flat, with a somewhat irregularly formed micropyle, which is
darker, and without the frosted appearance which covers the
whole of the surface excepting the base ; the reticulations on the
depressed portion of the crown are simple, being without the
raised knobs at the junctures ; those surrounding the side are
prominent, but diminish on nearing the base ; the cells between
the reticulations have a fine granular surface.
All the eggs hatched on July 30th, remaining six days in
the egg- state. The larva makes its exit by eating the crown, as
well as a portion of the side of the egg-shell.
Directly after emergence the larva is exceedingly small, being
only 50 in. long ; it is similar to other young Lycfenidre larvse in
having a slight medio-dorsal furrow and sloping sides, and fur-
nished with rows of long white serrated hairs, four dorsal and
three lateral on each segment ; those on the dorsal surface are
in pairs on each side of the furrow, both curve backwards, the
anterior one being very long ; below these are two spiracular-like
disks outlined with dark olive, and below a pair of small dark
tubercles bearing a club-shaped hair, excepting on the 6th, 7th,
and 8th segments, which only have hairs on the posterior ones ;
the Bubspiracular row of hairs consist of three long ones on each
segment, projecting laterally, each having a dark base ; along
the ventral surface are similar serrated hairs, and shorter ones
on the claspers ; the head is greenish olive and black, and the
body of a pale ochreous yellow in shadow, and pale grey in high
light ; to the naked eye it appears wholly whitish ; the entire
surface is sprinkled with black points. They are very active
when first hatched, crawling rapidly for such small creatures, and
feed on various parts of the plant. I found one feeding with its
anterior half buried into the end of a stem which had been
cut off.
First moult, Aug. 3rd, the first stage only lasting four days.
Shortly before first moult it measures only j\j in. long.
During the early stages these larvfe, like the other Lycaenidse,
require the greatest attention to distinguish their changes, on
account of their very small size and similarity of stages, and
unless most carefully watched under a lens it is practically im-
possible to detect their moults.
After first moult — six days old— it measures ^^ in. long, the
body is considerably humped dorsally from the 2nd to 9th seg-
ments, the 1st, 10th, 11th, and 12th being rather compressed,
and a decided lateral ridge ; the surface is finely granulated, and
studded all over with serrated hairs of various lengths ; those
along the dorsal and lateral regions are longest and curved ; all
are whitish (excepting those on the subdorsal surface, which are
dusky), with bulbous bases, from which rise thorn-like spikes,
each base forming a star ; there are also numerous disks scat-
tered over the body. The general colour is a pale yellow, with
LIFE -HISTORY OF LYC.ENA ARGIADES. 247
a medio-dorsal longitudinal brownish stripe, oblique brownish
side stripes, and a rust -coloured subspiracular line, bordered
laterally by whitish ; the head is shining black, and beset with
a few fine whitish hairs. Other forms occur, having a generally
pale greenish ground colour, with slightly darker markings.
Second moult, Aug. 7th. After second moult — nine days
old — it is I in. long ; very similar to previous stage, but on the
10th segment is a rudimentary gland, or one of indistinct forma-
tion, surrounded by minute star-like processes, and a fringe of
delicate white spines or bristles, each bearing a tuft of spine-like
hairs, extremely fine, similar in construction to those bordering
the gland of L. avion larva. Both forms now more closely
resemble each other, the brownish marked form assuming a
generally green colouring, with only a faint pinkish lateral line.
In this stage they greedily feed on the seeds of Medicago hqmlina,
eating through the capsule, and devouring the contents, but
appear to feed mostly at night.
Third moult, Aug. 12th. After third moult — eighteen days
old — it is I in. long, the ground colour is a beautiful clear green,
with a darker green medio-dorsal furrow, and three longitudinal
rows of oblique dull green side markings, and a waved dull green
lateral band bordered below by a pale line, and faint dull brownish-
pink streaks ; the whole surface is thickly sprinkled with ser-
rated hairs of difi'ereut lengths, those bordering the dorsal furrow
are the longest, they vary from white to ochreous brown, and
have similar swollen star-like bases, which vary in form and
colour — some are brownish, others white, resembling little glass
petals. As in the previous stage, numerous disks are scattered
over the surface ; the spiracles are prominent, and outlined with
brown. In this stage they feed as much by day as by night, but
are much slower between the moulting, occupying eleven days
from the third to fourth moults. The gland on the 10th seg-
ment is now more distinct, but surrounded with similar processes
and bristles.
Fourth and last moult, Aug. 23rd. After fourth moult, and
fully grown, it measures f in. long. It is of the usual onisciform
shape, with sHghtly flattened sides, and with only a very shallow
dorsal furrow, bordered each side by a fringe of spinous bristles,
slightly serrated, and varying in length ; the whole surface is
densely studded with shorter but similarly formed bristles, which
vary much in length and colour from white to pale brown, each,
including the longest dorsal ones, have wonderfully formed bases
(similar but more pronounced than in the previous stages), com-
posed of a bulb-centred star, the points rising from the base ;
some are wholly white, others olive-green ; there are also numer-
ous shining whitish-green disks outlined, or set in black rings
more or less starred, of various sizes, and scattered over the
whole surface; the spiracles are whitish, outlined with brown,
y2
248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and the inner edge dentated. The gland on the 10th segment is
similar to that in the previous stage, being a small elongated
transverse fissure, and fringed with fine white bristles as de-
scribed. Although so similar in formation to the gland of
L. avion, I have been unable to detect any liquid exuding from
it when touched ; also it appears less sensitive to irritation. On
the 11th segment is a subdorsal, partly retractile, whitish tubercle.
The ground colour is pale green, with a darker green medio-
dorsal stripe, and oblique side stripes of a fainter green ; in some
specimens the lateral ridge is tinged below with pinkish brown ;
the head is black and shining, and is hidden under the over-
lapping 1st segment, except when extruded while feeding and
crawling.
During the last stage I supplied the larvfe with both the
common white and red clover-blossoms, which they greedily de-
voured. One larva completely ate up the whole of the petals of
a red blossom in two days ; it appeared to be feeding continually
both day and night the whole time. They also readily feed on
the flowers, seeds, and leaves of Lotus corniculatus.
During their earlier stages the larvae are decidedly canni-
balistic. I noticed one larva after the first moult feeding on a
newly-hatched larva, which it seized as it emerged from the egg ;
but during the last two stages I did not find them attacking each
other, which agrees with the cannibalism of L. avion larvae.
The pupa is attached to the food-plant by the cremastral hooks
to a pad of silk and a girdle round the body ; all mine were attached
to the centre of the leaves, and the general resemblance, both in
form and colour, betw^een a decaying Lotus leaf and the pupa is
very similar. The pupa measures J in. long, of fairly uniform
thickness, the head is truncated in front, the thorax slightly
swollen dorsally, the abdomen rises at the base, and falls away
in a gentle curve to the anal extremity, which is bluntly termi-
nated. The entire surface is a pale green, and very finely
reticulated ; the wing-cases are rather whiter green than the
rest of the body, with whitish neuration, and irregularly sprinkled
with minute black specks ; a medio -dorsal line composed of a
series of black marks and specks runs the entire length, and
forms a well-defined line over the head and thorax, but becomes
broken up into a series of spots on a darker ground stripe along
the abdomen ; a super-spiracular series of small black dots, one
on each of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th segments, and a large somewhat
oval black blotch on the 1st abdominal segment ; and two others,
one at the base of the wing on the meso-thorax, another on the
meta-thorax, also a small spot on the pro-thorax ; all these and
a few other tiny specks sparingly sprinkled over the body are
black. The whole surface, excepting the wings, is sprinkled with
slightly curved moderately long white serrated hairs, each with a
swollen base ; near the base of the wings are a few fine white bristles,
VARIATIONS OF NYSSIA LAPPONARIA.
249
terminating in a cluster of much fmer bristles ; the spiracles are
whitish and prominent. It remains from about ten to fourteen
days in the pupal state, according to temperature.
The first imago emerged on Sept. 6th, the last on Sept. 18th,
1904.
VARIATIONS OP .Vr*S'67.4 LAPPONARIA.
By E. a. Cockayne.
On looking over the males of Nijssia lapponaria which I
captured or bred at the beginning of the year, I find that, far
from being extremely constant, they show a considerable range
of variation. As a whole they appear to be paler than those
captured by Mr, Christy, though I have only been able to com-
pare them myself with the one in the Hope Collection at Oxford.
This corresponds to my darkest specimens, which form a small
proportion of the whole number.
These darker individuals have three very distinct blackish lines
and a broad marginal band on the primaries, separated into two
250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
parts by an extremely thin wavy line of the pale grey ground colour.
Far more numerous are specimens in which the three lines are
all distinct, but thinner, and with the outer half of the marginal
band either absent or much reduced, and most visible at the
nervures. In a considerable number, about one-fifth, of the
specimens the second line is absent, except just at the dorsum.
The two very pale forms mentioned in the 'Entomologist,' June,
1904, may be regarded as an extreme form of this. The first
and third lines are very thin, and the second almost entirely
obsolete (fig. 1). Both parts of the marginal band are merely
represented by a slight deepening of the ground colour.
With regard to the relative positions of the lines, the first is
very regular, varying only slightly in its distance from the base;
the second and third are liable to considerable alteration. As a
rule they pass on either side of the discal cell, and as they
approach the dorsum become united by a group of black scales
lying between them. It is not unusual to find this taking place
earlier, and causing coalescence just beyond the discal cell. In
one specimen the whole space between the two lines from costa to
dorsum is filled with black scales, and a black band passes across
the centre of the wing. The marginal band in this male is,
however, poorly developed (fig. 2). The second and third lines
vary in distance from the discal cell. In two specimens the
second line passes through this, and in another between it and
the termen. The second and third lines are thus more nearly
parallel, though remaining quite distinct (fig. 3).
With regard to the marginal band, its distance from the third
line is not regular, and its width must therefore vary correspond-
ingly. Of its two halves the outer is more liable to become
faint. In fact, in only one have I seen the reverse. In this
specimen the inner half gradually fades away as it approaches
the costa. In these paler forms the fringes also are lighter.
The secondaries show traces of two lines close together at the
dorsum, separated by a fine line of ground colour, and there is
an additional sign of the outer of these at the discal spot. In
a bred male the second or outer of these is visible fairly clearly
right across the wing, and the inner can also be traced, though
very faint. As in the primaries, they pass en either side of the
discal spot, enclosing it between them.
The ground colour of all my captured specimens is pale cold
grey, or, in the specimen described in the June number, dark
grey (fig. 4). In my few bred specimens I find that in every case
except one it is a clear cream colour, giving a richer appearance,
especially to the secondaries. This cannot be due to fading in
the wild ones, as they were freshly emerged. Possibly the food
of the larva may have some effect, the bred ones feeding on
birch, and in one case Calhina vnlgaris, and the captured
specimens on Erica or Myrica.
251
ODONATA, &c., IN THE NOKFOLK BROADS.
By Geo. T. Porritt, F.L.S., F.E.S.
From June 20th to July 2nd last, in company with a lepi-
dopterist friend, Mr. Arthur Whitaker, of Worsbrough Bridge,
Barnsley, I made another visit to the Norfolk Broads, making
(as in the previous year, see E.M. M., October, 1903, pp. 251-2)
Stalham headquarters. My principal object was to fill up my
series of the local, and until last year very rare, ALschna isosceles,
and also, if possible, to turn up Agrioii armatum, a couple of
specimens of which had been taken in the neighbourhood the
previous year by Mr. Balfour Browne. In my efforts for the
former I was perfectly successful, but a close search for armatum
was a complete failure, for no trace of it could I find. The first
isosceles was taken on June 22nd, or nine days earlier than in
1903, and from then to the 29th, including two captured by
Mr. Whitaker, I managed to secure eleven. The nine I captured
were all netted from a boat, and most of them, as may be
imagined, took a good deal of stalking, in which Mr. Whitaker's
assistance was invaluable. But, contrary to my last year's
experience, a specimen was now and again seen on the drier
ground. One was netted by my friend under very interesting
circumstances. He had gone down to sugar on the evening of
June 24th, and when almost dark noticed a large dragonfly
hawking for insects, just in the same way that ^E. grandis has
long been known to do, but a characteristic which was not known
to be shared by any other British dragonfly. It proved to be an
/E. isosceles, thus making a second species which is not averse
to somewhat nocturnal habits. Of the beautiful Libellula fulva,
which in 1903 was quite abundant, we probably did not see
more than half a dozen specimens on this visit, and only one
male was captured. Orthetnim cancellatum was plentiful, chiefly
on the drier ground, and Erythromma naias was still more
abundant ; it settled in numbers on the floating leaves of the
water-lilies. The pretty Agrion pulchellum was m profusion.
The other species included Libellula qiiadrimacidata, Brachytron
pratense, Pyrrhosoma nymphida, Lestes sponsa, and Isclmura ele-
gans, all more or less common except L. sponsa, which we had
never before seen out so early as June, and which would no doubt
be abundant enough later.
The Trichoptera included Phryganea grandis, P. varia, Lepto-
cerus senilis, L. aterrimus, Erotesis haltica, Mystacides longicornis,
M. nigra, Tricenodes hicolor, Limnophilus xanthodes, L. luridtis,
L. rhombiciis, L. sparsus, &c.
Of Orthoptera, we took Tettix hipunctata and Xiphidiam dor-
sale.
252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Mr. AVhitaker worked hard among the Lepidoptera, but un-
fortunately both "light" and "sugar" were almost useless, and
when such is the case in the Broads collecting is almost neces-
sarily a failure. Papilio machaon was still out in numbers, but
was " on its last legs," most of the specimens being tattered or
worn ; its eggs and young larvte were, however, found freely,
proving that it must have been abundant before our arrival.
Argijnnis selene, too, was plentiful ; this species seems equally at
home in wood, on mountain, or on fen. The moths included
Dicranura furcula, Chcerocampa clpenor not uncommon at 7m
flowers, Nudaria senex, Apamea unanimis, Dianthoecia cucuhali,
Plusia fcstuc(e, Ahrostola urticce, Hydroccia unca abundant,
Acronycta leporina, the specimens considerably darker than we
expected to find them so far south, Acidalia immutata abun-
dant, Timandra amataria common, Collix sparsata, Lohophora
sexalisata, Hyria auroraria just getting well out as we came
away, Phihalapteryx lujiiata abundant, Hydrocampa stratiotalis,
Hermiiiia crihralis abundant, Sclioenohius mucronellus, Chilo phrag-
nietellus abundant, NemopJiora vietaxella and many others.
Edgerton, Huddersfield : Sept. 9th, 1904.
ON A DARK FORM OF ISCHNURA ELEGANS (Female).
By F. W. and H. Campion.
On various occasions during the present season and the last
we have noted the occurrence in Epping Forest of a dark form
of Ischnura elcyans (female), which, from the circumstance of its
appearing in two different years, we are inclined to regard as a
permanent form. We possess six specimens in all ; the dates of
the several captures being August 2ord and September 1st, 1903,
and July 3rd, 17th, and 24th, and September 4th, 1904. The
specimen of July 24th last was at the time of capture paired
with a normally-coloured male ; at the same time we took
another pair of the same description, but the female escaped
from the net. All these insects are characterized by the total
absence (with the exception to be mentioned herein) of the blue
colour which ordinarily imparts such a handsome appearance to
the individuals of both sexes. The blue of the spots behind the
eyes and the blue colour on the thorax observable in the typical
females are in our aberrant specimens replaced by an olive-green
colour. In normal /. elegans the eighth abdominal segment is
light blue in both sexes ; in the dark females the colour may be
described as dark dust-colour or dark biscuit-brown ; the re-
maining segments are black or green-black. The specimen
ON A DARK FORM OF ISCHNURA ELEGANS. 253
taken on July 17th, 1904, however, exhibited a distinct trace of
bkie on the ventral surface of segment eight.
Apart from any other points of difference ah'eady indicated,
our specimens are readily distinguishable from individuals of the
typical form, whether in the mature or the immature state, by
the dark-brown or blackish colour of the eighth segment. They
are separable from the orange variety of the female (to which
Stephens gave the name rufesccns) by the substitution in the
former of olive-green for the bright orange of the thorax charac-
teristic of that variety ; the first and second segments of the
abdomen, instead of being orange, as in var. rufesceiis, exhibit,
in our specimens, black or green-black markings of the usual
form upon a ground-colour of olive-green.
We are convinced that most, if not all, of the insects under
consideration are fully matured ; but, as doubts have been sug-
gested as to their maturity, we may say that our conviction is
based upon the following considerations : —
(1) We have taken no less than two of them in copulation or
connected per colliim, and we have never known a dragonfly to
pair with the opposite sex until full maturity has been attained.
(2) The immature coloration of such species as we are best
acquainted with is lighter, not darker, than the mature colora-
tion. Now, the colour of segment eight in the individuals before
us is much deeper in tone than the normal blue colour. The
colour which usually precedes blue in dragonflies is well seen in
immature males of Agrion yiiella and Eiiallagma cyatliigerum.
(3) Only a few examples of the dark form are met with. If
that form represents a constant phase in the colour-development
of the female, it ought to occur ver}' frequently, for the species
is quite a common one with us, and we keep it under close
observation.
(4) In spite of the circumstance that, quite at the end of the
season, other collectors have obtained specimens of I. elegans
with the immature colouring, we are of opuiion that some weight
should be attached to the facts that none of our examples have
been taken prior to July 3rd, and that one of them occurred so
late as September 4th ; indeed, the last-named (the dark female
of September 4th this yoar) was the sole representative of the
species we had come across since August 7th.
(5) Most of our specimens present, when newly taken, a
distinctly dusty appearance, somewhat resembling the bloom
upon a black plum ; we have sometimes observed the same ap-
pearance in specimens of other species taken late in the season.
(6) The wings retain no trace of the high gloss of immature
wings.
We think it likely that this form mr.y be a reversion to the
ancestral type. The coloration of the normal female approxi-
mates to that of the male much more closely than is usual
254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
among British Agrionin^e, and the striking contrast subsisting
between our primitive females and the males brings this species
into line with other members of the subfamily, and especially
with the allied species, /. pmnilio.
Waltliamstow : September 9th, 1904.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES ON
THE HEMIPTERA. No. 2.*
By G. W. Kiekaldy.
With great regret I feel it advisable to relinquish the sugges-
tive and characteristic ordinal name " Rhyuchota " for the prior
" Hemiptera." I am by no means convinced of the necessity or
advisability of enforcing priority in names above family rank ;
indeed in some cases it would appear inexpedient, if not im-
possible, to do so ; but in such a case as the above, where a prior
term has been in frequent, though partial, usage, it seems better
to adopt it.
Hemiptera is a Linnean term, comprising in 1758 not only
the " bugs " but also the Dermaptera (later called Ortlioptera) ;
Geoffroy in 1762 restricted " Hemiptera" to the bugs, placing the
remainder of the old Linnean assemblage among the Coleoptera.
The following shows the synonymy according to priority ; I
would be sorry, however, to have to adopt " Siphonata " instead
of " Homoptera."
Order : Hemiptera, Linne, 1758 (part) ; Geoffroy, 1762.
type Cimex.
= Rhynqota, Fabricius, 1775 ^ Rhyuchota, Burmeister,
1835.'
Suborder 1 : Heteroptera, Latreille, 1802, type Cimex.
— Dermaptera, Eetzius, 1783 (nee De (jeer, 1773).
= Hemiptera, Westwood, 1838.
2. Siphonata, Eetzius, 1783, type Cicada.
= Homoptera, Latreille, 1802.
I have recently been led to look into the nomenclature of the
Sternorrhynchous forms, &c., and find that these researches do
not altogether confirm the changes of recent years ; in par-
ticular it is to be regretted that Mrs. Fernald, in her recently
published ' Catalogue of the Coccid!Te,'t — a work for which, as a
whole, one can find nothing to say but admiring thankfulness for
the labour devoted to it during so many years, — it is to be regretted
that the typical genus Coccus has been grievously misapplied.
* See ' Entomologist,' xxxiii. pp. 238-43. (1900).
f Bui. Hatch, Exp. Sta. Mass. Agr. Coll., 88, pp. 1-3G0. (1903).
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES, ETC. 255
The genera Ayhis, Cliermes, and Psylla also, in most recent
works, are evidently incorrectly determined. A2)his was founded
by Linne in 1758, and continued undivided till 1801, when
Lamarck fixed ulmi, Linn., Geoffr., Fab., as the type. This,
however, is not Lachnus ulmi (Linne), as the addition of " Geof-
frey, Ins. i. p. 494, 1. 10, f. 3," shows, but is the so-called " Tetra-
neura ulmi, De Geer,"* and therefore, not being a Linnean species,
cannot affect the type-fixation. The next year Latreille selected
sambuci, Linne, as the type, this being available.
Chermes has by some been included in the Coccida;, by others
in the Aphidae, and by others in the Psyllidse ; the latter is the
correct position, and the family should be known as Chermidae.f
Founded in 1758, the genus was turned aside by Geoffroy in
1762,1 to include part of Coccus (because " Kermes " was the
Oriental name for certain Coccidae !) and Psi/lla formed instead.
The latter is therefore a pure synonym of Chermes, Linn., the
type being^czts, Linn., Lam., 1801.
Coccus was divided by Geoffroy in 1762 (see footnote), and
although, owing to the local faunistic nature of the work,
the type cannot be definitely fixed, he certainly must be con-
sidered to restrict it to those forms which are characterized as
" Foemina insecti formam servans." The species he removes to
Chermes, Geoffr., nee Linn., are characterized " Foemina folliculi
formam induens " ; it is from this group that Mrs. Fernald has
unfortunately chosen the type of Coccus (Canad. Entom. xxxiv.
232). §
As the type of Coccus, Lamarck (1801) selected " Coccus
mexicanus, Lam. = Coccus cacti coccinelliferi Lin., Coccus cacti,
Fabr., Ent. (= Dactylopius coccus, Costa, which it must super-
sede, the cochenille insect becoming Dactylopius mexicanus
'■'■'- The correct name is Tetraneura gallarum-ulmi (De Geer).
f I do not think it is necessary to form this name as Chermetidfe. Most
entomologists appear to beheve that the stem of all words modelled on the
third declension of Latin nouns must end in t or d; hence Tingitidce,
instead of Ting idee ; Oerrididce, mstea.d of Gerridce ; Cher metidcc, instead
of Cliermidce ; ApMdidce, instead of Aphidce, &c.
I A great deal of unnecessary trouble has been caused by the dispute as
to the validity of Geotfroy's names. But even if Geoffroy, 1762, be denied,
Miiller, 1764 (except Tetigon'a), or Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785, must be
accepted. I do not know one single Hemipterous genus that is at all vitally
affected; for Tetigonia one simply has to write 1785 instead of 1762, and, for
the rest, " Miiller, 1764," instead of " Geoffroy, 1762."
^ As regards the definite fixation of the type of Coccus, Geoffroy is ex-
cluded, first because he specifies no type, and secondly because his work is
not a " Histoire abregee des Insectes," but a " Histoire abregce des Insectes
qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris ; " therefore, apart from types spe-
cially noted, or species of genera thereon erected, has no more value for our
present purposes than a mere list of captures, the inclusion of certain species
being due simply to the faunistic nature of the ,vork. This applies also to
Schranck, Scopoli, and other authors, often cited in the type-tixation of
genera. "Historical" type-fixation can come into force from 1794 (as
regards Hemiptera) when Fabricius instituted the type-system.
256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
(Lam. ) ), but this is not available, the species being non-Lin-
nean. In fact, I cannot find that the type of Coccus has ever
been fixed, or that any species but the true Linnean cacti is
available.
In a recent publication (" Homopteren aus Nordostafrika ge-
sammelt von Oscar Neumann " (Zool. Jahrb., Abth. fur Syst.,
xix. pp. 761-82, pi. 44 (1903) ), Dr. A. Jacobi criticises my usage
of Tetigonia, Geoffroy (p. 779), and proposes a new name —
Tettigoiiiclla. I regret that I cannot accept this. It is true that
the name ^'Tetigonia'' is very near the dermapterous genus
Tcttigonia, Linne, but not more so than, say, Chrysocoris (Hemi-
ptera) and Chrysocorys (Lepidoptera), both of which are generally
accepted. Geofl'roy nowhere refers to Linne's genus, and indeed
mentions that he has used the word for the " procigales " be-
cause other authors have employed it for these insects. As to
the validity of the Geoffroyan genera, there is not the unanimity
for their rejection that Dr. Jacobi supposes ; in Hemiptera I
mention the names of Champion (also a coleopterist !), Cockerell,
Mrs. Fernald, Horv;xth, E. Saunders, and Stal, among those who
accept them ; and in fact — especially when genera like Cylinclro-
stetiius and the other extra-European geuera founded by Fieber
in the ' Europaischen Hemiptera,' and the Latreillean genera of
the 'Precis' (1796), openly erected without any species, are
universally accepted — I fail to see how they can be rejected. In
the case of Tetigonia it was omitted by Miiller (1764), but again
maintained by Geoifroy in Fourcroy's ' Entomologia Parisiensis '
(1785). Thirty-three species are included therein under Cicada
(pp. 184-93), but on p. 193 he differentiates Tetigonia with two
ocelli from Cicada with three, and adds in a footnote to the
latter, " Adduntur hie caracteres Cicadce verce Gallo-provincialis,
nostrae Cicadas Tetigonia vocatse oppositi."
The following synonymy will summarize the above : —
1. Aphis, Linne, 1758 ; type samhuci, Linn., Latreille, 1802.
2. Chbkmes, Linne, 1758 =^ Psylla, Geoffr., 1762 -^ Homo-
toma, Guerin, iy^ejicas, Linn., Lamarck, 1801.
3. Coccus, Linn., 1758 = Llavcia, Signoret, 1875 ; type cacti,
Linn., Kirkaldy, 1904.
4. Calymmata, Costa, 1828 = ^1 Chermes, Geoffroy, 1762, nee
Linne ; = 'j Coccus, Fernald, 1903, nee Linne.
5. Dactylopius mexicanus (Lamarck) = Coccus mexicanus.
Lam., 1801 = Coccus cacti, auctt. = Dactylopius coccus,
Costa, Fernald.
6. Tetigonia, Geoffroy, 1762 — Tettigoniclla, Jacobi, 1903 ;
type viridis (Linne), Latr.
A few other notes on Mrs. Fernald's Catalogue are as
follows : —
P. 18. To Drosicha add Drosycha, Signoret (5), v. 351 (1875).
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES, ETC. 257
N.B. — This is a synonym of Monophleha, Latr., as will be noted
shortly by Prof. Cockerell.
P. 31. To Callipappus add Gallipappus, Sign., 1869, Ann. S.
Ent. France (4), ix. 103.
P. 46. To Ojnsthoscelis add Ophistoscelis, Sign., op. cit. 100.
P. 57. For Amorphococus read Ainorpliococcus.
P. 82. The first citation of Dactylopius tomentosus is Coccus
tomentosus, Lamarck, 1801, Syst. Anim. sans vertebres, p. 299.
N.B. — Lamarck himself gives this as a synonym of Coccus
sylvestris, Thiery de Menonville, Traite de la Culture du Nopal,
&c,, p. 347 (1787), a work unknown to me.
P. 98. To CalceolaricB^ Mask., add var. minor, Mask., Tr. N.Z.,
Inst. xxix. 322.
P. 146. To Ericerus add Eunjcerus, Tozzetti, 1867, Mem.
Soc. Ital. iii. no. iii., 19.
P. 158. To Chelonicoccus add Chelinococcus, Signoret, 1869,
Ann. S. Ent. France (4), ix. 104.
P. 166. For " perforatus" (line 13) read " Coccus perforatum,
Kirkaldy," &c.
P. 167. For Coccus use Calymmata (see above).
P. 180, no. 906. Piead Eulecanium curtisi, n. n. = {{Coccus
aceris, Curtis nee Fabricius.
P. 209. PiHizoBiuM, Tozzetti, 1867, is "described", though
very scantily, and must replace Lecanopsis. The type, though
not speciiied, can be nothing but rliizophila (Signoret).
P. 244. Pieplace " Lcucaspis, Targ.," by the following : —
Leucodiaspis, Signoret, 1869, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4),
ix. 99 ; type signoreti.
= II Leucaspis, Sign., 1870, op. cit. x. 100.*
P. 314. Major, Cockerell nee Maskell.
P. 318. Parlatoria, Sign., 1869, op. cit., ix, 99; iyipes zijzijphus
(sic !) and 2)roteus.
N.B. — The genus Encarsia was listed under Coceidae in error
in the Zool. Eecord for 1895 !
P. 256, line 29. " Oliia " is a species of Metrosideros.
P. 277, line 11 from bottom. After " Full." read "Trans.
Ent. S. London, 1897, p."
P. 304. Lepidosaphes cockerelliana, n. n. for Mytilaspis
albus, Cockerell, nee Maskell, 1896.
I regret that I cannot admit any names taken from Tozzetti's
Catalogue of 1868, t this work being to me of academic interest
only, consisting as it does of a confused series of names, without
descriptions or intelligible references. The correct references to
the following genera appear to me to be as follows : —
='= Leucasjns is preoccupied by Burmeister, 1835, Arch, fiir Naturg. i.
pt. 2, p. 47.
f Mrs. Fernald cites " 1869," but it is quoted in part of Signorct's
" Essai," published in the vohime for 1868.
258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
P. 49. Asterolecanium, Signoret, 1869, Ann. S. Ent. France
(4), ix. 101.
P. 59. Pollinia, Sign., 1. c.
P. 246. Fiorinia, Sign., 1. c, 99 ; type areca (Bdv.), Sign. =
fiorinice (Tozz.).
P. 295. Targionia, Sign., 1. e., 100
P. 301. Aonidia, Sign., 1. c, 99 ; type aonidiim =^ lauri,
P. 304. Mytilaspis, Sign., 1. c, 99 (syn. of Lepidosayhes).
P. 128. Pidvinaria, Tozzetti, 1867, Mem. Soc. Ital. iii., no.
iii. 30.
The subfamily nomenclature of the Coccidcie seems to be as
follows : —
P. 15 (1). CocciNyE = MonophleUnce, Fernald.
P. 28 (2). Margarodince.
P. 38 (3). OrtheziincB.
P. 38 (4). Phenacoleachiincs.
P. 38 (5). Conchaspime
P. 39 (6). KERMiNiE = Dactylopiince, Fernald.
P. 123 (7). Tachardiince.
P. 127 (8). CALYMMATiNiE = Cocci)i(B, Fernald.
P. 213 (9). DiaspiiKe.
P.S. — Pseiidococciis was founded by Westwood in 1839 ('?).
(Introduction, ii. 447), type cacti, (nee Linn.); it is therefore a
pure synonym of Dacti/lopius, Costa ; for Pseadococcas, Fernald
(p. 96), Trechocorys, Curtis, must be used, type adonidum (nee
Linn.) = longispinus (Riley).
Honolulu.
NEW RHYNCHOTA-CRYPTOCERATA.
By W. L. Distant.
Fam. Naucorid^.
Subfam. Naucorin^.
Macrocoris transvaalensis, sp. n.
Head and pronotum ochraceous, punctured with piceous, the pro-
notum with two central piceous lines, which join a subbasal transverse
piceous hue, behind which the piceous punctures are absent ; scutellum
black ; hemelytra piceous, apex of clavus and anterior lateral margin
of cerium ochraceous ; connexivum ochraceous, with piceous spots at
the incisures ; body beneath and legs ochraceous, lateral areas of the
mesosteruum more or less piceous ; head shorter than its breadth
between eyes, which are anteriorly somewhat convergent ; lateral
margins of the pronotum broadly convex ; scutellum finely granulose ;
anterior femora more or less strongly fuscously punctate. Long.
10 millim., lat. post, pronot. angl. 5^ millim.
Hah. Transvaal ; Lydenburg Distr.
Differs horn M. Jiavicollis, Sign., by the much narrower head.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 259
the more convex lateral pronotal margins, spotted coniiexivum,
&c. ; from M. convcxus, Montand., it is distinguished by the
head between the eyes being broader than long.
Thurselinus, gen. nov.
Body ovate, moderately convex ; head very large, almost as long
as prouotnm, rather more than one-third broader between eyes than
long ; eyes elongate, much narrowed, and slightly converging ante-
riorly ; labrum rounded, reaching base of second joint of rostrum ;
pronotum scarcely broader than base of hemelytra, only slightly nar-
rowed anteriorly, its anterior angles not reaching the middle of eyes ;
scutellum short, about twice as broad at base as long ; hemelytra
complete ; mesonotum medially carinately longitudinally elevated ;
anterior femora ampliated, inwardly notched towards base.
Differs from Mncrocoris by the much larger and broader head ;
anterior angles of pronotum not reaching the middle of eyes ;
shorter and broader scutellum, &c.
Thurselinus greeni, sp. n.
Ochraceous ; scutellum brownish ochraceous ; eyes black ; basal
area of pronotum with some longitudinal piceous lines ; body beneath
and legs uniformly ochraceous ; membrane clouded with pale fuscous ;
head almost as long as pronotum, its anterior margin convex, with a
somewhat flattened central basal space ; pronotum transversely striate
near anterior margin, very finely and obscurely punctate, the lateral
margins slightly rounded, a little narrowed anteriorly, but almost sub-
parallel ; scutellum very finely granulose, broadly subtriangular ; con-
nexivum piceous at segmental incisures. Long. Gmillim.
Hah. Ceylon; Keshewa (E.E.Green).
ON SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF
HYMENOPTERA.
By p. Cameron.
(Concluded from p. 210.)
VESPID^.
Odyneeus camicrus, sp. nov.
Black ; the base of the abdomen with two sutures at the base, the
space between them laterally depressed, smooth, shining, and marked
with stout keels ; the under side of the scape, the clypeus, a mark,
longer than broad, and with the lower half much narrowed above the
antennfe. the inner half of the eye incision, a large triangular mark
on the sides of the pronotum, the tegulfe, post-scutellum, and a line on
the first and second abdominal segments, yellow. Legs black, the
knees, the four front tibise anteriorly, and the tarsi, testaceous. Wings
hyaline, the radial cellule smoky, the base hyaline. S . Length,
7 mm.
Hah. Darjeeling.
260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The apical two joints of the antennae are rufous below, and the
last also at the sides. Front and vertex closely rugosely punctured,
and sparsely covered with silvery pubescence. Clypeus longer than
broad, above broadly rounded, the apex shortly stoutly bidentate ; the
space between the teeth shallow. Pro- and mesothorax rugosely punc-
tured, the top of the pro- smooth, above margined. Metanotum
rugose in the middle at the base, the sides reticulated ; the apex
smooth ; the sides stoutly margined ; the metapleuras, on the upper
half, irregularly, rather weakly reticulated. Apical half of first abdo-
minal segment punctured and covered with a fulvous pile, the rest im-
punctate ; the second, third, and the base of the fourth segments
closely punctured ; the other segments impunctate. The band on the
first segment is only on the top; on the second it goes all round. The
head and thorax are thickly covered with white pubescence ; the base
of the mesopleura) below the middle is impunctate, and there is at the
top of the smooth part a short deep oblique furrow ; the pro- smooth
at the base, the smooth part behind having a distinct border ; the
apex of the metanotum is deeply roundly hollowed ; the apex of the
pronotum is very little developed in front of the mesonotum, and is
transverse ; the apex of the scutellum is almost crenulated. There is
a small mark behind the eye.
Cannot well be confounded with any of the Oriental species of
the section Ancistrocerus.
FOSSOKES.
Crabro trichiosomus, sp. nov.
Black ; a narrow line on the scape of the antennte, a broad inter-
rupted line on the pronotum, two irregular transverse marks on the
second, third, and fourth abdominal segments — the marks becoming
smaller successively — yellow ; the head, thorax, and base of abdomen
thickly covered with long white, the rest of the abdomen with shorter
white pubescence. Legs black, the hinder calcaria large, broad, and
yellow. Metanotal area coarsely punctured and deeply furrowed in the
middle. Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. $ . Length,
7 mm.
Hah. Himalayas.
Front and vertex closely and distinctly punctured, the latter more
strongly than the front. Front, face, and clypeus covered with silvery
pubescence ; the face keeled in the middle, the apex of the clypeus
broadly rounded. Mesonotum and scutellum closely and distinctly
punctured ; the post-scutellum is more shining and less strongly punc-
tured. Metanotum deeply depressed at the base ; the depression with
some stout strife ; the basal area has the punctures larger and more
irregular on the sides ; the apical slope is coarsely, closely transversely
striated. The upper part of the propleurte is obliquely, the lower
longitudinally striated, its apex stoutly keeled. Mesopleura? punc-
tured, but not strongly or closely ; the meta- closely, strongly obliquely
striated. Abdomen closely punctured, the second, third, and fourth
segments depressed at the base and apex ; the first slightly, but dis-
tinctly longer than the width at the apex ; the pygidium closely, but
not strongly, punctured. The apical abscissa of the radius is obliquely
bent.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTBRA. 261
This species will form a new section in Bingham's "B " and c,
defined by the metanotal area being punctured.
Crabro agycus, sp. nov.
Black ; the base of the median segment with three areae, the
central being narrower than the others ; the scape of the anteunte, the
mandibles above, a broad line on the pronotum, the scutellar tubercles,
a large mark on the sides of the scutellum at the base, broadest on the
outer side, and with a semicircular small incision in the middle, the
post-scutellum, a line on the first abdominal segment, narrowed in the
middle, a small mark on the second laterally, and large broad ones on
the third to fifth segments, the tubercles, a small mark behind them,
and a larger longer mark, narrowed below, behind that, lemon-yellow.
Legs yellow ; all the coxpb and trochanters, the basal half of the fore
femora above and the lower part, the greater part of the middle femora
below, the hinder, except on the top, the four hinder tibite in front,
and at the top and bottom behind, black ; the tarsi infuscated towards
the apex. Wings hyaline, the stigma fuscous, the nervures darker. ? .
Length, 8 mm.
Hah. Himalayas.
Front and vertex smooth and shining ; the front covered with
golden pubescence ; the vertex sparsely pilose ; the face and clypeus
covered with silvery pubescence. Mandibles smooth and shining ; the
two apical teeth stout, clearly separated. Metanotal arere smooth ; the
central is of almost equal width ; the inner lateral become round Iv
narrowed towards the apex ; the outer lateral of almost equal width ;
the sides of the apical slope are bordered by keels. Pleura smooth and
shining ; the tubercles large, projecting. The mesopleural furrow is
obscurely crenulated. Pygidium keeled laterally, and bearing large
punctures. The hinder tibife become gradually thicker towards the
apex, and bear some stout spines ; their metatarsus not thickened.
This species may be known from the recorded Indian species
by the five clearly defined areas on the base of the median
segment.
Bembex megadonta, sp. nov.
S- . Black ; the apical two- thirds of the clypeus, labrum, man-
dibles, except at the apex, the outer eye-orbits narrowly, the apex of
the pronotum broadly, the edges of the propleurs all round, the lower
narrowly, the sides of the metanotum, the apical half of the meta-
pleurje, and the apices of tne scutellum and post-scutellum, pale
yellow. Abdomen pale yellow ; a broad black band on the base of the
first segment, narrowed and roundly incised at the apex, a broad band
on its apex, roundly narrowed laterally, two spots broader than long-
on the base of the second, an irregular band on its apex, a band on the
base of the third with two dilatations in the middle, a narrow band on
its apex, dilated in the centre; similar bands on the fourth segment,
the basal half of the fifth, the band with a shallow incision on the
ape^, and the whole of the apical two segments, black ; the ventral
segments black, their sides at the apex irregularly marked with yellow.
Legs yellow, all the coxae, a broad line on the top of the first pan- of
ENTOM. OCTOBER, 1904. Z
262 THE ENTOMOLOGISI.
femora above, the four posterior broadly above and below to near the
apex, a line on the centre of the fore tibiae before and behind, and on
the four posterior, black. Wiugs liyaline ; the costa and basal ner-
vures testaceous, the others darker. 3 . Length, 17 mm.
Hab. Darjeeling.
Head and thorax thickly covered with white longish pubescence ;
the first transverse cubital nervure is largely dilated backwards below ;
on the second ventral segment is a large tooth, which commences near
the base and extends to the apex ; it is roundly broadly curved, and
becomes narrowed towards the apex below ; the apical part is also
roundly curved ; the sixth segment is broadly raised in the middle ;
this raised part becomes narrowed towards the apex, which is rounded,
and has there an oblique slope. The last segment is punctured, except
in the centre, where there is a smooth shining band ; it becomes
gradually narrowed towards the apex, the sides bemg only indistinctly
curved. The basal joint of the front tarsi is stout, and is longer than
the three following united ; the spines are long, pale, and moderately
stout ; the middle femora are irregularly toothed ; the teeth are more
numerous on the basal half. Eyes almost parallel, only very slightly
divergent below. Front keeled. The yellow bands on the abdomen
are sulphur-yellow on the base, paler on the apex.
In Bingham's arrangement the species would come, in his
table, close to B.innguis and B.fossoria. Characteristic is the
very large tooth on the second ventral segment.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
The Tubercles of Saturnia carpini. — Referring to Mr. Lucas's
note respecting the colour of the tubercles in larvae of 5. carpini {<inte,
p. 240), I may mention that a half-grown larva of this species was
brought to me about six weeks ago, having bright crimson tubercles.
After having kept it a week or so, it changed its skin, and also the
colour of its tubercles, which were dull orange from then up to the
time of its death, which occurred when quite full-grown. — G. F. Lyle;
Brockenhurst, Sept. 12th, 1904.
Larv^ of Arctia caia swarming in the Scilly Islands. — During
my stay m the Scilly Islands from the middle of May to the middle of
June last, all the larger islands were teeming with thousands of the
larvie of A. caia. They swarmed in such myriads that no vegetation
escaped them — they fed on any green stuff available from stonecrop to
shrubs of various kinds. Bracken seemed in great demand, also various
other ferns, &c. Every path and roadway was dotted all over with their
crushed bodies. — F. W. Frohawk.
Aporia crat^gi ab. — During last July I found the headquarters of
a batch of imagos of Aporia craUe^i, and captured twenty specimens.
There were no varieties, but one of them turned out to be a little bit
of a freak, for the hind margins of each wing had two curves instead
of one. At first I thought it was a crippled specimen, but it proved
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 263
to be quite perfect, though it has an odd appearance. — J. P. Barrett;
St. John's Villas, Margate, Sept. 11th, 1904.
Gynandrous Example of Lycena (Polyommatus) ^gon. — On July
12th I took a fine gynandrous specimen of L. [P.) ceijon near Canter-
bury, the left side being male and the right side female. — F. A. Small, ;
95, Westgate, Canterbury.
Lyc^na ^gon, var. Corsica, in Norway. — In may be worth men-
tioning that, on July 4th last, whilst collecting on the eastern coast
of the Christiania Fjord, I took three specimens of tiiis iuteresting
female form of L, (Egon. I seem to remember that the same, or a very
similar, form was taken two or three years ago in the north of England.
It would appear, therefore, that M. Bellier de Chavignerie was a little
premature in naming it var. Corsica. — E. S. Standkn ; Lindfield,
Sussex, Sept. 6th, 1904.
Ennychia cingulata -'asskmbling." - — • On August 20tli last Lieut.
Jacobs and myself were collecting at Box Hill, and had taken during
the day a few K. ciw/idatd, including a female. About seven in the
evening we sat down to rest and to examine our captures — amongst
them the female E. cimjulata, which was pinned in the box. We were
surprised to see in a few minutes numbers of male E. cmgiiJata flying
around the box. We could have taken a hundred or more, but secured
a good series each. — Percy Richards; " Wellesley," 11, Queen's Road,
Kingston Hill, Aug. 23rd, 1904.
The Variation of Epinephele tithonus. — It may be interesting to
note that while looking over E. tithunns on the downs a few miles from
Portsmouth, it was observed that a large proportion of the specimens
possessed an additional black spot on the upper surface of the hind
wings. This peculiarity was noticed in both males and females, and
varied from a mere speck in some specimens to a well-defined spot in
others ; and m one instance at least this extra spot was white-
centred. — Gr. M. Russell ; 3, Homefield Road, Chiswick.
PoLiA CHI var. OLivACEA AND ApLECTA NEBULosA var. ROBsoNi. — During
a visit to Bishop Auckland, Durham, last year (August 28tli to Sep-
tember 8th), walls, &c., were examined, as opportunity offered, for
Folia chi. Judging by results, however, the species seemed to be
scarce, and only eight specimens were noticed, two of these being
var. olivucea. One of the latter was a female, and furnished about
one hundred and twenty eggs. A few larvffi hatched on March 28th,
1904, and others continued \o come out until April 9th, when there
were altogether some ninety larvas feeding on dock and dandelion.
The remaining ova dried up. At the time the latest larvae hatched
the earliest were about f in. long. During May there appeared to be
some sort of sickness among the larvte, and a good many died. Sallow
and groundsel were then substituted for the previous food, and the
result was marked improvement in the condition of the larvae. The
number finally reaching the pupa state was not ascertained, but forty-
three fine examples of olivacea emerged between July 10th and 22nd.
As no other imago had appeared, on August 1st, the earth was turned
out, and on examination ten or a dozen dead pupa) were observed. It
is to be regretted that, owing to the various causes adverted to, only
264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
about a third of the batch attained the perfect state. The male
parentage was unknown, but, as all the offspring exactly resembled
the female parent, it may reasonably be assumed that the male was
also of the form olivacea. Ova were also obtained from a typical
feurale, but these unfortunately proved infertile. On April 9th, fifty
larvfe of Aplecta nehulosa were received from Mr. Thompson, of Chester,
who informed me that they were from ova deposited by a black female.
They were supplied with dock, dandelion, and primrose, but seemed to
feed chiefly on the first-named plant. The majority of the larvas
pupated, and on June 21st three moths appeared, all of the black form
(var. rohsuni] ; these were followed by one black and two darkish grey
specimens on the 23rd. Eighteen other examples emerged during the
remainder of the month, and two early in July ; all these being of the
darkish grey form. Fourteen dead pups were subsequently found in
the breeding-cage. — Richakd South; 96, Draketield Road, Upper
Tooting, S.W.
Some Noteworthy Occurkences in 1904. — Imagines of Smerinthus
populi. were pretty common in this district during late May and early
June this year. On July 20th I captured a fine female in the garden,
and on the same date three full-grown larva3 were feeding on a sallow-
bush in the same place. Several larvae of the species were noted on
the sallow-bush on August 17tli ; these ranged in size from quite small
to half-grown. On July 23rd I attended the Field Meetnig of the
South London Entomological and Natural History Society at Byfleet,
where I found a specimen of Acruni/cta Icporina. It was resting at the
foot of a birch-tree, and apparently had recently emerged. The same
day, and at the same place, Mr. Carr beat out some half-grown larvfe
of the species. At Osshott, on August 6th, I found a beautifully fresh
male specimen of Luphopteryx camelina at rest on a tree-trunk, and on
July 30th there was a nearly full-grown larva on the sallow-bush
previously mentioned. On July 17th a worn female T'nnandra amataria
was netted at Oxshott, and a few ova deposited by her were shaken out
into an uncovered plant-frame in which a number of weeds luxuriated.
On August 19th a small but very fresh male specimen of the species
was found in the frame, resting among the weeds. — Richard South.
Papilio (Iphiclides) podalirius as a British Insect. — Although I
do not for a moment consider that P. (I.) podalirius is to-day a British
insect, I think perhaps readers of the ' Entomologist ' would like to
know that there are at least two specimens in different collections
which have been caught in England since the time of Haworth.
Newman figures it in his ' British Butterflies,' remarking that it was
"recorded as British by Haworth, but no British specimen is known."
Two British examples, however, have lately come under my notice ;
one in an old Somersetshire collection, taken near Bridgwater about
1833; and the other, now in my possession, captured at Marlborough
in 1870 by a boy at the College. This specimen is, unfortunately,
somewhat damaged, which rather points to its being an immigrant ;
but the Bridgwater specimen is in excellent condition, and is, I think,
undoubtedly British, although its progenitors may have been of conti-
nental origin. If any reader of the ' Entomologist ' knows of any other
British examples, I should be very pleased to hear from him. — T.
Gristock Br.\nde ; Southampton, Sept. 21st, 1904.
265
CAPTURES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
Deilephila livornica in Kent. — On Sept. 5th a friend brought me
a living specimen of Deilephila livornica, taken on the Prince of Wales
Pier at Dover. It was at rest on the railway metals ; one wing was
damaged at the tip — evidently it had been run over by the train that
morning, otherwise it is a very good specimen. — F. P. Abbott ;
8, Beaconsfield Road, Dover, Sept. 9th, 1904.
Deilephila livornica, Sphinx convolvuli, &c., in South Wales. —
On Sept. 11th a splendid specimen of Deilephila livaniica was discovered
at rest upon the turf of a small headland here. The insect is in ex-
cellent condition, but for slight rubbing on the upper part of the
thorax. As I had only seen dried specimens before, my delight
may well be imagined on being presented with a living local specimen
of this hawk-moth. It appears to be a male, and measures 3'4 inches
from tip to tip of its wings. It was caught by Mr. Bedingfield, of
Broad Street, Barry, and added by him to my collection. Sphinges
seem well represented here, as I have secured two specimens of female
Sphinx convulvuli during August, and Smerintkm oceUatiis in June ;
while several of the commoner smaller sphinges have been seen by
me, but not caught. Larva of 8. populi were freely found on poplars,
but all were ichneumoned. — G. J. Randell ; " Rushbank," Barry,
Glamorgan.
Sphinx convolvuli in Berkshire.— On August 2oth last I had the
pleasure of finding a fine specimen of S. cuniwlvuU quietly resting
on my front door-step. I have never met with the species here before,
though the alleged food-plant of the larva is much too abundant. —
W. H. Warner ; Fyfield, near Abingdon, Berks.
Sphinx convolvuli and Leucania albipuncta in Devonshire. — It
may interest the readers of the ' Entomologist ' to know that I took a
fine specimen of Leucania albipuncta on Aug. 29th at sugar near here;
and I learn that others, as well as specimens of Sphinx convolvuli, have
been taken lately in this district. — E. D. Morgan ; 8, Luscombe Ter-
race, Dawlish, Devon.
Sphinx convolvuli in Derbyshire. — On September 5th I had a
specimen of the above brought me in very fair condition, which had
been found by a friend of mine here — Little Eaton. This makes the
third I have seen this season, taken in this district — one at Langley
Mill, one at Bakewell, and now this one — and all of them males. —
John Hill ; Little Eaton.
Sphinx convolvuli in Essex. — Specimens of this species have oc-
curred sparingly in different parts of the country during the past few
weeks. One was brought me to-day which was found at rest on a
window-sill at Rayleigh, Essex, Sept. 17th. — F. W. Frohawk.
Sphinx convolvuli in Hampshire. — On September 11th last a fine
specimen of Sphinx convolvuli was taken near Sway, New Forest. — E.
AwDRY DoBREE ; Udney Hall, Teddington, Sept. 13th, 1904.
Sphinx convolvuli in Lancashire. — On September 10th 1 look a
fine perfect specimen of 6'. convolvuli. It was at rest on the summer-
266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
house door in our garden, exposed to the full blaze of the afternoon
sun. It was excessively sluggish, and I transferred it to the killing
bottle without the slightest difficulty. — Harold S. Leigh; Brentwood,
Worsley, near Manchester.
Sphinx convolvuli in Moray. — Mr. W. Taylor, Lhanbryde, has sent
me a fine specimen of this moth, taken at Lossiemouth, in Elginshire,
about Sept. 12th last. — Henry H. Brown ; Cupar-Fife.
Sphinx convolvuli in South Yorkshirk. — On August 26th a fine
example of this species was captured on some linen left on a clothes-
line all night in a garden at Wincobauk, a suburb of Sheffield. It was
securely impaled on two large common pins ; tlie wings also were
slightly rubbed in the handling before it was given to me. — W. Brooks;
Thundercliffe Grange, near Rotherham, Sept. 10th, 1901.
Sphinx convolvuli, &c., in Surrey. — A fine specimen of Sphinx con-
volvuli was taken recently on Xicotiana affinis, and one or two have been
seen since. The larva of Smerinthus ocellatus has been very plentiful
here this autumn. Eight or nine were taken on a small shrub of Salix
allxt, and single specimens seen frequently during first week in Sep-
tember.— -Wm. Delves, Jun. ; Horeham Road, Sussex.
Sphinx convolvuli in Wales. — On August 17th last I took two
specimens of S. convolvuli at Fairbourne, Merionethshire. On the
following evening I saw six more, all hovering over the flowers of
Xicotiana. Unfortunately they were all rather worn. Although I
saw a few specimens late in the evening, they were most frequent
about 7 p.m. — N. G. Hadden ; " St. Elmo," Avenue Road, Malvern,
Sept. 18th, 1901.
Sphinx convolvuli at Walmer. — A fine specimen of the above was
brought to me to-day. It appears to be freshly emerged, though rubbed
from handling. Another was taken by a friend in Deal. — R. A. Jack-
son ; Chavily Farm, near Holliugbourne.
CoLiAS EDUSA IN CORNWALL. — On Sept. 17th I took a female Colias
cdusa on some sandhills near the sea. It was in perfect condition, and
there had been a gale blowing for three days from the west, and the
wind was blowing very strongly when I took tlie specimen. It must
have been bred near the place where I found it, as it could not have
flown far against the heavy wind. The locality was about ten miles
north of Newquay. — L. A. M. Riley ; St. Petroc Minor, St. Issey,
Cornwall.
CoLiAs EDUSA var. helice, &c., IN Devon. — Whilst collecting at
Dawlish, South Devon, on Aug. 12th, I caught sight of a Colias edusa
perched on an oak-leaf in a lane, and to my surprise, on netting it, I
found it to be a magnificent specimen of the var. helice. On searching
a good many clover-fields, I could not see any other example of the
species, although a small boy at Teignmouth told me he had taken a
few C. edusa and one specimen of helice in a clover-field near that town.
During my four days' visit I also obtained five Callimorpha hera, in-
cluding two of the yellow variety {lutescem), in grand condition, and a
nice set of Ihyopkiht qlandiferu. — H. 0. Wells ; 42, the Avenue,
Gipsy Hill, London, S.E., Aug. 30th, 1904.
CAPTURES AND FIEI,D REPORTS. 267
CoLiAs EDUSA IN EssEx. — Duiiug August I visited acres of hicerne
and clover, but found edusa very scarce, seeing only one specimen on
Aug. 9th near Wickford, and three apparently freshly emerged speci-
mens on Sept. 1st. One was seen at Waterford on Aug. 23rd, and I
have heard of a few others having been seen in the southern counties.
F. W. Frohawk.
CoLiAs EDUSA IN HAMPSHIRE. — I saw about half a dozen examples of
C. edusa flying along the undercliff at Barton-on-Sea. They were
frequently noticed settling on the gravel of the cliff, and when in this
position were most difficult to distinguish from their surroundings. —
G. F. Lyle ; Brockenhurst, Sept. 12th.
CoLiAs EDusA AND C. HYALE IN Kent. — • Ou Sept. 3rd, at Chatham,
I came upon some C. edma in a clover-field, and took nine specimens
in fine condition ; yesterday I visited the same field, expecting to find
more C. edusa, but not one was to be found. I took, however, twenty-
nine C. hyale, all quite good. I have never before found the two species
on the same ground. — F. A. Parry ; Longport, Canterbury.
CoLiAS EDUSA, C. HYALE, Sphinx convolvuli, &c., IN Kent. — Autumn
butterflies have not turned up here in any numbers. C. edusa was
captured as early as Aug. 4th, and several specimens were seen. On
the 4th inst. I noticed six specimens here. Only one C. hyale has been
observed, and that was flying on the beach. Worn specimens of
Ptjrameis cardui have been seen from March till July, when their
successors appeared, only in small numbers. I have just had Sphinx
convolvuli brought to me — a wreck. Mucroglossa steUatarum is rather
plentiful. — T. P. Barrett ; St. John's Villas, Margate, Sept. 11th.
CoLiAS EDusA IN SouTH Wales. — Four male specimens of this
butterfly were captured by me in the same field here on Aug. 27th
last. Several others were seen. On Sept. 17th I saw flitting rapidly
past me on a steep declivity in this neighbourhood a splendid example
of C. edusa. It disappeared over some bushes ahead of me. About
half-a-mile further on, while about 40 ft. on the side, I perceived
below me, flying very swiftly before the wind, either the same insect
or another, and, following it from my vantage ground, saw it very
suddenly settle about 200 yards from where I first noticed it. Hurriedly
approaching, I found it egg-laying on birds'-foot trefoil (Lotus codiicu-
latus). Before I could net it, I saw it fly about three yards away and
deposit another egg. I then quickly effected its capture, and conveyed
it home with the eggs it had laid. At ten o'clock this morning
(Sept. 18th) I watched the butterfly being aroused from its slumber
on a growing plant of trefoil, on whicli I had placed it overnight
and covered with gauze. Its first movement was to wipe its palpi (!)
several times with its fore feet, and then, after ineffectual attempts to
escape, it fell among the trefoil and immediately laid an egg by arching
its abdomen up highly, with wings hanging downwards. At 11 o'clock
ten eggs were laid. At 5 p.m. it fed greedily of honey on the gauze,
and laid fifteen eggs immediately afterwards. Altogether I can count
about fifty eggs, all laid to-day, and each laid singly, with one ex-
ception, when two were laid side by side. Is not this proof of the
double-broodedness of (7. edusa as a Welsh native, and not a blown-
268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
over specimen? The spot where the capture was made is very sheltered
for about a mile, and always warm, facing direct south across the
Bristol Channel. As the insect is alive, well, and vigorous, I hope to
obtain more eggs. — G. J. Randell ; " Rushbank," Barry, Glamorgan.
CoLiAs EDUSA IN SussKX. — This butterfly was plentiful during
August at Bognor, and I took about a dozen specimens of each sex
in splendid condition. — M. Jacoby ; 1, The Mansions, Hillfield Road,
West Hampstead,
CoLiAs HYALE IN WILTSHIRE. — I saw a Specimen of this insect on
Salisbury Plain on Aug. 21st. — N. Manders (Major, R.A.M.C.) ;
Netheravon, Salisbury.
Heliothis peltigera at Bognor. — I captured a specimen of this
moth at dusk flying over wild flowers. It is the first record of the
species at that locality, according to Mr. Guermonprez, the resident
naturalist there. — M. Jacoby; 1, The Mansions, Hillfield Road, West
Hampstead.
Vanessa antiopa in Kent. — One specimen captured at Dymchurch
while fluttering outside a window of a bungalow on July 26th, as
recorded by Mr. J. S. Mackintosh in the 'Field' of Aug. 6th. —
F. W. Frohawk.
Lygris (Cidaria) reticulata in Westmoreland. — I have much
pleasure in recordmg the capture of a specimen of C. reticulata near
Lake Windermere, Westmoreland. The specimen (a female) was
taken on July 30th, and measures 1^-% in. (30 inillim.) in expanse. —
Paul Corder ; 13, Albion Road, South Hampstead, N.W., Sept. 4th.
Stauropus fagi in Northamptonshire. — I captured a specimen of
S.fagi in Northants this year. — H. Turner ; Earl's Barton, Northants,
Sept. 7th, 1904.
Notes from the New Forest. — Sarrothn'pufi tmdnlanits (rcrayana) :
While beating oaks and beech for larvfe yesterday, in one of the large
enclosures in the New Forest, if I had had my net with me, I might
have captured two or three dozen of this species without much
difficulty. I did not see Pcronea cristana. Larvie this year seem
plentiful as compared with last season. Among the larv^ obtained
were ten Sotodonta trimacula (dudonca), and four Stauropus faiji, with
many commoner things. — W. McRae; Bournemouth, Aug. 28th, 1904.
Abundance of Catocala nupta. — While motoring along the York
Road on Sept. 13th and 14th, I was struck by the abundance of
C. nupta. I only saw those at rest on telegraph-poles, and between
London and Peterborough I must have seen dozeus, and these all on
the south side of the poles. In many places there were two or three
quite close together. Had I been able to examine the northern side of
the poles, also trees, palings, &c., the number would doubtless have
been greatly increased. — B. Harvey-Jellie ; Hartlepool.
Larv^ feeding on Castanea vulgaris. — On Aug. 30th last I beat
out larvfe of the following species of Lepidoptera from sweet chestnut :
DasycJdra pudibunda, Hylnphila jjrasinana, Lophojitery.T camelina,
Acruiiycta psi, Mowu orion, Ainphidasys hetuluria, and Tephrosia e.v-
tersaria. — G. F. Lyle ; Brockenhurst.
hntomologist, November, 1904.
Plate IX.
TUBERCLES OF LEPl DOPTEROUS LARV^.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVII.] NOVEMBER. 1904. [No. 498.
ON THE TUBERCLES OF THORAX AND ABDOMEN
IN FIRST LARVAL STAGE OF LEPIDOPTERA.
By Ambrose Quail, F.E.S.
(Plate IX.)
This is an interesting subject to which for some years I
wished to pay attention, but paucity of material and time pre-
vented. Larvfe of Lepidoptera have certain tubercles placed on
the segments in approximately definite positions, and the single
seta-tubercles of the first larval stage which prevails in many
groups appears to be a primitive condition. Some have only
single seta-tubercles in all stages (larval) — Hepialidae, Cossidse,
Noctuse, Geometry, &c. Sometimes the first larval stage only
has single seta-tubercles — Pieridfe, Sphingidfe, &c.; often in later
stages with multisetiferous tubercles — NymphalidaB, Arctiadte
(Nystemera), &c. More rarely in the first larval stage some
tubercles have more than one seta — Liparidae (Porthesia), Lach-
neidffi {Lasiocampa), &c.
Dr. Dyar established the value of the larval tubercular
arrangement as an aid to classification of Lepidoptera, and gave
us a system of identification numbers for the abdominal tuber-
cles based on the adult larval stage ; this is in general use. In
duplicate the abdominal segments have the tubercles numbered
from the anterior one near the medio-dorsal line downwards
i to viii (fig. 2) ; the last being ventral, and vii including more
than one seta on the base of abdominal feet ; tubercle vi is not
usually present in the first larval stage.
One must study the first larval stage when the condition and
arrangement of the tubercles is most primitive ; conclusions
based on later larval stages when the tubercles are slightly, but
nevertheless, specialized may only mislead.
The prothoracic tubercles exceed in number, and their
arrangement difiers widely from, the other thoracic tubercles.
ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1904. 2 A
270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The meso- and post-thoracic tubercles approximate in number,
differing in arrangement from the abdominal tubercles, are not
usually treated as homologous with them. This probably is due
to the earlier opinion of Dr. Dyar, who did not consider them to
be so, and gave a different set of identification numbers. Later
authors, using Dyar's work as a foundation, repeat the formula.
Apparently this has been done in the ' Catalogue Lep. Phalsense,'
vol. i., thus: meso- and post-thorax adult characters, "a sub-
dorsal tubercle i with two hairs (i a + i b) ; ii with two hairs
often separate (ii a + ii b) ; iii, iv, v in line iv and v conjoined ;
vi subspiracular with one or two hairs. ... In first stage
. . . tubercles iii and iv of thorax and vi of abdomen absent."
Dr. Dyar now admits * the thoracic and abdominal tubercles
are homologous, but because it is fourth in sequence makes ii b
of thorax = iv of abdomen. I submit the homologue of ii b of
thorax is a minute anterior supraspiracular tubercle of abdomen,
called by me iiiB; that Dyar's iii of thorax = a subspiracular
tubercle of abdomen ; and so on. As stated by my friend Mr.
Bacot {ante, p. 94), my iii b " is of very general, if not universal,
occurrence on the abdominal segments of lepidopterous larvfe " ;
but I persist in my opinion, and after examination of more
material in the first larval stage, the conclusion is more irresist-
ible that it is correct.
When the system of numbering the abdominal tubercles
originated, the minute tubercle (iiiB) was overlooked, or con-
sidered of no importance ; but in Melancliva, second stage (figs. 3
and 4), the positions, by actual measurement, of the fourth
thoracic (ii b) and my iii b are identical in longitudinal line.
Furthermore, ii b, equally with iii b, is invariably above the
spiracular line (figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14). Indeed, the
positions of larval tubercles are not absolutely fixed in the
Lepidoptera, the characteristic dorsal trapezoidal pattern of the
. .ii
abdomen, formed by i and ii thus j; , is subject to modifi-
•ii i. ..
cation ; and in Psychidse the pattern is reversed, thus ;|J.
i'
HepialidaB (fig. 5) first larval stage has the trapezoidal pattern
on meso- and post-thorax ; my notes give Pterophorus also. But
the corresponding tubercles of the thoracic segments are usually
one above the other, but in longitudinal line with i and ii
respectively of abdomen — Cossida fig. 7), Pieridge, Tineidse, &c.
In Hepialidfe, tubercle iii b has a longer seta than usual
(fig. 6a), and in later stages the tubercle is normal in size and
seta. The various positions of iii b may here be pointed out, as
shown in Hepialidas (fig. 6a), Tineidte (fig. 9), and Rhopalocera
(fig. 11). iii B is always minute, so far as my observations go,
and often extremely difficult to detect (except in Hepialidae).
* ' Entomologists' Record,' vol. xiii. p. 40.
TUBERCLES OF LEPIDOPTEROUS LARV.^. 271
Although the meso- and post-thoracic segments of the first larval
stage are usually duplicates — Hepialidae, Cossidte, Noctuae, Pyra-
lidae. Some evidence of the identity of Hb of thorax with iii b of
abdomen may be observed in Ehopalocera {Pieris, Terias) ; the
former is present on mesothorax, but absent, or minute, on
post-thorax ; while in Plutella (fig. 12) the fourth tubercle of the
mesothorax is normal, but marvellously reduced on the post-
thorax to a minute tubercle similar to iii e of abdomen, affording
what appears to be a complete gradation.
I have attempted to show in the foregoing, that in the first
larval stage, above the line of spiracles, there are four separate
normal tubercles on the meso- and post- thoracic segments, which
are identical with three normal and one minute tubercles on the
abdominal segments — this is clearly shown in the illustrations
of Zeuzera * (figs. 7-8) ^arvse kindly sent me by Mr. Littler, of
Tasmania — and should be known by the same identification
numbers, thus i, ii, iii, iii b — the latter is necessary to prevent
confusion ; the two tubercles below the line of spiracles are un-
questionably iv and v. Usually, if not invariably, the anterior
subspiracular tubercles of both thorax and abdomen are higher
than the post-subspiracular in the first larval stage, curiously
in later stages among Nocture (figs. 1-2) the posterior subspira-
cular is the highest.
I commend anyone to a study of the Lycsenidse first larval
stage. It does not come within the scope of the present paper,
as the tubercles, though with single seta only, are more numer-
ous than our more usual and accepted primitive form ; but the
first abdominal segment has a tubercular arrangement like that
of the meso- and post-thoracic {Lampides), an alteration taking
place on second abdominal segment among the subspiracular
tubercles — clearly thoracic and abdominal tubercles are homo-
logous.
Explanation of Plate IX.
FIG.
1. Melanchra mutans, Second larval stage, mesothorax, x 80.
(Identification numbers of tubercles.)
2. M. mutans, Second stage, ^hird abdominal segment, X 80.
3. 4, ,, ,, ,, showing exact position of tubercles iii,
iii B, iv, v, and spiracle, x 300, on post-thorax and first abdo-
minal segment.
5. Porina despecta, First stage, mesothorax, x 200.
6. ,, ,, ,, ,, third abdominal segment.
Ga. ,, ,, ,, ,, tubercles iii, iii b, iv, v, x 300.
=■' The number and position of tubercles appear to be the important
characters ; specialization of setae is apparently of no general value, and I
was in error in attaching importance to certain setae of Cossiis {ante, p. 94),
as the setae of Zeuzera seem to be all that form.
2a2
272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
FIG.
7. Zeuzera eucalypti, First stage, mesothorax, x 200.
8. ,, ,, ,, ,, third abdominal segment.
9. Tinea pdlionella, First stage, tubercles iii, iii b, iv, v, X 300.
10. Pierist rapcE, First stage, meso-, post-thorax, and iii, iv, v, first
abdominal, x 200.
11. P. brassic(B, First stage, exact position of tubercles iii, iii b, iv, v,
and spiracle, x 300.
12. Piutelld ciuciferaruiii, First stage, post-thorax and position of
spiracle, and iii on first abdominal segment, x 300.
13. 14. Xesarc.ha hijhreadalis, First stage, tubercles above line of
spiracles, on meso-, post- thorax and first abdominal, x 300.
All figures with anterior direction to the left.
PARARGE ACHINE ON THE MENDEL.
By the Rev. F. E. Lowe, M.A., F.E.S.
On several occasions I have been over most of the ground
mentioned by Mr. Eowland-Brown in his account of " Butterfly
Hunting in S. Tyrol " {ante, p. 222). In the main I agree with
him that Brenner and Mendel are disappointing. But if insects
are not so abundant the.y are often finer, or show interesting
differences when compared with Swiss specimens. The one before
me now is P. ackine. Of a long series, beautifully fresh, taken
on the Mendel, July 4th, 1903, I find a uniform difference from
any of my other specimens. I have the species from Aigle,
Liestal, Waldenberg, Freibourg in B., &c. All these, on the
under side of the secondaries, have a broad white irregular band,
in which are placed the ringed eye-spots, very much after the
manner of C. arcania. And such, I suppose, is the type form.
But the examples from Mendel have no white band, but the eye-
spots (perhaps, on the average, larger than in the type) stand in
the ground colour, which is, if anything, darker towards the border
than in the centre. The white band is represented only by an
interrupted faint white streak on the inner side of the eye-spots.
This, since all mine are alike in their peculiarity, looks like a
local race, which might be dignified with a varietal name — say
" Mendelensis." It would be interesting to know whether Mr.
Rowland-Brown's Mendel specimens show the same features.
Perhaps, as unfortunately he found it just going over, he did not
think it worth taking. An earlier visit would, of course, have
given Mendel a better i^lace as regards number of species, notably
two nice thiugs — viz., Ijihythea celtis and Lyccena amandus. Bren-
ner, as a hunting-ground, appears to suffer from chronic bad
weather. In 1902 I stayed at the Hotel Post from 17th to 25th
July, and it rained almost without ceasing. In June, 1901, I
had only slightly pleasanter impressions, looking at things with
an entomologist's eyes.
St. Stephen's Vicarage, Guernsey.
273
A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF
MALTA.
By Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S.
The Maltese group of islands consists of the main island of
Malta and the smaller one of Gozo, separated by a narrow
channel some three miles in breadth, in which lie two small
islets, Conino and Cominotto, whilst off the southern shore of
Malta is an isolated rock called Filfala. The area of the whole
is some 116 square miles.
The group is situated in latitude 36° north and longitude 14^°
east, on a submarine bank which connects Sicily with Africa, and
which here divides the Mediterranean into an eastern and a
western basin. The distance from Sicily is about sixty miles, and
from the nearest part of Africa some two hundred. In former
days, there is little reason to doubt, this bank must have formed
a land connection between what are now Africa and Sicily, and
the Maltese Islands are the insignificant remnants of land, now
submerged, which must then have nourished an extensive flora,
and have been the home of many remarkable mammals, birds,
and reptiles, whose remains have been discovered in the rock-
fissures and caves of Malta.
At the present time the flora much resembles that of Sicily.
The indigenous mammalia include the hedgehog, rabbit, and
weasel. Large numbers of migratory birds visit the islands on
their passage across the Mediterranean, but only some half-
dozen species remain throughout the year. The reptiles include
two snakes {Coronella austriaca and Callopeltis leopardina), and
three or four lizards, the commonest of which {Lacerta muralis)
is to be seen everywhere, running over the fields and clambering
about the walls.
A noteworthy feature is the low elevation and flatness of the
islands. Although the land rises considerably in the western
parts, the highest point in the group is only some 800 ft. above
sea level. The country is, however, traversed in many dis-
tricts by deep and narrow \ alleys, which have apparently been
scooped out of the rock by torrential rains. These valleys,
locally called " wieds," are the principal home of the native
vegetation, and therefore form the best collecting-ground for the
biologist.
Owing to the flatness of the land and the scantiness of the
soil, the fields are enclosed by high walls of sandstone in order
to protect the crops from the strong winds which often prevail in
the winter months. On first approaching from the sea the whole
country seems nothing but rock, since these walls are seen
rising one above another, and to trudge along a high road is
274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
a most depressing performance, for the route, as a rule, lies
between two stone walls the whole way. But, looking down
from a hill-top, the whole appearance of the country is changed,
for the prospect embraces innumerable little fields, each one
cultivated to the utmost foot in the endeavour to support the
enormous population of the islands. Yet only some three-
fourths of the whole area is under cultivation, the remainder
consisting of expanses of bare rock, or of such barren soil as to
render agriculture impracticable. Cotton, potatoes, oranges, and
cereals appear to be the most important products, but immense
quantities of vegetables and fruit are also grown, and no account
of Maltese agriculture would be complete without mention of the
clover-like "sulla" {Hedysarum coronariu»i), whose dark purple
flower tinges the fields in March and provides rich store of nectar
for numberless insects.
In Valletta and its suburbs there are several small public
gardens, the most important of which are the two contiguous
gardens, called Maglio and Argotti, at Floriana. These are
usually gay with flow^ers throughout the year, and prove a great
attraction to many species of Lepidoptera, such as P. atnlanta
and the Sphingids. There is a larger garden in the country at
San Antonio, but this is principally devoted to orange-culture.
A short railway running from Valletta to the ancient capital,
Notabile, will be found of service in order to reach various
collecting-places in the centre of the island. As already in-
dicated, the most suitable localities are to be found in the
various wieds, the best of which is that running from the back
of the Marsa out to Bosch etto. Within the narrow confines of
this valley will be found nearly every indigenous species of
plant and insect.
The climate of Malta may be divided roughly into a wet and
a dry season, the former extending from mid-November to mid-
February, and the latter comprising the remainder of the year.
From May to September rain is rare, and the rainfall is mainly
limited to passing showers during the remaining months of the
dry season. The average annual rainfall is about 19 inches.
Frost and snow are very rare phenomena, the winter tempera-
ture seldom falling below 40° F., whilst in summer it seldom
rises above 90° F. The average annual temperature is 64-5° F.
The average temperature from March to May is 60"8°F. ; June
to August is 72-6° F. ; September to November is 68*4° F. ;
December to February is 54-4° F. The diurnal variation of
temperature is much greater in the countrj' than in the towns.
Few regions are less liable to calms than Malta, especially by
day. A calm of twenty-four hours' duration has, perhaps, never
been experienced there in the memory of man. In the winter
a very strong north-east wind (locally called " Gregale"), some-
times blows for two or three days at a time, and it is chiefly to
PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF MALTA. 275
guard against this wind that it is found necessary to enclose the
fields with walls.
From February to May is the period during which the ento-
mologist in Malta will find most occupation. At this time the
ground is carpeted with greenery ; the fields are full of the early
crops of beans and cereals and the dark scarlet-flowered "sulla,"
and are brilliant with poppies, buttercups, narcissi, asphodel, and
other wild flowers ; even the rocky sides of the wieds are gay
with clumps of the Mediterranean heath sprouting from cracks
and crannies in the bare rock.
After about the end of May the vegetation begins to get
withered up, and in some places dies away altogether, leaving a
bare, dusty, glaring surface of rock which looks, as if it never
had supported, nor ever again could bring forth, even the most
hardy of weeds. But with the first rains, at about the end of
September, vegetation makes a sudden reappearance, and pre-
viously dusty wastes soon become green with grass, and especi-
ally with a species of Oxalis, which springs up everywhere with
marvellous rapidity, and which has a remarkably lush and
verdant appearance.
With regard to this drying-up of the herbage in the summer
months, it seems at present a mystery what becomes of some of
the larvae at this period of the year. The wild fennel, for
instance, absolutely disappears so far as green leaves are con-
cerned. It must, therefore, be supposed that the imagines do
not oviposit until the autumn, or that the ova do not hatch out
until vivified by the autumn rains. In this connection, it is a
notable fact that my puppe of Diloha ccerideocephala, which
pupated at the beginning of April, did not emerge until Decem-
ber, and then only when damped ; in Central Europe, of course,
this species emerges in August. In this case, however, it is
desirable to have an observation on the period of emergence in
a state of nature, as the time may have been affected by the
conditions inseparable with confinement.
Some evidence as to the manner in which species modify
their habits in response to the environment produced by the
long spell of dry weather is afforded by the length of time
durmg which most species (and presumably specimens) are on
the wing. The life of an individual Epinephcle jurtina {ianira),
for example, appears to average about six months, as compared
with less than half that period in England. This is, doubtless,
of value to the economy of the species, as it is important
that the eggs should not be deposited until the autumn, when
the young larvfe may feed on the fresh vegetation brought
forth by the early autumnal rains. Any such modification in
length of life, of course, would be of ^'alue only to species
whose pabulum {e.g., grasses) is not available as food during
the dry weather. Cabbages, for instance, do not dry up very
276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
much, so we find Picru hrassicce with tliree or four broods as
compared with the two broods in England.
At present our knowledge of the Lepidoptera of Malta is
very incomplete, the list of local forms only including a little
over a hundred species ; but new ones are constantly turning
up, and it is safe to say that the list when properly worked
out will not be far short of two hundred indigenous species.
Considering the size of the islands, this seems a fair average
for the Palfearctic Region as a whole ; but, taking into con-
sideration their southerly position and proximity to both
Europe and Africa, the number seems a small one. This is
probably due to two main causes — firstly, to the flatness of
the country, whereby only one fauna can find a foothold (cp.
Sicily and Corsica with their rich yield of mountain species) ;
and, secondly, to the comparative scarcity of vegetation, a large
proportion of the islands being practically a barren waste.
The published information on the Lepidopterology of Malta
is most disappointingly scanty. Of the thousands of naval
and military officers and visitors who have resided in the
island during the British occupation, scarcely one seems to
have taken any interest whatever in the local fauna, and by
the native inhabitants very little appears to have been accom-
plished. If these brief notes help to arouse any interest in
the subject, their purpose will have been served.
In his ' Notes of a Naturalist in the Nile Valley and Malta '
(1870), Professor Leith Adams gave us a most interesting book
on the Natural History and Archaeology of Malta ; in it occur
long lists of fossils and birds and fish, but he contented himself
with a few casual and almost useless notes on the insects.
Dr. Gavino Gulia published, in 1858, a book entitled * Corso
Elementare di Entomologia Maltese, data nel Palazzo di St.
Antonio,' but it is quite valueless so far as relates to information
concerning indigenous species, owing to the inaccuracy of the
determinations. Indeed, it only seems to have been intended as
a popular introduction to entomology in general.
In ' Nature ' of January 2nd, 1890, is a short article by Mr.
Eraser on Maltese butterflies ; in this he mentions some half-
dozen species by their English names, and notes their small pro-
portions as compared with Continental examples, an observation,
by the way, which is quite inaccurate ; amongst others he names
the " Tortoiseshells" as flying about the garden of his hotel at
Sliema. These, however, must have been Pyrameis cardui (or
less probably P. atalanta), which are often so torn and bleached
by exposure to wind and weather as to render them almost
unrecognizable.
(To be continued.)
277
"UNDESCEIBED KHYNCHOTA."
By W. L. Distant.
FaUl. hYGJEIDJE.
Subfam. Heterogastrin.e.
In 1874 Scott founded the genus ChauUops, for the reception
of a Japanese Lygseid. This species I have also received from
Ceylon, collected by that indefatigable economic entomologist
Mr. E. E. Green, and I have figured it in my second volume on
the ' Ehynchota of British India ' (p. 36, fig. 21). I have now to
add a West xlfrican species, which I have just discovered in
some specimens collected for me by my late friend D. G. Euther-
ford, some years ago.
ChauUops riitherfordi, sp. n.
Pale brownish or brownish luteous ; pronotum with two discal
longitudinal fascife widened anteriorly, and a spot near each lateral
posterior angle piceous ; scutellum, excluding basal lateral margins,
piceous ; corium with an inner discal series of very coarse dark
punctures, and with its apical margin piceous ; membrane dark
fuscous ; antenna pale luteous, first and fourth joints pale castaneous ;
femora castaneous, their bases luteous ; tibite and tarsi luteous, bases
of tbe tibife castaneous ; scutellum strongly attenuated posteriorly, its
lateral margins concavely sinuate, its apical half longitudinally sulcate.
Long. 2| millim,
Hah. Old Calabar (D. G. Eutherford).
This species, .in general appearance, is closely allied to the
eastern C.fallax, Scott, but is structurally separated by the totally
different shape of the scutellum.
Fam. Phymatid.e.
Glossopelta dudgeoni, sp. n.
Black ; anterior lateral margins of pronotum, counexivum, a
longitudinal spot on each side of head beneatli, rostrum, sternum —
excluding lateral angles, abdomen and legs, stramineous ; head granu-
lose, area of the ocelli and the eyes castaneous ; antennae with the first
joint robust, granulose, almost as long as second and third joints
together, second and third joints short, more slender than the other
joints, subequal in length and attenuated at their bases, fourth joint
incrassate, pyriform, with its base castaneous, and longer than second
and third together ; pronotum with the anterior lobe finely and
sparingly grauulose, the posterior lobe very coarsely punctate, with
two ventral discal ridges commencing on posterior margin of anterior
lobe, anterior lateral margins strongly cienulate, posterior angles pro-
duced, their apices broadly concavely truncate ; scutellum very finely
densely and obscurely punctate, and with a certral longitudinal raised
line ; connexivum broadly and convexly produced to second segment
and then sinuately narrowed to its apex. Long. 10. Exp. prouot.
angl. 4. millim.
278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Hah. Brit. India ; Kangra Valley— 4500 ft. (G. C. Dudgeon).
Allied to G. truncata, Dist. by the truncate posterior angles
to the pronotum, but these in G. dudgconi are more produced
and outwardly concaveiy sinuate ; the scutellum is less sinuate
near base, and the colour is also of a very distinctive character.
Fam. Henicocephalid^.
Henicoccplialus pugnatorius, sp. n.
Ochraceous ; hemelytra a little more opaque, incomplete, its apical
area fuscous, and only reaching to about half the length of abdomen ;
head with the anteocular area slightly shorter than the postocular,
transversely constricted behind eyes, transversely carinate between
antennal bases, antennjB somewhat longly and finely pilose, second and
third joints longest, almost subequal, the second slightly longer ;
middle and posterior lobes of pronotum about equally wide, middle and
anterior lobes with a central longitudinal incision, base of posterior
lobe concave ; scutellum with a subobsolete central longitudinal cari-
natiou on each side of which at base is a small foveation ; hemelytra
with prominent longitudinal veins ; rostrum clothed with fine long
hairs or setae, almost reaching eyes ; body long and slender ; anterior
and posterior femora somewhat strongly incrassate. Long. 4 milllm.
Hah. Cape Colony ; Hex Kiver Valley.
Mr. Mally, who forwarded specimens of this species, con-
tributed also some observations on the pugnacious character of
the males {cf. ' Zoologist,' 1903, p. 466). Dr. Bergroth (Wien.
Ent. Zeit. xxii. p. 254), who has recently described a species from
Port Elizabeth, tells me, on a comparison with a specimen of
H. imgnatorius I sent him, that the two species are quite distinct.
Fam. Nepid^.
Ceixotmetus fumosas, sp. n.
Uniformly somewhat dark fuscous ; head with a pointed tubercle
between the eyes ; hemelytra not reaching the apex of the fifth abdo-
minal segment, the coriaceous portion with some amount of brownish
ochraceous pubescence ; abdominal appendages mutilated in type ;
abdomen beneath strongly keeled, the keel continued on sternum as
far as anterior coxae ; prosternum with two long deep furrows ; inter-
mediate and posterior tibiae and tarsi inwardly moderately prominently
pilose ; pronotum as long as intermediate femora.
By the last character this species is to be distinguished from
C. asiatictis, in which the intermediate femora are longer than the
pronotum; from C. pilipes, Ball., it is separated by the much less
longly pilose inner margins of the intermediate and posterior tibiae,
and the darker colour ; the central carination of the body beneath
only reaches the anterior margin of the metasternum, which also sepa-
rates it from C. coiupositus, Moutand. Length excl. abdom. append.
47 millim.
Hah. Ceylon (Green— Brit. Mus.).
279
BIBLIOGEAPHICAL AND NOMENCLATOEIAL NOTES
ON THE HEMIPTERA.— No. 3.
By G. W. Kibkaldy.
Although we have recently been favoured with Water-
house's ' Index Zoologicus,' how much we are still in need of a
thorough revision of generic names is evident by the following
list of names not included in either Scudder or Waterhouse. I
have added various notes which appear to me likely to be of
use, and also a list of seventy-seven names, which must be
employed instead of the same number previously used, which
were preoccupied. It is remarkable that a considerable propor-
tion of these come from the subfamily Membracinse (sometimes
raised to family rank), which has quite recently been mono-
graphed either wholly or in great part ; the authors, however,
did not, apparently, deem it necessary at the same time to
revise the nomenclature.
I have completed a " Nomenclator Hemipterorum," which
may possibly be published at an early date.
(A). NecessaPvY New Names.
Fam. Aphid.e.
Panaphis = Ptychodes, Buckton, 1881 ; Dryaphis = Dryo-
hius, Koch, 1855-7 ; Haniadry aphis = Kessleria, Lichtenstein,
1886 ; Dryopeia = Endeis, Koch, 1855 ; Hyadaphis =: Sipho-
coryne Passerini, 1863 (not 1860) (type xylostei).
Fam. TetigoniidjE.
Alchisme = Triquetra, Fairmaire, 1846; Mysolis = Norsia,
Walker, 1869 ; Thrasymedes = Phacusa, Stal, 1864 ; Gelasto-
gonia = Oxygonia, Fairmaire, 1846 (subg.); Boethoos = Pannida,
Fairmaire; Etconeus=^ Anomus, Fairmaire; Kronides = Argante,
Stal, 1867 ; Sundarion = Pyraiithe, Stal, 1867 ; Zanopkara =
Daunus, Stal, 1866 ; Gelastophara = Hypselotropis, Stul, 1869 ;
Hesperophara = Leptojjhara, Stal, 1869 ; Dioclophara = Lucilla,
Still, 1867.
Fam. FuLGORiD^.
Kareol = Anagnia, Stal, 1861 ; Colgorma = Temora, Kirk-
aldy, 1901 ; * Proutista -^ Assamia, Buckton, 1896; Xosophara
= Rhinortha, Walker, 1851 (subg.) ; * Southia = Paulia, Stal,
1860 ; Florichisme -~^ Poecilostola, Stal, 1870 ; Micromasoria =
Cona, White, 1879 ; Bergias = Bergia, Scott, 1881 ; Hespero-
phantia = CarthcBa, Stal, 1861 ; Thanatophantia = Alisca, Still,
* I have much jjleasure in thus remembering my friends, Mr. R. South
and Mr. L. B. Prout, who have given me miich assistance in clearing up
several nomenclatorial points.
280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
1871 ; Gelastophantia = Cyarda, Stal, 1866 ; Xosias = Eteocles,
Stal, 1866 ; Amfortas = Gastrinia, Stal, 1859 ; Gelastyra =
Cihyra, Stal, 1861 ; Thanatophara = Clonia, Walker, 1858.
Fam. CicADiD^.
Xosopsaltria = Pydna, Stal, 1861.
Fam. Chekmid^.
Trichochermes = Trichopsylla, Thomson, 1877.
Fam. MiRiDiE.
Metriorrhynchomiris = Metriorrhynchus, Keuter, 1875 (subg.) ;
Zanchisme = Schizonotus, Eeuter, 1892 ; Kalania = Baracus,
Kirkaldy, 1902 ; Bertsa --^ Berta, Kirkaldy, 1902 ; Reuterista =
Brachybasis, Eeuter, 1900 ; Ragnar = Melanocoris, Champion ;
Poronotellus = Poronotus, Eeuter, 1871.
Fam. Eeduvid^.
Westermaunias = Westermannia, Dohrn., 1860 ; Isachisme =
Algol, Kirkaldy, 1901 ; Pcregrinator = Microleptes, Stal (subg.) ;
Mestor = Lamiis, Stal, 1859 ; Brontostoma = Mindariis, Stal,
1859.
Fam. TiNGiD^.
PJiyllochisme -~^ Pkysatochila, Lath. & Sev., 1896; Mcecenas
=■ Tingis, Leth. & Sev., 1896 ; Gelchossa = Leptostyla, Stal, 1873.
Fam. Pyrrhocorid^.
Antillocoris = Pygceus, Uhler, 1894 ; Botocudo = Salaciay
Stal, 1874 (subg.) ; Prohergrothiits = Odontopus, Laporte, 1832 ;
Peggichisme ^= Davila, Distant, 1893 ; Polychisme = Imhrius,
Stal, 1874.
Fam. LYG^iDiE.
Althos = Margus, Dallas, 1852 ; Nauichisme = Nesiotes, Stal,
1873 (subg.) ; Dersagrena = Dalcera, Sign., 1863 ; Elachisme =
Elathea, Stal, 1867; Ouranion = i?(^nZ^s^^ts, Dallas, 1852 ; Mari-
chisme = Phidippiis, Stal, 1876; Hceckelia = Microphyllia, Stal,
1870.
Fam. CiMiciD^.
Damellera = Damclia, Distant, 1899 ; Montandoneus = Ga-
bonia, Montandon, 1894; Atelias = /lefii/s, Distant, 1900 ; Texas
= Melauostoma, Stal, 1872 ; Grimgerda = Macrothyreus, Fieber,
1852 ; Menuthias = Ilerda, Stal, 1869 ; Bergthora ^= Cryptoporus,
Uhler, 1877 (subg.); Xosa ==^ Amibis, Stiil, 1864; Acanthi-
diellum = Acanthidium, Montv., 1864 ; Stictocoris = Sticto-
notus, Stal (subg.) ; Liodermion = Liodcnna, Uhler, 1871 (subg.) ;
Gueriniellus = Platycoris, Guerin, 1838 ; Burma -^ Paramecus,
Fieber, 1852; Eupododus = Pododus, Am. Serv. 1843; Ochisme
= Ti'achyops, Da,\\iis, 1851 ; DoUchisme ^ 7'efris/a, Walker, 1867.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES, ETC. 281
(B.) Observations on the above Names and other Notes.
Fam. Lyg^id^.
Cletas, Stal = Penlscomus, Sign., 1861 (Ann. Soc. Ent.
France, p. 66).
Fam. T1NGID.1S.
Champion has restricted (Tr. Ent. Soc, London, 1898, p. 58)
Stcphanitis, Stal, to mitrata, Stal, without providing a proper
name for the remaining Palasarctic species. The type of Tingis
is cardui.
Lethierry and Severin admit (1896, Cat. Gen. H6m. iii.) as
separate genera, Monanthia, Phillontochila (sic!), Trojndochila
(sic !), and Physatochila (sic !) ; the three latter were founded by
Fieber as subgenera of the first, which was not, at the same
time, also subgeneric. It is obvious that three genera only can
result from these four names, and that one must sink as homo-
typical with Monanthia ; this will be Physatocheila, which con-
tains the type of Monanthia ; the synonymy will be : —
Monanthia, Lep. Serv., 1825 ; techii, 1832 = Physato-
cheila, Fieber, 1844.
Onchochda, Stal, 1874.
= subg. {Phyllochisme, Kirkaldy = || Physatochila, Leth.
& Sev.
Tingis, Fabr., 1903, t. cardui (L.), Fabr.
— Phyllontocheila) Fieber, 1844 ; Macrothyreus, West-
wood, 1841.
=^ II Macrocephalus, Swederus, 1797.
Fam. Aradid^.
Aradus, Fab. — || Stenopterus, Sign., 1865.
Fam. CiMiciDiB.
Erga, Walker, 1868 = || Axona, Stal, 1870 ; Lelia, Walker,
1867 = II Prionochilus, Dallas, 1850; Eurysaspis, Sign., 1851 =
Euryaspis, Stal, 1876; Eurus, Dallas = || Eurys, Leth. & Sev. ;
Eysarcoris fabricii, n. n. = || Cimex melanocephalus, F. nee. L.
(C.) Additions to Scudder and Waterhouse.*
Acantischium, Am. Serv., 1843 ; f Aphidioides, Motschulsky,
1856; f Aphioides, Eondaui, 1847; Brysocrypta, Westwood,
1840 ; Daktdosphaira, Shimer, 1866 ; Diaphorina, Loew, 1879 ;
Ascra, Say, 1832; Dysepicritus, Renter, 1885; Dimorphella ,
Renter, 1885 ; Forda, Heyden, 1837 ; PJurysthethus, Mayr, 1865 ;
EmhoLophora, Stal, 1853 ; Euhadrocerus, Renter, 1885.
Gonionotus, Acotropis, Cyllocoris, Physodera, Melanocoris,
Psammocoris, Myrmedonohia, Tropidostethiis, Ceratoleptiis, Myr-
'■^'- Not recently seen.
f Full particulars will be given in • Nomenclator Hemipterorum.'
282 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
mecocoris, Eusarcocoris, Tropidocoris, Rhaphidog aster, Elasma-
tostethus, Platypus, Systolonotus, Stethotomiis, Tmetostethus, Pie-
stostethiis, Piestodorus, Harma, Ayaryphe, Cephalotenes, Cephalo-
tonus, Emholinms, Piosomus — Marshall, 1868. (These are all
"emended" spellings properly proposed). \\ Arytfena, Cyhus,
Dicranoneura, Douglas & Scott, 1876; Dikraneura, Hardy, 1850;
*Pendidinus, Vieillot, 1816 (Aves) ; Ancylopus, Flor., 1860;
Clinocoris, Fallen, 1829 ; Corixidea, Renter 1891 (incorrectly cited
Corixidie ! by Leth. & Sev.) ; Mesocerus, Renter, 1888; Kermaphis,
Maskell, 1866 ; * Loewia, Lichtenstein, 1886 (not Louna ?) ;
r?-a7na, Heyden, 1837; SaccMphantes , Ruricola, 1844; Tloplohates,
Leth. & Sev., 1896; Pldoeoplithiridium, Ilhizophthiridium, Vander
Hoeven ; * Pineus, Shimer, 1869 ; Stictosynechia, Orthosolenia,
Wollasto7iiella, FieuteY,18So; Pliysatoclieila, Tropidocheila, Fieber,
1844 ; Stroggylocephalus, Flor., 1861 ; Peniscomus, Signoret.
(D.) Notes on Scudder's ' Nomenclator Zoologicus.'
P. 2, for Acanthocephalus, Lap., read Acanthocephala.
P. 43, for Brachysteles, Fieb., 1861, read Muls. Reg., 1852.
P. 148, for Hetorotoma read Heterotoma.
P. 186, for Magoura read Megoura.
P. 95, Di(sretus, Forst., is Hym., not Hem.
P. 337, Xylococoris, 1871, not 1879 ; Xerohia,Hem., not Orth.
P. 246, for Phyllopsis, Low, read Psyllopsis.
P. 278, Rhizaphis, 1877. N.B.-In the Zool. Rec. v. p. 394
(for 1868), there is cited ^^ Phylloxera vastatrix (nuper Rliizaphis,
Planch."), but I cannot trace any such prior usage.
P. 243, for Phlegmatoptcra read Plegmatoptera.
P. 250, delete Plagiostylus.
P. 272, delete Pycnos.
P. 312, delete Telesnemia.
P. 8, ^talion, 1810, not 1816.
P. 11, Aleyrodes, 1795, not 1807.
P. 179, Livia, 1798, not 1809.
P. 160, for Ilhurina read Ilhiirnia.
(E.) Notes on Waterhouse's 'Index Zoologicus.'
P. 99, Darthida, Kirkaldy, not Dartrida (nor, as in Zool.
Record, Darrhida).
P. 1, Abricta not Ahrieta.
P. 2, Acanonicus, 1842, not 1852.
P 120, Elatiptus not valid (mononymic).
P. 3, Acantholyhas, not Acanyholyhas.
P. 76, Cicadatra, Cicadetta, Kolenati, 1857. Amyot's names
are not valid.
P. 136. Signoret spelt his genus, " Eurysaspis,'' and this
-''■ la the English translation these are spelt without the second " h."
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 283
was not altered to Euryaspis till 1876 (Stal). The Aearid genus
Eun/aspis is therefore not preoccupied.
P. 158, for HandlirscJuella read Handhirsckiella,
P. 176, for Hiigijops, Am. Serv., read " Stal, 1866."
P. 208, for Macrocephaliis, Swederus, 1887, read 1787.
P. 216, for Melampsalla read Mclampsalta.
P. 276, for PentJiirm read Penthicus.
P. 341, for Semiotoscles read Seniiotoscciis.
P. 858, for StronacJdachar read SronacJdachar.
P. 372, for Thaumatopsaltria read Thaumastopsaltria.
P. 378, for Tongorina read Tongorma.
P. 287, &c., for PJujUontocJiila, Campylostira, and Orthostira,
read Phi/llontocheila, Campi/losteira, and OrtJiosteira.
Pp. 371 and 376. Tettigia, Am,, and Tibicina, Am., are not
valid.
P. 371, for Thalasia read Thlasia.
P. 260, delete Pachygrontha, Renter, 1881. This was due to
a double misapprehension in the ' Zoological Record.'
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Argynnis euphrosyne, var. — I received from a correspondent a very
fine variety of this species, taken by him in the New Forest this season.
It somewhat resembled that figured in Entom. xxvii. p. 1, fig. 1 ; but in
ray specimen the black area of hind wings is rather more extended, and
the discoidal spots are larger, one on each wing being quite a blotch.
The insect is a male in first-class condition, and was sent to me unset
soon after capture. — E. Sabine ; Erith.
Epinephele jurtina ab. anojimata (Verity). — I have a specimen of
Epinephele juftina [janira), male, which agrees with the form described
by Mr. Verity {ante, p. 56) as a new aberration. I captured the speci-
men near Brockenhurst on June 23rd, 1904. The usual apical pupilled
spot is absent from the fore wings, and there is only a slight indication
of the tawny patch usually present. On the under side of the hind wing
there are only minute black specks in place of the usual spots. — Philip
J. Barraud ; Bushey Heath.
Spring Dragonflies from the South of France. — I have received
from Dr. T. A. Chapman a small collection of dragonflies made by him
in the spring, in the South of France. From Hyeres (March 20th till
April 17th) there are one female Braclujtron piatense ; one female
Pyrrhosoma nymphula ; seven Ischnura elegans, one male only ; and
eighteen Sympt/cnafusca, five males and thirteen females. All except
the last are British species, which in early seasons do not appear with
us till the latter part of April, seldom so early ; in fact, I have no
record of I. elegans till May 17th. At Draguignan, from May 3rd till
May 8th were taken one male GoynpJms simillimus: three Libellula de-
pressa, one teneral male and two females ; and one female Conlulegaster
284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
annulatu.t, rather immature. Of these G. .nmUlinms is the only species
not found in Britain. Perhaps the most interesting of all is Sympycna
fusca, an agrionid about as large as our Af)rio7i piiella, but brown in
colour. It is the only dragoufly that is known to hybernate in the
imaginal condition, though perhaps Sympftrtoii scoticum may sometimes
do so on the Continent; it does not, however, do so here. — W. J.
Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames.
Alleged Occurrence of Papilio podalirius at Marlborough. —
Eeferring to Mr. Brande's note on this on p. 264, I may say that I was
at Marlborough College as a boy from 1868 to 1873, and had charge
of the Entomological Section of the Natural History Society during
most of that time ; whose records I still supervise. No report of any
such capture was made to me or the officials of the Society at the time,
nor does any record of it appear in our Reports, published annually, and
giving all captures of Lepidoptera every year in an unbroken succession
from 1865. So striking a capture could not have been unnoticed, and
would not have been concealed. I have no doubt the supposed record
is erroneous, and due to some confusion of memory in the mind of the
owner, after the lapse of years. — E. Meyrick ; Thornhanger, Marl-
borough, Oct. 5th, 1904.
Erebl\ glacialis var. nicholli, Obth., and Lampides tilicanus,
Lang. — In my note on "Butterfly Hunting in the South Tyrol"
(p. 224), I remarked that the form of Erehia (jlacialis taken by me on
the Groste Pass, above Campighi, merited a distinctive varietal name.
Mr. Hamilton Druce has since drawn my attention to a note published
by Mr. Charles Oberthur in the ' Entomologist's Monthly Magazine '
for 1896, p. 3, where the butterfly — then thought to be a form of
E. melas — was given by him the name of var. nicliolli. Notwith-
standing the later identification with E. f/lacialis, the validity of this
name is of course unaft'ected, and our captures should therefore have
been designated accordingly. I may add that Mr. Lemann tells me
he took both Lavxpides tilicanus and Lycccna orion in some numbers
at Botzen during the last days of July. I have myself observed tili-
canus at St. Martin-Vesubie, in the Alpes-Maritimes, at about 8200 ft.;
and Mr. F. B. Norris records a single specimen at 6000 ft., above
Boscolungo, in the Apennines (Entom. xxiv. 228); so that, while not
precisely an alpine species, it must be regarded as occurring on the
high mountain regions as well as on the lower lands, therein resembling
its congener, L. buticus, which in some localities — for example, the
Pyrenees — ranges from sea-level up to 8000 ft., as noted by Mr. H. J.
Elwes on the Pic du Midi (Trans. Eut. Soc. 1887, p. 391), though I am
unable to trace a similar distribution in the Swiss alpine regions. —
H. Rowland-Brown ; Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald, Oct. 13th, 1904.
British Specimens of Hydrot^a wanted. — I propose to publish as
soon as possible an account of the British species of Hi/drot(m iDiptera
— Fam. Anthomyiidae), and would be grateful if readers of this maga-
zine would send me for examination any specimens belonging to this
genus which are in their possession. All help in this way will be fully
acknowledged, and the material returned, labelled xoith. specific names,
as soon as practicable. — Percy H. Grimshaw; Royal Scottish Museum,
Edinburgh.
CAPTUKES AND FIELD REPORTS. 285
Chrysophanus phlceas and var. Schmidtii at Erith. — This species
has been decidedly scarce this season ; but I obtained a few ova from
females of the first brood, and reared some sixty imagines — all very
normal. From some of these and some captured females I got a much
larger supply of ova. and during the month of August had many
hundreds of larvfe feeding ; but the chilly September weather checked
the growth of many of them, so that only two hundred reached the
perfect state. Among these imagines is a small series of golden forms,
nine in all, which are a striking contrast to the type. I should mention
that my son took a very fair male schmidtii in one of his expeditions
after females of the second brood for ova, and obtained several of this
latter sex at the same spot, and most probably the one that had paired
with said schmidtii — -hence, I think, these golden forms. Amongst
other abnormal forms I bred a large female of the ordinary type, but
minus the left fore wing, and with the left hind wing suffused very
much after the style of C. dispar. The remainder of the larvse — some
hundreds — are many of them half-fed and more, but, I fear, will not
get through the coming winter. I judge so from past experience,
although I have once got a very small percentage through all right. —
E. Sabink ; Erith.
Aberrations of Dragonflies.— With reference to the article by
Messrs. F. W. and H. Campion {ante, p. 252), I may say that during
the second half of July this year I saw a number of olive-coloured
females of hchnura elegans at Wicken. A corresponding variety of a
more abundant species, I think [Knallwjma cyathigenim), Avas also very
common ; in fact, in thirty-five couples which I saw attached per collnm,
twenty of the females were of the greenish variety. I also saw several
green females of I. elegans in copulation. I tried to get both species to
lay eggs, in the hope of breeding from them, but was unsuccessful.
Should anyone be successful in breeding from one of these varieties,
valuable results might be obtained on the question of heredity in its
relation to sex. — Leonard Dongaster ; Zoological Laboratory, Cam-
bridge, Oct. 7th, 1904.
CAPTURES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
CoLiAs EDusA AT Erith. — This specics has put in an appearance in
and around this neighbourhood this autumn, but not in any numbers.
The only female netted kindly deposited a few ova, which duly hatched
out, and the larvae fed up on growing white clover, and I have half a
dozen pup^ dating from 8th inst. I suppose they will emerge this
season. The rest of the larvfe seem to have disappeared save one half-
grown specimen. — E. Sabine ; Erith, Oct. 20th, 1904.
CoLiAS EDusA IN CORNWALL. — On Aug. 24tli I noticed a freshly-
emerged male of Enrgmus croceus {Culias ediisa) at Donnderry, a small
seaside resort midway between Rame Head and Looe. — Thos. Bain-
BRiGGE Fletcher; Sept. 25th, 1904.
CoLiAs EDUSA IN HAMPSHIRE. — I have secn a few specimens of
C. ednsa, and have heard of others having been observed in this neigh -
ENTOM. — NOVEMBER. 1904. 2 B
286 THR ENTOMOLOGIST.
bourhood — perhaps a dozen specimens in all, — A. Druitt ; Christ-
church, October, 1904.
COLIAS EDUSA AND ClRRH(EDIA XERAMPELINA AT BroMLEY, KeNT.
On Sept. 11 til I saw a male specimen of Colias edusa flying in a lane
between Bromley and Grove Park, and when sugaring at Bromley on
Sept. 1st, I took a very worn ('irrJucdia .cerampelina. The occurrence
of these insects so near to London this year is perhaps interesting. —
B. W. Adkin ; Trenoweth, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent.
SpmNX coNvoLvuLi IN SuRREY. — I took a fine pair of this insect
hovering over y-icotiana ajfinis shortly after dark on Sept. 21st. — A. B,
Thompson ; Garlands, Red Hill, Sept. 26th, 1904.
Sphinx convolvuli at Chichester. — Sphinx convolvuli has not been
uncommon in this locality during the autumn. The first specimen
recorded in my diary was taken on Aug. Gth. The moths continued
appearing throughout that month till the beginning of October. —
Joseph Anderson.
Sphinx convolvuli and Laphygma exigua near Tunbridge Wells.
The only specimen of S. convolvuli I have seen this year was brought
to me at the end of August — a fine male example in very good con-
dition ; the largest of tljat sex I have ever had. The expanse of wings
is 4^ in. I also have the pleasure to report the capture of a perfect
specimen of L. exigua at Sonthborough on Sept. 23rd, 1903. It is the
first I have taken, and I was very much surprised, as I always thought
it was a coast insect. — M. M. Phipps ; Woodside View, Victoria Pioad,
Sonthborough, Kent.
Sphinx convolvuli and Colias edusa in Devonshire. — A specimen
of S. convolvuli was taken by my brother off a telegraph-post here on
Aug. 25th, and another example was brought to me in a tin by some
lads, who found it in some allotment-grounds in this neighbourhood.
Colias edusa was taken by us on three occasions in August tbis year
(one female and three males). — S. L. & J. Walker; 3, Goodwin
Terrace, Bronshill Road, Torquay, Oct. 13th, 1904.
Sphinx convolvuli in Selkirkshire. — A specimen of this insect
was taken in good condition on a wall in Galashiels on Aug. 18th. —
B. Weddell ; Selkirk.
Captures at Sugar at Chichester. — Sugar has not been very pro-
ductive here this season. Amongst my captures may be mentioned
Acronycta aceris, A. jisi, (Jucullia verhasci, Calymnia trapezina (one very
pale), Cosmia dijfinis, and Miana strigilis — a meagre list, season after
season showing little signs of improvement in this mode of collecting.
Joseph Anderson.
Cleora glabraria, &c., in Dorsetshire. — In July this year I took
a very good specimen of Cleora (jlabraria at Carue Wood, near Wey-
mouth, and have reason to believe that this is a new locality for this
species. I was beating in one of the footpaths when I captured it, and
I have seen no other specimens taken around Weymouth. In the
same month I here took four very fresh specimens of Argynnis paphia
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 287
yar. valesina. As the New Forest is a favourite locality for both
insects, this would lead one to suppose that Carne Wood originally
formed part of that large forest, though they are distant from each
other about forty miles. — W. A. Bogue ; Spring Cottage, Sheptou
Mallet, Somerset, Oct. 2nd, 1904.
Heliothis peltigera at Deal. — I caught a female H. peltirjeva on
the sand-hills at Deal at dusk on June 17t.h. It was so much worn
that I was not, quite sure of its identity at the time. However, the
moth deposited several eggs, and I reared the larvfe on wild convolvulus
till the end of July. The moths came out during the last week in
August and the first week in September, — W. S. Pearce ; St. Mogue's,
Romsey, Hants, Oct. 11th, 1904.
AcHEKONTiA ATROPos IN Kent. — On Sept. 29th a good specimen of
this insect flew towards the light in a greengrocer's shop in the centre
of Margate, and was captured without injury. As I have not yet heard
of any larvae or pupte having been found in the neighbourhood during
the present autumn, I am mclined to think it is an "immigrant." —
J. P. Barrett ; St. John's Villas, Margate.
Trichoptilus paludum in Surrey. — On one of our entomological
excursions together to Claygate last August, Mr. Arthur J. ScoUick
netted a " plume-moth " which we both failed to recognize at the time.
This I have since identified as a specimen of T. pahuhun, one of the
least generally known of the British Pterophoridse, and an addition, I
believe, to the Surrey list. Meyrick (' Handbook,' p. 431) gives Surrey
to Dorset, Cambridge, York, as the range of the species in this country.
Barrett ('British Lepidoptera,' ix. p. 397) omits Surrey, and mentions
Sussex, in addition to the other counties noted by Meyrick. — Eichard
South.
Orobena (Evergestis) straminalis in Surrey. — I had not met
with 0. straminalis since 1879, when I netted a fine series in August
whilst exploring a small, but very dense and somewhat boggy, wood
about two miles north -east of Ventnor, in the Isle of Wight. It was
tlierefore with great pleasure tliat I found this pretty little Pyrale in
the Esher district on July 16th last. Only one specimen was seen,
but this was so fresh that it had probably emerged from pupa on the
day of capture. No further example was detected, although a close
search was made at the time, and on several visits to the locality later
in the month. The only other Surrey localities that I have any know-
ledge of are Haslemere andRedhill, given by Goss in ' Victoria History
of the Counties of England,' vol. i. — Exchard South.
Lepidoptera at Christchurch, Hants. — I have used a moth-trap on
favourable evenings throughout the summer. The insects taken have
not been large in number. On Aug. 7th the captures included one
specimen each of Diasemia literata and Ebulea stachijdalis. Later in
the month one Macaria alternata was taken. Is this species double-
brooded, or was the specimen a belated one ? On Sept. lOih one
Camptoijrainma jiuviata and one AcidaUa imitaria were taken. This
seems a late date for the latter, several of which were attracted in July.
On Sept. 28tli one specimen of Galleria luehmeUa flew in. Leech gives
288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the time of appearance as July and August. — A. Diujitt ; Christchurch,
October, 1904.
[Macraria alternata and Acidalia imitaria are not perhaps normally
double-brooded in this country, but in favourable summers, such as
that experienced this year, a few imagines of these species (and of
others), representing a second generation, seem to be developed. — Ed.]
Deilephila livornica and Sphinx convolvuli in Hampshire. — On
May 28th I received a post-card from Major Kobertson as follows :
"Look out for Livornica on your rliododendrons " ; and on the same
evening, at 8.;-i0, I saw a specimen darting from tree to tree in my
garden at Christchurch. On the following evenmg it appeared at
8.20, on the 30th and 31st at 8.30, on June 2nd at 8.-45, and on June
3rd at 8.20, after which date the specimen was not again seen. The
specimen seen was probably the same on each of these six evenings,
for I failed to catch it, and more than one specimen was not seen on
any evening. It showed a preference for deep-coloured blossoms, and
in its flight seemed to hover but the fraction of a second over any one
bloom, darting from plant to plant with a rapidity which made its
capture impossible. It seemed to be fully aware of my hostile in-
tentions, and did not once come within reach of my net. I soaked
pieces of sponge in amyl acetate, and placed them in blooms easy of
access, but, although the scent was noticeable at some yards distance,
luurnica took no notice whatever of the bait. It is very possible that
this specimen had visited my garden on evenings prior to May 28th,
for specimens had been taken at Bournemouth, six miles from here, on
May 22nd. Sphinx convolculihsis been plentiful in this neighbourhood
throughout September and the early part of October, but none of the
specimens taken by me can be described as being in grand condition.
^'. coil vol vidi can fly fairly briskly, but its flight is slow when com-
pared with that of D. livornica. — A. Druitt ; Christchurch, October,
1904.
SiREX juvENCUs IN SELKIRKSHIRE. — A good Specimen of this insect
was brought to me by a little girl on Sept. 30th. She had found it on
the public road near her cottage. S. rfiyas is not uncommon, several
being brought to me every summer, but this is the first 6'. javenciis I
can guarantee taken here. It was alive when I received it. — B.
Weddell ; Heath Park, Selkirk.
Late Appearance of Ourapteryx sambucata. — Yesterday my son
took a specimen of this moth in the playground of his school in this
town. It was somewhat dwarfed, but in perfect condition, and evi-
dently freshly emerged. Is not this very late ? — H. Huggins, Jun. ;
13, Clarence Place, Gravesend, Oct. 22nd, 1904.
Notes on Sphingid^ in Wales. — In addition to the Deilephila
livornica and Sphinx convolvuli I took this month, and previously
reported {ante, p. 265), a fine pupa and pupating larva of -S'. convolvuli
were turned out of the ground by the spade of one of my friends here.
The larva unfortunately was badly wounded by the spade, and could
not possibly live, while the pupa, though bruised slightly, is vigorous
and lively. These insects, found in porato-land where field bindweed
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 289
grows freely, are interesting, as another link in the chain of evidence
that we may call S. convolvuli a native of Wales, and of Barry in
Glamorganshire. On the same small plant (lady's-bedstraw) I found,
on Sept. 13th, a larva of Macrot/lossa stdlataruni, and another larva of
Heviaris {Macror/lossa) facifonnis. The latter differed from Mr. Lucas's
description of the larva of //. fnclfonnis in having the red patches
around the spiracles developed into one continuous streak. It is now
pupating under a web of rough loose threads under bedstraw. Shortly
before spinning its web it ate a little hedge-convolvulus. — R. Kandell ;
" Rushbank," Barry, Glamorganshire, Sept. 18th, 1904.
Collecting in the New Forest. — On Aug. 3rd I arrived, with a
young friend, at Brockenhurst for a fortnight's collecting, and put up
with Mr. E. Morris, whose courtesy in pointing out the best localities
and in providing comfortable accommodation at an extremely reason-
able rate added not a little to the pleasure of a first visit to the New
Forest. Seven evenings were devoted to sugaring, when the following
insects were taken : — Calligenia miniata, Thyatira derasa and T. hatis,
Hydvcecia nictitans, Xylophasia hepatica, Cerigo cytherea, Apamea ociilea,
Agrotis exclamationia, Noctua plecta, N. baja, Amphipyra pyramidea,
Mania typica, M. maura, Calymnia trapezina, Dianthcccia capsincola,
Euplexia ludpara, Fhlogophora mcticulosa, Gonoptera libatri.v, Piusia
iota, and Catocala sponsa : and the acetylene lamp attracted, or enabled
us to take, the following: — Fortheaia similis, Psilura nwnacha, Odonestis
potatoria, Zanclognatha grisealis, Epione apiciaria, Selene illmiaria,
Crocallis elinguaria, Ennomos tiliaria, Boarmia rhoinboidaria, Ephyra
porata, E. oniicronaria, Acidalia bisetata, A. aversata, Ligdia adustata,
Eupithecia nannta, E, absinthiata, MelantJda occllata, Cidaria russata,
and C. testata. On the evening of Aug. 4th, after a heavy and pro-
longed thunderstorm during the afternoon, searching among the
heather yielded larvte of Macrothylacia [Bombyx) rubi, Saturnia carpini,
Hadena pui, and Anartia niyrtUli ; and imagines of Agrotis porphyrea,
Gnnphos obscuraria, Pseiuloterpna cytisaria, and Selidoseuia plutnaria ; in
addition to many of those mentioned above. On Aug. 5 th a number
of pupje and a few full-fed larvae of Nunagria typluc were taken from
the stems of " bulrushes," and the imagines emerged at intervals
during the next fortnight. Many Rhopalocera were observed on this
day, including Gonepteryx rhamni, Argynnis papliia and valesina (both
very much worn), Vanessa carditi, Limenitis sibylla (worn), Apatiirairis,
and Pararge egeria ; and on other days we noticed Aniyiinis adippe,
Vanessa io, V. atalanta, Pararge megccra, Satyrus sexiele, Thechi quercus,
Lyccena a;goti, and L. argiolus, Gonepteryx rhamni being very plentiful,
and in splendid condition. Eubolia palimibaria, Cidaria testata, and
other small geometers were also taken. Several days were devoted to
larva-beating, with excellent results, notably on Aug. 9th, with Mr.
Morris, and on Aug. 15th, with Mr. W. J. Cross. LarvjB of these
species were taken or observed : — Macroglossa facifonnis, Hylophi/a
prasinana, Lithusia aureola, Gnophria rubricollis, Kuclielia jacobdiE, Dasy-
chira pudibimda, Orgyia antiqiia, Drepana lacertula, D. falcula, Stauropus
fagi, Lophopteryx camelina, Notodonta dromedari"s, N. ziczac, N. cJiaonia,
N. dodonea, Phalena bucephala, Thyatira batis, Movia orion, Acronycta
psi, A. alni, Amphidasys betularia, Cleora lichenaria , Boarmia roboraria,
290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
B. coiisortaria, Tephrosia extersaria, and other geometers. On the
evening of Aug. 15th, when examining the sugar, I found a very large
pupa of P.nlura monacha spun up in the bark of an oak-tree, and a very
fine female emerged from it on Aug. 24th. The larva of Acromjcta alni
was nearly full-grown when taken, and went down to pupate on Aug.
17th. Mr. W. J. Cross had a larva of Staiiropus fagl pupating on
Aug. 14th, but at the time of writing mine is only about half-grown,
though to all appearance perfectly healthy. The larvie of Moma or ion
were very plentiful, and seemed to be widely distributed, but Catocala
spotis'i was scarce, and C. promissa entirely absent during our visit.
With regard to Argynnis paphia, which was swarmuig in every glade,
it was noticeable that not a single specimen was worth taking, some
being literally in tatters, and that the var. valesina occurred in some
numbers. — F. A. Oldaker ; Parsonage House, Dorking, Sept. 5th.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, October 5th, 1904.
Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., President, in the chair.
The Rev. W. Beresford Watson, of St. Martin's Vicarage, Barbados,
West Indies, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — Mr. G. H. Verrall
exhibited specimens of (a) Calliccra yerburyi, Verr., a Syrphid new to
science, taken this year m Scotland by Col. J. W. Yerbury, and {b)
C. (Buea, F., the other British species of the genus, together with
three European species of Calliceni from the collections of Bigot and
Kowarz, C. macqnatii, C. spinoltB, and C. porrii, Eand. — Mr. H. St. J.
Donisthorpe, Tetropium fuscum, L. (male and female), and eight
specimens of Abdem 4-fasciata, Curt., all taken by him at Market
Bosworth, Leicestershire, in July, 1904. — The Pvev. F. D. Morice,
cells constructed by two wasps, Falistcs (jaliicm and Eunumes co-
arctatas, found by him in the Balearic Islands. — Mr. A. J. Chitty,
specimens of the earwig Apteryyida media (albipennis), taken at
Huntingfield and Charing, Kent, this year. — Mr. W. J. Lucas, a
living specimen of Labidma riparia, male, from the shore near Christ-
church, Hants, kept alive for more than a month, and fed upon
fruit, meat, &c. ; also a lantern-slide, depicting the threatening atti-
tude assumed by this earwig when disturbed. — Professor T. Hudson
Beare, on behalf of Mr. C. J. C. Poole, who was present as a visitor,
specimens of Aulonium sulcatuw, Oliv., a species of Coleoptera new to
the British fauna. — Mr. W. Dannatt, a specimen of Papilio homems
from the Blue Mountains, Jamaica, together with coloured drawings
of the larva painted by Lady Blake, and lent him by Mrs. E. M.
Swainson, of Baltimore, U.S.A., who had bred the species. He also
exhibited three new butterflies figured and described by him in the
' Entomologist,' viz. Chluiippe yodmani, from Venezuela, Deiias Iienipeli,
from Gilolo, Maiietke johnstoni, from British Guiana. — Dr. T. A. Chap-
man, for Mr. Hugh Main, a unique teratological specimen of Arctia
caia, bred this year. The insect had a threefold hind wing on the left
side. Immediately below the costa the wing divided into three layers,
each of which was apparently a normal wing so far as form, colour
SOCIETIES. 291
and markings went, but which, when the insect was alive, were so
closely applied to each other as to look like one normal wing, till by
blowing between them, or in some other way, they were separated.
— Mr. F. Merrifield, some pod-like galls found on a terebiuthine shrub
in the limestone region of Auvergne. — Mr. Norman H. Joy, the black
variety of Bledius taurus, Germ., taken at Wells, Norfolk, August, 1904 ;
Blediufi femoralis, Gyll, from Wokingham, Berks, — a species that has
, uot been taken in the British Isles for over fifty years ; Poiydrusus
sericeiis, Schall., from Hampshire; Neiiraphes carinatus, Mul., from
Bradfield, near Reading ; a small form of l>i/sckirinspolitus, Dej., taken
by Canon Fowler at Bridlington, and himself at Wokingham ; and a
likizotrogus (? species) taken in some numbers flying by day near
Streatley, Berks, August, 1904. — Dr. F. A. Dixey, some preparations
of the scent of male Pierine butterflies, and read a note descriptive of
the same. — Mr. H. Turner, living examples of the larva of Phoro-
desvia smaragdaria, which he had met with in some numbers on the
Essex marshes while searching for Coleophorid larvas. He also con-
tributed notes on the life-histories, and exhibited living larvfe and
cases of several Coleophorids, including C. vibicella, a species only
recorded from a few English localities. Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow read a
paper on " Sound Production in the Lamellicorn Beetles." Professor
Christopher Aurivillius, F.M.Z.S., communicated a paper on " New
Species of African Striphnapterygida:, XutodontidcE, and Ckrysapalonida
in the British Museum." Mr. A. H. Swinton communicated a paper
on " The Droughts and Weather, and Insect Increase and Migration."
Mr. E. Ernest Green communicated a paper on " Some New Mosquitoes
from Ceylon," by Frederick V. Theobald, M.A. — H. Eowland-Bbown,
Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
July lith, 1904.— Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.—
Mr. Stouell exhibited two series of TriplKEnajimbria, one of light forms
and the other of dark forms, bred in two successive years from New
Forest larvre ; and a series of L(dia ccenosa from various old collections.
— Mr. Euock, on behalf of Mr. Newman, living hybrid larva) from male
Notodonta ziczac and female N. dromedariiis, with typical larvae for
comparison. — Mr. Priske, examples of the Coleoptera Apodenis coryli,
Pihy)ichites (Equatus, and Otlorrhynchus sulcatns, all from High
Wycombe.
July 28th. — Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. —
Mr. Percy Richards, of Kingston Hill, was elected a member. — Mr.
Enock, for Mr. Newman, exhioited a cocoon of Eutricha quercifolia, in
situ. — Mr. Edwards, specimens of VolucelU bombylans and V. pellucens
from Leatherhead, taken at the Field Meeting on July 9th. — Mr. West
(Greenwich), a large number of insects collected at Great Yarmouth
from June 13th to 25th, comprising eighty-four species of Coleoptera,
eighteen species of Hemiptera, and three species of Teuthredinidfe.
Among the Coleoptera were Donacia dentipoi, 1). thalassina, D. simplex,
D. vulgaris, D. sericea, Galeruca calmariensis, Poiydrusus confusus, and
Scirtes hemisphoiricus. Among the Hemiptera were Plagioynathtts puli-
carius, P. saltitans, and the rare Pcccilocytus vulneratus, a species
recently added to the British list.
292 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Avf/ust lltli. — Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. —
Mr. Ashby exhibited a specimen of one of our rarest weevils, Lipanis
fiermanus, taken at Folkestone in July. — Mr. West reported that from
July 10th to 23rd he had paid a very successful visit to the New Forest,
obtaining Strangalia qnadri fascia ta, Telephonis testaceus, Phijllobrotica
quadritiuiculata, and Orchestes iota, the most notable of the Coieoptera ;
Picromerus bidens, Monanthia dmnetorum, and ilf. liumnU among the
Heteroptera ; and the very rare homopterou, Oiiarus leporinus. — Mr.
Main, pupa? and small larvse of Kvercs ar,jiadei<, from ova deposited by
a female sent by Dr. Chapman from the South of France. The larviie
were boring the seed-pods of Lotus cornicitlaius.— Mr . Priske, a speci-
men of Cicadetta montana from the New Forest, and a specimen of
Dicmnura bifida, which had just emerged from a this year's larva. —
Mr. Carr, a dead larva of Smerinthus ocellatus, from which parasites
had emerged in 1883, and which retained its normal green coloura-
tion.— Mr. Adkin and several other members noted the unusual
abundance of Mania manra this year. — Mr. Edwards, a long series of
variations of the polymorphic Papilio, P. inemnon, and called attention
to the forms and their distribution.
Augmt 25^//.— Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.L.S., Vice-President, in
the chair.- — Mr. Barnett, a short series of Strenia clathrata, showing
stages in the darkening of the transverse bands, and also of Ematurga
atomaria, with considerably suffused markings. He also showed larvae
of Smerinthus populi, which were feeding on white poplar, and which
assimilated wonderfully to the colour of the food-plant. Mr. Main, a
curiously spotted cockroach, obtained from a ship which had brought
sugar from Java. — Mr. West, two rare species of Hemiptera from
Darenth — Corizus capitatus, obtained by sweeping Hypericum, and
Aneurus IcBvis, under oak-bark. — Mr. Tutt and Dr. Chapman made a
few remarks upon their continental rambles m July and August. —
Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec.
Manchester Entomological Society. — In the Manchester Museum,
Owens College, on September 7th, before a large gathering presided
over by Dr. W. E. Hoyle, the proceedings took the form of an exhibit
meeting. — Mr. Geo. 0. Day exhibited a box of Lepidoptera collected
in Vancouver Island, B.C., mostly taken during May, 1904. — Mr.
H. S. Slade, specimens of Leucoma salicis from larvae taken at Urmston
(Lanes), also Abraxas (jrossulariata from the same locality; specimens
of Polia chi taken at Glossop. — Mr. L. Krah, lepidoptera from Bex,
Canton Vaud, Switzerland, and included A. cratter/i, P. egeria, E. ianira,
M. (jalatea, P. incera, A. cardamines, L. amanda, &c. — Mr. E. Tait,
Jun., Agrotis ravida taken at Monkswood, Hunts ; specimens of Aplecta
advena, Acronycta ligustri, Mamestra anceps, Angerona prunaria, Xylo-
phasia hcpatica ; Dianthcecia conspersa, including ochreous form, bred
from Welsh larvae ; Agrotis ashworthii, a fine series, bred this year from
hybernated larvje. — Mr. C. Oldham, specimen of Prionia coriarius from
Chelford (Cheshire), July 27th, 1904. — Mr. G. Kearey, ova, pupae, and
perfect insect of Orgyia ajitiqua, and illustrations pointing out the
difference of the situation selected by the sexes for pupation. — Messrs.
A. Binns and W. Buckley also exhibited Lepidoptera. — Robert J.
WiGELSWORTH, HoH. ScC.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIL] DECEMBER, 1904. [No. 499.
DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF
PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA.
By Martin Jacoby.
Chlamys semicristata, sp. n.
Pale fulvous, with closely-placed black punctures ; thoracic eleva-
tions rounded, the top with a circular and two short oblique ridges,
the sides with otliers of transverse shape ; elytra with about ten iso-
lated tubercles and the usual longitudinal costfe. Length 3 millim.
Head pale fulvous, sparingly punctured with black ; anterior edge
of the clypeus black ; antennae tlavous ; thorax punctured, like the
head, with a gradually-raised posterior round elevation, the top of which
is furnished by two oblique ridges ; in front of these another short
ridge includes a semicircular space when viewed sideways, while three
others extend down the sides of the elevation for a short space ; the
rest of the surface is unevenly reticulate and punctured ; the basal
lobe is divided into two points ; scutellum short, piceous ; elytra with
closely-placed black punctures and the following pointed tubercles : —
three at the base, placed triangularly ; a larger one near the suture at
the middle; two smaller ones opposite, nearer the lateral margin and
connected by a transverse ridge ; the posterior portion has three
tubercles placed transversely, and three or four others near the apex
more or less connected by ridges ; longitudinally these tubercles are
likewise connected by the usual four costs ; pygidium rugose, carinate
at the middle ; breast foveolate-punctate ; abdomen with black punc-
tures; legs with a small dark spou at the femora; presternum gradually
narrowed and posteriorly.
Hah. Venezuela.
Chlamys balyi, sp. n.
Obscure fulvous, more or less spotted with black or black with
fulvous spots ; thorax with a moderate rounded elevation, the top with
two feeble ridges closely and deeply punctured, the sides subtubercu-
late ; elytra deeply punctured, with feebly-raised ^ubercles and longi-
tudinal ridges, the largest tubercle near the suture below the middle.
Length 1 line.
ENTOM. — DECEMBER, 1904. 2 C
294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Head flat, fulvous, with black punctures or entirely black with a
fulvous spot at the middle ; anteunte fulvous, the fifth and following
joints transverse ; thorax with the middle portion raised into a regu-
larly-rounded elevation, which is surrounded at the base by a distinct
sulcus ; the top of the elevation has two feeble short ridges, and at the
sides several small blunt tubercles are placed ; the entire surface is
closely impressed with black punctures, but the amount of fulvous is
very variable ; elytra punctured like the thorax, generally black, with
the tubercles and ridges generally of fulvous colour ; of the first-
named, two are placed near the suture, one before, the other below the
middle ; the ridges are confined to the sides, and the one from the
middle of the base to the suture is interrupted by some short trans-
verse raised tubercles before the middle ; the posterior portions of the
elytra are reticulate, and have a few small tubercles ; the pygidium is
carinate at the middle, and to a less extent at the sides ; the legs are
black, spotted with fulvous, or the anterior ones only are of the latter
colour; prosternum strongly triangularly widened at the anterior half,
suddenly reduced to a ridge below the middle.
Hah. Mexico.
I am afraid it will not be easy to distinguish this small
species from its numerous congeners, on account of its varia-
bility in regard to coloration, and it is so closely allied to so
many others that it is difficult to name its nearest ally ; it may,
however, be compared perhaps best with C. signaticoUis, Lac,
which is of very nearly similar coloration, but differs in the
ridges at the sides of the thorax ; this part in the present species
has the outer sides very closely pimctured, and the punctures
are only here and there interrupted by feeble callosities ; at the
top of the elevation two short narrow ridges are seen, which do
not extend to the anterior margin, the elytra are punctured like
the thorax, and all their tubercles and ridges are small or not
strongly indicated ; a more highly raised and somewhat elongate
tubercle, however, is placed near the suture, at some distance
from the apex. This species was not known to me during the
publication of the Biolog. Centr. Amer. dealing with the Phyto-
phaga, but I have since received five specimens.
Sagra humeralis, sp. n.
Short, oblong, purplish black, the shoulders golden cupreous, the
thorax and elytra very finely granulate-punctate.
Mas. The posterior femora strongly ovately widened, with three
small teeth, their tibi.e with a long spur-like tooth at the middle.
Length 11 millim.
Head very closely and finely punctured throughout, opaque, the
oblique anterior grooves very shallow ; antennfB scarcely extending to
the middle of the elytra, purplish black, the basal joint subquadrate,
the second small, the third and following joints very gradually
lengthened, terminal joint elongate, subcylindrical, its apex conical ;
thorax scarcely one half broader than long, the anterior angles strongly
thickened and produced outwards, the surface finely and closely punc-
NEW SPECIES OF PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 295
tured, opaque, scutellum shining, black ; elytra without basal depres-
sion, opaque, the punctuation nearly obsolete, very fine near the base
and the suture, purplish black, a subquadrate spot surrounding the
shoulders only, golden cupreous ; under side and legs nearly black, the
intermediate femora widened below the middle, their tibiae strongly
curved ; posterior femora short and thick, their lower margin furnished
with three small teeth near the apex, the basal jiortion deeply and
broadly sulcate and furnished with short and dense pubescence ;
posterior tibiae curved at the base only, provided with a long spur at
the middle of the outer edge, the lower portion broadly sulcate, obso-
letely toothed on the inner side, the apex produced and pointed.
Hah. Mouy-Tsi, Tonkin.
Of this remarkable species, so different in its coloration from
any of its allies, I received a single male specimen from
M. Donckier, in Paris, It is no doubt allied to S. i^eteli, Lac,
from Java, which has likewise a long tibial spur ; the general
colour of the present insect might almost be described as black,
but the golden humeral spot is highly characteristic.
MOUHOTINA SALOMONENSIS, Sp. n.
Fulvous, the intermediate joints of the antennae and the tarsi
black ; thorax subquadrate, scarcely perceptibly punctured ; elytra
punctate-striate at the base only, metallic purplish, a large patch at
the base and the sides near the shoulders, more or less fulvous.
Length 10-11 millim.
Broad and robust, the head impunctate, with a fovea between the
eyes, fulvous, the latter broadly emarginate ; mandibles black ; an-
tennte very slender, extending below the middle of the elytra, the lower
four joints and the apical two fulvous, the rest black, third and fourth
joint equal, elongate, the following joints scarcely longer : thorax one
half broader tlian long, the sides perfectly straight, the angles pointed,
the surface with a few very fine punctures, fulvous ; elytra wider at
the base than the thorax, with a deep depression below the base, the
shoulders very prominent, the basal portion with short rows of fine
punctures, the posterior portion nearly impunctate, purplish or viola-
ceous, the base more or less fulvous round the scutellum and at the
sides, the latter with one or two purplish spots on the shoulders, more
or less connected with the posterior dark portion ; under side and legs
fulvous, the tarsi blackish, the intermediate and posterior tibiffi deeply
emarginate near the apex, the posterior femora with a small tooth,
claws bifid, prosternum very oroad, subquadrate, the anterior margin
of the thoracic episternum convex.
Hah. Florida ; Solomon Islands.
Of this well-marked large species I possess four specimens,
somewhat variable in regard to the amount of the purjDlish
portion of the elytra; the insect is allied to M. ritfuin, Clark
(sub Nodostoma), but both species are not typical of the genus ;
this latter has for the type a small species described by Baly,
having the general appearance of one belonging to Typopltorus,
and in which the anterior and posterior femora are dentate and
2 c 2
296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the claws appendiculate. The present species and the one
described by Clark are large insects in which the claws are
much more bifid than appendiculate, but possessing otherwise
the structural characters of the genus, for which reason I have
included this insect in it.
LUPERODES LATERALIS, Sp. n.
Flavous ; the breast black ; thorax transverse, impimctate ; elytra
with feeble longitudinal sulci, very obsoletely punctured, flavous, the
base and the sides with a deep black band. Length 6 millim.
Of broadly oblong shape, the head impuuctate, flavous, deeply
transversely grooved above the eyes, the latter large, frontal eleva-
tions feebly indicated ; carina short, but distinct ; antennae long and
slender, flavous, the apex of the intermediate joints slightly blackish ;
the second, third and fourth joints gradually elongate, terminal joints
more slender and elongate ; thorax about one half broader than long,
the sides rounded at the middle, the angles slightly prominent, pos-
terior margin rounded, the disc entirely impunctate, flavous, scutellum
black ; elytra slightly wider at the base than the thorax, rather broad,
the disc with feeble longitudinal sulci, the latter impressed with rows
of fine punctures (absent in one specimen) of the same colour as the
head and thorax, the base with a narrow transverse black band which
joins the marginal one at the shoulders, the latter band wider than
the basal one and rather suddenly dilated at the middle ; the breast,
the intermediate and the posterior femora likewise black, the rest of
the under side and legs flavous ; the metatarsus of the posterior legs
very long and slender ; anterior cotyloid cavities open ; elytral epi-
pleurffi broad, black.
Hah. Solomon Islands.
Of this very distinct species two specimens are contained in
my collection, but the precise name of the island of the group
they were obtained at I do not know.
A VISIT TO FRESHWATEE, JUNE and JULY, 1904.
By James Douglas.
Much has from time to time been written about the Isle of
Wight as a happy hunting-ground for the entomologist, but it
may yet he that an up-to-date account of the possibilities of the
neighbourhood of Freshwater will be of interest.
Arriving about the middle of June and putting up with
William Eogers, himself a wide traveller for Lepidoptera, and
son of one well known some years ago in the entomological
world for his expeditions to South Africa and other places, I was
fortunate in being able to acquire much useful information.
Next day I started for a localit}'', not yet generally known, for
Melit(sa cinxia, where I found a nice colony well established, and,
A VISIT TO FRESHWATER. 297
the season being late, I netted a good series in remarkably fine
condition — most of the females being allowed to go. In the same
locality later on I found Acontia luctnosa S23aringly, but this
species seems to have disappeared from the immediate neigh-
bourhood of Freshwater, where it was formerly plentiful. Lyccena
alms swarmed almost everywhere during the whole of my visit.
Towards the end of June I visited the reputed haunts of
Acidalia emutaria, but either it was a bad year or it has been
cleared out, for two specimens only rewarded more than a week
of wearisome evening tramps in the moist and odoriferous
swamps of the Yar. N.B. — Don't forget your fishing-boots.
Daring this time sugaring in the woods yielded Acromjcta
tridens, Leucauia pallens, L. comma, Xylophasia rurea, X. litho-
xylea, X. suhlustrls, X. polyodon, X. hepatica, Mamestra anceps,
Apamea gemina,Miana strigilis (in endless v£iriety), M. fitruncula,
Grammesia trigrammica, Agrotis segetum, A. exclamationis, Noctua
tnangidum, N. f estiva, Euplexia lucipara, Hadena dentina, Cidaria
truncata, &c.
On June 26th one of my boys brought in a specimen of
Setina irroreUa from the downs; so, fired by the glowing accounts
which appeared some years ago in one of the entomological
papers, I got Kogers to call me one morning before four o'clock,
and away we rowed for the desired spot, some miles along the
cliffs. It was absolutely calm, and nothing could exceed the
beauty of the morning and the scene; but, alas! after a rough
scramble up the cliffs, a thorough search of the locality revealed
not a single irrorella. For some reason or other it has entirely
ceased to frequent the spot ; whether some change in the set of
the tide has caused the lichens on which it feeds to fail, or
whether having been so recklessly hunted it has been extermi-
nated, I am not able to say; possibly the former, as I was told
that no one had visited this particular spot for at least five
years.
However, I subsequently became well acquainted with S.
irrorella and its habits in other localities along the cliffs, and
came to the conclusion that it is not the early bird that
catches the worm — irrorella. It emerges from 6 to 7 a.m. on-
wards, and the newly emerged imagines do not, so far as I
know, fly that morning, but sit quietly on the short grass
stems; consequently a visit from 8 to 9 a.m., by which time
their wings are dry, results in the boxing of absolutely perfect
and unfaded specimens, while those taken on the wing are
imagines of the previous day and are generally somewhat faded
and worn. I was fortunate in taking several well-marked
specimens of the ivi variety, and others showing part of the
letters — mostly males, as usual — for, though I made a most ex-
haustive search, I only found one female which showed any
tendency towards this variety.
298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Cultivation is responsible for the disappearance of many
insects, and it is the cause of the practical disappearance of
Cucitllia verhasci, the mulleins which used to be so plentiful
alonj? the foot of the downs having been entirely destroyed in
the operation of making and plashing the hedges and ditches.
At the beginning of July I started sugaring on the downs,
and at once commenced taking Agrotis corticea and A. liinigera
in abundance. A. cxclamationis, which was one of the earliest
arrivals each evening, was a nuisance, but I got some good
varieties, as also of Noctua f estiva. A. lunigera was exceedingly
plentiful, and during about ten days I took some four hundred
specimens, about half of which were worth setting, many being-
in perfect condition. I found it a most uneasy insect when
boxed, quickly breaking the cilia and otherwise damaging itself, so
much so that I ultimately adopted, with success, a course which
I should recommend to all who wish to take this species in grand
condition. I took out two good sized killing bottles — one of
which I used for boxing, the other as a reserve ; and, after cap-
turing and stupifying a few insects, I transferred them to the
reserve bottle, and so on. By this means, and with a little care
in carrying home the full killing bottles to prevent friction, the
insects were kept in perfect condition.
Amongst other things which came to sugar here were Thya-
tira derasa, Acronycta megacephala, Leucania comgera, L. Utlia?'-
gyria, L. comma, Axylia indris, X. rurea, X.suhlustris, Dipterygia
pinastri, Apamea oadea, Miana strigilis, M. fasciuncida, Cara-
drina morpheus, C. taraxaci, Rusina tenehrosa, Agrotis cinerea
(worn), Noctua plccta, Hadena dentina, Erastria fasciana, Acidalia
aversata, Euholia pnlumharia.
Sugaring along the foot of the downs did not pay. A.
liiccrnca was late ; I did not meet with it, but just before I left
a friend took a specimen at the flowers of valerian.
Day visits to the woods produced Melanargia galatea (plen-
tiful), Limenitis sihylla, Argynnis j^aphia, kc. ; the downs, Hip-
parchia semelc, lodis vernaria, Eubolia palumharia, E. lineolata, &c,
Strenia clathrata swarmed at Totland in the afternoons in
earlj' July, but, owing to the fresh breeze and the very rough
ground, was very difficult to net. I found the best way was to
wait until the sun was getting low, and then slowly walk through
the thick herbage, placing the net at once over anything observed
to be stirring, being careful not to disturb the insects, as in that
case they dropped to the ground and were lost, the markings on
the wings simulating the crossed stems of grasses to perfection.
Another common species at Totland about the second week in
July was Euholia bipunctaria, which occurred on the cliffs under
the fort, and was somewhat difficult to follow and net. It also
occurred on the military road at Freshwater, together with
GnopJios ohscurata.
CONDITION OF ENTOMOLOGY IN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 299
A visit to the haunts of Acidalia humiliata was fruitless ;
perhaps I lacked the necessary patience and perseverance.
The morning I left, Bryophila -j^crla and B. miiralis put in
an appearance, and I obtained a good green specimen of the
latter.
On the whole I had a very satisfactory visit, considering that
it was not entirely an entomological one, and that there were
other claimants to make imperious demands on my time and
attention.
ON THE PRESENT CONDITION OF ENTOMOLOGY IN
THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
The Hawaiian Archipelago, consisting of a series of tiny
specks in the lonely waste of the North Pacific, is far in advance,
not onl}^ proportionately, but almost actuall}', of any other
country or territory in the world, as regards the number of pro-
fessional entomologists it supports. There are three institutions,
all centred at Honolulu, which have an Entomological Division
or Department, viz., the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association,
the Territorial Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, and the
Federal Agricultural Experiment Station.
The Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association has a staff of five
entomologists, shortly to be increased to six. Of these, two
remain principally at Honolulu, to investigate the material which
is constantly pouring in from outside and to supervise the breed-
ing-up and distribution of predaceous and parasitic insects; two
are constantly travelling around Australia, the South Pacific,
America, &c., searching for beneficial insects; while two will visit,
in rotation, the various sugar-plantations, report upon conditions,
and send in material for investigations. This work, however, is
not altogether specialized, but is, more or less, interchangeable.
The live are Albert Koebele, Pi. C. L. Perkins, G. W. Kirkaldy,
F. W. Terry, and Otto Swezly. This division will very shortly
commence publication of the results of its researches.
The Territorial Bureau is largely concerned with the Inspec-
tion of the Plants and Fruits which arrive in the islands by almost
every steamer. The present head of the Entomological Division
is Alexander Craw, lately of San Francisco ; he has one assistant.
The Federal Station has also one entomologist, D. L. Van Dine,
who has recently meritoriously devoted his attention to mosquito
extermination. There are thus now eight professional entomo-
logists, shortly to be increased to at least nine.
300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
THE DKAGONFLIES OF EPPING FOEEST IN 1904.
By F. W. & H. Campion.
Our work during 1904, although prosecuted with unabated
vigour, has added no fresh species to our list, but it has yielded
several interesting variations from the typical forms. The species
taken by us, mentioned in the order in which we made the first
captures, are as follows : —
(1) Pyrrhosoma nymphida. — Our work began on May 1st with
the taking of P. nymphida, immature. This species emerged
earlier and remained on the wing longer than in any previous
year within our experience, for we continued to take single
specimens as late as August 1st. On June 5th we obtained a
male which was resting on a bush, and which was in the act of
preying upon a tiny moth ; we subsequently identified the moth,
so far as its damaged condition left it determinable, as Laspey-
rcsia {Grapliolita) ulicetana.
(2) Agrion puella. — We took this species abundantly between
May 15tli and August 7th. A female taken on July 10th ex-
hibited on each of segments three, four, five, and six a pair of
conspicuous light-green markings at the basal end in the middle
line. On the same date we obtained a male with a round black
spot within the curve of the u on the second segment.
(3) Isclinura elegans. — The range of date of our captures of
individuals of the typical form was from June 5th to August 7th.
Between July 3rd and September 4th we took four specimens
of the dark form of the female, of which a detailed account has
already appeared {ante, pjD. 252-254).
(4) Enallagma cyathigeriim was taken constantly from July
10th to September 4th. On the first-named date we procured
two specimens of the blue form of the female, and another speci-
men was taken on July 17th. The variation from the normal
female consists in the fact that on both thorax and abdomen the
ground colour, instead of being yellow or greyish-green, is blue
— blue as pronounced as that seen in the male. The markings on
the abdomen are black, not bronze. All our specimens were pro-
cured at some ponds near Loughton, and one of them at least was
taken connected per collum with a male. The blue colour fades
away very rapidly, but we have preserved the colour of the latest
specimen to a considerable extent by treatment with methylated
spirit, in the manner recommended by Mr. S. W. Kemp (see
Entom. xxxvi. 34-35). On July 31st we obtained two interesting
mature males, one with the stem of the goblet-shaped marking
on segment two attenuated to a mere thread, and the other with
segments one and two chocolate brown, and with some chocolate
on thorax and between segments three and four.
NOTES ON A BIONTH's COLLECTING IN NORMANDY. 301
(5) Lestes sponsa was fairly plentiful in certain localities.
Our first specimens were taken on July lOtii, and our last on
August 21st.
(6) Sympctrum striolatum \\a.s not so common as usual; our
captures ranged from July 17th to September 21th.
(7) Libellida depressa. — Although this active species had been
on the wing for about six weeks, we were unable to obtain an
example until July 24th. Our specimen was a male, and the
yellow lateral spots on the dorsal surface were confined to seg-
ments three and four, instead of being extended to segments five
and six, as in the typical form.
(8) .T]schna cyanea fell to our net on several occasions be-
tween August 13th and October 9th.
(9) M. grandis we found to be scarcer than usual ; we collected
only one specimen (August 28th).
We have again to report the apparent absence of Sympetnim
sanguineiim, at one time tolerably abundant near Chingford.
This year JEschna mixta seems to have disappeared entirely from
our locality. Another species remarkable for its seeming total
absence was Anax imperator, a specimen or two of which may
usually be seen, intheproper season, hawking over a certain pond
in the neighbourhood of Loughton.
33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow, Essex:
November 3rd, 1904.
NOTES ON A MONTHS COLLECTING IN NOKMANDY.
By G. Meade- Waldo, F.E.S.
This year I spent a month (July 5th to August 5th) in a
charming out-of-the-world village called Gace, in the Department
of Orne ; it is what the guide-book for Normandy calls a " petite
ville industrielle," though w^hat Gace has for industries I never
found out. The chief crop was hay, generally combined with an
orchard. The crop of apples this year was enormous. The
house where I w^as stayin;<7 had a large overgrown garden, and
in this the greater part of my moth-collecting took place. Of
flower-border plants there were practically none, but the wild
flowers were well represented.
Among Ehopalocera, I noticed very little, except the ordinary
" whites " and commoner Vanessids. V. egca was, however,
tolerably common, and easily to be caught when feeding on my
" sugar " of the previous evening.
A visit to the Foret d'Evroults, distant about seven kilo-
metres, ensured the capture of Linienitis sibylla, Tliecia ilicis,
and C(rnomjmpha arcania ; while towards the end of the month
302 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Limenitis })opnli was fairly numerous, but very difficult to catch.
I caught a worn female, however, sitting on a damp heap of mud,
and from her got several ova, which, to my great disappoint-
ment, dried up instead of hatching. Hardly any LycaenidiTe were
noticed at all. Colias edusa and C. hyale had just made their
appearance at the time I left for England.
For moths I employed three methods at various times —
dusking with a lantern and net, " sugaring," and light from my
bedroom window ; all these were attended with a certain amount
of success. By means of a light in my window I obtained the
following : — Litliosia lurideola, CEnestis {Gnophria) quadra (male
and female), Arctia caja, Phragmatohia {Spilosoma) fuliginosa,
Zeuzera pi/rina (male), PortJiesia chrysorrhoia {aurijiua), Malaco-
soma {Bomhyx) neustria, Odonestis potatoria, Pterostoma palpina,
Thyatira batis, Acronycta strigosa (were quite common, but un-
fortunately had begun to wear), Xylophami hepatica, Mamestra
persicari(S, Apamea oculea {didynia) (in many varieties), Miana
bicoloria, Hadena oleracea, Hahrostola tripartita (urticce), H. tri-
plasia, Plusia chrysitis, P. gamma, P. iota, P. v-aureum, Cha-
riclea marginata. And of the Geometrae, Uropteryx sambucaria
(very abundant for a few nights only), Riunia Inteolata, Selenia
biluiiaria {jiUiaria), Boarmia geiwiiaria, Geometra papilionaria,
G. vernaria, Hemithea strigata, Angerona prunaria (corylaria),
Acidalia ornata, Abi'axas grossidariata, Hypsipetes sordidata
(elittata), Scotosia dubitata, Cidaria dotata, C.fulvata, C. prmiata
{ribesiaria) , Eubolia viensuraria.
Sugaring, as is always the case, was ver}^ uncertain, but on
the whole I was fortunate in my choice of nights, and got the
following species : — Tliyatira derasa, Cymatophora octogesima
{ocidaris) — these I got only on one tree (a large poplar), probably
their food-plant; Acronycta psi, A. megacephala, A. rumicis,
LeiLcania impiira, L. pallens, L. litkargyria, Axylia putris, Xylo-
pliasia sublustris, X. monoglypha, Ccrigo matiira (cytherea) (very
dark specimens), Mamestra brassicce, Caradrina ambigua, Noctua
plecta, N. ditrapezium, N. stigmatica {rhomboidea) , Triphcena
ianthina, T. comes, T. pronuha, Amphipyra pyramidea, A. trago-
pogonis, Mania maura (I once counted six on the afore-
mentioned poplar), M. typica, Calymnia trapezina, C. pyralina
(in plenty), C. qffi,nis, pAiplexia lucipara, Aplecta nebulosa,
Pladena oleracea, H. dentina, Gonoptera libatrix, and Catocala
nupta.
While after butterflies during the daytime, I got Lasiocampa
qaercns (males), and saw those of Saturnia carpini ; I also got
Acontia luctuosa, in bright sunshine, and Callimorpha hera.
Of larvffi or pup« I saw nothing, with the exception of a pupa
of G. libatrix in some willow-leaves, and some pupae of P. rapco,
but I did not spend much time searching. Frequently, of
course, the same species turned up at sugar and light, but in
CURRENT NOTES. 303
much the greater number of cases one only got them at one or
the other.
The weather left nothing to be desh-ed, the first three weeks
being cloudlessly fine, and the last week was varied by a most
terrific thunderstorm, during which the church-tower in the
village was struck by lightning.
Stonewall Park, Edenbridge, Kent.
CUEEENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 161.)
1. H. A. Ballou : "Insects attacking Cotton in the West
Indies" (W. I. Bulletin, iv. pp. 268-86, text-figs. 1-4 (1903) ).
2. T. D. A. CocKERBLL : "A Summary of the Coccidse "
(' American Naturalist,' xxxvii. pp. 800-6, Nov. 1903, publ. Jan.
1904 ?). [Ehynchota] .
3. F. H. Chittenden: "A Brief Account of the principal
Insect Enemies of the Sugar-beet" (Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr.
Entom 43, pp. 1-71, text-figs. 1-65 (1903) ).
4. F. M. Webster : " Some Insects attacking the Stems of
growing Wheat, Eye, Barley, and Oats" {op. cit. 42, pp. 1-62, text-
figs. 1-15 (1903) ).
5. E. P. Felt: "Insects affecting Forest-trees" (7th Eep.
Forest, Fish, and Game Com., New York, pp. 479-534, pis. 1-16,
and 26 text-figs. (1903)).
6. T. D. A. Cockerell : " South-Western Geographical
Names " (Ent. News, xv. p. 24 (1904) ).
7. " The Insect World," vol. viii. no. 1 (1904).
8. J. H. Fabre : " Souvenirs Entomologiques " (8me serie).
(Paris) pp. 1-379 (a few text-figs.). [1903 ?J .
9. E. E. Green: "On the Nesting Habits of Trijpoxylon
intriidens and Stigmus 7iiger" [Hym.] {Spolia zeylanka, i, pt. 3,
[sep. pp. 1-3], text-figs. 1 and 2 (1903) ).
10. Mrs. Maria E. Fernald : "A Catalogue of the Coccidas
of the World " (Hatch. Exper. Sta. Massachusetts Agr. Coll.
Bull. 88, pp. 1-360 (1903) ).
Ballou's (1) report on the insect pests of cotton in the West
Indies, although necessarily largely a compilation, will be useful
since the revival of cotton-growing in the Islands. Two of the
worst mainland pests, viz., Ileliothis arnwjer (cotton-boll worm)
and Anthonomusgrandis {^iQ\ic^n cotton-boll weevil), are absent,
but the remainder (except the Leafblister mite— Plii/topt us sp. —
which is apparently distinctive) is the same as or closely related
304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
to the pests of the mainland cotton-growing districts. The
presence of Dysdcrcus discolor, Walker (or as it is termed " an-
nulUger (sic !) Ubler), is very interesting, forming the fourth
known cotton pest in this genus, the others being sitturellus
from the mainland, andrece in company with discolor and cingu-
latiis from the Orient.
Cockerell (2) has summarized Mrs. Fernald's recent Catalogue
of the Coccidffi. The same author (6) notes two grave errors in
geographical names. " Arrayo," a name universally used in the
south-west of North America for a dry watercourse, occupied by
water only after heavy storms, has come into use in recent en-
tomological literature as the name of a town, and finally meta-
morphosed into " Arrogo, New Mexico." "Baja" has become
the name of a supposed place in California, whereas it simply
means "lower," i. e. "Baja California" = Lower California, in
Mexico.
The first attempt to manufacture beet-sugar in the United
States was made in 1830 (3), but there were only three factories
in operation sixty years later ; in 1902, however, there were
forty-two, and these are steadily increasing. Estimates made
in the U. S. Dep. of Agriculture place the world's production
of sugar in 1902 at nearly ten million tons, of which nearly
six millions were manufactured from sugar-beets. Some 150
species of insects are noted as using beets for food, and, while
comparatively innocuous so far, will probably become more
injurious each successive season. In a similar bulletin of the
U. S. Division of Entomology, various Diptera, especially species
of Isosoma, destructive to cereals, are fully dealt with (4).
The Seventh lieport of the Forest and Fish Commission of
New York contains an account of the insects affecting forest
trees, prepared in the sumptuous manner now expected from
that State (5). Species affecting the pine, to the number of
some forty, receive the most attention, and are considered
at more or less length, the Scolytidse in particular, with
their associated insects. The other trees discussed are the
balsam, spruce, arbor-vitse, and oaks. The account is illustrated
by three beautifully coloured plates of insects affecting hard-
pine, white pine, and oak, by five photographs of injured trees
or forests, and ten plain plates, principally representing Scolytid
work.
With January, 1904, the ' Insect World ' commenced its
eighth volume (7) under a slightly altered title, ' The Insect
World : a Monthly Magazine devoted to the useful application
and scientific study of Entomology,' edited by Yasushi Nawa,
Director of Nawa Entomological Laboratory, Gifu, Japan ; with
this, the insect accompanying the title is also changed, the
new-comer being the remarkable moth, Epipiirops naivai, Dyar.
K. Nagano's descriptions, in English, of imago and larva of
CURRENT NOTES. 305
Japanese Sphingidae are continued, the present number describing
Amjjelophaga ruhiginosa, Brem. et Gre}'.
J. H. Fabre has published recently (8) the 8th series of his
" Entomological Souvenirs." Of these there are twenty-three,
four being devoted to Apliidce, three to Bnichus, three to Halic-
tus, two to Vespa, and one each to Cetonia, Pentatomas, Reduvius
personatus, Lucilia, Sarcophaga, Dermestes, &c., Trox, Volucella,
Epeira fasciata, Lycosa 7iarhoncnsis, and the geometry of insects.
The observations are made with precision, and apparently, so
far as they go, a great deal of exactitude ; but the author, as in
previous series, displays great ignorance of previous literature,
and his interpretation of the facts is often fantastic. The fifth
essay, '"Les Pentatomes," is reprinted from a Belgian periodi-
cal (it is possible that some of the other essays are reprinted,
like the above, without acknowledgment), and has been criticized
at some length already.* In the fourth essay he attempts to
overthrow the opinion held since Linnaeus, that the lava of
Reduvius personatus preys on the bed-bug, and declares such
occurrences to be entirely fortuitous. Fabre says: "Son regime
est tout autre que ne le dit Linne et que ne le repetent les
compilateurs " ; on the contrary, Amyot and Serville (1843,
" Histoire Naturelle des Insectes — Hemipteres," p. 338), among
others, say : "nous 2}ouvo)is assurer qn'ellc iait particulierement
la guerre a I'Acanthie des lits ; ainsi que I'ont atteste Linn6,
De Geer et Fabricius." Unfortunately Reduvius p>ersonaUis does
not occur in the Hawaiian Isles ; perhaps some one who can
observe it in nature, and who has a readier command of the
literature than I now have, will make renewed observations on
the subject.
In a new periodical (9), E. E. Green discusses the nesting
habits of two Sinhalese wasps.
Mrs. Fernald's valuable Catalogue of Coccidae (10), which has
been a quarter of a century in making, enumerates 1449 recent
species, with from one to more than a hundred references each,
with localities and food -plants. Besides these there are noted
sixty-six uncertain species, and thirteen described as Coccida3
which belong to other families, orders, or even classes. The labour
involved in such a Catalogue is very great, how much so can
be appreciated only by those engaged on similar work. Mrs.
Fernald is to be congratulated on having completed her un-
dertaking, and coccidologists are to be congratulated also on now
having their labours so materially lightened.
* See ' Entomologist,' 1903, pp. 113-120.
(To be continued.)
306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
DESCEIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS AND SOME NEW
SPECIES OF EAST INDIAN HYMENOPTERA.
By p. Cameron.
BRACONIDiE.
AGATHIDIN.E.
LisiTHERiA, gen. nov.
First cubital, prfediscoidal and third discoidal cellules not sepa-
rated ; the recurrent nervure only indicated on the lower side. The
prsebrachial and the pobrachial cellules not separated ; the transverse
median nervure interstitial. Malar space short, but distinct. Parapsidal
furrows distinct. Post-scutellum keeled. Metanotum with an elon-
gated area in tlie centre. Mesopleurpe without a rugulose furrow.
Maxillary palpi five-jointed. The radius in the hind wings is faint,
but distinct ; the cubitus is almost obliterated, there is a distinctly
closed cellule at the base of the anal. Areolet broadly rounded at the
top, the cubital nervures clearly separated. Parapsidal furrows deep.
Anterior claws cleft.
The head is not rostriform, as it is in the A<jathidini, but there is
a clear malar space, the eyes being distinctly separated from the base
of the mandibles. Palpi lougish ; the joints not dilated. Antennal
scape about three times longer than wide. The pobrachial nervure
in the hind wing is entirely obliterated, as is also the transverse
pobrachial ; the pobrachial, anal and discoidal cellules are obliterated.
The long spur of the hinder tibiie extends beyond the middle of the
metatarsus. Abdomen without farrows or depressions ; its ovipositor
short, hardly projecting. The eyes are large. Labrum projecting;
its apex rounded.
LiSITHERIA NIGRICORNIS, Sp. nOV.
Luteous, shining, smooth, the thorax punctured; the metanotum
more closely than the rest ; the antenu^e black, the scape for the
greater part rufous, the flagellnm closely covered with a pale pile ; the
hinder tarsi fuscous ; the wings clear hyaline, iridescent, the stigma
fuscous ; the nervures darker. ? . Length, 6-7 mm.
Hah. Deesa (Nurse).
Antennae longer than the body, slender. Face closely and distinctly
punctured ; the clypeus almost impunctate ; immediately below the
antennte are two longish, rounded tubercles. The ocellar region and
the middle of the occiput above are blackish. There are two stout
keels on the scutellar depressions. The keels forming the central area
on the metanotum are stout, oblique, and are united on the top ; they
are more distinct on the upper than on the lower half ; there is a
distinct keel below the spiracles. Legs thickly covered with white
pubescence.
ICHNEUMONID.E.
Haliphera flavomaculata, sp. nov.
Black ; the inner orbits broadly below to the clypeal foveas,
narrowly above to the top of the eyes, a curved mark on the outer half
EAST INDIAN HYMENOPTERA. 307
above, half of it below the eyes, the palpi, the edge of the pronotum,
the scutellum, a line on the middle of the median segment, half on
the areola, half on the posterior median area, a curved, narrow line
on the under side of the propleurc^, the tubercles, a large mark shortly
below the middle of the mesopleurre, obliquely truncated in front,
rounded behind, an irregular mark on the apex of the metapleurte —
rounded above, straight below and at the base and apex — touching the
keel, the apex of the petiole, widest in the centre, behind the stigma,
a line on the sides of the apex of the second segment, obliquely
narrowed on the inner side, a smaller square mark on the apex of the
third and the middle of the seventh segment, lemon-yellow. Legs
black ; the apices of the four front coxfe, the four front trochanters,
and a large mark on the hinder coxaB above, lemon-yellow ; the fore
tibife almost entirely, the middle on the basal half, the hinder to
beyond the middle, and the greater part of the tarsi, yellowish. On
the hinder femora in tho middle above is a short lemon-yellow line.
Wings hyaline, with a slight fuscous tinge ; the stigma and nervures
testaceous. $ . Length, 12-13 mm.
Hab. Darjeeling.
The middle of the antennse has a broad white band, the apex
brownish. Face closely and distinctly punctured, and sparsely covered
with short pale pubescence; the clypeus is more sparsely and strongly
punctured. Mesonotum closely and uniformly punctured, as is also
the scutellum, which is covered with pale pubescence. The base of
the median segment is closely rugosely punctured ; the posterior median
area closely transversely striated ; the lateral basal arefe are coarsely
transversely striated at the apex ; the lateral apical arete bear some
stout, irregular transverse keels. Pleura3 closely and irregularly
punctured ; the meta- below closely and distinctly striated.
The three known species of Haliphera may be separated as
follows : —
1 (2). The centre of the metanotum not marked with
yellow, its sides largely yellow ; the second
and third abdominal segments broadly banded
with yellow ...... J'mcitarns.
2 (1). The centre of the metanotum marked with
yellow, its sides immaculate ; the second and
third abdominal segments marked with yellow
on the sides only.
3 (4). The mark on the centre of the metanotum large,
the centre of the hinder femora yellow . viaculipes.
4 (3). The mark on the centre of the metanotum small,
the hinder femora entirely black . . . JiavomacuJata.
OXYURA.
Epyris albopilosus, sp. nov.
Black ; a rufous band behind the mandibular teeth, the four
posterior trochanters testaceous, the wings fuscous hyaline, with a
violaceous tinge, the stigma and nervures black'. <? . Length nearly
10 mm.
Hah. Darjeeling.
308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Antenufe thickly covered with pale pubescence, the scape with
long silvery hair ; the basal half of the flagellum sparsely with long
pale hairs. Front and vertex, except behind the ocelli, closely covered
with large, round punctures. Apex of clypeus smooth and shining;
the raised central part finely, closely longitudinally striated. The
lower half of the mandibles covered sparsely with large deep punctures ;
beneath with long white hair. The base of the pronotum in part
rufous, and irregularly transversely striated ; the apex closely punc-
tured. Mesonotum coarsely, but not closely punctured ; the furrows
complete. The sides and apex of the scutellum strongly punctured,
the base in the centre smooth. Post-scutellum keeled laterally, and
with an irregular V-shaped area in the centre. Metanotura at the
base irregularly reticulated on the sides, the centre irregularly trans-
versely striated, with two lateral keels in the centre, originating from
the base and a shorter one, not issuing from the base; the apical slope
closely, strongly irregularly reticulated. Propleurje irregularly striated
in the centre; the meso- closely covered with large, round, clearly
separated punctures ; the metanotum closely and strongly striated ; the
strife less strong and interrupted near the base ; the upper part with a
distinct bordering keel, with a similar keel below it ; the space between
bears some irregular strife. The cubital, transverse cubital, and re-
current nervures are clearly indicated in white. Femora sparsely, the
tibife and tarsi thickly covered with white hair.
The head is fully one-third longer than wide, keeled between the ■
bases of the antennae, the top of the keel being smooth and dilated.
Mandibles large, four-dentate, the apical being the longer and sharper
and the basal broader and more rounded than the middle ones.
Scutellum fiat. Prothorax shorter than the head. Apex of median
segment rounded. Mesopleurje with a wide, crenulated furrow near
the apex. The radial cellule is long and narrow ; the radius has an
oblique slope at the base, and extends close to the apex of the wing ;
the transverse median nervure has a straight, oblique slope, and is
received distinctly beyond the transverse basal, the third basal cellule
being completely closed in front ; the second discoidal cellule is clearly
indicated.
DIPLOPTEEA.
Odyxerus rhipheus, sp. IIOV.
Black; abroad mark on the pronotum extending to the middle
and a line on the apex of the second and third abdominal segments,
red ; the wings dark fuscous-violaceous, the nervures and stigma black;
the basal slope of the first abdominal segment smooth, irregularly
margined above. ? . Length, 8 mm.
Hab. Darjeeling.
Front and vertex closely, strongly punctured and sparsely covered
with a white pile ; there is a small yellow spot in the eye incision and
two on the top of the antennal keel. Upper half of clypeus closely
and strongly punctured, the lower more sparsely punctured and with
the punctures longer ; the apex shortly toothed laterally, the space
between smooth and rounded at the apex. Apex of pronotum broadly,
bluntly rounded, the sides of the basal part margined laterally. Pro-
and mesothorax closely rugosely punctured; the post-scutellum stoutly
EAST INDIAN HYMENOPTEKA. 309
rugosely punctured ; its apex with an oblique slope, opaque, and
closely, finely rugose. Base of metanotum irregularly rugose, the
rest alutaceous. Pro- and mesopleurae closely, finely, but distinctly
punctured ; the meta- alutaceous. First and second segments of the
abdomen closely and distinctly punctured ; the first with a not very
distinct suture on the top of the basal slope; the second is smooth and
depressed at the base ; the third to fifth segments are minutely punc-
tured, the apical two smooth ; the second ventral segment is obliquely
produced downwards at the base. Tiie second cubital cellule is much
narrowed at the top, being not one-fourth of the length of the third.
A species not unlike 0. siklmnensis, but is smaller and more
slenderly built ; that has the post-scutellum not so prominently
raised ; the second cubital cellule longer compared with the third
above ; the keel on the base of the first abdominal segment is
much more prominent, the base of the mesopleurae is not smooth
and shining, and it wants the wide-curved crenulated furrow.
Odynebus tytides, sp. nov.
Black ; a line on the scape of the antennae beneath, a large mark
on either side of the top of the clypeus, a line along the lower margin
of the eye incision, a trilobate mark above the base of the antenna, a
mark, longer than broad, behind the top of the eyes, the top of the
pronotum, the mark narrowed in the middle, tegulfe, two marks, almost
united on the base of the scutellum, a mark on the pleuras below the
tegulffi, the apex of the first abdominal segment above, of the second
all round, a narrow indistinct Ime on the third, the apices of the fourth
and fifth, of the sixth narrowly and the whole of the seventh, red.
Legs black, the aj^ices of the four front femora, the four front tibiae
except in the middle behind, the base of their tar^i and the hinder
tibia in front rufous. Wings fuscous-violaceous, the nervures and
stigma black. ? . Length, 10-11 mm.
Hah. Darjeeling.
Head and thorax closely and distinctly punctured, except on the
metanotum, the base of the mesopleurfe, and the lower part of the
metanotum at the base. The upper part of the clypeus with large,
longish, clearly separated punctures, the lower part with the punctures
smaller, rounder, and closer together ; its apex with a shallow incision,
its sides not forming teeth. Pronotum transverse. Base of scutellum
rugosely punctured, the apex closely, strongly longitudinally striated.
Post-scutellum strongly rugosely punctured, raised, its sides slightly
raised above into blunt teeth, the apex with a steep oblique slope.
Metapleuras closely, irregularly striated, above almost reticulated, at
the base above is a space with clearly separated, fine striations ; the
lower part at the apex laterally projecting into a longish tooth. The
first and second abdominal segments are closely, distinctly, but not
very strongly punctured, as are also the third, fourth, fifth ; the last
is impunctate. The second cubital cellule is narrowed at the top,
being there less than the length of the space bounded by the first
transverse cubital and the first recurrent nervures.
The male is similarly coloured ; the tibiae and tarsi are of a
ENTOM. — DECEMBER. 1904. 2 D
310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
brighter, more uniform testaceous colour ; the clypeus is deeply in-
cised in the middle at the apex ; the sides of the incision forming stout
teeth ; there is a yellow spot on the sides of the post-scutellum.
Comes near to O. sikhimensis, Bingh. 0. prudens, Nurse,
may be known from it by the sides of the post-scutellum not
being raised into blunt teeth.
(To be continued.)
SOME TASMANIAN CASE-BEARING LEPIDOPTEEA.
By Fkank M. Littler, F.E.S., M.A.O.U.
The study of the life-history of case-bearing lepidopterous
larvae is always a subject of interest to entomologists, as there is
so much mystery attaching to them. One never knows what un-
expected trait is next going to be brought to light. For some
time past I have been closely investigating the habits of two
species — one a Psychidfe, and the other one of the Tineidse.
Other species have been less studied, owing to paucity of mate-
rial ; these will be touched on in due course.
It is my intention to give an account of my investigations as
far as they go, in the hope they will be of some little interest to
my fellow-entomologists. To say that I was surprised at some
of the unexpected phases observed is no exaggeration.
Clania lewinii, Westw.
(? . 25-28 mm. Head, thorax, and antennae blackish ; face white ;
thorax with two white moderate longitudinal stripes ; patagia white,
abdomen black ; legs black. Fore wings elongate, moderate ; costa
nearly straight ; termen oblique, semi-hyaline, finely irrorated with
black scales, especially on margins ; cell almost clear transparent.
Hind wings with termen rounded, very faintly sinuate beyond middle ;
colour as in fore wings ; a few blackish hairs towards base.
$ . 12-14 mm. Rich cream colour, with the exception of the
head and thoracic segments, which are brown. Quite naked, except
for a slight pilose fringe of yellowish-white hair on the anal segments,
which has the appearance of a tonsure in miniature. The legs, save
for the first pair, are rudimentary, and they are but apologies, quite
powerless for locomotion. The mouth-parts are very indistinct, and
appear coalesced. Eyes absent, merely dark marks where they
should be.
That it should be sightless, and without power of locomotion,
is not surprising, seeing that it never leaves the case, even for a
short time. When the maggot-like imago is taken from its case,
and turned on its back on, say, a table, it has a curious method
of righting itself. Commencing at the anal extremity, the con-
tents of the body are .seemingly forced up towards the head in a
SOME TASMANIAN CASE-BEARINa LEPIDOPTERA. 311
diminutive wave-like manner, which turns it over on to its face
again. The body then regains its normal size. I have found,
after repeated experiments, that the wave-like motion will propel
the body forward 1 mm. on a smooth surface.
This species is the most plentiful of any case-builder moth in
Tasmania. The larv^ feed on various species of eucalyptus and
acacia, also sweet-brier, and occasionally other plants. I have
lately been studying the habits and development of this species,
and have been both surprised and delighted at what I saw.
For some time entomologists could not agree as to whether
the members of the family Psychidae did really lay eggs, or
whether the young hatched from within the body of the parent.
Prof. McCoy, in Decade IV. of ' Prodromus of the Zoology of
Victoria,' says : — " . . . Immense numbers of young are brought
forth, not in the egg-state, as hitherto supposed for all moths,
but as exceedingly minute perfect larvae. In confirmation of
this unexpected discovery, I may mention that no eggs are ever
found in the cases of the species observed in this colony, and the
myriads of young produced by each female may be observed
emerging in a continuous stream as minute larvse, under circum-
stances which render it impossible to suppose that eggs could
have been deposited."
Entomological science has advanced much since the above
quotation was penned, and we have learned that the females of
the Psychidffi really do lay eggs ; but the manner of laying them,
and the behaviour of the females after the operation, is not so
well known to the bulk of entomologists. Before proceeding to
the actual egg-laying, let me say that the females of the par-
ticular species under discussion are enclosed in brown pupa-
cases tapering at the anterior end, but rounded at the other
extremity. They are fixed midway in the case. The segments
are distinctly marked. When the females are ready to copulate
the bottoms of the piipa-cascs drop off. Copulation then takes
place ; the males have to insert at least two-thirds of their
abdomens into the outside cases in order to reach the females.
The abdomens of the males are capable of great extension.
After copulation the females wriggle out of their close-fitting prisons,
turn head doivnwards, and ivru/gle hack again, so that their heads
just project beyond the posterior extremity of the pupa-cases. Egg-
laying then commences, and continues until one-fourth to one-
third of the cases are filled. The eggs are bright yellow and
round ; with them is packed a little short yellow fluff from round
the ovipositor of the females. By the time egg-laying is finished,
the females are but shadoivs of their former selves ; they^ then drop
out of the pupa-cases, and fall to the bottom of the " cases " or
" sacks,'' and there shrivel and die. In a few days they are mere
tiny scraps of brown dried skin. The number of eggs laid varies
from two hundred to five hundred. Several writers on the
2 d2
312 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Psychidae mention the fact that the females lay eggs, but omit
to give any details as to the modus operandi. In a Bulletin
(No. 6) issued in 1899 by the Cape of Good Hope Department of
Agriculture is an illustration of a "sack" of a bag-worm, cut
open to show the female within depositing her eggs. The female
is depicted out of her pupa-case, depositing her eggs in the
bottom of the sack. This is either a mistake, or else the species
illustrated has totally different habits to the one I am at present
discussing — Oeccticus ignohilis, or Metura clongata, found on the
mainland of Australia.
Although I have had several hundred pupa-cases full of eggs
in my possession from time to time, I have never noted the
number of days the eggs took to hatch. The bulk commenced to
emerge on Februarj^ 2nd. The young, as they hatch from the
eggs, find their way out of the cases by the posterior opening.
They let themselves down by means of long threads, and soon
spread all over the tree or shrub. They are then 1"5 mm. long,
and of a dark chocolate colour, especially the head and thorax,
which are nearly black. The posterior extremity of the body is
carried erect. In a few hours the first " case" is formed. Mr.
G. V. Hudson, when speaking of Oeceticus omnivorus in his fine
work, * New Zealand Moths and Butterflies,' says that not for
three days is the first case formed. This is quite contrary to my
experience with other Psychidfe. But, to return. The first case
is constructed of very fine scales of bark and lichen from the
boughs of the trees, and fastened together with silk. This case
is the same length as the larvae, viz. 1*5 mm., and shaped like a
miniature inverted earthenware crucible as used by metallurgists.
I say " inverted," because the case is always carried over the
back on the posterior segments until it becomes too heavy ; it
then hangs downwards. It was not until sixty-three days after
the first case was formed by bred specimens that it got too heavy
to carry upright.
In the ' Cambridge Natural History,' vol. ii. p. 393, it is
stated that Psychidae larvae are thought by some to make a first
meal on the body of their parent. This is most certainly not
the case with this or any other species of the family whose
habits I have investigated. I have had many opportunities of
watching a larva in captivity construct its first case. To give a
typical example : The case was made out of grains of cork, and
took two hours to complete. First, amass of cork-grains, loosely
fastened together with silk, was formed ; through the centre of this
mass the caterpillar thrust its head, then worked, by means of its
mandibles, the mass into the form of a narrow closely woven
band, round what might for the sake of convenience be called its
neck. Slowly fragment after fragment of cork was gnawed off,
and fastened by means of silk to the front edge of the broadening
band, which was gradually being pushed down and round the
SOME TASMANIAN CASE-BEARING LEPIDOPTEEA. 313
body. At the' expiration of one hour and three-quarters the case
was finished, all but drawing the posterior aperture closer, by
means of the anal claspers, and finishing off the edge of the
anterior opening. Until the posterior opening was drawn
together the case was cylindrical. Afterwards it approximated
to a miniature crucible rather than a cone. As the larvae grow
they first add to their cases fragments of leaves, and then, as
their mandibles acquire greater strength, short lengths of sticks.
The operation of enlarging the case by the addition of more
sticks is a very curious and interesting one, and one but seldom
witnessed. In the ' Entomologist ' of August last year I de-
scribed the process as witnessed by me, but, to make this article
complete, and at the risk of being tedious, I will redescribe what
occurred. First, the edge of the mouth of the case was tightly
attached with silk to tliB twig from wliich a portion was to be
cut. The caterpillar then protruded itself half out of its case,
and commenced nibbling round the twig. In a very short time
it was severed. I should have before remarked that the top of
the twig and several leaves were bitten oft' before cutting a piece
the required length (about one inch). As soon as the portion
was severed it was grasped by the caterpillar in its legs, which
acted in the capacity of hands, and then given a coating of silk.
This occupied two or three minutes. It was marvellous to watch
the ease with which the piece was handled, being turned over
and over, backwards and forwards, without a seeming eft'ort. It
was nearly always grasped in the middle. After the coating
process was finished the caterpillar retreated inside its case,
laying the twig lengthwise across the mouth. It then bit an
opening about a quarter of an inch from the top, came half-way
out through the opening thus formed, and j)ulled down the piece
of twig. It was then lightly fastened by one end near the top of
the case. The caterpillar then proceeded to fasten it securely for
half its length among the other bits of twigs already there. This
done, it retreated into its case, and fastened up the rent made in
the fabric, at the same time securely attaching the top of the
twig. Unfortunately, I never witnessed the lower portion being
fastened down, but should imagine the process was the same.
Next day it was impossible to distinguish this twig from the
others. Its thickness was that, say, of a two inch wire-nail.
I have not yet ascertained the exact length of time the larvae
take to come to maturity, nor how long the males remain in the
pupal condition. I have had several opportunities of timing the
latter, but, owing to press of other work, it has been neglected.
However, I hope to complete my observations this coming sum-
mer. The males nearly always emerge during the night ; after
drying their wings they eithei- fly off to find a mate, or, if there
are female "cases" on the same tree, they copulate without
delay. The same thing occurs when there are cases of both
314 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
sexes in a breeding-cage. The males are very swift flyers, and
soon dash themselves to pieces in a breeding-cage. When ready
to emerge, the pupae work their way, with the aid of the short
sharp spines on some of the rings, half out of the bottoms of the
cases ; the moths, on hatching, crawl on to the cases and dry
their wings. In many of the cases one, two, and sometimes
three extra long pieces of stick project beyond the bottom of the
cases. Some writers have advanced the opinion that these
sticks are placed designedly in order to help the males emerge.
Out of curiosity I examined the cases in one of my breeding-
cages, with the following result : 227 cases, 127 males, 100
females ; 45 of the former had projecting ends, and 24 of the
latter. This result seems to indicate that whether the cases
have projecting ends or no is just a matter of chance.
I have watched many males emerge, and always found they
had no difficulty in leaving the pupa-case, and crawling on to
the " case " when there were no projecting ends. Before turning
to pupae the male larvae turn upside down inside the cases, so say
the majority of writers on the subject. This may be quite
correct, but I have made one or two observations of my own on
the subject. One of the two species of Braconid flies that infest
this species of case-moth always emerges from the upper end of
the case, coming through a hole in the head of the male pupae
standing upright in the cases. It may be that being parasitised
prevented the larvae turning before pupating, but it did not pre-
vent them from turning to externally perfect pup^e. It seems
quite possible, and very probable, that it is the pupce that reverse,
and then only ivhen ready to emerge. The other species of Braconid
fly always emerges from the lower end of the cases, killing the
larvae before it pupates. A third parasitic fly is a true Musca ,-
it also kills the larvae, but emerges from the upper end. Spar-
rows may often be seen tearing open the cases and devouring tlie
larvae. Out of 256 cases examined, twenty-nine were struck by
one of the three species of parasitic flies.
[Note by Dr. T. A. Chapman : — The observations in italics on
pp. 311, 314 are so contrary to those made on so very many other
Psychids, that it would be extremely valuable if Mr. Littler
would repeat these observations with every care. Though actual
observation has been made on very few species, as to the actual
occurrences whilst they are taking place, the fact that female
Psychid cases of very many species show the eggs to be laid in
the undamaged female pupa-case (no bottom dropped off), and
the absence of any trace of the female herself shows that she
dropped out of the mouth of the case, strongly support the idea
that the mass of species have very similar habits in this respect.
The habits of insects are so various and unexpected that it is im-
possible to say what habits might not occur, but one would like
PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF MALTA. 315
to see the pupa-case with the bottom dropped off — especially one
would like to see the female reversed in her pupa-case — and one
would like to see her dried remains in the attached end of the
case at the anal extremity of the pupa-case. The infertile female
often dies in her pupa-case, but when she has laid her eggs she
is at the free end of the case, and almost invariably drops out.
Clear evidence that C. leivinii has the habit described would be
most interesting.]
(To be continued.)
A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF
MALTA.
By Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 276.)
A local magazine, the 'Mediterranean Naturalist,' which was
unfortunately but short-lived, contains several notes on Lepi-
doptera. An article entitled " Notes on the Lepidoptera of
Malta"— Medn. Nat., vol. i., pp. 85 and 106 (1891),— by Alfred
Caruana-Gatto, contains the first really useful information on
the subject.
The only other published information which I have been able
to find is comprised in two papers on Mediterranean Lepidoptera
by Messrs. Gervase F. Mathew and Philip de la Garde (' Entomo-
logist,' vol. xxxi. p. 80, and vol. xxxii. p. 8). On these papers I
have drawn freely, as there are many species mentioned therein
which I personally have not met with in Malta.
Mr. Prout has also lately published in the ' Entomologist ' a
few remarks on some Geometrids collected by Mr. Mathew in
Malta (Entom. xxxvi. 204).
The numbers preceding each species are those in Staudinger's
' Catalog,' 3rd edition. I have followed the order therein given,
except that I have commenced the butterflies with the Nympha-
lida3.
152. Fi/rameis (Vanessa) atalmita, hinn. Maltese name, farfett-tal-
horriek. — Common throughouo the year, especially in gardens, &c. A
new brood is on the wing at the end of May, and specimens of this
brood probably survive until the following March.
154. P. cardiii, Linn. — Abundant everywhere throughout the year.
157. Aglais {Vajiessa) uiticcB, Linn. — Mr. Gervase F. Mathew in-
forms me (in Hit.) that he noticed one specimen on March 23rd, 1892.
It must, however, be a rare species in Malta, and is probably only a
casual immigrant.
385. Pararge egeria Linn. — The ordinary South European form
occurs commonly in Malta, but is local, confining itself to gardens and
valleys. Gneina, Boschctto, Intahleb, Ghirgenti, Wied-cl-Kbir, Wied
316 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Kratal, and Wied Kurda may be mentioned as localities. It is fond of
flitting about in the shade of carob trees, and is found from March to
October.
390. Sati/rus {Parari^e) metjcera, Linn. — Very common, The first
brood appears at the beginning of March, the second at the beginning
of June, and a third in the late autumn ; but probably the broods so
overlap that it may be said to be continuous-brooded throughout the
year, fresh specimens being met with in any month. The individuals
disclosed in March are fairly typical, but those emerging from June
onwards are var. tUjelius, Bon.
392. S. {Pararge) mccra, Linn. — " On Jan. 3rd, 1897, I have a note
in my journal that I saw L. vmra in a ravine beyond Zeitun, but, as I
did not catch it, I did not include it in my list " (Gervase F. Mathew,
in litt., April 13th, 1901). I have never met with this species in Malta,
nor heard of its occurrence, except as noted above.
402. Epincphelejurtma, Linn. ( K. ianira, Linn. var. hiqndla, Hb. ). —
Maltese specimens all belong to the form hisfndhi, and are much larger
than typical English examples. The species is abundant in wieds all
over the island from the end of April to the end of September, there
being practically no variation according to date of emergence. In the
males the ocellation on the under side of the hind wings varies from
nil to five. The females represent a very extreme form of hispidld, the
fulvous marking extending over practically the whole of the fore wing.
Aberrations with the apical spot bipupilled are of frequent occurrence.
440. Comoni/nipJia pmnplnbis, Linn. — Abundant. I have met with
this species as early as February 27th, and as late as November 14th.
The specimens taken from February to early June seem fairly typical,
the form mnrginata occurring frequently, and the form thyrsides occa-
sionally. From June onwards the specimens are mostly referable to
var. test, lyllus. It is, however, often very difficult to decide to what
form any particular example is to be referred, as it frequently combines
the characters of two, or even of three, forms.
529. Voliiuinmatus bceticm, Linn. Maltese name, farfett ikiial ;
Italian, azzuniua. — Not uncommon from March onwards. I have
generally taken it in the wieds in company witii L. icariis. Mr. Caruana-
Gatto notes its especial preference for flowers of Duranta piumerii and
Phaseolus caracalla.
589. Lycana astiarche, Bergst. — Common throughout the whole of
the warm season. Freshly- emerged specimens are met with at the
beginning of March, in May, and at the end of September. Maltese
examples are large. Mathew states that they are typical, but here I
must disagree. Those taken from March to May are referable to gen.
vern. merid. omata, Stdgr., whilst specimens emerging from June
onwards fall under gen. sest. merid. culida, Bell.
604. L. icarus, Eott. — Abundant from the beginning of March until
the autumn. Freshly-emerged specimens are found from the beginning
of March to tiie middle of April, and again from the middle of May
until the middle of June ; I do not know of any autumn brood.
Spring (March to May) specimens are fairly typical, although the blue
of the male is generally of a more brilliant hue than in North European
examples, and in the female the blue markings are very restricted.
Tlie aberration vielanutoxa is not uncommon. The form celina, Aust.,
PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF MALTA. 317
occurs in the vernal broods of the male as an occasional aberration,
but all the summer (June onwards) examples are referable to this form.
Substituting the name rnfina, Oberth., for celina, the same remarks
apply to the female also, and (at least in the case of these Maltese
specimens) it seems to me that we have two names for the two sexes
of the same emergence, and that they should both be united under the
name celina.
512. i'hri/sophanus {Poli/onwiatioi) phlaas, Linn. — Abundant, and
occurs throughout the year, though of course only occasional examples
are to be met with in the winter mouths. Early spring specimens are
typical, but the hind wings beneath are generally greyer than in the
North European form. Those found from May onwards are referable
to gen. ffist. eleus, Fb.
45. Pieris brassica;, Linn. Maltese name, farfett tal cromh; Italian,
grande cavolaia. — Abundant all over the island. The larvae infest the
cabbage-fields and do great damage, so that the country-people, before
cutting the plants, find it necessary to examine them several times one by
one. Occasional specimens are to be seen on the wing on warm days
throughout the three winter months, but the first week in March is tlae
usual time of emergence of the spring brood. A second brood appears in
May, a third in July, and probably a fourth in September. Mathew
states that " the females of the early autumn brood have the tip of
their anterior wings broadly black, and the black spots are much
larger than in those of the earlier broods." All my specimens are
quite normal, and exhibit no seasonal variation.
48. P,ra}m,ljmw. Maltese name, /(irfett tal cromb zfihair; ItaMan,
rapaiuola. — Abundant throughout the year. The first brood emerges
in the middle of February, the second in tlie middle of May ; there is
a third in July, and a fourth (perhaps partial) in September and
October. Specnnens of the first brood are similar to our English
spring examples (var. nwtra, Steph.), and those of the May brood are the
same as our own August specimens {rapce, Linn.). But Maltese speci-
mens taken in July and August have very dark tips to the wings (var.
niessancusis. Zell.), and some of the females of the autumnal brood are
of a deep olive-yellow.
57. Pontia {Pieris) daplidice, Linn. — Common in uncultivated places
from March to November.
113. PJurymus {Colias) croceus, Fourcroy (£". ediisa, Auct.). Maltese
name, zolfina. — Common throughout the year. Freshly-emerged
specimens are to be found in March and April, and again in June.
Vars. helice, Hb., and heliciva, Oberth., occasionally occur with the
type ; as also do var. minor, Costa, and ab. fern, obsoleta, Tutt.
124. Colias (Rhodocera, Gonepteryx) rhamni, Linn. — "Prof. Gulia
says that this species is common in gardens, together with R. deo-
patra ; on the contrary, it is very rare, and I have only seen it in the
collection of Mr. Briffa, who took it in spring-time ni the Hastings'
garden in Valletta, and he saw another flying over the terrace on
March 16th ; and on the same day another of the same species was
seen near Pembroke Camp by Mr. Phillip {sic .') de la Garde " (Alfred
Caruana-Gatto in Medn. NaturahsD, vol. i. p. 87). " Of the seventeen
butterflies known to inhabit Malta .... between March and May ....
I have seen (ion. rhanmi .... leaving unaccounted for G. cleopatra"'
318 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
(P. de la Garde, I.e. p. 133). These records are the only information
I possess regarding the occurrence of vhamni in Malta. It is not a
species at all likely to occur, and I strongly suspect an error in deter-
mination.
125, C. deopatra, Linn. — Scarce, and confined for the most part
to the gardens and valleys of the western side of the island. Mr.
Mathew observed the females ovipositing on a stunted thorny buck-
thorn in February and March. Miua-Palumbo and Failla-Tedaldi
(Mat. per la Fauna lepidott. della Sicilia, p. 25) state that " nelle
nostra coutradg, Madonie, questa specie ha tre apparizioni ; la prima
in gennaio, la seconda in giugno e luglio, la terza in sett, et ott
Le diverse generazioni non offrono notevoli differenze." Arguing from
analogy, this species should also be triple-brooded in Malta, but there
is not sufficient evidence to show whether this is the case. I have only
once met with it, on June 14th, 1902, when the specimens, all males,
seemed freshly emerged. Caruana-Gatto records a specimen taken in
June. Mr. Mathew — who gives {in Utt.) dates captured or noted: —
Feb. 27th, 1897; Marcli 22nd, 1897; March 18th to May 30th, 1898;
June 25th, 1892 ; and July 10th, 1897 — considers that there is only
one brood, the specimens emerging in June, hybernating, and ovi-
positing in the spring.
4. Achivus {I'apilio) niachaon, Linn. Maltese name, farfett tal
fcigel; Italian, macaone. — Fairly common between the middle of March
and the middle of November. There appears to be a succession of
broods, and it is usually most plentiful in April and September, The
larvae are to be found upon fennel, which grows commonly about the
island. The later emergences seem to tend more and more to var.
sphijruii, Hb,, to wliich the majority of the specimens on the wing in
the late summer may probably be referred.
735. Aijrins iSphiii.v) convolridi, Linn. — Mr. Caruana-Gatto says:
"This moth is never a rare species here, but I have been struck by
the great numbers I have seen in September and October in all places
where there were Fancratii in flower" (Medn. Nat. vol. ii. p. 287;
Dec. 1st, 1892). I have only once met with this species in Malta,
and that was on May 26th, 1902. It appears, therefore, to be double-
brooded,
749, Hi/lcs {('Juerocampa) cupJiorbm, Linn, — The moth is common
in May, and the larvfe are abundant during the autumn.
752, Phnjxus {Deilephila) iivoniica, Esp. — Not uncommon in May,
I have seen it hovering over flowers in the Argotti Gardens just before
sunset.
763. Hippotimi {Chcerocamjta) celcrio, Linn. — Scarce. I have one
specimen, taken on Nov. 26th, 1902. Mr. Caruana-Gatto records one
on October 11th, 1892, and three others taken about the same time
(Medn. Nat. vol. ii. p. 287); and Mr. J. C. Sciortino records another
taken at light in August, 1892 [I.e. p. 330).
768. Sesia {Macroglossxim) stellatariim, Linn. — Abundant through-
out the year. Fresh broods appear in May and October, the latter
surviving until about the end of March, and constantly appearing on
the wing throughout the winter.
970. Lasiocampa qucrcus, Linn. — Mr. De la Garde records both
type and var. sicula ; the latter emerged in July. I have only met
PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF MALTA. 319
with the species in the larval state, when it was feeding on ivy at
Bosehetto. Mr. Mathew also {in litt.) notes its occurrence at the
same locality.
976. Pachygastria trifoUi, Esp. — Larvae are abundant in the spring,
spinning up about the first week in April. The moth occurs in the late
summer and autumn. Mathew notes a specimen (taken on October 26th)
as probably referable to var. iberira, Gn.
1152. Agrotis (Triphcrna) prunuba, Linn, — Not common. Occurs in
April and May.
1345. A. jjuta, Hb. — Common at light in October, 1903.
1399. A, ijjisilon, Eott. Uuff'usa, Hb.). — One specimen on Corradino
Hill, February 24th, 1902. Mr. Mathew also took one.
1400. A. segctum, Schiff. — Probably common throughout the sum-
mer. June 5th and October 22nd, 1902.
1401. A. trux, Hb. — One specimen ; June 13th, 1902. It seems
referable to var. terranca Frr.
1402. A. saucia, Hb, — One specimen; March, 1897 (Mathew).
1405. A. crassa, Hb. — One specimen; to light; October 10th, 1903.
1477. Mamestra trifolU, Koit. — One specimen; Argotti Gardens;
October 3rd, 1903.
1599. Bryophila miiralis, Forst. — Larvffi common on lichen-covered
walls, the moths appearing in July and August. CittiaVecchia (Mathew);
Argetto Gardens.
1600. B. perla. — Previously recorded from Malta in error, the
specimens being referable to the preceding species.
1610. Diloba ccEruleocephala, Linn. — The larvae are abundant on
fruit-trees in spring, and pupate about the first week in April. The
moth does not appear to have been noticed at large. My bred speci-
mens emerged in December, and only then when the pupae were
damped, so it seems probable that in its natural state the imago does
not emerge before the autumn rains. This extended pupal period, if
my theory be correct, precludes oviposition from taking place until the
end of the year, when the fruit-trees are again coming mto leaf, thus
iusuring a provision of pabulum for the young larva3 on emergence.
1664. Hcalena solieri, Bdv. — Common in November. Comes to
light freely,
1787, Polia canescons, Dup, [xauthomista, Hb,, var,; nigroviiicta,
Tr. (Mathew) ), — The larvae occur in December and January on various
flowers, especially those of a sweet-smelling narcissus. The moth
appears in October (Mathew).
2181. Cahcampa exoleto, Linn. — The larvffi are common in spring,
especially on Oxcdis, and pupate in March. The moth appears in July.
2327. Heliothis armigera, Hb. — Generally common from March
onwards; but this species seems to be one whose abundance is very
intermittent. In some years it is common, even abundant ; in other
years scarcely one is to be seen.
2380, Acontia luctuosa, Esp. — Common from April to June, and
again in October.
2428. Thalpochares ostrina, Hb. — Common in March and Juno. As
a general rule, March specimens seem referable to var. cBstivalis, Gn.,
and June examples to var. carthami, H.S. ; but intermediate forms occur,
(To be continued.)
320 THE KNTOMOLOGIST.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Pekonea hastiana from Surrey and the Lancashire Coast. —
Towards the end of August last I collected some two dozeu larvae of
P. hastiana iu the Ockham district, and from these fifteen moths were
reared in October. The specimens are mostly reddish brown or blackish
brown in colour. One of them has a broad whitish streak on costal area
{diinsdua, Steph.) ; another is a modification of leucnpheana, Bent. ; a
third is referable to antumnana, Steph., but it has the black discal streak
of It'Hcopheana ; whilst a fourth example is centrDvittana, Steph., with
a black longitudinal discal streak as in leucopheana, thus combining the
characters of the two forms. The more variegated forms, stich as
coronana, were not represented, except by two examples which perhaps
are more correctly to be referred to typical hastiana as figured by
Clerck. Possibly, if a larger number of larvffi had been secured, a
more extended range of variation would have been obtamed. From a
number of larvae of P. hastiana, estimated at about five hundred by
Mr. Baxter, who kindly collected them for me on tlie Lancashire
coast, I have reared two hundred and sixty moths. The bulk of these,
as regards the fore wings, are black or fuliginous ; some with obscure
markings, but mostly unicolorous. Of the named forms there are
twenty vuojrana, about a dozen centrovittana, three dicisana, two leuco-
pheana, and one cuwbmtana. A few specimens are modifications of the
typical form {hastiana), but there is no example of var. coronana, and
only one or two are referable to var. autumnana. A few specimens are
leaden-grey, with darker but ill-defined markings, a form of the species
I had not met with before. — Kichard South ; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper
Tooting, S.W.
On "Assembling" in Lasiocampa quercus. — I bred L. qacrcns in
some nixmbers this season, from eggs deposited by a female in 1903,
and made a number of experiments in assembling in the garden, the
results of which appear below. The females usually emerged be-
tween noon and 3 p.m., and in each case were exposed in a large
leno cage in the middle of the lawn, so that there was a clear space of
over fifty feet all round. It was a pretty sight to see a male pick up
the line of scent, wliich he did instantly if released dead to leeward,
otherwise he would fly across wind until he found the line.
July 12th, exposed four females bred on 11th, and (in another cage)
three females bred on 12th ; released seven males, all of which returned
to the females bred on 11th, although the others were sometimes
placed just to leeward, and in their line of flight. 13th, exposed one
female bred on 11th, and two bred on 13th ; released four males, all of
which returned to females bred on 13th. 15th, exposed nine females
bred same day, and assembled three wild males ; three females were
left until they died, for the purpose of the following experim«its.
IGth, assembled six males. 17th, no wild males assembled, but some
bred ones, when released, all returned to above nine females, after
some delay, though they appeared to be not so strongly attracted, and
would often fly away again after a few minutes ; they declined to
assemble to two females bred on 17th. 18th, four males assembled.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 321
19tb, one male attracted. 20th, none seen, but I was away for part
of the day. 21st, one male attracted. 22nd, four males assembled.
23rd, one male attracted; after this date none were seen, and the
females were all dead by the 29th.
The conclusions I arrive at from above are, that the attractiveness
of the female reaches its zenith on the day after emergence, and lasts
in some degree for a week afterwards. Tlie experiments of July 13th
and 17th are apparently contradictory ; I can only assume that the
single female on the first date was not " calling " ; this possibility I
minimised later on by using several females. — A. U. Battley ; Kings-
field, Heme Bay.
National Collection of British Lepidoptera. — Mr. Louis B. Prout
has recently contributed six specimens of Te/>hrocii/stis (Eupithecia)
jasioneatn reared by him from larvae obtained in Nortb Devonshire. It
may be noted here that the Museum series of several British species
in this section are sadly in need of improvement, and this is more par-
ticularly the case with the following : — T. campanulata, T. munitata,
T. trisiijnarvi, T. constrictata, T. subciliata, T. pusillata, T. exigiiata, T.
irrigiiata, T. insignata (= cnnsignata), T. fraxinata, T. helveticaria,
Chloroclystis coionata, C. rertcaufulata, and C. debiliata. Scotch and
North English forms of T. satyrata, T. sobrinata, T. nannta, and
Gymnocelis pwnilata, would be exceedingly useful. Fresh Southern
specimens of T. venosata are also desirable.
Description of a Variety of the Larva of Calocampa vetusta. —
On the night of June lltb last, I was surprised at taking a female
Calocampa at sugar, but she was in such bad condition I could not
distinguish which of the species it was. Both occur here, vetusta being
rather the more common of the two. She was kept in a chip-box, and
in the course of a week deposited about three dozen eggs. These
hatched on June 21th, and the larvae fed up very rapidly on knot-grass,
and by July 24th were all full-grown, and were as fine and healthy-
looking lot of larvae as I have ever seen. But they puzzled me exceed-
ingly, for they in no way resembled the figures of either species as
represented in Buckler's plates. However, on Sept. 29th, the first
moth (a fine vetusta) emerged, and subsequently five others, three of
them being cripples ; and these were all I bred — rather a poor per-
centage out of thirty-one larvre. The following is a description of the
full-grown larva : — Head pinkish olive-green ; second segment the
same colour, with a dark transverse olive-green stripe across the
anterior part ; dorsal stripe conspicuous and pale lemon-yellow, or
pinkish yellow ; below the dorsal stripe comes a broad very dark,
almost black, olive-green stripe, having a soft velvety appearance, and
near the lower edge of this upon each segment are three conspicuous
white dots arranged in an obtuse angle ; this stripe is bordered below
by a narrow lemon-yellow line, followed by a broad greenish olive
stripe, which is gradually clouded towards its lower edge, where it
becomes an intense dark olive-green, and in this the minute orange
spiracles are seated; below the spiracles there is a broad lemon-yellow
stripe; the under surface and claspers are pale olive-green. It is an
322 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
extremely beautiful larva. — Gehvase F. Mathew ; Dovercourt, Essex,
Nov. 16th, 1904.
Pararge achine on the Mendel Pass. — I have read with much in-
terest the note on Pararge achine {ante, p. 272). As Mr. Lowe surmises,
I did not take the species in sufficient numbers to determine whether or
not his description of a local race holds good in the case of those observed
on the Mendel Pass by me and my friends this year. In fact, I brought
home only two females, and have never come across the species else-
where in my entomological rambles, though I know it is common
enough in many parts of the Continent, and notably in the Forest of
Fontainebleau. I have therefore no material to compare, and all I
can say is that the two specimens in my cabinet correspond with
Mr. Lowe's characterisation of his Mendel forms. Under the circum-
stances, I asked Mr. F. C. Lemann if he would be good enough to look
over the series taken by him in the South Tyrol during this and other
years, and he reports that undoubtedly most of these specimens have
a much more interrupted band of white on the under side than those
taken elsewhere. On the other hand, though they are extreme in this
respect, there is one from Mendel, and another from the Uetliberg, which
are intermediate, and appear to link the two extreme forms. He further
remarks that it is curious that another specimen from the Uetliberg is
the most distinctly marked with white of all in the series, though some
from Sweden and the Fihone Valley run it hard. " As regards the
size of the spots," he adds, " they vary in almost every case, but I
have Swiss examples with spots quite as large as those from Mendel."
I also requested Dr. H. C. Lang to examine his series, and he writes :
"I have seventeen specimens of Pararye acldne in the collection. The
disposition of the white band is as follows : — I. 1. A broad white band
continued from costa to anal angle, the eye spots being placed in it,
i. e. surrounded on both sides tiiroughout their entire length (loc,
Podolia). II. 2, 3 (Amur) ; 4, 5, 6 (Switzerland) ; 7, 8 (Dresden).
Broad white band inside row of eye-spots (outside only as far as third
spot from costaj, the three lower spots placed on a colour same as
ground colour. III. 9, 10 (Berchtesgateni. White band much nar-
rower ; 11, 12, 13, 14 (Dresden), and IV. 15, 16, 17 (Dresden).
White band reduced to merely a narrow wavy line not worth calling a
band ; in one specimen more yellowish than white. This is the result
of my observations. I do not think there is much to indicate local
races except in the specimen from Podolia. The two specimens from
the Amur are remarkable on the upper surface for the size of the eye-
spots, and for the distinctness and ligutness of colour in the rings
surrounding them { — achinoides, Butl., eximia, Stgr.)." The evidence
I have collected, therefore, seems to suggest that the peculiarities noted
by Mr. Lowe in his Mendel series are not necessarily constant or dis-
tinctive of this particular locality, — H. Rowland Brown ; Harrow
Weald, Nov. 17th, 1904.
323
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Vanessa antiopa in the Isle of Wight. — On Sept. 27th a beau-
tiful specimen of V. ontiopa swiftly passed me. It was flying along
the road at Quarr Abbey, near Ryde, but as I was without my net it
escaped capture. I believe that the appearance of this species in the
island is an extremely rare event. — H. P. Tarrant ; Well Street, Ryde,
Oct. 7th, 1904.
Larv^ from Honeysuckle. — Last spring, by beating honeysuckle
(Lonicera periclymemim) by night, I obtained the following larvae : —
Triphmia fimbria, T. comes, T. ianthina, Noctna festiva, N. triangulum,
Aplecta nehulosa. Mania typica, Crocallis elimjuaria, Fericallia syrin-
garia, Bnarmia repandata, B. rhomboidaria, Cidaria truncata, Cerostoma
nemorella, C. xylostella, and over thirty Epunda llchenea. Is not this
a hitherto unrecorded food-plant for tlie last-mentioned species ? —
E. D. Morgan; 8, Luscombe Terrace, Dawlish, Devon, Nov. 5th, 1904.
CoLiAs EDUSA AND Dasycampa rubiginea IN Devon. — I saw six or
eight examples of C. ednm in this district last August, but they were
mostly in a chipped condition. On Nov. 1st I obtained a fine speci-
men of D. rubiginea at ivy bloom. — E. D. Morgan ; 8, Luscombe
Terrace, Dawlish, Nov. 5th, 1904.
Sphinx convolvuli in Wales. — On Aug. 23rd last a fine male speci-
men of 6". cu7ivolviili, in splendid condition, was brought to me by a
friend. — Richard Garratt ; 2, Victoria Square, Penarth.
Smerinthus populi in August. — On Aug. 13th a little lady friend
of mine brought in a fine male specimen of 5. populi, apparently just
emerged.— Richard Garratt ; 2, Victoria Square, Penarth.
Coleoptera reared from Decayed Wood. — In the autumn of 1903
I placed in a muslin bag, in a greenhouse, a piece of decayed elm, and
from it I obtained Onialium pygnKEum which I had not seen before ; also
three examples of Cistela ater. with other common species. From
dead branches of broom I have reared LamophUens ater and Dryo-
philus aiioboides, and from Scotch fir, Cryphalus abietis. I am indebted
to Mr. Newbery for confirmation of above. — Alfred Beaumont ; The
Cottage, Gosfield, Halstead, Essex, Oct. 24th.
CoLiAs edusa in November. — On Nov. 5th a fine male of this
species was noticed at Littlehampton, Sussex. Is not this rather late
for this species ? Of the various works I have consulted, Newman
alone gives November. — T. B. Trend ; 1, Grosvenor Square, Southamp-
ton, Nov. 13th, 1904.
CoLiAs EDUSA IN NOVEMBER. — Ycstcrday I had brought to me by the
six-year-old son of Mr. Moore, of Palmer's Green, N., a specimen of
(\ edusa, which he had captured in Broomfield Park, Palmer's Green.
I believe it to be a male, and it seemed in perfect condition, although
rather spoilt by the lad throwing his cap on it and bringing it home in
his hands. — L. E. Dunstkr; 62, Lascotts Road, Bowes Park, N.,
Nov. IBth, 1904.
324 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Orobena straminalis in Surrey. — Referring to note in the Novem-
ber number about this species, it may be of iuterest to mention that I
took two specimens last year in Surrey. Tlie first was ou July oth,
at Fetcham, and was quite fresh ; but I could not find any more in
the same spot. The second example was taken on Aug. 2nd, in a field
near Ranmore, but was very worn. — E. C. Goulton ; Stanmore
House, Benhill Street, Sutton, Surrey.
Butterflies taken in the North of France. — The following short
notes were made during a ten days' stay in the North of France this
summer. The little country town of Guines, between Boulogne and
Calais, surrounded on one side by the Forests of Leek and Guines, on
the other by open heathy country, where in former days Henry VIH. of
England met the French King with so much magnificence that it is still
known as the " Field of the Cloth of Gold," is as good a place for an
entomologist to spend a week or two at, as perhaps may be found any-
where. It was my good fortune to be able to stay ten days this
summer, during the middle of August, in this district, and I have
seldom had a more enjoyable or interesting time, as, l^esides entomo-
logy, there is a great deal to interest the ornithologist or botanist ;
while the quaint French villages and picturesque country afford many
subjects for an artist. The forests of Guines, Leek, and Boulogne, all
more or less join one another, and cover a very large tract of laud ;
they are divided by the straight French Government roads, and inter-
sected with paths, clearings where the trees have been cut down, and
open grassy glades, carpeted, when I was there, with flowers of great
variety — in fact, an ideal place for the " butterfly man." During June,
July, and August, one may, with no great difticulty, get fifty out of the
sixty-five species of British butterflies. At the Foret de Boulogne
Apatura irfs was very common, holding the undoubted sovereignty
which he well deserves; on Aug. 20th they were just out, and in
magnificent condition. The female is of not nearly so aspiring a dis-
position as the male ; she was generally to be seen flying near the
sallows; however, her flight is fairly powerful, and passing quickly
over the tops of the undergrowtb, she is soon lost sight of. This
species was common in all the forests, but the Boulogne one appeared
to be its headquarters ; in point of numbers, though, it was hopelessly
beaten by Limenith sibijlla, which literally swarmed in every suitable
glade or ride of the forest ; in fact, sibtjila was much the most plentiful
butterfly on the wing during the middle of August, excepting such
common species as Aphantopus {Kpinephele) hjperanthus, and Epine-
phele tithonus (of course I am talking now of the forest butterflies).
L. sibi/lli varied a good deal in size, all those I took in the Foret de
Guines being considerably larger than those caught in the Foret de
Boulogne, Five species of " fritillaries " were common; Artji/nnis
pophia, in beautiful fresh condition, including three specimens of var.
valesina, was most plentiful. A. adippe ^generally much worn, how-
ever), A. aglaia (barring three specimens, I only found this species
at the Leek Forest); and the two small species, A. selene and A.
enphrosyne were also common enough. A. latonia may be taken
sparingly on tlie common land round Guines, and, I am told, occa-
sionally in some numbers near the coast, but I have never found it
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 325
anything but a scarce butterfly in North France. The " hair- streaks "
were a very well-represented family in all the forests. Thecla qnercus
was the commonest. T. w-albuni and T. pnmi were both fairly plenti-
ful ; T. betuUe was rare. I was fortunate in taking Lycmia acts, a
single specimen only, in fair condition, between Guines and the
forest, in a pit at the corner of a field, which was a sort of kaleido-
scope of butterflies, such a variety and crowd were there ; Melananjia
galntea, CoUas edusa, three species of Lycmna, Hesperids ; also four
species of Vanessa. Papilio machaon may be taken earlier in the
year ; Aporia cratanji was scarce this summer, and although I did not
see a specimen of Vanessa atitiopa, I heard of certainly two being taken
by a French collector at Boulogne.
One morning, on the cliff, I observed a vast flight or cloud of Pieris
hrassica, steadily flying in a northerly direction, along the side of the
cliff ; there must have been many hundreds of them, all going in the
same direction, as if following the coast. I cannot account for this at
all ; it was a bright hot day, with hardly any wind. I was particularly
interested in the protective colouration exhibited on the under sides of
Satynts seniele, which was extremely common everywhere, and varied
in response to its environment. In chalky places the marbling of dark
and pale brown on the under side of the hind wings is very much
mottled with white, giving the appearance of whitish weather-stained
chalk ; on the sandhills the specimens were of a rich bufit' colour ;
while on the heath-land this portion of tlie wings was always dark,
and so nearly agreeing with the rock or earth on which it settles, that
so long as it remains with wings closed it is almost impossible to
detect it.
A great number of larvfe of Dicranura vinula were to be found on
every poplar- tree in the neighbourhood of Wimereux ; each tree had
five or six of these caterpillars on it, some nearly full-fed, others quite
small ; though I had often found larvae of this particular moth before,
I certainly had never seen them in such profusion as these were ; I
took sixty larvae off a small poplar-hedge alone, and could have obtained
three times the quantity if I had been so disposed. — Gerard H.
GuRNEY ; Keswick Hall, Norfolk, Oct. 9th, 1904.
A Week on the Norfolk Broads. — On the evening of July 30th
we arrived at Wroxham and boarded our wherry, ' The Caistor Maid.'
A small rowing-boat carried the entomological apparatus — a sheet with
the necessary poles, and twelve five-foot posts, on which were nailed
pieces of cork, in imitation of Baily's well-known row in Wicken Fen.
The day had been fine and sunny, but in the evening it clouded over,
and we had heavy rain from the south-west. The journey and the
rain prevented an energetic evening, and we contented ourselves with
putting up a few posts close to our anchorage, some few hundred
yards below Wroxham and at the edge of the feus. To our dismay we
found that sugar was as unattractive here as in other places this year.
Not a single insect came on this favourable night. My friend Mr.
J. H. Wybrants, however, netted two Toxocampa pastimon, and a few
common wainscots, Epione apiciaria and Cidaria testatct, were captured
flying round the boat.
Next day we sailed to Irestead Staithe, close by the entrance to
ENTOM. — DECEMBER, 1904. 2 E
326 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Barton Broad. The day was fine and sunny, and the wind south-east,
a combination which favoured us for the rest of the week. We noted
a very large number of Pieris brassicce and P. 7-ap(B, flying over the
fens on either side of the river, and at Irestead Staithe were greeted
with the first Vtinessa io of the season.
Near the Staithe, and overlooking the large fens bordering Barton
Broad, we put up the sheet, a motor-bicycle lamp during duty for the
more classical paraflfin lighthouse. The night was warm, clear, and
with little dew. At dusk we both netted one yonat/ria hrevillnea.
But, alas, even an imposing row of posts, and the best of treacle and
rum would not tempt our usual friends. The total seen or taken were
only Leucaiiia i)iipiirii (2), Calmuia fihratpnitidis (2), Xijlo})Jiasia inono-
glyi>]ui (1), Apamea didyma (1), Mayiia typica (2), M. maura (2), and one
Gonoptera Uhutrix. On the sedge-flowers we found three Apamea leuco-
stigma (fibrosa) and one X. brevilinea, together with a few L. impitra,
L. pailens, and C. phragmitidis. Light was just as bad, for only one
Odonestis potatoria, one .V. hrevilinea, and a few common wainscots,
came to the sheet. Next night we were in a poor locality and did
not go out. On Aug. 2nd, however, we reached Potter-Heigham, and
in the evening erected the sheet and posts overlooking the south edge
of Whitesea Broad. After a fine hot day we had a clear cool night
and a fair dew. The first insect boxed off the posts was Xonagria
veurica, but this proved to be the only gem of the evening. The total
at the posts were C phragmitidls (2), A', monoglijpha (2), A. leucostigma
(1), Chareas graminis (1), and one Amphipyra tragopogonis. Nothing
came to light except Phibalapteryx rittata and ( 'hiio phragmitellns. On
Aug. 3rd we had two expeditions to tlie Norfolk coast. The first was
via Summerton, including a sail in the dingy for about four miles, and
a two and a half mile walk to Winterton-on-Hea. On the coast we
saw the lyme-grass, and resolved to return in the evening, for was it
not the time for Tapinostola elymi ?
So, after an " all-night tea," my friend and I cast off in our
rowing-boat. This time we went by Whitesea Broad and Horsey Mere,
for the staithe at tiie latter is only about a mile and a half from the
coast. We started off with the sheet, five poles, innumerable boxes,
and a bag full of impedimenta. The sun had nearly set as we reached
the marshy land behind the sandhills, when, to our horror, we found
them securely barricaded with a barbed-wire fence, our path blocked
by a locked gate, and two keepers waiting our approach. Eventually
we were allowed to go on, but only on the condition that we walked
straight to the sandhills, and thence northwards out of this preserved
property. So we had two more miles agamst time, and in loose sand.
No time now to look for the precious lyme-grass, and we were content
to erect the sheet at the edge of the forbidden land. Luckily there
were a few plants of ragwort, and these, together with some twisted
marram grass, were duly sugared. The night was very warm, with a
stiff south breeze, and quite clear. Insects were, however, scarce.
Nothing came to light except one Odonestis potatoria. On the sugared
ragwort the only insects of any note were four Leucaiiia littoralis and
an immense female Cossus Ugniperda. After the first two rounds we
could find nothing fresh, and as the unsugared ragworts were abso-
lutely unproductive, we made off for home, this time along a road to
SOCIETIES. 327
the staithe. The five-mile row by moonlight across the meres was
splendid, and enlivened by the furious approach of two gamekeepers,
who took us for poachers.
Thursday, Aug. 4th, was the record hot day of the year. In the
evening we anchored at the edge of Rauworth Fen. Here, indeed, we
were on famous ground. Sugar was, however an absolute failure, no
doubt on account of the apliide- laden sallow and alder bushes. No
insects were seen at honey-dew. At dusk we netted some Ccenohia
rufa, one Tapinostola fidva, and also three N. brevilinea. Light was
better. Five N. brevilinea settled on the sheet, but had to be carefully
netted, as they would fly off at the least alarm. With several Lithosia
lurideola, L. griseola, Arctia caia, 0. potatoria, (J. phrar/mitidis, E.
apiciaria, F.vitatta, ('. testata, and C. phraffmitelliis things hecsivae quite
lively. After eleven, however, it turned cold, and with a heavy dew
falling no more insects appeared, and so our last night on the Broads
came to an end. — G. Liss.^nt Cox ; Ellacot, Birkenhead, Oct. 26th.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, October Idth, 1904.
Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., President, in the chair.
Mr. Henry H. Brown of the Procurator-Fiscal's Ofiice, and of Castle-
tower, Cupar, Fife, N.B. ; Mr. George Eckford, of 3, Crescent Avenue,
Plymouth; and Mr. W. Vaughan, of Deuton Dene, Ealing, were elected
Fellows of the Society. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited a series of
Lozopera deaurana, Peyr., bred last s,pring at Hyeres, a species regarded
as lost, or mythical, until he rediscovered it three years ago at lie Ste.
Marguerite, Cannes ; and, on behalf of Mr. Hugh Mam, a specimen
of Pieris brassicff, the wings of which had been symmetrically injured,
probably by the girdle when in the pupal stage. — Mr. G. C. Champion,
specimens of yutkonhina muricata, Dalm., from Las Navas, Spain,
found trapped in the earthenware cups used to collect the exuding
resin on the trunks of pines. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, specimens
of the rare beetle. Cis bilamellatus, Wood, taken at Shirley on October
10th last. — Mr. W. J. Lucas, a female specimen of the rare dragonfly,
Agrion armatam. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, five specimens of Dianthcecia luteago
var. fickUni, from Bude, North Cornwall, taken during the first week
of July, 1901, and remarked that, while the typical IJ. luteago of the
Continent was tolerably constant, wherever it occurred in Britain it
assumed a special local form. — Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., a
number of specimens of the genus Sphecodes, five species in all, and of
their mimetic fly, a Tachiuid, illustrating his remarks on Mr. Edward
Saunders's paper on tl)e Aculeate Hymenoptera from the Balearic
Islands and Spain, recently published in the ' Transactions.' — Mr. G. A.
J. Rothney sent for exhibition a series of the Indian ant, Mgrmicaiia
fodiens, Jerdon, from a colony established in the big banyan-tree in
Barrackpore Park thirty-two years; and Xlonomorinm salomonis, Linn.,
a.nd. !^ole7iopsis geminata, Fab., 1895, successfully encouraged in Madras
godowns as a protection against white ants (termites). — Mr. E. E.
Green exhibited a spider from Ceylon mimetic of some Coccinellid
328 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
beetle, at present unidentified. — Col. J. W. Yerbury, specimens, and
read notes upon the deer-gadflies taken by him this year in Scotland.
Wednesday, November 2nd, 1904. — Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A.,
D.S.C., F.Pi.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. E. A. Agar, of Domenica,
British West Indies; Mr.R. S. Bagnall,ofWinIaton-cn-Tvne, Durham;
Mr. K. G. Blair, of 23, West Hill, Highgate, N. ; Mr. E." A. Cockayne.
B.A., of 30, Bedford Court Mansions, W.C. ; Dr. G. B. Longstaff, D.M.,
of Twitchen, Mortehoe, R.S.O., Devon; Mr. R. A. R. Priske, of 66,
Chaucer Road, Acton ; and Mr. H. W. Simmonds, of 17, Aurora
Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand, were elected Fellows of the
Society. — Mr. J. E. Collin exhibited a specimen of I'latijphora lubhocki,
Verr., a species of PhoridsB parasitic upon ants, from Stokes Wood,
Hereford. No specimen has been recorded since the one originally
bred by the present Lord Avebury in 1875. and described for him by
Mr. G. H. Verrall in the ' Journal of the Linnean Society ' for 1877.
Mr. P. J. Barraud exhibited an aberrant Kplnephele juitma (janira)
male, taken by him this year in the New Forest, agreeing with the
form described by Mr. Roger Verity in the 'Entomologist,' vol. xxxvii.
p. 56, as ab. anommata. — Mr. J. Edwards sent for exhibition three
specimens of Ilar/ous lutosus, Gyll., one found by himself on Wretham
Heath, Norfolk, on August 4th, 1900 — the first authentic British
example — and two taken in the same locality by Mr. Thouless, on May
22nd, 1903; also Bayous glabrirostris, Herbst., from Camber, Sussex, for
comparison. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited bred specimens of Hastula
[Epaijoije, Hb. ?) hyerana, Mill., from larvje taken at Hyeres last March,
and said the facts that the pale frons only have hitherto been known,
whereas of those bred nearly half are dark, suggest either that really
very few specimens are in collections — which is the most probable
case — or that melanism is now affecting the species. The larvae are
not uncommon at Hyeres. Before he bred the species this year a
single dark specimen only was known, viz. one taken by Lord Walsing-
ham at Gibraltar, which he named inaryiuata, and he was in doubt
whether it was a var. of hyerana, or a new species. — Mr. W. J. Kaye,
specimens of the moths Castnia fon^cohmhei and Protambulyx yanascus,
showing the warning and protective coloration of these species. —
Mr. H. W. Andrews, specimens of Eristalis cryptarani, F., and Didea
alncti, Fin., two species of uncommon Syrphidte from the New Forest.
Mr. Edward Harris, a brood of IlemeropJdla ahruptaria bred by him
this season, together with the parent male and female ; the female, a
dark specimen, was taken in his garden at Upper Clapton, on May
25th, and the male, a normal type, at Ilford, on May 26th. Of the
offspring, eighteen in all, eight were fem3,les, of which four were dark
specimens and of normal size. Of the ten males five were dark speci-
mens, darker than the females, but small even for males. They were
smaller than the light specimens of the same brood. One of the light
male specimens emerged with only three wings, the left fore wmg
being absent. — Mr. Gervase F. Mathew, R.N., a case containing some
beautiful and interesting examples of Leucania favicolor, Barrett, in-
cluding the varieties described by Barrett in the current volume of the
'Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,' p. 61, and, more recently, by
Tutt, in the ' Entomologist's Record ' for this year; also a fine series
of twenty-four Camptoyramma jiuviata, tlie descendants of a wild pair
SOCIETIES. 329
captured on September 22ud, 1903, showing a considerable range
of variation. — The President, a photograph taken by Mr. A. H.
Hamm, to illustrate protective selection of flowers by I'ieiis rajm.
He also exhibited four specimens of Cunoirhliins )imjit>tits, Burm., the
large South American Reduviid, which is well known to attack man,
brought back by W. J. Burchell in the year 1828. — H. Eowland Brown,
Hon. Secretary.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
September 8th, 1904. — Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.
Mr. Edwards exhibited a series of the Danaine butterfly, Tiruniala
hamata, from Samoa, and pointed out the secondary sexual characters
of the male. — Mr. H. Moore, a specimen of Stenopteryx hirimdinis,
the curious dipterous parasite of the swallow. — Mr. Lucas, a photo-
graph of " Brusher " Mills, of New Forest fame ; coloured drawing of
varieties of Lepidoptera, including a male of Goneptenjx rhaiinii,
extremely like G. cleopatra in having the large bright yellow cloud on
the fore wings. — Mr. Fremlin, bred specimens of liemaris fuciformis,
some still retaining the deciduous scales, of which he placed a few
under the microscope, and pointed out the very weak pedicles of the
individual scales. — Mr. Manger, on behalf of Mr. Pearson, several
species of butterflies from the Swiss Alps, including Poli/omniatus
lujlas, I'.eros, Ccenonympha arcania, Satyrus cordula, Brenthis aniathusia,
&c. — Mr. West, of Greenwich, developed and undeveloped forms of
the Hemiptera, Orthostira parvnla and Ceratucoinbus coleoptratus from
Oxshott. — Mr. Turner, on behalf of Mr. Tutt, a few species of butter-
flies from Cairo, sent by Mr. Groves, including a fine example of
Danais chrysippus, Aiithocharis belcmnia var. ylauce, and A. belia. —
Several members reported taking or seeing Aijrius coiuolvuU.
September 22n(l, 1904.— Mr. H. Main, B.Sc, Vice-President, in the
chair. — Mr. Ernest Joy, of Stoke Newington, was elected a member. —
Mr. Moore exhibited a living specimen of the mole cricket {Gryllus
campestris), found outside his house in Lower Eoad, Deptford, no
doubt attracted by the neighbouring electric light ; a number of species
taken at Theydon during the Society's field-meeting on Sept. 10th, in-
cluding series of the Diptera, Helophilxis penduliis and Sericumyia bore-
alis ; and from Tasmania a series of the beautiful metallic-coloured
Coleopteron Lamprina aiirata, showing its polymorphism as well as its
sexual dimorphism. — Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main, series of Carsia paln-
data, taken at Simonswood Moss, July, 1904, and a bred series of
Cirrhcedia xerampelina, from I^langollen larvae. — Mr. Edwards, series of
males and females of Gonepteryx rhamiri and G. cleojiatra, to illustrate
their distinctions. — Mr. Tutt said that he felt quite sure, from obser-
vation of their habits, that the two were distinct species. — Mr. G. T.
Porritt, a male specimen of the dragonfly ^Sschna isosceles, one of a
series taken this year in the Norfolk Broads ; also a specimen of
Orthetrum cancellatum, from the same place. — Mr. Lucas, male and
female specimens of the local grasshopper, Gomphoceras ruftis, from
Bookham Common, and said it was easily recognized by its white-
tipped clubbed antennae. — Mr. Turner, specimens of the larvte of
Fhorodesma smuraydaria from the Essex marshes. — Mr. Dodds, an
example of Lncusta viridissima, from Felixstowe. — Mr. West, three out
330 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of the five British species of ChcEtocnema ; these were L\ subctBndea, C.
hortensis, and C. confma, from Wisley.
Oct. Idth. — Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, Vice-President, in the chair. —
Mr. Lucas exhibited two species of A.scalaphus, taken by Dr. Chapman
this year; A. coccajas in South France in May, and A. lon/jicoinis in
Spain in July ; also living males and females of Aj>teii/(iida media [albi-
pennis) from its old locality. He pointed out the specific characters of
this rare earwig. — Mr. Moore, several large species of Cicada from
Tasmania. — Mr. Turner, imagines and cases of the local coleophorid
C. vihicella, from Trench Wood, where it was now very rare ; a life-
history of C. liiricella, showing the peculiar structure and position of
the cases at various ages of the larva. — Mr. Joy, a bred series of
Pulijommatus bellargas from Folkestone, and gave notes on their
history. They were small, and the larvae were shy feeders, but were
not cannibals. — Mr. Carr, the cocoon of Lasiocampa (juerciis, previously
shown. Since no imago had emerged, he had opened it and found a
crippled imago, a batch of ova, and a distorted pupa, all dead. Dr.
Chapman said the imago probably could not bring its power to force
open the cocoon. — Mr. West (Greenwich), four species of grasshopper
from Box Hill, Stenobothrus parallelits, S. elegans, Gomphocenis nifus,
and Cr. wacidatus. — Mr. Goulton, lantern-slides of the larva of Gone-
pteryx rhnmni, in various positions during the act of pupating. — Mr.
West (Streatham), lantern-slides of various corals. — Mr. Lucas,
lantern-slides showing among other objects (1) larva and details of
the ladybird Halijzia ocellata ; (2) Lepidoptera at rest.
Oct. 27th. — Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. —
Mr. Goulton exhibited a series of photographs of lepidopterous larvfe
on their respective food-plants. — Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main, series
or examples of Lepidoptera captured at, or bred from, Bude, including
Cleoni iiclienaria, Diantkcexia luteai/o \av. Jicklini, D. conspersa, Leuco-
phasia sinapis, Polia jcanOiomiata, and Boarmia ijemmaiia. Of the last
species examples from Delamere and London were also shown. — Mr.
West (Greenwich), the case of a large species of psychid from South
Africa. — Mr. Turner reported finding larvae and cases of Coleophora
vinjaure<e on golden-rod at Sevenoaks, Kent, as well as larvae of
Eupithecia e.vpallidata.
Nov. 10th. — Mr. E. Step in the chair. — Mr. Premlin exhibited
ordinary and loosely attached scales of Hemaris fHcifonnis under the
microscope. — Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main, series of Dianthcecia albi-
macnla from Folkestone ; Cijmntopliora dnplarist, including two melanic
specimens from Simonswood Moss, Lancashire ; and a form of Melan-
anjia (jalathea with a black streak running through the large white
basal areas of the fore wings. — Mr. Main, some large reduviids from
West Africa. — A special meeting was then held to consider the pro-
posed alteration of the Bye-Laws. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The opening
meeting of the winter session was held in the Royal Institution,
Liverpool, on Monday, October 17th, 1904, and took the form of a
joint exhibitional meeting with the Manchester Entomological Society.
In the unavoidable absence of the President, S. J. Capper, Esq., F.E.S.,
Mr. R. Tait, Jun., Vice-President, presided over a large attendance of
SOCIETIES. 331
members. On the chair being taken, Mr. Rd. Wilding, Vice-President,
extended a very cordial welcome to the visiting society, and expressed
the hope that the gathering of the two societies would become an
annual occurrence. Dr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., D.Sc, President of the
Manchester Society, in replying, heartily endorsed Mr. Wilding's
suggestion. — A communication was read from Mr. Rd. Hancock,
Handsworth, suggesting that a cabinet of en^.omological micro-slides
should be formed. It was unanimously resolved to adopt the sugges-
tion, and to accept with thanks the valuable series of fifty slides
accompanying his letter, to serve as a nucleus of the collection. — It
was announced that the next meeting would be held in the Grosvenor
Museum, Chester, on November 21st. — This concluding the business,
refreshments were served, after which the following auiongst other
exhibits were examined: — A;/rotis ashirnrtJiii, A. aiiathina, including
some beautiful red forms, and Epunda lichenea — all bred from Welsh
larvfe ; Aplecta advena, Mainestra anceps, Xylophasia kepatica, Thecla
piuni, Phorodesma bajularia, &c., from Monkswood, Hunts, by Mr.
R. Tait, Jun. Bred series of Ai/rotis ashwortlni, A. lucemea, Epunda
lichenea, and Boarnna repandata from larvae taken during the spring in
North Wales ; bred series of Odontopera hidentata ab. niijra from
Manchester larvae ; variable bred series of Hypsipetes elutata (sallow
form) from Windermere, &c., by Mr. B. H. Crabtree. Melanan/ia
(jcdatea from Northants and Dartmoor, and Cidaria testata from Epping
and Dartmoor, &c., arranged to show the unusual size of the Dartmoor
insects; the blue form of Foiijo)timatus legun from Painton, by Mr.
H. R. Sweeting, M.A. Xoctua castanea and the var. neijlecta bred from
Warrington larvje, Agrotis aiiathina from Delamere larvffi, Mamestya
ahjecta, and Cnjptoblabes bistriga, a pyralid motli which has only been
recorded five times from Lancashire and Cheshire, by Mr. J. Collins.
Series of Acidalia contigaaria and Larentia ccBsiata from North Wales,
Tmiiocampa opima from Wallasey, Leucania putrescens from South
Devon, by Mr. C. P. Johnson. Agrotis ashworthii, A. contignaria, and
ZijgiEna ininos — one black form and also intermediate ones — by Mr.
Wm. Buckley. A long series of the rare coleopteron Anisotoma duhia
from Crosby (1901), by Mr. R. Wilding. A series of the Central and
South European earwig Apterggida media {albipennis, Meg. ). of which our
only former British record is by Westwood, captured near Faversham,
and exhibited by Mr. A. J. Chitty ; Lencophaa surinamensis, an exotic
cockroach which has been found breeding amongst turfs at Fallowfieid,
Manchester, exhibited by the Secretary on behalf of Dr. Hoyle and
Mr. J. Ray Hardy. PanchLra virescens and Periplaneta americana,
captured at Leyland by, and exhibited on behalf of, Mr. J. R. Charnley,
F.Z.S. P. anstralasicB from Buxton, by Mr. J. Kidson Taylor. Labi-
dura riparia from Branksome (Major Robertson), and Boscombe (Mr.
J. R. le B. Tomlin), Apterygida arachidis ivoni Bow, London (Mr. C. E.
Bedwell), Locusta viridissiuia from Swanage (Mr. Tomlin), and Ilfra-
combe (Mr. W. A. Tyerman), and Xiphidium dursale from the Isle of
Sheppey (Mr. Tomlin), &c., were exhibited by Mr. Sopp, who also
placed on view the series of very beautiful entomological micro- slides
executed by Mr. Richard Hancock. — E. J. B. Sopp and J. R. le B.
Tomlin, Hon. Sees.
332 THK ENTOMOLOGIST.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Handbook to the Natural Histori/ of Cambridgeshire. Edited by J. E.
Marr, Sc.D., F.R.S., aud A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. i-viii
and 1-260. Cambridge : University Press. 1904.
This exceedingly useful volume was published in August last,
when the British Association held a meeting at Cambridge.
All lovers of nature will find much to interest them in whatever
particular direction their studies may lie. For the entomologist there
are chapters dealiug with all Orders of the Insecta. This section of
the work is edited by Mr. W. Farren, who is also responsible for the
account of tlie Lepidoptera, in which we note that no less than sixty
species of butterflies occur, or have been found, in Cambridgeshire.
Complete lists of species occurrmg in the county are given in Ortho-
ptera (Malcolm Burr). Neuroptera (Kenneth J. Morton), and Hemiptera
(W. Farren). Only local and rare species, or those peculiar to fen-land,
are mentioned in Coleoptera (Horace St. J.K. Donisthorpe), Lepidoptera
(W. Farren), Diptera (J. P. Collins), and Hymeuoptera (C. Morley).
There are two coloured maps — one botanical, the other geological.
Report of the Superintendent of the Gocernment Laboratories in the
Philippine Islands fur the Year ended September 1st, 1903. Pp. 343-
622 (from Fourth Annual Report of Philippine Commission),
Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department.
Among the contents, which mainly deal with the treatment of rin-
derpest and the history of gutta-percha, is a report by the entomologist,
Mr. Charles S. Banks, on Insects of the Cacao. This occupies
twenty-three pages, accompanied by upwards of fifty capital plates,
and though primarily intended for the use of farmers, should be of
much interest to the eutomolosrical student.
Annual Report and Transactions of the Manchester Microscopical Sucieti/
/orl903. Pp.110. With6Plate3. Manchester: The Society, 1904.
Issued in July last, but pressure on our space has prevented earlier
notice of this excellent little publication. The contents in the way of
papers, &c., appeal perhaps to the microscopist chiefly; but those of
our readers who are interested in Araneidea, will find the paper on
" Spiders," by A. E. Thomson, worth perusal. In his Presidential
Address, Prof. Sydney J. Hickson discourses on "Variations." He
states : " Many instances are known of the change in the colour of
butterflies and moths effected by a change in food." Only one case,
however, is quoted ; this is a statement by Koch, " that when cater-
pillars of the common tiger-moth are fed from their hatching to their
metamorphosis with leaves of lettuce or deadly nightshade, not one of
the imagines produced resembles the original form ; when the insects
have been fed on lettuce, the white ground-colour of the wings pre-
dominates ; when fed on deadly nightshade, the brown markings of the
upper wings often coalesce, and the white vanishes ; in like manner
the blue markings on the lower wings fuse together and displace
the orange-yellow ground-colonr."
Erratum.— P. 284, lines 21, 32, 33, for Lampides tilicanus read
Lampides tehconus.
THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
^n HlUustratfii Inurnal
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. 1 W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S.
W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.S.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S. j Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c.
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. [ G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
"By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made."
VOLUME THE THIRTY-EIGHTH.
LONDON:
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN,
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited.
1905.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
Adkin, Robert, F.E.S., 311
Alderson, Miss E. Madde, F.E.S., 136
Anderson, Joseph, 313, 314
Arkle, J., 165, 189, 290
Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S., 162,
275, 313
Barrett, C. G., 135
Barrett, J. P., 214, 215
Batteksby, Francis J,, 238
Batjjiann, R. T., 215
Baxter, T., 281, 283
Bell, S. J., 262, 320
Bentall, E. E., 62
Blanford, W. T., 110
BoRDu, Arthur, 260
BoGUE, W. A., 26
Brooks, G., 120
Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.E.S., tfec, 185
Butler, W. E., F.E.S., 280, 281
Cameron, Peter, 14, 21, 83, 105, 153,
170, 223, 227, 249, 268
Campion, F. W., 282
Cami'ion, F. W. & H., 24, 298
Campion, H., 282
Cansdale, W. D., F.E.S., 239
Capper, Samuel James, F.E.S., 240
Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 1, 38, 73,
90, 213
Chittenden, D., 260
Clarke, A. Lionel, 186
Claxton, Rev. W., 240
Clutterbuck, C. Granville, 91, 215
CocKERELL, Prof. T. D. A., 23, 33, 58,
104, 111, 145, 217, 236, 237, 258, 270,
302, 309
CORBIN, G. B., 311
Croft, J. A., 27, 93
Dadd, E. M., F.E.S., 200, 226
Dale, C. W., F.E.S., 313
Distant, W. L.. F.E.S., &c., 121, 169,
194
Doncaster, L., Ill
Drabble, Eric, D.Sc, F.L.S., 310
Ellis, Claude L., 314
Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., F.E.S.,
18
FoRSYTHE, C. H., 86, 108, 133, 158, 180,
185, 186, 199
Foster, A. H., 280
Freke, Percy E., F.E.S., 149
Frohawk, F. W., F.E.S., 26, 193, 283
Fryer, H. F., F.E.S., 125
Fryer, G. C. F., 125
Gentry, E. G., 311
Gibbs, a. E., F.L.S., 79, 137, 138
Gilles, W. S., 237
Goss, H., F.L.S., F.E.S., &o., 68
Grellet, H. R., 238
Hall, Arthur, 228
Harrison, W. B.. 96, 192
Harvey-Jellie, Rev. B., 282
Heath, Dr. E. A., F.L.S., 74, 97
Hodge, Harold, 283
Holland, C. B., 260
Horrell, E. Charles, 92
Jackson, R. A., 258
Jeddere-Fisher, Cuthbert, 63
Joy, E. C, 185
Kenyon, H. D., 162
Kinder, A. B., 22
KiRBY, W. F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 244
KiRKALDY, G. W., F.E.S., 56, 76, 120,
127, 173, 195, 231, 255, 304
Knaggs, Dr. H. G., 240
Lang, Henry Charles, M.D., F.E.S.,
&c., 122
Lathy, Percy L, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 226,
254
Littler, Frank M., F.E.S., &c., 11
Lock, George, 161
Lowe, Rev. Frank E., M.A., 61
Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 72, 91, 111,
178, 266, 281, 282, 283, 296, 313
Lyle, G. T., 25
Mansbridge, William, F.E.S., 116,
289
Meldola, Prof. R., F.R.S., F.E.S., 90
Miller, J., 260
Morgan, E. D., 92
Morris, J. B., 22
Mutch, J. P., 161
Oldaker, F. a., 64
Page, W. T., F.Z.S., 25, 62
Phillips, W. E., 311
Plum, H. V., 135, 185
Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 6, 43
Raynor, Rev. Gilbert, 22, 280
Richards, Percy, 25, 239
Rollason, W. a., 63, 92, 93, 94
Rose, Albert F., M.D., 49
Rothschild, Hon. Walter, D.Sc, M.P.,
&c., 125
Rowland-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 29,
95, 117, 140, 165, 190, 213, 241, 243,
273, 285, 309, 318
Sharp, Dr. David, M.A., F.R.S., &c.,
161
SicH, Alfred, F.E.S., 259. 309
IV
LIST OP^ CONTRIBUTORS.
SiMMONDS, Herbekt W., F.E.S., 187
Smith, W., 91
Sopp, E. J. B., F.E.S., &c., 31, 69, 96,
112, 119, 167, 192, 288
South, Kichard, F.E.S., 24, 26. 27, 32,
61, 62, 72, 92, 94, 98, 112, 120, 137,
140, 142, 161, 162, 185, 213, 215, 238,
262, 263, 264, 265, 280, 282, 288, 312
Speyer, E. E., 314
Stafford, L., 162
Standen, E. S., F.L.S., F.E.S., 250,
277, 299
Stonell, B., 67, 238, 239
Theobald, Fred. V., M.A., 52. lOl, 142,
154, 224
Thoenall, a., 239, 281, 310
ToMLiN, J. E. LE B., 31, 69, 119, 167,
288
Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 31, 68, 96, 119,
140, 166, 191, 216, 261, 286, 319
ViNALL, Hugh J., 61
Wainwright, Colbran J., F.E.S., 70,
120, 168, 216
Waller, Eev. A. P., 215, 283
Whittle, F. G., 239, 260
Wiggelsworth, Egbert J., 71, 168
Wightman, a. J., 66, 014
Woodbridge, Francis C, 161, 259
Young, S. L. Orford, 316
PLATES.
Plate I. The Earlier Stages of Catacly-tta Icmnata, L.
,, II. British Waterbugs.
ILLUSTEATIONS IN THE TEXT.
Ungues of Anisocheleunii/ia niuipes
Fore Ungues oi Anisuchclcomijia alhoannulata
Cryptic Form and Colouring in Meliltca Larvas
Three New Beetles from West Africa .
Two New Beetles from Angola .
A New Species of Cicadidae, Gccana vestita
Pupa of Lycicna arion ....
Lycccna orbittdns, L. oberthuri, and L. pyrenaic
Aberration of Euchelia [Hipocrita) jacohcea
Forceps of Earwigs .....
Melanic Form of Acrvnycta Icporina .
page
53
55
73
75
97
121
193
241
265
266
289
INDEX,
GENERAL.
Aberration of Euchelia (Hipocrita) ja-
cobasaD (fig.), 266
Abundance of Pieris brassier in West
Meath, 238
A Butterfly Hunt in the Pyrenees, 243,
273
Academic Honours conferred on Com.
J. J. Walker, 21.S
Acherontia atropos in London, 260; on
tlie Lancashire Coast, 283
.Eschna cyanea, 283 ; mixta in Epping
Forest, 24
A Few Captures from North Cornwall in
1903, 92
A Guide to the Study of British Water-
bugs, 173, 231
A New Forest Holiday, 314
A List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of
Lancaster and District, 86, 108, 133,
158, 180, 199
An Abbreviated List of Butterflies from
the youth of France and Corsica, 49
An interesting Melanic Form of Acro-
nycta leporina, 289
A New Genus and Species of Larridae
from Central America, 21
A New Genus of Cuhcidae, 52
A New Genus of Hemitelini from Cape
Colony, 249
A New Pest of the Orange, 258
A New Race of Morpho adonis, Cram.,
226
A New Species of Nodaria from Japan,
74
A New Stegomyia from the Transvaal,
224
A Note on some Species of Prepona, :i54
Apamea ophiogramma, 161
Aporia cratajgi, 215
A Preliminary List of the Lepidoptera
of Malta, 18
A Eaid by Nabis limbatus, 281
Barrett's Lepidoptera, 135
Bibliographical Notes on the Hemiptera,
76, 304
Breeding Dragonflies from the Egg, 110
Butterflies collected by Surgeon Lam-
bert, 11. N., at Valdimar Bay, etc.,
August, 1897,, 122
Butterflies of France, 809
Campodea staphylinus, 280, 313
Captures at Light in Clapham, 1904,
66
Captures from Wyre Forest in 1904,
63
Catocala fraxini in Suffolk, 283
Cerura bicuspis in Lancashire, 186
Cimex, theLinnean Genus, 110, 304
Colias edusa at Fleet, Hants, 283
Colias edusa, C. hyale, &c., at Folke-
stone, 25
Colias edusa reared from Ova in 1904,
22
Collecting Diptera at Light, 236
Collecting in West Cornwall during
1903, 1904, 93
Cryptic Form and Colouring in Melitaea
Larvas, 73
Current Notes, 56, 127, 195, 255
Cymatophora ocularis and Agrotis ra-
vida at Hitchin, 238
Cymatophora octogesima (ocularis) in
Epping Forest, 215
Deilephila livornica bred from the Egg,
313; in Cornwall, 162 ; in Gloucester,
1905, 186 ; in Wales, 162
Descriptions of a New Genus and some
New Species of East Indian Hymeno-
ptera, 14
Descriptions of a New Genus and Species
of Braconidffi from Cape Colony, 268
Description of a New Species of Aradidje
from Ceylon, 194
Description of a New Species of Cica-
dida3, 121
Description of a New Species of Gaster-
uption from Cape Colony, 227
Description of a New Species of LygreidsB
from South Africa, 169
Description of a New Species of Pseud-
agenia from Natal, 223
Description of Lycana arion puija, ^ ,
193
Descriptions of Three New Beetles from
the Gold Coast and Angola, West
Africa, 74
Descriptions of Three Undescribed
VI
INDEX.
Genera of IchneumonidEe from Borneo,
170
Descriptions of Two New Aculeate Hy-
menoptera from the Transvaal, 153
Descriptions of Two New Beetles from
Angola, 97
Dichorampha flavidorsana, Knaggs =
qua3stionana, Zell., 240
Dragonfly Season of 1904, 178
Dytiscids in the New Forest, 161
Early hybernation of Vanessa urtics,
281, 311
Entomology at Barmouth, 290
Epiblema (PhliBodes) immundana,F. K.,
281, 311
Errata, 138, 168
Eupithecia stevensata, 161
Exotic Earwigs wanted, 185
Gynandrous Example of Lachneis lanes-
tris, 29 ; of Lycaena £egon, 114 ; of
Lyca3na icarus, 114 ; of Saturnia pa-
vonia, 29 ; of Smerinthus populi, 114
Hornet and Butterfly, 309
Hybrid Notodont, 94, 261 ; Saturnid,117 ;
Smerinthid, 114, 164 ; Zygasnid, 118
Larva of Thecla rubi on Dogwood, 185
Late Appearance of Colias edusa, 25 ;
of Pyrameis atalanta, 25, 62
Late Flight of Dragonflies, 313
Lepidoptera at Kingston, Surrey, 25
Lepidoptera at Light in Eeigate and
Dorking, 1904, 64 ; collected at Clap-
ham, 239, — in Central America, 228 ;
in Hertfordshire, 137 ; of the Lincoln-
shire Coast, 79
Leucauia favicolor, Ban-ett, 215
Leucopha?a surinamensis, L., breeding
in Britain, 111
Leucophoea surinamensis, Linn., in
Essex, 92
Lictor Cane-moth, 11
Limacodes testudo in Gloucestershire,
215
Limenitis sibylla, 282; in August? 62
Locusta viridissima, 283
London Lepidoptera, 161
Lucanus cervus at Chichester, 313
Lycaina bcEtica in Cornwall, 91
Lycffina orbitulus, Prun., L., var. ober-
thur, Stgr., andL. pyrenaica, B., 241
Melanic Aspilates gilvaria, 61
Method of Oviposition by Cordulegaster
annulatus, 310
Migration of Lepidoptera, 213, 237
Monk's Wood and Thecla pruni, 22
Mutilla europasa, 283
Neuroptera collected by Dr. T. A. Chap-
man in France and Spain, 296
New and Little-known American
145
New Australian Bees in the Collection
of the British Museum, 270, 302
New Australian Bees of the Genus No-
mia, 217
New Culicidffi from the West Coast of
Africa, 101, 154
New Species of Hymenoptera ( Aculeata,
IchneumonidaB, and Braconidae) from
India, 83, 105
New Work on British Butterflies, 312
Noctua at Hartlepool, 282
Note on Second Emergences, 259
Note on Haworth's Type-specimen of
"Noctua subfusca," 161
Notes from Australia, 186 ; Essex, 260 ;
the Chester District for 1904, 163,
187; Surrey, 239; onAgrotisputa,135;
on Coleoptera in South-west Surrey,
26, 93 ; on Larva of Nyssia lappo-
naria, and Orgyia antiqua, 237 ; on
Lepidoptera in 1904, 125 ; on Odo-
nata, 91 ; on Some Stephensian types
of Tortricina in the National Collec-
tion, 98 ; on the Wave Moths (Genus
Acidalia), 6, 48; on the Season 1905,
258 ; on Tortrix podana, 135 ; on Zan-
clognatha grisealis, 185
Notodonta dromedarius (Second Brood)
at Reading, 280
Obituary : —
Barrett, Charles Golding, 32
Beaumont, Alfred, 120
Packard, Alpheus Spring, 143
Batley, A. U., 144
Johnson, W., 240
Quail, Ambrose, 264
Douglas, John William, 264
Warne, Norman Dalziel, 288
Odonata in Herts, 1905, 314
On a Small Collection of Anthophorid
Bees from Colorado, 58
On Late Broods of Lepidoptera, 280
On the dark form of Ischnura elegans
(female), 298
Orthoptera in 1904, 266
Ova of Butterflies wanted, 185
Papilio steinbachii, 125
Pararge achine on the Mendel, 60; me-
gffira, 282
Partial Second Brood of Pseudoterpna
bajularia, 259 ; of Spilosoma men-
thastri, 311
Phalonia (Argyrolepia) badiana, Hb.,
213, 275, 309
Phtheochroa (Commophila) rugosanain
Surrey, 214, 239
Plusia bractaia in Selkirk, 238
Plusia moneta in Lewisham, 260 ;
(Second Brood) at Reading, 281
Preoccupied Names in Coleoptera, 104
INDEX.
Vll
Preponderance of Females in Autum-
nal Broods, 280
Prolonged Pupal Stage of Emmelesia
unifasciata, 310
Pupation of Catoclysta lemnata, 90 ; of
Smerinthus tiliae, 258
Pygffira pigra in Surrey, 27, 62
Recent Literature : —
Catalogue of Lepidoptera, by F. Lowe,
31
New Dragonfly Nymphs in the United
States National Museum, by J. G.
Needham, 71
The Labium of the Odonata, by Hor-
tense Butler, 71
The Skewness of the Thorax in the
Odonata, by J. G. Needham and
Maude H. Anthony, 71
The Phasmidas or Walking-sticks of
the United States, by A. N. Caudell,
71
An Orthopterous Leaf-roller, 7
Oviposition and Carnivorous Habits
of the Meadow Green Grasshopper,
by J. L. Hancock, 72
The Leaf-hopper of the Sugar-cane,
by E. C. L. Perkins, 72
Suppression and Control of the Plague
of Buffalo Gnats in the Valley of
the Lower Mississippi River, by
F. M. Webster, 72
The Common Mosquitoes of New
Jersey, by John B. Smith, 72.
Who's Who ?, 72
Analytische Uebersicht der i^alaark-
tischen Leijidopternfamilien, by C.
V. Hormuzaki, 72
Ants and some other Insects, by Dr.
August Forel, 72
A Treatise on the Acarina or Mites, by
Nathan Banks, 72
Entomologisches Jahvbuch, by Oskar
Krancher, 72
The Mosquitoes or Culicidfe of New
York State, by G. P. Felt, 140
Report on the Mosquitoes occurring
within the State of New Jersey,
their Habits, Life-history, etc., by
John B. Smith, 141
A Monograph of the Anopheles Mos-
quitoes of India, by S. P. James,
141
Twenty-eighth Annual Report and
Proceedings of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Entomological Society, 142
Entomologen Adressbuch, 143
Proceedings of the South London En-
tomological and Natural History
Society for 1904-5, 192
A Catalogue of the Erycinidffi, by Levi
W. Mengel, 262
A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of
Northumberland, Durham, and
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by John E.
Robson, 263
The Insects of Jethou, the Insects of
Herm, and the Fauna and Flora of
the Sarnian Islands, 263
Transactions of the Hertfordshire
Natural History Society and Field
Club, 263
Transactions of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History
Society for the year 1904, 263
Report of the Work of the Experi-
ment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Association, by R. C. L.
Perkins, 288
Reports of Societies : —
Birmingham Entomological, 69, 168,
192, 216
City of London Entomological and
Natural History, 261, 319
Entomological Club, 140, 162
Entomological of London, 27, 67, 94,
116, 138, 165, 189, 284, 316
Hawaiian Entomological, 120
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo-
logical, 31, 68, 96, 119, 166, 191,
286
Manchester Entomological, 70, 167
South London Entomological and
Natural History, 29, 68, 95, 117,
140, 165, 190, 216, 260, 285, 318
Rhopalocera at Barcelona, Montserrat,
and Vernet-les-Bains, 250, 277, 299
Rhopalocera paltearctica, 282
Season of 1904, 63
Second Broods of Lepidoptera, 260, 281
Selenia lunaria in the Lancaster Dis-
trict, 186
Sirex gigas at Chichester, 314 ; juvencus
in Edinburgh, 283
Some Australian Halictine Bees in the
British Museum, 33
Some Tasmanian Case-bearing Lepido-
ptera, 11
Species of Plusia visit flowers of Stachys,
25
Sphinx (Agrius) convolvuli in Hamp-
shire, 24 ; convolvuli at Bournemouth,
260 ; in South-west London, 314
Stray Notes on Aculeates, 149
Supplementary List of the Lepidoptera
of the Island of Capri, 82
Synaposematic Hymenoptera and Di-
ptera, 117
Teratological Specimen of Hybernia de-
foliaria, 22
The Day Collection, 238
The Earlier Stages of Cataclysta lem-
nata, L., 1, 38
The Entomological Club, 61, 213
The Entomological Collections of the
Oxford University Museum, 23
Vlll
INDEX.
The Habits of Asilidae, 236
The Lepidoptera of Berlin, 200, 226
The Mason Collection, 112, 186, 162
The Name Aldrichia, 236
The National Collection of British Lepi-
doptera, 61, 213
The Noctuid Genus Ala, 23
The Rose Scale, 309
The Time of Appearance of Lepido-
ptera in conjunction with Season and
Latitude, 90
Tortrices in the Liverpool District, 115
Unusual Dates, 92
Vanessa antiopa in Middlesex, 283 ; in
Norfolk, 283 ; in Suffolk, 283 ; in
Surrey, 91
Varieties: —
Abraxas grossulariata, 119
Acidalia aversata, 103 ; inornata, 29
Acronycta leporina, 289
Aglais urlicffl, 285
Anthrocera filipendulaj, 29
Aplecta nebulosa, 187
Aporophyla australis, 30
Arctia caia, 117, 136
Argynnis aglaia, 29, 114 ; euphrosyne,
114; paphia, 114; selene, 114
Aspilates gilvaria, 61
Boarmia gemmaria, 286 ; repandata,
163 ; rhomboidaria. 163
Biston hirtaria, 189
Callimorpha dominula, 136
Calymnia trapezina, 29
Chrysophanus phloeas, 114, 320
Cleora glabraria, 30, 286
Ccenonyrapha pamphilus, 319
Colias edusa, 29 ; hyale, 29
Cupido minima, 286
Dianthoecia capsincola, 29
Epinephele ianira, 29, 114 ; tithonus,
114
Euchelia jacobsese, 185, 216
Euehloe cardamines, 114
Eupithecia rectangulata, 239
Euthemonia russula, 30
Forficula auricularia, 317
Heleconius silvana, 317
Lachneis lanestris, 29
Lyciv-na corydon, 262
MelitcTa athalia, 27 ; cinxia, 30
Nemeobius lucina, 114
Ortholitha plumbaria, 204
Polyommatus corydon, 28(i
Pyrameis atalanta, 29
Sarrothripus revayana, 114
Saturnia pavonia, 28
Satyrus semele, 114
Sj)ilosoma menthastri, 30, 136, 311
Syrichthus malvae, 28
Zonosoma pendularia, 29
Wasps with Butterfly, 2s2
Western Smerinthids, 111
Xylina semibrunnea in Reigate, 314
INSTRUCTIONS to BINDER.— The SPECIAL INDEX, given with
the 'Entomologist' for January, 1906, belongs to this Volume, and
should be placed next to this General Index.
SPECIAL INDEX.
Neio Genera, Sj^ecics, and Varieties are marJced ivitJi an asterisJi.
COLEOPTERA,
ffidilis (Acanthocinus), 287
asnea (Triplex), 119
ffiruginosus (Longitarsus), 119
ajthiops (Pterostichus), 26
Agatliidium, 318
Alexia, 10-4
anale (Sinoxylon), 107
Anodon, 104
anthobia (Amara), 139
aquations (Notiophilus), 26
armata (Strangalia), 26
arvensis (Spergula), 286
arietis (Cij'tus), 93
Asenum, 192
atrata (Silpha), 93
atricapiilus (Bolitobius), 93
aurata (Cetonia), 26
barnevillei (Malachnis), 95, 119
betulffi (Omophlus), 189
bicolor (Triplax), 119
bifasciatum (Ehagium), 168
biguttatus (Notiophilus), 2C
biraaculatus (Hister), 27
•biplagiata (Prosopocera), 75
bipustulatus (Agabus), 93
bipustulatus (Sphasridium), 93
bipunctata (Coccinella), 27
bissexstriatus (Hister), 137
blandus (Otiorrhynchus), 287
brevicollis (Nebria), 27
bruchoides (Ehinoncus), 286
burchelli (Haplothorax), 28
cacicus (Goliathus), 167
caligatus (Pwderus), 26
campestris (Cicindela), 26
caraboides (Melandrya), 69
cardinalis (Vedalia), 131
castaneum (Tetropium), 28
castaneus (Medon), 165
cerasi (Orsodacna), 287
cervus (Lucanus), 26
chaleeus (Pogonus), 27
chlorocepiiala (Lebia), 165
chrysostigma (Chrysobothris), 167
clypealis (Hydrovatus), 161
clypeatus (Telepliorus), 27
coerulea (CEdemera), 27
coriarius (Prionus), 26
Entom. Vol. xxxviii. 1905.
eonsanguinea (Homalota), 137
contractus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 284
Coryphus, 104
crassipes (Atherix), 27
cyanocephala (Lebia), 165
cynoglossi (Dibolia), 287
discolor (Donacia), 287
*distanti (Ophryodera), 97
distinguenda (Melanoptbalma), 284
druryi (Goliathus), 167
dytiscoides (Platydema), 168
Eriocephalus, 192
erythrocephalus (Neoclytus), 138, 166
exigua (Oxypoda), 116
*exitiosus (Oxycarenus), 169
familiaris (Amara), 27, 139
femorata (Oncomera), 93
ferrea (Stenostola), 69
fimetarius (Aphodius). 26
flavip,es (Cercyon), 93
fossor (Clivina), 27
foveolatus (Claviger), 93
fowleri (Dacne), 318
fraxini (Hylesinus), 167
fuliginosus (Ilybius), 93
fulgidus (Xantholinus), 26
fulva (Armara), 27
gentilei (Anophthalmus), 287
gibbus (Zabrus), 93
giganteus (Goliathus), 167
giganteus (Titanus), 30
gracilipes (Anchomenus), 119
granaria (Oligota), 94
grandis (Anthonomus), 131
graniceps (Phycoctus), 285
granulatus (Carabus), 26
hsemorrhoidalis (Athous), 27
hagensi (Dinarda), 287
hermanni (Pelobius), 161
hieroglyphica (Coccinella i, 137
horticoia (Phyllopertha), 26
humator (Necrophorus), 26
humeralis (Dacne), 318
intricatus (Carabus), 93
insularis (Stenus), 284
*jordani (Ple-^trogaster), 76
laevigata (Timarcha). 26
lasvigatum (Apion), 316
b
INDEX.
*lanei (Zographus), 74
latus (Deronectes), 161
linearis (Cossonus), 27
longicornis (Quedius), 287
lucida (Amara), 27, 139
iunatus (Callistus), 93
luridipennis (Psylliodes), 284, 287
lutosus (Bagous), 119
madidus (Pterostichus), 26
mandibularis (Acrognathus), 189
marginata (Stenellina), 104
marginalis (Dytiscus), 93, 166
marginatus (Malthodes), 26
maurus (Otiorriiynchus), 287
maxillosus (Creophilus), 26
melipoma (Megalopus), 139
meridianus (Toxotiis), 93
minuta (Myllaina), 137
monilis (Carabus), 26
monilis (Loemopliilus), 318
mortuorum (Necrophorus), 26
moschata (Aromia), 26
mucronata (Blaps), 26
natator (Gyrinus), 93
navale (Lymexylon), 284
nigriceps (Cercyon), 137
nigrina (Oxypoda), 116
nigrita (Pterostichus), 93
nigroca^ruleus (Quedius), 28, 119
nobilis (Gnorimus), 189
noctilnca (Lampyris), 27
obliquus (Haliplus), 93
ocellata (Coccinella), 27
ocellarus (Dinoderus), 165
olens (Ocypus), 26
orichalcia (Chrysomela), 69
ossium (Stenus), 284
ovatus (Hyphydrus), 93
palustris (Hydroporus), 93
palustris (Notiophilus), 93
pallipes (Ceuthorrbynchus), 284
paradoxus (Metoecus), 69
parallelopipedus (Dorcus), 26
parumpunctatus (Anchomenus), 287
pectinicornis (Plectrogaster), 76
pectoralis (Anoplognathus), 186
pertinax (Anobium), 93
peruviana (Dermestes), 119
piceus (Hydrophilus), 287
pini (Bruchus), 69
polita (Chrysomela), 93
pomonaj (Apion), 93
poteutillffi (Sibinia), 286
primita (Sibinia), 286
proscarabajus (Meloe),93, 166
pubescens (Leptura), 167
pumilio (Placusa), 137
pusillus (Adrastus), 287
quadripustulatum (Bembidium), 119
reppensis (Hyperaspis), 287
rostratus (Cychrus), 26
'rothschildi (Prosopocera), 98
rufifrons (Dacne), 318
rufimanus (Bruchus), 69
rufocincta (Amara), 69
rugosa (Silpha), 93
russica (Triplax), 119
sabulicola (Harpalus), 137
sagax (Spilonotella), 104
sagax (Spilonota), 104
sanguinolenta (Chrysomela), 287
sericea (Oxypoda), 116
sepicola (Tropideres), 68
septempunctata (Coccinella), 27
sericatus (Catops), 137
serricornis (Prionocyphon), 318
solstitialis (Khizotrogus), 26
sparsus (Orchestes), 27
Sphondylia, 104
spinibarbis (Leistus), 93
Stenella, 104
stephensi (Illaphanus), 285
steroorarius (Geotrupes), 26
strenuus (Pterostichus), 93
striata (Helops), 116
striatus (Helops), 118, 167
striola (Pterostichus), 26
sulcatum (Aulonium), 119
sulcatus (Acilius), 93
sulcipennis (Phycocous), 285
sutor (Monohammus), 287
suturalis (Cordylomera), 284, 320
suturalis (Lochnuea), 189
sycophana (Calosoma), 118
sylvaticus (Geotrupes), 93
tardus (Pelobius), 93
tectus (Ptinus), 287
tessellatum (Xestobium), 27
typhous (Geotrupes), 26
variabilis (Coccinella), 27
vernalis (Geotrupes), 26
versicolor (Pterostichus), 26
villosus (Balaninus), 26
violaceus (Carabus), 26
violaceus (Meloe), 93
violaceum (Callidium), 168
virescens (CEdemera), 119
vulgaris (Melolontha), 26
vulgaris (Pterostichus), 26
INDEX.
XI
DIPTERA.
abdominalis (Ospriocerus), 236
*alboannulatus (.Edimorphus), 154
alboannulata (Anisocheleomyia), 54
albolineata (Danielsia), 104
ampelophila (Drosophila), 198
*Anisocheleoniyia, 52
*austenii (Pyretophorus), 102
bellus (Tanypus), 236
carnaria (Sarcophaga), 150
choreus (Tanypus), 236
cornicina (Lucilia), 152
cretieus (Culex), 158
cynipsea (Sepsis), 152
devius (Micrododon), 284
fallax (Cynorrhina), 284
fasciata (Stegomyia), 225
fatigans (Culex), 158
ferruginea ( Hammer schmidtia), 284
fusca (Gossina), 288
Heptaphlebomyia, 156
hirsutipalpis (Culex), 156
inquinatus (Stenopogon), 236
latifrons (Micrododon), 284
modestus (Chironomus), 236
monilis (Tanypus), 236
nigripes (Anopheles), 102
nigrita (Ptilops). 168
*nivipes (Anisocheleomyia), 52
palpalis (Glossina), 288
paludosa (Tipula), 282
pilipes (Hydrotffia), 116
pj-giU'T^a- (Uranotfenia), 54
rusticus (Machimus), 95
scEevoides (Chamajsyophus), 284
sexpunctata (Psychoda), 165
simplex (Heptaphlebomyia), 157
'simpsoni (Stegomyia), 224
*smithii (Anopheles), 101
splendida (Lonchaja), 198
talpas (Hystrichopsylla), 165
tenuis (Tany tarsus), 236
tuberculata (Hydrotrea), 116
Uranotfenia, 52
*wellmanii (Danielsia), 103
xanthodes (Tephrites), 198
HEMIPTERA.
Acanthia, 110
aeneus (Eysarcoris), 286
Aphelocheirus, 173
auratus (Ellampus), 120
australis (Antonina), 256
australis (Hydrometra), 256
avenaj (Siphocoryne), 132
brevipennis (Nabis), 285
Callidea, 78
Calliphora, 78
campestris (Liburnia), 130
canalium (Gerris), 177
Cephalocleus, 79
cerealis (Macrosiphum), 132
Cimex, 110, 304
cimicoides (Ilyocoris), 173, 177, 178
cimicoides (Naucoris), 174, 177
cimicoides (Nepa), 174
Clinocoris, 77, 110
corticalis (Phylloxera), 197
Corythuca, 195
costfB (Gerris), 177
crassipes (Berytus), 318
Daktulosphaira, 79
divinator (Perithous), 120
divisa (Dryophanta), 120
Embolophora, 79
fecundatrix (Andricus), 120
femorata (Pelocoris), 174
festuca (Eriopeltis), 285
fragariella (SiphonoiDhora), 309
fragariellum (Macrosiphum), 309
fluminea (Belostoma), 175
geoffroyi (Corixia), 232
gibbifera (Gerris), 177
glauca (Notonecta), 177
Gonianotus, 79
granaria (Macrosiphum), 132
*greeni (Aneurus), 194
hesperideana (Leucanium), 31
hieroglyphica (Arctocorisa), 232
histrionica (Murgantia), 130
indica (Amorgius), 175
Klinophilos, 76
lantaniffi (Cerataphis), 196, 198
lateralis (Arctocorisa), 232
lateralis (Gerris), 177
lacustris (Gerris), 177
lacustris (Pygolampis), 174
Leucaniodiaspis, 78
Leucanodiaspis, 78
lectularius (Cimex), 77, 110
Legnotus, 79
lemana (Sigara), 235
lenticularis (Neuroterus), 120
lethifer (Pemphredon), 120
limbatus (Nabis), 281
lineata (Hydrometra), 255
lutea (Notonecta). 132
lutulenta (Liburnia), 130
Maerocephalus, 79
maculata (Naucoris), 178
mali (Aphis), 132
Macrothyreus, 79
martini (Hydrometra), 256
melanocephalus (Eysarcoris), 286
mcrceuaria (Arctocorisa), 232, 233
meridioualis (Sigara), 235
b 2
Xll
INDEX.
minuta (Sigara), 235
minutissima (Micronecta), 235
montandoni (Aphelocheirus), 178
naias (Gerris), 177
Naucorinus 79, 309
naucoris (Nepa), 174
nigrolineata (Arctocorisa), 232
odontogaster (Gerris), 177
Odontopus, 79
pe-la (Ericerus), 128
perniciosus (Aspidiotus), 130
Philia, 78
Phlceophthiridium, 79
pilicornis (Drymus), 318
poweri (Sigara), 235
Probergrothius, 79
pruni (Coccus), 78
pygnifea (Microvelia), 173
Khizophthiridium, 79
rosaj (Aulacaspis), 309
rufoscutellata (Gerris), 177
saccharicaulis (Aspidiotus), 76
salicis (Ohionaspis), 256
schillingii (Chorosoma), 201
Schicedtia, 79
scholtzii (Micronecta). 235
senator (Schicedtia), 79
septendecim (Tibicen), 130
striata (Coriza), 232
sylvestris (Drymus), 318
thoracica (Gerris), 177
trifolii (Macrosiplium), 132
'vestita (Givana), 121
viridis (Tetigonia), 198
HYMENOPTERA.
abdominalis (Corynura), 34
*Acanthoprymnus, 249
a}nea (Nomia), 222
aeruginosus (Agapostemon), 34
agilis (Corynura), 35
agilis (Melissodes), 145
agrorum (Bombus), 151
alternata (Nomada), 152
*annulicornis (Spilichnenmon), 85
*apicate (Anomalon), 106
arbanus (Halictus), 272
ardens (Crabro), 16
argentatus (Crabro), 15
argentifrons (Nomia). 220
arvensis (Mellinus), 151, 152
aspasia (Augochlora), 37
aspasia (Halticus), 37
assamensis (Cerceris), 269
australica (Nomia), 221
austrovagans (Nomia), 218
barbara (Atta), 96
belfragei (Synhalonia), 147
bellus (Crabro), 15
bicingulatus (Halictus), 272, 302, 303
bicolor (Gonotopus), 130
bituberculata (Megaloptera), 35
bomboides (Anthophora), 35
briseis (Augochlora), 35
briseis (Corynura), 35
calliope (Megaloptera), 36
cephalotes (tEcodoma), 96
Chartergus, 22
Chloralictus, 37
cnici (Melissodes), 146
'Ccenostoma, 171
*coxalis (Spilichnenmon), 105
cuprifrons (Megaloptera), 36
*dampieri (Halictus), 270
dentiventris, (Melissodes), 146
dentiventris (Nomia), 221
dilecta (Synhalonia), 148
*Dinocryptus, 170
discolor (Corynura), 34
•doddii (Nomia), 222
•Echthrus, 171
edwardsii (Synhalonia), 147
elegans (Nomia), 223
*elizeus (Iphiaulax), 107
elongata (Cffilioxys), 68
*elviuus (Crabro), 14
•erythrozonus (Cratichneumon), 105
euops (Anthophora), 58, 60
europ;Tea (Mutilla), 283
*excavatus (Cryptus), 84
familiaris (Halictus), 304
fasciatus (Heriades), 317
festivaga (Augochlora), 37
filicornis (Ccenostoma), 172
flava (Formica), 93
flavoplagiata (Crabro), 16
flavoviridis (Nomia), 222
flindersi (Halictus), 271
floralis (Halictus), 271
floris (Melissodes), 145
f rater (Synhalonia), 147
furcata (Schizocera), 216
fusca (Formica), 96
generosa (Nomia), 217
germanica (Vespa), 149
gibbus (Pompilus), 151
*gilesi (Halictus), 273, 302
gillettei (Synhalonia), 148
globosus (Halictus), 303, 304
gohrmana (Anthophora), 59, 60
hero (Pompilus), 17
himalayensis (Cerceris), 84, 269
hirsutus (Tachytes), 153
'Holcalysia, 268
Hoplonomia, 218
*humei (Halictus). 273, 302, 303
*hypodonta (Nomia), 220
*Icuma, 21
idalia (Megaloptera), 36
inclinans (Halictus), 272
incognitus (Pompilus), 17
janthina (Megaloptera), 36
INDEX.
XI 11
johnsoni (Emphoropsis), 58
jucunda (Corynura), 34
kollari (Cynips), 27
lajtatorius (Bassus), 224
lanuginosus (Halictus), 273, 302, 304
lapidarus (Bombus), 151
*lauta (Perdita), 145
*lepidota (Nomia), 218
limatus (Halictus), 272
*lissocephalus (Gasteruption), 227
livida (Tenthredo), 216
*luculentus (Cryptus), 85
*lutea (Phalega), 170
lyaias (Crabro), 15
mandarina (Vespa), 167
marginalis (Corynura), 34
mentzelite (Perdita), 145
mentzeliarum (Perdita), 145
*menyllus (Crabro), 15
metallica (Nomia), 269
minutula (Andrena), 152
moerens (Nomia), 217
montana (Anthophora), 58, 60
moricei (Panurgus), 317
murrayi (Halictus), 272
mucida (Emphoropsis), 58, 59
mysops (Melissodes), 146
nana (Augochlora), 37
nanus (Halictus), 37
nasidens (Odynerus), 21
nasutus (Agapostemon), 34
*natalensis (Pseudagenia), 223
neomexicana (Anthophora), 58
*niger (Dinocryptus), 171
niger (Lasius), 96
nigrofemorata (Megaloptera), 36
norvegica (Vespa), 149
Nyxeophilus, 171
odontophorus (Crabro), 16
opulenta (Nomia), 223
orbatus (Halictus), 303
oruata (Megalopta), 35, 36
*orodes (Anoplius), 17
*oxleyi (Halictus), 272, 302, 303
pallidior (Perdita), 45
pedestrius (Pompilus), 17
*Phalega, 170
pilosa (Megaloptera), 36
Plesiozethus, 269
portene (Anthophora), 58, 60
posticus (Odynerus), 153
pseudobaccha (Corynura), 34
Psithyrus, 151
pulchribalteata (Nomia), 218
punjabensis (Iphiaulax), 107
purpurata (Megaloptera), 35
reginae (Nomia), 221
reprtesentans (Halictus), 273, 302, 304
*reticulatus (Diodonatus), 83
rhopalocera (Agapostemon), 34
*roseoviridis (Paracolletes), 270
rothneyi (Pompilus), 17
rubicundus (Halictus), 152
*rubroviridis (Nomia), 223
rufa (Formica), 96, 168
rufa (Vespa), 149
rufocornis (Nomia), 217
*rufocognata (Nomia), 219
ruginodis (Myrmica), 96
sanguinea (Formica), 96, 256
'semipallida (Nomia), 220
*sericea (Icuma), 21
sicheli (Agapostemon), 34
silvaensis (Odyneurus), 153
*siml£ensis (Cerceris), 83
*smenus (Ii^hiaulax), 107
smithella (Nomia), 217
speciosa (Synhalonia), 148
striolatus (Diodonatus), 83
'subagilis (Melissodes), 145
sulphurea (Crabro), 16
sylvestris (Vespa), 149
tenuihirta (Nomia), 219
terrestris (Bombus), 151
*territella (Synhalonia), 146
*testaceipes (Holcalysia), 269
titania (Auglochlora), 35
Torbda, 171
transvaalensis (Tacbytes), 153
trimmerana (Andrena), 152
tristis (Anasa), 255, 256
tristis (Crabro), 16
trutta (Synhalonia), 147
vaalensis (Odynerus), 153
*violaceipennis (Acanthopryninus), 250
vischnu (Pompilus), 17
vivax (Megaloptera), 36
vivax (Pompilus), 17
vulgaris (Vespa), 149, 151
willeyi (Nomia), 269
wilkella (Andrena), 151
Zethoides, 269
zonata (Anthophora), 223
LEPIDOPTERA.
abbreviata (Eupithecia), 184
abbreviata (Tephroclystia), 184
abietaria (Boarmia), 216, 318
abietella (Dioryctria), 82
abruptaria (Hemerophila), 29, 65, 67, 182
abscondita (Acronycta), 205, 208
acaciffi (Thecla), 52, 244, 274
acauda (Papilio), 140
Acentropus, 1, 2
aceriana (Gypsonoma), 218
aceriana (Hedya), 281
aceris (Acronycta), 64, 65, 66, 257, 319
achillffi (Zygffina), 210
achinoides (Pararge), 124
achine (Pararge), 60, 124, 275
Acidalia, 6, 8, 9, 47
XIV
INDEX.
acis (Lycffina), 113
acroleuca (Lymnas), 230
actasa (Satyrus), 275
actffion (Adopaa), 209, 275
actaeon (Hesperia), 315
adasquata (Larentia), 202
adelopsis (Xysmatodoma), 13
adippe (Argynnis), 87, 274, 295
admetus (Lycaena), 52
adonis (Lycaena), 63
adonis (Morpho), 139, 226
adrasta (Pararge), 27-i, 300
adusta (Hadena), 205
adusta (Pararge), 279
adustata (Ligdia), 94
advenaria (Epione), 203, 261, 315
advena (Aplecta), 69, 168
advena (Mamestra), 205, 208
aegeria (Pararge), 278
segon (Lycffina), 52, 88,93, 226, 301, 315
aemulana (Catoptria), 115
jescularia (Anisopteryx), 183
iesculi (Thecla), 251, 274, 301
ffithiops (Erebia), 30, 87, 226, 286
aliinis (Calymnia), 66
affinis (Danais), 86
affinitata (Emmelesia), 94, 183, 292
agathina (Agrotis), 70, 287
agestis (Lycmna), 87, 88, 92, 123, 207,
209, 274, 294, 315
aglaia (Argynnis), 29
agrippina (Thysania), 231
Ala, 23
albicillata (Melanthia), 1S4, 204, 292
albicolon (Mamestra), 80, 205, 207
albiraacula (Dianthoecia), 216
albipuncta (Leu.), 207, 208, 227, 287, 319
albitarsella (Coleophora), 285
albulata (Emmelesia), 183
alchemillata (Em.), 63, 64, 92, 93, 94, 183
alcfefe (Carcharodus), 274, 301
alcon (Lycffina), 207, 273, 274
alciphron (Chrysoph.), 206, 274,300, 301
alcyone (Satyrus), 209, 226, 244, 274, 301
alcyonipennella (Coleophora), 285
alecto (Erebia), 139, 275
alexanor (Papilio), 49, 274
algffi (Bryophila), 208
aliena (Mamestra), 205, 208
allionia (Satyrus), 51, 274
alniaria (Ennomos), 65, 181
alternata (Conchylis), 127
alternata (Macaria), 227
alternata (Semiothisa), 204
althffiffi (Carcharodus), 245, 274
alveus (Hesperia), 2u7, 245, 274, 301
amanda (Lycasna), 206, 211
amandus (Lycaana), 207, 245, 274, 301
amata (Timandra), 8, 204
ambigua (Caradrina), 209, 227
ambrosa (Chloridea), 258
americus (Papilio), 229
amurensis (Chrysophanus), 124
amurensis (Leptidia), 123
anachoreta (Pygtera), 70
anargyra (Argynnis), 50
andreniformis (Sesia), 114
andromache (Acrtea), 186
angularia (Ennomos), 67, 181, 227
angustana (Eupoecilia), 116
angustea (Scoparia), 137
Ania," 8
anomala (Stilbia), 163
antiopa (Vanessa), 70, 91, 112, 212, 227,
229, 274, 283
antiqua (Orgyia), 108, 237
apiciaria (Epione), 93, 181
apollo (Parnassius), 246, 248, 274, 300
aprilina (Agriopis), 160
aprilina (Dichonia), 227
aquilina (Agrotis), 80, 134
arbuti (Heliodes), 93
arbuti (Heliacea), 180
arcania (Coenonympha), 51, 207, 20lt,
253, 274, 278, 279, 30 1
arcuosa (Miana), 287
arete (Epinephele), 95, 319
archippus (Danais), 186
areola (Xylocampa), 65, 160
arethusa (Satyrus), 274
argentea (Cucullia), 201
argentina (Spatalia), 207
argentula (Baukia), 207
argiades (Lycaena), 52, 245, 274, 301
argillacea (Aletia), 131
argiolus (Cyaniris), 52, 82, 90, 191, 203,
227, 244, 262, 274, 286, 301
argiolus (Lye ), 63, 90, 185,251, 2-59, 315
argus(Lyc.),52,93,211,226,253,279,301
argyrognomon (Lycaena), 124, 274, 284
arion (Lye), 113, 193, 209, 240, 274
aristasus (Satyrus), 51
armigera (Heliothis), 93, 258
artemisiae (Cucullia), 201
artemisiella (Coleophora), 260
arundinis (Nonagria), 64, 133, 294
asellaria (Acidalia), 18
asellaria (Psychopoda), 46
asclepius (Papilio), 228
ashworthii (Agrotis), 30, 61, 165, 287
aspersana (Peronea), 115
associata (Cidaria) 199, 212
asteris (Cucullia), 260, 291
Asthena, 6
astrarche (Lycaena), 52, 93, 207, 251,
252, 274, 279, 301
atalanta (Pyrameis), 25, 29, 30, 02, 87,
117, 229, 253, 2.59, 274, 294, 301, 309
atalanta (Vanessa), 163
atergatis (Lycorea), 230
athalia (Melitsa). 27, 73, 207, 209, 251,
253, 274, 278, 279, 301
atlantis (Ageronia), 229
atomaria (Ematurga), 182
atraria (Aspilates), 214
atrata (Odezia), 212
atrata (Tanagra), 199, 292
atriplicis (Hadena), 287
INDEX.
XV
atriplicis (Trachea), 206, 208
atropos (Acherontia), 88, 113, 260, 283
atropos (Manduca), 113
augur (Noctua), 134
aurago (Xanthia), 65, 66
aurantiaria (Hybernia), 25, 183
auratus (Chrysophanusj, 12-4
aureola (Lithosia), 205
aurelia (Melitasa), 207, 209
auricoma (Acronycta), 20(J, 208, 227
auriflua (Euproctis), 211
auritiua (Liparis), 292
auriflua (Portliesia), 259
aurinia (Melitaja), 50, 206, 251, 252, 263,
275, 295, 317
aurora (Colias), 123
auroraria (Hyria), 199, 315
ausonia (Euchloe), 251, 274
australis (Aporophila), 3u, 93
australis (Doleschalia), 187
autumnaria (Ennomos), 227
aversata (Acidalia), 67, 163, 200, 292, 319
aversata (Ptychopoda), 10
badiaua (Argyrolepia), 213, 275
badiana (Phalonia;, 213, 275, 309
badiata (Anticlea), 184
badiella (Depressaria), 127
badiipennella (Coleophora), 285
baja (Noctua), 93, 134, 208, 227, 292
bajularia (I'seudoterpna), 259, 315
baltica (Hadena), 205
bankesiella (Anerastia), 287
barbalis (Pechipogon), 204
basilinea (Apamea), 66
basilinea (Hadena), 207
batis (Thyatira), 93, 109, 315
baton (Lycffiua), 274
belgiaria (Scodiona), 182
belia (Euchloe), 49, 251, 274
bellargus (Lye), 253, 274, 279, 301, 319
bellezina (Euchloe), 274
bellidice (Pieris), 49
bembeciformis (Troch.), 126, 167
bergmanniana (Dictyopteryx), 115
berolinensis (Zygaena), 210
betulaj (Salebria), 293
betula3 (Zephyrus), 88, 275
betularia (Amphidasys), 30, 67, 115, 110,
181, 187, 188
bianor (Papilio), 122
biarcuana (Ancylis), 164
bicolor (Leucodonta), 136
bicolorana (Hylophila), 92, 207
bicolorata (Melanthia), 184, 292
bicoloria (Miana), 208
bicostella (Pleurota), 164
bicuspis (Cerura), 136, 186, 201
bidentata (Odont.), 65, 181, 188, 261, 287
bifasciata (Perizoma), 310
bifida (Cerura), 66, 109
bifida (Dicranura), 63
bilineata (Camptogramma), 18, 184, 292
bilineata (Larentia), 18
bilunana (Paidisca), 116
bilunaria (Selenia), 181
binaria (Drepana), 204, 314
bipunctaria (Eubolia), 30, 210, 283
bipunctaria (Ortholitha), 210
bipunctidactyla (Mimtes.), 164
bipunctidactyla (Stenoptilia), 20
bisetata (Acidalia), 81, 93, 199, 209, 292
biundularia (Tephrosia), 182
blanda (Caradrina), 93
blumei (Papilio), 118
Boarmia, 7
bQ3tica (Lyca?na), 91, 92
bceticus (Lampides), 245, 273, 274
bombyliformis (Hemaris), 89, 206
bombyliformis (Macroglossa), 295
boreata (Cheimatobia), 25, 183
bractea (Plusia), 26, 238
brassicaj (Pieris), 25, 238, 259, 274, 300
brassicge (Mamestra), 65, 66, 292
briseis (Satyrus), 244, 274
brooksiana (Prepona), 254
bruraata (Cheimatobia), 96, 183, 192
brunnea (Noctua), 66, 134
brunneata (Halia), 202
bucephala (Phalera), 65, 109, 204, 259
buckleyana (Prepona), 255
cacaliffi (Hesperia), 275
Cfficimacula (Ammoconia), 227
cffiruleocephala (Diloba), 25, 40, 65
cffisiata (Larentia), 183, 212
caesonia (Meganostoma), 216
C£estrum (Hypopta), 82
caia (Arctia), 29, 64, 89, 117, 164, 212
c-album (Grapta), 211, 227
c-album (Polygonia), 274, 279, 301
c-album (Vanessa), 63
calida (Lycaena), 52
calidella (Ephestia), 19
callidice (Pieris), 249, 274
callidryas (Anfea), 230
callunffi (Lasiocampa), 69
cambricaria (Venusia), 7, 263
camelina (Lophopteryx), 05, 109, 207, 262
Camilla (Limenitis), 253, 274, 279, 301
candalarum (Agrotis), 205
candidata (Asthena), 6, 199
candidulana (Catoptria), 260
canescens (Polia), 82
canigulensis (Melan.),244, 274, 301, 317
cantenerella (13radyrrhoa), 19
capaneus (Papilio), 187
capsincola (Dianthoecia), 29
capsophila (Dianthuecia), 94
captiuncula (Phothedes), 134
carbonariella (Phycis), 119
cardamines (Euchloe), 63, 86, 114, 202,
274, 279, 295, 300, 319
cardui (Pyrameis), 25, 87, 94, 212, 251,
262, 274, 287, 301
cardui (Vanessa), 93, 163, 237, 282
carniolica (Zyga^na), 210
carnus (Hepialus), 108, 163
carpinata (Lobophorai, 184
carpinata (Larentia), 202
XVI
INDEX.
carpini (Saturnia), 292
carthami (Hesperia), 210, 274, 279, 301
cassinea (Asteroscopus), 25
cassiope (Erebia), 248, 274 [
castigata (l<;upithecia), 93, 1S3, 292
castrensis (Malacosoma), 210
caudana (Rhacodia), 285 1
cecrops (Protogonius), 230
celerio (Chferocampa), 88, 113
celsia (NcX'uia), 227
celtis (Libythea), 246, 275
cembrfe (Scoparia), 292
cenea (Papilio), 28
centaureata (Eiipithecia), 93
cerago (Xanthia), 159, 287
cerisyi (Smerinthus), 111
cerri (Thecla), 57
cervinata (Eubolia), 199
cespitis (liuperina), G3, 209, 314
cespitis (Epineuronia), 227
cespitana (Sericoris), 115
chaji-ophyllata (Tanagra), 199, 292
chalcytes (Plusia), 18
chamomilla (CucuUia), 214, 287
chaonia (Drymonia), 206
charitonia (Heliconius), 229
chenopodii (Hadena), 66
chenopodii (Mamestra), 259
chi (Polia), 30, 160, 292
chlamitulalis (Nola), 82
chlorana (Earias), 66
chrysantheana (Cnephasia), 99
chrysanthemi (Zygjena), 114
chryseis (Chrysophanus), 113
chrysidiformis (.Egeria), 261
chrysidiformis (Sesia), 261
chrysitis (Plusia), 26, 66, 68, 180, 209,
238, 292, 314
chrysippus (Limnas), 139
chrysorrhoDa (Euproctis), 211
chrysorrhcea (Porthesia), 260
cinctaiia (Boannia), 202
cinerea (Agrotis), 63, 205
cinxia (Melitaja), 30, 73, 206, 253, 275, 301
circe (Satyrus). 51, 246
citrago (Xanthia), 64, 65, 227
citraria (Aspilates), 18
clara (Antea), 230
clathrata (Strenia), 8, 182, 202
cleobis (Lycffiiia), 124
cleodippe (Argynnis), 123
Cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 190, 246, 251,
253, 274
clytie (Apatura), 207, 275
c-nigrum (Agrotis), 208, 227
c-nigrum (Noctua), 134
coenia (Junonia), 229
ccenosa (Lfelia), 136
collina (Agrotis), 212
comes (Triphfena), 158
comitata (Pelurga), 199, 259
comma (Augiades), 203, 207, 274
comma (Hesperia), 64
comma (Leucania), 110, 208, 292
comma (Urbicola), 312
comma-notata (Cidaria), 93
complana (Lithosia), 80, 208
complanula (Lithosia), 292
conflictella (Cebysa), 11
conformis (Xylina), 160
conigera (Leucania), 30, 65, 208, 293
consonaria (Tephrosia), 165, 182, 204
consortaria (Boarmia), 165, 206
conspicillaris (Xylomygesj, 82, 287
constrictella (Eupithecia), 183
contaminana (Terasi, 115
contigua (Hadena), 261, 291, 293
contigua (Mamestra), 206, 208
contiguaria (Acidalia), 287
contiguaria (Ptychopoda), 48
conversaria (Boarmia), 29
convexella (Heterographis), 19
convolvuli (Agrius), 24, 29
convolvuli (Sphinx), 24, 88, 138, 163,
168, 214, 260, 293, 314
cordula (Satyrus), 275
coretas (Lycfeua), 52, 301
coridon (Lycsena), 301
Corsica (Lycffina), 52
corticana (Penthina), 115
corticea (Agrotis), 161, 213
coronata (Eupithecia), 202
corydon iLyc^na), 88, 129, 201, 210,
251, 262, 274, 286
corydon (Polyommatus), 30
corylana (Tortrix), 115
corylata (Cidaria), 185, 204
coryli (Deraas), 63, 109, 205, 314
Cosmorhoe, 8
cossus (Cossus), 19
cossus (Trypanus), 19
I costovata (Melauippe), 320
crabroniformis (Trochilium), 89
Craspedia, 47
crata?gata (Kumia), 92, 181
cratiigi (Aporiai, 57, 144, 215, 253, 273,
274, 278. 279. 300
crenata (Glyphisa), 136
crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 182, 202
cribrum (Coscinia), 211
cristana (Peronea), 262
cruciana (Hypermecia), 115
cruciferarum (Plutella), 20
cubicularis (Caradrina), 293
cucubali (Dianthcecia), 160, 208, 287
cucuUata (Anticlea), 46, 64
cucullatella (Nola), 89
culmellus (Crambus), 292
cuprealis (Aglossa), 68, 126
cursoria (Agrotis), 134
curtula (Pygfera), 109
cydno (Heliconius), 30
cyllarus (l.yciena), 52, 209, 275, 301
cytherea (Cerigo), 293
cytisaria (Pseudoterpna), 200, 292, 318
cypris (Morpho), 119, 230
dahlii (Noctua), 63
damon (Lycana), 129, 275
INDEX.
XVll
daphne (Argynnis), 50, 123, 244, 274
daplidice (Pieris), 49, 112, 251, 253, 274
davus (Coenonympha), 96, 285, 319
deceptaria (Erastria), 203
decolorata (Emmelesia), 168, 183, 292
defoliaria (Hybernia), 22, 25, 9-i, 117, 183
degeneraria (Acidalia), 212, 317
deione (Melitasa), 244, 274, 301
deiphile (Prepona), 254
demialba (Adelpha), 230
dentina (Hadena), 160, 208
deplana (Lithosia), 64, 319
Depressaria, 20
derasa (Habrosyne), 92, 93
derasa (Thyatira), 65, 109, 292, 315
derivalis (Herminia), 292
desfontainii (Melita;a), 317
designata (Coremia), 184
designata (Larentia), 203
despecta (Cosnobia), 126
deversaria (Acidalia), 209
dia (Argynnis), 207
dicta?a (Notodonta), 63, 109
dictffia (Pheosia), 65, 109
dictasoides (Pheosia), 64, 65, 66
dictynna (Melitffia),207, 244,249, 274,301
didyma (Apamea), 65, 161
didyma (Mel.), 73, 207, 209, 274, 279, 301
didymata (Larentia), 183
diluta (Asphalia), 293
dilutata (Oporabia), 183
dilutaria (Acidalia), 25, 163, 285
dilutaria (Ptychopoda), 45
dimidiata (Acidalia), 82, 199
dimidiata (Ptychopoda), 43, 45
diniensis (Leptidia), 123, 274
dipsacea (Heliothis), 315
dispar (Chrysophanus), 113, 124, 207
dispar (Liparis), 70
dispar (Lymantria). 211
dispar (Ocneria), 285
dissimilis (Hadena), 160
dissimilis (Mamestra), 206, 207, 208, 227
ditrapezium (Noctua), 291
dolobraria (Eurymene), 63, 64, 181, 315
dominula (Callimorpha ), 69, 136, 318, 319
dorilis (Chrysophanus), 203, 204, 274
dorus (Coenonympha), 51, 275
dotata (Cidaria), 199, 292
dotata (Lygris), 199
doubledayaria (Amphi.), 65, 67, 116, 181
dromedarius (ISIotodonta), 63, 94, 109,
207, 261, 280
dromus (Erebia), 248, 274
dryas (Satyrus), 124, 273, 274
dubitana (Eupcecilia), 116
dubitata (Triphosa), 184, 204
dumerili (Luperina), 136
dumetana (Tortrix), 115
duplaris (Cymatophora), 66, 92, 93, 109,
208, 315
duponcheli (Leptidia), 49
duponcheliana (Phtheochroa), 20
ectypana (Tortrix), 292
edusa (Colias), 22, 25, 29, 50, 86, 90, 92,
93, 94, 116, 140, 216, 251, 253, 274,
279, 283, 300
egtejeus (Papilio), 186
egea (Polygonia), 50
egeria (Pararge), 25, 29, 63, 87, 251, 253,
274, 278, 282, 294, 319
electra (Colias), 216
eleus (Chrysophanus), 31, 52, 274
elinguaria (Crocallis), 181, 292
elisa (Argynnis), 50
ellops (Zaretes), 230
elpenor (Chcerocampa), 64, 320
elutata (Hypsi.), 30, 67, 92, 163, 184, 292
elva (Microtia), 229
elymi (Tapinostola), 80, 282
emargana (Ehacodia), 285
emarginata (Acidalia), 8, 207, 209
emortualis (Zanclognatha), 209
emutaria (Leptomeris), 46
enagoras (Papilio), 254
encelades (Papilio), 140
Eois, 7, 9
Ephyra, 7
ephialtes (Zygjena), 210
ei^istrophis (Morpho), 168
erate ((Jolias), 216
ericetaria (Selidosema), 182
erinnys (Erebia), 247
eros (Lycffina), 249, 274
erosaria (Ennomos), 65, 66
erythrocephala (Orrhodia), 202, 227
escheri (Lycaena), 25 L, 253, 274, 279,301
estreyeriana (Epiblema), 312
eubule (Catopsilia), 230
eumedon (Lycsena), 207, 275
eumene (Mesosemia), 94
euphemus (Lycaena), 124
eupheno (Euchloe), 246
euphenoides (Euchloe), 49, 245, 251,
253, 274
euphorbife (Deilephila), 69, 113
euphorbiata (Minoa), 63
euphrosyne (Argynnis), 274, 279, 301
Eupithecia, 69
euryale (Erebia), 212, 274
eurytheme (Colias), 216
evajous (Talmenes), 186
evias (Erebia), 28, 31, 51, 245, 274, 301
exanthemata (Leptomeris), 6
exanthemata (Cabera), 182
excsecatus (Calasymbolus), 111
exiguata (Eupithecia), 93, 184
expallidana (Catoptria), 100, 287
exoleta (Calocampa), 160, 202, 227
extersaria (Acidalia), 82
extersaria (Boarmia), 207
extranea (Leucania), 287
exulans (Zygfcna), 114
fagi (Stauropus), 64, 66, 259
falcataria (Drepana), 108, 204
falcula (tlatypteryx), 63
farinalis (Pyralis), 20
farinata (Lithostege), 205
XVlll
INDEX.
fasciana (Erastria), 207
fasciaria (Ellopia), 181, 188, 315
fasciuncula (Mianaj, 66, 314
favicolor (Leucania), 215, 287
feisthamelii (Papilio), 278, 300
fentoni (Nodaria), 74
ferrugalis (Pionea), 20
ferrugata (Coremia), 184, 292
ferrugata (Ijarentia), 203, 204
fervida (Phragmatobia); 19
festiva (Noctua), 134, 287, 291
festucffi (Plusia), 80, 180, 209, 291
Mia (Satyrus), 51, 275
filicata (Acidalia), 18
filigrammaria (Oporabia), 183
tilipenduke (Anthrocera), 29
filipendulas (Zygajna), 114, 118, 293,319
fimbria (Triph«>na), 65, 66, 293
fimbria (Agrotis), 208
fimbrialis (Thalera), 226
firmata (Thera), 188
flammealis (Endotriclia), 294
flavago (Xanthia), 159
tiavella (Depressaria), 127
flavicincta (Polia), 93
flavicinctata (Larentia), 183
flavicornis (Asphalia), 64, 202
fiavidorsana (Dichrorampha), 240
flexula (Aventia), 64. 209
floralis (Noctuella), 20
fiuctuata (Lareutia), 18
fiuctuata (Melauippe), 67, 184, 320
fontis (Bomolocha), 205
fovealis (Duponchelia), 20
formiciformis (Sesia), 126
forsterana (Tortrix), 115, 135, 292
fraxini (Catocala), 227, 283
frequentella (Scoparia), 292
fritillum (Hesperia), 274
fuciformis (Hemaris), 89
fuliginosa (Phragmatobia), 19, 64, 89
fuliginosa (Spilosoma), 64, 89
fulva (Tapinostola), 133, 208, 227, 287
fulvago (Cosmia), 159
fulvago (Xanthia), 65, 159
fulvata (Cidaria), 63, 199
fumata (Acidalia), 8, 200, 203
fumata (I.eptomeris), 48
funerella (Anesycliia), 127
fm-cifera (XyUna), 202, 227
furcula (Dicraiiura), 63, 109
furcula (Genua), 109, 209, 262, 320
furfurana (Bactra), 127
furuncula (Miana), 134, 292
furva (Mamestra), 133, 208
fusca (Phycis), 119
fuscata (Hybernia), 118
fuscantaria (Ennomos), 64, 65, 67
fusconebulosa (Hepialus), 108
fuscula (Erastria), 94
galactodactyla (AciptiUa), 137
galatea (Melanargia), 51, 92, 210, 274,
301, 315, 317
galiata (Larentia), 210
galiata (Melanippe), 93, 137, 184, 210
gahi (Deilephila), 88, 113
gamma (Plusia), 18, 26, 163, 180
garleppiana (Prepona), 254
gaudialis (Chlosyne), 229
gelon (Papilio), 140
gemmaria (Boarmia), 182, 286
gemina (Apamea), 65
gemina (Hadena), 208
geminipuncta (Nonagria), 201
genistffi (Hadena), 65, 203, 214
genistte (Mamestra), 207
gilvago (Xanthia), 66
gilvaria (Aspilates), 18, 61
glabra (Orrhodia), 227
glabraria (Cleora), 30, 94, 286, 315
glacialis (Erebia), 139, 247, 275, 316
glareosa (Noctua), 63, 134, 160
glaucata (Colix), 64, 109
glaucicolella (Coleophora), 285
glyphica (Euchlidia), 180, 190
gonostigma (Orgyia), 63, 70
goossensiata (Eupithecia), 227
gordius (Chrysophanus), 300
gorge (Erebia), 247, 274, 316
gorgone (Erebia), 247, 274, 316
gothicina (TiBniocampa), 159
gracilis (Tseniocampa), 202, 286
grammica (('oscinia), 19
grammica (Emydia), 136
graminis (Chari^is), 81, 133, 227
granella (Tinea), 137
grisealis (Zanclognatha), 180, 185
griseola (Lithosia), 207
grossulariata (Abraxas), 30, 64, 182, 188,
262, 287
grossulariata (Spilote), 262
gryjDliipennella (Coleophora), 261
gueneei (Luperina), 136
halimede (Melanargia), 124
harpagula (Drepana), 136
hastiana (Acalla), 164
hastiana (Peronea), 30, 287
hastata (Larentia), 203
hastata (Melanippe), 184
haworthii (Cel^na), 134, 227
hectus (Hepialus), 64, 315
helice (Colias), 29, 112, 116, 140
hehmanni (Tapinostola), 208
helvola (Orthosia), 159, 227
helvola (Anchocelis). 203
heparata (Eupisteria), 203
herbariata (Acidalia), 82
herbida (Agrotis), 315
hermione (Satyrus), 274
hessii (Nonagria), 319
hesperus (Papilio), 117
Heterogynis, 95
hexadactyla (Orneodes), 20
hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia), 315
hippocrepidis (Zygana), 118
hippophaes (Deilephila), 113
hippothoc (Chrysophanus), 124, 274
hirtaria (Biston), 67, 189, 216
INDEX.
XIX
hispidus (Heliophobus), 318
hispulla (Epinephele), 51, 257, 274, 278,
279, 301
hospiton (Papilio), 49
humiliata (Acidalia), 216
humiliata (Ptychopoda), 1(5
hamuli (Hei^ialus), 64, 108
hyale (Colias), 25, 29, 50, 123, 216, 226,
274, 300
hybridus (Smerinthus), 127
hyemana (Tortricodes), 116
liyerana (Hastula), 118, 190
hygisea (Vanessa), 70
hylas (Lyctena), 211, 245
hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 87, 95, 124,
259, 301
hyperanthus (Epinep.), 95, 274, 279, 319
hyperia (Chlosyne), 229
hypeiicana (Catoptera), 81
ianira (ICpinephele), 25, 29, 64, 616
ianthiua (Triphrena), 64, 65, 66, 158,208
ianthina (Agrotis), 208
iberica (Melitii^a), 251, 252, 317
icarus (Lyc^na), 25, 210, 251, 252,261,301
ichneumoniformis (Sesia), 210
ichnusa (Vanessa), 50
ictericana (Cnephasia), 20
icteiicana (Sphaleroptera) 81, 116
ida (Epinephele), 51, 244, 251, 275
ide (Siderone), 230
ignobilis (CEceticus), 11, 13
ilia (Apatuia), 206
ilicifolia (Epinaptera), 136
ilicifolia (Gastropacha). 136
ilicis (Thecla), 51, 244, 251, 253, 274,275,
301
illuminatella (Argyresthia), 284, 286
illunaria (Selenia), 166, 181
imbutata (Anaitis), 120, 199
imitaria (Acidalia), 80, 287, 292, 315
imitaria (I.eptomeris), 10
iaimaculata (Argynnis), 50
immanata (Cidaria), 30, 199
immorata (Acidalia), 8, 204
immorata (Leptomeris), 46
immundana (Epiblema), 281, 311
immutata (Acidalia), 8, 199, 204, 212
impudens (Leucania), 208
impura (Leucania), 65, 80, 110, 208
inachis (Kallima), 190
incaruatus (Spilonota), 115
incanana (Cnephasia), 98
incanaria (Acidalia), 285
incanata (Leptomeris), 46
incerta (Ta^'niocampa), 207
indigenata (Eucrostes), 18
innolata (I'Jupithecia), 201
ino (Argynnis), 207
inopiana (Ephippiphora), 127
inornata (Ptychopoda), 43, 44
insignis (Clothilda), 229
instabilis (laeniocampa), 65
interjectaria (Ptychopoda), 8, 10, 44
interjecta (Tri.), 66, 80, 92, 93, 140, 158
intermedia (Erebia), 274, 316
intermedia (Erebia), 245, 316
interrogationis (Plusia), 26, 180
io (Vanessa), 31, .s7, 163, 168, 203,1227, 301
iota (Plusia), 26, 65, 80, 163, 180, 238
iphigenia (Hypena), 230
iphis (Ccenonyrapha), 275
iphis (Ccenonyrapha), 207, 209
iris (Apatura), 70, 140, 207, 216, 285, 31G
irrorella (Setina), 63, 21U
isabellffi (Graellsia). 216
jacobseffi (Euchelia), 89, 185, 214, 216,
237, 265
jacobfefe (Hipocrita), 89, 265, 267
jasius (Charaxes), 50
jasoniata (Eujjithecia), 240
jaspidea (Nasnia), 227
juniperata (Thera), 184
jurtina (Epinephele), 29, 30, 51, 209,
251, 274, 278, 301
karwinskii (Smyrna), 230
kershawii (Vanessa), 186
lacertinaria (Drepana), 108, 206
lachesis (Mel.), 51, 244, 274, 278, 301, 317
lactearia (Thalera), 65, 200
lactearia (lodis), 200, 315
lacteella (Endrosis), 164
Iffivis (Orthosia), 227
1-albuni (Leucania), 208
lancealis (Perinephele), 294
lanceolana (Bactra), 100
lanestris (Eriogaster), 108, 120, 287
lanestris (Lachneis), 29
laodice (Argynnis), 124
lappona (Erebia), 245, 248, 274
lapponaria Nyssia), 69, 168, 216, 237
lariciata (Eupithecia), 64
laripennella (Coleophora), 285
latefasciata (Linienitis), 123
latenai (IMamestra), 2(i6
lateritia (Hadena), 208
lathona (Argynnis), 90
lathonia, 207, 209, 227, 274, 279, 301
latonia (Argynnis), 112, 226
lathyrus (Leptidia), 49
latreillellus (Nemotois), 2t,)
lavatera3 (Carcharodus), 248, 274
*leechi (Nodaria), 74
lefebvrei (Erebia), 245, 247, 248, 274,
301, 316
lemnata (Cataclysta), 1, 38, 42, 90
leosthenes (Papilio), 187
leporina (Acronycta), 96, lit9, 206, 208,
287, 289
Leptomeris, 6, 8, 47
leucophffia (Mamestra), 205
leucophffia (Pachetra), 287
leucophffiaria (Hybernia), 183, 202
levana (Araschnia), 207
lewinii (Clania), 11, 13
libatrix (Gonoptera), 65, 180
lichenaria (i3oarraia), 209
lichenaria (Cleora), 80, 287, 315
lidderdalii (Bhutanitis), 31
XX
INDEX.
lienigianus (Leioptilus), 191
ligea (Erebia), 212
ligniperda (Cossus), 19, U, 66, 208, 315
ligula (Orrhodia), 125, 159
ligustri (Acrouycta), 110, 291, 315
ligustri (Craniophora), 110
ligustri (Sphinx), 64
limitata (Eubolia), 199
limitata (Ortholitha), 210
limoniella (Goniodoma), 285
limosipennella (Coleophora), 285
linariata (Eui^ithecia), 183
linariata (Tephroclystis), 183
linea (Adopaia), 120
linea (Hesperia), 92
lineago (Xanthia), 227
lineola (Adopc^a), 120, 207, 27-4
lineola (Hesperia), 226
1-nigrum (Laria), 206
linogrisea (Agrotis), 205, 208
liria (Ectima), 230
literosa (Miana), 80, 93, 134
liturata(Mac.) , 182, 188. 262, 285, 287, 315
liturata (Semiothisa), 209
litura (Orthosia), 159, 227
liturella (Depressaria), 164
lithargyria (Leucania), 64, G5, 110
lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 65, 160
lividalis (Hypena), 18
livornica (Deilephila), 137 162, 186, 313
lixella (Coleophora), 285
lobulata (Lobophora) 184
longana (Cnephasia), 20
lonicerae (Zygsena), 209
lota (Orthosia), 94, 159
lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 64, 90
luciua (Nemeobius), 63, 88, 275, 295
leucostigma (Hydrcecia), 208
luctuosa (Acontia), 63, 65, 136, 210, 214
lucernea (Agrotis), 240, 320
lunaria (Selenia), 181, 186
lunaris (Ophiodes), 191, 207
lunigera (Agrotis), 70, 94, 136
lunosa (Orthosia), 65
lunula (Calophasia), 82
lupulinus (Hepialus), 108
luridata (Boarmia), 204
luridata (Tephrosia), 205
lurideolata (Lithosia), 89
lutea (Xanthia), 227
lutealis (Scopula), 292
luteata (Asthena), 6, 64, 199, 203, 204
luteolata (Eumia), 181
lutescens (Phytometra), 213
lutosa (Nonagria), 282
lutulenta (Epunda), 65
lutulenta (Aporophyla), 227
lycaon (Epinephele), 211, 226
lychnitis (Cucullia), 191
lycidas (Lycaena), 248, 275
lyllus (Coenonympha), 51
lyside (Kricogonia), 229
macha?ralis (Pyrausta), 198
machaon (Papilio), 122, 251, 274, 278,
282, 300, 320
macilenta (Orthosia), 65, 159
macleayana (Papilio), 139
macularia (Mesene), 230
maeularia (Yenilia), 181
maculata (Venilia), 231
maculipennis (Plutella), 20
mara (Pararge), 211, 212, 253, 274, 301
magnella (Lepidoscia), 12, 14
major (Morpha), 226
malvffi (Hesperia), 203, 254, 301
malvffi (Syrichthus), 29, 63, 261, 275
manto (Erebia), 275
margaritaria (Jletrocampa), 181
margiuata (Lomaspilis), 183
marginaria (Hybernia), 29, 96, 118, 183
marginepunctata (Acidalia), 209, 214
marginepunctata (Leptomeris), 10, 43
maritima (Senta), 12(3, 201
matura (Cerigo), 65, 80
niaura (Mania), 65, 66, 70, 158, 286, 291
medesicaste (Thais), 244, 274, 278, 300
medon (Lycaena), 93
megffira (Pararge), 51, 87, 211, 251, 252,
274, 282, 295, 301
megacephala (Acronycta), 65, 109, 208
melanocephala (Acronycta), 289
melauocephalum (Trochilium), 206
nielanops (Lycana), 52, 94, 226, 275
meleager (Lyca;na), 52
melas (Erebia), 205, 280, 301
melete (Pieris), 123
meliloti (Zygana), 207
memnon (Caligo), 230
mendica (Spilosoma), 89
mensuraria (Eubolia), 199
menthastri (Spilosoma), 64, 90, 259, 311
menyanthidis (Aero.), HO, 206, 226, 227
meridionalis (Melanargia), 124
mesomella (Cybosia), 89, 210
mesomella (Lithosia), 315
meticulosa (Brdtolomia), 227
metirius (Hypocysta), 139, 187
metis (Apatura), 275
mexicana (Eurema), 229
mi (Euclidia), 180
miata (Cidaria), 183
micacea (Hydroecia), 65, 133, 211, 314
milleri (Caradrina), 205. 209
milhauseri (HopHtis), 82, 200, 209
miniata (Calligenia), 287, 315
minima (Lye), 63, 88, 117, 201, 211,286
minimus (Lycaina), 274
ministrana (Tortrix), 115
minorata (Larentia), 212
minutata (Eupithecia), 184
minutata (Tephroclystia). 184
misippus (fiypolimnas), 117
mnemosyne (Parnassius), 274, 280
modesta (Pachysphinx), 111
molothina (Agrotis), 205
monacha (Lymantria), 211
INDEX.
XXI
monacha (Psilura), 315
moneta (Plusia), 64, 65, 138, 260, 280, 281
monodactylus (Pterophorus), 20, 96,292
monoglypha (Hadena), 280, 227
monoglypha (Xylophasia), 65
monogramma (.Metoptria), 18, 190
montanata (Melanippe), 184
niorpheus (Caradrina), 134, 207
morpheus (Heteroptus), 273, 274
multistrigaria (Larentia), 183, 319
mundana (Nudaria), 89, 292
muricata (Hyria), 7, 199
murinata (Minoa), 202
muscerda (Lithosia), 207, 208
musculosa (Synia), 136, 162, 287
mylotes (Papilio), 229
myopffiformis (Sesia), 63
myi'tillana (Phoxopterys), 115
myrtilli (Anarta), 63, 96, 180. 227, 285
nanata (Eupithecia), 184
nanata (Tephroelystia), 184
napi (Pieris), 25, 29, 94, 197, 198, 202,
259, 274, 300, 319
nebulosa (Aplecta), 29, 30, 160, 187, 205,
287, 291
neglecta (Noctua), 63
nemesis (Dismorphia), 119
nemoralis (Agrotera), 261
neomyris (Satyrus), 51
neoridas (Erebia), 275
neoteipe (Prepona), 254
nerii (Daphnis), 113
nerii (Deilephila), 198
nerii (Sphinx), 197
neurica (Nonagria), 319
neustria (Malacosoma), 64, 292
nicholli (Erebia), 139,316
nictitans (Hydrcecia), 30, 65, 06, 126,
133, 208, 227
nigricans (Agrotis), 66, 227
nigrofasciata (Anticlea), 184, 188
nigrofalvata (Macaria), 188, 262, 285
niobe (Argynnis), 112, 207, 209, 274
nitida (Orthosia), 227
nitidella (Epichnopteryx), 206
niveus (Acentropus), 1, 126
noctuella (Nomophila), 20, 81
nomion (Parnassius), 122
notata (Macaria), 182, 315
notata (Semiothisia), 165
nubecLilosa (Asteroscopus), 202
nudalis (Phlyctienodes), 20
numata (Heliconius), 165, 317
nupta (Catocala), 209, 227, 259, 285
nymphajata (Hydrocampa), 42
obeliscata (Larentia), 227
obelisca (Agrotis), 93
oberthuri (Lyc^na), 241, 316
obliterata (Eupisteria), 7, 204
obscura (Agrotis), 206, 208
obscuraria (Gnophos) 182, 209, 292, 315,
319
obsitalis (Hypena), 18
obsoleta (Chloridea), 258
obsoleta (Lencania), 126, 201
obtusella (Coleophora), 285
occulta (Agrotis), 205, 208
ocellaris (Xanthia), 227
ocellata (Melanthia), 184
ocellata (Larentia), 204
ocellatus (Smerin.) 29, 63, 64, 66, 89, 237
ocellatus (Aphantopus), 124
ocellea (Eromene), 240
ochracea (Gortyna), 65, 123, 256
ochracea (Ochria), 261
ochrata (Acidalia), 9, 317
ochrata (Sterrha), 45
ochrearia (Aspilates), 18, 214
ochroleucata (Acidalia), 82
octavia (Morpho), 230
octogesima (Cyraatophora), 215, 238, 287
octomaculata (Ennychia), 292
ocularis (Cymatophora), 63, 215, 238
oculea (Apamea), 161
occultana (Paedisca), 116
oedippus (Ccenonympha), 124, 273, 274
oeme (Erebia), 275
oleracea (Hadena), 64, 66
oleracea (Mamestra), 227
olivata (Larentia), 183
00 (Dicycla), 286, 287
opacella (Acanthopysche), 206
ophiogramma (Apamea). 161, 208
opima (Tfeniocampa), 70, 192, 202
or (Cymatophora), 63, 203, 208, 287, 315
orbicularia (EjDhyra), 315
orbitulus (Lye), 241, 246, 247, 248, 316
orbona (Triphrena), 66, 140, 158
orbona (Agrotis), 205
orientalis (Pieris), 122
orion (Lycaena), 301
orion (Moma), 206, 315
ornata (Acidalia), 206
ornitopus (Xylina) 227
osseana (Aphelia), 164
osseana (Cnephasia), 293
oxyacanthi© (Miselia), 160
pabulatricula (Hadena), 208
paiajmon (Carterocephalus), 22, 275
palffino (Colias), 226, 275
palarica (Erebia), 28, 30
paleacea (Cosmia), 159, 209
pales (Argynnis), 245, 248, 274
pallens (Leucania), 65, 110
pallescens (Argynnis), 123
palpina (Pterostoma), 64, 109, 259, 262
paludata (Anaitis), 120, 199
paludis (Hydroecia), 30
I^alustris (Hydnlla), 136
palustris (Zyga^na) 293
pamphilus (Ccenonympha), 25, 51, 209,
259, 274, 285, 316, 319
pandora (Argynnis), 50, 275
paphia (Argynnis), 50, 87, 294, 315
paphia (Dryas), 207, 209
Papilio, 30
papilionaria (Geometra), 207, 209
parthenias (Brephos), 181, 202
xxu
INDEX.
parthenie (Melitfea), 50, 248, 274
paralekta (Kallima), 190
parva (Micra), 287
parva (Thalpochares), 18, 287
parvipuncta (Cyaniris), 52
pasiphaij (Epinephele), 51, 244, 251, 275
pasithoe (Heliconius), 117
pastinum (Toxocampa), 208, 287
pavonia (Saturnia), '29, 108, 292
pectinitaria (Laientia), 183, 239
pedaria (Fhigalia), 65, 96, 181, 202
pendularia (Ephyra), 207
pendularia (Zone), 29, 64, 189, 216,262
pennaria (Hiniera), 65, 181
pentadaetyla (Aciptilia), 292
peranthus (Papilio), 140
perla (Bryophila), 65, 109
perlellus (Crambus), 294
permutaria (Peionea), 115, 287
perochraria (Acidalia), 212
perochraria (Ptychopoda), 11
persieariffi (Mamestra), 63, 65, 133, 291
petasitis (Hydrcecia), 133
petiverella (Dichrorampha), 116
petraria (Panagra), 182
pflugiana (Ephippiphora), 116
pharnaces (Papilio), 228
pheretes (Lycaena), 316
phicomene (Colias), 216, 248, 274
philodice (Colias), 216
phloeas (Chrysophanus), 31, 52, 203, 226,
251, 274, 301. 320
phcebe (Melitjea), 274, 278
picteti (Ala), 23
picteti (Trichanarta), 23
pigra (Pygfera), 27, 62
pilosaiia (Phigalia), 181
pilosellae (Zygsena), 287
pinastri (Sphinx), 113, 206
pinguinalis (Aglossa), 20
pim (Dendrolinms), 211, 227
piniai-ia (Bupalus), 182, 188, 209, 315
piniariella (Ocnerostoma), 284
pinicolana (Retinia), 116
piniperda (Panolis), 65, 131, 159
pinivorana (Retinia), 116
pisi (Hadena), 80, 160
pistacina (Orthosia), 129. 159
pitheas (Catagramma), 229
plagiata (Anaitis), 18. 199
plagiodactyla (Stenoptilia), 20
plantaginis (Parasemia), 89
plantaginis (Nemeophila), 89, 168
plecta (Agrotis), 227
plecta (Noctua), 66, 134, 320
plexippus (Anosia), 112
plexippus (Danais), 112
plotina (Melitsea), 123
plumaria (Selidosema), 182
plumigera (Ptilophora), 314
plumbaria (Eubolia), 199
plumbaria (Ortbolitha), 204
plumbeolata (Eiipithecia), 93
Plusia, 25
podalirius ((Papilio), 245, 274, 300
podana (Tortrix), 115, 135
poggei (Pseudacraea), 139
poliographus (Colias), 123
polychloros (Eugonia), 261, 274, 316
polychloros (Vanessa), 25, 87, 210, 253,
261, 274, 301
polycommata (Lobophora), 184
polygramma (Thalpochares), 82
polygrammata (I'hibalapteryx), 209
polyodon (Cloantha), 208
polyodon (Xylophasia), 30
polyphemus (Morpho),230
pomonella (Carpocapsa). 198
populana (Ephippiphora), 287
popularis (Epineuronia), 133, 211, 227
popularis (Heliophobus), 63
popularis (Neuronia), 65, 93
populata (Cidaria), 199
populella (Gelechia), 118
populeti (Tjenioeampa), 159
populi (Amorpha), 212
populi (Limenitis), 206
populi (P(jecilocampa), 30, 63, 64, 108
populi (Smerinthus), 63, 64, 66, 287
porcellus (Cheer.), 64, 138, 263, 291, 319
porcellus (Metopsilus), 88, 207
porcellus (Pergesa), 196,_198
porphyrea (Agrotis), 315
porphyrea (Hadena), 227
potatoria (Cosmotricha), 108
potatoria (Odonestis), 80, 108, 287
prsDformata (Anaitis), 212
prasina (Agrotis), 205, 208
prasinana (Halias), 6-'<
prasinana (Hylophila), 89, 207
pretiosa (Ala), 23
primulas (Agrotis), 206
proboscidalis (Hypena), 65. 180, 259
procida (Melanargia), 51
procellata (Melanippe), 64
procellata (Melanthia), 287
prodromaria (Amphidasys), 181
progemmaria (Hybernia), 118
promissa (Catocala), 226
promutata (Acidalia), 94, 214, 293
pronoe (Erebia), 275
pronuba (Triphajna), 168
pronuba (Agrotis), 227
pronubana (Tortrix), 20
propugnata (Coremia), 319
prosapiaria (Ellopia), 05, 181, 188, 209,
315
protea (Dryobota), 227, 319
proto (Hesperia), 275
provincialis (^Melitfea), 50
prunaria (Angerona), 216, 287, 315
prunata (Cidaria), 199, 209
prunata (Lygris), 199
pruni (Odonestis), 211
pruni (Thecla), 113, 262, 275, 286
pruinata (Pseudoterpna), 30, 65, 200, 318
psi (Acronycta), 65, 109, 285
psittacata (Cidaria), '.'2
INDEX.
xxm
Psyche, 19
pylorita (Lycfena), 198
Ptychopoda, 8
pudibunda (Dasychira), 64, 108, 205, 207
pudica (Euprepia), 19
pudica (Cymbalophora), 19
pudorina (Leucania), 208
puera (Hyblffia), 198
pulchella (Utetheisa), 19
pulchella (Deiopeia), 19, 136
pulchellata (Eupithecia), 183
pulchellata (Tephroclystia), 183
pulchrma (Plusia), 26, 180, 238
pulla (l<:pichnopteryx), 206, 260
pulveraria (Numeria), 182
punctaria (Ephyra), 204
punctularia (Tephrosia), 94, 165, 202, 204
pumilata (Eupithecia), 292
pumilata (Tephroclystia), 18
purpuralis (Zygajna), 209
purpurata (Rhyparia), 211
pnsaria (Cabera), 182
pusaria (Deiliuia), 204
puta (Agrotis), 65, 134, 135, 214
putata (Thalera), 203
putris (AxyKa), 65, 66, 80, 93, 293
Pylarge, 8, 48
pyraliata (Cidaria), 199
pyramidea (Amphipyra), 63, 209, 226
pyranthe (CatopsiUa), 255
pyrenaica (Erebia), 245, 280, 301
pyrenaica (Lycffiiia), 241, 246, 247, 248,
274, 316
pyrenffia (Erebia), 245, 274, 316
pyrina (Zeuzera), 64, 66, 168
quadra (GnoiDhria), 89
quadra (ffinistis), 89, 211
quadratus (Papilio), 125
quadrifasciaria (Larentia), 207
quadripunctata (Caradrina), 65, 208
qufestionana (Dichrorampha), 240
quercana (Hylophila), 92
queroifoHa ( Lasiocampa) , 64, 198,262, 292
quercifolia (Gastropacha), 64, 198, 262
quercifoHella (Lithocolletis), 216
quercinaria (Ennomos), 65, 181, 211
quercus (Bonibys), 90, 108
quercus (Lasiocampa), 69, 90, 94, 108,
144, 203
quercus (Thecla), 294
quercus (Zephyrus), 88, 206, 211, 275
quinquemaculata (Phlegeth.), 113
ramella (Grapholitha), 115
ramulanus (SarrothrijDus), 114
rapa3(Pieris), 25, 122,137,251,253,259,300
rectangulata (Chloroclystis), 184
rectangulata (I'^upithecia), 84, 184, 239
rectilinea (Hyppa), 207
remutaria (Acidalia), 8
repandata (Boar.), 29, 30, 69, 163, 182, 188
reticulata (Neuria), 80, 206, 214
reticulata (Lygris), 212
revayana (Sarrothripus), 214
rhamni (Gonepteryx), 87, 251, 300
rhomboidaria (Boarmia), 67. 163, 182
rhizolitha (Xylina), 94
ribeana (Tortrix), 115
ribesiaria (Cidaria), 292
richmoudii (Ornithoptera), 187
ripffi (Agrotis), 291
ripartii (Lycsna), 52
rivata (Melanippe), 94, 287
roboraria (Boarmia), 182, 207, 209
roboris(La30sopis), 51.244, 246, 274, 278,
301
robsoni (Aplecta), 29. 30. 187, 292
rosana (Tortrix), 115
rubi (Bombyx), IdS
rubi (Callophrys), 88, 204, 211, 275, 301
rubi (Macrothylacia), 108, 204, 227
rubi (Noctua), 134
rubi (Thecla), 70, 185, 191. 260
rubidata (Anticlea), 93, 94
rubiginata (Acidalia), 287
rubiginata (Melanthia), 184
rubiginea (Dasycampa), 202
rubiginea (Orrhodia), 227
rubricollis (Gnophria), 315
rubricosa (Pachnobia), 68, 70, 159, 202,
314
rufa (Coenobia), 261
rufana (Catoptria), 100
rufina (Orthosia), 159
rugosana (Phtheochroa), 214. 239
rumina (Thais), 274, 278, 300
rumicis (Acronycta) , 80, 110, 206, 208, 227
rupicapraria (Hybernia), 96, 117, 183
rurea (Xylophasia), 66
russata (Cidaria), 30, 185, 320
russula (Euthemonia), 30
russula (Diacrisia). 89
russula (Nemeophila), 89, 166, 286, 314
rusticata (Acidalia). 8, 43, 261
rusticata (Ptychopoda), 43, 44
rutilus (Chrysophaiius), 207
sacraria (Rhodometra), 18
sacraria (Sterrha), 18, 119
salicata (Larentia), 18, 183
salicis (Liparis), 96
salicis (Stilpnota), 64, 66, 111
salinellus (Crambus), 126
sallei (Pythomdes), 231
salmacis (Hypolimnas), 119
salmacis (Lycsena), 18
sambucaria (Uropteryx), 65, 66, 181
saponari£e (Neuria), 214
sanguinalis (Pyrausta), 82
sanio (Nemeophila), 227
sao (Hesperia), 245, 301
sarpedon (Papilio), 186
satellitia (Scopelosoma), 159
saturatella (Coleophora), 165
satyrata (Tephroclystia), 204
satyrata (Eupithecia), 63
saucia (Agrotis t, 134, 317
scabiosata (Eupithecia), 64
scabriuscula (Dipterygia), 203
scipio (Erebia), 285
XXIV
INDEX.
scolajformis (Sesia), 203, 207
scoliiformis (Sesia), 113, 163
scolopacina (Hadena), 208, 227
scolopacina (Xylophasia), 294
scutulata (Acidalia), 199, 292
sebrus (Lycfena), 52
secalis (Hadena), 208
segetum (Agrotis), 22, 77
selene (Argynnis), 87, 123, 203, 274, 287
seleni (Caradrina), 82, 205
semele (Satyrus), 25, 51, 87, 210, 226,
274, 282, 301
semiargus (Lycaena), 113 203, 211
semibrunnea (Xylina), 137, 314, 320
semicanai'ia (Thamnonoma), 82
semifuscana (Padisca), 116
sempronius (Charaxes), 186, 187
senex (Nudaria), 81
septodactylus (Leioptilus), 191
sepium (Bacotia), 206
serena (Hecatera), 66
sericea (Lithosia), 81
sericealis (Eivula), 180, 292
serratulie (Hesperia), 275
Sibylla (Limenitis), 62, 90, 207, 275, 282,
316
siculata (Heliconius), 30
siderata (Cidaria), 92, 137, 185
signum (Agrotis), 208
silaceata (Cidaria), 199
silago (Xanthia), 159, 287
silvana (Heliconius), 317
similana (Ephippiphora), 116
sirailana (Epiblenia), 164
similis (Porthesia), 64, 108, 259, 262
simplonia (Euchloe), 274
simulans (Agrotis), 206
simulata (Thera), 184
sinapis (Leucophasia), 29, 86, 207, 274
sinapis (Leptidia), 49, 123, 251, 253, 279,
300
sinuana (Cnephasia), 98
sinuata (Anticlea), 94, 137, 320
smaragdaria (Pseudoterpna), 260,285.320
smilax (Terias), 186
sobrina (Noctua), 286
sobrinata (Eupithecia). 64, 161, 184, 227
sobrinata (Tephroclystia), 184
socia (Xylina), 227
sociata (Melanippe), 184
sociella (Aphomia), 292
solandriana (Ptedisca), 30, 116
solidaginis (Calocampa), 120, 160, 227
sordida (Hadena), 206, 262
sordidata (Hj-psipetes), 30, 81, 184
sororcula (Lithosia), 63
sororculana (Penthina), 115
spadicea (Orrhodia), 125, 159, 164
sparganii (Nonagria), 136
sparsata (Collix), 204
spartiata (Chesias), 25, 90
sphegiformis (Sesia), 113
sphinx (Asteroscopus), 25, 65
spilodactyla (Aciptilia), 191
spini (Thecla), 52, 275
splendens (Mamestra), 208
sponsa (Catocala), 206, 226
sponsana (Peronea), 115
stabilis (Tsniocampa), 82
stahli (Ceratopterus), 139
stagnata (Hydrocampa), 1
statices (Ino), 64, 89, 205, 292
statilinus (Satyrus), 51, 275
*steinbachi (Papilio), 125
stellatarum (Macroglossa), 84, 90, 94
Sterrha, 8, 9
stevensata (Eupithecia), 161
sthennyo (Erebia), 248, 274
sthenelus (Papilio). 186
stonanus (Sarrothripus), 114
straminata (Acidalia), 212
straminea (Leucania), 126
strataria (Amphidasys), 63, 65, 181
Strenia, 8
striata (Euprepia), 19, 211
striata (Coscina), 19, 211
strigaria (Leptomeris), 46
strigata (Hemithea), 200, 207
strigilaria (Leptomeris), 46
strigilis (Miana).29, 65, 66
strigillaria (Aspilates), 182
strigillaria (Perconia), 182, 209
strigosa (Acronycta), 126
strigula (Agrotis), 65, 205, 211
stygne (Erebia), 28, 31, 245, 274, 300,
301, 317
suasa (Hadena), 160
suava (Eublemma), 82
subalpina (Chrysophanus), 274
subfusca (Noctua), 161, 213
subgothica (Noctua), 136
sublustris (Hadena), 208
sublustris (Xylophasia), 65, 80, 133
subrosea (Noctua), 136
subroseata (Zonosoma), 29
subsericeata (Acidalia), 93, 199, 240
subsericeata (Ptychopoda), 43
subsequa (Agrotis), 2 '5
subtristata (Melanippe), 184
sutiumata (Cidaria , 199
suft'usa (Agrotis), 63, 65
sulphuralis (Eumelia), 18
suspecta (Dyschorista), 159, 209, 227
■suspecta (Orthosia), 159
sydi (Limenitis), 123
syllius (Melanargia). 51, 251, 253, 275
sylphis (Bulboneura). 229
sylvata (Abraxas), 182. 261, 292
sylvana (Heliconius), 165
sylvauus (Augiades), 301
sylvanus (Hepialus), 108
sylvanus (Pamphilus), 257, 259
Sylvius (Carterocephalus), 203
syringaria (Hygrochroa), 181
syringaria (Pericallia), 65, 163, 181, 287
tabaniformis (^geria), 318
taeniata (Emmelesia), 183
tages (Thanaos), 82, 251, 254, 274
INDEX.
XXV
tages (Nisoniades), 261, 295
taminata (Bai^ta), 64, 203
taraxaci (Caradrina), 209
tarsipennalis(Zanclognatha), 93, 180, 209
tau (Aglia), 202
taygetus (Danais), 187
telemonius (Caligo), 49
telicanus (Lampides), 52, 251, 275
temerata (Bapta), 93, 94, 182, 239
temerata (Corycia), 93, 94
tempestivata (Tephroclystia), 18
templi (Dasypolia), 282
tenebrata (Heliaca), 180
tenebraria (Dasydia), 139
tenebrosa (Rusina), 93, 163, 206
tentacularia (Herminia), 207
tenuiata (Eupithecia), 93
tereas (Archonius), 229
testacea (Luperina), 30, 65, 133, 211
testata (Cidaria), 199
testudo (Limacodes), 215
tetradactyla (Aciptilia), 164
tetradactyla (Alucita), 20
tetralunana (Selenia), 65
tetraquetrana (Phloeodes), 116
Thais, 95
thaidina (Armandia), 30
thalassina (Hadena), 160
thalassina (Mamestra), 207
thapsiella (Depressaria), 191
thaumas (Adopsea), 120, 207, 209, 251,
254, 301
thaumas (Hesperia), 226
thompsoni (Aplecta), 30, 187, 292
thyraiaria (Hemithea), 200
tigelius (Pararge), 51
tincta (Aplecta), 160, 292
tincta (Mamestra), 208
tihffi (Smerinthus), 64, 66, 164, 258
tiliaria (Enhomos), 181
Timandra, 7
tithonus (Epinephele), 87
tyiDhon (Ccenonympha), 207
trabealis (Agrophila), 211
trabealis (Erotyla), 18
tragoponis (Amphipyra), 65, 158
transversella (Oxybia), 19
trapezina (Calymnia), 29, 160, 262
trianguhmi (Noctua), 66, 166
trepida (Notodonta), 63, 64, 66
Trichanarta, 23
tridens (Acronycta), 208, 285
trifasciata (Hypsij^etes), 204
trifaseiata (Larentia), 207
trifolii (Mamestra), 206, 208, 227, 259
trifolii (Zygsena), 118, 207, 209, 293
trigeminata (Ptychopoda), 43, 46
trigrammica (Grammesia), 65, 134
trilineata (Ephyra), 205
trilinea (Grammesia), 134
trilophus (Notodonta), 136
tviplasia (Abrostola), 26, 66, 180, 292
tripartita (Abrostola), 65, 180
tripunctana (Pardia), 115
triopes (Erebia), 247
trisignaria (Eupithecia), 164
tristata (Larentia), 202, 204
tristata (Melanippe), 184
tritici (Agrotis), 134, 208, 227
tritophus (Notodonta), 162
trophonius (Papilio), 28
truncata (Cidaria), 93, 185
turca (Leucania), 136, 208
turfosalis (Tholomiges), 180
tyndarus (Erebia), 248, 274
typhas (Nonagria), 133
typhon (Coeuonympha), 87, 285
typica (Mania), 65, 66
typica (Naenia), 227
uddmanniana (Aspis), 115
uddmanniana (Notocelia), 82
ulceratalis (Cornifrons), 20
ulicetana (Caloptria), 116
ulmata (Abraxas), 182, 239, 261
ulvie (Senta), 126
umbra (Pyrrhia), 209
umbraria (Boarmia), 82
umbratica (Cucullia), 65, 180
umbrosa (Noctua), 134
unangulata (Melanippe), 94, 204
unanimis (Apamea), 291
unanimis (Hadena), 208
uncula (Hydrelia), 207, 287
undulata (Eucosmia), 185, 204, 315
unicolor (Canephora), 206
unicolor (CirrhcEdia), 159
unidentaria (Coremia), 44, 184, 285
unidentaria (Larentia), 212
unifasciana (Tortrix), 115
unifasciata (Emmelesia), 286, 310
unifasciata (Larentia), 212
unipuncta (Lyca^na), 226
urticas (Abrostola), 26, 180, 238
urticaB (Aglais), 259, 285
urticje (Spilosoma), 30, 90
urticaj (Vanessa), 25, 50, 117, 259, 163,
210, 260, 262, 280, 281, 311
urticana (Sericoris), 115
urticata (Eurrhypara), 30
vaccinii (Orrhodia), 192
valesina (Argynnis), 50
valligera (Agrotis), 134
varia (Melitfea), 248
variata (Larentia), 205
variata (Thera), 184
variegana (Peronea), 115
variegata (Gnophos), 18
varleyata (Abraxas), 262
vauaria (Halia), 182
vaupunctatum (Orrhodia), 227
veleda (Junonia), 186
velleda (Hepialus), 108, 163
venosata (Eupithecia). 94, 183, 287
venosata (Tephroclystia), 183
venustula (Erastria), 207
verbasci (Cucullia), 82
verberata (Larentia), 212
vernaria (Geometra), 65, 68
c
XXVI
INDEX.
vernetensis (Melit^a), 244, 301
versicolor (Endromis), 202
vespiformis (Sesia), 113
vestigialis (Agrotis), 80, 134, 211, 227
vetulata (Scotosia), 209
vetusta (Calocampa), 160, 202, 227
vetustus (Heliconius), 317
v-flavum ((Enophila), 262, 320
viardi (Perrhybris), 229
vibicaria (Rhodostrophia), 209, 226
viciella (Psyche), 206
villica (Ai-ctia), 19, 82, 89, 216
vinctuncula (Miana), 292
vinula (Dicrannra). 64, 109, 287
virgaureffi (Chrysoph.). 31, 209, 226, 246
virgaureata (Eupitheeia), 183
virescens (Hepialus), 318
virgularia (Acidalia), 18
virgularia (Ptychopoda), 43, 46, 47
viridana (Tortrix), 115
viridata (Nemoria). 200
vindaria (Larentia), 80, 183
viridaria (Phytometra), 63, 180, 210
virens (Luceria), 227
virgularia (Acidalia), 285
vitalbata (Phibalapteryx), 184
vitelina (Leucania), 136, 287
vittata (Larentia), 209
vulgata (Eupitheeia), 67, 184
w-album (Thecla), 22, 216, 294
wavaria (Halia), 182
wavaria (Thamnonoma), 212
westwoodii (Eurema), 229
wheeler i (Lycaena), 94
wockearia (Dasydia), 139
xanthodippe (Argynnis), 123
xanthographa (Noctua), 126, 227
xerampelina (Cirrhcedia), 65, 66, 159,
163, 262, 314
xuthus (Papilio), 122
yamamai (Anthersea), 129
ypsilon (Agrotis), 30, 237
zephyrus (Lyca3na), 248, 275
ziczac (Notodonta), 65, 94, 261, 262,280
zcegana (Xanthosetia), 127
Zonosoma, 7
NEUROPTERA.
£enea (Cordulia), 179
albicorne (Odontocerum), 297
anniilatus (Cordulegaster), 179, 296,
297, 310
armatum (Agrion), 162, 179, 189
aspersa (Chrysopa), 297
azurea (Mystacides), 297
barbara (Lestes), 298
braueri (Leptoeerus), 298
Cferuleseens (Orthetrum), 296, 297
cancellatum (Orthetrum), 179
centralis (Limnophilus), 298
coccajus (Ascalaphus), 297
cognata (Panorpa), 95
communis (Panorpa), 95
cyanea (.Eschna), 91, 179, 283, 313, 314
cyathigerum (Enallag.), 91, 178, 179,314
depressa (Libellula), 178,179,296,297,
310, 314
dryas (Lestes), 314
elegans (Ischnura), 91, 110, 179, 296,
297, 298, 314
elegans (Limnophilus), 288
flaveolum (Sympetrum), 310
formiearius (Myrmeleon), 298
fuliginosa (Sialis), 298
fusea (Sympycna), 297, 298
galleatum (Sericostoma), 297
geimanica (Panorpa), 95
grandis (^schna), 91, 179, 189, 314
hoemeroidalis (Calopteryx), 297
hirtus (Megalomus), 298
imperator (Auax), 30, 179, 298
inconspicuus (Hemerobius), 298
infuscans (Ischnura), 299
isosceles (iEschna), 179
juncea (^schna), 179, 296, 310
latipes (Platycnemis), 298
loDgicornis (Ascalaphus), 298
lutescens (Hemerobius), 297
mercuriale (Agrion), 30, 310
meridionalis (Dilar), 298
meridionalis (Panorpa), 297
meridionalis (Sympetrum), 298
minium (Agrion), 296
mixta (.Eschna), 24, 80, 91, 318
naias (Erythromma), 91, 179, 314
nymphula (Pyrrhosoma), 91, 178, 296,
297, 314
pennipes (Platycnemis), 30, 179, 298
pratense (Brachytron), 297
puella (Agrion), 91, 178, 314
pulchellum (Agrion), 91, 179
pumilio (Ischnura), 30, 288
pyrenaicum (Sericostoma), 298
quadrimaculata (Libellula), 178, 179, 810
rufescens (Ischnura), 299
scoticum (Sympetrum), 179, 810, 813
selysi (Sericostoma), 298
simillimus (Gomphus), 297
splendens (Calopteryx), 179
sponsa (Lestes), 91
striolatum (Sympetrum), 91, 179, 296,
298, 313, 314
tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 178, 179
ven trails (Chrysopa), 95
virgo (Calopteryx). 179, 296, 298
vulgaris (Rhyacophila), 297
vulgata (Libellula), 296
vulgatissimus (Gomphus), 30
INDEX.
XXVll
ORTHOPTERA.
^dipoda, 261
ffigyptium (Acridium), 69, 95
albipennis (Apterygida), 266
americana (Hlatta), 267
annulipes (Anisolabis), 266
arachidis (Apterygida), 189
arachidis (Chelidura), 266
auricularia (Forficula), 266, 318
australasiaj (Blatta), 267
bicolor (Stenobothrus), 139, 268
cinereus (Thamnotrizon), 268
elegans (ytenobothrus), 268
germanica (Phyllodromia), 267
grisea (Platycleis), 268
grossus (Mecostethus), 268
holosericea (Nyctibora), 69
lesnei (Forficula), 267, 288
lineatus (Gomphocerus), 268
maculatus (Gomphocerus), 268
media (Apterygida), 266
orientalis (Blatta), 267
panzeri (Ectobia), 288
parallelus (Stenobothrus), 268
peregnna (Schistocerca), 69
pubescens (Forficula). 288
quadripunctata (Phaneroptera), 317
riparia (Labidura), 267
rufipes (Stenobothrus), 268, 284
rufus (Gomphocerus), 268
surinamensis (Leucophtea), 92, 111, 119,
267
sylvestris (Nemobius), 268
varium (Meconema), 268
viridissima (Locusta), 261, 283
viridulus (Stenobothrus), 268
Entomologist, January, 1905.
Plate 1.
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII.] JANUARY, 1905. [No. 500.
THE EARLIER STAGES OF CATACLYSTA
LEMNATA, L.
By T. a. Chapman, M.D.
(Plate I.)
On June 4th, 1904, being at Bookham with the South London
Entomological Society, I observed C. lemnata in some abund-
ance, and remembering that it was the only one of the Hydro-
campas (except Acentropus) with whose early stages I had no
acquaintance, I took home a supply of moths, with a view to
obtaining eggs.
Curiously enough, I found, on looking into the matter, that
all the other species had been well reported on by various
authors, but I could find nothing better about lemnata than that
by Buckler, who tells us nothing of its history earlier than Nov.
10th, when it is beginning to think of hybernation.
The way in which lemnata lays her eggs interested me perhaps
as much as anything in its history. It lays them under water,
and that surface of the egg which in the case of nearly all Lepi-
doptera is exposed to the air, is in that of C. lemnata bathed in
water. This fact has never been recorded of G. lemnata, but it
has been, I think, of all the other Hydrocampas ; A. nivens
(female) appears to go under water to do so, but the others
apparently only submerge their ovipositors. The curious fact
that all these eggs are truly aquatic is one that I had never
clearly understood, probably because attention has not been
called to it in records ; for example, Buckler (E.M.M. xiv. p. 97)
records how Mr. W. E. Jeffrey got H. stagnata, Don., to lay eggs,
which he found placed in little batches on the under side of
floating pieces of Sparganimn. Not being pointedly told that
the eggs are in the water and wetted by it, one reads the fact
along with the accounts, which are much more abundant, of how
ENTOBI. — JANUARY, 1905. B
a THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the lari'ce, though under water, keep themselves surrounded by
air, and supposes the eggs are afforded some simih^r method of
aeration.
Kitsema, in stating how Acentrojms lays her eggs, says they
are under water, but does not say they are wet, which never-
theless they doubtless are.
My notes say that the moths, taken June 4th at Bookham,
were kept in a glass, with various leaves and some Lemna, with
water at the bottom. Eggs are found June 6th, laid in two
different manners. In the one case they are laid on leaves of
Lemna triculea, and are wholly submerged — one surface of the
egg attached to the leaf, the other free in the water. These eggs
are laid close together, but not overlapping — generally several
together, and in one case covering the whole surface of a leaf —
reaching the number of twenty-three. The other method of
laying affected about a score of eggs, and the eggs were in
batches of about three, and in one case six, together. These
floated freely on the surface of the water, the lower surface being
in the water and wet, the upper above water and dry. This
upper surface was coated with a pavement of the scales of the
moth, laid over the whole of each batch in one uniform direction,
the stalks of attachment in one direction, the serrated margins
in, of course, the opposite ; but all parallel, and apparently
close together or overlapping. When the eggs did not seem
quite in the same direction, the scales were nevertheless so, and
seemed to be what held the eggs of each group together, and
also what kept the upper surface dry, the scales not apparently
being capable of getting wet.
The eggs are very flat, almost scale-like, of oval outline,
about 0-75 mm. long and 0-56 across. The contents yellowish,
and in some cases already showing structure, there being a
notch at one side in the yellow mass, from which a groove
appeared to nearly cut off a central circular portion.
June 15th. — Larvse very nearly fully developed ; a tortuous
tube is visible, no doubt the tracheal trunk of side nearest
observer.
16th, 11 a.m. — The larvfe (and eggs) are now very con-
spicuous, owing to the head and prothoracic plate, which occupy
so large a part of the top of the egg, being black ; the clypeus
is paler, and the jaws, which stand forward prominently, are
brown. The eggs look thicker and more rounded, as if by
imbibition of water, but this may be merely a perspective effect
of the change of colour. No measurement seems available.
June 16th, 5 p.m. — Some larvse found hatching, and some
have already done a good deal in the way of clothing themselves.
Their heads, including the clypeus, are now very black. ^ They
creep out of the eggs in the ordinary way, and walk off along
the leaf on which the egg is laid ; in doing so they are in the
EARLIER STAGES OF CATACLYSTA LEMNATA. 3
water, are quite wet, and seem quite at home. They cut out
irregular portions of leaf of L, trisulca, and get between the
loose bit of leaf and the remaining portion. So far there is
nothing that can be called a case, i.e. a movable case, and no
larva is yet in a tube, or anything of that sort, but is between
two flat surfaces, or sometimes three. One larva under L. ?/rmo?-
had cut up the short radicle into three or four pieces rather more
than his own length, and had fastened them together irregularly.
All the larvffi that had done anything, and some that had not,
had already green matter in the alimentary canal, and it seems
certain that portions of plant are cut off by eating the material
along the dividing line.
9 p.m.— One of the floating eggs has hatched, and the larva
has reached a bit of duckweed ; his procedure was not observed,
but he did not come out on top ; so that the clothed face of the
egg is the face of attachment, not the free one, as in such ova as
carideocephala, lanestris, &c.
There can be little doubt that the eggs are attached to the
duckweed by the same face as that covered by the scales in the
floating ones. One face of the egg is in the water, the other
attached to something. The eggs on the duckweed could no
doubt obtain a supply of oxygen from the green plant, the
floating eggs from the air, but I incline to think that in both
cases breathing takes place by the wet surface, which is the
exposed active surface in all other similar eggs ; and were it not
so, eggs laid, as must frequently occur, on bits of floating dead
vegetation, whether bits of wood or dead Lemna, would be unable
to respire. I wondered a good deal about the floating eggs.
How were they laid, and how were they coated with scales ? I
came to the conclusion that they must be laid by the moth on
her own body, and in some way detached, as she has no appa-
ratus for coating eggs with scales. No doubt laying the eggs
under water on leaves of Lemna is the usual and proper way of
laying the eggs. Were the floating eggs the result of some
accident by which the moth laid the eggs on herself, or on
another moth (there were several in the jar) ? Against this
supposition is the fact that the eggs got detached from the
surface of the moth, suggesting that it was a normal jDrocess,
and still more especially thtit the eggs thus laid, under a layer
of scales floating on the water, got on in every respect as well as
those on the Lemna.
June 17th, 8 a.m. — All the floating eggs have hatched, and
the young larvae are on the bits of duckweed, against which they
floated. Two have eaten so far into leaves of L. minor, that
they can be distinguished from the upper side throtigh the
thinned centre of the leaf.
The larvfe in their shelters are still in the water ; they have
B 2
4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
not surrounded themselves by an air-cavity in a case, or any
such arrangement. Two larvae are found mining in the middle
of the thick parenchyma of leaves of L. 'polyrhiza, without
any indication that they are not completely wetted by water
and sap.
June 16th. — In handling the newly-hatched larvse, to place
them separately, and in positions in which their proceedings
may be observed, it is seen that the larvse are completely wet,
but when brought out of the water they become largely dry, but
immediately get wet on being placed in the water again. The
amount of protection and the manner of it seems not very
different from that of the upper surfaces of the leaves of Lemna
(except trisulca). When submerged these became quite wet, but,
reaching the surface, the water leaves them, as though they were
slightly greasy, and in a way to force the leaves to the surface in
a proper position, as soon as one bit reaches the surface. The
under side, on the other hand, is always wet, and carries a layer
of water with it when taken out. Neither the Lemna nor the
larva carries with it a coating or laj'er of air, as is the device of
many surfaces that repel water. At the same time a floating
larva creeps away under a leaf without any obvious effort,
whilst some force is necessary to submerge an upper surface
oi Lemna leaf; so that, though the water-repulsion of both
seems of much the same character, it is weaker in the case
of the larva.
June 18th.— Larvse all in cases, of all sorts of sizes and
shapes ; sometimes all the pieces are cut off, and the cases are
portable ; sometimes one side is the under surface of a large leaf
of Lemna, and the case is a fixture. The pieces are of irregular
shape, roughly triangular, &c., often as broad as long, so that
no sort of larva-shaped case results. These irregular shaped
pieces are also of various sizes, down to small corners of leaves,
often sections of rootlets, &c. It is in fact somewhat erroneous
to call them cases ; they are really shelters, manufactured as
rapidly as possible from the available materials. The little
larvae also appear to eat freely.
19th. — Examined several cases, and found that they con-
tained no air — that the larva lived bathed in the surrounding
fluid ; the simplest way to verify this was found to be to open
the case under water, when no air at all was found.
22nd. — Several cases examined ; the larvse were found to be
in their second stages, and the cases now contained air. The
head is pale, with a faint dusky tinting ; the prothoracic plate is
large and very black, anal plate not tinted, and looks as if of
same texture as rest of larva. The larva is full 2 mm. long,
rather thick, large head, of fairly uniform thickness throughout
(0'3 mm.). The hairs are now (comparatively) much shorter
(II=:0"08 mm.) ; they are one to each tubercle, which are now
EARLIER STAGES OF CATACLYSTA LEMNATA. 6
large oval convex scuta, with the hair central (about 0'04 mm. in
diameter) ; I is about half the length of II ; IV, V have a com-
mon scutum, posterior hair higher ; VI, single hair, and 3 at
base of prolog. On thorax 1 and 2, I, II, III and IV (?) have
each two hairs.
In preparing a skin, the silk gland was broken against the
glass, and the contents almost immediately . afterwards were
found to have glued the specimen to the glass, although under
water.
June 27th. — Opened two cases; found the larvge of two dif-
ferent ages, one (in second skin ?) pale and distended, and nearly
as large as the other (in third skin), with larger head, looking
collapsed and nearly black ; when stretched out it was very
much paler ; length about 3 mm.
July 2nd. — Two larvte have gone much ahead of the others,
and are very large, possibly in last skin, certainly in penul-
timate.
Left a number of larvae in a multitude of glasses on July 4th.
They were soon reported to be very voracious. Just before
Jab/ 12t]i and 13th had fastened themselves to sides of glasses,
and were supposed to be pupating, but they cut themselves free,
and were therefore supposed to -have been moulting ; they were
now in need of much fresh duckweed, as they were very
voracious. They then pupated without calling any special
attention to the procedure, and on July 22nd two moths emerged.
On the 25th seven came out, and many had emerged since 22nd.
On 27tli all appeared to have emerged. On Aug. 10th, however,
another appeared, and on 12th there were found to be still three
larvae feeding. Whether these were laggards, or intruders intro-
duced small with the relays of duckweed, must remain in doubt ;
one was preserved, one emerged (a male) Sept. 1st, and one was
then still feeding. This one was still alive in November, and
apparently hybernating.
The cocoon is of much denser (very white) silk than the
larva-case, though made within it (or of it), and on the emerg-
ence of the moth seems almost at once to lose its water-resisting
property.
My larvae were clearly double-brooded, but, as they were kept
indoors, and in (comparatively) small glass vessels exposed to
the sun whenever it shone through the window, this part of my
experience cannot safely be extended as applying to the insect in
its native ponds.
(To be continued.)
6
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NOTES ON THE WAVE MOTHS (GENUS ACIDALIA,
AUCT.)*
By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.
In the above title I have retained the name " Acidalia," to
which the moths of which I want to speak have been so generally
referred ; but there are two objections to it, and I am only using
it as a recognizable appellation, not as a tenable genus. In the
first place, most modern authors consider it " preoccupied " by
Acidalia, Hb. Verz., p. 31, and it is just possible that was really
published before Acidalia, Tr. And in the second place, even if
the Geometrid genus {Acidalia, Tr.) has really the prior claim to
the name, its true type should evidently be hrumata, Linn.,
according to the diagnoses of Schiffermiiller (Fam. K.) and
Treitschke.
The so-called genus "Acidalia" is somewhat nearly related
to the subfamily which is generally considered typical of the
entire superfamily Geometrides, namely the subfamily Geome-
trinse, or " emerald moths." The name of " wave moths," given
by our old English writers, is due to the pattern of the wings,
which is of a tolerably uniform type almost throughout them,
consisting of a succession of waved dark lines traversing both
pairs of wings, though a few species modify the pattern, e.g.,
by blotches, especially behind the outer line. Unfortunately,
however, this is a rather general — probably primitive — type of
marking in the Geometrides, and the terribly superficial classifi-
cations of our entomological forefathers, being based upon mere
wing- markings, suffered in consequence. Thus Hiibner (Verz.
bek. Schmett. pp. 308-12, circ. 1825), the first to attempt any
elaborate subdivisions, created one stirps for practically the
whole of the wave-marked species, giving the stirps, for no very
obvious reason, the name of Sphecodes — "wasp-like"; he dia-
gnoses it thus: " Body very slender, wings ample, that without
markings, these marked with waved lines" — a fair sample of
the classificatory characters which satisfied the old lepido-
pterists. As may be imagined, the genera in this stirps or family
were sometimes decidedly mixed as to their contents; thus,
Leptomcris comprised exanthemata and some true Acidaliids,
Asthena, candidata, luteata, and some true Acidaliids, and so on.
This is neither better nor worse than our vernacular, in which
exanthemata is the " dingy white wave," candidata the "small
white wave," and so on. Even so recently as 1857 the French
systematist, Guenee, retained the genus Asthena {candidata, &c.)
in his Acidalidse, and considered that his Caberidse {exanthemata,
&c.) also had considerable affinity with them. But his views
* Read before the North London Natural History Society, November
22nd, 1904.
NOTES ON THE WAVE MOTHS. /
were already a little " behind the times " even when he wrote;
for his German contemporaries, Speyer, Herrich-Schaeffer, and
Lederer, had for some years been investigating classification
upon more of an anatomical basis — leg-structm'e and neuration
in particular — and had published much which showed that the
genera in question belonged to three very distinct groups, and
this seems fully borne out by studies of the early stages. Asthena
belongs to the Larentiidae (commonly called " carpet moths ")
rather than to the " waves," while Cahera has the essential
characteristics of the great family Boarmiidse, including true
Boarmia (the "oak beauties," &c.), theFidoniinae ("heath" moths,
&c.), and many others. These, therefore, lie quite outside the
range of the Acidalife, and I shall dismiss them from consideration.
I have just said that Guenee — whose work has constantly to
be referred to because it is the basis of Doubleday's and South's
arrangements, so largely used by British workers — that Guenee
wrongly includes candidata, &c. (Astheninae) in his family Acida-
liidse, and a glance at South's List will show you that the elimi-
nation of these reduces the family by six — four species of
Asthena, Etipisteria ohliterata, and Venusia cambrica. But it so
happens that, by way of compensation, six species which
Guenee placed in a different family immediately before Acidaliidse,
namely, his Ephyridse, have certainly to be incorporated therein.
No one can have noticed the ova or the imaginal characters of
Zonosoma (Ephyra), without seeing how near they come to the
" Waves," and even the highly specialized, butterfly-like pupa
has clear afhnities with the pupa of " Acidalia." Probably,
however, that compact little group can still stand as a subfamily,
Ephyrinse, leaving us to deal with the ti/pical subfamily Acida-
liinge (Sterrhinse) or "Waves" proper. By an absurdly antiquated
arrangement, all of these which are represented in Britain, with
the single exceptions of the " blood-vein moth " (Timandra) and
— in some authors — the beautiful little muricata {Hyria), are still
allowed to stand as one genus {Acidalia), not only in our British
lists, but also in Staudinger and Ftebel's recent ' Catalog' of the
Palffiarctic Lepidoptera. There is no doubt still much work to
be done in investigating the closer affinities of one species with
another, but the fact that they represent at least three distinct
biological groups has been recognized by the best workers for
fully half a century, and the genera which Herrich-Schaeffer
formed from the anatomy of the imago are supported, so far as
research has yet proceeded, by marked larval distinctions, and I
believe by those of the egg also. Probably, however, even the
three genera will prove inadequate when the larvtB have been
more thoroughly worked through.
The only English text-booK which has yet shown us these
three main " genera " is Meyrick's ' Handbook of British Lepi-
doptera ' (London, 1895). He calls the genera in question Eois,
8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Sterrha, and Leptomeris* only ochrata going to sterrha. I shall
speak more particularly of the two larger genera presently ; of
the early stages of his Sterrha I know practically nothing, ex-
cepting that the larvae seem somewhat intermediate in form
between those of the other groups, and that Mr. Tutt notes dis-
tinctive egg characters. In Buckler's ' Larvae of British Butter-
flies and Moths' (vii. p. 82) is the astonishing italicized statement
that " its (the larva of S. ochrata) ventral pair of legs is on the
eleventh segment," which, in modern nomenclature, would be
the seventh abdominal ; if there is not some error of observation,
this distinction would be of far more than generic value, but I
confess that I can hardly credit the statement. I ought to
mention here that Herrich-Schaeffer founded yet a fourth genus
upon imaginal leg-structure for A. funiata, naming it Pylarge,
and that Meyrick has accepted this in his ' Handbook' ; but the
larva seems, from all accounts, so near those of immutata and
remutata, that I doubt whether it could not better have been
allowed to rest in Lejjtomeris, as in Meyrick's 1892 ' Classifica-
tion' (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond,).
A few other attempts to isolate aberrant species of "Acidalia"
may be very briefly mentioned. Immorata, with its warmer and
rougher scaling, tesselated fringes, and less characteristically
"waved" pattern, was placed by Guen6e in Strenia, along with
clathrata ; but this was entirely erroneous. Emarginata, on
account of its peculiar shape, had a special genus, Ania, erected
for it by Stephens long ago, and this is followed by Barrett in his
new book, and will probably prove worth adopting. Barrett also
(' Lep. Brit.' viii. p. 72) uses Timandra (wrongly, of course, as the
name belongs to amata) for the species which have the hind wing
angulated ; they can probably for the present remain as a section
of Meyrick's Leptomeris. Bmticata, being our only British wave
with a " carpet band " (i. e., darkened central band) originally
got placed among the Carpets, and Stephens in his 1850 Cata-
logue maintained it as a separate genus under the name of Cos-
viorhoe, Hb.; Hiibner himself (' Verzeichniss,' p. 326), had some-
what mixed contents for his Cosmorhoe, namely, galiata, ocellata,
rusticata. The question of the exact position of this charming
little species (rusticata) is a somewhat difiicult one ; but it has
long been recognized, and is beyond the possibility of cavil that
it is a true " Acidalia" in the broad sense in which I have used
the term in the title of my paper this evening. Its larva is one
of the stout and rugose ones with stiff, clubbed bristles, and
would belong very well with inter jectaria, &c., in Ptychopoda (=
''■ Eois, as Moore and Warren have pointed out, rightly belongs to
russearia, Hb., and this genus should be called Ptychopoda, Steph. Mey-
rick's other names seem historically correct. Warren and Swinhoe have
recently substituted Emmiltis, Hb., for Lcjptomeris, biat Herrich-Schaetier's
prior restriction makes pygvicearia^ Hb., the type of Evwiiltis, which is
hence a quite distinct genus.
NOTES ON THE WAVE MOTHS. »
Eois, Meyr.), in which genus, indeed, Meyrick places it. But
his genus rests on imaginal characters alone, amongst the chief
of which is, " posterior tibiae in male .... without spurs " ;
whereas those of riisticata most emphatically have the terminal
spurs, and well developed. This circumstance has led Herrich-
Schaeffer to place it in the genus which Meyrick calls Sterrha,
along with ochrata, &c.
I am afraid I shall have wearied you already with these
intricacies of the imaginal classification, but I thought it almost
necessary to state how matters stood in that regard, in order to
be able to compare one or two of the results arrived at with those
obtainable from the earlier stages, which have been, in this
group, too much neglected from the systematist's point of view,
but which I am hoping to take in hand as opportunity offers ;
and concerning which I want to show that I have already
made a commencement. To be sure, I cannot claim to have
yet discovered anything novel, and the peculiar hair- structures
of certain of the larvse have been mentioned in a haphazard
way by different writers, as have also the extreme differences in
the relative length and thickness in various members of the
group ; but, so far as I am aware, no attempt at all has been
made to correlate the imaginal genera with the larval. This, no
doubt, arises from the fact that our genus-makers are chiefly
museum-workers, who know nothing, and care less, about the
earlier stages ; for instance, the celebrated Dutch entomologist,
Heer P. C. T. Snellen, who not so long ago remarked, very
inaptly, that it seemed to him that the classifying of insects by
any other than the perfect state was very much like classifying
men and women by the shape of the cap which their grand-
mothers wore ! Surely the nearest approach which can be made
to a perfect classificatory system will be made by those who —
like Mr. Tutt and his collaborators in his great work, ' British
Lepidoptera ' — endeavour to take due account of all stages, and
all characters, of course with an adequate recognition of their
probable relative antiquity and stability, and so forth, under
the stress of the manifold operations of natural selection.
In speaking of the larvse of " Acidalia," let me first mention
some peculiarities of habit, &c., which are more or less distinc-
tive of them, and which may readily attract the attention of even
the casual observer. I do not quite know how best to arrange
these scattered observations ; but perhaps the following will
satisfactorily cover the ground, viz. : when they are found ; where
they are found ; hoic they feed ; how they are protected. In one
sense, at least so far as my own experience is concerned, the first
two might almost be disposed of in single words — "nowlien''
and " notvhere." During a period of some eighteen years as a
more or less active field-lepidopterist, I have only on four occa-
sions, to my recollection, found an " Acidalia''' larva, and in each
10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
instance by the purest "fluke." Many years ago I remember
meeting with a full-grown caterpillar of the common " riband
wave " {Ptychopoda aversata) crawling on a tree-trunk in Epping
Forest, probably searching for a place in which to pupate. And
thrice more recently, when prying about amongst a mixture of
low-growing plants on rough broken ground, such as that around
the " Limpet Kun " at Sandown, I have happened upon a larva
which has been successfully bred, the three species being P. in-
terjectaria, Leptomeris imitaria, and L. marginepimctata. Yet all
these four species, and several others in the genus, are really
quite common — either everywhere, as in the case of P. aversata,
or locally, as in that of the other three. Hence it is pretty clear
that their small size and retiring habits— the latter including the
fact that they all, or nearly all, feed upon insignificant growths
close to the ground, shield them sufficiently from human obser-
vation ; and were it not that the eggs are easy to obtain from a
captured female, and the larvae not hard to rear, we should probably
know comparatively very little about their early stages. It is
only right to add, however, that a few entomologists, such as
Dr. Eossler, of Wiesbaden, seem to have been exceptionally
gifted at finding obscure larvae in their native haunts, and have
given us records of the habits and habitat of quite a respectable
number of the species.
If, however, I cannot say much about when the larvae are
" found," I can tell you definitely when they are, or theoretically
should he,Jindahle. And this is throughout ten or eleven months
of the year — almost any time, excepting, say, June or July (when
practically all the imagines are out). For this is a genus, or
group, of clearly-defined habit as regards the general course of
its life-cycle. 1 remember hearing my friend Mr. Bacot tenta-
tively suggest a fixed hybernating stage as a possible generic
character — i.e., mark of close phylogenetic relationship — in
certain cases amongst the Lepidoptera. Of course neither he
nor I would overpress it ; for it is well known that sometimes the
very closest allies differ in this respect, so that it would even
seem as though the physiological isolation which formed them
into species were actually due to an initial divergence in the
hybernating habit ; e.g., Cidaria immanata passes the winter as
an egg, its twin brother C. truncata as a larva. But it is none
the less true that several thoroughly natural groups have main-
tained complete uniformity, so that we find all the Acronyctae,
all the Dianthceciae, &c., hybernating as pupae, all the great
gQWVi'S, Agrotis as larvae, and so on. Now our ' Acidalia ' seem ab-
solutely incapable of hybernating in an}' other state than that of
caterpillar, and the apparent inflexibility of this rule in so large
a group seems at least worthy of mention. I noticed that the
Kev. G. H. Eaynor commented on the fact in a recent number of
the ' Entomologist's Record ' (vol. xvi. p. 108) ; but, misled by
SOME TASMANIAN CASE-BEARING LEPIDOPTERA. 11
defective information in some of the books, he thought that P.
perochraria afforded a possible exception. I find that Rossler,
from whom the suggestion was supposed to emanate, gives no
hint of anything exceptional in its hybernating period.
(To be continued.)
SOME TASMANIAN CASE-BEARING LEPIDOPTERA.
By Frank M. Littler, F.E.S., M.A.O.U.
(Concluded from vol. sxxvii. p. 315.)
Oeceticus ignobilis. Walk.
^ . 40 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen brownish ochreous, face
whitish, antennas ochreous, legs fuscous. Fore wings elongate, mode-
rate; costa nearly straight; termen oblique, semihyaline, minutely irro-
rated with fuscous scales, thicker towards base and along costa. Hind
wings with termen rounded, slightly uneven ; colour as in fore wings ;
some dull ochreous fuscous hah's towards base and along dorsum.
? . 15-20 mm. Apterous. Cream-coloured, except for the head
and thoracic segments, which are brownish ; surface naked, except
for slight pdose fringe of short yellowish hairs on the posterior
segments.
What I have remarked about the female of Clania leivinii
applies with equal force to this species. Therefore there is no
necessity to repeat myself. This species is not so plentiful as
the previous one ; its case is formed in the same manner, but is
longer and stouter. Personally, I have found it feeding on
eucalyptus only. The habits of the male and female moths are
precisely the same as those of C. letcinii.
On the mainland this sj)ecies is commonly known as the
"Lictor Case-Moth," because its case bears some resemblance to
the fasces or bundles of rods borne by the lictors of old before
the Roman magistrates.
Cebysa conflictella.
<? . 14-19 mm. Fore wings very deep brown, black in some
lights, powdered with minute golden scales ; along the costa are five
orange-yellow spots at practically equal distances apart ; the first spot
is just inside the apical angle, and the fifth at the base of the wing ; the
fringes are likewise orange-yellow. Hind wings same colour as fore,
but with more orange-yellow markings ; discoidal cell orange-yellow,
also apical angle, but this yellow spot is absent in some specimens ;
the inner margin has four orange-yellow spots ; fringes orange-yellow.
Under side same as upper. Body very dark brown, tufts on side of
thorax pale yellow ; under side of abdomen orange-yellow.
5 . 11-15 mm. Semi-apterous. Fore wings a beautiful shade of
peacock-green ; apical area orange-yellow, extending one-fourth ; two
12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
orange-yellow spots on costa ; fringes yellow. Hind wings : apical
half orange-yellow, basal half peacock-green, with a small orange-
yellow spot on inner margin ; fringes yellow. Body : upper and under
sides peacock-green. Legs same colour. Body often projects 6 mm.
beyond the hind wings.
This species is fairly common in parts. The males during
February and March may often be seen hovering about fences,
especially on any very warm day. They are very rapid and erratic
flyers, somewhat difficult to capture. This last summer they
were more numerous than usual. The females, on emerging,
crawl on to a post or a bough, and are there impregnated by the
males. They cannot fly in the least, but can run very fast, with
a curious ant-like motion. When approached they immediately
run round the post or bough, and hide in some crevice. Very
few females are seen in proportion to the number of males ; this
is perhaps owing to their shyness. The posterior extremity is
elongate, and the ovipositor is sheathed in long fuscous hairs.
Eggs dull milky white, no sign of any markings even under high
magnification, inclined to oval in shape. They are laid singly
on or in close proximity to their food-plants, which consist of
grasses and many species of garden-plants ; also members of the
acacia family. The larvae are, as is usual with many species of
case-moths, pale yellowish white, with the head and thoracic
segments chitinous, and marked with black. The cases are
15 mm. long by 5 mm. broad, and are composed of silk incrusted
on the outside with minute fragments of bark ; no twigs are
employed in their structure. They are flattened, being not more
than 3-4 mm. deep. The under sides of fence-rails is a favourite
locality for them, as are also the crevices in the l)ark of old
acacia-trees. The larvae reverse in the usual manner before
emerging from the lower end.
Lepidoscia magnella. Walk.
^ . 25 mm. Head yellow, face fuscous ; thorax, antennae, legs,
and abdomen dark fuscous ; thorax yellow anteriorly. Fore wings
elongate, moderate, dark fuscous, markings yellow ; a diffused spot on
inner margin ; a moderate straight fascia from before middle of costa to
before middle of inner margin ; a triangular spot on costa at four-
fifths ; a smaller spot on inner margin before anal angle ; a spot on
termen below middle. Hind wings dark fuscous ; basal third ochreous
yellow.
? . 12 mm. Apterous. Ochreous brown. Round the ovipositor
is a dense tuft of hair, yellowish brown on surface, pale yellow at tips,
I'o mm. long.
The cases of this species are often very plentiful in gardens,
especially on apple-trees. They are both curious and interesting,
being composed of seven, sometimes eight, segments, each formed
by regular narroAV strips of wood, 5 mm. long, laid on in a slight
spiral. The cases are cylindrical, or rather cannon-shaped,
SOME TASMANIAN CASE-BEARING LEPIDOPTERA.
13
somewhat narrow, broadest at base, and gradually tapering to
apex ; up to 40 mm. in length, and 4 mm. at greatest breadth.
I have caught but one male moth ; it was very weak on the
wing. The others I have bred. The female is quite destitute of
wings, and is a very sluggish crawler. She never strays far
from her case, but remains an inconspicuous object on a bough
of its food-plant until impregnated. Then an occurrence takes
place which I am at present at a loss to thoroughly understand.
On cutting open a number of cases, I have found eggs sprinkled
in them from top to bottom. These eggs, on hatching, have
proved to be those of this species. Does the moth, after impreg-
nation, thrust the projecting pupa-case out of the way at the
posterior aperture, crawl inside, lay her eggs among the silk
lining of the case, crawl out again, and then die ? Taking into
consideration the behaviour of the female of Clania leivinii, such
a thing is quite possible. On no occasion did I find the remains
of a female in any of the cases.
At present I see no other explanation possible to account for
the eggs getting inside the cases. They are round in shape, and
of a yellow colour. The larvte on first emerging are 1 mm. long,
thorax and abdomen yellowish, and the head black. From actual
observations I found that the first case is made exactly in the
same manner as that of C. lewitiii or 0. ignohilis. The full-
grown larvae are 15 mm. long and 1*5 mm. broad; head and
thoracic segments striped with reddish brown, abdomen yellowish
white, legs dark brown. Their food-plants consist of a number
of species of native trees, including the acacia and Casuarineae.
Sometimes they become very destructive in fruit -gardens by
nibbling through the young shoots on apple-trees. The moths
are to be found during February and March.
Xysmatodoma adelopsis, Meyr.
^ . 25 mm. Fore wings blackish brown, dusted with fine silvery
scales ; running from costa to inner margin are fine interrupted lines
of black. Hind wings black, almost purple in some lights ; fringes
same colour. Head and thorax covered with moderately long silvery
hair ; abdomen brownish black.
? . 35 mm. Fore wings blackish brown, well dusted with fine
silvery scales ; wavy blaclc markings not so pronounced as in male.
Hind wings dull blackish brown ; fringes tinged with purple. Head
grey and thorax black ; abdomen blackish brown.
In some districts the cases of this species are rather plentiful
on their favourite food-plant, acacia, especially A. dealhata, the
silver-wattle.
Both male and female moths are heavy flyers, especially the
latter. The cases are 24 mm. long and 5 mm. at the widest
part, tapering off slightly towards the posterior extremity. They
are composed of very fine grains of bark, tightly fastened to a
14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
strong silken envelope. But rarely is a fragment of twig used.
When about to emerge the pupa-case is thrust well out of the
posterior aperture. The moths emerge in February and March.
Other interesting species I hope to deal with at some later
date. My best thanks are due to Mr. Oswald Lower, F.E.S., of
New South Wales, for very kindly running me out, from material
supplied, the descriptions of Clania leivinii (male), and Lepidoscia
magnella (male).
Lauaeeston, Tasmania : August, 1904.
DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS AND SOME NEW
SPECIES OF EAST INDIAN HYMENOPTERA.
By p. Cameron.
(Concluded from vol. xxxvii. p. 310.)
CRABRONIDiE.
Crabro elvinus, sp. nov.
Black ; the scape of the antennas, two-thirds of the pronotum, a
small, transverse pyriform mark on the sides near the tegulffi, the
greater part of the scutellum, its keels, a line on the post-scutellum, a
line down the base of the mesopleurfe, an interrupted line on the base
of the third abdominal segment, the front femora, tibiae, and tarsi, the
apical two-thirds of the middle femora, the apex of the hinder broadly
— more broadly below than above — and the four hinder tibife, yellow.
Wings fuscous, the stigma fulvous, the nervures darker. ^ . Length,
9 mm.
Hub. Himalayas.
Head with the front and vertex closely and distinctly punctured,
the former more strongly than the latter ; the lower part of the front
in the centre smooth, shining, furrowed and covered with silvery
pubescence and sparsely with long fuscous hairs. Face and clypeus
densely covered with silvery pubescence. Mesonotum opaque, closely
punctured and covered with long fuscous hair, as are also the scutel-
lums. The metanotal area bears some curved striae, and is bounded
by a curved keel on the sides ; the apical slope is deeply furrowed in
the middle, and bears some curved transverse striae. The furrow on
the base of the mesopleur^ is wide and deep, and bears eight transverse
keels ; in front of the yellow line is a curved keel. Above the middle
coxae are four curved keels ; there is an oblique keel above the hinder
coxae, and the metapleura is bounded at the apex by a curved keel.
The basal segment of the abdomen becomes gradually wider towards
the apex where its width is about two-thirds of the total length ; the
pygidium is bare, closely and distinctly punctured, and is hollowed in
the middle; the epipygium is thickly covered with fuscous pubescence.
The apex of the radms is rounded.
EAST INDIAN HYMENOPTEBA. 15
Crabro lysias, sp. IIOV.
Black ; the scape of the antennje, an interrupted line on the pro-
notum, and two large transverse marks on the second and fourth
abdominal segments, yellow; the greater part of the front tibife, the
middle at the base and apex, the hinder, except in the centre behind,
and the basal joint of the hinder tarsi, yellow. Wings hyaline, the
stigma fulvous, the nervures darker. $ . Length, 9-10 mm.
Hab. Himalayas.
Clypeus thickly covered with dark silvery pubescence, and distinctly
keeled in the centre. Mandibles punctured strongly, but not closely
at the base ; the apical teeth equal in size, large. Front and vertex
closely, rugosely punctured, opaque, more shining along the lower
inner orbits. Ocelli in a curve. Mesonotum opaque, closely rugose,
a narrow furrow in the centre of the basal half; the punctures on the
scutellum run into striaj at the apex. Metanotal area irregularly,
closely longitudinally striated ; a deep furrow in its centre ; the furrow
becomes wider towards the apex, and is united to the furrow on the
apical slope, which is obscurely transversely striated. The upper part
of the propleurffi obliquely striated ; below, at the apex, are three stout,
oblique keels. The upper part of the mesopleurffi is stoutly striated,
the strife curved ; the lower part punctured, the punctures running
into striae ; the basal furrow is wide. Metapleume obscurely striated.
Tibiae stoutly irregularly spined. The basal half of the pygidium bears
large punctures ; the apical is smooth, hollowed, narrowed, and keeled
laterally ; it is fringed with long golden hair.
Comes near C. argentatus and C. hellus in Bingham's ar-
rangement.
Crabro menyllus, sp. nov.
Black ; the scape of the antennae, except for a brownish line above,
an interrupted line on the pronotum and two transverse large marks
on the base of the second abdominal segment, yellow. Wings hyaline,
the nervures and stigma dark fuscous. ? . Length, 7 mm.
Hab. Himalayas.
Front and vertex closely and distinctly punctured, the former more
strongly than the latter, which is not furrowed, and is covered below
with silvery pubescence. Ocelli in a curve. Clypeus not keeled or
furrowed in the centre ; thickly covered with silvery pubescence.
Mandibles black, piceous towards the apex. Mesonotum closely and
strongly punctured, and thickly covered with longish pale pubescence.
Scutellum closely punctured, less strongly and obscurely striated at
the apex ; the extreme apex shining. Post-scutellum closely punc-
tured, with a smooth space in the centre. Metanotum aciculated, the
base closely striated, the striae stronger and oblique on the sides ; the
apical slope aciculated and closely, but not strongly, obliquely striated.
MesopleursB distinctly, but not very closely, punctured ; the meta-
closely, finely obliquely striated. Petiole as long as the second and
third segments united ; it becomes gradually wider towards the apex ;
the third and following segments are thickly covered with fulvous
16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
pubescence. Legs normal ; the fore tibife with a broad yellow band
on the apical half.
This species, from the form of the petiole, is allied to
C. ardens and C. odontophorus. The area on the metanotum is
not bounded by a furrow; the furrow on its apical slope is wide
and deep on the upper half.
Cerceris flavoplagiata, sp. nov.
Black ; the upper part of tlie head, the mesonotum and scutellum
red ; the head and thorax largely marked with yellow, the vertex with
four yellow marks iu a transverse row ; the abdomen black, the sides
of the first segment, the base of the second broadly, its apex and that
of the third, fourth, and fifth narrowly, the lines becoming gradually
narrower, two marks, wider than long, on the base of the third
segment, the edge of the pronotum behind, the middle of the propleurae,
a mark behind the tubercles, projecting narrowly upwards at the base,
an irregular mark on the lower part of the mesopleurse, the yellow
turning into rufous below and two large oval marks on the apex of the
metanotum, extending on to the metapleurne, a mark on the sides of
the scutellum and the post-scutellum, yellow. Wings hyaline. ? .
Length, 12 mm.
Hah. Himalayas.
Antennae rufous, darker above, the scape lined with yellow below.
Head : the lower half of the outer orbits, the inner broadly from
shortly above the middle, a line extending from the ocelli to the base
of the autennae, dilated below and to a less extent above, the face,
clypeus, and the mandibles, except at the apex, lemon-yellow ; there
is a black line commencing shortly behind the ocelli, where it is
obliquely narrowed, extending down the sides of the central yellow line
to the base of the clypeus. Occiput black below. Clypeus roundly
convex, its apex almost transverse, rufous. The outer marks on the
vertex are irregularly oval, the two central narrower, longer, and
oblique. The whole head is closely and strongly punctured ; the
clypeus is less strongly and closely. Thorax punctured, but not
strongly, the base of the pronotum shagreened. Metauotal area closely
but not very strongly punctured, and more closely on the sides than
in the centre. The metapleurae at the base above with some stout,
clearly separated striffi, the lower part and the centre finely, indistinctly
striated. Four front legs rufous, mixed with yellow, the coxfe and the
femora for the greater part above, black, the middle tarsi black above ;
the hinder coxse black, with a yellow line in the centre above, the
trochanters for the greater part yellow, the femora for the greater part
black, their tibiae broadly black, as are also the tarsi. Petiole stout,
of nearly equal width throughout, fully one-third longer than wide.
Pygidium longitudinally rugose, of almost equal width throughout ;
the epipygium with the apical two-thirds incised ; the incision becoming
gradually, but not much, widened towards the apex. The basal three
ventral segments are largely marked with yellow.
In Bingham's arrangement this species would come in near
C. tristis and C. sidjjhurea.
EAST INDIAN HYMENOPTERA. 17
ANOPLINI.
Anoplius (Pompilus) orodes, sp. nov.
Black ; densely pruinose ; the apex of the hinder femora broadly
and the hinder tibiae red ; the wings yellowish-hyaline, the apex from
the end of the radius smoky ; the third cubital cellule much narrowed
above. ? . Long. 13 mm.
Hah. Darjeeling.
Black ; pruinose ; the abdomen broadly banded with white pile ;
the apical third of the hinder femora and the hinder tibiae red. Head
very little developed behind the eyes ; the occiput transverse. Eyes
parallel, only very slightly converging above. Ocelli in a curve, the
hinder separated from each other by a greater distance than they are
from the eyes ; there is a narrow furrow on the lower half of the front.
Apex of clypeus transverse, its sides rounded. Thorax smooth, densely
pruinose ; the prouotum is as long as the head. Median segment
large ; the top fiat ; the apex with an oblique slope, its sides slightly
dilated ; the outer edges broadly, roundly dilated ; below ending in a
tooth. The first and third transverse cubital nervures are broadly,
roundly curved; the second is straighter and more oblique; the fuscous
apical cloud commences at the end of the radial cellule, and does not
extend to the third transverse cubital nervure ; the third cubital cellule
is greatly narrowed above.
Comes near to P. incognitas, Cam., but is a larger and stouter
insect ; has the third cubital cellule not petiolate, the apex of
the median segment not thickly covered with silvery matted
pubescence, and the wings are not uniformly infuscated. It has
the coloration of P. pedestris, but it wants the transverse furrow
on the second ventral segment found in that species.
Obs. — P. viscknu, Cam., has nothing to do with P. incognitus,
Cam., as Bingham suggests (Hym. of India, 157). It would be
much better when an author, in a monographic work, cannot
quote a species with certainty as a synonym, to give the original
description in full. Vischnu, Cam., has the legs entirely black,
and has not the hinder femora and tibiae red, as in incognitus.
It is related, as I have stated (Manr. Memoirs, 1891, 469),
to P. vivax, Cam. So, too, on p. 169, hero, Cam., is doubtfully
referred to P. rothneyi. There are considerable differences in
coloration between them, and although the two might be sexes
of one species, it would have been better, and have saved the
student trouble, if the original description had been given in full,
seeing that the identity of the two species was so doubtful.
ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1905.
18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A PKELIMINARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF
MALTA.
By Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S.
(Concluded from vol. xxxvii. p. 319.)
2429, T. parva, Hb. — Common ; occurs in June and October, and
probably throughout the summer. A spechnen taken on October 6th,
1903, is ab. rubefacta, Mab.
2490. Enimelia (Ernt)/la) trahealis, Sc. {sulphuralis, Linn.). — Not
common. Marsa ; May IGth, 1901, and June 7th, 1902.
2557. Plusia chalcytes, Esp. One specimen ; at light ; October
11th, 1903.
2562. P. gamma, Linn. — Common from March onwards.
2583. Metoptria monoip-amma, Hb. — Common, but very local.
Occurs in grassy places in the wieds in April and May. Birzebbugia
(Mathew) ; Wied Kratal ; Mnaidra.
2818. Hi/pena obsitalis, Hb. — Common in shady places and caves
from May to October. The variation is very great.
2820. H. lividalis, Hb. — Not common. May 24th, 1902, and
November 14th, 1903.
2897. Eucrostes in(luje7iata,Y\l\. — One specimen ; October 11th, 1902,
2971. Acidalia asellaria, H.S.— •' 28th March, 1891 " (dela Garde).
I have a specimen, beaten from carouba May 24th, 1902, which I doubt-
fully refer to this species.
2983. A. vinfularia, Hb. — " Male, pale form (var. australis, Zell.) ;
May 1898 (is not this rather early for ' gen. aest. ?'), Mathew's coll."
(Prout, Entom. xxxvi. p. 204.)
3032. A. [Idaa] jilicata, Hb. — One specimen; May 16th, 1901.
3143. Rhodometra [Sterrha) sacraria, Linn. — Common from April
to October.
3220. Anaitis plaijiata, Linn. — Common from February to October.
3340, Larentia salicata, Hb. Vcniisia sp. (de la Garde). Common
in February and March, Maltese specimens rather incline to var.
ablutaria, Bdv,
3344. L, Jinctnata, Linn, — "Female, dated 3rd March, 1897; an
extremely interesting aberration, the markings being all excessively
weak, notwithstanding that the specimen is in immaculately perfect
condition — Mathew's Coll." (Prout, Entom. xxxvi. p. 204.)
3481, L. {Camptogiamma) biliueata, Linn. — Common in March and
April. Boschetto, Zurrico, &c. ; beaten out of ivy, &c. (Mathew).
3658. Tephrochjstia jjumilata, Hb. — Common ; February to June.
Maltese examples seem intermediate between the northern form and
var. tempestivata, Z.
3948. Gnophos varieqata, Dup. — Not uncommon in the early spring.
This species is beautifully protected by its coloration when at rest on
the rocky sides of the wieds.
4075. AspUates fjilvaria, Fb. — Mr. Mathew {in litt.) informs me of
the occurrence of this species.
4077. A, ochrearia, Rossi, {citraria, Hb.). — Common from March
to May.
PRBLIMINARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF MALTA. 19
4168. Phragmatobia fuliijiiiosa, Linn. — Not uncommon in March.
I have found the larva in May, so there is probably another brood
which emerges in the summer and oviposits in the early autumn.
Maltese specimens seem to incline to var. fervida, Stdgr.
4203. Arctica vUlica, Linn. — One crushed larva upon a road near
Zurrico (Mathew).
4238. Cymhalophora (Euprepia) inidica, Esp. — Common from July
to October. The larvae are common under stones, in waste places,
from January to March ; they feed by night on various kinds of grass.
4249. Euprepia (Coscinia) striata, Linn, ((franimica, Linn.).— One
specimen ; July, 1897 ; valley leading down to Birzebbogia (Mathew).
4257. Utetheisa [Deiopeia) piilchella, Linn. — I never met with this
species, which appears to be scarce as a rule, but intermittently
abundant. There seem to be two (? three) broods, as dates noted
are: — May 9th (de la Garde); beginning of August, 1892 (Caruana-
Gatto) ; and October 25th, 1897 (Mathew). Mr. Caruana-Gatto gives
us an interesting note on the spasmodic abundance of the species in
1892. He writes (Medn. Nat. vol. ii. p. 239, September, 1892) :—
" It is worthy of notice that this pretty moth has occurred in unusual
abundance this year, and at the moment of writing (August 10th),
and for a fortnight past, it has been the commonest moth to be seen
on the wing. I do not remember, in fact, ever having had occasion
to record such extraordinary numbers of any butterdy or moth. In
the open country, and in fields, especially where the Heliotropiion
enropceum (on which the Deiopeia feeds) grows, it is a most curious
sight to see the innumerable quantities of this pretty species, fluttering
here and there, looking like large animated snowflakes. Nor is it only
by daylight that the moth appears, but also in the night it is found,
attracted by the lights. Mr. R. Briffa, a friend of mine, and a gentle-
man greatly interested in our Lepidoptera, was telling me that at
Sliena there were thousands of the species flitting about in every part
of the gardens and fields. The same may be said of all other parts of
the island, as I have seen the Marsa, Corradino, Notabilo, Attard, and
many other places, teeming with this moth and its caterpillar."
"As to the cause of such an unusual frequence, I believe it is to be
referred to the rains which fell during the late spring causing an over-
growth of the Heliotropium. The extra abundance of this plant . . .
may therefore in a measure account . . . for the unusual numbers of
this insect."
Psyche sp. — Larvae are abundant during the spring, and feed on
various kinds of grass. The moth appears in August.
4641. Trypanus (^Cossiis) cossus, Linn, [liyniperda, Fb.). — Mr.
Mathew notes that he has often smelt the larva of this species. I
cannot help thinking that it is of rather doubtful occurrence in Malta,
and even then only as a casual importation in trees.
II. 257. Ephestia calidella, Gn. — One specimen. April 5th, 1902.
377. Heterographis convexella, Led. One specimen. June 14th,
1902.
401. Oxyhia transversella, Dup. — Two; June 7th and 14th, 1902.
516. Bradyrrhoa cantenerella , Dup. — Fairly common at the end
of May.
20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
825. Aylossa pinguinaUs, Linn. — " 28th March," 1891 (de la Garde).
836. Pyralis farinalis, Linn. — Common from March to May ; pro-
bably throughout the year.
927. Dupoyichelia fovealis, Zell. — One specimen ; April 14th, 1902.
1039. Nomophila noctuella, Schiff. — Abundant throughout the
year. The dates of capture of my specimens rauge from February
24th to June 7th ; the variation, however, does not seem to depend
on the season of emergence.
1058. Phhjctanodes nudalis, Hb. — One specimen ; October 10th,
1903.
1151. Pionea ferrnfjalis, Hb. — Common from March to June.
Specimens range from pale straw-colour to dark yellowish brown.
1274. Cornifrons tdceratalis,'Ld. — "March (var.)." — De la Garde.
1291. Noctudia floralis, Hb. — Common from June to September,
flying in the sunshine over fields, and feeding on flowers of wild thyme.
1365. Alucita tetmdactyla, Linn. — Common from April to June;
Wied Kratal.
1387. Pterophorufi monodactylus, Linn. (?) — One specimen; June
14th, 1902. This identification appears doubtful. If correct, the
specimen is very small, but I have a similar one from Greece.
1406. StenoptUia bipunctidactijla. Haw., var. playiodactijla, Stt. —
One specimen ; April 6th, 1902.
1437. Orneodes he.vadact)/la, Linn. — One specimen ; January 14th,
1902.
1573. Tortrix pronuhana, Hb. — Fairly common in April.
1608. Cnephasia longana, Hw. {ictericana, Hw.). — Common in
March and April.
1811. Euxanthis straminea, Hw. — One specimen; May 24th, 1902.
1832. Phtheochroa dupoticheliana, Dup. — One specimen; May 15th,
1902.
2447. Plutella macidipennis, Curt. {cruciferari(>n,Ze\\.). — Common in
February.
Depressaria, sp. — Common in May and August. The green larvae
were common, spun-up in leaves of wild fennel, in Wied Kratal, at
the beginning of April, 1902. Pupation takes place in a cocoon formed
of fragments of the fennel-leaves.
4693. Xeuwtois latreiUellm, Fb. — Common in May, but very local.
I have seen the males flying around thistle-flowers in the hot afternoon
sunshine.
In addition to the foregoing, I have some fifteen species
which as yet I have been unable to identify.
Finally, I cannot conclude better than by thanking those to
whose courtesy I am indebted for making the foregoing list as
complete as possible. To Sir George Hampson my warmest
thanks are due, for valuable assistance in enabling me to identify
many doubtful species ; and also to Mr. Gervase F. Mathew, for
his extreme kindness in supplying information, and for the loan
of some of the specimens from his own collection.
21
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF LARRID^ FROM
CENTRAL AMERICA.
By p. Cameron.
On bringing together recently, for the purpose of study, my
neo-tropical specimens of Odynerus nandens and allies, I found
among them a species of Larridse which agreed almost exactly
with 0. nasidens, having the same size, golden pubescence, wing-
coloration, and form. It belongs to the Lyrodinge, and comes
closest to Heliocausus, which may be known from it by the
transverse median nervure being received behind the transverse
basal, by the cubitus in hind wings being received much behind
the median, by the recurrent nervures being widely separated,
he first behind the middle, and by the eyes converging above.
IcuMA, gen. nov.
Eyes parallel, not converging above, reaching to the base of the
mandibles. Ocelli in a triangle. Clypeus short, its apex broadly
rounded. Mandibles not incised below, the apical tooth long. Temples
broad, obliquely narrowed ; the occiput transverse. Pronotum very
short. Scutellums large. Median segment short, gradually rounded,
the basal area large, closely striated. Tibiae and tarsi spiued, the fore
tarsi ciliated with long stout spines on the outer side ; claws long,
curved, without a spine. Abdomen short, ovate ; the pygidial area
distinct. Antennae short, placed close to, but clearly separated from,
the clypeus. Radial cellule long, its apex narrowed, but bluntly
pointed ; the transverse median nervure received clearly beyond the
transverse basal ; the recurrent nervures are received in the apical
thii'd of the second cubital cellule ; the cubitus in hind wings origin-
ating shortly beyond the transverse median.
ICUMA SERICEA, Sp. UOV.
Black, covered densely with a pale golden pile ; the under side of
scape, an irregular line across the middle of the clypeus, a line on the
lower half of the inner orbits on the apex of the pronotum, a narrow
one on the second abdominal segment, more than the apical half of
the third, and the whole of the other segments, fulvous yellow. Legs
black, a line on the under side ^f the femora, on the under side of the
tibife, and on the posterior at the basal half behind, fulvous yellow.
Wings fulvous hyaline, clearer at the apex, the radial cellule and the
basal two cubitals smoky ; stigma and costa fulvous, the nervures
darker. $ . Length, 12 mm.
Panama, Pacific side.
Head with scattered punctures, the face and clypeus more shining
than the rest. Thorax distinctly but not closely punctured, the meta-
notuni more strongly than the rest ; the strice on the basal area
distinct, rather stout, clearly separated. Abdomen, except the pygidial
area, almost irapunctate ; the area with longisb, clearly separated
22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
punctures in rows. The second cubital cellule is the smallest, and is
narrowed in front ; the first and second abscissae of the radius are
equal in length ; together they are equal in length to the third. Hind
ocelli separated from each other by a slightly greater distance than
they are from the eyes. Basal four joints of fiagellum rufo-fulvous
below ; the first joint of fiagellum is shorter than the following two
united.
The form of coloration shown by this species is found in
various genera and species of neo-tropical Vespidse. I have a
Chm-tergus which resembles it very closely.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
CoLiAS EDUSA REARED FROM OvA IN 1904. — Last August I received
from a friend twenty ova of Colias edam, which were deposited by a
female taken by him at Sidmouth, South Devon, in the same month.
These hatched on the 30th, and feeding-up on clover all the larvfe
pupated from Sept. 25th to Oct. 16th. I then moved the pupae into a
warm room and they began to change colour on Oct. 19th. Nineteen
fine images emerged from Oct. 23rd to Nov. 4th, eight males and
eleven females, one of the latter being without the yellow spots in the
black hind-marginal band on the fore wings. — J. B. Morris; 14, Bane-
lagh Avenue, Barnes, Dec. 12th, 1904.
Teratological Specimen of Hybernia defoliaria. — It may be of
interest to note that on Nov. 20th I captured at West Wicliham a
recently emerged male specimen of llijbernia defoliarin in which both
wings on the right side are entirely absent. The antennse, legs, and
the wings on the left side are perfectly developed and quite normal ;
but there is no trace of even the rudiments of wings on the right
side. — A. B, Kidner; 139, Rosendale Road, West Dulwich, S.E.,
Dec. 12th, 1904.
Monk's Wood and Thecla pruni. — It will, I fear, be a great dis-
appointment to entomologists in general to hear that Monk's Wood,
near Huntingdon, is now closed to the public. Lord Chesham, the
owner, is at present preserving game in this wood so closely that the
keepers have strict orders to forbid the entrance of entomologists.
The result of this will, no doubt, be an increased difficulty in obtaining
a good series of T. innni, for, although the species does occur else-
where— notably at Barnwell Wold — still Monk's Wood may be regarded
as its headquarters in the British Isles. So much so that those desir-
ing to take T. pruni with their own hands have for the last hundred
years undertaken a pilgrimage to this celebrated Midland wood. At
various times I have had the pleasure of looking through many of the
best collections of British Lepidoptera, and I think I may safely say
that the two obtainable species that are least adequately represented
are T. pruni and Carterocephalus palceuion — but more especially the
former. Caught specimens are the rule, generally brown with age, or
torn, or bereft of many scales. In lact, T. pruni, like T. ir-oUniw,
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 23
to be really fine, must be bred. It is then of an intensely black hue
(instead of black-brown) and is a decidedly " taking " species. C.
palatnon is almost equally local, but is fortunately much easier to obtain
in fine condition, if captured when it first appears at the end of May.
I suspect the reason one so seldom sees a fine representative series is
that very few collectors live within reach of this most charming
member of the Hesperidfe. To some collectors the idea of placing a
monetary value on British Lepidoptera is altogether repugnant, But
I must confess that to me it seems the only feasible method of deter-
mining the relative value of the difierent species, and I do not mind
confessing that I am always deeply interested in the prices charged by
reliable dealers or realized at London auctions. Most of us, I think,
occasionally buy species we see no other possibility of obtaining, but
any one who thinks he can buy really fine specimens of pmni and
palcB)iion at the usual quotations is grievously mistaken. I myself have
bought a good deal of lato years, but have never succeeded in purchas-
ing a single fine bred specimen, or a single larva, of T. pruiii, although
I have commissioned the chief dealers to procure me the latter even at
so high a price as 2s. each. I really think that a fine bred i^rnni,
compared with other British butterflies, is quite worth 5s., and
/lalmium I should estimate at 2s. Witli regard to the range of pruni
in these islands, I find old records of its occurrence at Linford Wood,
near Stony Stratford (Eutom, vii. 175) and at Beaumont, Berks
(Entom. xvii. 267) ; but at the latter place the (single) specimen was
only seen. I wonder if any of your readers have come across pnoii
elsewhere than in its Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire haunts.
— (Kev.) Gilbert H. Kaynor ; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Dec. 13th,
1904.
The Noctuid Genus Ala. — The name of this genus (Staudinger,
1882) was used by Lockington for a crustacean in 1877. Hence the
later name Trlchanarta, Hampson, 1896, will stand, and the three
species will be known as Trichanarta picteti {Ala picteti, 'AiSLnd.), T.
preliosa [Alapretiosa, Alph.), and T. ladakensis (Aiiarta ladakensis, Feld.).
t. d. a. cockerell.
The Entomological Collections in the Oxford University
Museum. — In the " Sixteenth Annual Report of the Delegates of the
University Museum " (for 1903) will be found an exceedingly interest-
ing account of work completed, in hand, or to be undertaken, con-
nected with the entomological collections in the Hope Department of
the Museum. Some idea of the thoroughness with which the labours
are there conducted may be gathered from the following excerpt from
Dr. Dixey's account of work upon the Pierin^ which is embodied in
the ** Report of the Hope Professor of Zoology " (pp. 21-69).
" In 1893 the Pierinae in the Hope Collection occupied about fifty
drawers ; they were to some extent sorted out into genera and species,
but the arrangement did not pretend to critical exactness, nor did it
profess to represent the existing knowledge of the different species with
their distribution and affinities. There were no labels except those in
MS. attached to the individual specimens. Tliese were often elaborate
and written with much care ; but they could not, as a rule, be read
without the removal of the specimen from the cabinet. The greater
24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
number of the species were grouped together, but several were de-
tached from the general arrangement, and had to be sought iu
different parts of the collection. For reasons of this kind the dif-
ficulties in the way of making an effective study of the group were
very great.
" At the present time the space devoted to the Pieriufe consists of
five cabinets of sixty drawers each — three hundred drawers in all.
Each specimen has been carefully considered and placed in the position
that may best illustrate its natural affinities and relation to conditions
of locality and season. The genera and species have been indicated
throughout by easily-read labels, and synonyms have been added when
they possess special interest or importance. The order of the species
within each genus, and of the genera within the subfamily, has been
determined with the view of exhibiting the probable relationship of
the various forms on a phylogenetic basis. With every genus and
every species a map is given, coloured to show the present distribution
of the particular assemblage on the earth's surface. Within the limits
of each species the individual specimens are arranged geographically,
according to a uniform plan ; seasonal modification of forms, where it
exists, is duly indicated by special labels."
.^scHNA MIXTA IN EppiNG FoKEST. — Henry Doubleday is apparently
not properly entitled to hold the Epping Forest record for .E. mixta.
In his list of 1871, Doubleday speaks of this dragonfly as being on the
wing as early as June — in fact, his observations are confined to that
month. Now, we claim to have a particularly close acquaintance
with mixta in the Epping Forest district, and we have never met with
the species before September ; indeed, its flight seems to be restricted
to that and the succeeding month. We think it is pretty clear that
Doubleday wrongly identified some other species as juixta, or, alter-
natively, failed to keep a proper note of the dates of capture or observa-
tion. — F. W. & H. Campion ; 33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow,
Essex, Oct. 31st, 1904.
[It certainly seems to be the case that .E. mixta does not appear
before August. — W. J. L.]
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Sphinx (Agrius) convolvuli in Hampshire. — S. convolvuU has been
common here this season wherever the tobacco-plant was grown. A
cat belonging to a gentleman residing in Brockenhurst has accounted
for three specimens. She might be seen on any mild evening during
August and September prowling along by the flower-beds and waiting
for the moths which, although never seen in the act, she, no doubt,
captured on the wing. The three specimens mentioned were taken
from her mouth alive (they were not cabinet specimens) ; how many
more she caught and consumed is, of course, unknown. S. convolvuli
did not come to the flowers on cold nights, neither did puss attempt
to go hunting. In this she showed more wisdom than some of our
local entomologists. Mr. L. F. Hill, of Cremona, Brockenhurst, has
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 25
kindly supplied me with a list of forty-nine specimens which he saw,
and most of which he captured, at tobacco, between Aug. 16th and
Sept. 23rd, a record for this neighbourhood. — G. T. Lyle ; Brockeu-
hurst.
Late Appearance of Colias edusa. — On Oct. 18th last, a fine warm
day, I saw, while shooting on the marshes at WaUasea, Essex, a male
C. edusa on the wing ; after watching it a short time it settled to feed
on yarrow-blossom. It was apparently in perfect condition. I hear
that other specimens have recently been seen in Devon, one as late as
Nov. 13th.— F. W. Frohawk; November, 1904.
Late Appearance of Pyrameis atalanta. — Owing to the recent fine
warm weather, P. atalanta has been putting in a late appearance. On
Nov. 13th my wife saw a specimen on the wing, in the finest condition,
at Eayleigh, Essex, and during the past week specimens have been
emerging. The larvas wxre found quite young at the end of Septem-
ber and beginning of October, which were obviously from eggs deposited
during September by specimens which emerged during August or
September. Although it is generally believed that only one brood
emerges in the year, I am convinced that usually, if not every year,
there are two broods, the first appearing in July and August, and the
second continuing through the autumn. — F. W. Frohawk; Nov., 1904.
Colias edusa, C. hyale, &c., at Felixstowe. — On Aug. 10th and
11th last I took, at Felixstowe, two female specimens of C. edusa, on
open land, fluttering over patches of red clover. I saw six altogether,
but these two alone gave any chance of capture. I also saw two speci-
mens of C. lujale in the public road, but my net was disconnected, and
they flew almost at once into private grounds. I was only able to spare
two days for collecting out of my brief vacation, and then found the
following plentiful but much worn ; only a small number of the speci-
mens captured were worth retaining : I'ieiis hrassicic, P. rapa, P. napi,
Vanessa urticm, V. polychloros, Pijrameis atalanta, Pararge egeria, P.
megara, Satyrus semele, Epinephele ianira, Ccenongmpha pawphilus, and
of Lycccna icarus I obtained a large series, both males and females.
I may perhaps note that I did not see a single specimen of P. cardui,
neither have I met with this species during the year in or near
London.— W. T. Page, F.Z.S.
Lepidoptera at Kingston, Surrey. — Cheimatohia boreata is simply
swarming at the lamps here just now. It is no exaggeration to say
that one might easily take Laudreds each evening. Previous to this
year I had only one specimen taken in Kingston, although I have
often searched for it. I may also mention that Chesias spartiata, Opo-
rabia diliitaria, and Hgbernia defoliaria have been extremely abundant,
and some beautiful forms of the latter have been obtained, I have seen
a specimen of A^teroscopus sphinx (cassinea) which was taken on the
hill, also a few Diluba eceruleocephala. I have not seen H. aurantiaria
at all this year. — Percy Bichards ; •' Wellesley," 11, Queen's Koad,
Kingston Hill, Nov. 18th.
Species of Plusia %7sit Flowers of Stachys. — When capturing
insects on the wing at dusk this year, I noticed a fact which may not
26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
be generally known. It is that several species of Plusia come to the
flowers of the hedge woundwort (Stachi/s). 1 have never seen the name
of tliis plant in the list of natural attractions, but of some Plusias I
could have captured large numbers, so attractive is it. During the past
summe'r the following species were captured at Stacliys: — Abrofitola
icrticce, A. triplasia, Plusia chrysitis, P. gamma, P. iota, and P. pulchrina.
Of these species P. chrysitis and P. pulchrina were the most numerous,
but both species of Abrostola were fairly common. P. iota and
P. yamma were scarce. — W. A. Bogue ; Spring Cottage, Shepton
Mallet.
[Barrett (Lep. Brit. vol. vi.) mentions the following Labiatas as
being attractive to species of Plusia : — Ballota niyra and other Labi-
ates [P. chrysitis), Stachys palustris and S. sylvatira (P. festuc(B), and
Teucrium scorodonia (P. inter royationis) ; the blossoms of various labi-
ate plants are visited for their honey by F\ iota. Several species of
the Labiatse, especially Lamium. and Stachys, are among the known larval
food-plants of P. bractea, P. chrysitis, P. yamma, P. iota, and P. pul-
chrina.— Ed.]
NoTKs ON CoLEOPTERA IN SouTH-wEST SuRREY. — The following is a
list of Coleoptera taken in this district during 1901 : — Cychrus ros-
trains, L. : I took two specimens of this Carabid in July, and one of
them exhibited traces of three irregular lines on each wing-case.
Carabus monilis, F., C. violacens, L., were plentiful on paths and under
stones. C. yranulatus, L., in the rotten wood of fallen trees and
under stones on Peasmarsh. Creophiius viaxillosus, L., abundant on
dead animals. Paderus caliyatus, Er. : I found this for the first time
on Peasmarsh on Feb. 21st. Xantholinus fulyidus, F., in decayed
wood. Ocypns olens, Miill., occurred frequently. Aromia moschata, L.,
in July, on willows. Cctonia aurata, L., common on roses. Lucanus
cerrus, L., occurred from about July 2nd, the males being far more
plentiful than the females. Prionns coriarins, L., one female taken on
July 24th, while flying against a window at night. Melolontha vulyaris,
F., Rhizotroyus solstitialis, Latr., very plentiful. Phyilopertha liorticoia,
L., frequently during the daytime in June, at rest on oak. Stranyalia
armata, Herbst.. occurred frequently on flowers. Geotrupes typhccus, L,,
common at Puttenham in early spring, in the loose sandy soil. I ob-
served several dragging pellets of rabbits' excrement into their burrows.
They varied much in colour, some having castaneous elytra. Dorcus
parallelopipedus, L., abundant. On March 26th I found larvae, pupa,
and several imagines in one piece of decayed oak, Necrophunts
humator, F., common on dead animals. A', mortuurum, F., occurred
only once, on a dead rat near Eashing. Oicindda cainpestris, L., fairly
common on sandy soil. Sotiophilus biyuttatus, F., common on ploughed
fields, y.atjnaticus, L., occasionally on Peasmarsh. Geotrupes sterca-
rarius, Er., abundant everywhere. G. vernalis, L., occasionally in
cowdung. Timarcha Ia;vigata, L., on grassy banks. Aphodius fime-
tarius, L., plentiful in cowdung. Baianinus villosus, Herbst., on oak-
trees. Malthodes marymatus, Latr., under bark and in C'ossus-infected
trees. Blaps mucnmata, Latr., common in cellars and outhouses.
Pterostichus madidus, F., P. cethiops, Panz., P. vulyaris, L., P.striula, F.,
P. versicolor, Sturm., under stones and logs of wood. Lampyris nocti-
SOCIETIES. 27
Itica, L., abundant. (Joccinella 7-punctata, L., C. blpunctnta, L., C.
variabilis, F., common everywhere. Coccinella ocellata, L., only one,
taken on pine-tree, Hister bimaculatus, L., under stones. Cossonas
linearis, F., very local. Clirina fossor, L., under stones. Aihous
hcemorrhoiilalis, F., very abundant. (Edemere cceralea, L., abundant
on flowers during July and August. TelepJiorns ch/peatus, 111., and
other Telephoridse, common on flowers. Xestobium [Anobiam] tessel-
latum, F., plentiful in old wood. Nebria brevivollis, F., Pogonus
chalceus, Marsh, under stones on the "Hog's Back." Amarafulva,
De G., very few met with. A. familiaris, Duft., A. lucida, Duft.,
common under stones, particularly on Peasmarsh. — J. A. Croft ;
Charterhouse, Godalming, Surrey.
Pyga;ra pigra in Surrey. — In the most recent list of the Lepido-
ptera of Surrey P. pigra is noted as being uncommon, and only two
localities in the county are given for the species. It may therefore be of
interest to mention that larvas of P. pujra are to be found more or less
commonly in the Esher and Ockham districts. On August 27th last
they were decidedly numerous at Wisley, and I collected over forty
small ones in less than half an hour. The species also occurs at
Byfleet, and I have frequently found larvae there on dwarf sallow. —
Richard South.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, November 16th,
1901.— Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc, P.R.S., President, m
the chair. — Mr. Edward Goodwin, of Canon Court, Wateringbury,
Kent, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — Mr. H. St. J. Bonis-
thorpe exhibited the second recorded British specimen of Orchestes
sparsas, Fahr., taken by him on August 28th last in the New Forest.
— Mr. H. W. Andrews, specimens of Atkerix crassipes, Mg., from the
New Forest, the only previously recorded locality in Great Britain
being near Ticehurst, Sussex. — Mr. G. 0. Sloper, two aberrant forms
of MelitiBa athaiia, male and female, from Luan, above Corbeyrier,
Switzerland, and one male taken on June 26th tliis year at Martigny.
The tendency of the black markings to supersede the fulvous was par-
ticularly noticeable m the latter specimen. — The President, cases con-
taining Diptera, and a case containing the skins of African Sphingid
larvae, dried in botanical paper, and, after seventy years, still preserving
their colours, from the Burchell collection in the Hope Museum, Oxford.
Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, a gall of some lepidopterous insect found on the
Califate bushes in Patagonia. The gall resembled that of Ci/nipskollari,
but was hollow, the walls being about ^ in. in thickness. The circular
door prepared by the larva was about ^- in. in diameter. The pupa
was lying free, without any silk cocoon. It was suggested that the
insect was perhaps allied to (Ecocecis.—Ur. C. H. Kenrick communi-
cated a paper entitled " Natural Selection applied to a Concrete Case."
Mr. J. C. Kershaw, papers on "Enemies of Butterflies in South China,"
and "A Life-history of Genjdus chinensis." — Mr. Nelson Annandale,
B.A., a paper on " The Eggs and Early Stages of a Coreid Bug, pro-
bably Dalader acutirusta,\i'\i\\ a note on its Hymenopterous Parasites."
28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Wednesday, December 1th, 1904. — Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A.,
D.Sc, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. Horace A. Byatt, B.A., of
the Colonial Office; and Mr. J. C. Winterscale, F.Z.S., of Karangan,
Kedah, Penang, Straits Settlements, were elected Fellows of the
Society. — Mr. Kowland Brown, one of the Secretaries, read the list of
Fellows recommended for election as Officers, and to serve on the
Coimcil for the ensuing year ; and there being no additional Fellows
proposed, they were nominated accordingly. — Mr. H. St. J. Donis-
thorpe exhibited Quedius nvjrocceruleus, taken by Mr. H. C. Dollman in
a rabbit-hole at Ditchliug, Sussex, this being the fourth recorded
British specimen. — Professor T. Hudson Beare, a specimen of the rare
Lougicorn, Tetropitim castaneum, L., taken about two years ago in the
vicinity of the Hartlepool Quays, and probably introduced from abroad.
— Mr. G. J. Arrow, a series of the Lamellicorn beetles from the
Burchell Collection, and remarked tliat Burchell, at the time of their
capture some seventy years ago, had already noted their powers of
producing musical sound. — Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, drawings illus-
trating the development of the front wing in the pupa of the tusser
silk-motl), showing the relation of the tracheae to the veins, prepared
for exhibition in the Natural History Museum. He also exhibited
some coffee -berries from Uganda, injured by a small beetle belonging
to the Scolytida^. The beetles laid their eggs in the berries when
young and green. The mature berries were often found with little of
the inside left. Mr. Waterhouse further exhibited two coleopterous
larvfe from the Burchell Collection from Brazil, submitted to him for
determination by Prof. Poulton. One was a heteromerous larva two
inches long, much resembling the larva of Helops. The more interest-
ing one was noted by Burchell to be luminous, and appeared to be the
larva of an Elaterid, but the prothorax was unusually large, and the
head retracted beneath. — Commander J. J. Walker, the type-specimen
of Hapluthorax hurchelli, G. E. Waterhouse, from the Hope Collection,
Oxford University Museum. This very remarkable Carabid was dis-
covered by Burchell in St. Helena. It is now exceedingly rare, if not
entirely extinct, in its sole locality, the late Mr. Wollaston, during his
visit to the island in 1875-6, having entirely failed to find the beetle
alive, although its dead and mutilated remains were often met with.
— The President, cases showing the results of breeding experiments
upon Fapilio cenea conducted by Mr. G. F. Leigh, who had for the
first time bred the trophouiiin form from trophoniun itself; also a photo-
graph, taken by Mr. Alfred Robinson, of the Oxford University
Museum, showing the Xylocopid model and its Asilid mimic exhibited by
Mr. E. E. Green at a previous meeting. The example was particularly
interesting, inasmuch as Mr. Green's record of the manic circling
round its model tended to support the view that the bee is the prey of
the fly. — Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., read a paper on Erebia palarica,
n. sp., and E. styrpie, chiefly in regard to its association with E. evias
in Spain. Describing E. palarica, he said it was a new species from
the Cantabrian range, phylogenetically a recent offshoot of E. stygne,
and the largest and most brilliant in coloring of all the known mem-
bers of the family. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff, D.M., gave an account of his
entomological experiences during a tour through India and Ceylon,
Oct. 10th, 1903, to March 26th, 1904, illustrating his remarks by
SOCIETIES. 29
exhibiting some of the insects referred to, and lantern-slides of the
localities visited. — H. Rowland Brown, M.A., Hon. Secretary.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
November 2Ath, 1904.— Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair.
Special exhibit of varieties : — Mr. H. W. Moore, of Shortlands, Kent,
was elected a member. — Mr. Cannon exhibited, on behalf of Mr.
Frohawk, (1) a long series of Colias ednsn v. helice bred from v. helice
ova in 1900 (autumn), showing every gradation from typical white v.
helice to typical C. edusa ; (2) a series of C. hyale showing gradation in
extent of markings; and (3) a fine pale variety of the last with all the
usual black markings replaced by pale opalescent colouring. — Mr.
Colthrup, (1) a very pale form of Smerinthus ocellatus ; (2) a partially
xanthic form of Anthrocera filipendulce ; and (3) a Dianthcecia capsincola
of a very unusual shade. — Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main, (1) Argynnis
ofjlaia, from North Corrwall, with xanthic markings; (2) a bleached
specimen of Epiuephele jurtina {ianira), from North Cornwall ; (3)
Zonosoma i^endularia v. subroseata from Staffordshire ; (4) a series of
Boarmia repandata and v. convevmria from North Cornwall, with series
from Wiltshire and Isle of Lewis for comparison ; (5) a series of
Aplecta nebulosa from North Cornwall, with series for comparison from
Delamere Forest, including v. robsoni, and from Epping Forest ; (6)
Miana striyilis, from North Cornwall, but none dark ; from Delamere
Forest, but scarcely any bright forms ; (7) Hybemia marginaria,
melanic specimens from near Liverpool ; (8) long series of Pierisnapi,
spring brood from North Cornwall, with spring-bred Enniskillen series
for comparison ; (9) summer broods of the same species from Ennis-
killen and Delamere Forest ; and (10) series of spring brood of the
same species from Kilkenny, bred by Mr. Montgomery, with particu-
larly dark females. — Mr. Montgomery, series of bred and captured
Lencophasia sinapis of both broods, from Berkshire, Cornwall, Devon-
shire,Worcestershire, and the New Forest. — Mr. Hickman, an extremely
dark var. of Arciia caia bred from a larva taken at Wye in August,
1903. — Mr. Crow, a remarkable rosy form of Calymnia trapezina from
Hayes, and a specimen of Pyrameis atalant'i, showing xauthic spots,
bred from a larva taken at Elmer's End. — Mr. Stonell, a gyuandrous
example of Lachneis lanestris. — Mr. Joy, (1) a bred series of Pararge
egeria, from ova laid by a female taken in June, 1903 ; (2) two series
of the same species, bred from a pairing induced in captivity, of which
(a) hybernated as pupae, {b) hybernated as half-fed larvae. — Mr. Chit-
tenden, a large number of varieties and aberrations of Lepidoptera,
including Spilosonia hibricipeda var. radiata with black fringes, Boarmia
repandata, dark, Acidalia inornata, very dark, from Kent, very dark
Cymatophora duplaris from Market Drayton, Caradrina morpheiis, Agrotis
segetum, A. exclamationis, A. corticea, all very dark, from Kent. — Mr.
El. Adkin, (1) a specimen of Satumia pavonia, having the body and
wings undoubtedly female, while the antennae were distinctly male.
It was bred in 1904 from an Isle of Lewis larva of 1901 ; (2) a very
dark specimen of Syrichthus malvce from Brighton ; and (3) a fine
specimen of Agrius convolvuli taken at Eastbourne, Sept. 18th, 1904. — •
Mr. Harris, a very interesting series oiHemerophila abruptaria, bred from
a pairing obtained in captivity between two captured specimens, includ-
30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ing a number of the more or less extreme melanic form. — Mr. Goulton,
varied series and examples of Hijpsipetes sordidata {elniata) with dark
forms, Psi'udnterpna prinnata with brown forms (bred), and light forms
of Bonrmia repandata from Eanmore. — Mr. Brown, numerous species
and forms, including Hydrcecia nictkansw&v. paludU, very dark Xtjlophasia
pohjodon, dark Leitcania conitjera, all from Deal; varied under sides. of
Poh/ommiitus corijdon from Keigate, bred and very varied series of
Cidaria rmsata and C. immandtn from Horsley, and light and dark
forms of Amphidasijs hetularia, bred. — Mr. Dobson, twenty-seven species
of dnigonflies taken by him in Surrey and Hampshire during the last
two years, including Gomphus vnlgatissimus, Anax imperator, yEschna
mixta, Platijcnemiii pennipes, Ischnura piimiliu, and Agrion mercuiiale. —
Mr. H. Moore, an example of Heliconius siculata from Trinidad, some-
what different from the type, and a series of the beautiful H. cydno,
showing the range of variation of the snow-white markings. — Mr.
Garrett, a specimen of Pyrameis atalanta, taken in Northamptonshire,
having xanthic markings in red band of the hind wings. — Mr. South,
(1) Aplecta nehaliisa with var. rolmmi and the so-called var. thompsoni,
and numerous examples from many localities to show the range of
variation in the species ; (2) Polia rJii, a female var. oUvacea, and a
series reared from ova laid by it, all of whicli were dark ; " (3) an
Abraxas yrussiilariata with buff ground colour ; (4) Furrhypam wticata
with confluent or much-intensified spots ; (5) Peronea hastiana, series
from Wisley and Lancashire,! the latter including several forms; and
(6) Fmlisca solandiiana, a long series, collected in two afternoons at
Oxshott, including at least seven named forms. — Mr. G. T. Porritt, a
fine bred series of Ayrotis ashwortliii from North Wales. — Mr. H. J.
Turner, a copy of the original edition of Moses Harris' ' Aurelian,'
slightly defective, picked up for a few shillings on a bool;stall. — Mr.
W. J. Kaye, (1) a series of Pseiidnterpnu pruinata, showing considerable
variation in the banding, several bred specimens from Bude had all
the usual markings suppressed; and (2) a specimen of Titanus yiyanteus,
the largest known longicorn beetle, from British Guiana. — Mr.Barraud,
(1) Kpinephele jurtUia var., with the usual white pupilled spot on the
fore wing absent, and on the under side hind wings specks instead of
spots; and (2) a brown suffused Spilosoma menthastn from Bushey. —
Eev. J. E. Tarbat, (1) Euthemonia rtissida, with smoky hind wings ;
(2) a female Pcerilocampa populi, having a rudimentary fifth wing
anterior to the right fore wing ; and (3) a ranXQ Erebia athiops \{\i\x
shaded marks on left hand wings. — Mr. Bacot, varieties of various
species and long series of Spilosoma urticcB consisting of eight broods
belonging to three generations, all originating from a single female
captured in Norfolk. They showed large extremes of variation as
regards the spotting. — Mr. Prout, for Mr. Mutch, pale aberrations of
Ayrotis ypsilon and Phloyophora meticulosa, with much darkened speci-
mens of Cleora yJabraria. — Mr. Prout, some extremely fine varieties of
(1) MelitiEa cinxia, mostly of one aberrant brood in 1902 ; (2) blackish
ab. inyenua of Aporophyla australis ; and (3) very dark Eubolia bipnnc-
taria from North Devon and Luperina testacea from Sandown. — Mr.
Edwards, representatives of all the genera closely allied to the genus
Papilio, and contributed notes on each. The rare Armandia thaidina
- See Entom. xxxvii. 263. f See Entom. xxxvii. 320.
RECENT LITERATURE. 31
and Bhxitanitis liddenialii were included in the exhibit. — Dr. Chapman,
(1) a very large number of the genus Chri/sophmms taken this year in
Spain, inchiding the var. miefjii of C. viniaure(F, various forms of C.
phl(Eas, from light forms to the extreme dark var. eleus ; (2) a drawer
of Erebias, also from Spain, including various races of E. evios and
E. stijgiie, and a long series of a new species, which he had named
E. palarica, and which was closely allied to E. styi/ne, but much larger
than any Erehia hitherto known. — Dr. Chapman, on behalf of Mr.
Tutt, for comparison with his own, a large number of Chrysophanids
from many mid-European sources. — Mr. Tonge, three albums of
photographs of Lepidoptera, most of them taken with the aid of the
electric light, — Mr. Carr, on behalf of Mr. F. M. B. Carr, a specimen
of Vanessa io having the usual eye-like spots on the hind wings very
obscure. — Mr. West (Streatham) and Mr. Fremlin exhibited objects
under their microscopes. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — By the kind-
ness of the Chester Society of Natural Science an ordinary meeting
was held in the Grosvenor Museum, Cbester, on Monday, Nov. 21st,
1904, Mr. Rd. Wilding, Vice-President, in the chair. — The following
gentlemen were elected members of the Societv : Messrs. C. M. Adams,
F.C.S. (Southport), Rd. S. Bagnall, F.E.S. (Winlaton-on-Tyne), J. H.
Leyland (Ormskirk). W. C. Boyd (Clieshunt), John F. Dixon-Nuttall
(Prescot), Rd. Hancock (Handsworth), and E. E. Lowe (Plymouth). —
Dr. Herbert Dobie having welcomed the Society to Chester, the cliair-
mau called on Mr, Robert Newstead, A.L.S., F.E.S. , Hon.F.R.H.S.,
who gave a most interesting and instructive lecture on " The Collections
in the Grosvenor Museum." — Amongst interesting exhibits examined
during the evening were : — Mr. Newstead, a living specimen of the
male of Lecanium hesperidum : this he had recently bred from a colony
of Coccids which had been under observation for the past three or four
years, the example being the first authentic one observed, although
the male had been searched for since the time of Linufeus. — Mr. J. J.
Richardson, a series of exotic Lepidoptera mounted in frames, with
slips of glass so arranged as to allow of the examination of the under
sides. — Mr. J. R. Charnley, F.Z.S., fourteen specimens of insects in
amber from the north coast of Germany, both the insects and clearness
of some of the pieces of amber being much admired. — Anisotoma furva
(from Crosby) was exhibited by Mr. Wilding ; and a selection of British
Lepidoptera by Mr. W. Mansbridge, F.E.S. ; &c. — E. J. B. Sopp and
J. R. LE B. ToMLiN, Hon. Secretaries.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Catalogue of Lepidoptera. By Frederick Lowe. Vol. i. pt. 1. Pp. 51.
London: Hutchings & Crowsley. 1904 (Dec).
The initial instalment of this important work deals with the
Nymphalid subfamily Danainae, and all the species, subspecies or local
races that have been described up to date are included therein. The
part is interleaved with MS. paper, so that subsequent new species,
&c., may be added. There is also an index to the species mentioned
32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
in the catalogue. This method of treating the Lepidoptera by sub-
families possesses obvious advantages, and the scheme of compilation
has been devised to facilitate the work of the student. Where they are
accessible the location of types is stated. The arrangement of genera
and groups is based on a trivial character which the author states he
has found constant and not confined to one sex.
Judging from the part before us, the Catalogue promises to be of the
utmost utility, and will meet a pressing need.
The Second Part is in the press, and it is proposed to complete the
work during the year.
CHARLES GOLDING BARRETT.
Entomologists throughout the kingdom will regret to hear that
on December 11th last Mr. C. G. Barrett succumbed to the malady
from which he had suffered for some time past. As an authority
on Lepidoptera he was known far and wide, and his williug help and
kindly advice were always at the service of anyone who appealed
to him. His departure from among us has created a void that will
not be readily filled.
Among his contributions to entomological literature are notes con-
tained in the ' Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer' (1856-61), also
in the 'Weekly Entomologist' (1862), and occasional communications
to the ' Entomologist,' dating from 1864,
Mr, Barrett, in 1880, joined the editorial staff of the ' Entomolo-
gists' Monthly Magazine,' to which he had been a valued contributor
from its foundation in 1864, Among the more important of his
writings that have been published in that journal are a series en-
titled " Notes on British Tortrices," which were commenced in
vol. is. (1872), and continued year by year up to vol. xxvi, (1890).
In his excellent work " The Lepidoptera of the British Islands "
is concentrated the knowledge acquired during a lifetime of assiduous
research and careful observation. The first volume was issued in
1893, and the ninth in 1904, In the tenth volume, which was passing
through the press at the time of his decease, was commenced the
consideration of the Tortricina, a group in which he as an expert
had long been acknowledged pre-eminent. It is ever to be regretted
that he was not spared to see this great undertaking completed, and
we earnestly hope that among his literary remains material will be
found to enable the work to be continued to, at least, the end of
the Tortricina, which, excepting the Tineina, is perhaps the most
neglected group of British moths,
Mr, Barrett was elected a Fellow of the Entomological Society
of London in 1884, and a Member of thg South London Entomo-
logical and Natural History Society in 1889. He was President of
the latter Society in 1892.
We understand that the collections of British, Continental types,
and South African Lepidoptera will be realized.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII] FEBRUARY, 1905 [No. 501.
SOME AMERICAN HALICTINE BEES IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
After being long neglected, the Halictinae of America have
come to receive a good deal of attention. Mr. Charles Robert-
son has lately published tables (Can. Ent., Sept., 1902) for the
separation of the Illinois species ; while Mr. Crawford has pre-
pared, and I believe will shortly publish, a synopsis of all those
inhabiting the United States. Mr. J. Vachal, in ' Miscellanea
Entomologica,' 1903-1904, has in course of publication a synopsis
of all the American Halictines seen by him, very many being
regarded as new. All this activity is rapidly increasing our
knowledge of these insects, but the value of some of the results
obtained is seriously impaired by the difficulty of recognizing
many of the numerous species described years ago by F. Smith,
of the British Museum. Mr. Vachal, in the majority of cases,
practically abandons the attempt to identify the Smith species,
and gives new names to a great many bees, some of which must
certainly be Smithian. I should be more ready to condemn this
proceeding, had I not discovered that some of my own iden-
tifications of Smithian species, made by the most careful use of
the descriptions, were quite erroneous.
The present paper is the result of an examination of the mate-
rial, including most of Smith's types, in the collection of the
British Museum. This collection, although it has been scarcely
touched since Smith's death in 1878, is probably still the most
valuable collection of bees in existence, and it is remarkable
that it has not received more attention from students.
The following abbreviations are used : — (T.) ^^ type specimen
examined ; s. m. =: submarginal cell ; r. n. ^ recurrent nervure ;
b. n.— basal nervure ; t. c— transverso-cubital nervure ; t. m.=
trans verso-medial nervure ; hind spur— hind spur of hind tibia ;
ENTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1905. D
34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
are.'i^basal area of metathorax ; vibrisp?e= hairs forming a fine
ciliation on hind margins of abdominal segments 1 and 2.
Agapostemon.
(1.) A. sicheli, Vachal. — The museum contains a male of this
extraordinary species from Mexico, out of F. Smith's collection.
The fiagellum is black, twisted like a corkscrew. The insect has
the hairy eyes and plumose pubescence of Cameron's Ccenoha-
lictus.
(2.) A. rhopalocera, Sm. (T.) (? . — Easily known by the very
long antennae, with the last joint black and somewhat broadened.
The yellow band on first abdominal segment has on it two dark
spots. Eyes naked.
(3.) A. nasutiis, Sm. (T.) S • — Easily known by the broad,
yellow, turned-up anterior margin of clj^peus, like a hog's snout.
Abdomen with six dark bands ; head broader than long ; eyes
naked.
(4.) A. ceriiriinosm, Sm. (T.) J . — Runs to this in Vachal's
table, but punctures of scutellum, though somewhat larger than
those of mesothorax, are still extremely dense.
CoRYNURA.
Abdomen red, second segment not rapidly broadening,
and not much broader than first ; anteuual joints
9 to 11 strongly crenulate; first r. n. joins second
s. m. (which is broad) very near its end (Chile).
abJoiiiinalis, Sm. (T.).
Abdomen not red . . . . . . . . 1.
1. Head and thorax bright green all over; second s. m.
parallel-sided, first r. n. meeting second t. c. ;
first abdominal segment narrow, second rapidly
broadening to apex ; antennae very much shorter
than in abdominalis or marijinata (which Chilian
species have very long antennae)
juciindfi, Sm.<? (T.) ; n. syn. psmdobaccha, Ckll. 1901.
Head and thorax at least largely dark ... 2.
2. Marginal cell and costa beyond fuliginous ; first r. n.
meeting second t. c. ; hind spur with three spines ;
first abdominal segment narrow, but much broader
at apex than at base, with no depression between it
and second along lateral margins (Mexico) discolor, Sm. 5 (T.).
Wings yellowish ; marginal cell and costa beyond not
fuliginous ........ 3.
3. Hind margins of abdominal segments white, edged in
front with a sort of golden-brown ; first and
second abdominal segments both very narrow,
second not expanding apically to any extent ;
antennjB very long ; second s. m. very broad, re-
ceiving first r. n. near its end (Chile) . wanjinata, Sm. S (T.).
Hind margins of abdominal segments not so coloured ;
AMERICAN HALICTINE BEES IN THE BKITISH MUSEUM. 35
first segment very narrow, second becoming broader
apically ; first r. n. meeting second t. c. ; antennae
moderate (Brazil) ..... (Kjilis, Sm. <? (T.).
By the venation and the long antennae, the Chilian species
form a group separable from those of Brazil. In Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci, Phila. 1901, p. 218, I misidentified C. jucunda, owing
to a misinterpretation of a sentence in the description. My so-
called jucunda will stand as C. (enigma, Gribodo, while my C.
pseudohacclia is the re^l jucunda.
The antennae of C. discolor ( 2 ) are bright orange at the tip,
a useful character to separate it from C. atromarginata.
Augochlora titaaia, Sm. (T.), which I have referred to Corg-
nura, has a clavate abdomen, narrowed basally, but otherwise is
not suggestive of Corynura. It is very small ; first r. n. joining
second s.m. near its end ; no vibrissa ; wings dusky; eyes deeply
emarginate ; area striato-granular.
CoEYNUKA BKiSEis [Augochlora briscis, Sm.) (T.). $ .
Hind spur with two spines and two nodules or extremely short
spines; second s. m. extremely narrow, receiving r. n. at its middle or
slightly beyond ; first abdominal segment broad but narrowed basally,
with strong large punctures, its dorsal surface, viewed laterally, occupy-
ing a much lower plane tban that of second; second segment with large
punctures like first, but third and beyond lack these punctures, and
have a greenish lustre ; no vibrissfe ; upper part of metathorax smooth
and shining ; scutellum dark pinkish-purple ; mesothorax shining very
dark purplish, with large sparse punctures, its anterior margin sharp,
and overlapping prothorax.
Megalopta.
I discuss under this name the species here placed by Smith,
although it is evident that they do not form a natural group.
Eventually, either Megalopta must be given up, and its species
merged in Augochlora, or else it must be restricted to a much
smaller number of species.
Bright blue-green ; abdomen shining ; thorax very
coarsely sculptured ...... ornata, Sm.
Not so, colours dull ....... 1.
1. Without metallic colours, or at most slightly purple . 2.
With bright metallic colours on some part . . 3.
2. Wings strongly suffused with orange ; abdomen nar-
rowed basally ; scutellum normal ; body dark
purplish jmrpurata, Sm.
Wings not suffused with orange ; abdomen broad at
base ; scutellum bituberculate ; body not purplish
hituhercidata, Sm.
3. Abdomen pallid ....... 4.
Abdomen dark. ....... 6.
D 2
36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
4. Abdomen green, covered with short pubescence . pilosa, Sm.
Abdomen fulvous ; scape long and slender . . 6.
5. Face narrow ; legs without black .... idalia, Sm.
Face broad ; legs with much black . . . nii/rofemorata, Sm.
6. Hind margins of abdominal segments 1 and 2 regu-
larly ciliate (vibrissate) with orange hairs ; metal-
lic colours of face bluish-green and purple . . vivax, Sm.
Hind margins of abdominal segments 1 and 2 not
ciliate 7.
7. Abdomen thinly pruinose with pale pubescence ; cly-
peus and supraclypeal area strongly suffused with
crimson ....... cuprifrons, Sm.
Abdomen not thus pruinose ; face brilliant golden-
green, vextex purplish ..... 8.
8. Larger; tegulfe dark ..... janthina, Sm.
Smaller; teguls ferruginous .... calliope, iim., ms.
The following notes, additional to the table, will serve to
confirm identifications made by it : —
(1.) M. hituberculata, Sm. <? (T.). — Face narrow ; ocelli large;
wings hairy ; hind spur microscopically ciliate (but probably
spined in the $ , which I have not seen); first r.n, joins second s.m.
well before its end ; third s. m. very large, about as large as
first.
(2.) M. janthina, Sm. — Ocelli only moderate ; wings hairy ;
stigma large ; both r. n. received by third s. m. (near base and
apex), which is not nearly so large as first.
(3.) M.purpiimta, Sm. (T.). — Ocelli large; first r. n. joining
second t. c. ; tliird s. m. not nearly as long as first.
(4.) M. cuprifrons, Sm. (T.). — Wings hyaline, not at all orange,
but costa and marginal cell fuliginous ; first r. n, joining second
t. c. ; second r. n. entering third s. m. farther from its end than
\n janthina {in janthina almost at its end); ocelli moderate; first
abdominal segment with very numerous large strong punctures.
(5.) M. vivax, Sm. (T.). — Ocelli moderate; wings dusky
hyaline, not yellowish or dark on costa ; first r. n. joining third
s. m. at its extreme base ; second r. n. joining third s. m. as in
cuprifrons.
(6.) M.ornata, Sm. (T.). — Bright green, face splendid crim-
son ; ocelli fairly large ; thorax with very large punctures,
becoming subcancellate ; hind spur with numerous (6 or 7) long
spines ; first r. n. meeting second t. c. on the basal side.
(7.) M. pilosa, Sm. (T.). — Hind spur with long spines; first
r. n. joining second t. c.
(8.) M. nigrofemorata, Sm. (T.).— Ocelli rather large ; wings
hairy ; first r. n. meeting second t.c. ; second r. n. joining third
s. m. almost at its end.
(9.) M. idalia, Sm. (T.). — Hind spur with few long spines;
first r. n. joining second s. m. near its end.
AMERICAN HALICTINE BEES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 37
(10.) M. calliope, Sm., from Ega, Brazil, was never pub-
lished. I should refer it to Augochlora, with the following
characters : —
Augochlora calliope (Smith) n. sp. 5 .
Head, thorax, and abdomen dark purple ; face brilliant golden
shiniug with coppery ; clypeus very sparsely punctured ; mandibles
dark ferruginous ; ocelli moderate ; area with a beautiful crimson
lustre (orange-golden lustre in janthina), and delicately striate ; scu-
tellum not bituberculate ; hind spur with very few long spines ; bair-
brush at apex of basal joint of hind tarsi orange-fulvous ; venter of
abdomen with quite abundant white hair; first r. n. joining second t.c.
(entering third s. m. near base in janthina) ; second r. n. joining third
s. m. at its end ; stigma large.
Augochlora festivaga D. T. {/estiva, Sm.) <? (T.).
Santarem. — This is a peculiar species, in some things suggestive
of Corynura and Megalopta ; it has gigantic ocelli, such as are not seen
in Megalopta idalia ; nor has it any vibrissa. Face white-pruinose at
sides, much narrowed below ; clypeus prominent, its central part
yellow ; scape yellow, with tbe apex brown ; ocelli large for AugocJdora ;
niesotborax shining, smooth ; area shining, slightly rugose, not
striated ; each side of metatborax with a very remarkable dense patch
of slightly yellowish cotton-like pubescence ; posterior face of meta-
tborax shining, longitudinally sulcate; legs yellow; abdomen with the
first two segments, and base of third, shining fulvous ; wings hairy ;
second s. m. very narrow, with parallel sides ; first r. n. joining second
t. c. ; fourth ventral segment of abdomen with middle of apical margin
produced.
Halictus nanus [Augochlora nana, Sm.) (T.).
Very small ; head and thorax yellowish-green, abdomen and legs
entirely fulvous ; inner orbits not emarginate, but gently concave ;
first r. n. joining second s, m. at its end ; outer nervures weak as in
Chloralictus.
Halictus aspasia [Augochlora aspasia, Sm.) (T.).
5 . Inner orbits gently concave, not emarginate. Front, vertex,
mesothorax, and some adjacent parts, entirely covered with a dense
moss-like fulvous tomentum ; abdomen largely covered with a similar
tomentum, and its tegument fulvous, the bases of the third and fourtb
segments becoming black (but tbis colour mostly concealed by tbe
pubescence) ; venter dark red-brown with fulvous bands ; first and
second dorsal segments without vibrissas ; area strongly defined,
strongly longitudinally striate-ridged ; tegulse fulvous ; first r. n. joins
second s. m. before its end ; nervures very pale, outer nervures
weakened as in Chloralictus ; bind spur witb few spines.
38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
THE EARLIER STAGES OF CATACLYSTA
LEMNATA, L.
By T. a. Chapman, M.D.
(Concluded from p. 5.)
The newly-hatched larvse are l-5-2"0 mm. long, according to
the degree to which they are extended ; they have hairs appa-
rently in precisely the same positions as the older larv?e, but the
principal setfe are very long, II and III being more than half the
diameter of the larva in length, and the middle pair on the anal
plate three times as long, viz. about 0'3 mm., the others being
about 0"1 mm., and I about 0*07 mm. The circlet of hooks
on the prolegs contains about eighteen crochets, all of about
the same size, and not in two or three lengths as in the older
larvffi.
In an older larva the thoracic plate possesses at its anterior
border three pairs of hairs, much like those on the next two seg-
ments, but has also one towards the middle at its dorsal and
another at its outer edge, and there is one in the posterior half-
tinted border. On the first abdominal, I is on one side dupli-
cated, a rare variation. I, II, and III are in usual position,
Illa, is wanting, but is present as a very minute point on the
following segments. IV+V has the posterior and smaller mem-
ber the higher, a character apparently common to all Pyraus-
tidae, and the reverse of what occurs in Pyralidge and Phycitidae.
Below these, first abdominal has two hairs at regular intervals ; on
second the first of these has a companion above and behind it ;
on third the lower of these is represented by the usual three
hairs above and one below the proleg. The anal plate is rounded,
and has three hairs down each side. Ninth abdominal has four
hairs in line, the third hardly visible ; they range with and may
be I, II, III, and IV+V.
The prolegs have a complete circle (or oval) of crochets, of
which the inner and outer ones are closely set and nearly of a
size, but the anterior and posterior have the alternate ones of
more than double the size of the others, to the number of three
or four on each margin. The claspers have about seven large
hooks anteriorly, with smaller between, and beyond these at
either end they dwindle away to mere points in about a dozen
crochets, slightly alternate in size. On both prolegs and claspers
are a few points here and there, as if representing a third class
of still smaller crochets.
The general surface is covered with very minute black points,
to which, in fact, the dark colour of the larva is due ; these are
ranged or massed in some degree more densely in zones, so as
to suggest three subsegments in each segment, the anterior
EARLIER STAGES OF CATACLYSTA LEMNATA. 39
being the larger. They are ranged in some degree in transverse
and other lines, but broadly their arrangement is too irregular
to be described. They present various circular lacunae, one of
which, a little above and behind the spiracle and two to three
times its diameter, is conspicuous. The spiracles are very in-
conspicuous.
The head and mouth parts are not very intelligible without
elaborate drawings. The second (?) antennal joint is very long,
and the jaws have a remarkable form. Where they face each
other they have not merely a toothed margin, but have a circular
face, hollowed centrally, and with teeth round more than half
the margin, so that they are like scoops with toothed edges.
This structure seems to be attained by the ordinary five teeth
being placed in more crowded disposition than usual, and then
continued and supplemented beyond the end with largest (not
smallest) teeth by a little row of four smaller accessory teeth,
which I do not remember to have observed before in other larvae
(of course I have examined really very few). The circle in which
the teeth lie is, however, continued right round to the attached
margin of the jaw, suggesting that the two jaws form a more
than usually closed pocket, possibly to retain sap, &c., in sub-
aqueous mastication.
The larva moults four times. The difficulty of following any
individual larva and noting its moults seemed to be so great that
I did not attempt it, but I preserved first instar larvae and full-
grown ones, as well as a considerable number in intermediate
stages, of which those in second instar were the only ones of
whose stage I was certain. But, arranging all my specimens by
the sizes of their heads, I find that between the second and the
last instars two, and only two, sizes occur, and these five sizes
range themselves in regular order. This method is of course
nevertheless not so sure to be correct as the actual observation
of each moult in one individual.
The pupa is 8-10 mm. in length and 3 mm. in brea.dth,
varying a little in size, and especially the females are the larger
and wider ; but there is much latitude in size in both sexes.
The apparent size varies also a good deal, owing to the amount
of collapse possible in the two free abdominal segments (five
and six). In a dead pupa these close up very much by
drying, and in an empty pupa-skin they are often completely
telescoped.
The widest part of the pupa is at the end of the wings, some
5*5 mm. from the front. Seen laterally, the pupa is of somewhat
ordinary oval form, well rounded at each end, and a little flat in
front ; but, viewed dorsally (or ventrally), it tapers to either end,
and this looks more remarkable forwards, conically rather than
by an oval outline. At any rate, it differs from our average idea
of a pupa in this direction.
40 , THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
The nest point to attract attention is the projection beyond
the wing-cases as a free spine of the cases of the third pair of
legs, supported basally by the wing apices and the ends of the
second legs and antennae.
The colour is a pale brownish, decidedly darker than straw-
colour, but still nearer straw-colour than to the ordinary pupal
brown.
The wings and appendages are fixed to the end of the fourth
abdominal segment. The hind wing is visible between the fore
wing and the abdominal dorsum as a narrow strip, made some-
what waved and irregular by having to accommodate the spiracles
on second and third abdominal ; it ends at the end of third
abdominal segment, at the anal angle of fore wing, it being the
hind margin of fore wing that crosses the fourth abdominal
segment. The inner margins of both wings, and especially of
the under one, have many fine wrinkles or creases, probably due
to resistance to the backward movement of the wings that takes
place when they expand immediately after pupation.
The spiracles are interesting ; on second, third, and fourth
abdominal segments they have a very elaborate circumvallate
fortification and are very conspicuous ; on the other segments
(fifth, sixth, seventh abdominal) they are quite simple and
not very easily seen. In these special spiracles is first and
centrally the spiracle proper, consisting of a central opening
(transverse to length of pupa), with a fibrillate margin, and
round this a set of fine circular lines, making the oval spiracle
into a circular (or nearly so) area. Next round this is a smooth
dome-like area, by which the spiracle is raised on to a promi-
nence, and next a series of raised ridges varying in number
and form, but apparently trying to be circular, but forced by
the wings to extend themselves as trenches along the wing
border.
The effect of these spiracles on the associated tubercles
suggest strongly that the spiracles have been forced dorsally
by the wings — a circumstance not distinctly suggested, as in
many similar pupae, by the form of the circumvallate ridges.
The dorsal tubercle I is generally easily seen, but II cannot
be found ; III is situated fairly normally, as in the larva on
fifth, sixth, and seventh abdominal, and Illa, is in front and
above the spiracle. On fourth abdominal, III and Ilia, are
fairly normal in direction from the spiracle, but are close to the
circumvallatory ridges. On third, however, HI is quite as much
in front as above spiracle, and on second abdominal segment it
is quite in front of spiracle ; Ilia, though in front in both
cases, is rather below spiracle in third, and quite so on second
segment.
At first view, one demands, is this not V, in a situation very
usual for it in some families, but, by tracing its migration
EARLIER STAGES OF CATACLYSTA LEMNATA. 41
segment by segment, as above, its real nature is not open to
doubt ; and further confirmation comes from finding IV and V
close together a considerable way below the spiracles on the
following segments disposed as in the larva. These hairs and
tubercles are microscopic, and the pupa may be described as
quite smooth, as that idea is usually understood. There is a
pair of hairs on the face, but there seem to be none on the
thorax. They appear to have become obsolete, like II on the
abdominal segments.
The two anal spines noted by Buckler are very curious ; they
are on the tenth abdominal segment, but the segmental incisions
are so obscure that in some views they seem to be on the ninth.
Their situation is quite dorsal, dorsal to the spiracular level ;
they point directly outwards, and are thin and flat, so that even
from behind they appear to lie almost flat on the surface.
Noting the appendages in front, there is a well-marked
labrum, and there are angles of the face below it that may be the
mandibles ; between these is a small angular space, the floor of
which is no doubt the labial palpi. Between the eyes and the
base of the second pair of legs is a small square piece abutting
against the antenna. I believe I have called this piece the
maxillary palpus in some pupse similar to this one, and I am not
prepared to say positively that it is not, as it occupies precisely
the position that the end of the palpus occupies in all those
piq^cB incompletce in which its nature is obvious. Here, however,
on dehiscence, this piece remains attached not to the maxilla,
but to the prothoracic dorsal piece, and it seems therefore that
it really is a portion of the prothorax visible in front of the
antenna.
The pupa possesses a primitive feature in having a separate
dorsal head-piece, to which the eye-piece, separated from the
rest of the face, remains attached on dehiscence. The maxillsB
reach more than half-way to the wing-tips, and then disappear
by passing under the second pair of legs ; in some specimens
there is an appearance as if the extremity came to the surface
just at the wing-tips, behind the free portions of the appendages.
In dehisced specimens the applied surfaces of the hind legs in
this process separate, and leave an angular line that looks some-
times as though there were something else besides the hind legs
present ; this could only be the maxillae. The appearance is,
however, due merely to the exposure of the inner aspect of the
leg-case.
Between the maxilla and first leg is a portion of the first
femur (as in sphingids, &c.) ; the first legs are cut off from the
face (eye) by the angular portion of the prothorax, and do not
extend quite as far as where the maxillae disappear. The second
legs and antennae, as already noted, reach a little beyond the
end of the wings, along the free portion of the third leg-cases.
42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
It is noteworthy that in the female they hardly reach one-third
of the length of the sjDine formed by tlae third leg-cases, whilst
in the male they reach rather more than two-thirds.
The wing apices are long and pointed, quite different to those
of the imago, and reach inwards behind the antennae to the
second pair of legs. The apex of the hind wing also appears
here, and is as pointed, and a little longer than the fore wing.
The front of the last abdominal segments differ in the two
sexes in the usual way, the male having two eminences on the
ninth abdominal segment, whilst the female has a longitudinal
impressed line on the eighth. On the ninth, however, the female
structures are of a very unusual character. There are nine or
ten raised ridges, parallel and longitudinal, and the sharp edges
of the ridges are of dark (dense ?) chitin. Though straight
longitudinally, they have an antero-posterior curvature, such
that the set together look just like the upright iron bars placed
to protect windows, where the lower portions are bent outwards.
It may be well to recapitulate that the larva is truly aquatic,
i. e. in water and wetted by it, in the first instar. Afterwards,
though under water, is aerial, i. e. surrounded by air in a case.
To compare it with the allied species, A.niveus and N.stratiotata
appear to be aquatic throughout. H. stagnata appears to be
aerial after hybernation, but I can find no definite statement on
the point. H. nym-phceata is aerial ; I do not find any definite
statement that it is aquatic in first instar. It is the species
described by Reaumur, and often since as filling its case with
air, and the one that most readily occurs to us in thinking of the
group. At top of p. 2 I was thinking of nymphceata rather than
stagnata, of which I was speaking.
Explanation of Plate I.
Details of Cataclysta Jemnata.
Fig. 1. — Eggs, as laid under a leaf of Lemna trisuJca, x 20. The
reproduction of photo (by A. E. Tonge, Esq.) fails to show the slight
sculpturing, but gives size, and shows method of laying, viz. border
to border, and not imbricated, as is usual in this sort of scale-like
egg-
Fig. 2. — Diagram of one side of larva-skin, from medio-dorsal to
medio-ventral line, to show disposition of tubercles from first thoracic
to third abdominal segments.
Fig. 3. — One mandible, much magnified, to show marginal teeth
supplementing the usual five, and forming a scoop ( x 160).
Fig. 4. — Side view of pupa, x 3^.
Fig. 5. — Portion of dehisced pupa, x 10, shows : — 1. Dorsal head-
piece, carrying (2) eye-cover. 3. Prothoracic cover, carrying (4) ventral
portion, that looks in pupa like maxillary palpus. 5. Mesothorax. G.
NOTES ON THE WAVE MOTHS.
43
Antenna. 7. Metathorax. 8, 9, and 10. First three abdominal seg-
ments. 11. Fore wing. 12. Hind wing.
Fig. 6. — Another portion of dehisced pupa, x 10, showing appen-
dages. 1. Face piece. 2. Labrum. 3. A rent due to flattening pre-
paration. 4. Antenna. 5. Eye-cover restored to natural position ; it
is at once torn from here if in handhng the dorsal and ventral portions
of pupa are separated, as happens also to 6. Ventral portion of pro-
thorax, really probably outer end of dorsal plate. 7. Angle where
labial- palpi would form floor of space. 8. Maxilla. 9. Femur of
first leg. 10. First leg. 11. Second leg. 12. Wing ; third tarsi are
seen beyond second leg. The main sketch is female ; the subsidiary
addition is of same parts in male pupa, showing relative greater length
of second legs and of antennfe. The line on third tarsi shows where
their opposed faces have been separated (on dehiscence), and not
another member of appendages.
Fig. 7. — Ventral aspect of last four segments of male pupa, x 10.
Fig. 8. — ,, ,, ,, female pupa, x 10.
Fig. 9. — Portion of same, further enlarged ( x 20), to show grid-
like arrangement on ninth segment.
NOTES ON THE WAVE MOTHS (GENUS ACIDALIA,
AUCT.).
By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 11.)
But although an '' Acidalia'' cannot hybernate otherwise
than as a larva, it does not by any means follow that it needs to
hybernate at all. Some of the species, I believe, do need, and
therefore only give a single life-cycle in the year. But others
can go through their metamorphoses quite rapidly in the warmer
months, being only checked by the approach of winter, so that
there are two, or even three or more, generations of the imago
in a single summer, the larvae which produce the later broods
necessarily dispensing with any hybernation. Cases of such
double-broodedness occur, in the South of England, with Ptycho-
•poda dimidiata, P. suhsericeata, Leptomeris marginepunctata, and
I think others, in all excepting the most backward seasons ;
whilst the abundant little P. virgidaria has probably at least three
generations in the year. Yet a third (and not inconsiderable)
class, not at present known to throw a second brood in a state of
nature, can readily be induced to do so in artificial breeding.
Such are P. inornata, P. rusticata, P. trigeminata, &c. ; and at
least one of the partially double-brooded ones, P. suhsericeata,
can yield a third brood in captivity. Concerning P. trigeminata,
let me relate my own experience, as it " points a moral," not to
lepidopterists only, but to all scientific workers. I have three
44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
times tried to breed it from the egg, and each time, in spite of
the stimuli of abundant warmth and abundant food freely ad-
ministered, the larvae have persisted in hybernating ; and had I
had only my own experience to draw upon, I should by this time
probably be dogmatically asserting that this was one of the
species which did not allow of artificial "forcing." But Barrett
writes as follows (' Lep. Brit.' viii. p. 18) : " On the wing in May
and June, and as a partial second generation, at the end of July
and in August, but Mr. A. H. Jones records that if fed up in
moderate warmth the second generation becomes complete, every
moth emerging in August or September." Two or three friends,
whose word I would trust as implicitly as my own, have confirmed
this last statement from their own experience ; and I am fain to
admit that mine has really been quite exceptional, albeit thrice
repeated. My moral is obvious. Do not generalize on slender
data. By all means record personal experiences, but use them,
not as a basis for too sweeping deductions, but simply as one
tiny contribution to be cast upon the common heap, from which,
at last, sound generalizations may be made practically without
fear of a " possibility of error."
I have said above that an 'Mcj'cZaZ/a" "cannot hybernate
otherwise than as a larva." One would not be surprised there-
fore to hear that there was further a fixed age, or larval stadium,
assigned for this important period in its economy. There was a
good deal of talk in our entomological circles a few years ago
about this fixed hybernating stage and the certainty of death if
the stress of weather, or of failure of food, met the insect at any
other than the right period. But some data are ah'eady to hand
showing that the operation of natural selection is not always so
cruelly rigid as this, but — sometimes, at least — allows of a little
flexibility. Thus our " Wood Argus " butterfly and our common
" Brimstone Moth " can winter either as larva or pupa; Mr. E.
South once successfully hybernated four larvce of Coremia uniden-
taria, a species which almost invariably hybernates as pupa ; and
in the Acidalice I have certainly had P. rnsticata and almost
certainly also P. inornata hybernate in two different larval stadia.
Where Acidaliid larv?e may be found — or sought — I have
already indicated to a certain extent. They are all low-plant
feeders ; few, if any, are specialized to a particular plant ; and
therefore, theoretically, they might occur almost everywhere.
But there are few things more noticeable than their extreme
localization, and often they seem almost gregarious, so closely
does a particular colony keep to a particular hedge or bank.
There was a little bit of hedge opposite Highams Park Station
where, for years, the imago (and therefore of course the larva,
if one had searched closely enough) of P. interjectaria posi-
tively swarmed ; I have had seven in my net at once when
"dusking" along that hedge. And most entomologists have
NOTES ON THE WAVE MOTHS. 45
had some similar experiences with members of the genus. The
wider question of " Where— " i. e., that of geographical distribu-
tion— deserves separate treatment and shall be passed over for
the moment.
Hoiv do the larvfe feed ? They are somewhat specialized in
their tastes, notwithstanding that I have just denied their
specialization to any particular plant. Their peculiarity is that,
unlike most caterpillars, they have a strong preference for
ivithered or even moiddij food. We may be interested or amused
at this apparently unnatural taste ; but let not those of you who
have any liking for " high game," or for certain cheeses which I
could mention, or even for dried vegetables or fruits, " cast the
first stone." P. rusticata likes dead and moiddy leaves, and is
suspected of feediug, in a state of nature, on fallen elm, haw-
thorn, and other leaves under the hedges in which the moth
occurs. /-*. dimidiata is stated to be " even well pleased with a
mouldy slice of turnip ! " P. herhariata, so scarce in England,
where it is certainly not indigenous, does not mind how dry its
food is ; indeed, the few that have been taken in this country
have been in herbalists' shops, where, doubtless, the larvae had
fed up ; it is also reputed occasionally to attack herbaria. P.
dilutaria, better known as holosericata, has a very interesting
habit ; it first bites nearly through the leaf-stalk of its chosen
plant, causing the leaf to droop and wither, and then feeds off
the delicacy thus prepared. Sterrha ochrata will not touch fresh
leaves when withered ones are at hand ; yet likes to have the
latter sprinkled with water. P. virgidaria used to be found
freely by Eossler feeding on brushwood heaped up in his garden.
I rear nearly all my Acidalias with withered dandelion leaves,
and with a generous supply of these, larger and finer specimens
may often be reared than are met with in a wild state.
How are the larvae protected ? They are mostly of a very
sober brown or brown-grey garb, and probably most of them
sufficiently resemble little bits of curled-up dead leaf, Sec. A
few, such as Leptomeris strigilaria, are long, thin and twig-like,
and rest in a rigid position to aid this resemblance. But these,
or at least the one just named, have also a more aggressively
defensive habit, which has caused me a good deal of amusement.
When disturbed they throw themselves into the most violent and
indescribable contortions, during which it would probably be as
hard for any small enemy to seize them, as it is to get a firm
hold of the proverbial eel. Curiously, I have, during the past
summer, made acquaintance with three Geometrid sjjecies which
indulge in these remarkable acrobatic performances, which I had
never witnessed in any prior to this year, tbough of course I
had heard of them. The three species are the common Panagra
petraria (whose larva I had never found simply because I had
never searched bracken for it at the right time), the much scarcer
46
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Anticlea cucullata, and Lepfomeris strigilaria, ova of which Dr.
Chapman sent me from Guethary (Basses-Pyrenees) this summer.
Mr. Barrett says that the larva of L. immorata, another of the
long, thin, rigid species, "if touched, coils up almost like a watch-
spring." Mr. Bacot reports on the larva of L. incanata — a con-
tinental species, not occurring in Britain, but related to our
margine2mnctata—tha.i " They rest either in an extended position
or with a partial double spiral coil." I have also noticed these
singular coils in others of the slender group of larv?e — L.
imitaria, &c. The stout species, which cannot actually coil
themselves, like to rest in slightly curved positions or sometimes
quite straight, and when disturbed bend the front segments in to
meet or approach the under side of the hinder, making a form
which may very roughly be likened to a figure 2 ; whereas the
thin larvffi, in making the " spiral," of course have to bring the
front segments round beside the hinder.
To give, in a paper like the present, the technicalities of the
larval descriptions which Mr. Bacot has kindly, prepared on
Leptomeris incanata, Ptychopoda trigeminata, and a Pyrenean
species P. asellaria, would serve no useful purpose ; we shall
hope to make scientific use of them when a larger number of
species have been studied in the same thorough way. I have
myself, in addition, some fairly full notes on certain stages
of the larvae of P. virgularia and L. strigaria, made four or live
years ago, and some on the newly-hatched larva of P. trigemi-
nata; and these furnish a few further details of value for our
studies, as do also some very good notes on the earliest stages of
L. cmutaria by Mr. A. Sich (Ent. xxxvii. p. 108). I will only now
mention one or two general points.
So fnr as I know personally, all the Acidaliid larvae are, on
first hatching, distinctly slender in proportion to their length,
though probably in somewhat varying degree. I learn from
Van Leeuwen's account in Sej^p's 'Nederlandsche Insecten,' that
those of P. humiliata and P. interjectaria are stouter than most.
I find from my notes that P. trigeminata, which becomes decidedly
one of the stumpy ones in its later stages, is slender at first, and
so is P. virgularia, which is of medium proportions when full
grown, as well as such larvae as L. strigilaria, strigaria, &c.,
which remain slender to the last. The arrangement of the
tubercles would seem to be fairly constant. The setae furnish
some interesting structures, and I fancy will yield material of
some classificatory value. Sometimes they are fairly normal,
short, stiff hairs, often they are thickened or clubbed at the
extremity, sometimes thickened throughout, sometimes (as in
newly-hatched P. trigeminata, or in P. asellaria, up to the very
last) they begin thickening rapidly almost from the base, and
make either a flask-shaped structure or something approaching
an inverted pyramid. I suspect that some of these last-named
NOTES ON THE WAVE BIOTHS. 47
structures are glandular, and I cannot help wondering whether
they are akin to what Mr. Burrows calls ** battledore processes "
in the larvas of the " Emeralds," though I understand him that
these are not homologous to the true larval setfe. Most, if not
all, of the Acidaliid larvae have the skin decidedly rugose in
appearance, subsegmentation distinctly marked, and generally a
more or less well-developed lateral flange.
Earlier in my paper I spoke of the two large genera into
which — excluding ochrata and perhaps riisticata and fumata —
Meyrick and others find our imagines divide according to neura-
tion and leg-structure ; and I have stated or hinted two or three
times in its course, that these seem to be roughly correlated with
some of the more striking larval differences. Ever since the
Acidaliid larvae have been at all systematically described — i.e.,
since the time when Buckler and Hellins were at work — it has
been customary to speak of the " short broad Acidalia type " and
the " long thin." Now it is noteworthy that the larvae of all the
British species which fall under Meyrick's Leptomeris — namely,
remutaria, immutata, viarginepunctata, ornata, imitaria, emutaria,
strigilaria,immorata, and ruhiginata — belong most distinctly to the
" long thin" group ; and so do such non-British ones of the same
genus as I have had under observation {incanata and strigaria),
or as are known to me from figures and descriptions by Milliere,
&c. The least unequivocal— to judge from the figures — is that of
L. ornata, and this, with its allies, has been placed into a distinct
section by Lederer, on account of the indentations of the margin
of the hind wing between veins 4 and 6, and would, perhaps,
form the type of a natural genus — Craspedia, Hb. There are,
of course, other larval characters which go with this "long thin"
group, such as the nearly cylindrical form, the comparative free-
dom from rugosities, the extremely short setce apparently seldom
developing, in the later stages, into the clavate forms, &c.
The bulk of the remaining species— Meyrick's genus Eois—
have quite a different type of larva, short and thickened —
especially posteriorly, more or less flattened, very rugose, gene-
rally comparatively hairy, the hairs often knobbed at their
extremity. But I fancy they are less homogeneous than the
Leptomeris group, and will need careful revision. A few seem
almost to form connecting links between the group in which their
imago would place them and Leptomeris ; P. virgularia, for
instance, has not very much of the typical Ptgchopoda character,
and even P. hisetata, P. straminata, P. subsericeata , &c., make
some approach to the intermediate form. Still, I do not think
any of them are capable of assuming the spiral coil characteris-
tic of true Lepttomeris,* and they all show some approach to the
'■' P. virgularia may be an exception, as some small, but by no means
newly-hatched, larvae kmdly given me by Mr. South since this paper was
written, show a strong predilection for the Leptomeris attitude. — L. B. P.
48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
flattening, the thickening, &c., characteristic of their congeners.
By the way, the pupa-case of subsericeata is superficially very
different from all the others which I have, whether of Leptomeris
or Ptychopoda ; but I have made no close examination of them.
A few words in conclusion as to the distribution of the
species of " Acidalia.'" I have remarked, in connection with
the larvfe, how extremely local they generally are, and a study
of our British species will afford plenty of illustrations. We
have one species confined, in these islands, to Lewes, one to
Freshwater (Isle of Wight), one almost to Deal, one to Folke-
stone, one to the '* Breck Sand " district of Norfolk and Suffolk,
one to the Isle of Portland, while others are only a little less
restricted in their range— e.g., P. rusticata (which has colonies
in the Isle of Portland and in the Northfleet-Gravesend district,
but hardly occurs elsewhere), or P. contiguaria , which is confined
to the mountains of Wales. With the exception of this last,
and possibly the Breck Sands, each habitat which I have named
may reasonably be described as southern, and it should be added
that a few of the other species, though somewhat more widely dis-
tributed, are distinctively southern, others mainly so, while very
few of the species extend into Scotland. Our only characteristic
northern species of the group is Leptomeris (Piilargc) fumata.
These facts shadow forth what no student of the Palaearctic
Geometrides as a whole can fail to notice — namely, that the
genus, or subfamily, belong more to southern Europe than to
northern. It has been my good fortune to have brought to me by
my kind friend Dr. Chapman four collections from different parts of
Spain, and one (some years ago) from Norway ; in all the former,
AcidaUid species were very much in evidence, generally indeed
forming the dominant family; whereas in the Norwegian collec-
tion, amongst a large number of species, there was only one of
them {L. fumata). In Staudinger and Rebel's ' Catalogue of the
Paltearctic Lepidoptera,' the genus is credited with 179 species,
of which we in Britain can claim 27, or about one-seventh. The
total number of Geometrides is given as 1229, of which Britain
yields about 275, or well over one-fifth. The discrepancy is
fairly marked, and would be still greater were it not for the
number of species which just maintain themselves in one spot
in our southern counties (chiefl}' on the coast). These species
will give much food for reflection to the student of geographical
distribution, and I regret that I have no definite suggestions to
offer on the subject. I trust I have said enough this evening to
show that, both in this and in other directions, the homely little
"wave moths" are not unworthy of the attention of the scientific
naturalist.
49
AN ABBREVIATED LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FROM THE
SOUTH OF FRANCE AND CORSICA.
By Albert F. Rosa, M.D.
The following are a few notes on the more special butterflies
observed during three visits to the South in 1902-3-4. The two
first occasions included Nimes (Pont du Card and Remoulins),
Digne, and Hyeres ; in 1902, May 9th to 20th, and in 1903,
July 5th to 14th. Last season, ten days, from July 9th to 19th,
were spent in Corsica. To obviate the too frequent repetition of
full dates, it will be noticed by the foregoing that May indicates
May, 1902, and July means July, 1903, unless where a Corsican
locality is given, in which case July, 1904, is understood.
Papilio alexanor, Esp. — I secured one on the afternoon of the
day of arrival, the 6th of July, at Digne, on the left of La Colette,
the next morning two on the ridge at the other side of the Bleone, and
two that afternoon on Les Dourbes road. After this it was more
frequently seen, but soon began to show signs of wear. I got a
series of nearly a dozen perfect specimens, including four females.
The females have the ground colour paler, but otherwise there seems
to be very little variation amongst mine excepting in size, one being
abnormally small.
P. hospiton, Gene. — We arrived in Corsica on the 9th, and it was
the 13th before this was actually taken. Leaving out those that were
only seen and might be doubtful, I think we can account for about
eight or ten. Our records are as follows : I got a female on the 13th,
a perfectly fresh male on the 14th, had another in my net on the 15th
but it escaped, another female on the 16th, liberated because imperfect,
and lastly, a perfect male on the 18th. Mr. Tylecote also secured a
female on the 13th, two, I think males, on the 15th, and one (or
two) on the 16th set at liberty. All of these in the neighbourhood of
Tattone. There is some little variation amongst mine. The female
is much darker than the males, the characteristic diffused band on the
hind wings and other black markings being more pronounced. One
male and the female have only five marginal yellow luuules on the
hind wing, the one next the costa being absent ; but this lunule is
developed in the other male.
Pieris daplidice, L., var, hellidice, 0. — One taken on the Dourbes
road at Digne on May 12th, and another at Pont du Card a few days
later.
Euchloe helia. Cr. — Along with the preceding, flying at the more
barren parts over the sbaly mounds.
E. enjjJieiioides, Stgr. — Only a short series obtained. One or two
at Digne, to the west of the town, on May 13th, and a few at Pont du
Gard on the 20th, including two females. Not seen at Hyeres, where
I was from the 16th to the 18th.
Leptidia duponcluii, Stgr. — The spring brood was flying at Digne
along with the var. lathyi ks of L. srnapis, and both were taken in good
condition between May lOtli and 13th.
ENTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1905- E
50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Colias edusa, Fab., var. helice, Hiibn. — One at Digne, July 9th, and
one at Corte, July 18tli. C. edxisa was very common at Tattone, but I
did not see any of this variety there.
Gonepteryx cleopatra, L. — Common at Nimes, Kemoulins, and
Pont du Gard early in July, but rare at Digue. Very abundant
and fine at Hyeres from the 12th to the 14th of the same month.
In May I only saw one or two at Digne, and one at Hyeres in the
grounds of the Hotel des Palmiers.
Chara.ves jcisius, L. — Three seen at Hyeres on the hills north of
the town, on the 12th and 18th July. This is the only species included
in the list of which a specimen was not obtained.
Vanessa urticiE, L., var. ichnnsa, Bon. — One taken, newly emerged,
at Tattone, on the 17th July. Also some larva? from nettles, near the
Hotel du Monte d'Oro, at Vizzavona, which pupated in Corsica and
during the return journey. Of twenty-eight pupje, seventeen pro-
duced single ichneumons, and eleven butterflies emerged after I
arrived home, three being cripples.
Polyfjonia egea, Cr. — Three taken at Digne, on the 9th and 10th
July, about the beginning of the Dourbes road. No doubt a couple of
weeks earlier would have been better for the taking of this species.
Melitaa aurmia, Rott., var. provincialis, B. — A few at Digne, about
the middle of May, on the ' Les Dourbes' road and adjacent fields, in
company with M. cinxia, which was very common and in fine condition.
M. parthenu', Bkh. — Not uncommon at Digue in July. I do not
remember noticing any of M. athalia.
Argynnh daphne, Schiff. — A few also taken at Digne in July.
A. elisa, Godt. — At first only seen occasionally, but became very
common, towards the middle of July, about Tattone and Vizzavona,
especially in the fields around the former locality. The sexual varia-
tion at the extreme is very distinct, the smaller males being of a very
ruddy fulvous, and the females, besides being considerably larger, are
very much duller in tone ; although a few members of the sexes run
pretty closely alike in size and colour. By the third week of July the
males especially were getting worn.
A. papilla, L., var. immaculata, Bell {anaryyra, Stgr.). — All the
paphia, which were very common in the forest at Vizzavona and at
Tattone, probably incline to this variety ; but it is not easy to get
specimens entirely without the silver fascioB. The violet colour seems
to be associated with the development of the silver markings, because
it diminishes in equal proportions and is absent in well-marked
specimens of anargyra.
Ab. ? valesina, Esp. — This variety was frequently observed in the
forest at Vizzavona, and, as might be expected, has the same tendency
to suppression of the silver markings. One is valesina above and imma-
culata below, the under side of the hind wing being a very vivid green.
A. pandora, Schiff. — Much more frequently seen than taken, and
was most common at Tattone, a few extending as far as Vizzavona
station. It did not seem to occur amongst the paphia in the forest,
but two were observed higher up on La Foce, in the neighbourhood of
the hotel. One or two were also seen at Corte. I got six males and
one female, having taken, after the first day or two, about one per day,
not considering those discarded at the time when imperfect. One male
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE SOUTH OF FRANCE AND CORSICA. 51
is all bat without the silvery fasciae on under side hind wing, thus
approaching ab. paupercula, Ragusa, only one small crescent next the
costal margin being present.
Mela7iar<fia lachesis, Hb. — Was pretty common on the road between
Remoulius and Pont du Gard on July 5th. I got a series of males, but
only one female.
M. fjalatea, L., var. procida, Hbst, — Common at Digne early in July.
They vary a good deal, some being considerably darker than others.
M. sy I litis, Hbst. — Very abundant and line at Hyeres in the Beau
Vallon and terraced garden plots behind the town. Taken from the
16th to the 18th May.
Erebia evias, Godt. — Two at Digne on the 9th and 11th May.
Scityrus circe, F. — Taken at Remoulins and Pont du Gard on 5th
July, and common at Digne from the 6th onwards, mostly males.
Females more common later, as at St. Auban, July 11th, and at
Hyeres about the 14th. Also very abundant in Corsica, especially in
the fields around Tattone.
(S'. seniele, L., var. aristmis, Bon. — Occasionally in Corsica, on the
roads at Tattone, Vizzavona, &c. Only four or five taken.
S. neomyris, Godt. — Pretty common, mostly on the roads and
occasionally in the fields around Tattone, Vizzavona, Bocognano, &c.
S. statilinus, Hiifn., var. aliionia, Fab. — Two taken at Hyeres on the
13th and 14th July, in the terraced plots to the right behind the town.
iS'. jidia, L. — Flying along with the last species, which it closely
resembles, but was apparently more common, judging from the
number taken.
Pararge meycBra, L., var. tiyelms, Bon. — Nearly every locality
visited in Corsica produced a specimen or two ; never common and
inclined to be getting past its best.
Epinephele jurtina, L., var. hispuUa, Hb. — The best specimens were
taken at Hyeres, July 16th and 18th. In Corsica it was most abun-
dant though not so large, and going over when we were there.
E. ida, Esp. — One male at Remoulius, and a few at Digne early in
July ; but most at Hyeres towards the middle of the month, where the
females also were obtainable. Also occasionally in Corsica.
E. pasiphae, Esp. — Just about as abundant and in as fine condition
as M. syllius at Hyeres 16th to 18th May. One or two were also seen
at Pont du Gard on the 19th and 20th. Worn specimens were also
noted in July.
Cceiionyinpha dorus, Esp, — Digne, July 6th and onwards, common
at some parts, as also was ('. rtrcania, both in good condition. C'. dorus
was also taken at Remoulins on the 5th.
C. corinna, Hb. — Very abundant on the Vivario road, between
Vizzavona and Tattone, and also at La Foce de Vizzavona.
C. immpliilus, L., var. lyllus, Esp. — A few taken in cut hay-fields
about Tattone.
LcBosopis roboris, Esp. — On 6th, 7th, and 8th July, at Digne, flying
around pollard oak. The same tree was occasionally visited, perhaps
eight or ten being seen altogether, sometimes a pair at a time. I got
two males and one female, all freshly emerged and perfect.
Thecla ilicis, Esp., var. cerri, Hb. — This variety was common,
E 2
52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
along with T. spini, in a quarry at Remoulins, and they both also
occurred at Digne.
T. acacia, Fab. — One undoubted female at Digne on July 9th, and
five other specimens from Remoulins and Digne which are not so certain.
The latter have a row of orange spots, six in number, on the under side
of the hind wing, almost reaching the costal margin (Kane gives two
or three in the male and three or four in the female) ; at anal angle
there is little or no blue, and the next spot is not marked with a black
dot outside. The upper sides, however, correspond most closely with
this species.
Chrijsnphanits phlaas, L., var, eleus, Fab. — Common at Ajaccio, also at
Tattone and Corte. The date was apparently rather late for this brood.
Lampides telicanus, Lang. — Tattone, two in copula, but rather
poor specimens.
Lycuna argiades, Pall., ab. coretas, 0. — One on May 11th at Digne,
on the mountains in Les Dourbes direction at considerable elevation.
L. argus, L. {ccgon), var. Corsica, Bell. — Rather common on the
bracken at La Foce de Vizzavona, and also frequently at Tattone.
L, astraiche, Bgstr,, var. calida, Bell. — Some very bright; Tattone,
Ajaccio, Vizzavona, Corte, pretty common.
L. meleager, Esp. — A few at Digne, at the other side of the Bleone
and Les Dourbes road, including one fine blue female. Just emerging
about July 7th.
L. admetiis, Esp., var. ripartii, Frr. — Three at Digne on July 9th,
beside the river on the road to the thermal springs. Just emerging.
L. sebnis, B. — Two at Digne ou May 10th, Les Dourbes direction,
where the road ascends the side of the mountain.
L. cyllarus, Eott. — Common towards the middle of May at Digne, but
going over. I got, however, a fairly good series, including some females.
L. melanops, Boisd. — Not nearly so common as the last-named and
more worn. Half-a-dozen fair specimens, being all obtainable.
(Jyaniris argiolus, L., gen. sest. pariipuncta, Fuchs (ex Corsica). —
Common at sunny corners on the Vivario road, both in the forest
above Vizzavona and in the open towards Tattone.
28, Pitt Street, Edinburgh.
A NEW GENUS OF CULICIDiE.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
Genus Anisocheleomyia, nov. gen.
Head clothed with fiat scales rather loosely applied to surface of
head, and which form a more or less projecting mass between the eyes
in front. Antennte densely pilose in the male. Proboscis swollen
apically. Palpi very short in both sexes. Thorax with narrow-curved
scales in the middle, and with broad spindle-shaped ones around the
front and sides ; scutellum with small flat scales rather loosely applied,
very distinctly trilobed. Wings ornamented. Ungues of male not
very unequal in length but difi'ering in breadth, one on each leg broad
and leaf-like. Fork-cells short, as in Uranotama,
A NEW GENUS OF CULICID^.
53
Closely related to Urmiotcema, but differing in the non-
plumose male antennae and peculiar ungues, also in the absence
of flat thoracic scales and more rugged appearance of the head
and scutellum.
I cannot detect the genitalia, but the perfect specimens are
evidently all three males. The ungues are the most marked
characters, and can only be seen by breaking up the types. The
two species are undoubtedly connected by squamose characters
as well as the quaint ungues. Although the ungues are unequal,
as in all male Culicids, they are not very unequal in length, but
are in breadth, and differ in form. As no genitalia can be
detected, I can only assume them to be all males from the
abnormal ungues. A female sent was all destroyed but the
head and thorax, so no details can be given. The antennse are
less pilose than in the male.
Anisocheleomyia nivipes, nov. sp.
Head creamy-white. Thorax rich brown in the middle, creamy-
white around the dark area; pleurae creamy-white. Abdomen deep
brown with apical white bands. Legs deep brown, with pale reflections
apically, last two hind tarsi white. Wings ornamented ; costa dark,
veins pale-scaled except for a dark area spread across at the base of
the fork-cells ; a noticeable pale spot on the dark costal area not
reaching the costa.
3 . Head brown, clothed with rather loosely applied creamy- white
flat scales ; antennae deep brown, basal segment deep reddish-brown;
clypeus brown ; palpi clothed with deep brown scales and with a few
long black ch^tfe; proboscis deep brown
with bronzy reflections swollen apically,
hairy. Thorax bright brown ; the middle
of the mesothorax with narrow-curved
bronzy-brown scales, and three rows of
black chaetffi, the dark scaled area sur-
rounded by thicker creamy-white curved
scales, forming a well-contrasted whitish
area, which is indented into the dark
area on each side in front before the
base of the wings ; scutellum with small
flat dark brown scales and black border-
bristles, four to the mid-lobe ; meta-
notum bright chestnut-brown ; pleurae
clothed with dense creamy-white scales
continuous with the pale areas around
the mesothorax. Abdomen deep brown,
with deep brown scales and creamy-
white scaled apical borders ; the apical
segment all pale-scaled ; border-bristles
pale. Legs deep brown ; coxie and tro-
chanters pale, last two and apex of the antepenultimate hind tarsi
white; the fore and mid tarsi pale beneath; ungues unequal in size,
Ungues of Anisocheleomyia nivipes,
n. sp.
(i.Fore; ii. Mid; iii. Posterior.)
54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
but the posterior of nearly equal length, the larger very broad and thick,
the smaller abruptly curved basally. Wings ornamented ; costa black
and spiny ; first long vein black-scaled with a large white area over
the cross-veins, and a white apex ; a dark area on the stem of the first
submarginal cell, a small dark area beneath it ou the third, most of
the stem of the second fork-cell dark, also a dark area in the middle of
the upper branch of the fifth and at the apex of the lower branch ; the
whole forming a dusky band across the otherwise pale-scaled wing;
first submarginal cell about two-thirds the size of the second posterior
cell, its stem twice as long as the cell ; stem of the second posterior
slightly longer than the cell ; posterior cross-vein longer than the
mid, and nearly twice its own length distant from it, situated close
to the base of the upper branch of the fifth vein. Lateral scales
on the fork-cells and the third long vein large and lanceolate, a few
very similar ones on the apex of the upper branch of the fifth ; median
vein-scales small and dark on the fork-cells, third vein and middle of
the upper branch of the fifth and the apex of the lower branch ; those
on the stem of the first fork-cell dark, and some of almost Etiovleptio-
viyimi-iovxxi (/. e. heart-shaped), but more elongate. Halteres with pale
testaceous stem and fuscous knob. Length 2-5 mm.
Habitat. Queensland (Dr. Bancroft).
Observations. — Described from two perfect specimens ; Dr.
Bancroft bred the specimens, which live, he says, in association
with Uranot(Enia pi/gnuEa, Theob. Although very distinct, they
cannot be told from pygmcea until boxed. This species differs
from all other related iEdinae, except the next species described
here, in having distinctly ornamented wings. The thoracic
ornamentation is also very marked, the indent of white scales
into the dark area of the mesonotum in front being very charac-
teristic, and the general sharply defined light and dark areas
of the mesothorax make it very conspicuous. The tarsi show
paleness on all the legs in certain lights, and all are evidently
pale beneath, but the hind legs only have the last two creamy
white above. The ungues are not drawn from a microscopic
preparation, so only the general form is shown.
I have placed the type in the British Museum collection.
Anisocheleomyia alboannulata, nov. sp.
Head black, with a narrow white line around the eyes with very
long white projecting scales in front between them ; proboscis black,
with a white patch above near the apex and another large white patch
near the base. Thorax deep brown, with a narrow silvery-white line
around the end of the mesonotum up to the base of the wings, and
another more irregular one on the brown pleura. Abdomen black and
snow-white, ornamented with median white areas and white segments.
Legs black, the hind pair with broad apical white bands, and the last
two segments white ; femora of all with white spots. Wings orna-
mented, costal border black, veins white-scaled with two broad dusky
bauds running across them.
A NEW GENUS OF CULICIDiE.
55
S" . Head black, clothed with small flat black scales, and a border
of similar white ones around the eyes, which show pale-blue reflec-
tions in certain lights under the frd power, in front between the eyes
projects a tuft of very long white scales,
there are also scattered small upright
black forked scales and a small basal
medial blue patch ; antenuse deep brown,
basal segment black, base of second seg-
ment reddish-brown ; palpi very small
black-scaled ; proboscis black, a large
silvery-white patch towards the base,
and a smaller one on the dorsum nearer Fore ungues of Anisocheleomyia
the apes. Thorax deep brown, with alboanmdata, n. sp.
narrow-curved bronzy scales, a narrow
white border around the front and sides of the mesonotum composed
of broad curved scales, which appear pale-blue in certain lights, ending
about the roots of the wings ; scutellum deep brown, clothed with
small flat deep brown scales, very distinctly trilobed, the mid-lobe
large with four border-bristles ; chaetae of mesothorax and scutellum
black ; metanotum black ; pleurte brown, with a narrow wavy white-
scaled line running along it from the base of the abdomen to the head,
and a few white puncta near the base of the legs. Abdomen black
and silvery-white, the first segment mostly white-scaled, the second
and third with a white median patch, the fourth all white, the fifth
black with a few apical white scales, the sixth all white, the apical one
black and white. Fore legs deep brown with a white spot at the apex
of the femora and a trace at the apex of the tibis ; mid legs with two
white femoral spots and silvery-white venter to femora ; hind legs
with femoral spots more pronounced ; tibias with broad white median
and apical bands ; metatarsi and tarsi with broad white apical bands
except the last two tarsi, which are all white ; ungues unequal, one
on each fore and mid leg very broad and curved, a thin web-like
membrane between the curved outer portion ; hind not examined,
wings ornamented with black and white scales much as in the former
species, but there are two dusky areas across the surface. The stem
of the second long vein close to the first, almost fused with it ; stem
of the first posterior cell nearly three times as long as the cell ; stem
of the second not quite twice as long ; scales on the stem of the fourth
rather long and broad, longer than in the former species ; posterior
cross-vein longer than the mid, about one and a half times its own
length distant from it. Black scales on the stem of the first fork-cell, on
the basal half of the third, some on the base of the stem of the second
fork-cell, on the greater part of the upper branch of the fifth, a few at
the apex of the lower brancli, and a batch near the base, also some
near the base of the fourth. Halteres with testaceous stem and fuscous
knob. Length 2-5 mm.
Habitat. India (Capt. James, I.M.S.).
Observations. — Described from a single specimen. The species
is a very beautiful and marked one, and cunnot be confused with
any other mosquito. The structure of the ungues is very
56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
peculiar. The specimen is a male certainly. The fore leg re-
moved to show by microscopic examination the ungues, which
seem to be exactly the same in the mid leg. This type is also
sent to the British Museum collection.
CUERENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from vol. xxxvii., p. 805.)
11. Jas. G. Needham and others: "Aquatic Insects in New
York State " (Bui. 68 N. York State Mus. (Entom. 18), pp. 199-
517, pis. 1-52, text-figs. 1-26 (1903) ).
12. Walter W. Froggatt : "Locusts and Grasshoppers " (Agr.
Gazette N. S. Wales, xiv. pp. 1102-10, coloured plate) (1903).
13. Benj. D. Walsh : " First Ann. Rep. on the Noxious
Insects of the State of Illinois (1867)" (reprinted 1903 by S. A.
Forbes as a Special Publication of the Illinois State Lab. of Nat.
Hist.), pp. 1-140, 1 plate.
14. ' ZooLOGiscHER Anzeiger ' (Dec. 8, 1903), xxvii. pp. 113-
144.
15. ' Allgemeine Zeitschrift fur Entomologie ' (Nov. 1,
1903), viii. nos. 20-1, pp. 389-436.
16. J. C. Koningsberger : " Ziekten van Rijst, Tabak, Thee
en andere Cultuurgewassen, die door Insecten worden veroor-
zaakt (Meded. uit 's lands plantentiun " Ixiv. pp. 1-109, pis. 1-
5 (first three coloured) (1903) ).
Dr. Needham, with three collaborators, has given us a valuable
second instalment of his investigations upon the aquatic life of
New York State (11). The first instalment * treated of the
aquatic fauna of the Adirondacks ; the second deals with that of
Ithaca, and consists of a preface by Dr. Felt (p. 199) ; " Station
Work of the Summer of 1901 " (pp. 200-4) ; " Food of Brook
Trout in Bone Pond " (pp. 204-17) ; " LifeHistories of Odonata,
suborder Z3'goptera " (pp. 218-79) ; " Some New Life Histories
of Diptera" (pp. 279-87)— all by J. G. Needham; "Aquatic
Chrysomelidse and a Table of the Famihes of Coleopterous
Larvffi " (pp. 288-327) by A. D. MacGillivray ; " Aquatic Nema-
tocerous Diptera " (pp. 328-441) by 0. A. Johannsen ; " Sialididse
of North and South America" (pp. 442-86) by K. C. Davis;
explanation of plates, index, &c. (pp. 487-517).
The Entomologie Field Station formerly at Saranac Inn was
made in 1901 to Ithaca with advantage. As was to be expected
considerable space is occupied by the consideration of the meta-
morphoses of zygopterous dragonflies, and this is elucidated by
* See ' Entomologist,' xxxv. p. 295 (1902).
CURRENT NOTES. 57
2 coloured ^nd 8 plain plates, as well as numerous text-figures.
Next in extent comes the monograph of American Sialidse,
illustrated by 2 plates and numerous text-figures, and the paper
on aquatic Chrysomelidse, accompanied by 11 plates. The most
extensive contribution, however, and in some ways the most
important, is the section devoted to Nematocera, amounting to
114 pages and supplemented by 18 plates. As very many of
the forms delineated and described are either also British or very
closely allied to British forms, this bulletin should prove indis-
pensable to British students ; the price is nominal. Mention
should also be made of the seven pleasing views of some of the
collecting grounds.
Froggatt (12) discusses, with a coloured plate of six of the
species, the short-horned grasshoppers of Australia, which is
very rich in species of that fauna. Eleven species are described
in this part. Entomologists will be grateful to Dr. Forbes for
the timely reprint of Walsh's Classic " First Illinois Eeport "
(13), which has long been out of print and difficult to obtain.
The December number of the ' Zoologischer Anzeiger ' is
devoted almost entirely to Insects (14), and contains the following
papers : —
R. VON Ihering : "On the Origin of the Formation of Societies
in the Social Hymenoptera " (pp. 113-8).
N. Cholodkovsky : " Aphidological Contributions, No. 20, on
a Species of Phylloxera destructive to Pear-trees " (pp. 118-9,
text-figs. 1-2) ; and "On the Morphology of the Pediculidse "
(pp. 120-5, text-figs. 1-6). The author agrees with Melnikov
that the Mallophaga and the Pediculidas should be placed close
together, but considers that they are connected with the
' Pseudoneuroptera ' rather than with the Rhynchota, deeming
it better to found a special order for the Pediculidae, which he
names " Pseudorhynchota," ignoring the already well-established
" Anoplura."
A. Thienemann : "Anal Branchiae in the Larvae of Glossosoma
holtoni, Curt, and some Hydropsychidae" (pp. 125-9, text-figs. 1-3).
G. Enderlein : "On the Position of Leptella, Rent., and
ReiUerella, no v. gen.)* the representatives of two new European
subfamilies of Copeognatha (Psocidie) (pp. 131-4).
H. Stitz : "On the Genital Apparatus of Lepidoptera "
(pp. 135-7, 1 text-fig.).
A. C. Oudemans : " Symbiosis of Coptortho^oma and Greenia.
A question of priority" (pp. 157-9).
The Allg. Zeitschrift (15) as usual contains a large amount
of interesting notices, among which may be cited : —
P. Bachmetjev : " On the Variability in the Length of the
Wings of Aporia cratcsgi in Sophia [Lepid.] " (pp. 389-95).
G. Ulmer : "On the Trichopterous Fauna of Hesse "
* Too near Beiiteriella, Signoret, 1880.
58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
(pp. 397-406, text-figs. 1-3), from which sevent,y-three species
are recorded.
L. Eeb continues his paper "On European Coccidse "
(pp. 407-19), dealing with twenty-one species of "Lecanium."
De. Koningsberger has continued his researches upon the
economic entomology of Java hy his recent consideration (16) of
the insect enemies of rice, tobacco, tea, coffee, india-rubber,
and other plants. The metamorphoses, so far as known, are
described as well as the nature of the damages. The five plates
contain over one hundred figures of all orders.
ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF ANTHOPHOEID BEES
FROM COLORADO.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
The Anthophorids are swift-flying bees, not easily caught,
and on this account have not usually been obtained by col-
lectors of miscellaneous insects. Some of them fly only in the
spring, and have disappeared before the usual advent of the
visiting entomologist. Thus it has happened that several large
and conspicuous forms, which are probably widely distributed
and not uncommon, have been overlooked until quite recently.
A small collection of these insects received from the Colorado
Agricultural College brings out a number of new facts which
are given below. The species represented may be separated as
follows : —
Females.
Hair of thorax appearing grey, from a mixture of
black and white ...... 1.
Hair of thorax not so ; more or less yellowish or
red 2.
1. Size larger ; length about 16 mm., very robust
Anthophora portera, Ckll.
Smaller; length about 13 mm. . . . Anthophora euops, Ckll.
2. A patch of black hair in middle of thorax ; outer
side of hind tibiae with orange hair
Emphoropsis niucida var. johnsoni, n.v.
No patch of black hair in middle of thorax . 3.
3. First three abdominal segments covered with
hair, which is usually red ; hair on outer
side of hind tibife black
Anthophora bomboides subsp. neomexicana, Ckll.
Only the first abdominal segment covered with
hair, which is not very red ; hair on outer
side of hind tibiae yellowish-white
Anthophora montana, Cresson.
anthopiiorid bees prom colorado. 59
Males.
Basal joint of hind tarsus toothed .... 1.
Basal joint of hind tarsus not toothed ... 2.
1. Basal joint with a large tooth ; pubescence often
red . . . . A. bomboides subsp. ncomcxicana, Ckll.
Basal joint with a small tooth ; pubescence never
red . ..... AntJiophora (juhr)it.ance, Ckll.
2. Middle tarsus with copious red hair; face-marks
light-yellow, a heavy black band on each
side of clypeus A. eiiops, Ckll.
Middle tarsus without red hair ... 3.
3. Abdomen fasciate ; thoracic pubescence often
red; face-marks light yellow . . A. viontana, Cresson.
Abdomen not fasciate ; thoracic pubescence
never red ....... 4.
4. Face-marks white . . Kmphoropsis yuncida v&v.joJmsoni, n. \.
Larger; face-marks hght yellow . Aiithophora portertE, Ckll.
(1.) Emphoropsis mucida (Cresson) Ya,r. johnso7ii, n. var.
2 (type ; Fort Collins district, 1903) differs from E. mucida
by having a patch of black hair in middle of dorsum ; hair on
outer side of hind tibife shining reddish-orange, conspicuously
plumose ; first recurrent nervure joining second submarginal cell
a little distance from its end (meeting second transverso-cubital
in mucida) ; hair of middle of fifth abdominal segment light
brown, at sides white.
(? . Pubescence of hind legs black on femora, white on
outer side of tibiae and tarsi ; abdomen with the first two
segments with yellowish-white hair, segments beyond with
black, except extreme sides and the apical segment.
The type was taken by Mr. S. A. Johnson in the foothills
near Horsetooth Mountain, flying over a patch of larkspur.
The bees were very shy, swift flyers, Mr. Johnson reports.
The actual label on the specimen gives the date. May 12, 1903,
and the locality "Fort Collins." I presume, therefore, that
other such labels are to be understood to refer to the region
about Fort Collins, but not necessarily to the place itself.
This is important, because the foothills fauna certainty
differs in many respects from that of the town. Other speci-
mens, males, are from Fort Collins, May 10, 1901, and Lamar,
Colorado, collected by Prof. C. P. Gillette.
This may be a valid species. I have not seen typical
mucida, but Mr. Viereck kindly examined for me Cresson's type,
and reports that it has no black hairs on the thoracic dorsum ;
and the hair on outer side of hind tibiae is whitish straw-
coloured, and not at all conspicuously plumose. From Cresson's
descriptions, I inferred that mucida (female) and morrisoni (male)
were the sexes of one species, and Mr. Viereck, after comparing
the types, is of the same opinion.
60 THE KNTOMOLOGIST.
(2.) Antliophora gohrmance, Ckll. — Denver, Colo., May 2, 1902
(S. A. Johnson, 465) ; Montrose, May 5, 1901 ; Grand Junction,
May 8, 1901. New to Colorado; previously known only by a
single specimen found in New Mexico.
(3.) A. bomhoides subsp. neomexicana, Ckll. — Fort Collins,
May 29, 1901 ; Denver, May 24, 1902 (S. A. Johnson, 221) ;
Parker, May 10, 1902 (S. A. Johnson, 475). Mr. Johnson writes
that the Parker specimens were bred from cells collected from
adobe banks along Cherry Creek, four miles north of Parker.
From this group of cells he bred the meloid beetle Leonidia
neomexicana (Ckll.).
(4.) A. montana, Cresson. — Denver, July 15, 1899 ; Fort
Collins (P. K. Blynn) ; Livermore (E. D. Varney) ; foothills near
Horsetooth Mountain, at larkspur, along with EmphoroiJsis
miicida jolinsoni, one male (S. A. Johnson). The male, which
has not previously been described, is distinguished by the linear
abdominal bands.
(5.) A. portcr(R, Ckll.— Golden, May 3, 1902 (S. A. Johnson,
477) ; Montrose, May 5, 1901. New to Colorado.
(6.) A. euops, Ckll.— Pahsade, May 7, 1901; Fort Collins,
June 12, 1898 ; Boulder, May 17, 1902 (S. A. Johnson, 481) ;
Denver, May 2, 1902 (S. A. Johnson, 469).
Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. : Dec. 6, 1904.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Pararge achine on the Mendel. — I trust I was justified in draw-
ing attention to the peculiarity I noticed in the Mendel specimens of
P. achine. The more so that Rii.lh says: "It is a usually constant
species which has little or no tendency to variation — as a matter of
fact, I find among more than one hundred examples before me not a
single anomalous form " p. 583. I think the following additional
notes, if you can find room for them, will show that, though my sug-
gestion that the Mendel form might be a local race cannot be main-
tained, yet the form is worthy of a distinguishing name, and appears
to be the form of Tyrol and eastwards, with, of course, intermediates.
But none of my correspondents record it from Switzerland or France,
though probably it will be proved to be everywhere an occasional
aberration. I am much obliged to Mr. Rowland-Brown for his exami-
nation of collections beyond my reach. The sum of his investigations
(Entom. xxxvii. p. 322) I take to be this: that Mr. Lemann's specimens
of achine from the South Tyrol are of the form I have called " viendel-
ensis," with an intermediate example from Zurich. Dr. Lang, from a
series of seventeen specimens, describes the white band as broadest, and
embracing both sides of all spots, in an individual from Podalia (I have
specimens from Aigle and Freiburg in Baden agreeing with the Podalia
specimen). Dr. Lang's examples from Amur, Switzerland, and Dres-
den have the band reduced in varying degrees, till some from Dresden
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 61
appear to agree entirely with my Mendel specimens. Mr. Tutt, in
reply to a letter of enquiry, writes : "I have examples of acldne I took
myself at Mendel Pass in 1895 ; some others taken in the same
district at Pejo by Chapman ; and some examples I got at Fontaine-
bleau. Only two real Switzers, though. These Mendel and Pejo
specimens are extra dark on the under sides. The Fontainebleau
examples are much larger and paler, the under sides with very much
white." Later, Mr. Rowland-Brown writes : " I have since examined
a fairly long series of achine in Miss Fountaine's beautiful collection
at Bath. Specimens from Switzerland (mostly Glion) are type, but in
the Buda-Pest specimens I find very much the same tendency of the
broad band to break up with light wavy interior, and leaving the
ocellated spots, as noted by you, in the ground colour of the wings."
Mons. L. Dupont says : " I was interested with this new var. of
P. achine, as I had never seen it. I have just looked at my specimens.
They are from Pont de I'Aube (Eure) and from Angouleme (Charente),
and I have also one from Japan ; they all have the white fascia." The
evidence collected then by Mr. Rowland-Brown and myself "seems to
suggest that the peculiarities noted in the Mendel series are not
necessarily constant or distinctive of this particular locality," to quote
Mr. Rowland-Brown. Only it does not yet appear that we have the
type from the Tyrol, nor " mevdeleiisis" from France or Switzerland;
but in Austria, and Hungary, and perhaps Eastern Germany, this
latter form is the prevailing one. — Frank E. Lowe; Guernsey,
Dec. 20th, 1901.
The National Collection of British Lepidoptera. — Mr. Porritt,
of Huddersfield, has contributed a number of species, chiefly from his
district ; also some beautiful specimens of Agrotis ashworthii reared from
larvffi obtained in Wales in 1904.
Melanic Aspilates gilvaria. — On July 25th last, while netting
specimens of Aspilates riilvaria in the Warren at Folkestone, I took a
female very strongly affected with melanism. On the upper surface
the fore wings are of a smoky brown, with a slight ochreous tint,
the transverse bar scarcely visible, and the central luuule completely
lost in the ground colour. The hind wings are smoky white, clouded
with brown towards the hind margin. The only part of the insect
which is at all of the normal colour is the collar of the thorax. On
the under side the transverse bar on the fore wings is rather more
distinct and the lunule is also visible, but the hind wings are exceed-
ingly striking, as they are dark brown (darker than on any other part
of the insect), but inclining towards white at the base. As this is an
insect fairly constant in its markings and colour, it occasioned me con-
siderable surprise to meet with such a variation, especially in so
southern a locality as Folkestone. All the other specimens I took
were males, and strictly typical. The species appeared to be just out,
and all I obtained, including the insect above described, were in
excellent condition. — Hugh J. Vinall, 3, Priory Terrace, Lewes.
The Entomological Club. — The meeting of this old-established
association held at the Holborn Restaurant on Jan. 17th last was by far
the largest that even Mr. Verrall, the chairman and host of the evening,
62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
had presided over. The number we understand was eighty-four, in-
ehiding all but one of the eight members of the club.
In proposing " The prosperity of the Club," the chairman expressed
his pleasure at seeing so many entomological friends but, he remarked,
although the number present exceeded that at any previous meeting,
he should not be quite satisfied until the total reached three figures.
We believe that tlie toast just referred to is not proposed at other
assembliugs of the club, and there seems to be one especially excellent
reason that this should be reserved as a feature of the first meeting of
the year, practically the "Annual" of the club. At one time this
venerable institution, flourishing as it now is, came dangerously near
extinction, and there is little doubt that had it not been for Mr.
Verrall's strenuous, and eventually successful, efforts in the direction of
obtaining a full complement of members, it would have collapsed some
years ago. Other associations of a similar character might have
arisen (even now the meetings of the Entomological Club are no
longer unique), but the long line of these social reunions, connecting
the past with the present, would have been severed, and this would
have been regrettable from a sentimental point of view if for no other
reason.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
LiMENiTis SIBYLLA IN AuGusT ?. — Mr. Gerard H. Gurney (Entom.
xxxvii. 324) states that in the middle of August L. sihylla literally
swarmed in forests near Boulogne. It would be interesting to hear
whether Mr. Gurney can give any reason why this species should be
out about two months later there than at the other side of the
Channel. In the lower part of the Jura this year L. syhilla was out
from June 13th to 23rd, I having a number of specimens taken by
friends between those dates, which is about the time the species would
probably be out in England. — E. E. Bentall ; The Towers, Heybridge,
Essex, Dec. 29th, 1904.
Late Appeabance of Pyrameis atalanta. — Mr. Frohawk [ante,
p. 25) notes the late appearance of P. atalanta. On Dec. 3rd last I
saw one basking in the sun (which was very strong), on ivy, in
Chiswick Mall, London ; it was very fresh, and had the appearance of
having only recently emerged. Being so late I had no box with me,
or its capture would have been quite easy. I may here say that I
have records of having seen P. atalanta, V. polychloros, and V, urticiE
in October, November, December, January and February ; of course
such cases cover a number of years, and they were hybernated speci-
mens, enticed abroad by unusually genial weather. But the one seen
last month was without doubt a very recent emergence and in faultless
condition. — W. T. Page ; 6, Rylett Crescent, Shepherd's Bush. W.,
Jan. 6th, 1905.
Pyg^ra pigea in Surrey. — In reference to your note on Pygara
piyra in Surrey [ante, p. 27), it may be of interest to mention that
larvae of this species were taken plentifully near Dormansland, on
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 63
dwarf sallow, in the first week in September. — Cuthbert Jeddere-
FisHER ; Apsleytown, East Grinstead, 10th January, 1905.
A Few Captures from Wyre Forest in 1904. — During a week of
bad weather in the middle of August, the following, amongst others,
were taken: — Heliophobus popidaris, Luperina cespitis, Vanessa c- album,
Agrotis sufusa, Noctua dahlii, abundant ; N. ner/Iecta, abundant ;
N. glareosa, Amphipyra pyraviidea, Sutodonta dromednrius, Minoa
euphorbiata. Amongst larvae taken were: Dicranura bifida, D. furcula,
Platypteryx falcula, Demas corijli, Pcecilocampa pojiuli, Cymatopliora or,
C. ocularis, Halias prasinana, Orygia gonostiyma. — W. A. Rollason ;
The White House, Truro, Cornwall.
The Season of 1904. — My work at Dorking this year compares
favourably with that of 1903 ; several species were unusually abun-
dant, and I took no less than seventeen that were new to me, as far
as this locality is concerned. The first noteworthy entry in my diary
is for April 4th, from which date until the 14th Amphidasys stratana
was very abundant on the lamps, though not a single female was
observed. On May 14th I took Euchloe cardamines for the first time,
and this species swarmed until well into June. A single specimen
of Lycmna argiolus was taken on May 14th, the only one I have
seen in this neighbourhood for two years. Nemeobius lucina made its
appearance on May 18th, and from then until the first week in June it
was extremely abundant, its range on Eanmore and elsewhere appear-
ing to have extended more widely than during previous years. Pararye
egeria occurred sparingly from May 18th onwards, and Syrichthus
vialvcB was not nearly so abundant as in 1903. I took a nice series of
Phytometra viridaria on May 19th and 23rd, and on the latter date a
very large specimen of Notodojita dictaa from a lamp. On June 1st
Eupkhecia satyrata was abundant, and on the 2nd I observed Lycmia
adonis for the first time, though this species was not nearly so plentiful
as it has been in former years. On June 3rd I was fortunate enough
to take five examples of Agrotis cinerea from one lamp, but they were
all males ; and on June 5th I took Xotodonta trepida from the same
lamp. On this date also a nice brood of Maviestra persicaricB began to
emerge ; I had fed the larvae during the autumn of 1903, on geranium.
Lithosia sororcula was taken from a lamp on June 11th, and the first
LyccBna minima was observed on the 17th. On the following day
Eurymene dolabraria was beaten out of a blackberry- bush on Ranmore,
and on the 27th a nice series of Setina irrorella was taken from long
grass. On the 30th Acontia hictuosa was taken on the same ground,
and a female deposited about fifty ova in the pill-box on the way
home. Emmelesia alcliemiilata was taken from a lamp on July 1st, and
on the 2nd a fine specimen of Sesia myopcBiformis was taken, just after
it had emerged from an old apple-tree in my garden early in the
morning. Though I watched the tree carefully, however, I never saw
another, and I only took one specimen from the same tree in 1903.
On July 6th Anarta myrtilli was taken on Ranmore, and Cidaria fid-
vata was flying out of almost every bush. On the 8th some larvre of
Smerinthus populi went down to pupate, and the imagines emerged and
died during my absence from home in August, as also did one speci-
men of S. ocellatus, which had gone down to pupate on July 15th.
64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
This is the second time I have bred both these species in the late
summer, the first liaving been ah-eady recorded in the ' Entomologist '
(vol. xxxiv. pp. 229 and 258), and I was very much interested to read
Mr. Richard Garratt's note in this month's issue (vol. xxxvii. p. 823)
on the same subject, indicating that the two broods occur wild as well
as in confinement. On July 12th Arentia flexida was beaten out, and
on the 14th and 20th Flusia moneta was taken from the lamps.
Acronycta aceris was taken on tlie 18th, and Triphmia ianthina on the
23rd. Larvae of Smerinthns tilia went down to pupate on the 25th,
but neither this year, nor previously, have the imagines appeared the
same year. On the 25th also, a rather striking light variety of
Abraxas (jrossulariata flew into my study window ; and on the 27th
and 30th Hesperia comma was to be seen in great numbers on Ranmore.
On these dates also, I beat Lithosia deplana and Anticlen cucullata, both
of which were new to me. Also, on the 27th, I took a bleached speci-
men of Epinephele ianira, the under side being especially light. From
this time until the middle of September I was away from Dorking, and
so my next entry for this locality is Sept. 17th, when a brood of larvae
of Hadena oleracea began to go down ; they had been feediug since
July 26th. I did nothmg of note during the rest of the year, except
an occasional visit to the lamps, when I took Xanthia citrar/o on Oct.
11th, and Xonagria anindinis on Oct. 12th. On Dec. 1st Pcecilocampa
populi was fairly abundant.
The new species taken by me in this locality this year are : —
Lithosia deplana, Drepana falcataria, Asphalia jiavicoinis, Leucania
liihargyria, Nonayria arundinis, Xantlda citrago, Anarta inyrtilli, Eury-
mene dolabraria, Zonosoma pendxdaria, Asthena iuteata, Bapta taminata,
Emmelesia alihemillata, Eupithecia scahiosata, E. lariciata, E. sobrinata,
Melanippe procellata, and Anticlea cucullata. Some of these, of course,
are quite common things, but I had not taken them here before. —
F. A. Oldaker ; Parsonage House, Dorking, Dec. 80th, 1904.
Lepidoptera at Light in Reigate and REnmLL, 1904. — During
the past season I have worked the street-lamps in this district for
Lepidoptera very regularly, and I think perhaps the following list of
my captures may be of interest to some of my fellow-collectors. The
electric arc lamps in the market-places of both towns were especially
productive, titauropus fagi, Pheosia dictcEoides (fertilized female), Xoto-
donta trepida, and Ennouios fuscantaria (37) being taken flying around
these. I must add that I am indebted to Mr. Tonge, of Reigate, for
the identification of many of the species. The date given is for the
first specimen taken. Sphinx liguMri, July 5th. Charocampa elpenor,
June 20th. C. porcellus, July 8th. S)nerinth2is tilicB, May 23rd. S.
ocellatus, June 27th. 8. populi, July 5th. luo statices, July 27th.
Arctia caia, July 27th. Phraymatohia [Spilosoma) fuliyinosa, July 6th.
Spilosoma lubricipeda, May 16th. S. menthastn, May 26th. Hepialus
hamuli, July 7th. H . hectus, July 1st. H . liipulinus. May 80th. Cossus
liyniperda, June 80th. Zeuzera pyrina, July 27. Porthesia siniilis,
June 28th. Stilpnotia (Leucoma) salicis, July 8th. Dasychira pudibunda,
June 6th. Pcecilocampa populi, Nov. 14th. HJalacosoma veustria, July
27th. Lasiucampa quercifoiia, July 27th. Cilix ylaucata, June 3rd.
Picranura vinula, May 11th. Stauropus. fagi, July 27th. Pttrostoma
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 65
palpina, Aug. 9th. Lophopteryx camelina, July 5th. Pheosia {^Xoto-
donta) dictcBa, May lltli. P. (N.) dictcBoides, May 18th. N. ziczac,
May 14th. N. trepida, May 17th. Phalera bncephala, June 28th.
Thijatira derasa, June 28th. Bnjophila perla, June -SOth. Acronj/cta
psi, June 30th. A. aceris, June 28th. A. megacephala, June 29th.
Diloba cceruleocephala, Oct. 10th. Leacania conigera, July 29th. Ij.
comma, June 30th. L. lithanji/ria, July 8th. L. impura, June 30th.
L. pallens, July 8th. GorUjna ochracea, Sept. 28th. Hydrcecia nicti-
tans, Sept. 2nd. jtf. micacea, Sept. 30th. Axylia putris, July 27th.
Xylophasia monoglypha, June 15th. JT. lithoxylea, July 5th. X. sz<6-
lustris, July 29th. Neuronia popiilaris, Sept. 28th. Cerigo matura,
Sept. 3rd. Luperlna testacea, Sept. 8th. Mainestra brassiccB, May 18th.
ili. persicarifE, June 30th. Apameagemina, June 28th. ^. didyma, June
11th. Miana strigilis, July 4th. Grammesia trigrammica, June 8th.
Caradrina quadripunctata, Sept. 19th. Agrotis pitta, Sept. 7th. ^4.
suff'itsa, Oct. 11th. ^. m/Bium, Aug. 8th. ^. eaxlamationis, July 8th. .:!.
strigiila, June 21st. Noctua plecta, Julyoth. iV. c-nigrum, Sept. 22nd.
iV. hrunnca, June 28th. A^. xantliographa, Sept. 8th. Triphmna ian-
tliina, Sept. 2nd. T. fimbria, Nov. 1st. T. orhona, July 6th. 2'. ^^j-o-
??»/;«, June 24th. Amphipyra tragopogonis, July 4th. Mania typica,
June 24th. 3f. maura, June 8th. Panolis piniperda, April 30th.
Pachnobia rubricosa, April 4th. Tmiiocampa gothica, March 24th.
r. instabilis, April 9th. 2'. stabilis, March 31st. T. pulverulenta, April
4th. 0/</iosia ?«ac<Ze?it^;, Nov. 1st. 0. totra, Sept. 13th. A.pistacina,
Sept. 19th. ^. Z««osfl, Sept. 14th. C<?rfls^w i^aecfnii, March 7th. Calym-
nia trapezina, Sept. 29th. Scopelosoma satellitia, Oct. 17th. Xanthia
fulvago, Sept. 12th. X. flavago, Sept. 27th. AT. citrago, Aug. 17th.
A", gilvago, Sept. 8th. A", aurago, Sept. 23rd. A", circellaris, Sept.
15th. Cirrlmdia xerampelina, Aug. 30th. E panda lutulenta, Sept.
28th. Miselia oxyacantlice, Sept. 12th. Euplexia lucipara, June 24th.
Phlogophora meticulos(t, Sept. 14th. Hadena oleracea, July 5th. If.
genistfc, July 29th. Xylocampa areola, April 7th. Asteroscopus sphinx,
Nov. 29th. Cucullia umbratica, June 29th. Gonoptera libatrix, Sept.
11th. Abrostola tripartita, May 29th. Plusia chrysitis, June 29th.
P. moneta, July 5th. P. loia, June 27th. P. gamma, May 27th.
Acontia luctuosa, July 27th. Hypena proboscidalis, July 2nd. C/ro-
pteryx sambucaria, June 30th. Rumia luteolata. May 12th. Metro-
campa margaritaria, June 27th. Ellopia prosapiaria, July 30th.
Pericallia syringaria, June 28th. Selenia bUmiaria, April 16th. S'.
tetralunaria, June 14th. Odontopera bidentata. May 26th. Crocallis
elinguaria, Aug. 5th. Enno.ros alniarla, Aug. 8th. i?. erosaria, Aug.
22nd. E.fuscantaria, Aug. 9th. i?. quei-cinaria, Aug. 16th. Himera
pennaria, Oct. 18th. Phigalia pedaria, Jan. 11th. Biston hirtaria,
May 10th. AmpJiidasys strataria, March 21st. A.betularia, May 14th.
Var. doubledayaria, July 3rd. Hemeropliila abrnptaria. May 1st.
Boarmia repandata, July 1st. P. rJiomboidaria, June 28th. Pseudo-
terpna prninata, July 5th. Geometra vernaria, July 6th. Thalera [lodis)
lactearia, June 16th.
Many species were taken belonging to the Ephyridae, Acidaliidre,
&c., but these, I fear, are not yet accurately identified, all my time
being taken with the larger species enumerated.
ENTOM. — FEBRUARY. 1905. F
66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A few further notes on some of the species may perhaps be
useful: — A^ trepida, three were taken between May 17th and 23rd.
P. dictcEoides, eight were taken May 15th and 21st. S. far/i, one
only, July 27th. X. aurago, three between Sept. 23rd and 27th.
X. (jilvario, eight during September. C. xerampelina, twenty-seven
were captured between Aug. 30th and Sept. 23rd, but many of the
latest specimens were very worn, and few were in good condition.
E. erosaria, one only, Aug. 22nd. E. fuscantaria, abundant from
Aug. 9th to Sept. 8th, and a few were taken even later in good con-
dition.— A. J. WiGHTMAN ; 28, Station Eoad, Kedhill.
A List of Captures at Light, in Clapham, 1904. — Every species
mentioned in the following list has been taken by myself, on shop
windows within twenty yards of Stockwell Station, City and South
London Eailway . — Smerinthns ocellatns, several specimens, June and
July. S. populi, common, June and July. S. tilici', rather scarce,
June. Eariaa chlorana, six specimens. May 11th to 16th. Arctia caia,
one female, July 3rd. Spilosoma lubriccpeda, exceedingly common,
June. *S'. menthastri, very common, June and July. Hepialus hectus,
two dwarf specimens, June 11th. Cossiis Hgniperda, fairly common,
July. Zetizera injrhia, males common, females scarce, July 2nd to
24th. Stilpnotia salicis, a few specimens, August. Dicranura vinula,
two males, June 3rd and 7th. Cerura bifida, two specimens, June 3rd,
1903. Phalera bucephala, very common, May and June. Cymatophora
duplaris, one female, June 7th. BryopMla perla, several specimens,
May, June, July. Acronycta psi, very common, June. A. aceris, very
common, June to July. A. megacephala, very common, June and July.
Leucania pallem, common, June. L. impura, slightly scarcer than
former species, June. Hydrcccia nictitans, two specimens, July 17th.
A.vylia putris, common throughout June and July. Xylophasia rurea,
one female, June 9th. X polyodon, very common, June to August.
Apamea hasilinea, two specimens, June 15th and 17th. Mamestra
brassic(B, one specimen, August 5th, usually common. M. persicaria;,
common, June and July. Miana strigilis, fairly common, June.
M, fasciuncula, eight specimens, June 15th to 20th. Caradnna
morpheus, common, July 1st to 18th. C. q%iadnpunctata, common,
June and July. Agrotis exclamationis, very common, July to Sep-
tember. A. nigricans, rather scarce, July. Noctua plecta, very common,
June to August. N. triangulum, one specimen, July 9th. N. brunnea,
a few specimens in June. .Y. fostiva, one male, July 7th. X xantho-
grapha, common, August to September. TripJmna fimbria, three,
common yellow form, July. T. ianthina, common, August 1st to 29th.
T. interjecta, one male, August 3rd. T. orbona, occasional specimens
throughout August. T. pronuba, fairly common, June to August 23rd.
Mania typica, common, August. M. maura, a few to light, but
commonest inside streets. CaJymnia trapezina, one female, July 18th.
C. affinis, one, August 1st. Hecatera serena, four specimens, July.
Euplexia lucipara, very common, July to September. Hadena cheno-
podii, common, August 1st to 8th. H. oleracea, very common, June
and July. Abrostola triplasia, one specimen, August 5th, usually
common. Plusia chrysitis, fairly common, August. Uropteryx sam-
bucata, common, July 15th to 29th. Fnimia cratmjata, very common,
SOCIETIES. 67
May 16th to July 3rd. Ennomos angidaria, one or two males, August
10th to 12th. E. fmcantaria, one male, August ;29th, Amp]iidas>j^
betidarla, males common, females rare, June to August ; var.
doubledai/aria, rather scarce, July. Hemerophila abniptaria, one dwarf
specimen, July 11th. Boarmia rhomboidaria, males common, July
10th to 28th. Acidalla aversata, scarce, June and July. A. incanaria,
fairly common throughout July. Abraxas grossulariata, common,
July. Hybeniia defoliaria, three males, November 13th, 14th and
15th. Cheimatobia brumata, one male, December 18th. Eupithecia
vuhjata, common, June and July. E. centaureata, three specimens,
June. Hypsipetes elittata, fairly common, July. Melanippe jhcctuata,
very common, June to August.
This list is by no means exhaustive as regards all my London
captures ; it is simply a list of specimens obtained at light during
last year. Many species mentioned in it as rare are to be captured
commonly by other methods; as, for instance, H. abniptaria, of which
I have only once taken a specimen at light, I find commonly on fences
and walls. B. hiitaria still seems as common as ever on the trunks of
the limes, and appears not to change its position for sun or wind ; in
fact, the only species of the seventy-one above mentioned that seems
to get scarcer is E. centaureata. Ten years ago it would have been an
easy matter to have taken twenty or thirty specimens by a cursory
examination of the garden wall ; gradually, however, it became
scarcer, and at last seemed to die out. In fact, the three specimens
recorded above are the only examples I have seen here for five years.
I should be very grateful to any London entomologists who would
inform me of captures of any species not mentioned in the above
list. — B. Stonell, 25, Studley Koad, Claphara, S.W.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, Jan. 18th, 1905.
— The 71st Annual Meeting, Professor Edward B. Poulton, D.Sc,
F.R.S., the President, in the chair. — After an abstract of the Trea-
surer's accounts, showing a good balance in the Society's favour, had
been read by Mr. R. W. Lloyd, one of the Auditors, Mr. Herbert Gross,
one of the Secretaries, read the Report of the Council. It was then
announced that the following had been elected Officers and Council
for the Session 1905-1906: — President, Mr. Frederic Merrifield ;
Treasurer, Mr. Albert H. Joucs ; Secretaries, Mr. H. Rowland-Brown,
M.A., and Commander James J. Walker, R.N., F.L.S. ; Librarian,
Mr. George C. Champion, F.Z.S. ; and as other Members of Council,
Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow, Lieut. -Colonel Charles Bingham, F.Z.S. , Dr.
Thomas A. Chapman, F.Z.S., Mr. James Edward CoUin, Dr. Frede-
rick A. Dixey, M.A., Mr. Hamilton H. C. J. Druce, F.Z.S., Mr. Herbert
Goss, F.L.S. , Mr. William John Lucas, B.A., Professor Edward B.
Poulton, D.Sc, F.R.S., Mr. Louis B. Prout, Mr. Edward Saunders,
F.R.S., F.L.S., and Colonel John W. Yerbury, R.A., F.Z.S. The
President referred to the loss sustained by the Society by the deaths of
the Treasurer, Mr. Eiobert McLachlan, F.Li.S., Mr. Charles G. Barrett,
68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and other entomologists. He then delivered an address, in which he
discussed the part played by the study of insects in the great contro-
versy on the question, "Are acquired characters hereditary?" He
argued that the decision whether Lamarck's theory of the causes of
evolution is or is not founded on a mistaken assumption largely
depends upon evidence supplied by the insect world, and finally con-
cluded that the whole body of facts strongly supports Weismann's
conclusions. At the end of his address the President urged that the
study of insects is essential for the elucidation and solution of
problems of the widest interest and the deepest significance. Professor
Meldola, F.R.S., proposed a vote of thanks to the President and other
officers. This was seconded by Mr. Verrall and carried. Prof. Poultou,
Mr. Goss, Mr. Rowland-Brown, and Mr. Jones replied. — H. Goss,
Hon. Secretary.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
December 8th, 1904.— Mr. Step in the chair.— Mr. Grosvenor, of Red Hill,
Surrey, was elected a member. — Mr. Tonge exhibited some thirty-five
species of British Lepidoptera, which he gave to the Society's collec-
tions.— Mr. Main, Orthoptera from Borneo and the Cape. — Mr. West,
a specimen of the extremely rare coleopteron, Tropidercs sepicola, taken
by him in the New Forest in the summer of 1904. — Mr. Edwards, the
parasitical bee, Ccelioxys eloivjata, from Blackheath, and read notes on
its habits. — Mr. Dobson, series of Geometra vernaria and Aijlossa
cnprealis, which had come to light at dusk around his house at
Maldon ; the former sitting on leaves, and the latter resting in the
curtains. Pliisia chry^iitis had also been seen at light in the neigh-
bourhood.— The remainder of the evening was devoted to an exhibition
of lantern-slides by Messrs. Tonge (ova of Lepidoptera), Lucas (bio-
logical and botanical subjects), Goulton (lepidopterous larvfe). Step
(lepidopterous larvfe), Main (resting positions of larvae and imagines of
Lepidoptera), and Dennis (flowering and seeding of trees and shrubs).
Hy. J. Turner, Hoii. Rep. Sec.
LANCASmRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SoCIETY. The AnilUal
Meeting was held in the Royal Institution, Liverpool, on December
19th, 1904, Mr. Robt. Tait, Junr., Vice-President, in the chair.
Messrs. A. Bury (Newburgh), L W. Horton (Mawdesley), and W. A.
Rhodes (Liverpool), were elected members. Mr. Sopp, one of the
Secretaries, read the Report of the Council, which showed that the
past session had been one of the most successful in the history of the
Society, and that the membership had increased by thirty-three. The
Treasurer's Balance-sheet, presented by Dr. Cotton, showed a credit-
balance at the bank and in the hands of the Treasurer of £12 13s. 7d.
Certain alterations in the rules having been adopted, the following
officers were elected to serve during 1905 : — President : Saml. James
Capper, F;E.S. Vice-Presidents : Professor T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc,
F.E.S., F.R.S.E.; H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S.; Richard
Wilding; F. C. Thompson ; J. R. Charnley, F.Z.S., F.E.S. Trea-
surer: J. Cotton, M.R.C.S., F.E.S. Secretaries: E. J. B. Sopp,
F.R.Met.S., F.E.S. ; J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., F.E.S. ; W. Delamere
Harrison, Librarian: F. N. Pierce, F.E.S. Council: B. H. Crabtree,
F.E.S. ; J. F. Button ; Wm. Mansbridge, F.E.S. ; F. R. Dixon-
SOCIETIES. 69
Nuttall, F.R.M.S. ; C. E. Sfcott; H. R. Sweeting, M.A. ; R. Tait,
Jiinr. ; A. Tippins ; W. A. Tyerman, aud W. Webster, M.R. S.A.I.
Tlie following were apDointed Recorders : — Messrs. J. R. le B. Tomlin,
M.A. (Coleoptera); EdWd. Saunders, F.R.S., P.L.S., F.E.S. (Hymeno-
ptera) ; P. N. Pierce (Lepidoptera) ; C. R. Billups, M.R.C.S., and
E. E. Lowe, F.L.S. (Diptera); W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (Neuro-
ptera) ; E. J. B. Sopp (Orthoptera), and Oscar Whittaker (Hemiptera).
Mr. R. Tait, Junr., delivered an exhaustive address on " The Season
1904 lepidopterologically considered" ; after which the undermentioned
exhibits were shown : — Buannla repandata (Penmaenmawr), Aplecta
advena, Ni/ssia lapponaria (Rannoch), &c,, by Mr. Tait; Deilephila
euphorbicE, by Mr. J. Roxburgh ; Amara riifocincta ("Crosby), by Mr. R.
Wilding; Met/ecus paradoxus, Mdaiidrya caraboides (Winlaton), Steiio-
stola ferrea (Gibside), Chrysumela orichalcia var. hobsoni (S. Hyltou),
&c., by Mr. R. S. Bagnall ; Licrona ccerulea, L. (Grange), by Mr, 0.
Whittaker; a live specimen of Acridium cEfjypticum (Italy), by Mr.
C. B. Williams ; Lahidura riparia (Liverpool), Nijctibora hohsericea
(Kew), Schistocerca pereyrina (Birkenhead), and B ruchus pisi smd B. rufi-
inaiius (Liverpool), by Mr. Sopp. — E. J. B. Sopp and J. R. le B.
ToMLiN, Hon. Secretaries.
Birmingham Eniomological Society. — October llth, 1904. — Mr.
S. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Mr. J. T. Fountain
showed Calli)iiorpIia dunnnula, L., from Devonshire larvse, and men-
tioned his difficulties in breeding them. He found that Avhatever
treatment he adopted, more than half were cripples. He also showed
Lasiocampa gnerciis, L., bred from larvte taken in Sutton Park in March
and April. They included light and dark forms, the latter apparently
var. calluna, Dalm. Amongst the dark ones were two which were very
diaphanous, though the wings were perfect and the cilise unbroken,
the outer third of each wing looked as if rubbed, owing to deficient
scaling. — Mr. H. W. Ellis exhibited a collection of the Rhyneophora
and allies ; he gave a general account of the group, and then mentioned
the local species, which included many that were rare, and numbered
about 308 out of the 540 occurring in Britain. — Mr. R. C. Bradley
shewed Thriplocera bicolor, Meg., three specimens bred from larvre of
Lasiocampa quercns, L., from Sutton Park, taken in 1904 by Mr.
W; H. Wilkinson.
yovember 21st, 1904.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the
chair. — Mr, A. H. Martineau exhibited for Mr, H. Stone a collective
cocoon made by some lepidopterous larvae. Information was lacking
as to its place of origin and tae species which had caused it. It con-
sisted of one large cocoon like a great brown nut, about 6 in, x 4 in,,
with a thick hard integument, containing a considerable number of
ordinary brown cocoons massed together inside. The pupte were
empty, but there was no obvious means of exit, and the interior was
closely packed with the material of the cocoons, so that it was not
easy to judge how the moths had emerged. — Mr. R. S. Searle showed
various Lepidoptera and foreign Coleoptera. — Rev. C. F. Thornewill
read a paper upon " The Genus Eupithecia, especially in relation to
Breeding them from the Larvae." He had reared a considerable
number of the species, and gave a general account of the larvae, their
70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
life-history, and a number of useful hints as to methods to be followed
to find and rear the larvtB of various species. Mr. G. T. Bethune-
Baker showed a number of British and continental specimens of the
genus in illustration of the paper. — Oolbran .J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.
Manchester Entomological Society. — In the Manchester Museum,
Owens College, on October 5th, 1904. — The President and Vice-
President bemg unavoidably absent, the chair was occupied by Mr.
E. Tait, Junr. — A paper was read by Mr. G. Kearey, entitled " PupaB
Digging and Collecting." — The following exhibits were shown by the
members: — Mr. R. Brauer, Indian moths (family Chalcosiidae). Mr.
G. Kearey, larvfe of A. caia. Mr. L. Krah, Lepidoptera, selected;
specimens bred from continental ova — L. dispar (from Locarno), S.
mcnthastri, P. pigra, 0. (lonostiijma, P. anachoreta (from Bex), P. nihri-
cosa, P. trifolii (from Bex), S. popnli (British). Mr. C. F. Johnson,
Lepidoptera from Torquay, North Wales, and Staffordshire — L. cmiata,
T. opitiui, A. lunigera, and B. muralk. Mr. A. Binns, specimen of
A. atropos taken at Clayton, near Manchester, ou Sept. 17th, 1904.
Mr. W. Buckley, specimen of A. aslucorthii, emerged Oct. oth, 1901.
November 2nd, 1904. — Mr. R. Tait, Junr., presided in the absence of
the President. — The meeting took the form of an exhibit evening, and
the following specimens were shown by the members : — Mr. L. Krah,
case containing exotic silk spinners, and including P. cecropia, 0. pro-
viethm, A. luna, T. poltjpheinua (North America), 0. regalis (South
America), A. pern yi (China,), A. vn/litta, A. cipithia (India), C. regina
(Japan). Mr. C. E. Bailey, the following silk moths (with cocoons
and pupas): 5. pgri, T. polgpheraus, and A. cijnthia : Vanessa antiopa,
with pupae (Austrian form) ; Thecla riibi, male and female ( Isle of
Wight), J/rt/iirt ;;?(/(n« (Marple, Cheshire); Kiuiidia »?i (Isle of Wight) ;
Arctia rillica, bred from larvae taken at Eastbourne. Mr. J. Ray Hardy,
larvae, pupte, and imagos of Calandria pahnaria. Mr. R. J. Wigels-
worth, illustrations of larvae and insect life. Mr. R. Brauer, Coleoptera
from West Africa of the genus Goliath, Ceratorhina, &c. ; Coleoptera
from Transvaal and East Africa — Cetoniinae, Elateridfe, ScarabaeidaB,
&c. ; also Lepidoptera — Apatura iris var. iole, V. antiopa var. Injgitca,
V. chelmgs, and Satyridae (various) from Europe and Asia. Mr. W.
Warren Kiusey, case containing preserved larvfe of British moths ;
cocoons of E. lanestris ; larvae and ichneumon cocoons of M. typica.
Mr. R. Tait, Junr., A. galatea, T. pruni, C. fulrata, M. rubiginata,
P. bajularia, T. albicillata, from Monkswood, 1904 ; A. agatldna, a
grand series, including some fine rosy forms, bred from Welsh larvfe,
1904 ; K. lichenea, from Welsh larvfe, 1904.
December 5th, 1904. — A very successful Conversazione was held in
the Manchester Museum, Owens College, on the above date. Upwards
of three hundred invitations were issued, the majority of which were
accepted. Representatives from scientific and other societies in Man-
chester, Liverpool, Chester, and other towns, were present during the
evening. Dr. W. E. Hoyle, addressing the company, extended to
them a very hearty welcome. He was not only the Director of the
Manchester Museum, but esteemed it a great honour to be the first
President of the Society, the history of which was then briefly traced,
from the first meeting in the Municipal School of Technology, Man-
chester, to the present occasion. The object and aims of the Society
RECENT LITERATURE. 71
were explained ; also the advantages and privileges enjoyed by the
members, some of which were, access to entomological collections, and
use of the library. The Lepidoptera exhibited during the evening had
been specially selected and laid out for inspection by Mr. J. Ray
Hardy (who has the charge of the Natural History Department). He
explained the more interesting details of the insects, of which upwards
of seven thousand specimens were on view, the Manchester Museum,
possessing one of the finest and most valuable public collections of Lepi-
doptera outside London. During the evening light refreshments were
served; afterwards the visitors appreciated, to the fullest extent, all
that had been prepared for their benefit and enjoyment. The follow-
ing is the list of Lepidoptera exhibited (principally from the well-
known " Schill " collection): — Ornitlwptera cnvsus (Batyan), 0. para-
diaeus (North Guinea), showing sexual differences. Papilio antimachus
(Africa), P. sesostris (South America), sexual differences. P. ascanius
(Brazil), P. coon (Java), &c. P. blauiei, P. joesa, P. paranthits, &c.
P. humerus (Jamaica). P. androcles (Celebes) &c., showing development
of hinder wing prolongations or "tails." Teinopalpus iwperialh (India),
Aniiandia Udderdaiii, and their allies, showing the great difference in sex.
The genus Prioneris. The genus Disniorphia : New World species of
extraordinary coloration. The genus Morpho : mostly New World
insects of great size and brilliancy. The genus Acnea: nauseous
insects. The genus Kallima ("Leaf-butterflies "). The genus Callicore
(the " 88 " butterfly). The genus Callithea : a New World group of
perfectly opaque butterflies. Paljearctic Lepidoptera : Parnassiidje and
Coliadae. — Robert J. Wigelsworth, Hon. Secretary.
RECENT LITERATURE.
1. New Draf/onfly Nymphs in the U^iited States National Museum. Proc.
U.S. National Mus., vol. xxvii. pp. 685-720. 11 figs, and 7 pis.
J. G. Needham. Washington, 1904.
A valuable addition to the excellent work done by Mr. Needham in
this long neglected field of Entomology.
2. The Labium of the Odonata. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxx. pp. 111-133.
7 plates. Hortense Butler. 1904.
A most useful addition to our knowledge of the highly specialised
labium of the dragonfly nymph . The seven plates of details are excellent.
3. The Skewness of the Thorax in the Odonata. Journal of the New
York Entom. Soc. Sept., 1903. J. G. NeedhXm and Maude H.
ANTHdNY. Pp. 117-125, with a plate.
4. The PhasmJda, or Walking-sticks of the United States. Proc. U.S.
National Mus. Vol. xxvi. Pp. 863-885. 4 plates. A. N.
Caudell. Washington, 1903.
Another of the useful monographs of groups of American insects
that appear from time to time. The Phasmids, of which we have no
single representative in Britain, are not numerous in the United States.
5. An Orthopterous Leaf-roller. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. Vol. vi. No. 1.
A. N. Caudell.
72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
6. Oviposition and Carnivorous Habits of the Meadow Green Grasshopper
(Orchelimum glaberrimum). Psyche. Vol. xi. Pp. 69-71, with
one plate. J. L. Hancock. 1904.
7. The Leaf-hopper of the Sugar-cane. Bulletin No. 1. Board of
Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry ; territory of Hawaii.
R. C. L. Perkins. Pp. 38. Honolulu, 1903.
A full account of the insect and its natural enemies.
8. Suppression and Control of the Plague of Bufalo-gnats in the Valley
of the Lower Mississippi Rirer. Proc. 25tii Ann. Meeting of Soc.
for Promotion of Agric. Sci. Pp. 53-72 ; 7 figures and dia-
grams. F. M. Webster. 1904.
An account of the insect and a review of its occurrence in the
district. W T T
The Common Mosquitoes of Xeiv Jersey. By John B. Smith. New
Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations. Bulletin 171. Pp. 40.
Plates 11, and other figures in the text.
Of the thirty-three species of CulicidiB occurring in the State of New
Jersey, only three are unable to bite. Several others are confined to
limited areas, and for one reason or another the number of noxious
species considered of sufficient economic importance to be noticed in
this bulletin is reduced to thirteen ; three of these are members of the
malaria-transmitting genus Anopheles
Who's Who? pp. 1796; Whos Who Year-book, pp. 128 ; and The Enylish-
woman's Year-book. pp. 368. London : Adam & Charles Black.
1905.
Each of the above-mentioned annuals will be found of great interest
to all whom they may concern, and this means a large section of the
general public. The chief volume, Who's M'ho / comprises short bio-
graphies of many biologists, including specialists in various branches of
Entomology whose names are familiar to most, if not all, of our readers.
We have also received the following : —
Analytische Uebersicht der paUiarktischen Lepidoptereyifamilien. Von C. v.
HoRMuzAKi. Pp. 68, with 45 figures in the text. Berlin : R. Fried-
liinder & Sohn. 1904.
Ants and some other Insects. By Dr. August Forel. Pp. 49. Chicago :
The Open Court Publishing Company. London : Kegan Paul,
Trench, Trlibner & Co. Ltd. 1904.
An inquiry into the psychic powers of these animals, with an
appendix on the peculiarities of their olfactory sense. * Translated
from tho German by Prof. William Morton Wheeler.
A Treatise on the Acarina, or Mites. By Nathan Banks. Pp. 114,
with numerous text-figures. (Smithsonian Institution. United
States National Museum). Washington : Government Printing
Office. 1904.
Entomologisches Jahrbuch. Kalender fur alle Insekten- Sammler auf das
Jahr 1905. Von Dr. Oskar Krancher. Pp. 240, with one
coloured plate. Leipzig : Frankenstein & Wagner. 1905.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII] MARCH, 1905. [No. 502.
CRYPTIC FORM and COLOURING in MELITMA LARV^.
By T. a. Chapman, M.D.
The larvae of Melitcea cinxia and M. athalia when full grown
are usually very conspicuous, still it has often struck me that,
obvious as they are when you look for them — i. e. if they are
not hidden away — you may easily pass by without seeing them,
even though looking where they are, if not thinking of them.
These larvfe considerably resemble the heads of Plantarjo ; but
this is still more the case with MeliUea didi/ma, whose yellow
and brown markings make it very like a plantain-head with
yellow stamens and brown scales.
This resemblance is brought out very well in the above
■reproduction of a photograph taken by Mr. H. Main of a larva
of M. didyma — remarkably so since the assistance given by
coloration is left out.
ENtOM. — MARCH, 1905. G
74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A NEW SPECIES OF NOB ARIA FROM JAPAN
AND COPtEA.
NODAKIA LEECHI, sp. H.
Antennje of male knotted and contorted about the middle. Pri-
maries grey-brown tinged with lilacine, and with four transverse brown
markings ; antemedial and postmedial lines, the former slightly un-
dulated, the latter rather wavy and curved round the end of cell ; medial
line broad, band-like, with a darker discal mark on it ; submarginal
line undulated, outwardly edged with whitish. Secondaries similar in
colour to primaries and with two darker transverse lines, the outer one
angled and outwardly edged with whitish below the middle. Expanse
24-26 millim.
Somewhat similar to Nodaria fentoni, But!., but in the male
separable therefrom by the knotted antennae, and in both sexes
by the different shape of the postmedial line. The secondaries
also are darker in colour.
Described from a male specimen from Fusan in the National
Collection at South Kensington, where also are a female specimen
from Fusan and another from Gensan, one example of each sex
from Tsuruga, and two males from Nagahama. All these were
formerly in the Leech Coll., and were erroneously referred to
Nodaria fento7ii, Butl.
PviCHARD South.
DESCPtlPTIONS OF THREE NEW BEETLES FROM THE
GOLD COAST, AND ANGOLA, WEST AFRICA.
By E. a. Heath, M.D., F.L.S.
ZOGRAPHUS LANEI, sp. n. (fig. 1).
Shining black ; pronotum transversely striate, in alternate bands
of pale ochraceous pubescence, and shining black. The head is
shining black, rugose, with two curved lines of pale ochraceous pube-
scence on each side, the one at the base being much shorter than the
anterior line. The antennae are very slightly longer than the body ;
the basal joint is stoutest, and shorter than the head, rather coarsely
granulated, the second joint being smoother, and nearly three times
as long as the first joint ; the remaining joints are shorter than the
second, and about equal in length ; the segments are bluish grey at
their basal insertion, and black at the apical end. The elytra are
thickly and coarsely punctured and sparsely pilose ; the humeral
angles are slightly produced forward ; a broad band of pale ochraceous
hair on each elytron about the centre reaching from the lateral margin
to near the suture, a short narrow pale ochraceous transverse fascia
on each side of suture, half-way between the white pale band and
the base, and in a line with these on each side are irregiilar pale
ochraceous marks at margin of elytra ; near the apical margin of
THREE NEW BEETLES FROM THE GOLD COAST, ETC.
75
each elytron is a short longitudinal fascia of pale ochraceous hair, and
from the centre to apex are small irregular dots of the same colour ;
the apices of the elytra are fringed with black hair. The body beneath
and the legs and tarsi are black, with pale ochraceous hairs. Long.
8 lines, max. lat. 3 lines.
Hab. Angola.
Prosopocera biplagiata, sp. n. (fig. 3).
Shining brown, densely covered with pale brown pubescence. The
pronotum is roughly sculptured, and has a tooth on each side, and the
posterior margin transversely striated. The scutellum is rounded,
tongue-shaped. The head, legs, and antennae are the same brown
colour; the latter are longer than the body ; the basal joint stoutest,
and twice as long as the head, rather rougher than the second joint,
which is nearly twice as long as the first ; the third joint is not quite
as long as second joint, and rather longer than the fourth joint; the
remaining joints are of equal length. The elytra are rather coarsely
punctured, and densely shortly pilose ; the humeral angles are
slightly raised, and near them the basal area is blackly tuberculate ;
an irregular triangular white spot about the centre, broader at the
lateral margin, which it does not quite touch, and its apex reaching to
a2
76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
near the suture. The body beneath is of the same brown colour,
densely pilose, with a long white lateral fascia reaching from the base
of the head, where it is broadest to the base of the mesosternum,
where it is pointed ; in some specimens this mark is only on the meso-
sternum, in others it is absent. Long. 12 lines, max. lat. 3J lines.
Hah. Angola.
Plectrogaster jordani, sp. n. (fig. 2).
Elytra brownish black, piceous, coarsely and thickly punctured, and
having on each elytron four longitudinal carinate lines, which terminate
2 lines from the apex. The scutellum is rounded, tongue-shaped. Pro-
notum densely pilose ; in the centre is a brownish black longitudinal
fascia reaching from the head to the scutellum ; on each side of this is a
rich reddish fascia, also reaching from the head to the elytra, and on
each side of this red mark is another brownish black one reaching from
the head to just below the pronotal tooth, which is reflexed backward.
The head is red, pilose. The antennae are blackish brown, beautifully
pectinate ; the basal joint is red, small at its insertion and thickened
at its apex, which is blackish ; the lamellas, nine in number, arise
from the joints of the antenna? and are nearly equal in length (3 lines),
except the first, which is a little shorter ; the joints of the lamellae
form a serrature on the under side of antennte. The body beneath and
the legs are light shining reddish brown ; the joints of legs are blackish.
The middle and hind femora are pubescent, and the hind femur has
a longitudinal groove underneath ; the tarsi are blackish brown. Long.
20 lines, max. lat. 6 lines.
Hah. Gold Coast.
This insect comes very near to P. pectinicornis, Waterhouse,
a female of which is figured in his * Aid ' ; but it differs in some
important respects. P. pectinicornis has blacker elytra, and the
pronotum and head are wholly black ; the femora are yellow,
and black at their insertion, with black tibiae and tarsi. The
elytra and pygidium are pilose.
I am indebted to Mr. Horace Knight for the wonderfully fine
drawings for the figures of the three beetles above described.
BIBLIOGKAPHICAL NOTES ON THE HEMIPTERA.
No. 4.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
General Notes.
1. Schaum's ' Bericht ' gives the dates of the nineteenth Band
of Herrich-Schseffer's ' Wanzenartigen Insecten ' as follows : —
Heft 1, 1849 ; hefte 2-6, 1850; heft 7 (Index), 1853.
2. In a review in 'Nature,' W. T. Blanford (Dec. 31st, 1903,
vol. 69, pp. 199-201) objected to my new name for the bed-bug,
viz. Klinophilos, one of the grounds being that it was already
BIBLIOGKAPHICAL NOTES ON THE HBMIPTERA. 77
the type of the Linnean genus Cimex. To this I replied, in the
same journal (March 17th, p. 464), that the type of the Linnean
Cimex could never be lectularius, as (1) Linnaeus stated no types ;
(2) lectularius does not agree with the diagnosis of Cimex ; and
(3) another type for the latter genus was duly selected by
Fabricius later on. Blanford replied on the same and following
pages, stating that types of certain genera ivere fixed by Linne.
As the information was, in part, new to me and several of my
correspondents, I abstract it now. It would have been answered
long ago had I not had a very bad accident while horse-riding,
rendering me a cripple for over eight months (with the prospect
of several more), and necessitating operations under chloroform
(one more in a few days).* Under these circumstances all my
work has been greatly retarded, and I was unable to visit
the only house in which ' Nature ' was to be found {then) in
Honolulu.
The " rules of Linnaeus " were, according to Blanford, printed
in his ' Philosophia Botanica,' a work not accessible to me now.
Of these, Nos. 242 and 246 are quoted by Blanford : —
** 242. Nomen genericum Antiquum antiquo generi convenit.
" 246. Si genus receptum, secundum jus natune et artis in lilura
dirimi debet, tum nomen antea commune manebit vulgatissimse et
officinali plantce.'''
There are several comments to be made on this : —
(1) The 1758 edition of the * Systema Naturae ' is universally
regarded as the foundation of entomological nomenclature, and
there is nothing there of such rules, nor is there any mention,
in the Introduction, of the ' Philosophia Botanica.'
(2) Even admitting these rules for Vertebrata, it is well
known that many of the insects known to the ancients are
incorrectly identified at the present day. Linne himself fell,
apparently, into gross error ; for example, Chermes, Ichneumon
(not an insect), Empis, Tipula, Aphis, &c. : and, personally, I
would be very sorry to attempt to affix the types of any Linnean
genera by those " rules."
There are, I believe, only two generic names which can be
settled in this manner, viz. Apis (mellifera) and Cimex ; but
here another (and, as I believe, superior) factor comes into play
— lectularius cannot be the type, because it is antagonistic to the
generic diagnosis.
It is curious that not one, so far as I can trace, of Linne's
entomological pupils paid any attention to this (impossible) rule
of " commonest species," and that the best known, i. e. Fabricius,
deliberately fixed on bidcns as the type of Cimex.
As to Clinocoris, 1829, which I restored in place of KUno-
philos, I am aware that the " substitution of one name for
['■'■ The present article was received on January 9tli, 1905. — Ed.]
78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
another on the score of convenience is absolutely in defiance of
the 'rule of priority,'" but when the earlier name is found to
have been wrongly accepted up to the present, it is, I think,
obvious that such a substitution is not only convenient, but
obligatory.
3. It may be noted, with reference to recent discussions,
that Sherborn (' Index Animalium,' 1902) accepts Geoffroy's
1762 genera.
Fam. CocciDiE.
1. Fernald Cat., p. 54. Lecaniodiaspis ; the original spelling
of this was Lecanodiaspis, and the type is sardoa, not dendrohii,
as stated.
2. A species omitted in Fernald Cat. (apparently) is Coccus
pruni, Burmeister (May 28th, 1849), in Zeit. fiir Zoologie, p. 177,
on Prunus domestica, (jermany.
The diagnosis is as follows : —
" (? viridi-griseus, albo farinosus, alis albidis ; scutello parvo,
binodoso ; antennis pubescentibus, pedibus nudis gracilibus ;
abdominis segmento penultimo et antepenultimo bisetoso. Long,
flin. _ .
" 2 elliptica, viridigrisea, albo farinosa, capite magno in
prothoracem postice producto ; abdominis lateribus paululam
depressis, segmentis duobus ultimis utrinque pilosis. Long.
1 lin."
This is followed by a long description in German.
3. The references to many of the Zehntnerian species are in-
correct, being taken from separately paged reprints. At the
present moment I can supply a correct reference only to the
following : —
Afipicliotus sacchari caidis, Zehntner (July loth, 1897), 'Archief
voor de Java-Suikerindustrie,' v. p. 735-44, pi. viii.
Fam. CiMiciD^.
In the 'Entomologist ' (August, 1903, p. 215), I stated that
I had not seen the description of Philia, Schiodte. I have now
been able to secure Kroyer's ' Naturhistorisk Tidskrift,' Bind iv.
(1842-3), and find that Philia is not a valid genus. In the
' Eevisio critica specierum generis Tetyrae Fabricii, qvarum
exstant in Museo Eegio Hafniensi exempla typica ' (pp. 279-312),
'* Philia ?;i." is simply placed at the head of the descriptions of
several species below the Fabrician nomenclature. On p. 281,
Schiodte states that Calliphara and Callidea (sic) are preoccupied
by Calliphora, Macquart, 1835, and Calleida, Dejean, Latr.,
1829, and that they form only one genus. On pp. 315-60 are
the " Forhandingler i det skaudinaviske entomologiskeSelskab,"
in which (on pp. 346-8) Schiodte discusses his own paper, and
definitely states that Philia is proposed as a new name for the
above mentioned genera. As neither Calliphara nor Calidea is
LEPIDOPTBRA OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST. 79
preoccupied, and as they form good genera, Philia cannot stand,
and for "Philia, Stal nee Schiodte," I propose ** Schioedtia, nn.,
tyj)e senator (Fabr.)."
2. To the same entry in the ' Entomologist ' (1903, p. 215)
add : —
Schiodte, 1842-3, Naturh. Tidskr. iv. p. 380. (8) Cepha-
loctenus, unnecessary " emendation " for Cephalocteus, Dufour,
1834.
3. The reference to Legnotiis, Lethierry and Severin (Cat. i.
p. 78), is Krdyer's Naturh. Tidskr. (2), ii. p. 464.
Fam. Naucorid^ (?).
1. Sherborn (* Index Animalium,' 1902, p. 647) cites a hemi-
pterous genus, Naucorimis, Meuschen, 1778, Mus. Gronov. p. 69,
with apparently (see p. 1146) no species mentioned. I have not
seen the work recently, but believe the form is only used in the
plural, and is rather of a tribal or sectional value. I would be
grateful for any information.
ERRATA (Entom. xxx.).
" Bibliographical and Nomenclatorial Notes on the
Hemiptbra. — No. 3."
Page 280, Fam. Pyrrhocoridse, delete " Prohergrothius," n.n.,
for Odontopiis. The latter is apparently not validly preoccupied.
Page 281, line 18, for "techii" read i. echii ,- line 23, for
•' 1903 " read 1803 ; lines 24 and 26, delete Macrothijreus and
MacrocepJialus ; line 6 from bottom, for Dakulosphaira read
Daktulosphaira ; line 3 from bottom, for Emholophora read Em-
bolophpora ,• line 2 from bottom, for Gonionotus read Gonia-
notus ; transpose marks to footnotes.
Page 282. The footnote refers to the spelling of Phloeo-
phthiridium and Rhizophthiridium.
LEPIDOPTEPtA OF THE LINCOLNSHIEE COAST.
By a. E. Gibbs, F.L.S.
I had the good fortune to spend the month of July, 1904, at
Theddlethorpe St. Helen, a little-frequented spot on the Lincoln-
shire coast. Our bungalow was situated on the top of the sand-
hills, which are of considerable height, and have been raised to
protect the low-lying district eastwards of the wolds from the
ravages of the sea. These sandhills, upon which most of my
collecting took place, are covered with scrub, consisting chiefly
of sea-buckthorn, dwarf elder, whitethorn, bramble, and similar
80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
low bushes, the first named so greatly predominating that one
soon became painfully familiar with its prickly spines. The
seaward face of the sandhills is clothed with lyme-grass, marram,
and other plants, which serve to bind the sand and keep it from
being blown or washed away. Tajnnostola elymi w'as here to be
found in almost unlimited numbers, while by searching among
the lower-growing grasses a plentiful supply of Nudaria senex
was obtainable. My lamp, however, attracted the attention of
the coast-guard officers, who warned me that a moving light on
this flat coast was apt to be attended with danger to shipping,
and courteously requested me to keep on the other side of the
hills. Long series of both the species mentioned were secured,
but in the case of T. elymi the specimens were for the most part
rather worn, owing doubtless to their habit of clinging to the
swaying heads of the lyme-grass, and so getting blown against
the surrounding herbage. On the day of arrival at the bungalow
the first consideration was to find a suitable spot for sugaring.
The district being almost treeless, advantage had to be taken of
the posts of the wire fence which surrounded our little enclosure,
and of the thicker stems of the buckthorn and other shrubs,
while some clumps of thistles just coming into flower proved
excellent objects on which to spread the alluring sweets. Among
the moths obtained in limited numbers at sugar were Lithosia
complana, Axi/lia putris, Xylophasia sublustris, Neuria reticulata,
Mamestra albicolon, Agrotis vestigialis, A. aquilina, Triphana
interjecta, Plusia festuca, P. iota, while any number of specimens
of Acronycta ruinicis, Cerigo matura, Miana literosa, Agrotis tri-
tici, and Hadena pisi could have been obtained. Dusking yielded
fair results. The most plentiful Geometer was Acidalia imitaria,
which flew among the scrubs in considerable abundance, in
company with A. immutata. Some elder-bushes in front of the
bungalow appeared to have attraction for Cleora lichenaria and
Larcntia riridaria, the latter species greatly predominating.
Light did not prove the success which was anticipated. A bril-
liantly illuminated sheet, placed in what appeared to be an
excellent position, brought nothing but a few 2\ elymi and
L. viridaria, and this method of working was therefore aban-
doned. The lights of the house, however, to some extent made
up for the disappointment, and on several evenings the net was
kept busy by the insects which came in at the open door. The
most noteworthy visitor, so far, at any rate, as size was con-
cerned, was Odonestis potatoria, of which there were often
several males flying about at the same time. This is one of the
familiar insects of the sandhills — the males at light and the
females ovipositing among the long grass. On one particular
evening, Saturday, July 16th, the bungalow was visited by a
swarm of Leiicania impura, which were flying about in large
numbers, but curiously enough the experience was confined to
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST.
81
that particular night, though the insect was fairly common at
sugar on other occasions. Several days were spent investigating
the large woods a few miles inland, but so far as Lepidoptera
were concerned the result was not very cheering. Burwell
woods yielded only Charceas graminis, Aeidalia bisetata, Hypsi-
petes sordidata, Nomophila noctuella, and SpJialeroptera ictericana.
A visit to the " Greasy Field," near Louth, in company with
Mr. C. S. Carter and Mr. Vincent Crow, two local entomologists,
in search of McliUsa aiirima, which is recorded to occur there,
and from which the field takes its name, proved fruitless, no
signs of the presence of that insect being discernible, nor was a
second attempt on a subsequent day any more profitable. A
chalk-pit near by was carpeted with the yellow blossoms of
Hypericum perforatum, from which Catoptera hypericana was
beaten out in consideriible numbers. The following is a list of
the Lepidoptera observed at Theddlethorpe between July 1st and
August 3rd : —
Nudaria senex.
Lithosia lurideola.
L. complana.
Euchelia jacobcece.
Hepialus hamuli.
Odonestis potatoria.
Thijtttira derasa.
Cymatophora octogesima.
Acronycta psi.
A. rumicis.
Leucania Uthargyria.
L. comma.
L. impura.
Calamia phray))iitidis.
Tapivostola eli/mi.
Axylia putris.
Xylophasia rurea.
X. iithoxylea.
X. sublustris.
Neuria reticulata.
Cerigo matura.
Mamestra sordida.
M. albicolon.
M. brassiccB.
Apamea basilinea.
A. (jemina.
A. did y ma.
Miana striyilis.
M. fascnmcuia.
M. literosa.
M. bicoioria.
M. arcuosa.
Canulrina morpheus.
C. alsines.
C. taraxaci.
C. quadripunctata.
Rusina tenebrosa.
Agrutis vestigialis.
A. suffusa.
A. segetum.
A. exclamationis.
A. corticea.
A. tritici.
A. aquilina.
Noctua augur.
N. /estiva.
N. rubi.
Triphau'i iiiterjecta.
T. orbona.
T. pronuba.
Mania typica.
pjuplexia lucipara.
Aplecfa advena.
Hadeiia oleracea.
H. pisi.
Piusia chrysitis.
P. festuccE.
P. iota.
P. gamma.
Clear a lir.Jienaria.
Aeidalia dimidiata.
A. dilutaria.
A. immutata.
A. imitaria.
A. emarginata.
Cabera pusaria.
Larentia didymata.
L. viridaria.
Eupithecia subfulvata.
Melanthia ocellata.
M. albicillata.
Melanippe suciata.
M. montanata.
M. fluctuata.
Ciduria dotata.
Pelurga comitata.
Aglossa ping uinalis .
Pyralis glaucinalis.
Scoparia mercureUa.
Herbula cespitalis.
Scapula olivalis,
S. prunalis.
Crambus tristellus.
Homceosoma nimhella.
H. nebulella.
Dictyopteryxlcejiingiuna.
Aapis udmanniana.
Sericoris lacunana.
Sciaphila conspersana.
S. virgaureana.
SpJialeroptera ictericana .
Ca toptria hypericana .
Etiptecilia atricapitana.
82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF
THE ISLAND OF CAPRL— No. 2.
By C. Seymour Browne.
In my previous supplemental'}' list (Entom. xxxvii. pp. 186-
188) twenty additions were enumerated. I now give twenty-two
others.
NOTODONTID^.
791. Hoplitls milhanseri, F.
NOCTUID^.
1787. Polia canescens, Dup.
20056. Caradrina sellni, B., var, at ab noctivcuja, Bell.
2068. Tceniocaynpa stabilis, View.
2183. Xylomyyes conspicillaris, L., ab. inelaleuca, View.
2199. Caloiihasia lunula, Hufn.
2221. CuculUa verbasci, L.
2391. Eublemma suava, Hb.
2417. Thalfiochares poly(jramma, Dup.
Geometrid^.
2953. Acidalia dimidiata, Hufn.
3003. A. extermria, H.-S.
3008. A. ochroleucata, H.-S.
3020. A. herbariata, F.
3886. Boarmia umbraria, Hb.
4009. Thamnonoxia sendcanaria, Frr.
NOLID/*:.
4110. Nola cidamitulalis, Hb.
Arctiad.e.
4203«. Arctia villica, L., ab. (et var.j aiujcUca, B.
42036. A. villica var. konewkai, Frr.
CossiDiE.
4685. Hypopta castrum, Hb.
Pyralid^.
700. Dioryctria abietella, F.
1242. Pyrausta samjuinalis, L.
ToRTRICID^.
2055. Notocelia nddmanniana, L.
83
NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA (ACULEATA, ICH-
NEUMONID^, AND BRACONID^) FEOM INDIA.
By p. Cameron.
ACULEATA.
DiODONTUS RETICULATUS, Sp. IIOV.
Niger, mandibulis late flavis ; geniculis, tibiis tarsisque anticis
flavis ; alis hyalinis, nervis stigmateque nigris. ? . Long, fere
5 mm.
Hob. Deesa (Major C. G. Nurse).
This species comes near to D. striolatus, Cam., from Lahore.
The two may be separated tlius : —
Clypeus roundly and deeply incised in the middle ; the
base of the mesopleuras without stout striations ;
the hinder tibiffi and tarsi testaceous . . striolatus, Cam.
Clypeus not roundly and deeply incised in the middle ;
the base of the mesopleur^ with some stout stria-
tions ; the hinder tibiae only testaceous at the base reticulatus.
Antennae black ; the flagellum with a pale microscopic pile. Head
black ; the front and vertex minutely and sparsely punctured ; the face
is thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; the apex of the clypeus
almost transverse. Mandibles yellow, their apical third black. Thorax
shining ; the base of the propleurae with stout striations ; there are
two stout long oblique strife behind the middle, and a shorter curved
one behind these, almost in the middle ; mesopleurs with stout, widely
separated keels on the basal half, which form irregular reticulations ;
the basal half coarsely aciculated, the apical smooth and shining. The
base of the metapleurte is smooth and shining ; the rest bears oblique
distinctly separated striae. The base of the median segment bears
stout oblique keels, which run into irregular reticulations in the middle ;
the apical slope is irregularly transversely striated ; the fovea is large
and deep. The four anterior tibiae and the anterior tarsi are for the
greater part testaceous ; the base of the hinder tibite white ; there are
four longish spines on the hinder tibiae, and there are three or four
shorter spines on the apex on the outer side ; the middle tibiae are
similarly but not so strongly spined. Abdomen smooth and shining ;
the apical half covered with a pale down.
Cerceris simlaensis, sp. nov.
Black, largely marked with yellow, and thickly covered with white
hair ; the scape of the antennae beneath yellow ; the third joint and
the base of the fourth rufous ; legs yellow ; the four anterior femora
largely marked with black behind ; the hinder pair with the apical
two-thirds black ; the basal area on the median segment stoutly longi-
tudinally striated. <^ . Length, 10-11 mm.
Hab. Simla (Nurse).
84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Head black ; the frontal spine, the face, the inner orbits to shortly
above the base of the antennae — the yellow line narrowed and rounded
above — the clypeus, cheeks, and mandibles, except at the apex, yellow.
Face strongly punctured ; the clypeus is rounded at the top ; its upper
part convex, its lower with a semicircular depression in the middle ;
the apex black and transverse in the middle ; the sides obliquely
narrowed ; both are black on the lower side. Vertex strongly punc-
tured ; the punctures distinctly separated ; the front is much more
closely and more minutely punctured, especially below where they run
into striations. Thorax strongly and closely punctured, and thickly
covered with white hair ; there is a yellow mark — obliquely narrowed
on the inner side — on either side of the pronotum, and the post-
scutellum is yellow. The scutellum is more sparsely punctured than
the mesonotum. The basal area on the metanotum is stoutly longi-
tudinally striated ; the rest of it is closely rugosely punctured, and is
thickly covered with long white hair. Pleurse closely but not deeply
punctured, except the part below the hind wings, which is closely
striated. Legs yellow ; the four front femora above broadly at the
base, slightly more than the apical half of the posterior, and a line on
the outer and inner sides of the apical half of the hinder tibia>, black ;
the hinder tarsi infuscated. Wings hyaline, the apex smoky ; the
stigma, the costa, and the basal uervures fulvous. The abdominal
segments are liued with yellow on the apex ; the last has an irregularly
rouud mark on the sides. The pygidial area is strongly punctured,
more sparsely in the middle than at the apex or base ; the epipygium
has a rounded incision in the apex ; the fifth and sixth segments are,
at the apex laterally, armed with bundles of stifiF golden hair, the last
being the thicker and longer, and looks like a stiff broad spine.
Come nearest to C. himalayensis, Bingham.
ICHNEUMONIDJi.
Ckyptus excavatus, sp. nov.
Niger ; pedibus rufis ; coxis trochanteribus femoribusque anticis
subtus nigris ; alls hyalinis, stigmate nervisque nigris. ? . Long. 12,
terebra 3 mm.
Hah. Simla (Nurse).
Antennae entirely black. Head black ; the inner orbits narrowly
in the middle and the outer still more narrowly yellow. Face strongly
and closely punctured, and thickly covered wdth white hair ; the centre
roundly projecting. Clypeus smooth, shining, and sparsely punc-
tured. Front deeply depressed, smooth, closely and finely transversely
striated ; the part below the ocelli is coarsely irregularly transversely
striated ; the vertex near the ocelli is stoutly reticulated. Thorax
closely rugosely punctured, more or less striated on the pleurae and
mesonotum. Scutellum shining and sparsely punctured. The median
segment is more coarsely rugosely punctured than the mesonotum ;
the basal keel is less distinct than the apical ; the teeth are broad.
The mesosternal furrow is deep, curved, and does not reach beyond the
middle. Legs rufous ; all the coxae and trochanters, the front femora
to near the apex below and behind, the middle pair behind to near
NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA FROM INDIA. 85
the middle, the apex of the hinder narrowly, and of the tibife more
broadly, black. Abdomen shining, the black with a bluish tinge. The
wings have a slight fulvous tint.
A smaller and more slenderly built species than C. lucu-
lentus.
Cryptus luculentus, sp. nov.
Niger; pedibus rufis ; coxis trochanteribusque nigris ; alls hyalinis,
stigmate testaceo, nervis fuscis. ? . Long. 17, terebra 5 mm.
Hab, Simla (Nurse).
Antennae entirely black ; the scape punctured and sparsely covered
with short hair. Head black ; the inner and outer orbits and a trans-
verse mark on the middle of the clypeus near the apex, yellowish.
Face closely and rather strongly punctured, and thickly covered with
white hair ; the centre is dilated broadly and roundly ; the clypeus is
more shining, and nob quite so strongly punctured as the face.
Mandibles black, rufous behind the teeth. Thorax closely and dis-
tinctly punctured ; the pleurae more strongly than the mesonotum.
The punctuation on the sides and on the apical slope of the median
segment run into reticulations, this being also, the case with the meta-
pleurae. The base of the median segment is obliquely depressed in the
middle ; the basal transverse keel on it is interrupted in the middle,
distinct on the sides, and projecting on the outer edge. Wings hyaline,
with a slight but distinct fulvous tinge. Abdomen smooth ; the middle
segments aciculated. Legs rufous ; the coxae and trochanters black ;
the hinder tarsi have a yellowish tinge ; they are distinctly spinose.
Spilichneumon annulicornis, sp. nov.
Niger ; pedibus, scutello abdomineque late rufis ; annulo flagello
antennarum, abdominisque apice albis ; alls hyalinis, stigmate nervis-
que nigris ; apice tibiarum posticarum tarsisque posticis nigris. ^ .
Long. 11 mm.
Hab. Simla (Nurse).
Antennfe shorter than the body, black, the flagellum brownish
beneath towards the apex ; there is a broad white band beyond the
middle. Head black ; the inner orbits and the sides of the clypeus
broadly lemon-yellow ; the centre of the clypeus has a rufous tinge.
Face and clypeus closely punctured ; the front and vertex are quite as
strongly and closely punctured ; the mandibles are broadly rufous near
the middle. Thorax black, the scutellum yellow. Pro- and meso-
thorax closely and strongly punctured, and thickly covered with pale
pubescence ; the scutellum is not so closely punctured, and is covered
with long pale hair. Median segment closely and strongly punctured,
and thickly covered with longish white pubescence ; the areola is twice
longer than broad ; the basal half is slightly but distinctly narrowed,
its apex transverse ; the sides are stoutly transversely striated, the
centre aciculated ; in the middle of the apical half is a longitudinal
keel ; the apical slope is closely irregularly rugose. Pleurae closely,
almost rugosely, punctured, the metapleura. more coarsely than the
rest. Legs rufous ; the four anterior coxae and the trochanters pale
yellow ; the hinder coxae, the basal joint of the trochanters, the apical
86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
third of the tibire, and the hinder tarsi, black. Wings hyaline, the
stigma and nervures dark fuscous. Abdomen black ; the post-petiole,
the second and third segments, and the sides of the fourth red ; a large
semicircular white mark on the apex of the sixth segment and the
whole of the seventh white. The post-petiole is strongly but not very
closely punctured ; the gastrocoeli are narrow, dilated at the base ;
their outer side longitudinally striated.
(To be continued.)
A LIST OF THE " MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA " OF
LANCASTER AND DISTRICT.
By C. H. Foesythe.
In compiling this list of our local " Macro-Lepidoptera,"
I have kept strictly in view the necessity of excluding any
species I have had the slightest doubt about. I could have
included several species on the authority of the late Mr. J. B.
Hodgkinson, who marked them in Newman's ' British Butterflies
and Moths' as "probably occurring in the neighbourhood";
but, as I have no record of their actual capture, I have excluded
them. That the list is far from complete I know, but I hope
this will stimulate collectors to record the capture of anything
" new to the district," so that we may in the near future have
a more complete one. I have to thank Mr. George Loxham, of
Lancaster, for much valuable information ; some of his records,
extending over a period of forty years, are unique.
PlERID^.
Pieris hrassiccE. — Common everywhere in June and July, and the
second brood in August and September.
P. rapcB. — Abundant ; late May and June, and the second brood in
August and September. A yellow form occurs occasionally.
/'. napi. — Abundant ; late May and June, and the second brood in
July, August, and September. Some of the forms about Clougha Pike
are much suffused with black scales, and the veins are broadly marked,
showing a tendency to melanism.
EucJiloe cavdamines. — Uncommon about Lancaster. Odd specimens
near Quernmore and Torrisholme. Abundant at Witherslack and
Methop in May and June.
Leucuphasia sinapis. — Local. Fairly common at Methop and
Witherslack in April and May. No second brood has been recorded.
Colias ediisa. — Very rare generally ; in " edusa years " we frequently
obtain specimens. I have taken this species (in 1900) at Hest bank
and near Halton, and saw a specimen the following year flying over a
clover field near Lancaster. "In 1892 I took several examples near
Lancaster, and in 1900 I took a few near Methop bank " (G. Loxham).
The var. helice has not been captured, as far as I know.
MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF LANCASTER AND DISTRICT. 87
Gonepteryx rhamni. — Rare about Lancaster, fairly common at Arn-
side, and abundant at Witherslack in late July, August, and September.
Nymphalid^.
Argynnis selene. — Formerly common near Clougha Pike ; now ex-
tinct there. " Up to a few years ago it occurred commonly in a rough
field near Witherslack, but cultivation has stamped it out in that
locality" (G. Loxham). The imago appears in June.
A. ewphrosyne. — Common near Warton, Carnforth, on Arnside
Knott, and near Grange-in-Cartmel, in early June.
A. aylaia. — I took a specimen in July, 1901, near Hest bank.
Common at Warton, Arnside, and Witherslack.
A. adippe. — Fairly plentiful at Warton ; common at Arnside and
Witherslack in July and August. " I took a fine aberration of this
species some years ago on Arnside Knott" (G. Loxham).
A. paphia. — I took a specimen at Witherslack on August 3rd, 1901
— a record [vide ' Entomologist,' vol. xxxiv. p. 253).
Vanesm polychloros. — One specimen taken by me at Witherslack,
July 24th, 1901 (vide 'Entomologist,' vol. xxxiv. p. 245— " The
Butterflies of the Witherslack District," contributed by me in Sep-
tember, 1902).
V. uttica. — Abundant everywhere in early May and in September.
Although we rarely get aberrations of this species, I took one at Arn-
side in August, 1903, and another in Grimshaw Lane three days later.
r. io. — Uncommon about Lancaster. Odd examples near Clougha
Pike, Quernmore, Grimshaw Lane, &c., in August. Abundant about
Witherslack and Arnside. This species is apt to vary ; though such
aberrations are rare, I have a Witherslack example, taken in 1901,
without the " eye" markings on the hind wings.
Pyrameis atalanta. — Fairly common in some seasons, scarce in
others. Lancaster, Methop, Witherslack, Arnside, Halton, &c., in
July, August, and September.
P. cardui. — Uncommon generally ; in some years (as in 1903)
fairly plentiful. Lancaster, Arnside, Silverdale, Witherslack, &c., in
August and September, " I used to take the larva feeding upon
L'nicus, annually, at Heysham some years ago " (G. Loxham).
Erebia cethiops. — Plentiful at Arnside and Witherslack in August.
Pararge egeria. — " Fairly common near Witherslack some years
ago " (G. Loxham). This species is now extinct in this district.
P. vieijara. — Common near Sline, Heysham, Warton, Methop, and
Witherslack in late May and June, and the second brood in August.
Satyruii semele. — Common at Arnside and Witherslack in July and
August.
Epinephele ianira. — Abundant everywhere in June and July.
E. tithonus. — Very local, near Overton. " Formerly common about
Heysham Moss in July " (G. Loxham).
Aphantopus (E.) hyperanthus. — " Formerly common in Maud's Wood,
near Grange-in-Cartmel, in July and August" (G. Loxham). This
species has not been taken in this district for the last few years, and is
probably extinct.
Ccenonympha typhon. — The type does not occur here. On the
88 THE BNTOMOLOQIBT.
mosses at WitUerslack, Methop, and Heysham, the var. rothliebi is
abundant in June and July.
C. pamphilus. — Abundant everywhere in June, July, and August.
Lyc.enid^.
Zephyrus [ThecJa) betulce. — Very local and scarce near Silverdale in
late August and September. "Common near Silverdale, formerly"
(Gr. Loxham).
Z. (T.) quercus. — Fairly common on Arnside Knott in July and
August.
Callophrys [T.) riibi. — Abundant near Clougha and Quernmore ;
common at Methop in April, May, and June.
Chrysophanwi phlceas. — Fairly common in Grimshaw Lane, near
Clougha, Blea Tarn, Arnside, Witherslack, &c., from June to September.
Lycana (eyon. — Locally common at Witherslack in August.
L. ayestis. — Common at Arnside, Methop, &c., in May, June, and
July. The var. salmacis occurs occasionally at Warton and Arnside,
and the var. allous at Arnside fairly commonly.
L. icarus. — Common everywhere in June, and the second brood
(often very diminutive in size) in September.
L. cor y don. — " Common about Arnside Tower some years ago.
Common near Warton in 1892" (G. Loxham).
L. minima. — Very local near Witherslack early in June.
Cyaniris (L.) aryiulm. — Common about Grange, Methop, and
Witherslack in late May and early June. No second brood occurs in
this district.
EKYCINIDiE.
NenieobiK^ Incina. — Very local near Grange and at Witherslack in
late May and June.
Hesperiad^.
Thanaos { Nisoniades) tages. — Plentiful at Arnside and Witherslack
in May.
Auyiades {Hesperia) sylvanus. — Fairly common near Methop and
Arnside in May and June.
SPHINGIDiE.
Acherontia atropos, — Scarce, although odd specimens are captured
nearly every year in July, August, and September. The larvfe have
also been taken feeding on potato occasionally.
Sphimv convolvuli. — Rare. I took two specimens in August, 1900,
and had another brought to me by a gardener, who found it at rest on
a fuchsia; and on August 23rd, 1902, I found a specimen on a gate
near Halton. I have only one record of the larva being found on
bindweed [Coyivolvulus aivensis) on July 19th, 1900, near Quernmore.
DeilepMla yalii. — The larvse are rare at Heysham on Galium in
September.
Chcerocampa celerio. — Very rare. Mr. John Ralph has a specimen,
taken in Lancaster some years ago ; and on July 28th, 1898, I had a
small male brought to me by our electrician.
Metopsiliis (C.) porcellus. — I took two specimens at Quernmore in
June, 1901, and have seen it on the wing near Clougha. "It occurs
on the Witherslack and Methop Mosses" (G. Loxham).
MACRO-LBPIDOPTBRA OF LANCASTER AND DISTRICT. 89
Smerinthiis ocellatus. — This species occurs near Hest bank, but I
have only taken larvae there ; at Witherslack the sallows growing
by the sides of the mosses are prolific hunting grounds for the larvae
in July.
S. populi. — Common everywhere : imago in June, larvas in July
and August.
Macroglossa stellatariim. — "Common at Arnside, Methop, and
Witherslack in May" (G. Loxham).
Hemaris [M.) fuciformis. — " Kare near Methop bank in late May "
(G. Loxham).
H. {M.) bombyliformis. — " Occasionally about the mosses at Wither-
slack and near Methop bank in late May " (G. Loxham).
Sesiid^.
Trochiliitm crabroniformis. — Common in the County Asylum grounds
on sallow trunks in late June and July. Occasionally at Heysham and
Hornby.
Ino statices. — Very local near Witherslack in late June and early
July.
Zygcena filipendula. — Local, but abundant near Grange in July.
CYMBIDiE.
Hylopldla prasinayia. — Not common ; Grimshaw Lane, County
Asylum grounds, near Quernmore, &c., end of May. I have bred
this species from Witherslack and Methop larvfe.
NOLID^.
Nola cucullatella. — Local ; Freeman's Wood, Lancaster, in July.
Arctiad^.
Nudaria mundana. — Not common, but generally distributed. Blea
Tarn, Quernmore, County Asylum grounds, &c., end of July.
Cybosia {Lithosia) mesornella. — " Uncommon near Scotforth and at
Witherslack in July" (G. Loxham).
Lithosia lurideola. — Common at Witherslack and Arnside in July.
L. sericea. — Local at Witherslack in mid- July.
Qinistis {Gnophria) quadra. — " Two examples attracted to light
near Lancaster, July, 1902 " (G. Loxham).
Hipocrita (Euchelia) jacob(B(B. — Abundant at Witherslack and
Methop, less so at Warton, in June.
Diacrisia [Nemeophila) russiila. — Fairly common near Quernmore
and Clougha, common on the Witherslack and Methop Mosses in July.
Parasemia [N.) plantaginis. — Common at Witherslack, near Quern-
more, and Clougha in July and early August.
Arctia caia. — Common everywhere in July.
A. villica. — " Rare. Two specimens were taken in Ridge Lane,
near Lancaster, in June, a few years ago " (G. Loxham).
Phragmatohia (Spilosoyna) fidiginosa. — Rare at Heysham ; common
near Clougha and Methop bank, end of June.
Spilosomamendica. — Common; Freeman's Wood, Lancaster (gene-
rally), Quernmore, &c., in June.
ENTOM. — MARCH, 1905. H
90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
S. lubricipeda. — Common everywhere in June.
8. vienthastri. — Plentiful in June, and generally distributed.
S. urticcB. — Very local. " I have only taken this species near
Oakcliffe Hall in June " (G. Loxham).
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Pupation of Cataclysta lemnata. — The larva noted (ante, p. 5) as
alive in November was brought into a warm room, fed up rapidly, and
made a case nearly an inch long. When it made its cocoon (about
January 25th) it much shortened this, and made it broader, by what
engineering expedients I do not know, nor how it made a further
important improvement. The larval case was very shabby, being
covered with leaves of Lemna, mostly dead and discoloured. The
cocoon (15 mm. long and 10 wide) is now covered by bright fresh
leaves of the duckweed, so far as regards the portion above water, and,
except that it is convex and prominent, it now looks just like the weed
growing around it. — T. A. Chapman ; Betula, Eeigate, Feb. 4th, 1905.
The Time of Appearance of Lepidoptera in connection with
Season and Latitude. — The question of the time of appearance of
Limenitis sibylla, raised by the notes of Messrs. Gurney (Entom. xxxvii.
324) and Bentall {ibid, xxxviii. 62), is one of wider interest than may
appear from the case of a single species. The whole subject of the
time of appearance of species in connection with the two factors of
season and latitude requires collating and discussing. I regret that I
have no time to do this myself, but I beg to communicate two personal
observations as a contribution to the discussion. Some years ago I
spent a few weeks at the little village of Framzelle, near Cape Gris
Nez. Early in October, when the weather had become cold, and Lepi-
doptera had nearly all disappeared, the only butterfly found along tlie
coast was Aifjynnis lathona, which species was fairly common. On
those rare occasions when this butterfly is taken in this country, it is,
if I remember the records accurately, always taken some weeks earlier.
Again, this last autumn (1904), I was at Ballater, in Scotland. On
Sept. 21st, in the course of an evening walk by the banks of the Dee, I
saw and captured Chesias spartiata, which was flying in profusion over
the broom on a clear, cold, moonlight night. The flight lasted for about
twenty minutes. This date struck me as being very early for Scotland.
E. Meldola ; 6, Brunswick Square, W.C, Feb. 1st, 1905.
Gynandrous Specimen of Cyaniris (Lyc^na) argiolus. — During a
fortnight's holiday in South Devon I paid a visit to Torquay on Aug.
8th, 1904, and was rewarded by the capture of a freshly-emerged
gynandrous specimen of Lycana argiolus. I had just previously taken
a fine male Lasiocampa [Bombyx) quercus, one male L. argiolus, and
seven specimens of Macroglossa stcUatarum, and had seen Colias edusa,
when, as we were returning to the harbour from the bathing-cove, my
wife called my attention to a holly blue, which settled in the middle of
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 91
the road, and fell an easy victim to my net. When boxed, the insect
elevated its wings over its back, and its true character was not then
recognized. On our return to the boarding-house it was transferred to
the killing-bottle, when it closed its wings round its body and revealed
the fact that the right pair of wings were those of the male, and the
left pair those of the female. The markings on the under side are
quite normal. The abdomen appears to possess the characters of the
female. The specimen is 1^ in. in expanse. There was no oppor-
tunity of establishing evidence of the theory that these freaks occur in
pairs, for the fellow one did not cross my path. I have collected for
twenty-one years without having met with a gynaudrous specimen, and
this capture was in consequence especially pleasing to me. The
weather that day was all that could be desired, the sun shining bril-
liantly in a cloudless sky, and the heat was intense. — 0. Granville
Clutterbuck ; Heathside, Heathville Koad, Gloucester.
Notes on Odonata. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten sends the following
interesting notes on dragonflies in 1905 : — Sympetrum striolatum and
Mschna mixta, South Devon, common, Aug. 19th to 30th ; ^35. cyanea
and M. grandis, Enfield, August ; Erythromma naias, Enfield, several,
June 10th ; Pynhosoma nymplmla, Enfield and Epping Forest, June ;
Ischnura elegans, Enfield and Epping Forest, June, July, and August ;
Agrion pulchelliim, Enfield, June; A. puella and Enallagma cyathi-
gertim, Enfield, June, July, and August. He also received from the
Norfolk Broads, S. striolatum and Lestes sponsa, Aug. 25th, Sept. 5th.
On one occasion Mr. Edelsten was able to watch a female E. cyathi-
gerum ovipositing. It descended below the surface and remained
under water for nearly fifteen minutes. When it came up again it
flew off and was at once seized by a male, per collum. — W. J. Lucas ;
Kingston-on-Thames.
CAPTUKES AND FIELD EEPOETS.
Vanessa antiopa in Surrey. — I have a rather damaged specimen
of the " Camberwell Beauty " butterfly, which was captured on August
29th, 1904, at Raynes Park.— W. Smith ; 46, Durham Road, Cotten-
ham Park, Wimbledon, Jan. 3rd, 1905.
Lyc/ena bcetica in Cornwall. — I have much pleasure in recording
the capture, near to Truro, of a female specimen of L. bcetica. It was
netted on August 2nd, 1904, by a young friend of mine, a schoolboy
collector, who so far has only a very small collection of the commoner
species of butterflies. He saw the insect in his garden hovering around
a veronica-bush, which it quickly left for a fuchsia-tree in bloom, and
from which he netted it. It was not until he boxed the insect that he
thought it to be anything unusual. He kept it alive for a day or two,
hoping to find me at home, but unfortunately I was away on my holi-
days. He therefore pinched the thorax in the old-fashioned way, and
set the insect, which is now in my collection. Both the wings ou the
right side are a little split at the edges, and the fringe worn ; otherwise
it is in good condition, the under side being beautifully marked and
92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
coloured. The tail-like appendages and antennae are complete, but by
the pinching of thorax to kill it only one leg remains. I am delighted,
however, to have the specimen. Can you inform me whether there are
any later records of the capture of this insect than those given in
Barrett's ' British Lepidoptera,' published in 1893 ? — W. A. Rollason;
The White House, Truro, Feb. 10th, 1905.
[In 1893 three specimens of L. bcctica were recorded in the ' Ento-
mologist ' for that year — a male on September 7th at Dartford ; one at
Hastings, also in September; and a specimen in Sussex, August 28th.
Two examples were reported as occurring in England in 1899. One
of these was recorded as taken at Tunbridge Wells on September 1st ;
the other was said to have been captured at Deal on September 16th
(Entom. xxxii. p. 281).— Ed.]
Unusual Dates. — The following dates may be worth recording : —
On Nov. 15th, 1901, a fine male specimen of Colias editsa-wa^s seen on
the wing; on Jan. 25th, 1905, one example of Cidaria psittacata
[siderata) was found at rest on a bank ; and on Feb. 3rd, 1905, a
specimen of Eumia In.teolata [crattTfjata] was seen in a similar position.
The latter is, I think, quite exceptional even for South Devon. — E. D.
Morgan; 8, Luscombe Terrace, Dawlish, Devon, Feb. 3rd, 1905.
[In the December number of the ' Entomologist ' for last year there
are two records of C. edxisa having been observed in November.
C. psittacata hybernates in the imago state. February is certainly an
unusual date for it. luteolata. — Ed.]
Leucoph/ea surinamensis Linn, in Essex. — This pretty cockroach
has occurred abundantly in a tanpit adjoining the greenhouses of a
private garden between Chelmsford and Bloomfield, and is doing con-
siderable harm to the pineapples, orchids, and other plants. In Mr.
Burr's ' British Orthoptera,' published in 1897, the occurrence of two
individuals at Bognor, Sussex, and one at Kew is mentioned, but Mr.
Burr states that "it hardly deserves to be called British until it is
proved that it actually breeds here." There is no doubt of its breed-
mg in the present locality, as it has been established for several years,
and the specimens brought to me are of every age and size, from
recently hatched young to mature insects. The gardener who sub-
mitted the specimens to me does not know how they came, but in the
past few years numerous tropical plants have been brought into the
garden, and the cockroaches may have been brought with one of them.
I have sent specimens to the British Museum Collection, and my
naming has been confirmed there. — E. Charles Horrell ; County
Laboratories, Chelmsford, Essex.
Since writing the above, I hear from Mr. W. H. Harwood, of Col-
chester, that about thirty specimens have recently been found near
Liverpool and Manchester. — E. C. H.
A FEW Captures from North Cornwall in 1903. — The following
insects, taken during July and August, may be worth noting : — Aiyi/nnis
aglaia, abundant and in grand condition ; Leiccophasia si7ia2Jis, includ-
ing one of the pale variety ; Hesperia linea, abundant ; Melanarfjia
galatea, Hahrosyne deiasa, Cymatophora duplari$, Ernmelesia alchemillata,
Triphana interjecta, Uylophila quercana {bicolorana), Hypsipetes ehitata
CAPTUEBS AND FIELD REPORTS. 93
beautiful vars. ; Epione apiciaria, common ; Xoctua baia ; and a grand
specimen of Cidaria truncata var. comma-notata, of the colouring de-
scribed by " Newman." — W. A. Rollason ; The White House, Truro,
Cornwall.
Notes on Coleoptera in South-west Surrey. — Claviger foveolatus,
Miill. In the nests of Formica Jiava under stones on the " Hog's
Back." — Chrysomela polita, L. Occurred only once in the interior of
a fallen tree on Peasmarsh. — Oncomera femorata, F. Abundant in the
vicinity of Shackleford, on ^■Eijopodiicm podai/raria. — Leistus spinibarbis,
F. Under refuse in a wood near Puttenham. — Carahus intricatus, L.
Fairly plentiful during the summer months. — Pterostichus nvjrita, F.,
P. strenuHs, Daws. Widely distributed, but few specimens taken. —
Notiophilus palastris, Duft. Occurred once or twice on Peasmarsh. —
Geotrupes si/lvaticus, Panz. One specimen taken in a copse near
Compton. — Clytus arietis, L. On roses at Godalming. — Melo'e pro-
scarabmis, L., M. violaceus, Marsh. Occurred frequently on grassy
banks. — Zabrus gibbus, F. Was taken only once in a field of stauding
corn at Shackleford. — Anobium pertinax, L. Plentiful in old willows
on the banks of the Wey. — Toxotus vieridianus, L. One specimen
only crawling on a road. — Bolitobius atricapillus, F. Abundant in
fungi. — Callistus lunatas, F. Under stones on the " Hog's Back." —
Apio7i pomoncB, F. Abundant. — Silpha rugosa, L., .S'. atrata, L.
Plentiful on dead animals.
I also did a little collecting among the water-beetles during the
first fortnight in July. From Cuttmill ponds I obtained Pelobiiis
tardus, Herbst ; Agabiis bipiistulatus, L. ; Acilius sulcatus, L. ; llgbius
ftdiginosus, F. ; Gyrinus natator, Scop. ; Cercyon Jiavipes, F. ; Dytiscus
marginalis, L. ; Haliplus obliquus, F. ; Hyphydrus ovatus, L. And
from Losely, Hydroporus pahtstris, L. ; Splmridium bipustidatum, F. —
J. A. Croft ; Charterhouse, Godalming, Surrey.
Collecting in West Cornwall during 1903-1904. — Omitting cap-
tures of the commoner species, the following may be interesting to
record : —
1903. Truro District. — June : Lycana argas (cegoii), Acidalia s^cb-
sericeata, Eujnthecia plumbeolata. July : Habrosyne derasa, Thyatira
hatis, Acidalia bisetata, Cymatophora diiplaris, Bapta [Corycia) temerata,
Melanippe galiata.
Newquay District. — July: Lycana argus (fairly abundant), L.
antrarche (inedon).
Falmouth District. — July: Melanippe galiata. August: Colias
edusa (scarce), Vanessa cardui (fairly common), Epinearonia [yeuronia)
popiilaris, Noctua rubi, Melanippe galiata, Agrotis sutf'usa, A. puta, A.
obelisca, Triphcena interjecta, Noctua c-nigrum, Axylia putris, Miana
literosa. September : Eupithecia centaureata, Heiiothis armigera, Cara-
drina blatida, Aporophyla aastralis, Polia Jiavicincta.
1904. Truro District. — May : Rusina tenebrosa. June : Heliodes
arbati, Emmelesia alcheinillata, Melanippe galiata, /Etliia [Zunclognatha)
tarsipennalis, Anticlea rubidata (common), Fiusira tenebrosa, Eupithecia
exiguata, E. castigata, Cymatophora daplaris, Acidalia subsericeata. July :
Eupithecia tenuiata (from larvae taken in sallow-catkins in April),
94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Metrocmnjm margaritaria, Ligdia adustata, Eupithecia rectangulala , Mela-
nipiM unangulata, Anticlea siniiata. August : Acidalia promutata,
Xanthia silago (from larvte taken in sallow-catkins in April). Septem-
ber : Xijlina rhizolitha, Colias edusa (2), Orthosia lota (from larvse taken
in sallow-catkins in April), Polia jiavicincta.
St. Austell District. — June: Erastria fuscida, Tephrosia pmictu-
laria. July : Emmelesia cdchemiUata, Melanippe unangulata, M. rivata,
Anticlea rubidata, Erastria fuscula.
Falmouth District. — June : Anticlea rubidata, Emmelesia ajfinitata,
Bapta [Corycia) temerata, Anticlea sinnata. July: Agrotis lunigera,
Chora glabraria, Emmelesia ajinitata, Enpithecia rectangulata. August :
Lasiocampa {^Bombyx) quercus, Pyrameis [Vanessa) cardui (numerous).
This month were taken also larvfe of Bapta temerata, and in July
larvae of Emmelesia affmitata, Dianthcccia capsophila, Eupnthecia venosata,
Macroglossa stellatarnvi , and Pier is napi.
I should be glad to know if Cleora glabraria and Anticlea sinnata
have been previously recorded from Cornwall. — W. A. Rollason ;
The White House, Truro, Cornwall.
[Anticlea cucullata (sinnata) has ouce been recorded from Cornwall.
Cleora glabraria is known to occur in Devonshire, but, so far as we are
aware, it has not been reported before from Cornwall. — Ed,]
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — February 1st, 1905. — Mr. F.
Merrifield, President, in the chair. — The President announced that he
had appointed Dr. Thomas Algernon Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. ; Dr.
Frederick Augustus Dixey, M.A., M.D. ; and Professor Edward B.
Poulton, D.Sc, F.R.S., as Vice-Presidents for the Session 1905-6. —
Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited specimens of Oligota grayiaria
found in a granary in Holboru, the only other localities reported
hitherto being Shoe Lane and Scarborough, — Mr. W, J. Kaye, a speci-
men of the Erycinid butterfly, Mesosemia eumene, pinned in its natural
position of rest to show its resemblance to the head of a small
mammal, such as a mouse, — Dr. T. A. Chapman, a variety of the
female of Lycmna melanops. As a mere aberration it was interesting,
but it was of value as showing that the position in the genus for long
accorded to the species, whether by accident or design, close to the
Arion-Enphemus group, was correct. The considerable extension of
the blue in this specimen showed up certain black spots on the upper
surface of both upper and lower wings, strictly similar to these
characteristics of the Arion-Euphemus group. He had named the
variety, which seemed to be undescribed, var, icheeleri, in recognition
of the work done by the Rev, George "Wheeler among alpine butter-
flies.— Mr, F, Enock, a living female H. defoliaria, taken as late as
February 1st, at rest on north side of oak-tree, and another female
taken January 28th in the same wood at Bexley. He also exhibited,
on behalf of Mr, Leonard Newman, of Bexley, two fine hybrids bred
from a male Notodonta ziczac and a female ^Y, dromcdarius, the colour
being that of dromedarius while the markings were those of ziczac. —
SOCIETIES. 95
Mr. 0. E. Janson, a living specimen of Acridium agyptium, L., found
in a cauliflower in Bloomsbury, and probably imported from Italy. —
Mr. G. 0. Champion, two specimens of Malachius barnevillei, Puton,
captured by Mr. Thouless at Hunstanton, Norfolk, in June, 1899, a
recent addition to the British List. — Mr. H. W. Andrews, male and
female examples of Macldmus rnsticus, Mg., a rare Asilid, taken in cop.
at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, on August 13th, 1903.— Mr. W. J. Lucas,
a female specimen of Panorpa cognata taken at Byfleet Canal on August
23rd, 1904. The species occurs at Folkestone, and is said to be found
in the New Forest. For comparison he also exhibited female specimens
of P. communis and P. germanica. — The following papers were read ; —
" A Kevisiou of the Genus Criocephalus, with Notes on the Habits of
Asemum striatum &ud Criocephalus fenis," by Dr. D. Sharp, M.A., F.R.S.,
and J. Gilbert Smith, Mr. Smith exhibiting specimens. — "Another
Entomological Excursion to Spain " (with descriptions of two new
species of Hemiptera by Dr. 0. M. Renter), by Dr. T. A. Chapman,
M.D., and G. C. Champion, F.Z.S.— " On the Matrivorous Habit of
Heterogynis," and " On the Pupal Suspension of Thais," by Dr. T. A.
Chapman, the author exhibiting examples of Heterogynis from nume-
rous localities. — "Notes on New Zealand Lepidoptera," by E. Meyrick,
B.A., F.Pi.S. — H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., Hon. Secretary.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
January\2th,1^05. — Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. —
The President referred to the death of Mr. C. G. Barrett, who had been
a former President of the Society, and it was unanimously agreed to
send a letter of condolence to Mrs. Barrett and family. — Mr. Main
exhibited Panorpa communis and P. germanica from Folkestone. — Mr.
Lucas, P. cognata, the rarest British scorpion-fly, and the other two
species for comparison, with a female of the latter taken during the
field-meeting at Byfleet on July 23rd. He also showed Chrysopa ven-
tralis, from the same locality. — Mr. Goulton, photographs of lepido-
pterous larvse. — Mr, Joy, varieties of Aphantopus [Ejnnephele) hyper-
antlius (1) with white ocelli on the upper side of the hind wing ; (2)
with the ocelli on the under side wholly or partially reduced to mere
dots = var. arete; and (3) with elongate ocelli on the under side =ab.
lanceolata. — Mr. R. Adkin gave an account of the Annual Meeting of
the South-eastern Union of Scientific Societies, which he attended as
the Society's delegate. He also read the report of the field-meeting
held at Eynsford on June 25th, 1904. — Mr. Lucas read the report of
the field-meeting at Byfleet on July 23rd, and then showed a number
of lantern-slides illustrative of protective resemblance, kindly lent
him by Mr. Hamm, of the Hope Museum, Oxford. — Messrs. Dennis,
Clark, Lucas, Step, Tonge, and West also exhibited various slides.
January 26^A. — Mr. Sich, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Annual
General Meeting. — The first part of the meeting was devoted to the
business of receiving the Treasurer's balance-sheet and statement ; the
reading of the Council's report for the past year ; the announcement
of the Officers and Council elected for the ensuing year ; and the
reading of the retiring President's address. A satisfactory financial
condition was announced by the Treasurer, Mr. T. W. Hall, and the
Council's report showed that the work of the Society had been gener-
ally successful throughout the year, with an average attendance
96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
at the twenty-five meetings of over thirty. A list of the elected
Officers and Council: — President, Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.E.S. ; Vice-
Presidents, A. Sich, F.E.S., and E. Step, F.L.S. ; Treasurer, T. W.
Hall, F.E.S. ; Librarian, A. W. Dodds ; Curator, W. West (Green-
wich) ; Hon. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards, F.L.S. , F.E.S., and Hy.
J. Turner, F.E.S. ; Council, R. Adkin, F.E.S., F. Noad Clark, F. B.
Carr, A. Harrison, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.C.S., W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., H. A.
Sauze, and W. West (Streatham). — Ordinary Meeting: Mr. Hugh
Main, B.Sc, President, in the chair. — Dr. Chapman exhibited a living
specimen of Doritls apoUinus, bred from a pupa sent from Syria. — Mr.
Step, a further portion of the " Tugwell " herbarium. — Mr. Main
reported having seen Hijbdrma nipicapraria, PlwjuUa pedaria, Cheima-
tohia hrumata, H. maniinatia, and P. monodactylus in Epping Forest in
some numbers on Jan. 22nd. — Mr. Turner read a few notes on the
Entomology of Assiniboia, Canada, received from Mr. A. J. Croker. —
Hy. J. Turner, lion. Hep. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The first
ordinary meeting of the session was held in the Royal Institution,
Liverpool, on Monday, January 16th, 1905. — Mr. Wm. Webster,
M.R.S.A.I., in the chair. — The Rev. Chas. E. G. Kendall, B.A.,
Ripon Street, Preston, and Mr. Albert Wade, F.E.S., Frenchwood
Street, Preston, were elected members of the Society. — Donations to
the Library were reported by the Secretary from Messrs. H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe, F.Z.S. ; J. R. Charnley, F.Z.S., and H. B. Score,
F.R.G.S. — The chairman announced that the Council had decided
to hold a microscopical and lantern meeting in March, when it was
hoped that as many members as possible would contribute to make
the innovation a success. — This completing the business, a paper
was communicated by Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, F.R. Met. Soc, on the
" Orthoptera of Lancashire and Cheshire." — A paper was then read
by Mr. H. B. Score, F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S., on "Ants and their
Ways," which was copiously illustrated by lantern slides. In opening,
the lecturer treated interestingly and fully of the general external
anatomy of the ant, afterwards discoursing on the uses of the various
organs described, and shown on the screen. He then reviewed the
habits of some of the better-known insects, and enlarged on the
life-histories of such well-known species as the "Driver Ants"
[Anomma arceus) of West Africa, the "Grain Storing Ants" [Atta
barbaia), of Palestine, &c., the "Parasol Ants" {(Ecodoma cepha-
lotes), "Agricultural Ants" {Atta vialefaciens) , and others. Passing
to a consideration of Formica rufa, F. fusca, F. sangidnea, My r mica
riKjinodis, and other British species, he recapitulated what is known
regarding the habits and life-history of the various species, and
mentioned that he had for many months had under observation, in
a Lubbock formicarium, a nest of our common black house ant,
Lasius nl(jer. — On the motion of Dr. Cotton, seconded by Mr. Oulton
Harrison, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer. —
Amongst exhibits shown were a beautiful series of slides of larva? by
Mr. J. J. Richardson : Acronycta leporina, Anarta viyrtilli, Liparis
salicis, Fidonia atomaria, Ccenonympha davus, &c., by Dr. Cotton, and
Peiiplaneta americana and Leticophcea surinnmensis, from the Liverpool
Docks, by Mr. Sopp. — E. J. B. Sopp and W. B. Harrison, Hon. Sees.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII.]
APRIL, 1905.
[No. 503.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW BEETLES FROM
ANGOLA.
By E. a. Heath, M.D., F.L.S.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fam. CiciNDELiD^.
Ophryodeea DISTANT!, sp. n. (Fig. 1.)
Head, pronotum, and elytra piceous, varying in some specimens to
coppery brown ; elytra coarsely punctured with very pale ochraceous
irregular and indistinct marks from a little above the centre to the
apes, where they form an irregular submarginal band. The head,
face, pronotum, and pygidium are covered with brownish white hairs.
The antennae are piceous, except the first three joints, which are
purple ; the first joint is much thicker than the second, which is twice
ENTOM. — APRIL, 1905. I
98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
longer ; the third joint is half as long as the second. The body
beneath is shining black, except the pro- and mesonota, which are
green and coppery. On each side of the head, thorax, and abdomen
is a band of white hairs reaching to the pygidium. The femora are
bluish coppery black, and densely covered with white hairs ; the
tibiffi are bluish black, and slightly less hairy ; the posterior tibiae are
longer than the tarsi ; all the tarsi are purple, with white hairs at
the joints.
Var. a. — Elytra with only a few white spots.
Var. b. — Elytra spotless.
Var. c. — Elytra coppery brown.
Long. 12 lines, lat. 4 lines.
Hah. Angola.
Fam. Cerambycid^.
Prosopocera rothschildi, sp. n. (Fig. 2.)
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and elytra densely covered with short
pale brown pubescence ; the pronotum is slightly sculptured, and has
a very short tooth on each side, and a black puncture on the upper
side in a line with and near each tooth, and one just under the tooth,
the anterior and posterior margins are transversely striated ; the
scutellum is tongue-shaped ; the elytra are rather thickly covered with
black punctures, the humeral angles are slightly raised and produced
forward, the basal area is blackly tuberculate. The antennae in the
male are nearly three times as long as the body, and covered with a
fine silky lavender-coloured pubescence ; the basal joint is stoutest,
and half as long as the second joint ; all the remaining joints are of
the same length as the second, except the last joint, which is slightly
longer. The legs and tarsi are covered with pale lavender- coloured
pubescence. The body beneath is the same brown colour as the elytra.
Long. 15 lines, max. lat. 6 lines.
Hab. Angola.
NOTES ON SOME STEPHENSIAN TYPES OF TORTRI-
CINA IN THE NATIONAL COLLECTION.
By Eichard South.
Cnephasia sinuana, Stepb., and C. incanana, Steph.
For nearly a quarter of a century I have been under the im-
pression that I knew C. sinuana, Steph., but it was not until
quite recently that I became aware of the existence of C. in-
canana. The revelation came about when examining the Tortri-
cina in the Stephens collection in the Natural History Museum.
In working through the species of Cnephasia, I found three speci-
mens over the name sinuana ; each of these had one of the small
oval labels on the pins which distinguish veritable Stephensian
specimens from others which have been added since the collec-
tion went into the Museum. One of these specimens accurately
TYPES OF TORTRICINA IN THE NATIONAL COLLECTION. 99
agrees with the description of C. sinuana (111. iv. 128) ; the other
two were indicated as cinerana, Bent., a label bearing that name
being pinned in the drawer under the specimens. These last are
most certainly referable to C. chrysantlieana, Dup., but the type
of sinuana, if it is not an aberrant form of C. clirysantlieana, is
most distinctly not the sinuana of Wilkinson and all later authors.
In the same drawer was a series of a Cnephasia over the name
incanana, Steph. ("The Scotch Gray T."). The description of
this species was found in the appendix to Stephens's * Catalogue
of British Micro-Lepidoptera,'* p. 101. The species is also in-
cluded as Cnephasia incanana, Steph. MSS., in the list itself
(p. 66, No. 12). There were twelve examples of this species
in the series, but only three of these were Stephensian, and,
although neither was so indicated, it was not difficult to fix on
the type.
After a close but unsuccessful search through all the available
literature to discover further reference to C. incanana, I com-
municated with Mr. Eustace Bankes on the subject, but he was
unable to refer me to any work wherein the species was men-
tioned. When he was in town lately, Mr. Bankes was good
enough to call at the Museum, and, when he had made a critical
examination of the types of sinuana and incanana, he expressed
himself satisfied that the latter was identical with the insect that
he and others have always considered to be sinuana, Steph.
With regard to the specimens standing as sinuana, he concurred
in the removal of the two labelled cinerana, Bent., to C. chry-
santlieana ; but he was rather dubious, I think, about referring
the type of sinuana to that species also.
I append a copy of the original description of C. incanana : —
" Alis anticis miereo-albidis, fascia basalt rotundata, secimda obliqua
media, margineque postico niyro-fuscis. (Exp. alar. 7-8 lin.)
"Head hoary; thorax and anterior wings pale ashy-white, or
hoary, with a few dusky scales ; near the base is a distinct deep
fuscous bar, rounded externally, and not reaching to the inner margin ;
on the costa towards the middle is a similarly coloured bar, extending
across the wing, but not to the anal angle ; this bar is well-defined
and bi-angulated on the basal edge, but on the hinder one it is gradu-
ally shaded off to the ground colour ; the hinder margin is also fuscous,
with a curved black transverse streak, reaching from the costa to
nearly the anal angle ; fringe ashy ; posterior wings and fringe pale
fuscous.
" Scotland: Perthshire."
It will be noted from the above that the subbasal bar is
described as rounded externally, whereas of sinuana the descrip-
tion runs : " with an incurved deep fuscous /asci'a near the base,
having a tooth zuithout." The italics are mine. Wood's fig. 1003
'■■'■ ' List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the
British Museum,' part X. Lepidoptera (continued). 1852.
I 2
100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
{ohsoletana in error) represents sinuaiia, Steph., whilst Wilkin-
son's figure of sinuana (Brit. Tort. pi. ii. fig. 6) is really that of
incanana, Steph.
Catoptria rufana, Steph., and C. expallidana, Haw.
In the Stephens collection were five specimens of a Catoptria
over the name expallidana, and in the same series a specimen
with the name rufana pinned under it. The latter, except in
the matter of colour, does not agree exactly with Stephens's
description of " Carpocapsa" rufana (111. iv. 124), as there are no
traces of the "very obscure somewhat ocellated silvery spot, with
two fulvescent lines in the middle." Wood's fig. 989 certainly
represents this particular specimen. Of the other specimens
referred to, two only are Stephensian, and neither of these can
be made to accord with Stephens's description (identical with
Haworth's) of Bactra expallidana, Haw., but they fit in very
closely with the C. expallidana of Wilkinson, Stainton, and
others, and in part with Stephens's description of rufana.
As pointed out to me by Mr. Bankes when he examined the
series, the specimen of rufana might be a reddish form of B.
lanceolana, Hiibn., and there is a somewhat similar example
from Stainton's collection in the Museum series of this species.
I am, however, not at all certain that the Stephens specimen is
referable to B. lanceolana. In bis Catalogue, previously men-
tioned, Stephens places rufana under '' Grapliolita" expallidana,
Haw., as a synonym, and he quotes Wood's fig. 989. Now, as I
have already stated, the specimen of rufana in Stephens's collec-
tion is without doubt the one figured by Wood, although it does
not tally in every detail with Stephens's description. It would
appear therefore that this description was made from more than
one individual. The fact of specimens with a lined ocellus (the
expallidana of Wilk. and Sta.) being in his series with rufana
strongly supports this view. But why did he afterwards merge
rufana in expallidana, Haw. ? Seeing that there is no mention
of an ocellus in the description of expallidana, Haw. and Steph.,
it would seem that both authors had a species before them
which was not identical with the expallidana of Wilkinson and
others, and in part with the rufana of Stephens. The descrip-
tion of expallidana, Haw., in 111. iv. 125, reads : " Pallida, lucida,
tincturd costam versus alarum anticarum icterici" ; and to this
Stephens adds : " Palpi long, and slightly curved over the back."
He further remarks : " Taken near Coombe Wood : probably not
strictly belonging to the genus [Bactra\ but my specimen is too
injured to determine." I have been unable to detect any speci-
men in the Stephensian collection that could be the one from
which the above was written.
101
NEW CULICIDiE FKOM THE WEST COAST
OF AFRICA.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
The new Culicidae described here were sent me by Mr. Austen,
of the British Museum, and were collected at Bihe, Angola,
Portuguese West Africa, by Dr. Creighton Wellman in 1904,
and at Sierra Leone by Major Smith, D.S.O., R.A.M.C.
The new Danielsia and ^iildimorphus are very marked and
beautiful species. The Pyretophorus was pointed out as being
distinct from P. costalis, Loew, by Mr. Austen, after whom I
have named the species. The Anojjlieles closely resembles A.
nigripes, Staeger, but is clearly distinct.
The types are deposited in the National Collection. The
strange genus Ileptaphlehomyia is more fully described than in
my Monograph, as fresh material was included in the collection
from Angola.
Genus Anopheles, Meigen.
(Syst. Beschr. 1818, Meigen ; Mono. Culicid. iii. p. 17,
Theobald .)
Anopheles smithii, n. sp.
Head black, with a patch of frosty grey scales in front; proboscis
black ; palpi black, with three narrow pale bands, apex black. An-
tennae with outstanding scales as well as hairs on the second segment,
giving a tufted appearance. Thorax frosty grey in the middle, deep
brown at the sides, and with a median dark line and brown hair-like
scales. Abdomen black, with dull golden hairs. Legs black, un-
banded. Wings unspotted, the veins clothed with dense dark brown
scales.
$ . Head black, with a patch of frosty grey upright forked scales
in front, dense black upright forked scales behind, over which shows a
prominent tuft of large grey narrow-curved scales projecting forwards
from the thorax ; several thick black bristles project forwards between
the eyes ; proboscis and clypeus black, the former thin ; palpi as long
as the proboscis, thin, scaly, black, with three pale bauds, the apical
segment black. Antennse black, the second segment with a small
dense tuft of hairs on the inner side as well as the normal longer black
ones. Thorax frosty grey in the middle, showing a median dark line
and a pale yellowish brown one on each side of it in front, more or less
tessellated behind, and with many small black specks, the sides deep
brown, the pale frosty area contracted in front, thus widening the dark
brown lateral areas ; hairs or hair-like scales of thorax brown ; scu-
tellum and metanotum deep brown, posterior border-bristles of the
former black. Abdomen black, with deep brown hairs. Legs long
and thin, deep brown ; ungues equal and simple, thin, rather long.
Wings clothed with dense rather stumpy lanceolate scales, uniformly
dark brown ; the first submarginal cell considerably longer and nar-
rower than the second posterior cell, its base nearer the base of the
102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
wing than that of the latter, gradually becoming acute at the base, its
stem about two-thirds the length of the cell ; stem of the second pos-
terior cell longer than the cell ; supernumerary and mid cross-veins
close together, the mid a little behind the supernumerary posterior
cross-vein about its own length distant behind the mid. Length,
3*5 to 4 mm.
Habitat. Sierra Leone (800 ft.) (Major Smith).
Observations. — Described from several females collected by
Major Smith. It is a very dark species, coming near A. nigripes,
Staeger, but can be told at once by the denser wing-scales and
banded palpi. The structure of the second antenna! segment is
very marked ; the scales are rather long and outstanding, giving
a tuft-like appearance.
Genus Pyretophorus, Blanchard.
(Comp. Eend. Soc. d. Biol. p. 795 (1902) ; Mono. Culicid. iii.
p. 66, 1902, Theobald.)
Pyretophorus austenii, n. sp.
Head black, with grey scales in front ; proboscis black, with two
broad snowy white bands, the last forming a white apex to the palpi,
and a third very narrow white band. Thorax brown, clothed with
silvery grey scales ; also the scutellum. Abdomen black, with golden
hair. Legs black, with apical white tips. Wings with black and
white patches of scales, costa with two small white spots and traces of
a minute third spot towards the base ; most of the veins pale-scaled,
but prominent black spots at base of the second posterior cell and apex
of lower branch of fifth long vein.
2 . Head black, with upright snowy white forked scales in front,
black ones behind ; proboscis black ; palpi black-scaled, densely at the
base, with two broad white bands towards the apex, one forming the
apex of the palpi, and a third small one towards the basal half.
Antenna? black, with grey pubescence. Thorax black, with scattered
broad curved snowy white scales ; also the scutellum. Abdomen
black, densely clothed with golden hairs ; the two lobes with black
scales. Legs black, the apices of all the segments, except the last in
the fore and mid legs, with a narrow white band ; in the hind legs all
the segments are banded ; ungues equal and simple, rather long.
Wings with rather dense Pyretophorus-like scales ; the costa with
three white spots, the apical one large, the second smaller, and the
third very small ; all three spread fairly evenly on to the first long
vein, which has in addition a small white spot between the two apical
costal ones, and another near the third spot, its base mostly white. On
the base of the costa is another small white spot not reaching the top
of the costa ; the branches of the third long vein are black at the tips
and bases near the fork, and there is another black patch near its base ;
the third long vein pale, except for a black spot near the apex, and two
near the base ; the fifth has two black spots 7iear the apices of its
branches, a large black-scaled area in front of and including the base
of the fork and its stem near the fork, rest of the vein pale-scaled ;
the sixth has three black spots, the median one the largest ; wing-
NEW CULICID^ FROM THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 103
fringe with a pale area at the junction of all the veins. First sub-
marginal cell considerably longer and a little narrower than the
second posterior cell, its base nearer the base of the wing, its stem
about one-fourth the length of the cell ; stem of the second posterior
cell rather more than two-thirds the length of the cell ; supernumerary
cross-vein a little behind the mid, the posterior about its own length
distant behind the mid ; posterior border-scales of the fringe long,
narrow, and curved. Length, 5 mm.
Habitat. Bihe, Angola (Dr. Creighton Wellman).
Observations. — Described from a single perfect female. The
chief characters are in the thoracic squamose structures and
marked wing ornamentation.
Genus Danielsia, Theobald.
(The 'Entomologist,' p. 78, March, 1904.)
Danielsia wellmanii, n. sp.
Head creamy white, with two median black spots. Palpi and
proboscis brown. Thorax deep brown, with a broad creamy area on
each side, expanding in front, and passing around the front of the
mesonotum, and with a short creamy median line arising from the pale
anterior area ; numerous golden brown bristles posteriorly. Abdomen
black, with basal white lateral spots on basal segments, becoming
median on the apical ones. Legs deep brown, front pair unhanded,
mid and hind with a broad basal pale band to the metatarsi and first
tarsal segments.
? . Head deep brown, with rather loosely applied flat creamy
scales, with two large patches of flat dark scales above, and with
creamy narrow-curved scales behind. Clypeus and proboscis black ;
palpi rather long, black ; antennre black, with indistinct narrow grey
bands. Thorax black, clothed with narrow-curved bronzy-brown
scales, with a broad creamy scaled area ou each side, which expands
anteriorly, and which meets around the front, and sends a narrow
short median line of creamy scales into the brown area ; a few pale
scales in front of the scutellum and numerous golden brown bristles
over the roots of the wings ; prothoracic lobes with small flat creamy
scales ; scutellum with rather broad narrow-curved scales, narrowest on
the lateral lobes ; border-bristles bright golden brown ; mesonotum
black ; pleura with white puncta. Abdomen black, with deep violet
reflections ; the basal segments with basal white lateral spots, which
become median on the last two or three segments, the latter having a
few white scales extending on to the dorsum and in the middle, but
not forming bands ; border-bristles small, pale golden. Venter with
basal wiiite bands. Legs deep blackish brown, the front pair with
only a faint trace of a pale band at the base of the metatarsus ; the
mid and hind with a broad white basal band to the metatarsi and first
tarsus ; venter of base of fore and mid femora white ; base of hind
femora white, and white knee-spot. Ungues uniserrated, the tooth
long. Wings with the first submarginal longer and narrower than
the second posterior cell, its stem nearly two-thirds the length of the
cell ; stem of the second posterior as long as the cell ; posterior cross-
104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
vein about twice its own length distant from the mid ; lateral vein-
scales long and straight. Halteres creamy. Length, 4*0 mm.
Habitat. Bihe, Angola.
Ohservations. — Described from a perfect female. It is a very
distinct species, easily told by the thoracic and abdominal orna-
mentation and leg-banding. It clearly comes in the genus
Danielsia, but the scutellar scales are rather broader than in
the type {D. alholineata).
(To be continued.)
PEEOCCUPIED NAMES IN COLEOPTERA.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
Theee is urgent need for someone to go over the generic
names used for Coleoptera, and sift out the homonyms. For
some reason coleopterists seem extraordinarily careless about
homonymy, and it is evident that some of them, while proposing
numerous new generic names, never take the trouble to consult
the indices of Scudder or Waterhouse. Alexia, Steph., 1835, is
the name still in use for a genus of Endomychidae, but it is
invalid because of the molluscan Alexia, Leach, 1818.* Fair-
maire still uses the name Anodon, proposed in the seventies, for
a Dynastine beetle, but Oken used Anodon in Mollusca in 1815.
The Dynastine genus may take the name Paranodon, n. n.
Coryplius, Cski, 1902, for an Endomychid genus, would be con-
sidered by many a homonym of Corypha (Gray, 1840 ; Walker,
1860), but I think it may be allowed to stand. t Weise, in 1902,
proposed Stenella and Spilonota as the names of two Chrysomelid
genera, but both names are invalid (Gray, 1870; Stephens, in
Lepidoptera). Stenella may be changed to Stenellina, n. n.,
type Stenellina marginata (Weise), and Spilonota may become
Spilonotclla, n. n., type Spilo)iotella sagax {Spilonota sagax,
Weise). The original descriptions are in Arch. Naturg. vol. 68,
pp. 145 and 151. In the same paper, Weise proposes a genus
Sphond>/lia, which many would consider too like Sphondyla (Illi-
ger, 1805).
='• Since writing the above I have found that, according to Mr. B. B.
Woodward (Journ. of Conch. 1903, p. 361), the date given for the molluscan
Alexia in the 'Nomenclator Zoologicus ' is wrong; that is, it is the date of
Leach's manuscript, which was not actually published until 1847. Hence
the coleopterous name stands, and it is the familiar molluscan Alexia which
has to go.
f It may be added that the arachnid genus-name Cory])h(eus, Cam-
bridge, 1895, is a homonym of Coryphceus, Gistl, 1848.
105
NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA (ACULEATA, ICH-
NEUMONID^, AND BPtACONIDiE) FROM INDIA.
By p. Cameron.
(Concluded from p. 86.)
Spilichneumon coxalis, sp, nov.
Niger ; facie, clypeo, mandibulis, linea prouoti, mesosterno, scu-
telloque flavis ; abdominis medio late rufo ; apice petioli flava : pedi-
bus rufis, coxis posticis, apice tibiarum posticarum tarsisque posticis
nigris. $ . Long. 10 mm.
Hah. Simla (Nurse).
Antennfe black ; the under side of the scape yellow, of the flagellum
brownish ; they are hardly longer than the body, and taper perceptibly
towards the apex, where they are serrate. Head black ; the face,
clypeus, mandibles, the inner orbits to the occiput narrowly, and the
outer from near the top broadly, yellow. Face and clypeus closely,
uniformly, and distinctly punctured ; the front and vertex are more
closely punctured. Mandibles yellow, their teeth black, the part
behind them rufous ; palpi pale yellow. Thorax black, shining ; the
edge of the prouotum, the scutellum, the apex of the post-scutellum,
the tegular, and the tubercles pale yellow. Mesouotum closely and
uniformly punctured, the scutellum flat and less closely punctured.
Post-scutellum smooth ; its sides at the base largely depressed. Median
segment closely and distinctly punctured, the base and the areola
smooth and shining ; the apical slope is thickly covered with white
hair ; the areola is twice longer than wide ; the basal keel is flat, wide,
and broken in the middle ; the apex is transverse ; the inner side is
bordered by a wide furrow ; in the centre of the apex is a small
triangular projection ; the surface is finely shagreened. Pleura?
closely punctuied ; the apex of tlie pro- irregularly striated. Wings
clear hyaline, the stigma and nervures black. The four anterior legs
are reddish fulvous ; the coxte and trochanters pale yellow, the hinder
coxffi black, their apex yellow all round, the basal joint of the trochan-
ters black, as is also the apex of the hinder femora narrowly, the
apical two-thirds of the tibiae, and the tarsi entirely ; the calcaria pale
yellow. Petiole black ; the apex with a yellow band, which is narrowed
in the middle ; the second, third, and basal half of the fourth segment
rufous ; the rufous band on tLe fourth extends to the apex ; there is a
narrow yellow band on the apex of the fifth, a large one on the apex of
the sixth, and the seventh segment is entirely yellow. The segments
and the post-petiole are thickly covered with short white pubescence,
and closely punctured ; the gastrocceli are small, deep, and smooth.
Cratichneumon erythrozonus, sp. nov.
Niger ; abdomine late femoribusque posticis rufis ; alis hyalinis,
nervis stigmateque nigris. eT • Long. 11 mm.
Hah. Simla (Nurse).
Antennae as long as the body ; the flagellum brownish beneath.
106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Head black, the inner orbits from the middle to shortly below the eyes
lemon-yellow, the band becoming wider below ; the face and clypeus,
except at the apex, closely and rather strongly punctured, and thickly
covered with white pubescence ; the apex of the clypeus is slightly
obliquely depressed and impunctate ; the front and vertex are closely
and distinctly punctured. Mandibles black, dark rufous near the
apex ; the palpi fuscous. Thorax entirely black, and thickly covered
with shorn white pubescence ; the scutellum is less closely punctured ;
the basal half of the post- scutellum is smooth, the apical closely punc-
tured. The base of the median segment is closely and somewhat
strongly punctured ; the sides of the arese are irregularly striated.
Pleurfe uniformly and distinctly punctured. Mesosternum thickly
covered with white pubescence. The four anterior tibiae in front and
the anterior femora above in front are pale testaceous ; the hinder
femora, except at the apex, are bright red ; the calcaria are black.
Wings clear hyaline, the nervures and stigma black ; the stigma
fuscous on the lower side ; the disco-cubital nervure is largely buUated
in front of the stump of a nervure ; the recurrent nervure bullated
above and below the stump. Petiole closely punctured ; the middle of
the post-petiole smooth ; the sides sparsely punctured ; the other
segments are closely punctured and thickly covered with short white
pubescence ; the gastrocceli are shallow and stoutly striated at the
iDase ; the apex deep, wide, and aciculated.
Anomalon apicate, sp. nov.
Nigrum ; abdomine rufo, apice nigro ; facie, clypeo, scutello, post-
scutelloque flavis ; pedibus anterioribus fiavis, posticis rufis ; alis hya-
linis, stigmate fusco, nervis nigris. <? . Long. 16 mm.
Hah. Simla (Nurse).
Antennte testaceous, the second and the greater part of the fourth
joints black. Head black, below the antennte pale yellow ; the vertex
closely punctured ; the front with eight irregular keels on the central
part, which is also closely transversely striated ; the face closely and
distinctly punctured, and thickly covered with white pubescence ; the
base of the clypeus closely punctured, the apex almost impunctate.
Mandibles pallid yellow, their teeth black ; the palpi pallid yellow.
Thorax black ; the scutellum, post-scutellum, and tegulfe yellow.
Mesonotum closely and rather strongly punctured, its centre at the base
raised ; the apex in the middle transversely irregularly striated. Scu-
tellum and post-scutellum coarsely punctured. Propleurje above
closely punctured ; the rest coarsely irregularly reticulated. Meso-
pleurffi above irregularly longitudinally striated ; below closely punc-
tured. The median segment at the base is closely rugosely irregularly
reticulated; the. lateral keels are roundly curved; the space behind
these is smooth ; the apex behind is narrowed into a distinct neck,
and is irregularly transversely striated. Metapleurre coarsely irregu-
larly reticulated. Legs rufous; the anterior pair paler, more yellowish
in tint ; the four front coxffi and trochanters pale yellow. Wings
hyaline, with a faint fulvous tinge at the base ; the stigma testaceous,
the nervures black. The second and third segments of the abdomen
are black above ; the apical two are entirely black.
NEW SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA FROM INDIA. 107
BRACONIDiE.
Iphiaulax elizeus, sp. nov.
Luteous ; the antenna, fronfc, vertex, the occiput, the upper half
of the outer orbits, and the apical abdominal segment black ; the face,
clypeus, and malar space, and upper half of the inner orbits, pale
yellow ; the wings to the transverse basal nervure and the basal half
of the stigma yellow ; beyond that dark fuscous ; the apex of the
hinder tibire broadly, aud the hinder tarsi black, <? and ? . Length 8,
terebra 2 mm.
Hab. Deesa (Nurse).
Head smooth and shining, the face sparsely covered with pale hair ;
mandibles pale rufous. Back of abdomen irregularly rugosely punc-
tured ; the sutures on the second, third, and fourth segments are wide
and stoutly striated ; en the sides of the fifth the furrow is wide,
closely and finely striated ; the furrows on the apex of the fifth and
sixth segments are narrow, distinct, and deep ; there is no keel or
distinct plate on the base of the second segment. The base of the first
cubital cellule is hyaline, broadly above and below ; the cloud on the
posterior wings commences opposite that on the anterior.
Iphiaulax smenus, sp. nov.
Eufous, the flagellum of the antenna} black ; the wings dark
fuscous, the first cubital cellule and a spot below it hyaline, the stigma
yellowish fulvous ; the mesonotum and scutellum sparsely but dis-
tinctly punctured ; the median segment closely and strongly punc-
tured. (? and 5 . Length 8-11 mm., ovipositor 13-16 mm.
Hab. Deesa (Nurse).
Vertex smooth ; the front with a deep furrow, its sides finely and
closely punctured ; the sides of the face somewhat strongly and
closely punctured. Clypeus almost smooth, except close to the apex.
Mandibles punctured and rufous at the base, the apex black. Parap-
sidal furrows distinct, narrow, deep, indistinctly crenulated. Median
segment thickly covered with white pubescence. Petiole coarsely
rugosely punctured, except in the centre at the apex ; the lateral
furrows with a few transverse keels ; the second, third, and fourth
segments are more closely rugosely punctured ; the transverse and
oblique furrows are closely striated ; the apices of the segments are
smooth ; the oblique furrows on the second segment are stoutly
striated, the hollow at their apex smooth. There is no plate or keel
on the base of the second segment. The basal four segments of the
abdomen are together as long as the head and thorax united.
Agrees in coloration (except that the hinder tibiae and tarsi
are not black) with I. imnjabenses, Cam., but that species has the
ovipositor only as long as the body, and the abdomen is shorter
and broader. The species varies considerably in size. The
male has (or may have) the apical segments of the abdomen
black.
108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A LIST OF THE " MACRO-LEPIDOPTEHA " OF
LANCASTER AND DISTRICT.
By C. H. Forsythe.
(Continued from p. 90.)
Hepialid^.
Hepialus hwnuli. — Abundant near Halton, County Asylum grounds,
Querumore, Grimshaw Lane, &c., in July.
H. si/lvanus. — Fairly common at Arnsicle and Witlierslack in July.
H. fusconchulosa [vellcda). — Plentiful in Grimshaw Lane, Ridge
Lane, Blea Tarn, Halton, &c., late June and July. The var. carnus
is fairly common.
11. lupulinus. — Abundant in Grimshaw Lane, near Halton, County
Asylum grounds, &c., in June.
H. hectus. — Very local near Quernmore in late June.
Lymantriad^.
Porthesia similis. — Common in July everywhere, especially at Blea
Tarn and near Freeman's Wood.
Dasi/chira pudihunda. — Local ; near Clougha. I beat the larvaB
from oak in this locality in 1902, and bred the imago the following
June. " Uncommon near Quernmore " (G. Loxham).
Oif/ijia antiqua. — Common on Cockerham Moss, about Arnside and
Witherslack, &c., in August.
Lasiocampid^.
Peecilocantpa popiili. — Fairly common some seasons, scarce in
others ; comes freely to the street lamps about Lancaster in October
and November.
Kriogaster lanestris. — Nests of the larvae are plentiful at Grange,
Warton, &c., in late June.
Macrothijlacia [Boiiibijx) riihi. — The larvae are common about
Witherslack, Methop, and Grange in August. In the wild state the
imago is uncommon.
Lasiocaiiipa (B.) qiicrcus. — Plentiful at Witherslack, less so at
Heysham, in mid-July. Var. callwuE occurs about Clougha and near
Quernmore,
Cosinotrlche {Odonestis) potatoria. — The larvae are often abundant
about Heysham in the spring ; the imago occurs in July.
Satueniad.e.
Saturnin pavonia. — Abundant on the mosses around Witherslack
and Methop ; less plentiful near Quernmore in late April and May.
Drepanid.e.
Drepana lacertinaria. — Fairly common at Methop and Witherslack
in June. I have bred this species from larvfe obtained in September
near Methop bank.
D. falcataria. — Fairly common at Methop and Witherslack in late
May and June.
MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF LANCASTER AND DISTRICT. 109
Cilix fflaacata. -Gomraon in Grimsbaw Lane, at Blea Tarn, &c,, in
June.
NOTODONTID^.
Cerura (Dicranura) furcula. — I have bred this species from Wither-
slack and Methop larvae obtained in September. The imago occurs in
June, on sallow tree-trunks, but is not common.
C. (D.) bifida. — Scarce. I have bred this species from Methop
larvje only, taken from aspen trees in September. " I have taken the
larvfe on aspen trees near Faraway Moss, Witherslack, occasionally"
(G. Loxham).
Dicranura vinula. — Fairly common and generally distributed in June.
Pterostoma palpina. — Uncommon. I have bred this species from
larvse beaten from sallow and birch near Methop bank in September.
Lophoptery.v camelina. — Occasionally in the County Asylum grounds
in July. The larvas are common on birch and oak on the mosses at
Cockerham, Methop, and Witherslack in September.
Pheosia [Notodonta) dictfm.—ljoca}, and not common. I have only
bred this species from Witherslack larvae, beaten in September from
sallow.
Xotodontadrowedorhis. — Not uncommon on the Witherslack, Methop
and Cockerham Mosses. The larvae occurs on birch in September.
I'halera bucephala. — Common everywhere in June. The larvae
occur in Grimshaw Lane, Kidge Lane, near Halton, &c., on oak, in
July and August.
Fiigara ciirtula. — Not common. I have bred this species from
larvfe taken near Methop Bank in September. The imago appears in
late April and May.
Cymatophorid^ .
Habrosyne (Thyatira) derasa. — Fairly common at sugar near
Bowerham Bottom, County Asylum grounds, Witherslack, Methop,
&c., in July.
Thyatira batis. — Fairly common at sugar in late June. County
Asylum grounds, Bowerham Bottom, Witherslack, &c.
Cywatophora diiplaru. — Local. I have bred this species from
Methop and Witherslack larvae beaten off birch in early September.
The imago appears in May and June.
N0CTUID.E.
Bryophila perla, — Common and well distributed on walls, July and
Augiist.
Demas coryli. — Comes to bagar at Arnside and Grange in May and
June.
Acronycta psi. — Fairly plentiful and generally distributed in June
and July,
A. leporina. — Local. I have only bred this species from larvae
taken off birch trees in the County Asylum grounds (Old Side) in
July and August. The imago appears in late May and June.
A. megacephala. — I brought a quantity of larvae from London last
year (1902). and have since found larvte feeding on poplar in the
County Asylum grounds. I have also bred it from larvae taken in
September near Methop bank, otherwise I should not have included it
in this list.
110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A. riwiicis. — Fairly common and generally distributed in late May
and June. The larvae are generally to be found in dyke sides, &c., on
rumex and various other low plants in August and September,
A. inenijantkidis. — Occurs near Methop, Clougha, &c., but is not
common, in June.
Craniophora [A.) Ivjustri. — Uncommon. I took three specimens in
mid-July in the County Asylum grounds. " I have taken it in Cor-
poration Wood, Quernmore " (G. Loxham).
Diloba ccBndeocephida. — Fairly common and generally distributed.
The imago in September and October, and the larva on the white-
thorn in June; Quernmore, Halton, Caton, Grimshaw Lane, and near
Clougha.
Leucania lithartjyria. — Fairly common at sugar. County Asylum
grounds, near Halton, Grimshaw Lane, &c., in June and early July.
L. comma. — Common at sugar and bloom ; generally distributed in
June.
L. impiira. — Abundant at sugar in July.
L. pollens. — Abundant everywhere at sugar in July and August.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
My attention has been called to a note on the type of the Linnean
genus Cime.v by Mr. Kirkaldy in the last number of the ' Entomo-
logist.' I dealt with the matter in ' Nature ' of March 17th, 1904,
and showed why C. lectidarius must be regarded as the type of the
Linnean genus, and I also pointed out that CUnocoris is a mere
synonym of Acanthia. To this note I would ask the attention of any-
one who takes any further interest in the matter. If Mr. Kirkaldy
would consult the 12th edition of Linnsus he would find why C. Icctu-
larius is classed with winged species under Cimex. — W. T. Blanford.
Breeding Dragonflies from the Egg. — In my note (Entom.
xxxvii. 285) recording dimorphism in the females of Ischnura elegans
and Enallagma cyathii/enim at Wicken, I mentioned that I had attempted
to get the females taken in copula to lay eggs, but without success. I
now find, however, that in one of the aquaria used in the attempt with
E. cyathigerum. there are a number of dragonfly nymphs about half an
inch in length. Before being used for the dragonflies the aquarium
bad been untouched for more than a year, and contained only small
Crustacea, &c. ; so that there can be no possibility of accidental intro-
duction of the nymphs. The dragonflies taken in copula were put in a
large muslin bag over the aquarium, and I saw the females feeling
about under the water with the tip of the abdomen, and occasionally
walking down the weeds till they were quite submerged, but at the
time I could find no eggs. I should be grateful if anyone experienced
in rearing dragonfly nymphs could tell me what is the best food to
supply them with when they grow larger. And I should like again to
point out that anyone interested in dragonflies who may succeed in
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Ill
rearing considerable numbers from known ])arents, of a species shewing
female dimorphism, will be able to render valuable service to science. —
L. DoNCASTER ; University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, Feb. 13th.
[If such small animals as water-fleas can be easily obtained, these
should be given. Otherwise decaying leaves, &c., from the bottom of
a pond or stream will always contain bloodworms and other small life
on which the nymphs will feed ; but care must be taken that no fresh
nymphs are introduced. The size of the nymphs of E. cyathigerum in
the present instance raises an interesting question. Clearly they will
not be full-grown and ready to emerge in May, yet they will probably
disclose imagines this year. It is pretty certain that in this species
emergences do take place late in the season ; still there do not appear
to be two broods annually. Possibly the eggs laid early in the season
produce early imagines in the next season, while the late ones produce
late imagines the next year. Are there two races, in fact ? Perhaps
Mr. Doncaster will be abb to settle the question. I have thought that
the late males of E. cyathigerum at the Black Pond, in Surrey, have
more pronounced markings than the early ones. — W. J. L.]
Western Smerinthids. — The whole Smerinthid fauna of the United
States numbers only about nine species. A few of these have spread
over a very large area, and have split up into more or less distinguishable
local races. Thus Smerinthus cerisyi, Kirby, and Pachysphivx modesta,
Harris, have their eastern and western forms, quite distinguishable,
but not very well to be separated specifically. The beautiful Cala-
sy)nbolus exccBcatus, Abbot and Smith, is common in the States east of
the plains, but has ajDparently not been reported further west.''' At
Pecos, New Mexico, July 22nd, 1903, 1 took a fine female of C. exca-
catns, with an expanse of 85 mm. It differs from the normal eastern
form in having the upper third of the outer margin of the anterior
wings more strongly dentate, and the colours of the wing in general
paler and yellower, with the upper two-thirds of the median field light
greyish ochre, leaving the dark central spot very conspicuous. Pro-
visionally, this form may be treated as a variety, pecosensis ; but, as
the pallid coloration is just what would be expected in a western race,
judging from other known cases, it is at least probable that the dis-
covex-y of other examples will enable us to recognize a subspecies or
idiomorph. On the other hand, it is very likely that a similar colora-
tion may occur here and there as an aberration among eastern
examples. — T. D. A. Cockerell ; Boulder, Colorado, Feb. 10th, 1905.
Leucophcea surinamensis, L., breeding in Britain. — With reference
to the interesting note by Mr. Horrell in your last issue {ante, p. 92), it
may be worth recalling that at the October (1901) meeting of the
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society in Liverpool, I ex-
hibited a series of this distinct little cockroach, in all stages of growth,
which had been captured amongst turfs at Fallowfield during 1903
and 1904, and kindly sent to me by Dr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., and
Mr. J. Ray Hardy, of the Manchester Museum. Cockroaches are at
* Except in the far north-west (British Columbia), where climatic con-
ditions are entirely different from those in New Mexico,
112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
all times difficult to rear in captivity, and I regret that I was unable
to keep the insects alive sufficiently long to learn much of their habits
and life-history. I hope Mr. Horrell may be more fortunate. — E. J. B.
Sopp ; Liverpool Road, Birkdale, March loth, 1905.
The Mason Collection. — A portion of this historical collection of
British Lepidoptera, accumulated by the late Philip Brookes Mason,
Esq., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c., of Burton-on-Trent, was dispersed at
Stevens's Auction Rooms on March 14th and 15th last. Besides the
extinct and rare species and numerous interesting aberrations that it
contained, there were types and other specimens from the collection of
Adrian Hardy Haworth, author of ' Lepidoptera Britannica,' and
editor of the first volume of ' Transactions of the Societas Entomo-
logica,' which was founded in London in the year 1806. Also some
types and examples of many species from other collections that were
formed in the early part of the last century.
The attendance was good, but perhaps not quite so numerous,
especially on the second day, as we have seen on other occasions when
notable collections have come under the hammer. The bidding for many
of the lots could hardly be described as competitive ; in fact, it was some-
times found necessary to combine two and even three lots before any
desire to make an ofter was evinced. The majority of the specimens
were on white pins, and without localities, &c. ; possibly, in these days
of black pins and full data, this may have somewhat influenced prices.
Altogether there were 538 lots pat up during the two days, and we
believe that tlie amount realized was somewhere about £550. In the
following notes only the most important details of the first day's sale
are referred to: —
Butterflies. — Pier Is daplidice, eleven specimens, averaged 11/-
each. The specimen mentioned in Newman's ' ]3ritish Butterflies ' as
having been reared from one of the eggs laid by a female captured near
Dover was sold for 16/-; a pair, one of which was a female captured
in the Isle of Wight in 1867, 30/- ; one example taken at Folkestone,
and another without data, 26/- ; three specimens (two from Sydenham),
27/6. There were sixteen examples of Colias ediisa var. helice ; these
averaged 2/6 apiece, and seemed to be not dear at the price. A speci-
men of Anjijnnis niobe (Canterbury), together with a long series each of
A. euphrosyne and A. selene, only made 8/-. Of A. latonia there were
no less than sixteen specimens, and these sold for four guineas, or at
the rate of 5/3 each. They were in four lots of three specimens, and
one lot of four specimens, tlie price per lot ranging from 14/- to 24/-.
Ten examples of Vanessa antiopa produced £9 8s. altogether. They
were put up singly, and the prices each were 26/- (3), 22/- (1), 18/-
(2), 16/- (1), 14/- (2), and 8/- (1). Several of these were ancient
examples from the Haworth and E. Shepherd collections, but those that
brought the highest price were two from Horning, Norfolk (1872), and
one taken by the late Mr, J. Sang at Darlington. An example of
Anosia (Danais) ple.vippus, L. {archippus, Fabr., erippus, Cr.), the com-
mon milk-weed butterfly of the United States. Apparently this species
had not been noted as migratory previous to 1870. However this may
be, its first visit to Britain seems to have been in 1876, and between
that year and 1896 several specimens have been recorded, chiefly from
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 113
places on the soufcbern and western coasts of England, and during the
years 1885-6. The earliest report was from Wales, and the latest
records (of specimens seen) were from Surrey and Hampshire. The
Mason specimen was formerly in the late Mr. Tug well's collection, and
at the sale thereof realized 35/- It now passes into the Tring Museum
at the enhanced price of £4 lOs. Lxjcmia arion, in good condition, were
not expensive. Three lots of males, seven and eight in a lot, sold at
7/- a time, while a series of seven females found a buyer at 12/-, and
six other females (one with large spots) went for 20/-. The three
dozen brought in a total of 53/-, and this gives an average of about
1/6 each all round, or, say, 10/- per dozen males, and 30/- per dozen
females. For three couples of L. semiargus [acts), the prices were
45/-, 60/-, and 70/- ; two lots of the same species, each comprising
three males, 40/- and 50/- ; three males, 35/- ; three males and two
females, with long series of L. viinima, 60/- ; three males, with a num-
ber of L. minima, some of the latter without spots on the under side,
32/6. Sixteen specimens of Chri/ soph anus dispar increased the total
for the first day's sale by £80 6s., which amount gives an average of
about £5 per specimen. The highest price was £8 for a fine female in
which the basal spots of the fore wings were united. The lowest bid
was 45/- for a female example that was not exactly in the best con-
dition. Two examples of C. virgaurea. and one of C. chryseis, from
Haworth's collection, together with nice series of Thecla iv-album and
T. pnmi (among the latter was one example without white lines on
under side), went for £3 10s. (Janson). These two " coppers " are not
now recognized as British species, but the specimens offered are of
historical interest.
Moths. — A dark specimen of Acherontia {Mandiiea) atropos, with
broad black outer margin, sold for two guineas, and an example of
Hyluicus [SpJunx] 2nnai:tri from Haworth's collection, together with a
specimen of the same species from Ji. Shepherd's collection, only made
12/-, whilst 18/- was given for another specimen that formerly be-
longed to Dr. Hewgill. Eight Deilephila eaphorbiiB obtained £8 12s.
One specimen labelled from " Mr. Raddon, Sept., 1848 ; larva found
near Bideford," ran the bidding up to 40/- ; three other Raddon speci-
mens sold for 16/-, 18/-, and 22/- each ; the specimen recorded by the
late Mr, W. P. Weston as taken by himself in a garden at South-
ampton in August, 1871, made 24/-; one from Mr. Spry's collection
brought in 36/-; and one from Haworth's collection, coupled with
D. hippophaes (Devonshire) only fetched 12/-. A specimen of Daphnis
nerii, taken in a street at Burton-on-Trent in 1888, found a purchaser
at 14/- ; another example from Dr. Hewgill, together with the type of
Phlegethontius quinqueiiiaculata, Haw., a North American species, was
bought for the Tring Museum at a cost of £6. Deilephila galii, of
which species there were twelve specimens, went for 2/6 apiece, while the
seven D. livornica ranged in price from 7/- to one guinea. Of Charo-
campa celerio nine specimens were ofi"ered, and these sold at from 8/-
to 20/- each, the total for the set being £5 14s. Among the Sesiada)
were some very desirable species, and for the possession of some of
these bidding was pretty brisk. Six examples of " vespiformis " were
disposed of at from 12/- to 20/- each. Sesia scolii/ormis and ^S'. sphegi-
BNTOM. — APRIL. 1905. K
114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
formis were put up in three assorted lots, thirteen or fourteen speci-
mens in each, and fetched 14/-, 24/-, and 26/- per lot. Five specimens
of S. andreniformia, lotted singly, produced j£8 8s. altogether, but the
price per lot varied greatly; one from E. Shepherd's collection only
made 8/- ; one from "Rev. A.Matthews" secured £4; two others
went for 10/- each ; and for one taken at Folkestone in 1878, 55/-
was obtained. There was a nice series of Zyiicena e.viilans, but the price
per specimen did not much exceed 1/-. Twenty-six Z. fiUpendula,
including two examples of the yellow form and other minor aberra-
tions, sold for 20/-. For a fine specimen of the rare " black " form of
this species, known as chri/santhemi, the bidding quickly ran up to ten
guineas (Janson). The type of Sarmthripas revayana var. stouamis,
Curtis, was sold for 27/6 (Janson), and the type rauiulanus, Curtis, a
form of the same species, made 20/-.
Aberrations. — A curious specimen of Euchloii cardamines, in which
the orange patch on left fore wing did not extend to the apex, was
bought by Mr. Sydney Webb for 30/-. Two females streaked with
orange on upper or under surface were sold for 18/- and 20/- respec-
tively, one going into the collection of Mr. J. A. Clark. A straw-
coloured variety of Annjnnis selme sold for 20/- (Janson), but another
interesting under-side aberration of the same species was obtained by
Mr. Earn for 4/- less. There were two fine " sports" of A. enphrosyne;
one of these, nearly black both above and below, was sold to Mr. Farn
for 37/6; the other, "extraordinary light var., almost spotless, with
cream-coloured margins," reached the handsome price of £8 (Tring
Museum). A pale straw-coloured var. of A. paphia, from E. Shepherd's
collection, sold for £2 (Janson), and a very dark, almost black, form of
A. aglaia went for 20/-. Two aberrations of Satynis semele, one tawny
and the other very pale, were not dear at 22/-. A specimen of Kpine-
phele ianira ijurtina) "cream coloured, with disc of fore wings orange,
J. W. Douglas collection," realized £5 (Janson), and an interesting
example of E. tithonus, " outer disc of fore wings white with pale grey
border," was secured, we believe by Mr. Studd, for £4. An almost
unicolorous male example of Nemeobins lucina, brownish orange or
fulvous in colour, went for £3, but a similar aberration of the female
was bought for the Tring Museum at £9. A specimen of the schmidtii
form of Chri/sophanus phlceas went for the easy price of 8/-. Although
it was not exactly true schmidtii, it was only removed therefrom by
reason of the slight creamy tint of the ground colour. The specimen
was from E. Shepherd's collection. Among the species of Lycana
there were some nice aberrations, but the prices obtained for them
seemed to be low in most cases, possibly due to the absence of data.
The gynandrous specimens were five in number, and these realized
£4 ISs. : — ( 1) Lycana ayoji (left <? , right $ ), 28/- ; (2) L. icarus (left <? ,
right 5 ),'18/-; (3) L. icarus (left ? , right <y ), 16/-; (4) Smerinthiis
2Jopuli (left<?, right ? ), 18/-; (5) S. popuU (left?, right <?), 18/-.
Three hybrid S. uceilata-populi produced only 16/-.
Notes on the second day's sale will be given in the May number of
the ' Entomologist.'
115
CAPTURES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
ToRTRicEs IN THE LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. — The localities worked com-
prise Wallasey sand-hills, aud Kirby and Simonswood Mosses, near to
Liverpool ; also Delamere Forest, some twenty miles away, in Cheshire.
Most of the species are common and pretty generally distributed, but,
as no local notes appear to have been published for some time, this
record may be of interest. Tortrix podana, Scop., is common all
round Liverpool, T. rosana, L., occurred freely at Wallasey, a nice
series being bred from larvre taken on sallow early in July ; while
T. dumetana, Tr., was captured on Kirby Moss at the end of the
month, T. ribeana, Hb., was taken sparingly on the Moss early in
August, and a few T. corylana, Fb., were bred from Wallasey. T. uni-
fasciana, Dup,, occurred freely on palings around Sefton Park, though
worn, as a rule, when I ca.me across them. T. viridana, L. I did not
see any green specimens, although very abundant on the Mosses, and
at Delamere in July. The moths were yellow, although many ap-
peared fresh ; I attribute this to the damp, especially on the Mosses,
where it was very noticeable. T. vtinistrana, L,, and var. ferrugana
occurred in some numbers at Delamere in May, T. forsterana, Fb.,
is common throughout the district, as one would expect of so uni-
versally distributed an insect. The genus Peronea, Curt., is well
represented. F. sponsa, Fb., was bred from beech, and the moth was
common on palings under the trees during September. The specimens
are all noticeably darker than a series taken at Brockley, S.E,, in 1898.
A visit to Wallasey the last week in July produced P. varieijana, Schiff,,
which was very abundant among the burnet-rose [Rosa spijiosissima).
The special object of search was P. pennutana, of which only one
example was found ; another trip on August Bank Holiday was blank
as regards this local insect, but P. aspersana turned up in good num-
bers. It is noteworthy that the black form of variegana was only
found on the east side of Liverpool, in the Sefton Park district ; the
nearest approach to it, at Wallasey, was a nearly unicolorous dark
brownish variety, Teras contammana, Hb., was a common moth round
Sefton Park in the autumn, but I did not take many, being busy with
other things. The pretty Dictijopteryx bergmaiuviana, L., was plentiful
among the burnet-rose on the sand-hills throughout June ; one speci-
men was a pale lemon-yellow, -with the ferruginous markings obsolete.
Penthina betnlmtana, Haw., and P. corticana, Hb., are everywhere abun-
dant among birch ; some examples were bred from Delamere larva3
obtained in May. Of P. sororcalana, Zett., only one was captured at
Delamere, also in May. Pardia tripunctana, Hb., and Spilonota in-
carnatana, Hb,, were met with at Wallasey, where the latter simply
swarmed the last week in July, but only seemed to last a few days in
good condition, Aspis ndmanniana, L,, is common, and found through-
out the district. Sericoris urticana, Hb,, S. lacunana, Dup., and S.
cespitana, Hb., were also generally common. Delamere produced
Phoxoptcnjx myrtillana, Tr., in May ; abundant and easily disturbed in
the daytime. Hijpermecia crnciana, L., a pretty little species addicted
to sallow, abounded on the sand-hills, and, at Wallasey, was found to
vary scarcely at all. Grapholitha ramello, L., and Catoptria cEmulana,
116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Schl., were represented only by single specimens from Simouswood and
Wallasey respectively. A visit to the Mosses at the end of July pro-
duced Picdisca biluiiana, Haw., P. occultana, Doug., and Retinia pini-
colana, Hb., as well as one 7?. pinivora7ia, ZelL, occultana being very
common among the pines. Pmlisca solandriana, L., was bred from
birch at Delamere, and P. soiiifuscana, St., was yielded by larvffi found
on sallow from St. Helens ; these two variable species will have more
attention in 1905, as they appear to be common in the district.
Ephippiphora. similana, Hb., and E. pfinrjiana, Haw., are represented by
a few specimens of each. One specimen of PHchrorawpha petirerella, L.,
was found at Wallasey ; at the same place, in June, Eupcccilia dnbitaua,
Hb., occurred freely on the wing in the evening, and E. anriustana,
Hb., abounded on Kirby Moss among heather. I looked out keenly for
evidences of melanochroic tendency, but so far as I could see there was
no particular variation, the series I took being very little darker than
some captured in Kent several years ago. I have one insect which has
been doubtfully referred to Pcedisca corticana, Hb., from Wallasey, and
a few specimens of Fhlccodes tetraquetrana, Haw., from Delamere Forest ;
while, in conclusion, I should state that the following species were
observed in some numbers, viz. Sphaleroptera ictcricana, Haw., at Wal-
lasey ; Catoptria ullcetana, Haw., at Formby, on the sand-hills among
furze; and Tortricodes hyemana, Hb., at Delamere in April. — William
Mansbridge ; 27, Elmbank Road, Liverpool.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — March Isf, 1905. — Mr. F.
Merrifield, President, in the chair. — The Duke of Bedford, K.G.,
President of the Zoological Society, &c., of Woburn Abbey, Beds., and
15, Belgrave Square, S.W. ; M. Lucien Chopard, Membre de la
Societe Entomologique de France, of 98, Boulevard St. Germain,
Paris ; Mr. Wilfred Fleet, F.H.A.S., of " Imatra," Bournemouth ; and
Mr. Robert Sidney Mitford, C.B., of 35, Redcliffe Square, S.W., were
elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. H. St. J. Douisthorpe exhibited
an example of Oxijpoda scricea, Heer, taken in Dulwich Wood, June
17th, 1904, a species new to Britain ; also 0. nvjrina Wat. (with a
type lent by Mr. E. A. Waterhouse), to demonstrate that it is not
synonymous with sericea as stated on the Continent ; and 0. exiyua
which is also there regarded as synonymous with nvjrina. — Mr. Hugh
Main and Mr. Albert Harrison, a long series of Golias editsa, with var.
helice, bred from one female heiice sent by Dr. T. Chapman from the
South of France, to show the proportion of type and variety obtained ;
and the results of similar experiments with Amphidasys betularia, bred
from a male var. douhledayaria and a type female taken at Woodford,
Essex, in 1903. — Mr. R. Priske, a specimen of Helops striata, with a
photograph, showing an abnormal formation of the right antenna,
which was divided into two branches from the fifth joint. — Mr. Percy
H. Grimshaw, examples of Ilydrotaa p)ilipes, Stein, male and female,
the latter sex being previously unknown ; and several specimens of
H. tuberculata, Rond, not hitherto recorded in Britain, captured by
Mr. W. Dale and Dr. J. H. Wood in various localities. — Dr. F. A.
SOCIETIES. 117
Dixey, some cocoons and perfect imagines of hybrid Saturniids, in-
cluding female and male of S. pavonia, L. x S. jnjri, Scheff., with
added specimens of both sexes of the parent forms for comparison,
the cross product resembling a large ^. pavonia rather than a
small 5. pyri. The exhibit further included three males and three
females, of which the female parent was S. pavonia and the male
parent a hybrid between S. pavonia male and S. spini female, viz. the
cross product to which Professor Standfuss has given the naiiie S. borne-
manni. Tliese six individuals had been reared from ova supplied by him,
and Dr. Dixey gave an account of their life-history. The remaining
four examples of the hybrid = S. schaufitssi disclosed far less strongly
marked sexual differences than in S.jmvouia. — Professor E. B. Poulton,
F.R.S., groups of synaposematic Hymenoptera and Diptera captured
by Mr. A. H. Hamm ; three broken specimens of Papilio hesperus, taken
at Entebbe in 1903, by Mr. C. A. Wiggins, showing that the tails of a
Papilio, if untouched by enemies, can endure a great deal of wear ; and
Nymphaline butterflies from Northern China, apparently mimetic of the
male Hypolimnas vdsippus, which is not known to occur in that region.
The President, a number of examples of Pi/rameis atalanta and a
pair of Aijlaias nrticd, illustrating the effects of cold season breeding,
by Mr. Harwood of Colchester. — Mrs. De la B. Nicholl read a paper
on " Butterfly-hunting in British Columbia and Canada," illustrated
by numerous examples of the species captured during the summer of
1904. — Sir George Hampson, B.A., F.Z.B., communicated a paper on
" Three Remarkable New Genera of Micro-Lepidoptera." — Mr. Herbert
Druce, F.LS., F.Z.S., a paper entitled " Descriptions of Some New
Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera, collected by Mr. Harold Cookson in
Northern Rhodesia in 1903-4 ; Lycfenidfe and Hesperiida? by Hamilton
H. Druce, F.Z.S."— Mr. F. DuCane Godman, F.R.S., D.C.L., a paper
entitled "Descriptions of Some New Species of Satyridte from South
America." — Mr. W. L. Distant, a paper entitled, " Additions to a
Knowledge of the Homopterous Family of Cicadidse." — H. Rowland-
Brown, M.A., Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
February 9th, 1905.— Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.L.S., President, in the
chair. — A special exhibition of Hybernia defoliaria males had been
arranged, and series were shown by Messrs. Rayward, Pratt, Crow,
Browne, Hickman, Harrison, Main, Goulton, and Tonge. The variation
ranged from uniformly dark forms to uniformly light ones, with con-
siderable variation in widths and colour of the transverse markings.
It was noted that the males migrated in large numbers, but no well
ascertained facts were known as to the distribution of the females. —
Mr. Rayward. living females of H. rnpicapraria from Wallington, —
Mr. Crow, on behalf of Mr. Hickman, the whole of the imagines and
varieties bred from the brood of Arctia caia, referred to at the Exhibition
of Varieties in November, 1904. Several extreme forms had scarcely
any white or hght markings, and yet the usually dark markings ap-
peared through a veil of semitransparent smoky scales. There were no
intermediates. — Mr. Kaye, two forms of the rare Heliconius pasitho'e
from the Demarara River. — Mr. Adkin, a series of Pyemia (Cupido)
minima, taken last year at Eastbourne, and showing an unusual
amount of blue in the males. — Mr. South, a long series of very varied
118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
specimens of Gelechia populella, taken on birch trunks at Oxsliott on
Aug. 20th, 1904. He also showed a hybrid between Anthrocera
{Zi/j/cEua) filipendidce female x A. trifoUi male, and contributed the
following note : — The specimen of Zijgmia exhibited was reared from
eggs deposited by a female Z.jilipendnUe that had paired with a male
Z. tnfulii. The parents, also exhibited, were one of the four cross
pairs to which reference was made at a meeting of the Society held on
Oct. 22nd, 1903 (see also Entom. xxxvii. 15). Although all the eggs
hatched, and the larvfe, over 100 in number, appeared at first to be
doing fairly well, they gradually died off until there appeared to be only
a few that seemed likely to survive the winter. In the spring of 1904
it was found that only four larvse gave any promise of completing their
metamorphoses, but two of these ultimately disappeared ; the other two
formed cocoons in due course, but only one imago emerged, and this
was unable to clear itself properly from the pupal case. The specimen
therefore is imperfectly developed, and each antenna is still encased in
the pupal sheath. However, it is evident that the offspring has in-
herited characters of each parent, but in a modified form. The sixth
spot of the fore wings is present, but only famtly discernible (in the
female parent this spot is unusually large, and united with spot 5) ;
the border of the hind wings is much broader than in Z. jUipendulcB,
but not quite so broad as in Z. trifolii. Altogether the specimen closely
resembles the form of Z. filipendultB known as var. hippocrepidis. — Mr.
Edward, two male examples of the rare Papilio bliunei, from Celebes. —
Mr. Priske, an example of Calosoma sijcophmita, recently picked up in
Kew Gardens. — Dr. Chapman, a long series of bred llastula [IHcheLia)
hijcrana and its dark var. maxjinata, a Tortrix from the South of
France, together with a quantity of details of its life-history, including
larvae in each instar, pupa-cases, stems of asphodel showing the
ravages, photographs of ova, microscopical slides showing tubercles,
&c., and read a paper on the exhibit.
Februarij 23'y/. — The President in the chair. — Mr. G. H. Briault, of
Acton, was elected a member. — There was a special exhibition of
Hybeniia margmaria \progemmaria). — Messrs. Harrison and Main,
series from (1) Epping Forest, mostly typical ; (2) neighbourhood of
Liverpool, including a number of var. fuscata ; (3) Delamere Forest,
only a few var. fuscata. — Mr. Touge, series from Tilgate Forest and
Eeigate, with some very prettily variegated forms from the latter
place. — Mr. Priske, a short series from Kichmond Park, including one
specimen with the basal half of the fore wings dark, and the only
example of southern origin approaching var. fuscata. — Mr. Adkiu, bred
series from Yorkshire, and read notes on the brood, together with
series from Kannoch, Kent, and Surrey. — Messrs. Dennis, Eayward,
Edwards, and Turner also exhibited series from various southern
localities. — A discussion took place, and it was noted (1) that all the
southern specimens had light hind wings, while in all var. fuscata
forms they were dark ; (2) all but var. fuscata had the submarginal
row of light wedge- sliaped marks on the fore wings ; and (3) a general
absence of intermediate forms between the general type and the dark
var. — Mr. Priske, a specimen of Helopis striatus in which the left
antenna was bifurcated about one-third of its length from the apex. —
Mr. Main exhibited specimens of various species of scorpions, and also
an example of the kmg-crab {Limulus), and by means of a series of
SOCIETIES. 119
diagrams showed that many of their characters appeared to point out
a somewhat closer relationship than was formerly considered to be the
case. — Hy. J. Tukner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The second
ordinary meeting of the session was held in the Royal Institution,
Liverpool, on Monday, February 20th, Mr. Kichard Wilding, Vice-
President, in the chair. — Mr. G. Lissant Cox, of Oxton, was elected a
member of the Society. — Donations to the library were announced
from Messrs. J. W. Carter, F.E.S., H. B. Score, F.R.G.S., and E. J.
B. Sopp, F.R.Met. S. — A paper was communicated by Mr. William
Mansbridge, F.E.S., on " The Tortrices of the Liverpool District," in
which, in addition to the enumeration of the species met with, much
valuable information was given on the habits of many of the more
noteworthy insects, both in the larval and imaginal states. Several
allied groups of the Micro -Lepidoptera were also discussed, and notes
of considerable interest relating to life history given. Altogether four
Pyrales, six Crambidse, three Pterophori, forty-three Tortrices (of
which fifteen were bred), and twenty-six Tinese were dealt with. The
Chairman congratulated Mr. Mansbridge on his paper, and the Society
on possessing such a keen worker amongst the Micro-Lepidoptera of the
district. After remarks by Messrs. F. N. Pierce, W. H. Holt, and Dr.
J. Cotton, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer. — Amongst
the many interesting exhibits on view were the following : — Several
cases of Micro-Lepidoptera, to illustrate the paper, including fine
series of Phycis fusca = carbonariella, Rpliestia ehitella, Teras contami-
nana, Dictyopteri/x hergmanniana (a very pallid form), Catoptrla cernu-
lana, &c., by Mr. Mansbridge ; varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, in-
cludiug fine light forms, in which the dark markings were almost
obliterated, by Mr. Mountfield ; Morpho ci/pris (Columbia), Caligo tele-
viunius, Hypolimnas salmacis, and Dismorphia nemesis (South America),
by Mr. J. J. Richardson, who also showed a live specimen of Dermestes
peruviana from Liverpool ; Antoricum sulcatum (Oliv.), and Longitarsus
mruginosus, and other recent additions to the British list, by Mr. W. E.
Sharp, F.E.S. ; LEdemera virescens, L. (pair), and Malachius harnvillei,
Putore, recent additions to the British list, and a specimen of the very
rare Bagous lutosus, Gyll., by Mr. W. Thouless, F.E.S. ; Anchomenus
gracilipes, Duft, of which only one or two specimens have been recorded
for Britain ; Quedius nigrocmruleus, Rey, of which only three British
specimens are known ; and Bemhidium quadripustnlatum, one of the
rarest of our Bembidia ; all three species captured and exhibited by
Mr. E. C. Bedwell, F.E.S. ; Triplax bicolor, Gyll. (with T. russica and
T. a;nea for comparison), recently reinstated in tlie British list on its
occurrence to Mr. R. S. Baguall, for whom the insects were exhibited
by the Secretary. Leucopkaia siirinamensis, an exotic cockraoch, just
received from the Liverpool Docks, was shown by Mr. Sopp. — E. J. B.
Sopp and J. R. le B. Tomlin, Hon. Sees.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — February 20th, 1905. — Mr.
G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.- -Annual Meeting. The
various annual reports were received, and the oflQcers and council were
elected for the ensuing year. — Mr. W. E. Collinge, The University, was
elected a member. — A resolution was carried to invite the following
120 THE ENTOBIOLOGIST.
gentlemen to become honorary members of the Society : — Mr. H. St.
J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S. ;
Messrs. E. Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., and J. W. Tutt, F.E.S.
— Mr, G. H. Kenrick exhibited a few insects collected by himself in
the North of Scotland last year in the intervals of shooting ; he said
the most interesting perhaps were nice silvery forms of Larentia
aiitumnata, Bkh. Tliey also included Calocmnpa solidaciinis, which was
not uncommon, and Anaitis paludata var. imbntata, Hb. — Mr. J. T.
Fountain exhibited Adopaa thawnas {linea) and A. liueola, taken to-
gether in the Wye Valley ; also bred Aciias selene, Hb., reared in this
country from Indian ova. — Mr. A. H. Martineau exhibited a spray of
oak with three different kinds of galls on close together ; they were
probably made by Xeuroterus lenticularis, 01., Andiicns fecundatrix,
Hart., and Dryophanta diiisa, Hart. ; he also showed Pempluedon
lethifer, Schenck,, bred from bramble-stems gathered at Marston Green,
together with its parasites, the chrysid FAlampus auratns, L., and the
ichneumon Perithous divinator, Rossi. — Mr. W. Harrison showed a
nice series of Eriogaster lanestris, L., breed from a brood of larvae found
at Trench Woods ; some had emerged in 1902, and others in 1904. —
CoLBRAN J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.
Hawaiian Entomological Society. — A preliminary meeting was
held in December last, and the constitution of the Society was formu-
lated on January 26th. The following are the officers for 1905 : —
President : R. C. L. Perkins (Supt. of Entomology, Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Experimental Sta.l, who appointed Alexander Craw (Supt.
of Entomology, Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry) as Vice-President;
Secretary and Treasurer : Jacob Kotinsky (Asst. Entomologist, Bureau
of Agriculture and Forestry) ; Committee: D. L. Van Dine (Entomo-
logist U.S. Experiment Sta.), and Otto H. Swezey (Asst. Entomologist,
Hawaiian Planters' Sta.). Twelve members constitute the Society so
far, which meets the first Thursday in every month, at the Bureau of
Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, 7.30 to 10 p.m., for the study of
the Arthropoda, especially of the Pacific Region. — G. W. Kirkaldy.
OBITUARY.
With much regret we have recently heard that Mr. Alfred Beaumont,
of Gosfield, Essex, died early in March of this year. He was a most
indefatigable worker, and his interest was extended to all orders of the
Insecta, although Coleoptera was possibly his strong point. He was
especially keen in his investigations, and was sometimes rewarded by
the discovery of additions to the British lists of Diptera and Hymeno-
ptera, or more frequently by the capture of very rare species in those
orders or in Coleoptera. There are many notes from his pen in the
'Entomologists' Monthly Magazine' subsequent to the year 1882; and
there are also a few of his contributions in the ' Entomologist,' the
latest of which was published in the number for December, 1904. He
was a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London, and one of the
oldest, having been elected in 1851. A man of high principle, stead-
fast courage, and great tenacity of purpose, Mr. Beaumont was highly
esteemed by all who knew him.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII.]
MAY, 1905
[No. 504.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CICADID^.
By W. L. Distant.
Subfam. Gzeanin^s;.
Div. GiEANARIA.
Gaan-! vestita, sp. n.
3' . Body and legs black ; bead witb an oblique spot on eacb side
of vertex at inner margins of eyes, mesonotum with a curved trans-
verse series of four spots, and two central spots to cruciform elevation
golden yellow ; posterior abdominal segmental margins narrowly
luteous ; abdomen beneath with two discal spots on second, third,
fourth, and fifth segments and an apical lateral spot on each side,
stramineous ; tegmina black on basal, dark fuscous on apical area
with the venation black ; radial area, large elongate spots in the two
lower ulnar and claval areas, and a broad transverse fascia near
middle, stramineous ; wings with more than basal half stramineous,
ENTOM. — MAY, 1905. L
122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
remaining ai*ea dark fuscous with the venation black ; rostrum just
passing the intermediate coxfe ; opercula small, obliquely transverse.
Long. excl. tegm. ^ , 40 millim. Exp. tegm. 102 millim.
Hab. Yunnan ; Yunnansen (Excoffier ; Paris Mus.).
This beautiful species is allied to G. sulphurea, Hope.
BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY SURGEON LAMBERT,
R.N., AT VLADIMAR BAY, &c., AUGUST, 1897.
By Henry Charles Lang, M.D., F.E.S., M.R.C.S., &c.
This small collection came into my hands through Mr. 0. E.
Janson in 1900 ; it consists of one hundred and five specimens,
collected by Surgeon Lambert at Vladimar Bay, in Russian
Tartary, between the dates of August 1st and 9th, 1897, and a
few from Port Hamilton, in Corea, on June 16th and 17th of the
same year. Owing to the care with which these specimens were
labelled, I am able to give the exact dates. He also collected in
Japan and China, but at the time of seeing the collection I was
not interested in these latter, as I did not then consider that the
butterflies of Japan and China should be included in the Palfe-
arctic Region, though I have now altered my views in this respect
as regards Japan.
Papilionid^.
Papilio xuthus, L. — Eight males, one female ; August 5th to 8th,
1897. Vladimar Bay. On comparing these with four males and five
females from Pryer's collection, taken near Tokio, I find that the
Japanese specimens difl'er as regards the males from those from
Vladimar Bay in having the marginal band of the hind wings broader,
and reaching to the discoidal cell, just as in P. machaon var. sphyrus.
Four of the Japanese females differ in no way from that from the
Amur, and the fifth only in being somewhat larger, and in the deeper
yellow of the ground colour.
P. machaon, L. — One female; August 3rd, 1897. Vladimar Bay.
Differs in nothing from ordinary large European specimens ; expanse,
3| in. Certainly not to be considered as var. hippocrates.
P. bianor, Cram. — One female. Port Hamilton, Corea, June 16th,
1897. The ordinary typical form.
P. bianor var. maackii, Men. — Vladimar Bay. Two males, August
8th and 9th, 1897 ; two females, August 9th, 1897. These resemble
specimens from Japan.
Parnassius nomion, Fisch. — Vladimar Bay. Two males, August
5th and 6th, 1897 ; three females, August 5th and 9th, 1897.
PlERID^.
Pieris rapcB, L. — Vladimar Bay. One female, August 8th, 1897 —
usual typical form ; one female, August 8th, 1897 — var. urkntalis,
BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED AT VLADIMAR BAY, ETC. 123
Oberth. Larger, bases of anterior wings dusky ; resembles some of
Fryer's specimens from Japan.
P. melete, Men. — Vladimar Bay. One male, August 5th, 1897.
Leptidia sinapis, L., gen. aest. diniensis, B. — Vladimar Bay. One
male, August 9th, 1897. This specimen differs in no way from
European examples.
L. amurensis, Men. — Vladimar Bay. Two specimens, August 5th ;
two, August 8th ; one, August 9th ; two without date. These seven
specimens do not differ from those in a series of twenty-eight speci-
mens taken by Pryer at Oiwaki, Japan, or from others received from
the late Dr. Staudinger from the Amur. I have never been able to
understand why Staudinger should suggest that amurensis is a var. of
sinapis, and yet gives duponcheli specific rank. From Vladimar Bay it
will be noticed that we have sinapis in its summer form, taken at the
same time as amurensis, which is altogether different in its appearance
and conformation.
Oolias hijale var. poliographus, Mots. — Port Hamilton, Corea. June
6th, 17th.
C. aurora, Esp. — Vladimar Bay. August, 1897. One worn female.
Nymphalid^.
Limenitis sydi var. latefasciata. Men. — Vladimar Bay. One female,
August 8th, 1897.
MelitcBa plotina, Brem. — Vladimar Bay. One female, August 6th,
1897.
Argynnis selene, Schiff. — Vladimar Bay. One female, August 6th,
1897.
A. daphne, Schiff. — Vladimar Bay. Ten males, August 5th ; one
male and three females, August 8th. The males are smaller, and
both sexes are less vividly fulvous than the specimens taken by myself
in Provence and Hungary.
A. aqlaia var. fortuna, Jans. — Vladimar Bay. One female, August
9th, 1897.
A. adippe var. xanthodippe, Fixs. — Vladimar Bay. Two males,
August 5th ; one, August 3rd, one female which I put down to this
var., as the silvery markings are absent except the marginal lunules.
Some specimens of this come very near to the Spanish ab. cleodippe.
This form differs from the next, not only in the absence of the silvery
spots, but in having the androconia on veins 2 and 3 of the fore wings.
A form received from Staudinger in 1898 from Kentei resembles the
above, and was named cleodippe. The present edition calls it xantho-
dippe, retaining cleodippe for the Spanish var.
? A. adippe var. pallescens, Butl. — Vladimar Bay. Two males on
August 1st, and six on August 5th ; one female, August 3rd. I place
these under this head on the strength of Staudinger's remark, " ^
lunul. marginalibus argenteis." All these males have the androconia
only on vein 2. Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 842, 1899) says :
" Those with the androconia only on vein 2 seem to occur in Amurland,
Korea, and in North and Central China and Japan." He expresses
an opinion that they may belong to another species. It is to be
remarked that tvpical adippe and vars. cleodoxa and chlorodippe have
L 2
124 THE ^ENTOMOLOGIST.
the androcouia on veins 2 and 3. In 1898 I received a form from the
Transbaical named ckrysodippe, with the audroconia as in the present
form.
A. laodice, Pallas. — Vladimar Bay. Four males, August 5th, 8th,
9th, 1897. These do not differ from European specimens except in
the paleness of the colour of the upper surface.
Melaymifjia halimede, Men. — Vladimar Bay. Three males, three
females, August 6th, 1897.
i\/. meridionalis, Feld. — One male. Port Hamilton, Corea, June
17th ; two males, four females, Vladimar Bay, August 3rd, 5th,
and 8th.
Satyrus dryas, Esp. — Vladimar Bay. Four males, August 8th,
1897. Three of these have the under side of hind wings unicolorous.
Pararge achine, Sc, var. achinoides, Butl. — Two females, rather
worn, August 5th, 1897, Vladimar Bay. ("Var. major, ocellis majori-
bus," St. Cat.).
Apluintopus hyperanthxis, L., var. ocellatus, Butl. — One male, three
females, August 5th, 1897, Vladimar Bay. These agree with Stau-
dinger's remark, " major, subt. obscurior, ocellis majoribus," as regards
the ocelli, which are larger ; but the ground colour is certainly not
"obscurior," but rather lighter than usual.
Ccejiovympha cedippus, F. — Vladimar Bay. Two males, August 5th,
1897. These do not in any way differ from European specimens. I
think that it is worthy of remark that the three species last enumerated,
which have so strong a superficial resemblance to one another, should
have all been taken in the same locality, and at the same time.
Lyc^enid^.
Chrysophanus dispar, Haw., var. auratus, Leech. — One male, one
female, August 8th, 1897, Vladimar Bay. These exactly tally with
Staudinger's diagnosis (" 3 supra impunctatus, $ al. post, nigri-
cantoribus ; sub. al. post, griseis, non caerulescentibus "). This
appears to me much nearer the true British type than the Euro- Asiatic
rutilus in the general appearance and size, and in the width of the
submarginal band on the under side hind wings ; but there is only a
trace of a discoidal spot in the male, and an entire absence of the blue
basal shading found in true dispar. The hind wings of the female
above more resemble those of female hippothoe.
C. hippothoe, L., var. amurenHis, Stgr. — Two males, rather worn,
Vladimar Bay, August 8th and 9th, 1897. This var. is distinguished
from the type by its larger size, more brilliant colour, and by a double
discoidal spot on the hind wings. It greatly resembles var. caudens as
far as the male is concerned, but has less of the violet reflection seen in
that form.
Lycmia aryijyronomon, Bgst. — Vladimar Bay. Two males, rather
large and brightly coloured, August 5th, 1897.
L. deuhis, Brem. — Vladimar Bay. Two males, five females, August
8th, 1897. A very variable species.
L. euphenuis, Hb., var. obscurata, Stgr. — Vladimar Bay. Three
females, rather worn, August 6th.
125
PAPILIO STEINBACHI, spec. kov.
By the Hon. Walter Kothschild.
Allied to P. quadratiis, Stand.
(? . Fore wing a little broader than in quadratic ; no fringe-spots ;
a white patch divided by M", not reaching to M\ but occasionally
extending to SM'^. Hind wing strongly dentate, subcaudate ; a row
of spots round apex of cell from R^ to (SM^), and a dot in cell, which
is sometimes missing, posterior spot and base of spot M^-IVP white,
the other spots red ; fringe-spots white ; wool in abdominal fold short,
dirty grey, no tuft of spreading hairs at base of fold as is the case in
quadratiis; vein M^ much less distal than in quadratus. Under side
like upper, a little paler, white spots of fore wing somewhat larger,
spots of hind wing much paler, an additional red spot at anal angle.
Palpus and abdomen quite black.
? . Fore wing with a large white patch traversed by veins M^ and
M^, and a minute spot in cell ; no fringe-spots. Hind wing with white
fringe-spots; a red band distally of cell from near E^ to (SIVP), spot
E.^-]VP being the longest, last spot slightly white at posterior edge.
Under side of fore wing like upper, but paler ; baud of hind wing pale
rosy pink, last spot and bases of the two preceding ones whitish pink,
a separate red spot close to anal angle. Palpus black, eighth steruite
of abdomen and edge of seventh red (vaginal spot).
Herr J. Steinbach found four males and one female of this
interesting species near Santa Cruz de la Sierra, East Bolivia,
between February and June, 1904.
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA IN 1901.
By J. C. F. & H. F. Fryer.
As far as our experience went the season of 1904 was below
the average, especially in " Micros," possibly owing to the cold
and wet of the previous year.
Two facts were remarked, and are perhaps worth mentioning
— a greater tendency than usual in all variable species to pro-
duce dark forms — and the prevalence in many species of more
than the usual number of broods, the latter perhaps on account
of the long hot summer. For instance, among such species as
Orrhodia ligida {spadicea) and Anchocelis pistacina several freshly
emerged Leucania pallens seemed sadly out of place. Various
localities such as Monk's Wood, Wicken, and the Norfolk Broads
were well worked, but only in the daytime, and nothing of
general interest was obtained. Sugar and light were also given
a good trial in the neighbourhood of Chatteris, but the fact that
there are no woods or fens near probably accounts for the
126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
absence of any species worthy of remark, for, although most of
the commoner Noctufewere abundant, one specimen of Acronycta
strlgosa was the only rarity taken. The number of species
observed was upwards of four hundred, but the following only
seem to deserve mention : —
Sesia fonnicifunnis. — This species appears to occur plentifully in
nearly all willow-holts, but we find it hard to obtain in good condition.
Twchiliuin bembecifoniiis, which usually occurs with it, is easily bred,
but the few larvae of S. fomnciforuds which we have taken have died
in the willow-stumps before becoming pupge.
Acronycta strii/osa. — One specimen at sugar near Chatteris. As far
as we are aware, this is the only record for some thirty years in this
district. When it is remembered that its food-plant (hawthorn) is so
universally distributed, and that the species is reported to be not hard
to breed in confinement, it seems curious that it should occur so in-
frequently.
Se7ita inaritima {ulva). — Although the food-plant is common in the
district, this species occurs in one locality only, and that one of
extremely limited extent. It would seem natural to attribute the
absence of this and other reed species such as Leucania straminea and
L. obsoleta to the fact that the reeds are cut nearly every year when
the dykes are cleansed, but if this be so, it is difficult to explain the
profusion of Calamia phraijmitidis, which feeds in a very similar way.
Gccnohia despecta. — Tiie above remark applies as to locality, but
despecta occurs there in much greater numbers. The insect appears to
be confined to that part of the habitat where the food-plant is liable
during a considerable portion of the year to be covered with water.
Last year we succeeded in breeding several specimens from plants of
Jimcus laviprocarpus (?).
Hydrcecia nictitans. — Noted only on account of the occurrence of
the greyish yellow form at Hunstanton, and one of a dark chocolate at
Waxham. It is strange that, considering that the localities are so very
similar in character, that not a single dark specimen was taken at
Hunstanton, nor yellow one at Waxham.
Noctua xanthogiapha. — Occurred at Waxham in immense numbers.
On each of thirteen posts there was an average of over thirty insects on
several evenings, so that there was really no room for any other species.
Aglossa cuprealis. — Plentiful in one cake and meal granary. We
have endeavoured to establish "colonies" in similar situations, but
hitherto without much success.
Accentrupns nivens. — About thirty years ago this occurred in large
numbers at light. Since then, although the dykes containing its food-
plant have many times been diligently searched, no specimen has been
seen. Our surprise was therefore great on taking a single specimen at
an acetylene light exposed on the top of a house between fifty and sixty
feet high, the house itself standing some twenty-five feet above the
level of the surrounding fen-laud. One would hardly associate such
powers of flight with this insect.
Cramhua salinellus. — A single specimen at Weybourne, and that a
variety. Although we have collected in salt-marshes for years, we
have not found the way of taking this species.
CURRENT NOTES. 127
Bactra furfurana. — Hunstanton. Very local and very small in
size in the locality in which we found it.
Ephippiphora inojdana. — Weybourue, among Inula and Artemisia.
Both have been mentioned as its food-plant, but we are uncertain on
which it feeds.
Xanthosetia zcegana. — Chatteris. Besides the type there was a
noticeable proportion of the form fernujana, as well as forms inter-
mediate between the two.
Conchjlis alternana. — Waxham. Taken on heads of Centaurea.
Anesychia funerella. — Common in the fen-dykes around Chatteris,
both larva and imago, but for some reason we have not succeeded in
breeding it.
Bepressaria flaveUa. — For the last two years we have bred this
species, together with Sciaphilas, from the spun-up heads of Ranun-
culus, as well as from rolled leaves of Centaurea. Two kinds of larvffi
were noticed, a pink one and a dark green ; neither of these, however,
on pupation, attained the size of the Jiavella larva when feeding on its
usual food-plant, Centaurea.
Bepressaria badiella. — A curious form of this species was also bred
from the buttercup-heads above referred to, the larva having been
probably introduced by mistake.
The Priory, Chatteris : April 6th, 1905.
CUKRENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 58.)
1. E. Krodel : " Durch Einwirkung niederer Temperaturen
auf das Puppenstadium erzielte Aberratiouen der Lycsena-
arten" (Allgem. Zeitschr. fiir Entom. ix. pp. 49-55, 103-
110, 13-4-7 ; text-figs. 1-21. (Feb. to April, 1904) [Lepi-
doptera] ).
2. H. ScHouTEDEN : " Fauna entom. de I'Afrique tropicale :
Ehyncbota gethiopica " i. (Ann. Mus. Congo Zool. (iii.) i.
pp. 1-131 ; Index and Corrigenda ; pis. i. and ii. (Nov.
1903) [HemipteraJ).
3. W. W. Froggatt : " Locusts and Grasshoppers, part 2 "
(Agr. Gaz. N.S. Wales, xv. pp. 240-3, with coloured plate
(unnumbered) (March 2, 1904) [Orthoptera]).
4. F. M. Jones : " Pitcher-Plant Insects " (Ent. News, xv.
pp. 14-7 ; pis. iii. and iv. (Jan. 1904) ).
5. M. GiLLMBR : " Ein gynandromorphes Examplar von dem
Hybriden Smerinthus hybridas, Stephens" (1850) (Allg.
Zeitschr. f. Ent. ix. pp. 140-3 ; text-figs. 1-3. Apl. 15,
1904) [Lepidoptera]).
6. E. P. Van Duzee : "Annotated list of the PentatomidaB
128
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
recorded from America, North of Mexico," &c. (Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc. xxx. pp. 1-80 (1904) [Hemiptera] ).
7. W. M. ScHOYEN : " Beretning om Skadeinsekter og Plante-
sygdomme " ; 1903 (Aarsher, Offent. Foranst. Landbr.
Fremme; [sep. p. 1-36] (1904).
8. T. W. Kirk: " Kep. Biology," &c. (11th Kep. Dep. Agr.
1903, pp. 363-4G1 ; 40 plates and 5 text-figs. (1903) ).
9. " Proc. 16th Annual Meeting Assn. Economic Entomolo-
gists " (Bull. Div. Ent. U.S. no. 46, pp. 1-113 ; plates i.
and ii. ; 1 text-fig. (1904) ).
10. E. D. Sanderson: " Report of the Entomologist" (14
Ann. Piep. Delaware Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1902, pp. 109-51 ;
figs. 10-16 (1903) ).
11. W. E. Britton : " 3 Eep. State Entom." (Rep. Connecti-
cut Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1903, pp. i-iv and 199-286, pis.
i.-viii. ; text-figs. 27-42 (1904) ).
12. C. S. Banks : " Preliminary Bulletin on Insects of the
Cacao " (Bui. Biol. Lab. Dep. Interior Philippine Isles,
no. 1, pp. 1-58 ; coloured frontispiece, and figs. 1-60
(totalling 51 plates) (1904) ).
13. J. H. Maiden : " The Flora of Norfolk Island, part 1 "
(Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxviii. pp. 692-785, pi. 38
(April 28th, 1904) ).
14. F. L. Washburn : " Injurious Insects of 1903 " (Bull.
Minnesota Agr. Exp. Sta. 84, pp. i-viii and 1-184;
coloured plate and text-figs. 1-119 (Dec. 1903) ).
15. H. A. Ballou : "Further Notes on Pests attacking the
Cotton Plant in the West Indies " (West Indian Bull. iv.
pp. 326-48 (1904) ).
16. D. Sharp : " Description of a new Genus and Species of
Coleoptera (Family Hispid ae) from New Britain " (Proc.
Liun. Soc. N.S.W. xxviii. pp. 924-5 (April 28th, 1904)).
17. F. MuiR & D. Sharp: "On the Egg-cases and Early
Stages of some Cassididae " (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. pp. 1-23,
pi. i.-v. (April 27th, 1904) [Coleoptera]).
18. C. L. Marlatt : " Importations of Beneficial Insects into
California " (Bull. U.S. Div. Ent. 44, pp. 1-99, text-figs.
1-19 (1904)).
19. 0. F. Cook: "An Enemy of the Cotton Boll Weevil"
(Rep. U. S. Dep. Agric. 78, pp. 1-7 (May 27th, 1904)
[Hymen, and Col.] ).
20. C. Sasaki : "On the W^ax producing Coccid, Ericerus pe-la,
Westwood " (Bull. Col. Agr. Tokyo Imp. Univ. vi. pp. 1-
13, pi. 1-2 (coloured) (March, 1904)).
21. F. E. Bemis : " The Aleyrodids, or Mealy-winged Flies, of
California, with references to other American Species "
(Proc. U.S. Mus. xxvii. pp. 471-537, pis. 27-37 (1904) ).
22. T. Pergande : "On some of the Aphides affecting Grains
CURRENT NOTES. 129
and Grasses of the United States " (Bull. U.S. Div. Ent.
44 pp.).
23. G. Leonardi : " Generi e specie di Diaspiti " (Ann. Scuola
Agric. Portici, v. 1903) [Hemiptera] ).
24. P. Spaulding : "Two Fungi growing in Holes made by
Wood-boring Insects" (15th Ann. Ptep. Missouri Bot.
Gardens, pp. 73-7, pis. 25-7 (1904) [Col.] ).
25. H.Osborn: " The Economic Status of the Fulgorid?e"(Proc.
25th Meeting Soc. Prom. Agr. Sc.pp. 32-6(1904) [Hem]).
26. A. H. KiRKLAND : "Usefulness of the American Toad"
(Farmers' Bull. 196, U.S. Dep. Agr. pp. 1-16 (1904) ).
27. H. E. HoDGKiss : " The Life-history Treatment of a Com-
mon Palm Scale {Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Morgan) "
(41st Ann. Eep. Massachusetts Agr. Coll. [Publ. Doc. 31],
pp. 95-106, pis. 1 and 2 (Jan. 1904) ).
28. R. A. CooLEY : " First Annual Rep. State Entom." (Bull.
Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. 51, pp. 199-274 ; frontispiece and
pis. i.-vii. ; text-ligs. 2-10 (Jan. 1904) ).
29. G. A. Baer: "Note sur un Membracide, myrmecophile
de la Republique Argentine [Hemipt.] " (Bull. Soc. Ent.
France, 1903, pp. 306-8).
30. J. G. Sanders : " Coccidae of Ohio, I." (Ohio State Acad.
Sci., Special Papers 8, pp. 25-92, pis. 1-9 (May 16th,
1904) [Hem.]).
31. J. R. DE LA Torre Bueno : "A Palfearctic Notonecta"
(Ent. News, xv. 220-1 (June, 1904) [Hem.]).
32. C. Sasaki : " On the Feeding of Silkworms with the Leaves
of Cudrania triloba, Hance " (Bull. Coll. Agr. Tokyo Imp.
Univ. vi. pp. 15-9, pis. 3 and 4 (March, 1904)).
33. Ditto : " Corean Race of Silkworms " {op. cit. 21-6, pi. 5).
34. Ditto : " The Beggar Race (Kojikiko) of Silkworms " {op.
cit. 27-31).
35. Ditto: "Double Cocoon Race of Silkworms" {op. cit.
33-6, pi. 6).
36. Ditto : "On the Feeding of the Silkworms with the Leaves
of wild and cultivated Mulberry-trees " {op. cit. 37-41).
37. Ditto : " Some Observations on Antheroea {Bomhyx)
yamamai, G. M., and the Methods of its Rearing in
Japan" {op. cit. 43-50, pi. 7).
38. C. M. Weed : " The Brown-tail Moth in New Hampshire "
(Bull. N. H. Agr. Sta. 107, pp. 45-60, text-figs. 1-10
(Feb. 1904) [Lepid.] ).
39. Ditto : " The Pernicious or San Jose Scale in New Hamp-
shire " {op. cit. 109, pp. 73-83, text-figs. 1-3 (March,
1904) [Hem.]).
Krodel (1) discusses the aberrations of Lycana corydon and
damon caused by low temperature experiments on their pupae.
Twenty-one under sides are figured.
130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Schouteden (2) has published the first part of a proposed
monograph of the Ethiopian Hemiptera, prepared on the largest
scale. In this the Scutellerinse and Graphosomatinse subfamilies
of the Cimicidffi are detailed, with two finely coloured plates.
E. P. Van Duzee (6) has given us a much-needed list of the
Cimicidffi (or Pentatomidte as he calls them) of North America,
twelve species and one variety being here added. 191 species are
recorded, 163 being known to the author. The paper is charac-
terized by extreme care and precision in the description and
notes, but it is regretted that the author has rejected the nomen-
clature of Bergroth and Kirkaldy, based upon priority, and fallen
back on the irregular nomenclature of Lethierry and Severin.
Schoyen (7) discusses the injurious insects of Norway during
1903, on corn, grass, cabbage, fruit-trees, &c. There are ex-
tended notes on the biology of many of the species, most of
which are also British.*
T. W. Kirk's Report (8) is largely concerned with fruits and
their inspection ; as regards entomology. Phylloxera is, as usual,
dealt with at some length, and there is also a brief notice (with
figures) of the Fulgorid PocJiazia australis, the vinehopper.
There are also interesting notes, with photographs, of some of
the South Sea Islands. " Pests and diseases are worst on the
Island of Rarotonga, which appears to be a perfect paradise
for all species. We understand that there is a little scale on
Aitutaki, but the other islands visited are, so far as our ob-
servations went, practically free from pests, except black aphis."
The Proceedings of the recent meeting of the Association
of Economic Entomologists (9) contain, as usual, a mass of
interesting details on all topics. 0. H. ^wezey presents ob-
servations on the life-history of Lihurnia campestris and
liitulenta (Hemiptera), which are parasitised by a Proctotrypid
Hymenopteron, Gonotopus hicolor. This is the form which
has recently been introduced into the Hawaiian Islands to
check the ravages of Perkinsidla saccharicida, a Fulgorid pest
on sugar-cane.
Sanderson's Report (10) deals principally with Hemiptera ;
the seventeen-year Cicada {Tibicen septendecim) and the harle-
quin cabbage-bug {Margantia histrionica) ; both these are illus-
trated by photographs.
Britton (11) details at length the fight with the San Jose
scale {Aspidiotus perniciosus) during 1903, with shorter notes on
various insects.
Banks (12) publishes a bulletin on Cacao insects. This is the
result of only three months' investigation, and naturally many
* I believe the reference quoted (7) is correct, but the copy before me,
which I owe to the kindness of the author, has only the appearance of a
separate publication. The title-page is dated 1903, but the last page is
" 6te Jauuar, 1904."
CURRENT NOTES. 131
of the insects are not fully determined. The principal enemies of
Cacao in the Philippines are a Cicadid which attacks the roots ;
a Cerambycid larva and Termites which destroy the trunk and
branches ; and various caterpillars and aphides ravishing the
leaves.
In a monographic paper on the " Flora of Norfolk Island " —
a small island almost equidistant from New Zealand and New
Caledonia — Maiden (13) notes (pp. 769-70) that at present the
islanders are little cursed with insect-pests. He noticed " mealy
bug" on oranges and lemons, and "black scale" on Lisbon
lemons. Onions are liable also to the attacks of a scale-insect,
while water-melons are attacked by aphids. White ants are
absent, and mosquitoes very rare.
Washburn's latest Bulletin (14) contains much information
upon various entomological topics ; the coloured plate contains
fourteen drawings of larvae of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera.
Ballou (15) discusses at some length the recent serious outbreaks
of the cotton- worm {Aletia argillacea) that have been experienced
in the West Indies, St. Vincent being the only cotton-growing
island to escape. D. Sharp (16) describes a new beetle which
has severely ravaged young palms in Beraia ; " the insect
deposits its eggs upon the young shoots of the plant upon which
the larvae feed."
The same author collaborates with F. Muir (17) in an im-
portant and well-illustrated paper on the metamorphoses of
certain Coleoptera.
Marlatt (18) notes that the Coccinellid Vedalia cardiiialis is
maintaining its usefulness in California, being regularly bred up
by Mr. Craw and others. " The rapidity with which a colony of
scales is cleared up by these insects is something marvellous, a
few weeks only being sufficient for it to clear up a considerable
area of infestation." Of more recent importations, Sciitellista
cyanea " is apparently duplicating against the black scale the
wonderful work of the Vedalia against the white scale in Cali-
fornia."
0. F. Cook (19) has discovered a formidable enemy in Guate-
mala of the destructive cotton-boll weevil {Anthonomus grandis).
This foe is an ant, which spreads over the cotton-fields, and,
attacking the weevils, paralyses them after the manner of so
many other Aculeate Hymenoptera. Arrangements are appa-
rently being made to introduce this beneficial insect into Texas,
where the ravages of the weevil have been so appalling.
Sasaki (20) concludes that the Chinese wax-scale is a native
of both China and Japan. His excellent paper is illustrated by
two fine plates. Miss Bemis (21) adds nineteen species of
Aleyrodidffi to the North American fauna, these being described
in, mostly, all their stages very fully. Pergande has (22) un-
ravelled a vast amount of contusion in certain Aphidao. He has
132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
proved that Siphocoryne arena, Fabr., feeds on a great number
of plants, including apple, pear, cherry, hawthorn, celery, wheat,
oats, and various grasses, and is the Aphis mali, Fitch, priiiii-
folice, Fitch, &c. The genuine Aphis mali, DeGeer, has only
quite recently appeared in America. Macrosxphum granaria,
Buckton* (formerly confused with Siphocoriine aveiue) , M. cerealis,
Kalt., and trifolii, Perg., n. sp., are fully discussed. It seems a
pity to introduce " vulgar " names with almost every species, as
is the custom with the American entomologists ; " German
grain louse," "English grain louse," and "European grain
louse " are not only not distinctive, but even misleading.
The School of Agriculture in Portici, near Naples, are rapidly
turning out entomological studies second to none in accuracy
and thoroughness. Two of the recent publications embrace a
monographical revision (23) of the Parlatoria and Mytilaspis
(recte Lepidosaphes) groups of the Coccidfe. Unfortunately only
reprints (separately paged, alas !) are before me, so that it can
only be said that the Parlatoria paper extends to 59 pages with
16 cuts, the Mytilaspis 114 with 42 cuts.
Spaulding (24) remarks that the relations existing between
some of the fungi and the wood-boring insects is as yet but little
understood, and its economic significance probably much under-
rated. He states that on rotting logs of Pinus p)alustris, in
Texas, two species of fleshy Agaricoid fungi were growing out
numerously from the holes of wood-boring insects. The latter
are present in every log in large numbers, and, although many
of the holes had no fungus growing in them, the two fungi were,
with a single exception, never found growing otherwise. Various
other cases are cited, including the "Ambrosia-beetles," which
prepare beds for and plant the spores, feeding exclusively, so
far as is known, on the fruiting portions of the fungi,
Osborn (25) discusses the prominence into which the Ful-
goridae have risen through the comparatively recent discovery of
their economic importance.
Montana is one of the last of the United States to appoint an
entomologist, in the person of Mr. R. A. Cooley, the well-known
student of Coccidse. A large portion of his first report (28)
deals with " Locusts," and with notes on fruit-pests, &c. It is
largely illustrated. Baer (29) publishes a brief note on the
relations between Enchenopa ferruginea, Buckton, and Campo-
notus punctulatus, Mayr, with remarks on other Myrmecophiles.
Bueno (31) records the occurrence, in British Columbia, of Nolo-
necta lutea, Miiller, a European form.
''''■ This name cannot be considered valid, as Buckton refers his species to
cjranaria, Kirby. I propose avenivorum, n. n.
133
A LIST OF THE " MACRO-LEPIDOPTEEA " OF
LANCASTER AND DISTRICT.
By C. H. Forsythe.
(Continued from p. 110.)
Xonagria amndinis (ti/pha;). — "Near Cockerham in September"
(G. Loxham).
Tapinostola fidva. — Local near Rush-a-lee in September. Our
local form is nearly white.
Gortyna ochracea. — " The larvae are common near Cockerham Moss
in July and August " (G. Loxham).
Hydrcecia nictitans. — Common and fairly well distributed in July,
August, and early September.
H. petasitis. — Near Host Bank and Carlisle Bridge. The larvre
occur in the roots of the butter-bur {Tetasites vulgaris) in June and
July.
H. micacea. — Common everywhere in August and September, and
comes to sugar and bloom freely.
Xylophasia rurea. — Common everywhere in May and June ; the
var. conibusta is fairly common.
A', lithoxylea. — Comes to sugar in the County Asylum grounds, at
Bowerham, Blea Tarn, &c., end of July and August.
X. subliistris. — Uncommon ; near Halton, County Asylum grounds
and Witherslack, in June and July.
X. monofjlypha {polyodon). — Abundant and very variable in colour —
from light grey to black — in June, July, and August.
Epineuro7iia {Neiironia) popxilaris. — Fairly common some years, not
so in others ; Halton, Quernmore, Blea Tarn, County Asylum grounds,
&c., in August and September.
Charaas jraminis. — Generally distributed but nowhere common, in
July and August.
Luperina testacea. — Comes freely to street lamps in August and
September, and is generally distributed.
Mamestra fiirva. — Local, near Clougha at sugar in July. " Fairly
common at Witherslack " (G. Loxham).
M. brassioB. — Plentiful everywhere ; all through August and Sep-
tember the larvae are to be found feeding upon cabbage and other
Cruciferfe in nearly every garden.
M. persicaricR. — I have rnly bred this species from Methop and
"Witherslack larvae taken in September. The imago appears in June
and July.
Apamea badlinea. — Fairly common in Grimshaw Lane, Blea Tarn,
Bowerham, &c., in June.
A. yevmia. — Fairly common and generally distributed in June
and July.
A. didyvia {ociilea). — Abundant and very variable; comes freely to
sugar everywhere in July and August.
Miana fitriyilis. — Fairly plentiful at sugar, County Asylum grounds,
Halton, near Clougha, Blea Tarn, Bowerham, &c., in June and July.
The var. (ctldops is common.
134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
M. fasciuncula. — Fairly common at sugar at Blea Tarn, Halton,
Quernmore, County Asylum grounds, &c., in June.
M. literosa. — Not common but generally distributed; comes to
sugar and bloom in July and August.
M. furuncula. — Uncommon, County Asylum grounds in July.
Phothedes captiuncula. — Local, near Whitbarrow (Witherslack) and
at Arnside in July and August.
Celmia haivorthii. — Uncommon ; I have taken odd examples at
Methop and near Clougba in July.
Grammesia trigrammica {triHnea). — Not plentiful; comes to bloom
and sugar in July in the County Asylum grounds and near Blea Tarn.
I have bred it from Methop larvaj taken in May.
Caradrina morpheas. — Uncommon ; I have only taken it in Grimshaw
Lane, and bred it from larvfe (same locality) taken in September. The
moth appears in June.
C. quadripunctata (cubic idans). — Fairly plentiful at sugar in late
May and again in September. County Asylum grounds, Halton, Blea
Tarn, Quernmore, Freeman's Wood, &c.
Rusina tenehrosa. — Fairly common at sugar, County Asylum grounds,
Blea Tarn, and Halton, and I have bred it from Methop larvae. The
moth appears in June and July.
AijrotLs vesti/fialis (valligera). — Fairly plentiful at Heysham on the
flowers of ragwort {Senecio jacohcEc^), in July and August.
A. jnita. — Not plentiful at Heysham in late July.
A. suffum. — Comes to sugar in September; County Asylum grounds,
Blea Tarn, &c., and is fairly common.
A. saucia. — Comes to sugar in September. Not common.
A. seijetiun. — Common at sugar in September; some of the forms
show a tendency to melanism.
A. exdamationis. — Common at Heysham in June ; comes to sugar
and bloom.
A. cursoria. — Occurs at Heysham in July.
A. corticea. — Not common about Heysham in early July.
A. nvjncans. — Comes to ragwort flowers freely in July ; Heysham, &c.
A. tritici. — Fairly common about Heysham in July. Comes to the
flowers of the ragwort.
A. aquilina. — Uncommon ; about Heysham in July and August.
Noctua ijlareosa. — Not common. I have taken odd specimens at
Blea Tarn and in the County Asylum grounds, and bred it from
Witherslack larvae. The moth appears in August and September.
N. augur. — CoiBmon at sugar in July ; Blea Tarn, Quernmore,
County Asylum grounds, &c.
N. plecta. — Fairly common at sugar in July ; County Asylum
grounds, Grimshaw Lane, Halton, &c. I have also bred it from
Methop and Witherslack larv®.
.V. c-nigrum. — Fairly common at sugar everywhere during late
summer and autumn.
N. hrunnea. — Generally distributed but not plentiful ; comes to
sugar in July.
N. festiva. — Fairly common throughout the district. I have taken
it at sugar in July in nearly all the localities in which I have
collected.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 135
N. rubi. — Plentiful at sugar during August; County Asylum
grounds, Quernmore, Blea Tarn, &c.
N. umbrosa. — Conies to sugar and bloom in August ; County
Asylum grounds, Grimshaw Lane, Blea Tarn, Freeman's Wood, &c.
xV. haja. — Fairly common and generally distributed in July.
N. xanthoyrapha. — Abundant at sugar everywhere in late July and
August.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
On behalf of the late Mr. C. G. Barrett's family, I have great
pleasure in announcing that we have been able to persuade Mr.
Richard South to superintend the publication of the remaining manu-
scripts of the ' Lepidoptera of the British Islands,' which will carry
the work to the completion of the Tortricina. — C. G. B.
Note on Agkotis . puta. — Larvje of A. jnita, a brood of which I
have been rearing, were full-fed early in December, about the 10th, I
think. They are only just beginning to pupate. The first changed on
March 17th, and so far only three out of about eighty have pupated. —
H. V. Plum ; The College, Epsom, March 20th.
Notes on Tortrix podana. — Some weeks ago, finding I wanted a
few specimens of Tortrix forsterana to complete my series, I collected
about half a dozen larvffi from ivy, and placed them in a warm green-
house to hasten their emergence. The moths began to appear early in
the present month, and I was greatly surprised to find not only
T. forsterana in the breeding-cage, but also T. podana. It is well
known that T. podana is extremely polyphagous in its habits, but,
with the exception of once breeding the species from yew, I have
never before known it to occur on an evergreen plant. For the past
two or three years T. podana has been very troublesome in the vineries
here. The larvae, when young, feed between united vine-leaves, and
in the warmth necessary for forced vines quickly attain their full
development, and if not checked thus produce two or three broods in a
season. When the larvae are about half-grown they frequently forsake
the leaves of the plant and attack the fruit. At tlie present time,
when the bunches of grapes are just setting, they not infrequently bite
through the tender stalks, thus ruining the entire bunch. Later,
when the grapes are about half-developed and still green, they bore
into the individual berries, causing each one attacked to mould and
decay. During last year I frequently noticed, in the pages of ' The
Garden' and 'Gardener's Chronicle,' queries respecting a Tortricid
larva which was causing great havoc in vineries. The answers almost
invariably given were that the species was referable to T. forsterana.
Judging from my own experience, I have little doubt that T. podana
was the real culprit. The larvae of both species are much alike, and
might readily be mistaken for one another by anyone not very well
acquainted with Tortricid larvffi. Whilst, however, it is most unusual
for P. pjodana to be found on evergreen plants, it is equally unusual to
136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
find T. forsterana on deciduous ones. Ivy is, of course, its usual food-
plant, and I have also found it on laurustinus ; honeysuckle is given
by many authorities, but, so far as my experience goes, this is no
exception to the rule, as it only occurs on Lonicera frograntisshna,
which is an evergreen species. — E. Maude Alderson ; April 11th.
The Mason Collection, — Fifteen specimens of Deiopeia pulchella
sold at from 8/- to a guinea apiece. An example of Emydia (irmnmica,
from E. Shepherd's coll., together with a specimen of D. pulchella, said
to have been taken at Camden Town, only made 10/-. A male E. gram-
mica (Tunbridge Wells) 14/-, and a female of tlie same species from
Windsor9/-. Ablack aberration of Callimorpha dominula realized^ 3 10s.
while another variety, with brown hind wings, made 30/-. There were
a good many interesting aberrations of Arctia caia, and thirteen of the
best of these brought in a total of £27 17s. The highest price being
5 guineas for one example, and the lowest 20/- for two specimens.
The type of Spilosoma rnenthastri var. walkeri, Curtis, went for 21/-.
Twenty-four specimens of LcbIiu cmiosa, put up in pairs, sold at from
10/G to £3 per pair. Of Epicnaptera [Gastropacha) ilicifolia there
were ten examples, and the price for these ranged from 25/- to 70/- a
couple. Twelve specimens of Drepana harpaguJa (sicula) from the
Bristol locality made 20/- to 40/- per pair, while three males were
secured for 1 guinea. Cerura bicuspis, of which there were eighteen
Tilgate specimens, made 5/- to 15/- each. A specimen of Glyphisa
crenata ("Isle of Man, E. G. Meek, 1870"), when offered alone did
not obtain a bid, but when included with ninety-nine other specimens
of desirable species, the round hundred made 20/-. Four specimens
of Leucodonta {Xotodonta) bicolor (three from Staffs, and one from Ire-
land), realized £8 10s. For a specimen of Notodonta trilophus, " reared
from a larva found in Essex, J. W. Douglas," the bidding rose to
£6 10s. ; but another example of the same species (" Ergham, Norfolk,
Gurney "), only made £2 10s., and a third specimen (from E. Brown's
coll.) had to be put up with two other lots of nice Notodonts, when
the combined lots sold for 17/-. Five Synia viusculosa were disposed
of at 5/- to 11/- each. Leucania vitelllna sold at 7/- and 9/- a couple
but single specimens included with half-a-dozen L. turca produced 8/-,
10/-, and 11/- per lot. The specimen of Leucania extranea recorded
by the late Mr. W. P. Weston (Entom. xii. 19), only realized 9/-.
Nonagria sparganii, from Dover, made 4/- to 8/- each, but four other
specimens without data went for 8/-. One example of Lnperina
dumerili and one of L. guencei, each with a history, fetched 12/-, and
for one specimen of the last-named, from Sang's coll., 5/- was given.
Four Hydrilla jmlustris, with data, sold at 22/- and 24/- per pair,
while two lots, each including two males of this species, with other
things, only made 7/- and 8/- the lot. The specimen of Noctua sub-
gothica, from which the figure in Stephens' "Illustrations" was
drawn, with another example of the same species, brought in a guinea;
but the type of Agrotis lunigera, Steph., was bought for the Tring
Museum at £3. Of Noctua snbrosea, a moth that appears to be now
extinct in Britain, there was a nice series of fourteen specimens. The
first of these were the male and female types from Yaxley Fen, de-
scribed by Stephens ; these made £5 10s., and go into the Tring
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 137
Museum. The others were offered singly, and realized all sorts of
prices, from 30/- up to £4, for specimens that might be described as
decent to fine ; two somewhat poor specimens only made 10/- and 14/-
each.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPOETS.
Hertfordshire Coleoptera. — Eight new species have been added
to the Hertfordshire list during 1904 by Mr. E. G. Elliman, of The
Broadway, Chesham. They are : — Harpalus sabuUcola (Ross way, near
Berkhampstead), Cercyon niipiceps (Tring), Homalota consanguinea (two
examples in much-decayed beech-leaves at Tring), Placma pumilio
(under bark of oak at Rossway), MylUsna niinuta ( Wiggiugtou), Catops
sericatus (taken by sweeping at Aldbury), Coccinella hieroijlijphica (Aid-
bury Owers), and Hister bissexstriatns (St. Albans). With the exception
of the last-named species, which was captured by myself, all the above
were discovered by Mr. Elliman. — A. E. Gibbs ; Kitchener's Meads,
St. Albans.
Lepidoptera in Hertfordshire. — At a meeting of the members of
the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, held at
Watford on March 29th, Mr. A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., of St. Albans, pre-
sented a report on the Lepidoptera observed in the county chiefly
during 1904. Although the season, generally speaking, was an un-
favourable one, seven additional species, mostly recorded during 1904,
were added to the county list. They are: — 1. Xylina semibrunnea ;
four specimens taken at sugar at Baldock, in August and September, by
Mr. A. H. Foster, of The Grange. 2. Melnnippe </aliata, taken by
Miss Alice Dickinson at New Farm, St. Albans. 3. Antidea sinuata,
taken both at St. Albans by Miss Dickinson, and at Hexton by Mr.
Foster ; at the latter locality five specimens were beaten from a hedge
on the chalk-hills. 4. CAdaria siderata, taken at Tring in the larval
stage by Mr. A. T. Goodson. 5. Scoparia anyustea, captured at Wat-
ford in 1900 by Mr. V. P. Kitchin. 6. Aceptilia galactodactyhi, taken at
St. Albans by Miss Dickinson. 7. Tcnea granella, caught at St.
Albans by Mr. Gibbs. These seven records brought up the total
number of species on the list kept by the Society to 1165. So far as
the Rhopalocera were concerned, Mr. Gibbs said he had little to report,
most of his correspondents being agreed as to their comparative
scarcity, the only exception to this being Pieiis rajm, the second
brood of which were stated by Miss Dickinson to have been unusually
abundant. Mr. Gibbs showed a series of specimens of males of the
early brood of this species, taken in his garden at St. Albans, in which
the black markings were either very faintly indicated or entirely
wanting. The extreme form was known as ab. iminaciiUita, and by
way of contrast some strongly marked specimens of the second brood
were also exhibited. Alluding to the occurrence of Deilephila livornica
in the British Isles in 1904, Mr. Gibbs said he could not hear of any
stragglers having reached Hertfordshire, but he exhibited a specimen
taken by Miss Ada Selby in her garden at Bottler's Green in 1898,
and mentioned that a second example has since been taken by her at
BNTOM. — MAY, 1905. M
138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the same place. The only previous record of which he was aware of
the capture of this moth in the county was at Cheshunt, where Mr.
W. C. Boyd was fortunate enough to secure one on August 25th, 1868.
Sphinx convolvuU was several times reported during 1904, and Chcero-
campa porcellus was taken on July 2nd by Mr. Arthur Cottam, of Wat-
ford, flying over a honeysuckle-bush. The rapid spread of Plusia
vioneta, which was becoming one of the commonest garden insects in
the district, was alluded to, and a long series of specimens reared from
larvffi captured on aconite in the recorder's garden at Kitchener's
Meads, St. Albans, was shown, a short account of the life-history of
the species being given. Among the records of the year was the cap-
ture of Panoiis piniperda near St. Albans, an insect which possessed a
special interest for them, as the first British specimen was taken
at Hertford in 1810 by Mr. J. F. Stevens, the father of English ento-
mology. Detailed reports of observations made during 1901 by Miss
A. Dickinson, of New Farm, near St. Albans ; Mr. Arthur Cottam, of
Eldercroft, "Watford (who is unfortunately leaving the neighbourhood
very shortly to reside in Somersetshire) ; Mr. P. J. Barraud, of Bushey
Heath ; Mr. V. P. Kitchin, of Watford ; Mr. A. T. Goodson, of Tring ;
Mr. W. C. Boyd, of Waltham Cross ; Mr. A. H. Foster, of Hitchni ;
and the recorder were then presented to the Society. — A. E. Gibbs ;
Kitchener's Meads, St. Albans.
Erratum. — P. 120, line 14 from bottom, for "early in March"
read " on February 21st."
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — March 15th, 1905. — Mr. F.
Merrifield, President, in the chair. — Sefior Don Iguacio Bolivar, of
Paseo de Eecoletos Bajo, 20, and Calle Jorge Juan, 17, Madrid, was
elected an Honorary Fellow of the Society, in the place of Professor
F. M. Brauer, deceased. Mr. Frank P. Dodd, of Kuranda, via Cairns,
Queensland ; Mr. Cecil Floersheim, of 16, Kensington Court Mansions,
S.W. ; Mr. Joseph Lane Hancock, of 3757, Indiana Avenue, Chicago ;
and Mr. Herbert C. Robinson, Curator of the State Museum, Kuala
Lumpur, Selangor, were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. C. 0.
Waterhouse announced that the late Mr. Alexander Fry, a Fellow of
the Society, had bequeathed his large and important collections of
Coleoptera to the British Museum. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited some
butterflies from Natal which had been presented by Mr. G. A. K.
Marshall to the Hope Department at Oxford, illustrating certain ex-
periments made with a view to determine whether the assumption of the
wet or dry season form of various African butterflies could be con-
trolled by exposure in the pupal state to artificial conditions of tempe-
rature and moisture. — Mr. W. E. Sharp, a specimen of the North
American Longicorn, Neoclytiis erytkrocephahis. He said the species
had been discovered in a sound ash -tree seven inches from the bark,
grown in the neighbourhood of St. Helens, Lancashire. Some palings
of American ash in the vicinity suggested the origin of the progenitors
SOCIETIES. 139
of the colony ; but it was not known how long they had been erected.
He also showed examples of Amara anthobia, Villa, with a series of A.
familiaris, Duf., and A. lucida for comparison. They had been sent
him by the Eev. G. A. Crawshaw from Leighton Buzzard, where they
occurred not infrequently at the roots of grass in sandy places. — Mr.
M. Burr, a number of multilated Stenobothms from the Picos de
Europa, Spain. Of the grasshoppers occurring on this spot, almost
every specimen had the wings and elytra more or less mutilated, some-
times actually torn to shreds, entirely altering their appearance. A
notable exception was S. bicolor, of which no single specimen was
found mutilated. This species also frequently indulged in flight,
which the others were unable to do ; and he suggested that its immu-
nity might be due to the vitality which has enabled it to become the
most abundant and widespread grasshopper in Europe. ^Mr. F. W.
Pierce, drawings of the genitalia of Noctuid moths, and also with the
lantern a number of slides showing the respective peculiarities of
many members of the genus.
April 5th. — Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in the chair. — The decease of
Dr. Alpheus S. Packard, an Honorary Fellow, and of Mr. Alfred Beau-
mont, and M. Alfred Preudhomme de Borre, Fellows of the Society, was
announced. — Mr. H. St. J. Douisthorpe exhibited specimens of a melanic
Grainmoptera, discovered by Mr. J. C.T.Poole at Enfield, which appeared
to be quite distinct from any member of the genus taken in Britain. —
Mr. M. Jacoby brought for exhibition a specimen of Megalopns mclipoma,
Bates, an insect which so much resembles a bee that Bates had said they
were indistinguishable in nature. — Mr. A. Bacot exhibited, on behalf
of Dr. Culpin, specimens of Papilio macleauana and Hi/pocijsta metirius
captured in Queensland, illustrating the use of " directive " markings
in the Rhopalocera in influencing their enemies to attack non-vital
parts. — Mr. G. J. Arrow, an example of Ceratoptenis stahli, Wast., a
beetle from Australia possessing notable powers of crepitation. — Mr.
A. H. Jones and Mr. H. Rowland-Brown showed a series of Erebia
alecto {(jlacialis) var. nicholli, Obth., taken by them at about 8000 ft.,
at Campiglio, South Tyrol, with specimens of Dasydia tenehraria var.
icockearia, caught in the company of the Erebias in the same localities.
Mr. Jones also exhibited examples of Erebia niclas from the Parnassus
Mountains, Greece, for comparison, and fine forms of butterflies found
at Mendel, near Botzen. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a series of bred
Morpho adonis from British Guiana, with the very rare dimorphic
black-and-white female. — Dr. F. A. Dixey, the social web and pupal
shells of Eucheira socialis, Westw., together with specimens of the
perfect insect, being the actual nest from Mexico described and figured
by Westwood in the Transactions for 1836, in connection with which
exhibit the Eev. W. T. Holland, of Pittsburgh, U.S.A., gave an
account of a social silk cocoon spinning species he had met with
also from Mexico. — Professor E. B. Poulton, F.Pi.S., read a note
recently received from Mr. S. A. Neave, giving further interesting
evidence of the superstitious dread of larvfe with terrifying eye-like
markings entertained by the natives of Rhodesia. — The President read
a note on experiments conducted by him to ascertain the vitality of
pupae subjected to submersion. — Mr. H. A. Byatt, B.A., read a paper
on " PsendacriEa pogyei &nd Liiimas chri/sippus; the Numerical Proportion
140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of Mimic to Model." — Mr. G. Bethune-Baker contributed "A Mono-
graph on the Genus Ogyris.'" — H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
March Qth.—Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—
Mr. Harrison exhibited a living specimen of a large green orthopterou
found among bananas imported from Jamaica. — Mr. Main, a box. in
which a living Javan spider had been kept. A number of ova had
been deposited, and a brood of young spiders had emerged. These had
spun a dense mass of web, and then shed their skins. He also showed
a photograph of the larva of Apatura iris in its hybernating position
on a leaf of sallow. — The remainder of the evening was spent in an
exhibition of lantern slides by Messrs. Dennis, Lucas, Tonge, Harri-
son, and Main.
March 23>v/.— The President in the chair. —Mr. H. Moore, a large
globe-fish [Tetrodon fahaka) from the Red Sea, and contributed notes. —
Messrs. Harrison, Main, and Cowham, long bred series of Colias edusa,
from ova deposited by an example of helice sent by Dr. Chapman from
South France in 190i. Seventy-nine were males, seventy-one females.
Of the latter, nineteen were typical, fifty-two hdice. Only one or two
specimens were in any degree intermediate in shade. Mr. Edwards,
Fapilio peranthus from Java, P. (jelon from New Caledonia, P. encelades
from Celebes, and P. acauda from the United States. — Mr. West
(Greenwich), some large species of Homoptera and Heteroptera from
South Africa. — Mr. Kaye, preserved larvae of Triphmia interjecia, and
pointed out the distinguishing characters from the larva of T. orbona,
also exhibited.— Mr. J. W. Tutt gave an address on " Our British
Plumes," illustrating his remarks on classification by a philogenetic
tree. — Hy. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
Entomological Club. — A meeting was held on March 21st, 1905,
at 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, the residence of
Mr. Horace St. John K. Donisthorpe, the president and host of the
evening. The members present were — Messrs. Adkin, Chitty, Donis-
thorpe, and Verrall, and there were about a dozen visitors.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Works on Mosquitoes.
The Mosquitoes or Culicidm of New York State. By E. P. Felt.
Bull. 79, Entom. 22. New York State Museum. Pp. 400 +
57 plates. Albany (1904).
This work deals in a most able and sound scientific manner with
the mosquitoes of tiie State of New York. The plates, taken from
photos of the wings, male genitalia, scales, and larval characters, are
beautiful reproductions. It forms an almost complete natural history
of the New York State species of a high scientific standard. A most
interesting part is the appendix, which consists of a " Generic Revision
of Culicidffi'' of the State. Only true Anopheles occur, but of the
RECENT LITERATURE. 141
CuliciuEe we find Janthinosoma, Psorophora, Grahhamia, Stefjomyia,
Cidex, UranotcBnia, Wyeomyia, and .Erfes recorded. To these the author
adds some new genera spUt off from the unwieldy genus Culex. For
Cidex serratus, Theobald, he proposes the genus Protocxdex ; in another,
Culiscta, he includes Cidex incidens ; this comes in Neven-Lemaire's
genus Theobahlia, so some modification must be made for the others he
includes, or the genus must sink. C. dijari, Coquillett, is taken as the
type of a genus Culiceda ; C^. sijlvestris, Tlieob., the type of Ecculex ; and
Meigen's cantans the type of Culicada, a most necessary separation.
The common North and South American and West Indian Culex
tmiiorhynchus, Wied., he places in a genus GuUcdsa.
The work is so sound and excellent that it should prove one of the
greatest advances in recent years. It is unfortunate that the author
lays such stress on the male genitalia, as males are often so difficult to
obtain.
Report on the Mosquitoes occurriny ivithin the State of Xew Jersey, their
Habits, Life-History, &c. By John B. Smith, Sc.D. Pp. 482 +
133 figs, and 4 maps. Trenton, New Jersey (1904).
This is a large and valuable work, dealing with mosquitoes gener-
ally, and especially with those of New Jersey State. The work is
divided into four parts. The first deals with Mosquito Characteristics
and Habits ; tlie second, Checks and Remedies ; the third, Classifica-
tion and Descriptions ; the fourth. Local Problems and Surveys. The
genera dealt with are true Anopheles, Janthinosoma, Psorophora, Cidex,
Uranot(Bnia, Wyeomyia, and /Edes. No genera related to Culex are
given, Grabhamia not being employed, nor Tmniorhynchus,
The illustrations, like the test, are excellent, and there is much
valuable matter regarding the destniclion of Culicid larvae.
A Mo7ioyraph of the Aiioj^heles Mosquitoes of India. By S. P. James,
M.B., I.M.S., and W. Glen Liston, M.D., I.M.S. Pp. 123 +
30 plates. Calcutta (1904).
This work deals with most of the known Indian Anopheles. It is
excellently got up as far as binding and plates go, and has evidently
been issued after much painstaking research. The book is divided into
two parts. The first deals with " General Matter," the second is
"Systematic." Part of the former is excellent, the latter shows a
superficial knowledge. The information is not up to date, so the work
loses much of its value ; for instance, the primitive classification given
on page 5 is now considerably altered [vide ' Genera Insectorum.'
Family Culicid^). Some pages (19 to 21) are devoted to showing the
invalid nature of scale-structure; they need no further notice, as they
show such want of knowledge that one is really surprised at reading
them.
Chapter II. deals with collecting, mounting, examining, and the
identification of Anopheles larvae. The authors give a table for identi-
fying species, partly based on the colour banding of the palpi. This is
no more uniform in Indian Anophelinte than it is in any others.
142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
according to recent examinations. For some reason the authors miss
out Walker's A. vanus, and in a weird way ignore a distinct genus and
marked species {Aldrichia error). On page 112 they say : " This genus
is based on a single specimen which was found amongst the types of
A. rossii deposited in the British Museum." We should like to know
which therefore they consider rossii. Is it Aldrichia error, or one of
the other Jive siJecimens left under A. russii ? If Aldrichia error, which
is 7iot a unique specimen, is only an abnormality of rossii, why not place
Ste(jomi/ia fasciata as an abnormality of Culex pipiens ? There is quite
as much similarity. The authors apparently have not seen the types.
In a similar vein these investigators state (p. 61) : " Another instance
of a monstrosity even more marked than the above is the specimen upon
which Mr. Theobald has founded a new subfamily called Heptaphle-
bomyia. The single insect," &c. The authors are evidently quite ignorant
of the fact that the single insect is a very common species in Sierra
Leone ; they are also equally unaware that Ventrillon has described
two very marked species of Heptaphlebomyia from Madagascar, and
that a third occurs there. They also do not seem to be aware of the
fact that ti/pcs are siiujle specimens. Such matters as these make us
at once chary of the whole work.
Tlie authors in a most painstaking manner describe the larvfe, but
unless we know the exact stage described such work is of no value.
The frontal hairs, as Dr. Grabham has found, vary in form in different
stages of the same species. Do they or do they not do so in India ?
Until we have a more sound account of these Indian larval Anophelines
we cannot accept the validity of *' frontal hair" characters. Let the
authors by all means go back for medical purposes to Anopheles, Culex,
and Mdcs, and let them alter the original descriptions to suit them-
selves, but it will not do for zoological purposes.
It is regrettable to write this of such a book ; but where there is such
unsound judgmeut and such errors it is impossible to look upon it as a
whole in any other way.
The coloured plates (fifteen) are beautifully drawn by Dr. D. A.
Turkhud, M.B., of which some of the wings were reproduced from
the original drawings (given to the British Museum) in error by the
artist who illustrated the present writer's monograph without proper
acknowledgment in the work.
Fred. V. Theobald.
Tioenty -eighth Annual Report and Proceedings of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Entomological Society. Session 1904. Pp. 56.
This well-known local Society is to be congratulated not only on
the considerable progress it has made in the matter of membership,
but also as regards the useful nature of the work its members are
engaged upon. Not the least valuable of the Society's efforts is the
proposed compilation of accurate lists of the insect fauna of the
counties which it represents. An important contribution to this
series is "A Preliminary List of the Orthoptera," by Mr. E. J. B.
Sopp, published in the volume before us. Another interesting paper
by this author is on the " Callipers of Earwigs." In an address Mr.
Robert Tait( Vice- President) discourses most pleasantly and instructively
OBITUARY. 143
on a lepidopterist's work during 1904. The volume contains an ex-
cellent portrait of Mr. Samuel J. Capper, F.E.S., the perennial Presi-
dent of the Society.
Entomologen-Adressbuch. Pp. 296. Berlin : W. Junk. 1905. ^
This exceedingly useful Entomologist Directory gives the names
and addresses of some 9000 individuals living in various parts of the
world who are occupied in the study of Entomology or are interested
in collecting insects. Of these about 2000 are credited to Germany,
something like 1800 to Great Britain, and rather less than 1000
to France. The number for the United States very slightly exceeds
that for our own country.
OBITUARY.
Alpheus Spring Packard.
This celebrated American entomologist died at Providence, Ehode
Island, on February 14th last, having held the position of Professor of
Zoology and Geology in Brown University since 1878. He was born
at Brunswick, Maine, where his father, who bore the same name as
himself, was then a Professor. He graduated there in 1861, and sub-
sequently qualified in medicine, and served as Assistant-Surgeon
during 1864 and 1865 in the United States Army ; but otherwise he
devoted his time wholly to science, and very largely to entomology,
where he won for himself a position not unlike that so long filled
by Prof. Westwood in Britain ; and it is only of his entomological
work that we propose to speak here.
Entomologists of the present day do not perhaps know that fifty
years ago there was a small penny paper, ' The Entomologist's Weekly
Intelligencer,' edited by H. T. Stauiton, which ran for ten volumes,
and was the immediate ancestor of the ' Entomologists' Monthly
Magazine.' The influence of this small forgotten paper on the progress
of entomology both in Britain and America was almost incalculable,
and in vol. vii., pp. 14, 15 (Oct. 8th, 1859), we find a letter from
young Packard, saying that he wished to make a special study of the
Geometrinas, and appealing to British entomologists for assistance.
Packard was thus one of the earliest of the great band of entomolo-
gists— Scudder, W. H. Edwards, H. Edwards, Grote, Cresson, Osten-
Sacken, Walsh, Piiley, and others — who have worked during the last
half-century till the insects of the United States are more thoroughly
and exhaustively studied and known than those of any part of the
world, not excepting Britain itself. To this result Packard himself
very largely contributed. He was one of the founders of the ' American
Naturalist,' which he edited for twenty years. (Part of the informa-
tion in the present article is taken from the March number of that
Journal.) From 1868 to 1872 Packard edited a ' Record of American
Entomology,' and his contributions to leading American scientific
144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
periodicals on insects of all orders, Crustacea, Myriopoda, Economic
Entomology, Zoology in general, Anatomy, Embryology, Anthro-
pology, Geology, Palffioutology, and other allied subjects are extremely
numerous. The list of Packard's entomological books and papers fills
nearly ten pages of the Library Catalogues of the Entomological
Society of London ; but among the most important of these are perhaps
the following : — 'A Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or Phaltenidge
of the United States,' 4to, 1876, thirteen plates ; ' Guide to the
Study of Insects,' 1869, a thick 8vo volume, profusely illustrated,
which has gone through many editions, and did for America what
Westwood's ' Modern Classification ' did for general entomology ;
' Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of America, North of Mexico ;
Part L Notodontidfe,' 4to, 1895, with forty-nine plates, mostly beauti-
fully coloured, and maps ; and ' Text-book of Entomology, including
the Anatomy, Physiology, Embryology, and Metamorphoses of Insects,
for use in Agricultural and Technical Schools, as well as by the
working Entomologist,' 8vo, 1898. One of his last books was on
' Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution ; his Life and Work.'
W. F. K.
A. U. Battley.
It is with the deepest regret that we record the untimely death of
Mr. Arthur Unwin Battley, which took place at his residence at Heme
Bay, on April 1st. at the early age of thirty-nine. Mr. Battley had
been an ardent field-naturalist from his boyhood, and although the
Lepidoptera were his favourite study, his acquaintance with ornitho-
logy was of no mean order, and botany and geology also claimed a
share of his attention. Notes from his pen are scattered in our maga-
zines and transactions of societies, the latest being " On Assembling
in Lasiocanipa (jHe)-cus" (Entom. xxxvii. 820), whilst another very
interesting contribution was the careful paper, " Notes on the Life-
history of Aporia cratani " {ibid, xxxvi. 249). Thoroughly practical in
everything in which he interested himself, he was always ready to
impart information and advice whenever it was within his power ; and
his geniality and unselfishness endeared him to a wide circle of
acquaintance. Perhaps some of his best work was in the promotion
of nature study through his encouragement of the smaller societies,
and especially his interest in, and help to the young beginners. He
was a Secretary of the City of London Entomological and Natural
History Society from 1890 to 1895, President of the North London
Natural History Society in 1893, and a valued member of that society
up to the time of his death. During his residence at Hanwell and at
Heme Bay he was associated with the Ealing Natural Science Society
and the East Kent Natural History Society respectively ; and only just
before his death he had organized a new "Heme Bay and District
Field Club," of which he was to act as Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.
His loss will be keenly felt by many who had come under the magnetic
influence of his enthusiasm, or who were indebted to his unvarying
kindness.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII. ] JUNE, 1905 [No. 505.
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN AMERICAN BEES.
By T. D. a. Cockekell.
Pebdita mentzeliarum, Ckll., var. lauta, n. var.
2 • Auterior and middle femora without dark markings, or
slightly marked with black or blackish in front ; abdomen creamy-
white, with the bands much reduced, usually represented by two pairs
of lateral or sublateral spots on the first segment, and one pair each
near the hind margins of the second and third ; lateral face-marks
usually pointed above.
<? . Head very large ; cheeks with a short spine ; yellow going
above level of antenna in median line, the process blunt.
Hah. Collected by Professor E. 0. Wooton "on Mentzelia
(ivrightii or multiflora) , five or six miles above Tularosa, New
Mexico, on road to mountains, end of August"; seven females,
two males. Flying with them, over the same flowers, were
P. mentzeliarum, Ckll., two females; P. mentzelia, Ckll., one
male, one female ; and several P. tvootonce, Ckll.
The mentzelia (i. e. Touterea) species of Perdita are very
variable. At Piaton, N. M., Aug. 29th, I took a variety of
P. mentzelice, much larger in both sexes than that found near
Tularosa, the male having a very large head, like the pulclirior
form of P. pallidior. At flowers of Touterea vmltiflora, at La
Cueva, Organ Mts., Sept. 2nd, Prof. C. H. T. Towusend took a
male P. mentzeliarum, in which the abdomen is orange, wholly
without bands or spots, except an arched dark band on the first
segment.
Melissodes agilis, Cresson, var, subagilis, n. var.
^ . Length about 8^ mm. ; labrum entirely black, mandibles
without a yellow spot ; third submarginal cell less narrowed above ;
eyes (when dry) light green.
Hah. Fort Collins, Colorado, Aug. 21st, 1903. (Colorado
Agricultural College.)
By the black labrum and spotless mandibles this agrees with
the Mexican M. floris, Ckll. ; it differs from floris by the rufous
ENTOM. — JUNE, 1905. N
146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
edge of the clypeus, absence of black hairs on thorax, and
generally lighter colour. The type specimen was taken at
flowers of Grindelia squarrosa by Mr. F. C. Bishopp.
Melissodbs mysops, n. sp.
(? . Length nearly 14 mm,, pubescence dull white, some black on
scutellum, and black on the basal parts of the abdominal segments
except the first; clypeus lemon-yellow, its upper margin black; labrum
black ; mandibles without a yellow spot ; flagellum red beneath. Very
close to M. c7iici, Rob., from which it differs thus: yellow of clypeus
only obscurely trilobed ; face broader ; eyes (when dry) pale bluish-
grey ; antenufE darker ; ventral hair of thorax not black ; scutellum
with black hair in middle ; hair of legs not black ; disc of mesothorax
and scutellum more shining, the punctures more separated ; abdomen
narrower and longer, with weak light hair-bands, failing in the middle;
lateral subapical teeth longer and narrower.
2 . Length about 14 mm. ; face broad, facial quadrangle much
broader than long ; eyes light grey ; flagellum stained with red beneath ;
hind part of mesothorax, and scutellum, shining, with well-separated
punctures, and sparsely clothed with erect black hair ; pubescence of
legs black, but scopa on outer side of hind tibife and base of tarsi long,
strongly plumose, and light reddish, in striking contrast; hair on
under side of abdomen and lower part of pleura black, that at apex of
abdomen dark fuscous or black. Differs from M. niici, Rob., by the
conspicuous black hair on disc of thorax, the more shining and less
closely and coarsely punctured scutellum, and the narrower abdomen,
with distinct pale hair-bands, especially on the third and fourth
segments.
Hah. Maybell, Colorado (type locality), Aug. 1st, 1904, both
sexes ; Virginia Dale, Colorado, Aug. 2nd, 1903, two females.
M. cnici is an oligotropic visitor of thistles ; the pollen collected
by the present species at Maybell looks like thistle-pollen. My
M. cnici, used for comparison, are Nebraska specimens received
from Mr. J. C. Crawford. In dry specimens the eyes of M.
mysops are light grey in both sexes ; in M. cnici they are light
reddish ; in M. dentiventris (female) they are light green.
Since writing the above I have ascertained that the Maybell
material was collected by Mr. S. A. Johnson at flowers of thistle,
while the Virginia Dale specimens were collected by Mr. F. C.
Bishopp at flowers of white thistle.
Synhalonia territella, n. sp.
^. Length slightly less than 10 mm. ; black, the head, thorax,
base of abdomen, and legs with abundant long erect greyish-white
hair, not at all fulvous, even on mesothorax ; eyes (dry) dark plumbe-
ous ; facial quadrangle about square ; clypeus lemon-yellow, without
any black border above, but with the usual narrow brown anterior
edge ; antenna long, entirely black, third joint comparatively long,
considerably over twice length of second ; labrum light yellow, with
the lateral margins black ; mandibles black ; last joint of maxillary
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN AMERICAN BEES. 147
palpi long, apparently a little longer than the fifth, fourth and fifth
together about as long as third ; tegulse dark ; wings clear ; abdomen
subglobose, black, the erect white hair covering first segment and
basal two-thirds of second, the apical third of second covered with
black hair ; third and fourth segments with short black hair, and no
pale hair-bands ; fifth with a subapical band of very thin light hair ;
sixth with a more pronounced band or fringe ; last ventral segment
with the lateral margins elevated ; legs normal, hair on inner side of
basal joint of tarsi orange.
Hah. Palisade, Colorado, May 7th, 1901, two males. (Colo-
rado Agricultural College.)
Similar in many respects to S. eclwardsii, but smaller, with
the third antennal joint longer, the yellow of the clypeus paler,
&c. The type specimen was taken by Prof. C. P. Gillette at
flowers of plum.
Synhalonia trutt^, n. sp.
Synhalonia frater (not of Cresson), Ckll., Amer. Naturalist,
vol. 36, p. 815 (no description).
(? . Length about 12 mm.; black, the head, thorax, base of
abdomen and legs with abundant long erect greyish-white hair, not at
all fulvous, even on mesothorax ; eyes (dry) reddish-black ; facial
quadrangle broader than long ; clypeus very bright lemon -yellow, the
upper border narrowly black, this black broadening before it ends
laterally ; narrow anterior margin very pale brownish ; labrum re-
tracted in the specimen described; mandibles black; last joint of
maxillary palpi at least as long as the fifth ; antennae long, entirely
black, third joint of moderate length ; wings slightly dusky; abdomen
quite without light hair-bands ; first two segments with erect light
hair, but extreme apical margin of first, and base and apex of second,
with black hair ; last ventral segment with no distinct lateral eleva-
tions ; legs normal; pectinigerous spur on anterior tibia ending in two
long slender spines, one of which terminates the comb, while the other
is prolonged in the line of the spur ; hind spurs normal. Although
the abdomen is without hair-bands, properly speaking, the sides of the
third and fourth segments, viewed laterally (obliquely) show glittering
white hairs. This is extremely like the male of iS'. edivanlsii, but the
pubescence is paler, and the second abdominal segment has it black at
base ; the scape also is considerably less swollen.
? . Differs from that of S. frater by its rather smaller size ;
reduced abdominal hair-bands, those' on the third and fourth segments
being narrow and more or less broken in the middle line ; apical plate
much more rounded, less conical in outline ; hind spur of hind tibia
long and straight, not curved at the tip ; mandibles without a light
streak. The reduced abdominal bands, the shape of the apical plate,
and the long straight hind spur, also distinguish it from S. belfragei.
The ventral abdominal segments are fringed with pale hair, greyish-
white at the sides, more or less fulvous in the middle. The second
dorsal abdominal segment has a complete transverse area covered with
light hair to the exclusion of the black, which is belore and behind it,
but this light hair is thin and erect, so that it does not seem to form
N 2
148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
a band when the insect is seen from above, as it does in frater and
belfragei ; this area of light hair is gently concave behind, and is con-
siderably narrowed laterally.
Hob. Trout Spring, Gallinas Caiion, New Mexico, May 24th
(Cockerell). It visits the flowers of Iris missouricnsis. Evidently
the New Mexico representative of S. edwardsii, Cressou.
Synhalonia speciosa (Cresson).
S- ■ Length about 14 mm. ; black, with dull white pubescence,
tinged with ochreous on thorax above ; facial quadrangle longer than
broad ; clypeus bright lemon-yellow, the yellow notched deeply on
each side above ; labrum pale yellow ; mandibles black, with the apical
part reddish, and furnished below with a number of shining red hairs ;
maxillary palpi 6-jointed, the second and third joints long and about
equal, the last three together about as long as the third, and succes-
sively smaller, the last being narrow and minute ; antennte reaching
to base of abdomen, entirely black, apical part of flagellum crenulated,
and obscurely longitudinally ridged above ; scape short and broad ;
third joint about one-third length of fourth; mesothorax and scutellum
with very close shallow punctures ; tegulje dark anteriorly, pallid and
subhyaline posteriorly ; wings tinged with brown, the nervures piceous;
abdomen with black hair mixed with the pale on the basal parts of
segments three to six ; apex of second segment with coarse black
hair ; third to sixth segments with apical or subapical bands of white
tomentum (such as are seen in females of Sy7ihalo7i'ia), these bands
successively stronger on each segment going backwards ; apical plate
black, broadly truncate, very little narrowed posteriorly ; last ventral
segment with a short square tooth or process on each extreme lateral
margin ; legs black, the tarsi ferruginous, the basal joints black or
blackish on the outer side, the hair on inner side of basal joints
orange-ferruginous ; middle tarsi slender but normal, first joint with
no apical process ; both spurs of hind tibife hooked apically ; basal
joint of hind tarsus with a couple of red curved bristles at apex,
simulating a curved spine.
Hah. Fort Collins, Colorado, May 29th, 1901, and May 28th,
1901 (Colorado Agricultural College) ; Boulder, Colorado, May
17th, 1902 (S. A. Johnson, 496).
Allied to S. gillcttei, CklL, but easily distinguished by the
smaller size, hooked spurs, &c. The May 29th example is
recorded as from mountain ash, taken by Mr. Titus. I had
described this as a new species, but having some misgivings lest
the remarkable character of the hind spur might have been over-
looked in the description of one of Cresson's, I asked Mr. Viereck
to examine Cresson's types with this question in mind. He has
very kindly done so, and reports that in S. frater, dilecta, lepida,
and all the other species of Synhalonia in the collection at Phila-
delphia the spurs are simple ; except in the male of S. speciosa
as determined by Robertson, who has taken the sexes in coitu.
In this male speciosa the spurs and the peculiarities of the hind
tarsi are just as described above, and it is evident that the species
STKAY NOTES ON ACULEATE8. 149
is the same. It had not occurred to me to refer the insect to
speciosa, because the only description of that species given by
Cresson is that of a female, and Robertson had published the
opinion that it is a synonym of f rater. It is now evident that
f rater can readily be distinguished from speciosa in the male by
the character of its spurs.
Boulder, Colorado : March 6th, 1905.
STEAY NOTES ON ACULEATES.
By Peecy E. Freke, F.E.S.
I have always found Vespa vulgaris more numerous than
other wasps. In some places V. germanica seems to be as abun-
dant or, indeed, more so, but this is, I believe, more apparent
than real, the latter coming much more into houses and shops
in search of sweets. At Tramore, Co. Waterford, it seemed to be
almost the only wasp in the town, but on examining the country
hedgerows, I found V. vulgaris maintained its numerical supe-
riority. V. germanica might well be called the " house -wasp,"
or the " town-wasp," and V. vulgaris the "country-wasp." At
Borris, Co. Carlow, I examined many nests, and found that
V. vulgaris was responsible for 81'5 per cent, of them, V. ger-
manica coming next, but a long way behind. There V. rufa and
V. sylvestris are about equally common, probably rather less so
than V. germanica, whereas about Dublin V. rufa is rare, and
V. sylvestris and V. norvegica (the last the least common at Borris),
are about equal, and V. germanica is about half as common as
vulgaris. In one place one seems more numerous, whereas in
another place the reverse is the case, but always vulgaris holds
the lead more or less. Why is this ? I believe because it is
the most "hardy" of our wasps. I have noticed it flying in
some numbers quite late in the season, when others of its genus
had ceased to appear weeks before, and I think it probable that
this character enables a larger proportion of females to survive
the winter. I believe vulgm is has also a larger family. Certain
it is that the males of this species are more commonly seen on
the wing in autumn than germanica even in the latter's most
favoured districts.
With regard to the face-markings, I have found the females
and workers of germanica to vary more than vulgaris, and I
believe variation is by nests, and not individually. I examined
a nest of rather abnormally marked germanica, and found
80 per cent, of the workers were thus marked. In the normally
marked nests I found no abnormally marked individuals.
Generally, wasps are very good-tempered, unless the nest
150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
itself is actually attacked, or they have been irritated by former
attacks upon their home. I have often stood in front of the
nest and captured numbers of the inmates as they came or went,
without the others interfering. I have never know a wasp make
a totally unprovoked attack. Hive-bees constantly do so, and
are far worse tempered than wasps. A wasp, on coming into a
room, shows far more sagacity than a hive-bee about getting out
again. The latter seems to lose its head completely and, being
frightened, gets very cross. But a wasp may lose its temper,
even when its safety is not threatened. I saw one of them
feeding on fallen apples, in company with some large flies. One
of the flies carelessly jostled the wasp, who turned savagely
upon it and bit off one of its wings and then left it and returned
to the apple.
I think T^ sijlvestris is perhaps our most savage wasp, and
V. norvegica the least so. Indeed, when a boy, I have, with the
help of one of the grooms, cut away a nest of norvegica, and
carried it home half a mile, defending ourselves with pieces of
brushwood, and have not received a single sting. We ran all
the Avay home, and any wasps that were in the nest when we
started, came out, but did not attack us.
Wasps are very gentle towards individuals of their own
species. I have seen them, having fallen into the gardener's
bottle of sugar and water, and have noticed that when one tried
to save itself by climbing on to its neighbour, the latter would
turn on it with open jaws, yet if it were one of its own species
(possiblj^ its own nest), it was never attacked. Not so, however,
if one of them were vulgaris and the other germanica. Then
they closed in mortal combat, and I have often seen them lying
drowned, locked in each other"s grasp.
When a wasp attacks a large fly, it attempts to disable it by
biting through the principal nervures of one wing. This is not
as easy as one might suppose, and I have often seen the contest
last a considerable time. I once saw a wasp attack a large fly
{Sarcophaga carnaria), and it seemed incapable of disabling it
thus. The fly dragged it about over the ground for some time,
until at last the wasp, desparing of success in the usual way,
shifted its grasp forward, and seized the fly by the neck and bit
its head off at once. Why is not this the usual mode of attack ?
It seemed so much easier than the other. Probably it ofl'ers
more chance for the victim to slip from its antagonist's grasp
before she can seize the neck.
Generally, a wasp bites its captive almost into a shapeless
mass, and then carries it home to its nest. I saw one attempt
to fly across a river with an unusually heavy burden of that
kind. It started from a high bank, but was not equal to the
task, and got lower and lower, until, just as they touched the
water, a big trout rose and sucked them both down.
STRAY NOTES ON ACULEATES. 151
The males of some of the Aculeates are very quarrelsome.
I have seen a pair of Pompilus gibbus fight furiously for the
possession of a female which was present, and, on examining
them, have found that they had both suffered severely ; indeed,
the smaller of the two had no wings left, only the remnants of
nervures.
I have seen the males of Mellimis arveiisis, when cruising up
and down in front of the burrows of their females, seize each
other and, fighting fiercely, roll down the bank together. The
most combative of our Aculeates is, I think, Andrena wilkella.
I have often seen the males fight with each other in a most
determined manner. But they do not confine their quarrels to
those of their own race. I once saw a large female of Bomhus
terrestris struggling on the ground, bnzzing, and trying to get
away from something that held her. I found a male of A. ivil-
kella had seized her by the hind leg, and refused to let go, until
I captured them both. She was able to crawl about, but could
not fly away with her antagonist holding on, and did not appear
to offer any resistance. I put the angry Andrena into a bottle
which already contained a worker of Vespa vulgaris, thinking he
would soon have the tables turned on him, but he unhesitatingly
attacked the wasp, which, to my surprise, seemed quite afraid
of him, and disposed to keep out of his way, and he renewed
the attack every time the wasp came near him, and drove it off.
I cannot help thinking that this wasp was timid from finding
himself in the bottle, but that does not detract from the valour
displayed by the little Andrena.
The males of Bombiis sometimes quarrel among themselves,
and I have seen those of B. lapidarius fighting on the ground,
and tumbling over each other like two dogs, although I could
not see any female in the neighbourhood. Also when they are
presumably seeking the females, they often fly up and down a
hedge on a hot day, and will attack any one who passes near
them. In this way I have been persistently attacked by males
of B. agroram and B. terrestris, the latter even striking my hat
as they dashed at me.
I saw a fierce battle near Caesar's camp at Folkestone,
between four large females of B. lapidai-ius. Three of them
were on the ground when I first saw them, and the fourth came
to join in the fight while I was looking on. At first I thought
they must be males fighting for a female, but this was certainly
not the case. Then I thought perhaps it was a contest be-
tween Bomhus and Psithyrus, but they were undoubtedly all
B. lapidarius. This is contrary to all my former experience.
Generally, the females of the social Hymenoi^tera are rather
gentle outside their nest. But these were fightuig on the open
ground, on the grass.
I once watched a bank where many small solitary bees had
152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
their nests in a colony. The parasitic Nomada alternata were
busy examining their burrows. They appeared extremely care-
ful, stopping at the mouth of the holes, with their autennpe
directed forward, and carefully watching for any symptom from
within of the presence of the rightful owner. I saw the head of
an Andrena at one burrow, and it was presently withdrawn.
Very soon Nomada came and inspected the hole, but promptly
departed. However, in the case of one returning, .4. trimmerana,
I thought the intruder had been caught inside. There was a
terrible scuffle at the mouth of the hole. It lasted just two
minutes, which appeared a long time as I watched it. Andrena
pulling with all her might, and something within which as
steadily resisted. At last, suddenly, out came something which
she thrust backwards beneath her between her legs, and which
rolled to the bottom of the bank, while she entered the burrow
triumphantly. I picked up the vanquished insect, which seemed
to be very seedy, and was surprised to find it was not a Nomada,
but a female Halictus ruhicundus.
I have watched females of Mellinus arvcnsis catching flies on
cow-dung. Mellinus ran about until it saw a fly, advanced to
within from two to three inches of it, paused for an instant, like a
dog pointing, as if it were taking aim, and then sprang forward,
rarely more than about two inches. The fly was often missed,
but, if caught, they both rolled over, Mellinus biting its prey. I
noticed it did not attack every species. The little flies, Sepsis
cynipsea, it passed by contemptuously. Lucilia cornicina it often
passed unnoticed, though I saw it attempt to catch several, only
in one case successfully, and then the fly was released immedi-
ately, seemingly none the worse, Mellinus running ofi' apparently
disgusted at having made a mistake. Masra was greedily
seized. I did not see any " blue-bottles," which I know are a
favourite prey, but there was present a specimen of Mesembrina
meridiana which Mellinus avoided, giving it a wide l)erth, and I
frequently saw this big fly chase it for a few inches from one
place to another. I do no not know why this should be, for I
have often seen Mellinus carry oft" blue-bottles just, or nearly, as
large, and I have seen wasps attack this fly readily.
Sometimes the tables are turned, and I have seen a little
Andrena minutula, when busily engaged rifling a dandelion-head,
pounced on by one of the bloodthirsty red " cow-dung flies."
The little bee was taken unfairly at a disadvantage, as it was
seized from above, and a desperate struggle ensued, until Andrena
reversed herself, when the fly decamped with most ludicrous
promptitude.
Southpoint, Limes Road, Folkestone.
153
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW ACULEATE HYMENO-
PTEEA FEOM THE TRANSVAAL.
By p. Camekon.
Tachytes transvaalensis, sp, nov.
Black, the apical two joints of the four front tarsi reddish ; the
tibial and tarsal spines pale testaceous ; the calcaria testaceous ; head
and thorax densely covered with grey hair ; the apices of the abdo-
minal segments with broad bands of silvery pile ; the pygidium covered
with fulvous, mixed with silvery pubescence. Wings clear hyaline,
highly iridescent, the costa, stigma, and nervures pale testaceous ; the
second abscissa of radius shorter than the third ; the second recurrent
nervure is received in the middle of the cellule ; the apex of radius
is rounded below, obliquely sloped ; the first transverse cubital nervure
is roundly curved backwards to the cubitus. Eyes distinctly con-
verging above, where they are separated by the length of the antennal
scape and pedicle. Apical half of mandibles pallid testaceous, the base
thickly covered with silvery pubescence. Base of fore tarsi with six
spines. Pygidium clearly longer than it is wide at the base, gradually
narrowed towards the apex, as in T. mira, Kohl [cf, Ann. Hof. Mus.
Wien, 1894, pi. xiii. f. 82). The second joint of the flagellum is three
times longer than its thickness in the middle. The furrow on the base
of the metanotum is irregularly transversely striated ; it is indistinct;
on top of the apical slope is a closely, distinctly, transversely striated
space : the apical slope is transversely rugose. The long spur of the
hind tibiffi is as long as the metatarsus. $ . Length, 14 mm.
Transvaal.
Palpi dark testaceous. The pubescence on the hind tibia? behind
has a golden tinge. On either side of the clypeus are three stumpy,
not very clearly defined, teeth or ridges. The pubescence on the
pygidium is close, short, and depressed. The second abscissa of the
radius is shorter than the space bounded by the recurrent nervures.
It is possible that this may be T. hirsutus, Sm. (Cat. Hym.
Ins. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 300), of which only the male has been de-
scribed ; but the description is not sufficiently precise to enable
me to decide this without an examination of the type ; the pube-
scence of the head and thorax is certainly different, it being
yellow and "rich golden" on the face.
Odynerus vaalensis, sp. nov.
Black ; the scape below, clypeus, labrum, a mark wider than long,
transverse above, roundly narrowed below and slightly incised m the
middle, a band, narrowed in the middle, on the first abdominal seg-
ment above, a broader one, irregular behind and slightly incised in the
middle there, on the second above and below — the under line trilobate
— and the apices of the other segments, yellow. Legs bright fulvous
red, the coxfe and trochanters black. Wings almost hyaline, the
radial and cubital cellules smoky violaceous ; tegulse rufous. j •
Length, 8 mm.
154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Vertex rugosely punctured, the front closely longitudinally reticu-
lated-striated. Clypeus as long as it is broad, rounded broadly above,
the apex with an incision on its apex, where it is wider than its
greatest length ; it becomes gradually wider towards the apex, the
sides being sharply pointed. Apices of mandibles rufous. Temples
reticulated-punctured closely. Apex of pronotum transverse, the lateral
angles not acute. Pro- and mesopleuras more coarsely rugose than
the mesonotura ; the metapleurte, except near the base above, closely
striated obliquely, the strije intermixing and forming almost reticula-
tions in places. Lateral angles of metanotum forming, with the base,
almost a triangle, i.e. the sides are produced into a blunt point in the
middle. Scuteilum quadrangular, broader than long, its base obliquely
sloped. Apex of post-sen tellum smooth, obliquely sloped. Centre of
metanotum hollowed, smooth ; the keel in the centre widened towards
the apex. Basal abdominal segment cup-shaped ; the second slightly
longer than the width at the apex, which is smooth and turned up.
The flagellum of antennae is brownish beneath ; the hook is brown,
stout, reaching to the apex of the joint. There are two lines on the
post-scutellum.
Comes near to 0. posticus and O. sUvaensis. The former I
do not know in nature, but the latter may be separated from my
species as follows : —
Apical segments of abdomen and basal half of antennae
red, a yellow line in the eye-incision, the sides of the
median segment not dilated in the middle (some-
times yellow) silvaensis, Sauss.
Apical segments of abdomen and antennas not red, no
yellow line on the eye-incision, the sides of median
segment dilated in the middle . . . raa Icnsifi, sTp.nov.
The specimens of silvaensis which I have seen (there is a
specimen from the Transvaal in the Albany Museum, Grahams-
town) is Saussure's variety, they having the post-scutellum and
sides of metanotum yellow. The tibiae, too, are yellow on the
outer side cf. Saussure, * Vespides,' i. p. 214).
NEW CULICID^ FKOM THE WEST COAST
OF AFEICA.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
(Concluded from p. 104.)
Genus iEoiMOBPHus, Theobald.
(Mono. Culicid. iii. p. 290, 1903 ; Genera Insectorum, Culic.
p. 20, 1904.)
iEniMORPHUS ALBOANNULATUS, H. Sp.
Head dark brown ; proboscis black, with a white band on the
apical half. Thorax deep rich brown, with scanty golden scales ; a
silvery white spot on each prothoracic lobe; pleurte pale brown, with
NEW CULICIDiE FEOM THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 155
silvery white puncta ; scutellnm silvery white. Abdomen deep brown,
unhanded, with basal white lateral spots. Legs deep brown, with
apical silvery white bands, most pronounced in the hind legs, the last
hind tarsal being all white.
? . Head deep brown, clothed with dusky flat scales over most of
the surface, and some flat creamy ones at the sides ; around the eyes
rather large golden narrow- curved scales, and smaller and duller ones
at the back ; over the whole surface very long deep black upright
forked scales. Proboscis black, with a pale ochreous band slightly
towards the apical half. Palpi deep brown and densely scaly ; clypeus
brown. Thorax rich deep chestnut-brown, with scattered small golden
curved scales ; silvery white flat scales on the prothoracic lobes ;
numerous black bristles over the roots of the wings ; scutellum
brown, clothed with silvery white flat scales and black border- bristles,
six to the mid lobe and some smaller ones with them ; pleurae brown,
with prominent silvery white puncta composed of flat scales ; one large
spot of these scales seems to project outwards, and can be seen when
the insect is viewed from above, looking almost like a silvery spot close
to the roots of the wings. Abdomen deep brown, with basal white
lateral spots and pale venter. Legs black, with apical silvery white
bands as follows : small but prominent on the femora and tibiae of all
the legs, on all the metatarsi, and on the fore and mid first tarsal
segment ; in the hiud legs prominent on all the segments, the last
tarsal being pure white. All the ungues equal and uniserrated. Wings
with the first submarginal a little longer and narrower than the second
posterior cell, its base nearly level with that of the second posterior,
stem of the first submarginal cell about two-thirds the length of the
cell, stem of the second posterior cell as long as the cell ; posterior
cross-vein nearly twice its own length distant from the mid. Halteres
with pale stem and fuscous and white knot. The scales are dark
brown, especially along the costa, with deep violet reflections towards
the base, and a white patch of scales at the base of the costa and first
long vein. Length, 4-5 mm.
3- . Palpi about the same length as the banded proboscis, the two
apical segments small and about equal, a pale band at the base of the
apical segment ; on both apical segments, and on the apex of the ante-
penultimate, a few long brown hairs. Fore and mid ungues unequal,
the mid more so than the front ones, both uniserrated, the tooth of the
larger mid unguis near the base and small. Length, 4 to 4*5 mm.
Habitat. Sierra Leone, West Africa.
Observations. — Described from two specimens (a male and
female) in perfect condition. It is a very marked species, the
general ornamentation of the thorax and legs being character-
istic. I cannot be certain as to the exact structure of the male
ungues, as there is only one specimen, nor the genitalia, which
are hidden in hairs and scales. No notes were sent with the
specimens.
Genus Culex, Linnaeus.
(Syst. Nat. 1738, Linnaeus ; Mono. Culicid. i. p. 326, 1901,
Theobald.)
156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CuLEX HiRSUTiPALPis, Theobald.
(Mono. Culicid. i. p. 378, 1901.)
Several males and females from Bihe, Angola. The males
differ from the type in that there is no pale band at the apex of
the palpi.
My figure of the male ungues (Mono. Culicid. i. p. 378) were
drawn from a pinned specimen in which they could not clearly
be seen. When mounted and examined flat the tooth of the
larger fore and mid ungues is seen to be large and outstanding,
almost at right angles to the claw, and the tooth of the smaller
one is more pronounced and nearer the base. The series also
shows great variation in size, some specimens being one-third
less than the type.
Genus Heptaphlebomyia, Theobald.*
(Mono. Culicid. iii. p. 836, 1903.)
This genus was described from a single female. The fresh
material sent from Angola by Dr. Creighton Wellman has enabled
me to add fresh generic characters to those already given. The
males sent by the collector do not agree with the females, and I
am not sure if they are of the same species.
Characters of the Genus. — Head clothed with narrow-curved scales,
and upright forked ones, except at the sides, where they are small aud
spathulate. Palpi of the female small but prominent, in the male
acuminate, the last two segments hairy. Thorax clothed with narrow-
curved scales, and also the scutellum and prothoracic lobes ; the
pleurae in the female with patches of flat scales, which eud in a sharp
point ; in the male they are rounded apically. The wings have the
typical Cidex venation, hut the females have a distinct seventh long
vein, scaled for part of its length with rather large elongated flat
scales, which apparently vary iu number from ten to fifteen. The
scales of the wing are rather broader than in Cidcx, especially in the
apices of the veins, including the branches of the fork-cells. In the
males there does not seem to be a scaled seventh vein, but the sixth is
markedly bent at right angles near the edge of the wing.
The two chief features in the genus are the presence of a
scaled seventh vein in the female, and the peculiar form of the
scales on the pleurae, which I have not seen in any other
Culicids. There is a superficial resemblance between the males
and females, but the absence of the scaled seventh vein in the
males makes it doubtful if they really belong here, although
evidently they were taken together by the collector.
"' Since this was sent to press, two verj^ marked new species have
been sent me from Madagascar. The descriptions will shortly appear in
the ' Archiv der Parasitologie,' in a paper on Madagascan Culicidie by
M. Veutillon.
NEW CULICID^ FROM THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 157
Heptaphlbbomyia simplex, Theobald.
Head deep brown, with greyish scales ; palpi of female thin, black,
and white-scaled, of male thin, black ; proboscis black, unhanded.
Thorax deep brown, with small reddish golden narrow-curved scales,
brown pleurae with snowy white puncta. Abdomen deep brown, with
basal white curved bands, and basal white lateral spots. Legs deep
brown, uubanded ; white femoral and tibial apical spots and traces of
a very fine indistinct white line on femora and tibire. Ungues of
female small, equal, and simple.
5 . Head deep brown, with narrow-curved grey scales, somewhat
largest in the middle of the head, and black upright forked scales ;
small white flat lateral scales and a row of ratiier long and prominent
deep brown bristles projecting from the front of the head, those of each
side pointing inwards ; clypeus and proboscis deep black ; palpi thin,
rather irregular in form, and clothed with black and white scales.
Thorax deep brown, clothed with narrow-curved reddish golden scales,
some grey ones in front near the head, another small patch in front
of the roots of the wings, pale ones over the roots and before the
scutellum ; scutellum with pale dull creamy narrow-curved scales, with
two series of border-bristles, the larger deep brown, the smaller pale
golden ; prothoracic lobes with narrow-curved pale scales, and some
brown chsetag ; pleurje deep brown, with patches of flat-pointed white
scales and short golden bristles here and there. Abdomen deep
orange-yellow, clothed with deep blackish brown scales with violet
reflections, and with basal white curved bands, those of the second,
third, and fourth segments being in the form of almost median curved
spots ; all the segments with basal white lateral spots ; border- bristles
small and pallid, many pallid hairs at the sides of the body ; venter
mostly white, scaled with black. Legs deep black, the apices of the
femora and tibife with a white spot ; also on the femora and tibise is a
rather indistinct ventral white line ; ungues small, equal, and simple.
Wings with the first submarginal cell longer and narrower than the
second posterior cell, its base nearer the base of the wing than that of
the latter, its stem varying from one-third to one-half the length of the
cell ; stem of the second posterior about two-thirds the length of the
cell ; the posterior cross-vein from one and a half to twice its own
length distant from the mid ; the seventh vein with scales which vary
in number from ten to about fifteen. Length, 3-5 to 4 mm.
(? . Head clothed with narrow- curved pale scales, a more or less
prominent median bare line ; clypeus and proboscis deep brown ;
antennae grey, with deep biown bands and verticillate hairs. Palpi
deep brown, the apical segment acuminate, last two segments hairy,
the antepenultimate segment thin and weak, with a trace of a pale
band upon it, hairs black ; two apical segments equal. Thorax very
similar to the female, but does not show the pale scales. Abdomen
banded as in the female, narrow, with rather scanty long pale brown
hairs ; the apical segment with scattered creamy scales, the penulti-
mate with the pale basal band extending down each side of the seg-
ment. Fore and mid ungues unequal, both uniserrated, hind equal,
simple, and small. Wings with the seventh vein apparently not scaled
(/'. e. only a fold and no true vein). The first submarginal cell consider-
158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ably longer and narrower than the second posterior cell, its base nearer
the base of the wing than that of the second posterior cell, its stem
about half the length of the cell ; stem of the second posterior cell not
as long as the cell ; posterior cross-vein nearly twice its own length
distant from the mid ; sixth vein curved almost at right angles at the
apex. The male genitalia have rather a narrow basal lobe, with a long
curved lateral process composed of several narrow laminre, and nearer
the clasper another process, shorter, and composed of finer parts ; the
clasper terminates in a small jointed process. Length, 3-5 to 4 mm.
Habitat. Bihe, Angola, Portuguese West Africa (Dr.Creighton
Wellman).
Observations. — The four females sent by Dr. Creighton Well-
man all show the marked seventh scaled vein, but the males do
not. There is variation in size, showing, as usual, that exact
measurements of Culicids are of no diagnostic value. This
species might easily be mistaken at first for Culex fatigans,
Wied., and, on more careful examination, to be near C. creticus,
Theob., owing to the white scaled line on the femora and tibiae ;
but a microscopic, or even a careful hand-lens, examination will
at once reveal the seventh scaled vein.
The original type is in the British Museum, and all the
specimens redescribed here. There were three males sent with
the females.
Further notes on this genus will shortly be issued in the
' Archiv der Parasitologie ' on important material collected and
described by M. Veutillon.
A LIST OF THE " MACRO-LEPIDOPTEBA " OF
LANCASTER AND DISTRICT.
By C. H. Forsythe.
(Continued from p. 135.)
Triphana ianthina. — Generally distributed throughout the district ;
comes to sugared ragwort flowers in July and August.
T. interjecta. — Uncommon. I have only taken examples near
Heysham, Hest Bank, and in the County Asylum grounds in July.
T. comes (orbona). — Comes freely to sugar in July and August, and
is generally distributed. This species is very variable.
T. pronuha. — Abundant at sugar in July and August everywhere.
This is another very variable species in colour — from silver-grey to
black-brown
Amphipijra tragopogonis. — Fairly common everywhere at sugar in
August.
Mania manra. — Comes to sugar in Aqueduct Wood and other
localities on tbe banks of the Lune at the end of July, I have also
taken specimens in the County Asylum grounds.
MACRO-LBPIDOPTERA OF LANCASTER AND DISTRICT. 159
Panolis piniperda, — Not common ; comes to sallow-bloom in April :
Corporation Wood, Quernmore, County Asylum grounds, near Clougha,
Blea Tarn, &c.
Pachnobia rubricosa. — Fairly common at sallow-bloom, and generally
distributed throughout the district.
Taniocampa t/otJiica. — Common at sallow-bloom in March and April,
everywhere. This species shows considerable variation. The var.
gothicina is scarce.
T. incerta [instabilis). — Common everywhere at sallow-bloom in
March and April.
T. populeti. — Not common ; comes to sallow-bloom in March
and April, near Clougha, the County Asylum grounds, Quernmore,
Halton, &c.
T. stabilis. — Plentiful everywhere at sallow-bloom in March and
April. This species shows considerable variation of ground colour.
T. pulverulenta. — Generally distributed and fairly common. Comes
to sallow-bloom in March and April.
Dyschorista (Orthosia) suspecta. — I have only taken this species near
Clougha at sugar in July.
Urthosia lota, — Fairly common at sugar, and generally distributed,
in September.
0. macilenta. — Fairly common at sugar in September; Halton, Grim-
shaw Lane, County Asylum grounds, Blea Tarn, Freeman's Wood, &c.
0. helvola {ru/ina). — Fairly common at sugar in September and
October ; County Asylum grounds, Grimshaw Lane, Halton, Aqueduct
Wood, &c. This species varies considerably.
0. pistacina. — I have bred this species from Witherslack and Methop
larvae, and have taken it at sugar in the County Asylum grounds in
September and October, but it is not plentiful.
0. litura. — Common at sugar in September ; Witherslack, Methop,
County Asylum grounds, Blea Tarn, Freeman's W^ood, Corporation
Wood, &c.
0. circellaris [ferruginea). — Abundant at sugar in late September
and October in the County Asylum grounds, Grimshaw Lane, Aqueduct
Wood, Corporation Wood, &c.
Orrhodia vaccinii. — Abundant everywhere at sugar and ivy-bloom
in September, October, and November.
0. Hgida {spadicea). — Abundant everywhere at sugar and ivy-bloom
in September, October, and November.
Scopelosoiiia satellitia. — Fairly common at sugar in September and
October. This species varies much in ground colour — from red to dark
dull brown, and with a white, red, or yellow reniform.
Xanthia fulvago {cerago). — Fairly common and generally distributed
in July, August, and September.
A'. Jiavago [silago). — I have taken this species in September at
Methop, Witherslack, Grimshaw Lane, County Asylum grounds, and
Blea Tarn.
Cirrhcedia xerampelina. — Not common ; Blea Tarn, Clougha, Lan-
caster, Arnside, Halton, Caton, &c., end of August. The var. unicolor
is rare, odd examples occasionally at Clougha and Arnside.
Coamia paleacea (fulvago). — Scarce. I have only bred it from Methop
larvae taken from oak in early June. The imago appears in August.
160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Calymnia trapezina. — Fairly common and generally distributed
throughout the district in August.
Diantluecia cncuhali. — I have only taken this species between Caton
and Quernmore in June.
Pulia chi. — Abundant on the walls about Clougha, Lancaster,
Quernmore, Halton, and Caton, &c., in September and October. The
var. olivacea is scarce.
Miselia oxyacanthcB. — Abundant at sugar in September ; Halton,
Grimshaw Lane, Blea Tarn, County Asylum grounds, &c. The var.
capucina occasionally.
Agriopis apnlina. — Not common, but occurs in most of the localities
throughout the district. Comes to sugar in October.
Euple.via lucipara. — Fairly common at sugar in June and July,
and again in September ; County Asylum grounds, Clougha, Wither-
slack, &c.
Phiofjo]>hora vieticulosa. — Common at sugar in September and
October ; County Asylum grounds, Halton, Aqueduct Wood, Freeman's
Wood, Witherslack, &c.
Aplecta nehulom. — Common, but local ; Witherslack and Methop.
Comes to sugar in June. This species varies considerably in ground
colour — ranging from light grey to nearly black (the latter is rare —
var. robsoin).
A. tincta. — Local ; near Witherslack end of June.
Hadena protea. — Fairly plentiful near Clougha, Quernmore, Blea
Tarn, &c., in September.
H. tjlauca. — Local and not common. I have only taken this species
at rest on the rocks near Clougha in June and early July.
H. dentina. — A few at sugar, but more frequently at rest on the
stone walls and rocks in the vicinity of Clougha in July.
H. disswulis [suiifia). — Not common; odd examples come to sugar in
the County Asylum grounds, and I have bred specimens from Methop
larvas. The imago appears in June.
H. olerncea .—Common at sugar and privet-bloom in July ; and
generally distributed.
H. pisi. — Fairly common at Witherslack and Methop in June.
This species is very variable.
H. thalassina. — Not common ; examples come to sugar in most
seasons at Blea Tarn, County Asylum grounds, Quernmore, &c., in
June.
Xylocumpa areola {lithorldza). — Fairly common in some seasons;
appears in March and April, and comes to sallow-bloom.
Calocampa vetusta. — Uncommon ; comes to sugar and ivy occasion-
ally in October in the County Asylum grounds, at Blea Tarn, and
Quernmore.
C-. exoleta. — Fairly common and generally distributed ; comes to
sugar and ivy-bloom in October and November.
C. solidayinis. — I have only taken this species near Clougha and in
the County Asylum grounds ; end of July.
Xylina conformis. — Very rare. I took two specimens at ivy-bloom
on October 22nd, 1902, near Lancaster ; vide 'Entomologist,' vol. xxxv.
p. 25.
(To be continued.)
161
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Dytiscids in the New Forest. — Mr. Ansorge (Entom. xxxvii.
241) asks if anyone knows of the occurrence of Derona'teti latus in the
New Forest. I may therefore say that there is a stream in the forest
in which it may always be found in early June. I was very much
surprised when I first found it there, a good many years ago. Another
rare Dytiscid occurring in the forest I think has not been recorded, viz.
HydrovatHs ch/pealis. This lives in a pond near Lyndhurst, in com-
pany with Pelobius hennanni. — D. Sharp ; Cambridge, May 9th, 1905.
London Lepidoptera. — I should be very grateful if any of your
readers would kindly supply me with the names of Macro-Lepidoptera
actually seen or captured inside the "four-mile radius" at any time
since, and including, 1900. I trust it will be noted that I desire per-
sonal experiences only. — George Lock ; 41, Nithdale Eoad, Plumstead,
S.E., May IGth, 1905.
EupiTHEciA STEVENSATA. — When coUccting in Freshwater, Isle of
Wight, last September, I captured a F^ujuthecia which puzzled me to
name. I have just shown the specimen (which is in perfect condition)
to my friend Mr. L. B. Prout, and he informs me that it is undoubtedly
E. stevensata. The specimen was caught while dusking along an
ordinary hedgeside where a few tamarisks were growing, but certainly
no juniper. Tliis substantiates the statement, made some time ago by
Mr. Sydney Webb, that the insect appears in September, and that
the larva does not feed on juniper. As the insect had never to my
knowledge been caught outside the Dover district, I thought the record
might prove of interest. — J. P. Mutch ; 415, Hornsey Pioad, N.
[Barrett, in ' British Lepidoptera,' treats stevensata as a form of
E. sobrinata. " If this form," he remarks, " when reared, should
appear to be distinct from E. sobrinata, it will be an exceedingly
difficult species to describe, seeing that although the shade of colour is
peculiar, the markings, though differing in intensity, are accurately
the same." — Ed.]
Apamea ophiogramma. — Is Poa aqxiatica a usual food-plant for this
species ? I have found no less than six larvre this year feedmg upon it.
Both Phalaris arundinacea and Poa aquatica grow together along the
margins of the streams here, and I getlarvfe of A. opJiiogramma in both,
although mostly in the Phalaris. A. didyma [oculea) feeds commonly
on Poa aquatica, but is not very abundant on Phalaris arundinacea in
this district. — Francis C. Woodbridge ; Northcroft, Uxbridge.
Note on Haworth's Type-specimen of " Noctua subfusca." — At
the sale of the first portion of the Mason Collection, Lot 498 — which
included Haworth's original type-specimen, bearing his own MS. label
''subfusca," of his Noctua subfusca — became my property. The moth,
which was first described by him in Lep. Brit. p. 114, as '' Bomhyx
subfuscus,'" but was afterwards, on p. 219 of the same work, assigned a
more correct position under the name " Noctua subfusca," is an
obscurely-marked fuscous example of Agi-otis corticea, Hb., and the
name has been rightly sunk as a synonym of corticea. I observe, how-
ENTOM. — JUNE, 1905. O
162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ever, that iu the Entom. Syn. List, p. 7 (1884), snhfusca is specially
indicated as being referable to the female sex of A. corticea, and is not
entered as a variety, whereas the type-specimen, which I am about to
present to the National Collection, is unquestionably a male, as proved
both by the antennae and the frenulum, and represents a decidedly
aberrant form, for which the name snbfusca must be retained, of this
species. — Eustace R. Bankes ; Norden, Corfe Castle, May 11th, 1905.
The Mason Collection. — With reference to the notice [antea,
p. 136) of the sale of this collection, it seems advisable to mention
that the MS. label on the pin of the Norfolk specimen of 'Sotodonta
tritophus, Esp. (rendered as '' trilnphus," loc. cit.), read '• Ersham,
Norfolk, Garneys." "Ersham" is obviously a mistake for "Ears-
ham," in south-east Norfolk, which is close to Buugay (in Suffolk),
where Messrs. Charles and W. Garneys used to reside {vide Ent. Ann.
1856, p. 18). In the sale catalogue "Garneys" was incorrectly
rendered " Guruey," and the attempt to quote {antea, p. 136) the exact
data given in the catalogue has further resulted in " Ersham" of the
catalogue appearing as " Ergham." I also notice that it is stated
{antea, p. 136) that " Five Sijyiia niusculosa were disposed of at 5/- to
11/- each," but would point out that whereas this is true of the last
four of the five specimens sold separately and apart from other species,
the first of the five fetched 22/-. — Eustace R. Bankes ; Norden, Corfe
Castle, May 10th, 1905.
Entomological Club. — A meeting was held at Wellfield, Lingards
Road, Lewisham, the residence of Mr. Robert Adkin, the host and
chairman of the evening. Other members present were Messrs.
Donisthorpe and Porritt. Mr. Lucas exhibited a living example of
each sex of Agrion armatum from Cambs.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Deilephila livornica in Cornwall. — On April 16th last, at Charles-
town, there was taken a specimen of T). livornica, which is now in my
possession. I believe that four other specimens were taken about the
17th inst. viz. : — one Grampound Road, one Helston, one Falmouth, and
one at Hayle ; all in Cornwall. For three days preceding the 16th inst.
very strong south-south-east and south winds prevailed here, so I
assume that these insects, at least, were helped along thereby, on their
long journey. — H. D. Kenyon ; Lamorna Villas, Mount Charles, St.
Austell, April 28th, 1905.
Deilephila livornica in Wales. — On April 20th last, a good speci-
men of D. livornica was brought to me by a little girl. She had found
it in a hole in the garden. It was alive, and quite perfect, although
the girl carried it in a small tumbler. There is no doubt about its
being a true British specimen of that somewhat rare species. I would
have sent a record of this capture before, but I have been away from
home.— L. Stafford ; Gold Croft, Caerleon, near Newport, Monmouth,
May 16th, 1905.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 163
Notes from the Chester District for 1904. — Contrary to the
predictions of certaiu, or, more accurately speaking, uncertain weather
prophets, the summer of 1904 turned out to be sunny, warm, and
enjoyable. The months of June, July, and August had especially high
temperatures and clear atmospheres, and August 4th, when Londoners
sweltered in 91° (shade reading), had the distinction of being the
hottest day for four years. As usual, the weather became unsettled
about August 12th, summer returning towards the end of the month.
It was an especial matter of interest to me to see if the two previous
cold wet summers would have any appreciable effect on the numbers
of the butterflies. The following species were conspicuous by their
absence, either as larvae or imagines : — Vanessa in (I saw none). — V.
urticm (I do not remember seeing one). — F. atalanta was represented
by a few specimens. Mr. J. Thompson took five larvfe and one pupa
off nettles just outside Chester. One of the butterflies was seen,
September 11th, in the Grosvenor Park ; one in Delamere Forest,
August 30th ; two in Delamere Forest, September 10th ; and I saw
six feeding on heather-bloom, September 17th, in the same locality.
I did not see V. cardui at all. But, as all other butterfly species of the
district seemed up to their usual numbers, it was evident that the
failures in Vanessidfe could hardly be attributed to the two preceding
seasons. Much more likely are they due to the growing practice of
cutting down almost every available nettle and thistle, just when the
larvje are most dependent upon these food-plants.
Electric lamps were almost a failure — certainly not worth working.
My best capture was an example of CirrJuedia xerauipelina, August 30th.
Several specimens of Sphinx convolvnll were taken in September. In
connection with moths being attrticted by light, it may be worth
recording that a FInsia gamma flew into a farmhouse during a fall of
snow on the night of November 21st.
I will only mention the most interesting moths that I obtained in
various localities : — Sesia scoliiformis. I was well within striking dis-
tance of a fine fresh female at rest on birch in Delamere Forest, June
4th. Although it was a good shot for the net, I unfortunately missed
it. This is, to my knowledge, the second specimen seen in Delamere
Forest. — Chccrocampa porcellus. A freshly emerged specimen netted by
Mr. J. Thompson at flowers of white campion, Delamere Forest, on the
night of June 17th. — Rusina tenebrosa. Common in Delamere Forest
in June. All specimens melanic forms. — Hepialus veUeda var. carnus
(almost unicolorous brown, markings indistinct). One, Delamere
Forest, July 8th. — P. iota. A melanic specimen, Delamere Forest,
July 8th. — Stilhia anomala. One, the Leet, Valley of the Alwyn,
Denbighshire, July 30th. — Acidalia dtlutaria, Hiibn. Previously
recorded in the district by Gregson only. One netted by me in Dela-
mere Forest on the night of July 8th.— .J. aversata. A rosy-brown
form blotched with darker instead of bands on the upper wings, Dela-
mere Forest, July 1st. — Kinnidesin decolorata. Plentiful about Chester
and in Delamere Forest, June and July. — Boannia repandata. A black
specimen taken near Chester, July 5th. — B. rhomboidaria. A melanic
form taken near Chester, August 2nd. It laid a number of red eggs.
(The eggs of B. repandata are dull green.) — Hypsipetes elutata. A
beautiful green form (upper wings), August 4th. — Fericallia syriuijaria.
164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
One, Delamere Forest, July 8th. — Eupitkecia trisignaria, H.-S. I had
the good fortune to net one (Delamere Forest) on the night of July
1st. The previous occurrence in the district rests on a doubtful
record. — Mimccseoptilus bipunctidactyia, Haw, Common on the Leet
carboniferous limestone, Denbighshire, August 12th. — Aciptilia tetra-
clactyla, L. A small whitish plume not previously recorded. Common
on the Leet, Denbighshire, July. — Fterophorus monodactylus, L. One
beaten out of Scotch fir in Delamere Forest, October 1st. — M. ptero-
dacti/lus, L. Common in Delamere Forest, July 8th, but rather worn.
The following Micros were taken, or bred from larvae, in or near
Chester : — Orthutelia span/anella, Thnb. ; common on marshy places
in August. Depressaria liturella, Schiff., and Aphelin osseana, Sc.=
pratana, Hb. ; both on the Laclie Eye in August. Epiblema similana,
Hiib. ; Acalla hastiana, modification of var. autumnana, Steph. ; A.
hastiana, L., var. radians, Jluh. ; Endrosis lacteella, '^Qh.i&.—fenestrella,
Stt. ; Ancijlisbiaicuana, Steph. ; E. subocellana, Don.
From Delamere Forest: — Depressaria applana, Fabr. ; Pandanis
cori/lana, Fabr. ; Ccrostuma radiatella, Don., a very variable species ;
Paiidemis heparann, Schiff. ; I'lenrota bicosteila, CI. ; Scoparia ambigu-
alls, Tr. ; (Jlethreutes corticana, Hiib. ; Caccecia lecheana, L. ; Aconipsia
pseudospretella, Stt., almost black (also Chester examples).
From tlie Leet, Denbighshire: — A. osseana, He. = pratana, Hb. ;
C. radiatella, Don. ; Acalla varier/ana, Schiff.
Hybrids between Smerinthus ucellatus (female) and S. populi (male) :
From the eight pupje referred to (Eutom. xxxvii. 25) six fine motiis
emerged iu June— three on the 4th, one on the oth, one on the Gth,
and the sixth ou the 17th — all apparently males. As the sexes of the
parent moths were the same as those referred to by Mr. P. Kirk, of
Dundee (Entom. Record, i. 95), I was curious to see how my hybrids
would compare with those reared by Mr. Kirk. Mr. Tutt's description
of five of the latter (Entom. Eecord, i. 203) fits so accurately with my
hybrids that I give his description verbatim : — " They are perfectly
intermediate between the two species. The fore wings have all the
characters of both species, the basal line as in pnpidi, but with distiuct
traces of a shade showing the angulation of the basal line in ocellatus,
the hind wings have the fulvous basal patch of populi (no red colour),
and indistinct eye-spots characteristic of oceilatus."
S. tilicB. — From the fifteen pupae referred to (Entom. xxxvii. 25), I
got ten moths in May — two females on the 18th, a male and female ou
the 20th, a male on the 21st, a male and female on the 22nd, a
crippled female on the 23rd, and a male and female on the 21th ; four
males and six females in all. This moth might more accurately be
named the " elm moth," as I found, in agreement with the experience
of others, that the larvae prefer elm to lime.
Arctia caia. — A third brood of imagines (forced) began to appear
November 18th, and continue now (February). As iu the second
brood, which began to emerge on September 4th, the perfect insects
were in company with caterpillars of the same brood in every stage of
growth. With the exception of a fine female, in which the cream-
coloured area of the upper wings is increased, all the moths so far have
been typical. The insect does not seem to vary perceptibly in this
district, even with forced successive broods. The eggs laid by moths
SOCIETIES. 165
of the third brood have, iu ray case, all turned out infertile, although
a friend tells me his experience of the same brood has been quite the
reverse. I kept my larvas in cages placed on a warm kitchen shelf by
the fireplace, and fed them on dock and groundsel.
(To be continued.)
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — May Srd, 1905. — Mr. F.
Merrifield, President, in the chair. — Mr. J. Butterworth, B.Sc, was
elected a Fellow of the Society. Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited a series
of Xenarthra cervicornis, Baly, from Ceylon, and drew attention to
the curious structure of the antenna of the male, that of the female
being simple. — Mr. G. T. Porritt, specimens of Tephrosia consonaria,
ab. niiira, and melanic examples of Ijoarmia consortaria, all from a
wood in West Kent, by Mr. E. Goodwin. These forms were exactly
on the same lines as the melanism in West Yorkshire, and it is
curious they should occur in such widely separate localities. The two
genera, however, are evidently prone to melanism, as Mr. Porritt
stated that he had now seen black or almost black specimens of all the
British species except 'iephrosia punctiilata. — Commander J. J. Walker
(1) two specimens of the very rare Staphylinid, Medon ctistawns, Grav.,
taken in the Oxford district during the last week of April, 1905 ; (2j
several examples of both sexes of the giant flea Hi/strickopsylla talpa;,
Curtis, from field-mouse nests in the same district; and (3) the type-
specimen of the Boatrichid beetle, Dinodenis ocellaris, Steph. (taken
by the late Prof. West wood at "Little Chelsea" previous to 1830),
from the Hope Collection at Oxford. — Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S.,
read a note on " Heliotropism in Paiarqe and Py rounds,'' communi-
cated by Dr. G. B. Longstaft', M.D.— Professor L. C. Miall, F.R.S.,
communicated a paper on '-The Structure and Life History of Psychoda
sexpunctata, Curtis," by John Alexander Dell, B.Sc. — Dr. D. H. Hut-
chmson gave an address on " The Three-colour Process as applied to
Insect Photography," illustrated by lantern slides of British and
Indian Rhopalocera, the exhibits showing a marked advance in excel-
lence upon any yet shown at the Society's meetings. The President,
at the close of the proceedings, heartily congratulated Dr. Hutchinson
upon the results of his work. — H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., Hon. Sec.
South London Entomoloijical and Natural History Society. —
April 13t/i.— Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—
Mr. Winkworth, of Burdett Road, E. ; Mr. Wright, of Woolwich;
and Mr. Penn Gaskill, of Wandsworth Common, were elected mem-
bers.— Mr. Harrison, living larvae of Agrotis ashworthii from North
Wales. — Mr. West, Lebia cyanocephala and L. chlorocephala from Box
Hill. — Mr. Edwards, a number of species of the South American
groups of Papilio, Rndopoyon, Hectorides and Paridcs. — Mr. Kaye, long
series of Heliconius munatti, showing extensive variations, in the hind
wings particularly; and also pairs of //. sylvana and H.novatiis (?) ; all
were from British Guiana. — Mr. Turner, cases of Cleophurn unturatella
166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
on broom. — Mr. Sich read a paper entitled, " The Spot we stand on,"
and illustrated it with lantern slides.
Ajjrit 21th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Bevins, of Ongar,
was elected a member. — Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited larvfe
of Neme«i)hila russula in their last stage ; they were from ova laid by a
Cheshire female, and were feeding on dandelion. Mr. Cowham had
reared a brood in the autumn from spring ova. Mr. Main showed his
method of holding a twig with a larva or imago in position for photo-
graphing, by means of a compound clamp or test-tube holder and retort
stand, such as are used by practical chemists. He also exhibited a ball-
and-socket arrangement for fitting on a camera-stand to allow of incli-
nation of tlie camera in any direction. — Mr. Adkhi read a paper on
"Belated Emergences," and exhibited various species ni illustration.
Hy. J. Turner, Hoti. Rep. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The third
ordinary meeting was held in the Society's rooms, Royal Institution,
Liverpool, on March 20th, Mr. Kichard Wilding, Vice-President, in the
chair. — Donations to the Library were announced from Messrs. B. H.
Crabtree, F.E.S. ; H. B. Score, F.R.G.S. ; Jas. Fletcher, LL.D., F.L.S.,
and C. M. Adams, F.I.C. This meeting took the form of a micro-
scopical, lantern, and general exhibitional meeting, and proved to be
a most popular and successful innovation, the number of members and
their friends present being considerable, and including several ladies.
In addition to the various microscopical exhibits of members, ten
members of the Liverpool Microscopical Society contributed greatly to
the success of the evening by their exhibits, and the Society is much
to be congratulated on securing their invaluable co-operation. The
first half of the meeting was devoted to the microscopes and general
exhibits. — Mr. J. M. WilHams's slides included the suckers of Di/tiscns
and the head of the jumping spider, Salticus tatdyiradua ; Mr. Garnett
showed the " fairy fly," Auaijrus incamatus, and the Hessian fly; Mr.
F. N. Pierce, the chirping drum and file of the common house-cricket ;
Mr. D. Whittaker, the strigil of Corixa yeofroyi and other slides of
Aquatic Hemiptera ; Mr. J. E. Turner, head of plumed gnat, and
ichneumon flies; Mr. A. H. Dudley, the circulation of protoplasm in
XitcUa and FJodea, and a Cyclops carrying eggs ; Mr. C. M. Adams,
the larva, and male and female imagines of the itch-insect, Sairojites
scabiei; Mr. W. T. Haydon, sections showing development of embryo
of Pinus sylvestris; Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, larva of Meloe prnscarabcBiis
and spiracles of Dytiscus maryinalis. Among other interesting slides
on view were the tracheal system of silkworm; parasite of mouse,
showing its victim's blood in its stomach ; wing-case of tiger-beetle ;
transverse section of caterpillar, showing its last meal, &c. The
general exhibits were varied and instructive. The President, Mr. S.
J. Capper, sent his well-known educational collections, representing
all the orders of insects ; Mr. W. A. Tyerman, a series of bred Selenia
illunaria, and some beautiful moths from Winburg, Orange River
Colony; Mr. F. R. Dixon-Nuttall, specimens of the North American
Longicorn Xeoclytiis erythrocephalns, found seven inches below the bark
of an ash supposed to have grown in the St. Helens district ; Dr. W.
Bell, preserved larva of Xuctua trianyidum ; Mr. Horfcon, larvae of Tro-
SOCIETIES. 167
chilium bembecifnrmis in willow stems; Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, a case
of exotic CetoniidcB and one of goliath beetles, including Goliathus
drari/i, G. (jiganteus, and G. cacicus ; Mr. R. S. Bagnall, Leptura
pubescens, Sinoxyloyi anale, Chri/sobothris chri/sostit/wa, and a number of
other foreign beetles introduced into the Hartlepool district iu timber.
Mr. Sopp, British burying-beetles, borings of Hi/lesinufi fraxini in ash
and locusts ; Mrs. Sopp. the leaf insect, PhylUuvi scathe ; Mr. Whittaker,
Gerris canalinm, from the canal at Marple ; Mr. Pierce, a large wasp,
probably Vespa mandarina, captured by Mr. Wm. Johnson in the dis-
trict about sixty years ago ; Mr. H. R. Sweeting, a model-map of the
'• Liverpool District," taken from the one-inch oi'dnance map, revised
to 1895, &c. Refreshments were served at 8.30, after which there was
an excellent lantern demonstration. Among excellent photographs of
insects, by Mr. Henry Ball, Mr. Whittaker, and Mr. Oulton Harrison,
oue of Helops striatus, showing bifurcated antenna, exhibited by Mr.
Harrison, was especially interesting. — E. J. B. Sopp and J. R. le B.
Tomlin, Hoti. Secretaries.
Manchester Entomological Society. — January ith, 1905. — The
President, Dr. W. E. Hoyle, presided over a large gathering of mem-
bers on the occasion of the Annual Meeting. A general outline of the
work of 1904 was read by the Secretary, and the Treasurer's statement
showed a balance in hand of nearly Mi. Four friends were nominated
for membership. The following officers were elected for 1905 : — Presi-
dent, B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S. ; Vice-President, R. Tait, Jr. ; Hon. Trea-
surer, W. Buckley ; Hon. Secretary, R. J. Wigelsworth ; Librarian, C.
F.Johnson; Council, J. Ray Hardy, Geo. 0. Day,F.E.S., and W. Warren
Kinsey. In a brief address the retiring President, after congratulating
the Society on its successful career, said a word of warning was neces-
sary. The reading of papers and exhibiting of specimens were good and
helpful, but the usefulness of the Society would be impeded if a wider
outlook of the insect world was not taken. To do useful work, mem-
bers must take up other orders of insects besides Lepidoptera, some of
the less known groups, read and carefully study them, and ultimately
become authorities regarding them. The following exhibits were
shown : — Mr. Geo. 0. Day, cocoons of Hemerophila abrupt aria. — Mr.
R. Brauer, case containing species of Aryymiis, from the United States
of America. — Mr. L. Krah, Lepidoptera bred from ova obtained from
the Continent: Catocala frarini, C. mipta, C. sponsa, C. elocata, and C.
paranyviph(Ba. The members afterwards attended a demonstration on
"Recent Researches in Mimicry," delivered by Dr. W. E. Hoyle.
February 1st. — The Presiuent, B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S. , presided.
The following were elected members of the Society -.—Messrs. C. E.
Iveson, C. Camp, Herbert M. Leach, and Harold S. Leigh. Mr. W.
Warren Kinsey was elected Assistant Secretary, and Dr. W. E. Hoyle
was elected to fill the office left vacant on the Council. A paper
entitled, " Extracts from an Accentuated List of British Lepidoptera,"
was read by Geo. 0. Day, F.E.S. The pronunciations of the Latin
names were based on the authority of a publication by the Entomo-
logical Societies of Oxford and Cambridge. Many groups of Lepido-
ptera were dealt with, and in some cases the original meaning of the
names were explained. Messrs. B. H. Crabtree, R. Tait, Jr., L. Krah,
and other members commented upon the essay, and at the conclusion
1G8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
a hearty vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Day. The following
exhibits were shown : — Mr. B. H. Crabtree, specimens of C. planta-
fjinis, showing var. hospita, in which the orange colouring is replaced
by white. — Mr. R. Tait, Jr., Lepidoptera bred from ova and larvae:
Boarmia repandata, well-marked examples, bred from Welsli larvae ;
Aplecta advena, two specimens bred in November from forced larvje ;
A. australis, taken in the Isle of Wight by Dr. Dewar, of Stanley ;
Nyssia lapponaria, bred by Mr. A. E. Cockayne from Rannoch ova. —
Mr. J. Ray Hardy, specimens of Vanessa io from Grange-over-Sands,
fed on nettle and lettuce, showing difference in imago, — wings being
in some cases semi-diaphanous, the upper being of a dark purple
colour ; photograph of the larvae of Murpho epistmphis. — Mr. H. S.
Leigh, parasite of Satitntia pyri (July, 1904) ; Sphinx convolniU, in
perfect condition, taken near Worsley, Sept., 1904. — Mr. G. Kearey,
fifteen species of Coleoptera taken on a small plot of ground near
Philips Park, Bradford, near Manchester.
March 1st. — In the absence of the President and Vice-President,
the chair was occupied by Mr, C. F. Johnson. After the formal busi-
ness of the meeting, an adjournment was made to another part of the
Manchester Museum, when one of the members, Mr. A. E. Thomson,
delivered a lecture (to which the public were invited), entitled, " The
House Fly " (illustrated by lime-light views). This was enjoyed by an
exceedingly good gathering of persons, and at the close was followed
by discussion. — Robert J. Wigelsworth, Hon. Secretary.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — March 20th, 1905. — Mr. G.
T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Sir George Hampson was
elected an honorary member of the Society. — Mr. A. H. Martineau
showed a specimen of Zeuzera pyrina, L., taken at light at Solihull;
also an entirely black specimen of Formica mfa, L., from Hay Woods.
— Mr. S. H. Ivenrick, a fine lot of Pyralidse from New Guinea, in-
cluding some new and many rare species. — Mr. H. W. Ellis, a speci-
men of the rare beetle Platydenia dytiscoides, L., from the New Forest.
— Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, four specimens of Ptilops niyrita, Fall.,
a species of the Tachinidae new to the British list, which Dr. J. H.
Wood had found in various localities in Herefordshire. He said that
since receiving Dr. Wood's specimens he had seen one taken by the
late Rev. T. A. Marshall near Teignmouth. — Mr. H. W. Elfis, a
number of the late John Sang's exquisite colour drawings of insects.
— Mr. Gilbert Smith, a specimen of Callidium violaceum, with two
tibiae and two tarsi on the left hind leg ; the supernumerary tibia left
the normal one in about the middle, but was traceable below that ; it
had normal metatarsi, thickened tarsi, and two claws, so that there
were three claws on that leg. He also showed the rare Longicorn
Mesosa nubila from the New Forest ; also a number of an ichneumon
found in the refuse stuff of an old tree- trunk infested by lihayium hi-
fasciatum upon which it most likely lived ; they were in great numbers,
and all huddled together for hybernating.— Colbran J. Wainwright,
Ron. Sec.
Erratum. — The notice of Prof. Packard, referred to in our last,
appeared, not in the ' American Naturalist,' but in the ' American
Journal of Science ' for March, 1905, p. 204.
The Entomologist, July, 1905.
Plate II,
15
K-l'JB- 18
^'
M
rtf/f
21
22
23 ^IjJir ^"^
26
29
36
p==^
28
30
45
BRITISH WATERBUGS.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII.] JULY, 1905. [No. 506.
DESCRIPTION OP A NEW SPECIES OF LYG^EID^
FROM SOUTH AFRICA.
By W. L. Distant.
Some time since a Lygaeid was sent to me from the Cape
Colony which was described as "injurious to peach." Many
occupations prevented my identifying it at the time, and I was
recently reminded of my obligation by an enquiry from Mr. F. V.
Theobald, who had received the species from another African
habitat, where it was destructive to " cotton seed." I therefore
examined the insect, which appears to be undescribed.
Oxi/caremis exitiosus, sp. n.
Black ; posterior lobe of pronotum and corium testaceous ; a black
spot at posterior angle to corium, and the lateral margins to corium
sometimes distinctly lutesceut ; membrane pale grey hyaline ; body
beneath (imperfectly seen in the carded specimens from which this
description is made) black ; the abdomen beneath — excluding apex
and a central longitudinal medial fascia — sanguineous ; posterior
angular areas of prosternum testaceous ; tbe coxae, a central anuula-
tion to intermediate tibife, and the posterior tibije — excluding base
and apex — luteous ; head and pronotum rugosely punctate, scutellum
finely punctate, clavus longitudmaily punctate, corium very finely and
obscurely punctate ; membrane extending beyond the apex of the
abdomen ; antennae moderately robust, second joint longest and slender
towards base, third and fourth subequal in length, third distinctly
narrowed at base ; head and pronotum laterally rather longly pilose.
Long. 3 to ■! millim.
Hah. Cape Town; Seapoint. "South Africa" (Mansell
Weale).
ENTOM. — JULY, 1905.
170 THK KNTOMOLOGIST.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE UNDE SCRIBED GENERA
OF ICHNEUMONID^ FROM BORNEO.
By p. Camekon.
ACCENITINI.
Phalega, gen. nov.
Wings without an areolet; second recurrent nervure received behind
the transverse cubitus, widely distant from it ; disco-cubital nervure
broken by a stump of a nervure, transverse median nervure received
beyond transverse basal ; transverse median nervure in hind wings
broken at the middle. Wings longer tlian the body. Basal joint
of hind tarsi fully longer than the following two united. Parapsidal
furrows deep ; the mesonotum clearly trilobate. Metanotum with a
keel above the apical slope. Petiole stout, three times longer than
wide, clearly separated from the second ; ovipositor not much longer
than the abdomen. Four front claws cleft. The second abdominal
segment is wider than long ; the hypopygium in the female does not
project beyond the tip of the abdomen. Head not much wider than
the thorax ; apex of clypeus with a small but distinct tubercle in the
middle of the apex. Hind coxse short, about twice longer tliau wide.
Colour uniformly rufous. First joint of flagellum nearly as long as
the following two united.
Comes closest to Collyria and Chorischizus.
Phalega lutea, sp. nov.
Rufous-luteous, the flagellum of antenme and apex of tibije fuscous ;
the hind tarsi black. Wings bright luteous hyaline, the apex of the
fore wings behind and of the hind pair all round, smoky ;' the nervures
and stigma bright luteous. ? . Length, 12 mm. ; ovipositor, 6 mm.
Matang. August (R. Shelford, M.A.).
Face and clypeus strongly and closely punctured ; the face roundly
projecting in the middle ; the clypeus with a tubercle on either side
above. Vertex almost smooth. Front deeply excavated in the middle,
its centre with a distinct longitudinal keel ; the sides punctured.
Thorax closely punctured, smooth on the apex of the mesopleurfe
and on the base of metapleurfe. Base and apex of metanotum smooth ;
the middle punctured and with some striae. Abdomen smooth. Re-
current nervure distant from the transverse cubital by three-fourths of
the length of the latter ; its front half roundly curved. Hind legs very
long ; the femora not greatly thickened, but still clearly thicker than
the much longer tibife.
DiNocRYPTUs, gen. nov.
Areolet large, square, not narrowed in front ; transverse median
nervure almost interstitial ; disco-cubital nervure not broken, the
radial cellule elongate ; transverse median nervure in hind wings
broken below the middle. Wings uniformly fuscous violaceous.
Median segment without keels ; the apical slope tuberculate on the
ICHNEUMONID^ FROM BORNEO. 171
sides above ; spiracles large, linear. Abdominal petiole stout, be-
coming gradually slightly wider towards the apex, where it is twice
the width of the base ; the post-petiole not separated ; the spiracles
placed close to the middle ; those on second placed at the apex of the
bssal third. Ciypeus clearly separated, its apex in the middle with
two short rounded teeth ; the sides with a hollowed rounded dilatation.
Fore tibiffi thickened, narrowed at the base ; basal joint of tarsi longer
than all the rest united.
This genus, like Echthrus, Torhda, &c., is intermediate
between the Cryptinae and the Pimplinfe ; from the position of
the spiracles on the abdominal segments, they may be placed in
the Xoridini. The mesopleurse, as in the Cryptinae, are bordered
by a furrow ; and, as in that group, there are parapsidal furrows.
Its affinities are clearly with Torhda, Cam., from which it may
be known (the coloration being also very different) by the bi-
dentate apex of ciypeus, smaller square areolet, tuberculate apex
of metanotum, and longer metatarsus. Echthrus and Nyxeo-
jjhilus are placed by some authors in the Cryptina3 ; by others in
the FimplinfB ; probably there will be also a difference of opinion
as to the position of Dinocryptas and Torhda.
DiNOCRYPTUS NIGER, Sp. UOV.
Black ; thorax, base of abdomen and of legs thickly covered with
short black pubescence ; wings uniformly fuscous violaceous. ? .
Length, 21 mm. ; ovipositor, 10 mm.
Kuching. April (R. Shelford, M.A.).
The entire body is closely punctured. Basal part of metanotum
slightly carinate in the middle, and slightly depressed on either side of
the centre. There is a pale white line in the centre of the orbits on the
outer and inner. The second to fifth abdominal segments have trans-
verse impressions near the middle. The last segment is large, depressed
at the base ; the apex is depressed above, and is thickly covered with
long black hair. Antennte long, slender, the basal two joints of
flagellum equal in length.
XOEIDINI.
CcENOSTOMA, gen. nov.
(? . Upper part of ciypeus short, obliquely projecting ; the lower
part longer, not obliquely projecting, obliquely narrowed, the apex
transverse. Labrum large, semicircular, fringed with long hair.
Mandibles edentate, broad at the base, narrowed towards the apex.
Malar space furrowed, as long as the antennal scape. A furrowed
keel between the autennsB. Head cubital, temples broad, occiput
transverse, margined. Thorax four times longer than wide, largely
developed before the wings ; mesonotum 3-lobate. Scutellum llat,
two large deep fovere at its base. Post-scutellum stoutly keeled on
the sides. Metanotum longer than broad, flat, with the apex rounded,
longitudinally reticulated ; the spiracles longish oval. Wings without
an areolet, the rocurrent nervure received beyond the transverse
p2
172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
cubital, the transverse median behind the transverse basal. Eadial
ceUule long, lanceolate. Transverse median nervure in hind wings
broken below the middle. Abdomen narrow, as long as the head and
thorax united ; the first segment long, the basal half narrowed ; it is
nearly as long as the following three segments united; spiracles- placed
behind the middle; a triangular depression at its apex; the second and
third raised in the middle, the raised part bordered behind by furrows.
Hind coxfB about six times longer than thick; the trochanters long;
both united are longer than the femora, which are stout ; tibice long,
calcaria short ; basal joint of tarsi longer than the others united.
Claws simple. Antennae slender, filiform, longer than the body,
narrowed towards the apex. Palpi long. , The antennae are not
densely haired ; the first abdominal segment is transverse at the
apex ; the second longer than wide ; the head is not dilated behind
the eyes ; the front tibife slender, not inflated. At the apex, laterally,
the metanotum projects into blunt teeth. Stigma distinct, linear.
The affinities of this genus may be left over for discussion
when the female becomes known. Very probably the female
antennae are broken, as in Cyanoxorides and Spiloxoiidcs. The
hind legs (and especially the coxfe) are much longer than they
are with these genera.
Cgenostoma filicornis, sp. nov.
Black ; lower part of elypeus, labrum, palpi, the orbits — the hinder
broadly — edge of pronotura, scutellum, the metanotal tubercles, and
the apices of the abdominal segments — the first band dilated at the
sides — the second, third, and fourth in the middle, and the ventral
surface, pale yellow. Legs pale yellow, tlie hind femora fulvous ; the
apex of hind coxfc, trochanters, apex of femora and of tibite more
broadly, yellow. Antennas much longer than the body, fuscous, a
broad white band before the middle. Wings hyaline, the stigma and
nervures black, the former white at the base. ^ . Length, 13 mm.
Kuching. November (E. Shelford, M.A.).
Antenna; towards the apex covered with depressed hairs. Face
punctured and more or less striated ; the rest smooth and shining.
Middle lobe of mesonotum transversely striated ; the depressed apical
middle part with three longitudinal keels. There are five rows of
irregular, longish longitudinal reticulations ; the apical slope with
three areae, of which the central is the larger. Pro- and mesopleurse
smooth, the metapleurfe coarsely reticulated. Base of first abdominal
segment smooth, bicarinate in the middle, the rest closely reticulated ;
the white apical part obscurely striated laterally, the centre smooth ;
the basal part of the second segment punctured, strongly, but not
closely, the basal central furrow stoutly, transversely striated, the
raised central part longer than its width at the apex, triangular ; that
on the third shorter, broader, rounded at the narrowed base.
178
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS
(AQUATIC RHYNCHOTA).
By G. W. Kirkaldy, F.E.S.
(Plate II.)
(Continued from vol. xxxiii. p. 152.)
. Since publishing the last instalment of this " Guide," Mr.
Halbert informs me that a dead Ai^licloclieirus was taken by
Mr. Buckle from Loch Neagh in Ireland. I presume this was
recorded in the ' Irish Naturalist ' at the time, but I have un-
fortunately no access to this journal.
Ilyocoris cimicoides (Linne).
In Ilyocoris the same general appearance obtains as in
Aphclocheirus, but the dorsal part of the head is bent under in
front, the antennae shortened and thickened, the anterior femora
greatly thickened, and the posterior tibiae and tarsi somewhat
modified for natatory purposes.
The rostrum is considerably shortened, not extending beyond
the anterior coxae. The antennae are composed of four segments,
and do not reach, when extended, beyond the lateral margins of
the head ; the head is excavated [viewed from below] beneath
the apical segments of the antennae, forming what is probably an
auditory chamber for the intensifying of sounds.*
The anterior femora are greatly thickened, as mentioned
above, but are not suddenly ampliated in a right angle at the
base beneath and then narrowed. Also internally beneath there
is a broad pad of hair the whole length (fig. 45).
There is only one British species, /. cimicoides (Linn.) ; the
head, pronotum, scutellum, connexivum, legs, under side, &c.,
are pale greenish testaceous ; the head, pronotum, &c., irregu-
larly punctured with brown. The intermediate and posterior
legs are well furnished with brown spines. The elytra dark
greyish brown, very closely and finely punctured. Abdomen
black above.
It is excellently figured by Douglas and Scott, and also very
well by the old author A. J. Rosel von Rosenhof ('Der Monathch-
''''■ I have noted in the ' Entomologist ' (xxxii. p. 114) that Microvelia
pygmcea does not use the antennae as tactile organs. Newport ("On the Use
of the Antennae in Insects," 1840, Trans. Ent. See. Lond. ii. p. 235), how-
ever, considers that the antenna? in water cimices (i. e. Ilyocoris) and Noto-
necta are auditory, sometimes also tactile, certainly not smell organs. They
are of great though not of vital importance. He frequently observed the
above-named bi;gs sticking to the sides, and ly'ng beneath the wall of an
outhouse that had recently been covered with coal-tar, which emits an odour
of carburetted hydrogen, the gas that is so abundantly formed in stagnant
pools.
174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
herausgegebenen Insecten-Beliistigung,' iii. pi. 28 (1755)) under
the name of the " broad-bodied black-brown waterbug." *
It is generally common and widely distributed all over
England, and the lowland parts of Scotland. It is the Ncpa
cimicoides of Linnteus, the Nepa naucoris of De Geer, and the
Naucoris cimicoides of most authors.
It is a somewhat lazy swimmer, though it can attain to a
very considerable speed upon occasion, and it often takes to wing
at night. It is very voracious, and, though generally vanquished
by the more powerful Notonecta, it is sometimes even the victor.
The imagines hibernate, and the ova are deposited at the end
of March or during April on leaves of water-plants ; they are
whitish, oblong, subcylindrical, obliquely truncate anteriorly.
They have been described at length by Eathke (" Studien zur
Entwicklungsgeschichte der Insekten," 1861, ' Stettiner Ent.
Zeitung,' xxii. pp. 172-4), who, however, gives July as the
month of deposition, and says that they are laid in somewhat
great numbers near one another on the under side of the leaves
of Polygonum anipliibium.
The method of oviposition seems to vary. Eegimbart (1875,
Ann. Soc. Ent. France, pp. 204-6) states that an incision is
made in the stems of plants with the ovipositor, about 2 or
3 mm. long, and that the egg is enclosed about three-quarters
of its length ; one of the ends (corresponding to the cephalic
extremity of the embryo) is almost entirely free. Bueno, how-
ever, states that in Pelocoris the "majority have been found
attached axially to the stems or leaves of Ccratovliijllum, and
secured to them by a glue in which the ovum is set, and which
surrounds the slender stem or leaf to a variable extent. The
adhesion is not very firm, however, and the ova are readily
detached." This corresponds to my own observations on Ilyo-
coris, as well as those of Dufour. I have also observed varying
conditions in Notonecta.
The nymphs, which Eathke states feed on Confervoe, are very
similar in all stages to the imago, the tarsi, however, being
unjointed, and the lateral margins of the abdominal segments
not produced spinoseiy. I have observed five nymphal instars,
thus agreeing with Bueno, who states that there are five in
the allied Pelocoris femorata, an American bug which he has
discussed recently ("Brief Notes towards the Life-history of
Pelocoris femorata, Pal. B., with a few Eemarks on Habits,"
1903, Journ. New York Ent. Soc. xi. pp. 166-73, text-figs. 1-2).
Bueno gives a total of about seventy-seven days for the meta-
morphoses, twenty-four of these being in the egg-state. f
'■'•'• It was also discussed by an old " pre-Linnean " author under the name
of Pygolampis lacustris ! (Johann von Muralto, 1684, ' Ephemerae Acad. Nat.
Curios, Dec. ii. Ann. ii. Obs. 80, p. 197').
t Extensive researches have recently been made by E. Heymons on the
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 175
Ilyocorls, like most waterbugs, is subject to the attacks of
watermites (family Hydrachnidse). After what d'Herculais terms
a " bizarre coijulation," the eggs are laid iu spring in incisions
in soft-stemmed aquatic plants, or on the under side of the
leaves. The young larva is pale red, six-legged, each leg com-
posed of six segments. These young larvae, upon hatching,
move about in the water, and fasten themselves, often in large
numbers, to difierent water insects by means of sharp hooks at
the end of the palpi. Once fixed, the head and mouth-parts
stretch until they become separated by a neck from the main
body, the transparent skin of which rapidly swells and elongates
so as to form a bag, with the more solid dark-red parts visible
anteriorly. The elongated maxilla penetrate and extend beneath
the chitinous covering of the host until they form a long pointed
thread. The legs curl up, become useless, and are more or less
withdrawn. The larva gradually passes to the pupa state within
this bag, which becomes more and more swollen and rounded
posteriorly, and finally bursts to release the adult eight-legged
mite. These bag-like larvae were looked upon as the eggs of the
waterbugs by many old authors, and the bugs were likened to
the Surinam toad {Pipa pipa (Linn.) ), that hatches its eggs on
the skin of its own back. The adult swims actively about in the
water, but before attaining maturity fixes to some plant, and
undergoes another moult without material change of form. On
the smaller aquatic bugs only three or four larvse are perhaps
seen, but on certain giant exotics a much greater number are
found, as many as five hundred having been counted on a single
specimen of Belostoma jiuminca, Say. The commonest British
species appear to be Hydrachna (jeographica, Koch, the imago of
which is scarlet and black, and Hijdrochoreutes globulus (Mull.),
a rich purple in the imago state. The American species men-
tioned above was described as Hydrachna helostomce, Eiley ;
Mr. A, D. Michael examined for me some larval Hydrachnids on
a Sinhalese waterbug {Atnorgius iudica) about four years ago,
and considered them probably the same as the American form.
He concluded : " The watermites, when parasitic, do not usually
confine themselves to a single host, but are often found on
several species; and the geographical distribution of Acari is
usually very wide, often astonishingly so." *
embryology and anatomy of Ilijocoris (see " Beitriige zur Morphologie iind
Entwicklmigsgeschichte der Ilhynchoteu," 1899, in Nova Acta Leop. Carol.
Deutsch. Akad. Ixxiv. pp. 355-Hl, t,ext-figs. ii., and pi. xv. figs. 1, 4, 9,
pi. xvi. figs. 15-17, 21-22, pi. xvii. figs. 29.
"-'= Note by G. W. Kirkaldy in E. E. Green, "Biologic Notes on some
Ceylonese Ehyncbota. — No. 1," 'Entomologist,' xxxiv. p. 116 (1901). See
also U.S. Entom. Commission, First Report (1878), p. 318; Kiinckel d'Her
culais, " Les Insectes " in Brehm's ' Merveilles de la Nature,' ii. pp. 757-8
(1883) ; and Andrew Mm-ray, ' Economic Entomology. Aptera,' pp. 151-2.
Mr. J. N. Halbert, of Dublin, is studying tbe British Hydrachnidte, and
would be glad of material.
176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The power of stridulation, so marked a characteristic of
certain groups of Dermaptera, and present indeed in most if not
all insect orders, occurs also in many Hemiptera, and apparently
in all or most waterbugs. The phenomenon, however, still
requires considerable investigation.
Stridulation, or the making of certain "musical" sounds, is
a term that should apparently be restricted to sounds resultant
from two mutually developed interacting surfaces, one of which
is the recipient and is usually striated, the other the acting
agent and sometimes striated, sometimes consisting of a series
of more or less isolated spines or pegs. It may be taken for
granted that there must always be two specially developed parts
of the stridulatory organ, and that these must be interacting
and mutually developed. A violin with its bow is a good ex-
ample (from an insect point of view) of stridulatory apparatus.
The first to call attention to the phenomenon in waterbugs
was J. L. Frisch,'* who remarks that this species produces with
its neck a fiddling noise like the Longicorn beetles. Swinton,f
a century and a half later, described the results of his investiga-
tions, and declared that he had detected minute /-shaped limte,
thickly set with stri.e, on the antero-lateral angles of the meso-
notum. Haudlirsch j reinvestigated the whole subject four or
five years ago, and ridiculed Swinton, calling the imaginary limiB
a " Swintonophone." At the same time, however, Handlirsch
discovered on the sixth and seventh abdominal tergites of the
male numerous transverse striations which are not present in
the female. If these are part of a stridulatory apparatus, the
other portion and also the modus operandi remain as obscure as
in the case of the Corixid strigil, presently to be discussed.
It is usually stated that no openings have yet been discovered
to the stink-glands in aquatic Hemiptera, the odour appearing
in these insects to be connected with the anal parts.
In Ili/ocoris this is distinctly tart, and I have discovered a
minute single opening (between the posterior coxae), to which I
will recur later on.§
Naucoris maculata, Fabricius.
The claim of this common European bug to admission to the
British lists rests upon a single specimen in Buchanan White's
collection at the Perth Museum, labelled "England." There is
=•= 1727, '-' Besclireibung von allerley Insecten in Teutschland," vi. p. 32.
f 1877, "On Stridulation in the Hemiptera-Heteroptera " (Ent. Mo.
Mag. xiv. pp. 29-31, 2 figs. ; and 1880, " Insect Variety," pp. 108 and
203).
I 1900, " Neue Beitrage znr Kenntniss der Stridulationsorgane bei den
Rhyuchoten " (Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 1. pp. 555-60, figs. 1-7).
§ Leidy (1847, J. Ac. Sci. Philadelphia, n. s. i. 64, mentions a similar
opening in the Belostomatidte.
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 177
no reason, apparently, why it should not occur with us, as it is
very common in France as near as Paris, and also in Belgium.
I have taken it plentifully in South Brittany. As it is a possible
British inhabitant, it is now described and figured (fig. 35). It is
smaller than Ihjocoris cimicoides, greenish testaceous, marked
with brown. The pronotum is marked with a distinct, inverted,
brown W. The tibise are longer, less robust, and not so spinose
as in the common species. The most marked difference, however,
lies in the anterior femora, which are very greatly thickened,
and suddenly ampliated in a right angle at the base beneath,
then narrowed (fig. 36) ; the pad of hair on the femora is also
much smaller, and occurs only near the base. The species,
unlike I. cimicoides, is dimorphic. While I. cimicoides varies
from 12-16 millimetres in length, N. viacidata averages about
10. The brachypterous form was described as a distinct species
by Dufour under the name of Naucoris aptera.
This bug is the type of the genus, and was described originally
by Geoft'roy (1762, ' Histoire abregee des Insectes de Paris,'
p. 473, pi. ix. f. 5) as Nducoris cimicoides, under the impression
that it was Linne's species. There is also a coloured figure in
Herrich-Schilfier's ' Wanzenartigen Insecten,' ix. pi. ccxciii.
f. 899, and detail F. E. D. (1849). It is said by Leon Dufour*
to lay its eggs at the end of April in a similar situation to those
of Ilijocoris. They are obtuse oval, not truncate. Dufour, in
the same work, gives much information on the digestive ap-
paratus, sexual glands, &c., of both these genera.
Explanation of Plate II. f
FIG.
15. Gcrris canaUunt, ^, apical abdominal sternites.
10. „ „ 2, „
17. G. naias, (?i n >» m
18. „ $, „
19. G.rufoscutellata,^, ,, ,, ,,
■^0. ,, ¥ > )) >• )i
21. G. lateralis, (?» u >) ,,
22. G. thoracica, ^, ,, >, i,
23. „ 2, „
24. G. costcs, 3 ) !) )> ))
25. G. gihhifera, J, ,, ,, ,,
26. G.lacustris, 2, ,, ,, ,,
27. G. odontogastei', ^ , apical abdominal segments, viewed from the side.
28. ,, 2 ) apical abdominal steruitcs.
29. Ilyocoris cimicoides, showing articulation of anterior legs.
oO. Notonecta glauca, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
■''■ " Recherches Anatomiques sur les Hemiptcres," 1833, Mem. Savans-
etrangers Acad. Roy. Sci. France, iv. pp. 349. 413, &c., pi. xvi. figs. 180-2.
f This plate includes " PI. iii.," mentioned inA'ol. xxxii. pp. 202-3 (1899).
(Figs. 33, 37-44 are omitted.)
178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
34:. Aphelocheiras nwntandoni, anterior legs.
3'i. ,, ,, rostruiu, kc.
31. ,, ,, ,, in profile.
35. Naiicoris maciilata.
36. ,, ,, anterior legs.
45. Ilyocoris cimicoides, ,, ,,
(To be continued.)
DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1904.
By W. J. Lucas, 13.A., F.E.S.
Little of fresh interest -has to be recorded in connection
with the dragonfly season of 1901. No new species was dis-
covered, and all the critical species, which were known to be
really British, but about whose status there was uncertainty,
had before this season been re-established.
On April 24th, in the New Forest, I met with the first speci-
men, an Agrionid, which flew by out of reach ; the next day I
took three Piirrhosoma nijinpJtula. This early promise, liowever,
was not kept up. The next species seen was Enidla(jma cyathi-
geriim, in small numbers at the Black Pond on Esher Common,
and at the same time and place, one of a larger species, probably
Libdlula quadrimacidata, was sighted. On May 29th a male
Agrion pmlla was taken near Ashtead. By June 4th this species
was plentiful on Bookham Common, where also a larger dragon-
fly, probably Lihellida depressa, was seen. The next day, June
5th, L. qiuidriiitaculata, A.jniella, E. ci/atliigerum, andP. nymiihida
were out at the Black Pond, and PjirrJiosoma teneUiim was appa-
rently just appearing. Till near the beginning of June, there-
fore, it could scarcely be said that the dragonfly season had
commenced in earnest.
At the Black Pond, on June 5th, I found a nymph of L.
quadriinacidata, from which the imago had just commenced to
emerge. It happened to be near the bank, and, though it was
tedious and tiring to stoop and watch the process, I stayed till
emergence was complete. The nymph was discovered about
11 a.m., and by 11.40 the imago had completely emerged. Out
of this time the " rest," with head hanging vertically down-
wards, lasted nearly or quite half an hour. The " spring-back "
was quite sudden, the abdomen being pulled out of the nymph-
skin almost immediately afterwards. While hanging at "rest "
the lower lip seemed to expand. When an emerging dragonfly
hangs head downwards, does it do so to allow of the filling out
and expanding of the fore parts '?
On June 19th a visit was paid to Frensham Ponds, in Surrey,
to test its dragonfly fauna, but unfortunately the day was gener-
ally dull and unsuitable. Numbers of E. cyathigerum were
DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1904. 179
found, one Ischnura elcgans, and one teneral male Orthetrum
cancellatiim. The day was not wasted, however, for a few
nymph-skins of the last were discovered, and, as these were
little known previously — scarcely at all in Britain — they were at
least of equal value with the rather scarce imagines of the same
species.
At or near the Black Pond, on June 22nd, one or two Anax
imperator and one CordiiUa cenea were seen ; this was the only
C. (Biiea that I noted during the season. On June 26th, on
Esher Common, I caught a male of L. depressa, a species of
which I met with very few during 1904. On the same day
PijrrJiosoma tenellum was very numerous at the Black Pond.
There also, on July 16th, I took a very nice var. pnenubila of
L. quadrimacidata.
Mr. G. T. Porritt again visited the Norfolk Broads in search
of Mschna isosceles, and the other good dragonflies to be found
there in early summer. He met with fair success as regards
isosceles, and, writing on June 25th, said that he had taken one
hawking on land, as M. cyanea does, when it was nearly dark.
On July 23rd a visit was paid to the Basingstoke Canal, near
ByJieet Station, when the species found were the usual ones for
that part of the season, though some that should have been
there were absent or unnoticed. There were present ALschna
grandis, Calopteryx splendens, Platycncmis pennipes, Erythromvia
naias, Ischnura eleyans and its var. rufescens, Agrion pidchellum,
and Enallagma cyathigerum.
Some weeks spent in the New Forest revealed little new there.
A worn female Orthetrum cancellatum was taken on August 1st,
and a female Mschna juncea on August 9th. A Calopteryx virgo
was seen as late as September 3rd. On September 2nd Cordule-
gaster annulatus was seen on the wing at Becton Bunny, on the
coast, and a female .Kschna cyanea was caught at Milton.
Wisley Ponds, in Surrey, were visited on September 10th.
Lestes sponsa, a few iEschnas, and Sympetrum striolatiim were
found at the smaller pond, but none of the better species of
Sympetrum were met with. There was, however, very little sun.
On September 18th an .Eschna juncea was taken at the Black
Pond, where for one or two seasons this species had been seen by
me very seldom, if at all.
Mr. F. B. Browne was good enough to give me a female
specimen of Agrion armatum from the Broads. Of the species
he took about ten specimens in the spring, one only being
a male.
My last record for the season was Sympetrum scoticum and
S. striolatum, at the Black Pond, on October 9th. The latter,
however, probably continued well into November, and not im-
probably the former may have lasted almost as long.
180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A LIST OF THE " MACKO-LEPIDOPTEBA " OF
LANCASTER AND DISTRICT.
By C. H. Foesythe.
(Continued from p. 160.)
Cacnllia umbratica. — A few examples in most seasons in June. This
species is generally distributed, but nowhere common.
Gonoptcra Ubatrix. — Comes to sugar in September in County Asylum
grounds, Grimshaw Lane, Halton, Querumore, kc
Abrostola tripartita (^urticcc). — Comes to sugar and privet-bloom in
July; Arnside, Witherslack, Methop, and Lancaster (generally).
A. triplasia. — Not plentiful; comes to sugar and bloom in August,
and is generally distributed throughout the district.
Plusia chrysitis. — Common about Methop and Witherslack, less so
at Arnside and Hest Bank, not common about Lancaster, in July.
P. festncce. — Scarce and local; near Heysham in September. "I
used to take the larvte and pupte of this species commonly near
Heysham some years ago" (G. L.).
P. iota. — Odd specimens come to bloom in June and July ; nowhere
common, but generally distributed.
P. pulclirina. — Conies to cultivated flowers at dusk in late June in
the County Asylum grounds, and I have also taken examples near
Halton, Quernmore, Arnside, Witlierslack, Methop, &c.
P. ijamma. — Comes freely to bloom in August and September, and
I have seen worn (hybernated) examples in early June. It is common
and generally distributed.
P. inter rotjationis. — Local ; I have only taken this species on the
moors near Clougha Pike in June.
Anarta myrtilli. — Common on all the moors and mosses, as at
Clougha, Witherslack, Methop, &c., in June, July, and August.
Heliaca tenebrata [arbuti). — Local; near Hornby, Deep Catting
Bridge, and between Torrisholm and the river Lune. The imago
appears in May.
Phytometra viridaria [anea). — Local, but common near Clougha in
June, occasionally at Arnside, Witherslack, &c.
Euclidia mi. — Generally distributed ; common near Clougha in
June; I have found the larvae feeding upon yellow melilot [Trifolium
procuvibens) in August.
E. glyphica. — Local ; near Carnforth and Galgate on the L. & N. W.
Railway batters. The larva feed upon Trifolium rcfiens (Dutch or white
clover). The moth flies in the sunshine in late May and June.
Fdvula sericealis. — Occurs at Witherslack in early July.
Zancloynatha yrisealis.—Faivly common near Clougha, Blea Tarn,
Arnside, and in the County Asylum grounds in June and July.
Z. tarsipennalis. — Uncommon; at Arnside, Heysham, and County
Asylum grounds in June and July.
Hypena proboscidalis, — Common in most of the lanes among nettles
[Urtica dioica] in July.
Tholomiycs turfosalis. — Local ; I have only taken specimens near
Clougha in July.
MA.CRO-LBPIDOPTBRA OP LANCASTER AND DISTRICT. 181
Brephos partheuias. — I have only bvecl specimens from Witherslack
larvae. " Common on Methop and Witherslack Mosses in March and
early April " (G. L.).
Gkometrid,e.
Urapteryx sambucaria. — Common and generally distributed in July
and August.
Epione apiciaria.—l took a specimen in the County Asylum grounds
in July, 1900 ; at Witherslack it is local, and not uncommon in one
locality near Methop. The moth flies late at night at the end of July
and beginning of August.
Rumia luteolata {crat(F[iata).—Ahi\ndaint everywhere throughout the
summer months.
Venilia macnlaria (maculata). — Fairly common near Carnforth on
the L. & N. W. Railway batters. The moth flies in June.
Metrocampa margarUaria. — Fairly common in Grimshaw Lane,
County Asylum grounds, Blea Tarn, &c., in July. Abundant in
Arnside.
Ellopia prosapiaria (fasciaria). — Common at Arnside in July.
Eurymene dolahraria. — Local and uncommon ; Corporation Wood,
Quernmore, County Asylum grounds, Arnside, and Witherslack, in
June.
Hygrochroa {PericaUia) syrinyaria. — " Local, near Hornby in July "
(G.L.).
Selenia hilnnaria (illunaria). — Fairly common and generally distri-
buted in April and July.
S. lunaria. — A male specimen taken at Warton, near Carnforth, on
June 8th, 1905.
Odontopera bidentata. — Common in Grimshaw Lane, Corporation
Wood, County Asylum grounds, Blea Tarn, &c., in May.
Crocallis elinguaria. — Common and generally distributed in July
and August.
Ennomos {Eiujonia) alniaria {tiliavia). — Comes freely to light in
August, and is common about Quernmore, Blea Tarn, &c.
E. quercinaria (angularia). — Occurs about Methop and Witherslack
in September and October.
Himeia pennaria. — Comes freely to light in September and October
at Blea Tarn, Quernmore, County Asylum grounds, &c. This species
is subject to considerable variation^ — from light brown to rich rufous
red, in colour, and some specimens are strongly suffused with black
scales.
Fhigalia pedaria (pilosaria). — Common in Corporation Wood, Quern-
more, County Asylum grounds, Blea Tarn, &c., on the tree-trunks in
March ; also comes freely to the street-lamps. We get a flue dark
unicolorous grey variety of this species in the first-named locality.
Aviphidasys strataria [prodromaria). — Uncommon ; I have bred ex-
amples from Methop larvre taken in July. " It occurs sparingly in
Corporation Wood, Quernmore" (G. L.).
A. betularia. — I have bred both the type and var. doidAedayaria from
Methop and Witherslack larva3 taken from birch in September. I have
only taken specimens on the wing near Lancaster on three occasions —
near Eush-a-lee in June — and these have all been the black variety.
182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Hemfirophila abniptaria. — Comes to light in May in several localities
in the district, but nowhere plentiful.
Boarmia repandata. — Occurs in June and July at Arnside, Methop,
near Clougha, Corporation Wood, &c.
B. gemmaria [rhomboidaria). — Common throughout the district in
June and July.
B. rohoraria. — Local and scarce. " Corporation and Quernmore
Woods in June " (G. L.).
Jj. consortarid. — Local and scarce. "Corporation and Quernmore
Woods in June" (G. L.).
Tephrona consonaria. — Local. Witherslack and Quernmore at the
end of May. The imagine may be found sitting on the fir-tree trunks.
T. crepuscularia. — Corporation Wood and near Methop in April.
T. biundularia. — I have bred some fine dark forms of this species
from Methop larvae beaten from birch and oak-trees in June. " Cor-
poration Wood in April" (G. L.).
Gnophos obscuraria. — Local ; at Methop and Witherslack in July.
Cabera pusaria. — Plentiful everywhere in July and August.
C. exanthemaria. — Occurs abundantly in nearly every locality in
July and August.
Bopta temeratn. — Fairly common at Arnside (on the Knott),
Witherslack, Methop, &c., in June.
Macaria notata. — Local ; this species occurs at Arnside in June,
but is not common.
M. liturata. — Fairly common in the fir-woods at Arnside, Grange,
and Methop in July.
Halia vmiarla {ivarnria). — Generally distributed, and common in
July.
Strenia clathrata. — Local; near Warton, on the L. & N.W. Railway
batters, in May and early June.
Fenwira petiaria. — Common at Clougha, Quernmore, &c., in June.
^wneria pulceraria. — Not common ; occurs at Arnside, Methop,
and Witherslack in April and May.
Scodiona behjiaria. — Fairly common at Witherslack; less so and
very local near Clougha in June.
Selidosema cricetaria [plumaria), — Fairly common on the Wither-
slack mosses in July.
Ematurga atomaria. — Abundant on the mosses at Witherslack,
Methop, Heysham, &c., and on the moors at Clougha and Quernmore
from May to August.
Bupalus piniaria. — Common at Grange, Methop, Arnside, and
Quernmore, in the fir- woods in June. Our form has a white ground
colour.
Perconia [Aspilates) strigiUaria. — Plentiful on Methop and Wither-
slack Mosses ; less common at Heysham in June,
Abraxas gwssulariata. — Abundant everywhere in lanes and gardens
in July and August. This species is subject to great variation ; I
have forms bred from larvae found near Warton on blackthorn {Primus
spinosa) which are very dark, with coalesced spots, and others from
Grimshaw Lane, very light with few spots.
A. sijlrata (i(/»i(jto).— Local ; near Halton and Methop and about
Yealand. The moth is on the wing in June and July.
MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF LANCASTER AND DISTRICT. 183
Lomaspilis nwri/inata. — Generally distributed and fairly common
throughout the district in June and July.
Htjbernia rupicapraria. — 4bundant about hedgerows in February
and March.
H. leucophcBaria. — Fairly common in Aqueduct Wood, Quernmore,
near Clougha, Blea Tarn, &c., in February and March.
H. aurantiaria. — Generally distributed ; Arnside, Witherslack,
Clougha, County Asylum grounds, Sec, in late October.
H. maryinaria [pro/ieinniaria). — Generally distributed and very
common ; comes to light freely in February and March.
H. defoUaria. — Fairly plentiful and generally distributed in October.
Anisoptenjx cEscuiaria. — Local; Aqueduct Wood and near Clougha
in April.
Cheiinatobia bncmata. — Plentiful about hedgerows, and comes freely
to light in October, November, and December.
C. horeala. — Generally distributed, and comes freely to light in
November.
Ojiorabia dilntata. — Generally distributed, and common everywhere,
end of October.
O. filigramviaria. — Uncommon. I have only taken this species on
the moors near Clougha in August.
Larentia didymata. — Abundant in Grimshaw Lane, County Asylum
grounds, Clougha, &c., in July.
L. nmltistrigaria. — Not common ; near Blea Tarn, Clougha, Rush-
a-lee, &c., in April and May.
L ccEiiata. — Abundant on the rocks about Clougha in July.
L. Jiavicinctata. — I have only taken this species about Clougha —
where it is scarce — in July.
L. saiicata. — Generally distributed ; Silverdale, Blea Tarn, Clougha,
&c., in August.
L. olivata. — Fairly common at Witherslack and Arnside ; not com-
mon near Clougha in July.
L. viridaria (pectinitaria). — Generally distributed and common in
July.
Evuiielesia ajfinitata {livulata).- — Fairly common about Lancaster,
Blea Tarn, Arnside, Witherslack, &c., in July.
E. alchemillata. — Local; near the County Asylum and at Wither-
slack in July.
E. albulata. — Fairly common ; Clougha, Grimshaw Lane, &c., in
June.
E. deculorata. — Fairly common and generally distributed in June.
E. taniata. — Local; near Arnside and Silverdale in early July.
Tephroclystia (Eupithecia) venosata. — Uncommon; near Witherslack
and at Arnside in June.
T. [E.) linariata. — Local ; near Witherslack in June.
T. {E.) pidcJuilata. — Occasionally in Grimshaw Lane, at Arnside
and Silverdale in June.
T. {E.) castigata. — Fairly common at Witherslack and near Methop
Bank in July.
T. (E.) virgaureata. — Not common ; occasionally near Methop in
early June.
T. [E.) constrictata. — Local at Witherslack in early July.
184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
T. (E.) nanata. — Fairly common at Clougha, Quernmore, &c., in
May and June.
T. (/?.) vulijata. — Fairly common near Clougba, Grimsbaw Lane,
&c., in June.
T. (E.) minutata. — Common near Clougha, Witherslack, &c., in
June.
T. (£".) ahbreviata. — I have only bred this species from larvae
beaten from oak near Clougba in June. The moth appears in April.
T (E.) exif/uata. — Common about hedgerows of wliitethorn in June.
T. (E.) sobrinata. — Common at Warton, Witherslack, and Arnside
about juniper {Juniperna communis] in July.
Chlorochjstis (E.) rectamiulata. — Common at Witherslack, County
Asylum grounds, &c. The larvaB feed in the buds of pear and apple-
trees in May ; the moth appears in June.
Lobophoia carpinata [lobnlata). — Common in Corporation Wood,
Quernmore, in April.
L. polycommata. — Local, I have only taken this species near Methop
in May.
Therajunipcrata. — Local. " Near Warton about junipers in Octo-
ber " (G. L.)
T. simulata. — Arnside in August.
T. variata — Local. I have only taken this species in a fir-wood
near Quernmore in late May and early June.
flypsipetes sordidata (eiutata). — Abundant everywhere ; very vari-
able in colour and markings. Some of the moorland forms — from
near Clougha — are very beautiful.
Melanthia bicolorata {rubiijinata). — Local. I have only taken
specimens in the County Asylum grounds in July.
M. ocellata. — Generally distributed throughout the district in July.
M. albicillata. — Common near Warton ; less so at Witherslack,
Lancaster, and Halton, in late June.
Melanippe hastata. — " Scarce at Witherslack in June " (G. L.)
M. tristata. — Local, but common near Clougba in June.
M. sociata {siibtristata). — Abundant everywhere in May and July.
M.montanata. — Abundant throughout the district in June and July.
M. fjaliata. — I took this species in June, 1904, for the first lime, in
Grimsbaw Lane ; probably overlooked previously for montanata.
M. fiuctnata, — Abundant on walls, &c., in July and August.
Anticlea badiata. — Fairly common in the County Asylum grounds,
near Blea Tarn, Quernmore. &c., in May.
A. nigrofasciaria. — Not common : Arnside, Witherslack, Lancaster,
in April.
Corcmia desirjnata. — Uncommon; Quernmore, Witherslack, &c., in
July.
C.feirugata. — Common everywhere in May and August.
C. unidentaria. — Less common than the preceding species ; Blea
Tarn, Quernmore, County Asylum grounds, &c., in August,
Camptofiramma biJineata. — Abundant at Heysham, Arnside, Halton,
&c., in July. This species shows considerable variation.
Phibalapteryx vitalbata. — Local ; at Witherslack and near Methop
in July and August.
Triphosa dnbitata. — Common at Witherslack and Lower Kellet ;
comes freely to ragwort flowers in August and September.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 185
Eucosmia undulata. — Local ; I have only bred this species from
Methop and Witherslack larvaB taken in September. The moth
appears in June.
Cidaria siderata {psittacata). — Not common. " Witherslack and
Methop in October. This species comes to ivy-bloom " (G. L.)
0. miata. — " Not plentiful in Witherslack in October at ivy-bloom "
(G.L.)
C. corylata. — I have bred this species from larvae beaten from
blackthorn [Prunm spinosa) in Grimshaw Lane. Fairly common at
Witherslack in June.
C. truncata (nissata). — Fairly common about hedgerows in Grim-
shaw Lane, Rush-a-lee, Halton, Arnside, &c., in August.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Exotic Earwigs Wanted. — I am preparing a revision and mono-
graph of the Derraaptera or Forficularia of the world, and would very
gladly receive any material for examination, especially from Australia,
China, and Central and South Africa. — Malcolm Burr ; 23, Blomfield
Court, Maida Vale, W., June 24th, 1905.
Ova of Butterflies Wanted. — I should be greatly obliged to
anyone who would kindly give or lend me the ovum of any of our
butterflies, except those mentioned below, for the purpose of figuring.
Micro-photographs, or ordinary photographs if the object is clear and
well-defined, would be useful. Species of which the ovum has been
figured : — EucJdoe cardaminea, Gonepteryx rliavmi, Argyimis eujdirosyne,
Vanessa urticcB, Pararye egeria, P. meyara, Ccenonympha pamphilus,
Callophrys [Thecla) riibi, Chrysophajius pJdceas, Lycana icarus, L. hellar-
yns, Hesperia malv(C, Thanaos tages. — Richard South ; 96, Drakefield
Road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
Note on Zanclognatha grisealis. — Barrett (vol. vi. p. 300) throws
doubt on a remark of Buckler to the effect that Z. grisealis passes the
winter in the pupal state. I beat three or four larvae of this species
from oak in August last ; they all pupated m September, and emerged
end of May to June. — H. V. Plum ; Epsom College, June 7th, 1905.
Larva of Thecla rubi on Dogwood. — Early in July last I beat from
dogwood some half-dozen larvfe of what I thought at the time were
Lycana aryiolus ; they fed well on the berries, quite ignoring the
leaves ; in due course they pupated, and last month produced fine
specimens of Thecla rubi. Is not this an unrecorded food-plant for
this species? — E. C. Joy; 34, Fairholt Road, Stoke Newington, N.
Aberration of Euchelia jacob^.e. — At Warton, on June 8tl], I
hoxed Si hne Bbherration oi Euchelia jacobmB. The specimen, which is
a female, has the fore wings rosy red, with a shaded black central band.
The left fore wing is slightly rubbed, otherwise the example is in fine
condition. She had deposited a batch of ova when I reached home at
night.— C. H. FoRSYTHE ; The County Asylum, Lancaster.
ENTOM. — JULY, 1905. Q
186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Deilephila livornica in Gloucester, 1905. — Last year I reported
the capture of oue specimen of this species, which was subsequently
notified from many other localities widely separated. This year I was
shown another specimen caught in the yard of some ironworks here by
one of the workmen, and given to a friend of mine. I notice in the
current number of the ' Entomologist ' that the species has already
been noticed from other districts again, so that it appears likely that
Z). livornica may become firmly established with us. — A. Lionel Clarke;
Gioucester, June 1st, 1905.
Cerura bicuspis in LANCAsmRE. — AtHaverthwaiteMoss, on June 9th,
I took a male specimen of Cerura bicuspis at rest on a birch twig. It
was in the finest condition. — C. H. Forsythe; The County Asylum,
Lancaster,
Selenia lunaria in THE LANCASTER DISTRICT. — While Collecting at
Warton, near Carnforth, on June 8th, I took a male example of Selenia
lunaria. This species is new to me in this district. — C. H. Forsythe ;
The County Asylum, Lancaster.
Notes from Australia. — I have recently spent a short holiday in
Southern Queensland after insects, and doubtless some short account
would be of interest to readers of the ' Entomologist.' Leaving Wel-
lington on Dec. 24th, 1904, by the s.s. ' Wimmera,' we had a pleasant
run across to Sydney, which was reached the following Wednesday
morning. Here, whilst waiting for the northern train, I took a walk
in the beautiful Botanical Gardens, where I noticed Papilio sarpcdon,
Vanessa kersJiawii, and several small Lycfeuidai; also several examples
of the beetle Anoplognathus pectoralis lying dead on the paths. The
run north is mostly through open country, with gum-trees scattered
sparingly about. The following day I reached Warwick, on the
Darling Downs, where I stayed a day or two, Here a large dark
Papilio (P. eijffjeus) was fairly common, and was especially fond of
coming into the shade under the balconies. The male of this insect
was difficult to catch when in good condition, although its flight was
generally slow and floppy. I also obtained P. sthenelus, Acra:a andro-
mache, Terias smilax, Junonia veleda, and the beautiful Talmenes evajous.
1 next went on to Brisbane, where Papilio sarpedon was very common,
and almost impossible to catch. Here I obtained a beautiful example
of Chnraxes sempronius. There is very little to be done just around
Brisbane, although a fair number of beetles are to be obtained about
the electric lights at the railway station. One day I visited the coast,
but insects (except mosquitoes) were very scarce : a few Euploces and
Danais archippus and D. ajfinis were our only captures. I then decided
to go on to Eumundi, about seventy miles further north, which is in a
belt of dense tropical scrub which occurs here. This country is entirely
difl'erent to that through which I had recently passed, and consisted of
figs, palms, and climbing plants ; whilst many of the trees supported epi-
phytes and parasites, amongst which were a few orchids and tlie handsome
stag-horn fern. Here I found many more insects, amongst which were
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 187
Papilio capaneiis and P. leosthenes (somewhat worn), Hypocysta metirius,
Danais tai/f/etus, and a curious butterfly with a beautiful leaf-like under
side {Doleschalia austmlis), which was fond of taking short flights and
then returning to some favourite perch ; but my finest capture was a
male (unfortunately slightly chipped) of the magnificent Ornithoptera
yichmondii. This latter was fairly common round a group of trees
bearing a white flower very like orange-blossom, but seldom descended
within reach of the net. I also obtained a fair number of Coleoptera,
includmg some very rare species, and one or two fine Longicorns which
seem to be unknown. I then returned soutii, again staying a few days
at Warwick, where I now found Charaxes seniproniKs fairly common,
and managed to capture three more examples. The weather, which
during the first part of my trip had been very hot (about 103° or 104°
in the shade), had now become much cooler (80° or 85° in the shade),
and the sky had clouded over, so that few insects were obtainable whilst
here. The previous hot dry weather had had a very unfavourable efi"ect
upon both beetles and butterflies, a very large number of the latter
being worn, whilst both were scarce. After a pleasant run across from
Sydney, I arrived in Wellington Jan. 18th, having had a most enjoy-
able holiday. I may add that immense numbers of locusts occurred
everywhere, many of them with very beautiful under wings, especially
one brilliant yellow one on the Darling Downs. — Hubert W. Simmonds;
17, Aurora Terrace, Wellington, N.Z., March 23rd, 1905.
Notes from the Chester District for 1904 {concludt'dfrom p. 165).
Aplecta nehulosa. — From June 8th to the 18th twenty-three moths
were reared from black parents with grey fringes (var. robsoni, Collins).
Four were of the type-form, five were intermediate between the type
and var. robsoni, ten were robsoni, and four were the form thompsoni
(Arkle) — that is, jet-black, with white margins and white fringes.
Another typical specimen emerged on the 29th — total, twenty-four
insects. From twelve larvre from type parents twelve moths emerged,
June 14th to June 27th. Eleven were typical, and the twelfth an
intermediate between vars. robsoni and thompsoni. The curious thing
is that the black forms were, as a rule, the first to appear. All my
larvfe were kept in a couple of breeding-cages, with plenty of moss at
the bottom for them to hide in by day. They began to wander about
the cages early in January, occasionally eating, very sparingly, of dock
or dried sallow-leaves up to March, when they began actively feeding
on dock. The larvte prefer spinning up in dry moss. All were kept
in a cold outhouse, with plenty of ventilation. A number of larvae
from i/iowjjsowi parents are now (February, 1905) showing themselves
after their short hybernation. The chief object is to see if the white
margins will be increased in the resultant moths. It has been found
that the variety robsoni may occur at the rate of ten per cent, from
wild Delamere larvse, and the form thompsoni in the proportion of
three per cent. ; therefore, although the chances are at present small,
the result, whatever it may be, with reference to the white margins,
may occur in nature. In fact, I should not be surprised if one or other
of these forms of A. nebulosa ultimately supplants the type, as in the
case of Am,phidasys betularia. At any rate, it is significant that
melanism has already been referred to, in the Chester district, as
188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
beiug "rampant." Whatever be the cause, it cannot be attributed to
smoke, and there are those who claim that we have not an excess of
moisture.
Boarmia repandata. — The larvas mentioned (Entom. xsxvii. 74)
from mid-Northumberland were kept through the winter, as in the
case of A. nehulosa, but in flower-pots covered with gauze. They did
well until March, when they nearly all died off, and I only reared nine
moths (June 8th to June 18th), but beautiful specimens, well marked,
blotched, and dusted with brown-black on a grey ground — four males
and five females. The larvae showed signs of awakening from hyber-
nation on February 22nd, swaying to right and left, but not relaxing
hold of the withered sallow-leaves and twigs, which they grasped by
their anal claspers. Like A. nehulosa, they are night-feeders, and
prefer to spin up in dry moss.
Abraxas (jrossulariata. — I had two dozen black larvfB, but the moths
reared were as typical as they well could be.
Amphidasys betidaria. — A dozen of the green form of the larva,
taken in Delamere Forest, all produced the black variety of the moth
[doiihledayaria) ; in fact, we appear to get the black form of this
species.
Odontopera bidentata. — Common in Delamere Forest, on Scotch fir,
in September and October. The pine-feeding bidentata are very unlike
the smooth light brown larvfc found earlier on birch ; they are rougher,
with tubercles. They vary in colour — sooty black, ochreous brown,
with dorsal diamond pattern, and reddish or dark green patches. The
moths reared from these pine-feeders show a marked tendency towards
melanism. I have a sooty brown, almost black, specimen.
Bupalus piniaria. — Plentiful on Scotch fir, Delamere Forest, in
September and October. On October 1st I took an example of the
yellowish olive-green form.
Therajirmata and Ellopia 2n-osapia)ia = fasciaiia. — Very common on
Scotch fir, Delamere Forest, in September and October. They are
then very small, and hybernate on the branches among the foliage, but
are difficult to bring through the winter in confinement. They are
best obtained after hybernation, in April, although their numbers are
then apparently thinned.
Macaria lUurata. — Fairly common in Delamere Forest, on Scotch
fir, in September and October. The usual colour is green, with
whitish yellow lines and stripes and reddish head. The last men-
tioned feature easily separates the species from the other pine-feeders ;
but there is a variety almost as common as the type, to the discovery
of which I am indebted to my friend Mr. J. Thompson, of Chester.
Some three or four years ago, to prove then- identity, he placed twelve
in a flower-pot by themselves. The results were nine dark imagines
(var. }i(7/-o//(/cfl^rt, Collins) ; two types and the remaining pupa died.
The following is a description of this variety of the larva : — - Pale
pinkish grey or brownish, green entirely absent. Head dark purplish
black-brown, almost black. Lines and stripes as in the green form,
but paler grey than the general colour of the caterpillar. The side
stripes are interrupted by triangular patches of dark purplish brown.
The dorsal segment divisions are the same dark purplish brown. Legs
and clasDers brown.
SOCIETIES. 189
Dragonflies : — There was no appreciable diminution in the num-
bers of the district species, except in the case of jEschna i/randis.
Wliy this dragonfly should have been comparatively scarce it is
difficult to say.— J. Arkle ; Chester, Feb. 17th, 1905.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — June 1th, 1905. — Mr. F.
Merrifield, President, in the chair. — Herr Ludvig von Gangelbauer,
of the Vienna Museum, was elected an Honorary Fellow; and Mr.
Charles J. Grist, of " Apsley," Banstead, Surrey; Mr. Vernon Parry
Kitchen, of the Priory, Watford, Herts ; and the Piev. W. Mansell
Merry, M.A., of St. Michael's, Oxford, were elected a Fellows of the
Society. — Mr. M. Burv exhibited an earwig, Apteri/gida arachidis,
Yers., found by Mr. Annaudale, of Calcutta, in a box of specimens
received from the Andaman Islands. When placed in a small box,
it was alone, but next morning there were five larva3 present ; two
disappeared, apparently being consumed by the parent ; and the
remaining three were those exhibited. — Mr. Burr also showed a
locustid of the family Pseudophyllida) from Queensland, taken among
twigs and plants which it greatly resembled, together with a photo-
graph of the insect in its natural position. — Mr. E. C. Bedwell showed
three examples of Gnorimus nobilis, L., taken at Woolwich; and a
malformed specimen of Lochnup.a sutiiralis which had the left posterior
tibia bifid for about one-third of its length, and two tarsi, one of which
had the joints considerably enlarged. — Mr. 0. E. Janson brought for
exhibition a living specimen of OmopJdus betulce, Herbst, a beetle not
known to occur in Britain, found by his son near Covent Garden, and
probably imported. — Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited one male and three
females of Agrion arniatum taken this year by Mr. F. Balfour Browne,
and sent to him alive. — Mr. G. C. Champion showed four specimens
of the rare Acror/nathHs niandibnlaris, GylL, captured on the wing
towards sunset near Woking at the end of May. — Mr. Selwyn Image
exhibited two aberrations of Biston hirtaria, CI., both females, taken
at rest on tree-trunks at Mortehoe, North Devon, April 23rd, 1905.
The first aberration was tolerably normal in general coloration, but
the anterior half of the fore wings was much suffused with fuscous,
and at the costa broadly emphasized with rich black. The second
aberration was semi-transparent black all over both fore and hind
wings, the veins strongly delineated with black, powdered with
ochreous. — Mr. W. J. Kaye showed a number of empty pupa-cases of
Zonosoiim pendularia to demonstrate the wide variation of methods in
the placing of the silken girth round the pupa. — Professor E. B. Poul-
ton, P. U.S., exhibited leaves of strawberry, Berberis japonica, and
cherry-laurel, which had been sent to him by j\Ir. W. B. Grove, of
Haudsworth, Birmingham. The leaves had been attacked by a minute
fungus, which, in the case of the Berberis, had been identified by Prof.
S. H. Vines, F.R.S., as Phijllosticta japonica, Thnem. The attack
was local, and followed by the death and disappearance of the central
portion of the leaf -tissue of each patch, leaving a roundish or oval
190 THE ENTOBIOLOGIST.
window outlined with brown, sometimes in the form of a narrow line,
sometimes spreading peripherally into the leaf for a greater or less
distance. In the strawberry leaves the edges of the windows were
somewhat ragged, but those of the other two leaves had smooth
contours and strikingly resembled the oval transparent areas upon the
fore wings of Kallima inachis, imralckta, &c.— surrounded most con-
spicuously with a marginal zone of modified colour varying greatly in
tint and in extent in different individuals. Professor Poulton had
believed that these "windows" of Kallima represented holes gnawed
by larvae, and that the altered marginal zone reproduced the effect of
the attacks of fungi entering along the freshly exposed tissues of the
edge. But he now desired to withdraw his earlier hypothesis in favour
of the more probable and convincing suggestion made by Mr. Grove. —
Professor Poulton also showed a photograph of the fungus-like marks
on the wings of the Oriental Kallimas prepared under his direction by
Mr. Alfred Kobinson, of the Oxford University Museum. — Dr, Karl
Jordan communicated a note upon the variability of the genitalia in
Lepidoptera. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff detailed his observations on scents
in the male of Goneptenjx, and mentioned that whereas in the male
6r, cleupatra, the odour was strong, he had been unable to detect
any appreciable fragrance in tf. rhainni. Such a difference, he said,
seemed to imply a physiological difference of the two forms point-
ing to specific distinction. —Dr. F. A. Dixey, in connection with Dr.
Longstaff's observations, exhibited the several forms of Oonepteri/x
occurring in the paljearctic region, and demonstrated the variation of
wing coloration in the respective forms ranked as species. — Mr.
H, J. Elwes, F.R.S., read a note on the geographical affinities of
Japanese butterflies, numerous examples of which, taken by himself,
he also exhibited. Summing up his remarks, he said that during the
winter and spring mouths the plants and insects of Japan were, like
the climate, pala!arctic in character, yet during the summer and
autumn they were tropical. — Professor Christopher Aurivilius com-
municated a paper on " New African Lasiocampida) in the British
Museum." — Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy communicated a " Memoir on the
lihynchota taken by Dr. WylUe chiefly in Beira and Lifu." —
H. Eowland-Beown, M.A., Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
May 11th. — Mr. Hugh Main, B. Sc, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—
Mr. Bevins, of Ongar, Essex, was elected a member. — Mr. Sich ex-
hibited the flowering spike of an asphodel which had grown in a
sheltered position in his garden at Chiswick. It originally came from
the West of France, but Dr. Chapman said it was not the same species
which formed the pabulum of Hasticin hijerana in the Esterels. — Mr.
R. Adkin, the lantoscope recently brought out by Dr. Connold to
facilitate the examination of lantern-slides. — Mr. F. Noad Clark, an
old work on Microscopy, dated 1771, ' Micrographia lUustrum,' by
Geo. Adams, and called attention to the curious illustrations. — Dr.
Chapman, a short series of a moth, Metoptrla monoijramma, allied to
Eiiclidia (ilyphica. They were taken in Sicily at the end of April. —
Mr. Main, enormous larvfe in spirits from the West Coast of Africa,
probably of some large species of Longicoru. — -Mr. Lucas, the delicate
SOCIETIES. 191
and beautiful Entoraostracon, Branchipm stagnalis, taken on May 10th
from a cart-rut of water at Claygate. It is generally rare in this
country. — Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow, various species of Coleoptera to illus-
trate an address which he afterwards gave, entitled " Some Social
Beetles." A discussion took place as to the use of sound apparatus
in larvfe, the suggestion being that they were more or less directly
protective.
May 25th. — The President in the chair. — Messrs. Harrison and
Main exhibited a large number of species of Lepidoptera captured or
bred this season, comparing those from South of England localities
with those from the neighbourhood of Liverpool. — Mr. Garr, series of
spring Lepidoptera from the New Forest. — Mr. Joy, a short bred series
of Thecla rubi from Folkestone, the larvae of which fed on dogwood,
which had led him to think they were Cynniris anjiolus. — Mr. Hy. J.
Turner, a short series of Cucullia lycknitis, bred from larvfe taken at
Box Hill in June, 1904. The larvre were fed up in the hottest sun-
shine in a conservatory, and grew extremely fast. When found they
were studded with ova of ichneumons, but after considerable trouble
these were successfully removed. He also showed larvfe of Leioptilus
septodactylus {lienifjianus), a local plume moth, feeding on Artemisia
vulgaris. They were found at Croydon feeding in the open. — Mr.
Edwards, specimens of the Amphioxus, and read notes on their struc-
ture, position in nature, and habitat. — Dr. Chapman, a series of
Depressaria thapsiella, bred by him from larvje obtained in Sicily,
where it fed in countless numbers on Thapsia yargania. — Mr. Sich,
larvfe and pupae of Aciptilia spilodactyla from the Isle of Wight, feeding
on Marrubiimi vuhjare. — Mr. Wright, a larva of a large species of
Coleoptera feeding in the wood of a sugar-box from the West Indies. —
Hy. J. TuBNER, Hon. Rep. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The fourth
ordinary meeting of the Session was held in the Eoyal Institution,
Liverpool, on April 17th, Mr. Rd. Wilding, Vice-President, in the
chair. — Drs. Wm. Bell, J. P., of Eutland House, New Brighton, and
P. F. Tmne, of Mostyn, Aigburth, were elected members of the Society.
An invitation to exhibit at the meeting of the Liverpool Microscopical
Society to be held on May 5th was accepted with thanks, the following
amongst others promising to represent the Society : — Miss Birch, and
Messrs, F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., H. B. Prince, H. B. Score, F.R.G.S.,
Rd. Wilding, and E. J. B. Sopp, F.R.Met.S. Donations to the hbrary
were received from Professor T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc, F.E.S., and
Messrs. Score and Sopp ; ana a donation to the micro-slide cabinet from
Mr. C. M. Adams, F.I.C. — The paper of the evening was by Dr. Geo.
E. J. Crallan, M.A., F.S.A., of Bournemouth, " On the Life-history of
Ophiodes (Pseudophia) limaris,'^ which was illustrated with beautiful
coloured figures by the author, including the egg in three stages (actual
size and magnified thirty- two diameters), the larva in six stages, imago,
upper and under side of both sexes, &c. In opening. Dr. Crallan
referred to the fact that this is the only species of the genus that has
occurred in Britain, the first specimen having been taken in Hampshire
in 1882, and several having occurred since. In Spain it is said to be
common in the cork woods, and in Austria occurs amongst oaks. In
192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
confinement the moth appears from April to June from eggs laid on
oak or poplar ; when laid the egg is of a beautiful green colour, but
after a week the colour changes to red or plum, and still later to drab.
The changes in colour and appearance of the larva at the different
ecdyses were graphically described, and much interesting information
given on habits throughout the life of the insect in all its stages. On
the motion of the chairman a very cordial vote of thanks was accorded
Dr. Crallan for his valuable contribution to our knowledge of the life-
history of this rare British moth. — Among exhibits shown were a box
of insects from Trinidad, exhibited by Miss Birch on behalf of her
brother ; eggs of T. uphna on hawkweed by Mr. H. B. Prince, and on
yarrow by Mr. Mollinson, who also showed larvfe of L. liioralis\
Pluda moneta (bred) and Lycama arion from 8. Devon, by Mr. Pierce ;
and a queen wasp in a state of hybernation, by Mr. Score. — E. J. B.
Sopp and W. D. Harrison, Hon. Secretaries.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — April 10th. — Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Mr. E. C. Rossiter was
elected a member of the Society. — Mr. J. T. Fountain gave an
account of some work he had been doing, which showed how much
collecting might be done in the winter. On December 2nd he saw
at Sutton more moths than he had ever seen before, chiefly
Cheimatobia hrumata, L., but including also Scopelosomn fiatellitia, L.,
and Orrhodia vaccinii, L. On March 4th he sugared at Chelmsley
Woods, and the last two species came in numbers. — Mr. W. E.
Collinge showed Collembola ; Sniiiithnnis mahngreni, Tulbb., from
Knowle, a species new to England ; and Lipiira amhuhms, L., from
Solihull, where it occurred in thousands in connection with some
cauliflowers suffering from finger-aud-toe disease. — Mr. Gilbert Smith
gave an account of the coleopterous genera Eriucephalus and Aseniun,
illustrating it by drawings and specimens of the species in various
stages. — CoLHRAN J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.
EECENT LITERATUEE.
Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural Histnnj
Societg. 1904-5. Pp. i-xvi, 1-104. The Society's Room,
Hibernia Chambers, S.E. 1905.
Contains several interesting contributions on entomological subjects,
the most important perhaps being a paper on the genus Coleophora by
Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S. In his address the President (Mr. Sich) first
reviews the principal events of the year, so far as these concern the
British Fauna ; he then discourses on " the joy of animal existence "
and the triumph of animal life.
Several field- meetings were held during the year, and reports of
these are given. That referring to the Eynsford meeting is accom-
panied by a capital map of the district.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII.] AUGUST, 1905. [No. 507.
DESCRIPTION OF LYC.ENA ARION PUPA, <? .
By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.
While collecting on July 12th, in company with Mr. A. L.
Piayward, in Cornwall, we determined on a systematic search for
the pupa of Lycana arion, and were rewarded by the discovery
of a living pupa, of which I have the pleasure of giving the
following description and above figures.
It bears a general affinity to the pupa of L. (sgon, excepting
its much larger size, measuring half an inch long.
Fig. 1. — Dorsal View. Across the middle its greatest diameter is
j3_ in. The head is obtuse, base of wings slightly angular and swollen,
wing slightly concaved, abdonicu swollen at third and fourth segments,
then attenuating and rounded posteriorly. Fig. 2. — Side View. It
measures y^ iii- across the middle, the head rounded, thorax convex
rising into a slight dorsal ridge, meta-thorax and first abdominal
segment sunken, abdomen swollen at the middle and curving to pos-
terior segments which are rounded ; anal segment is compressed to
ventral surface, cremastral hoolcs absent; wing ample, swollen, and
rounded across the middle and extending to the fifth abdominal
segment.
The entire surface is minutely granulated and covered with very
fine reticulations of a deep amber colour ; spiracles are prominent and
ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1905. R
194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
blackish, the surface posteriorly adjoining them is beset with a number
of shining raised bead-like processes, some bearing minute amber-
coloured spines, which have the apical half branched with extremely
small bristles.
The colour when first found was uniformly ochreous, with
the eyes dark leaden grey ; it gradually turned darker on the
head, thorax, and abdomen ; the wings remained ochreous, but
showed leaden-grey hind margins ; then the median wing-spots
appeared, and soon the whole pupa began to deepen more
uniformly, until it assumed a deep leaden-grey all over, and
remained unchanged for over thirty hours ; finally a perfect
male emerged at 8.30 a.m. July 16th.
With the interesting discovery of this hitherto unknown
pupa Mr. A. L. Rayward's name must be coupled, for we had the
joint pleasure of not only finding the living pupa, but also, in
close proximity, a pupa-case of a freshly emerged female, which
my friend detected at rest, and which paved the way to our
success.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ARADID/E
FROM CEYLON.
By W. L. Distant.
The following description refers to a species which I received
from my ever-helpful friend Mr. E. E. Green, subsequent to my
dealing with the Aradidie in the Rhynchota of British India,
and which, for that wide area, constitutes the second known
species of Aneurus.
Aneurus greeni, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and sternum, black; abdomen, apex
of head, coxa?, and apices of tibife piceous-brown ; tarsi ochraceous ;
corium stramineous, its base black, its apex and longitudinal veins
very dark fuscous ; membrane pale hyaline and reflecting the pale
brown disk of the abdomen above ; head finely punctate, most strongly
so behind eyes, distinctly longitudinally sulcate on each side of the
median lobe ; antennae with the basal joint very strongly incrassate,
second joint longer than third, fourth longest; pronotum with a broad
central transverse depression, the anterior angles prominently rounded,
the lateral margins moderately concavely sinuate, the posterior angles
broadly rounded, a little prominent, centrally very finely transversely
striate, obscurely punctate, most distinctly so on lateral areas and at
anterior and posterior angles ; scutellum very finely and thickly
granulate, about as broad as long, its margins very obscurely piceous-
brown.
Hah. Ceylon; Pundaluoya (Green).
Differing from the Burmese A. indicus, Bergr., the only
other known species in the fauna of British India, by the
absence of the central carination to the scutellum, the more
CURRENT NOTES. 195
rounded and less prominent posterior pronotal angles, the more
strongly incrassated basal joint of the antennae, the stramineous
corium, &c.
CUREENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 132.)
1. G. P. Lounsbury: "Report of Govt. Entom. for 1903"
(Cape of Good Hope I)ep. Agr. pp. 1-46 ; pis. i-vii
(1904)).
2. Ditto : " Transmission of African Coast Fever " (Agr.
Journ. Cape of Good Hope [sep. pp. 1-7] 3 plates
(1 coloured) (Apl. 1904) [Arachnida] ).
3. C. J. S. Bethune [Ed.] : *' Thirty-fourth Ann. Eep. Ent.
Soc. Ontario, for 1903" (Ontario Dep. Agr. pp. 1-116;
portrait, pis. i-iii and text-figs. 1-60 (1904) ).
4. A. L. Herrera |Ed.] : "Las Plagas de la Agricultura "
(Com. Paras, agric. Mexico ; pp. 1-705, pis. i-xvi, and
many text-figs (1904) ).
5. A. ZiMMERMANN : " Untersuchungcn liber tropische Pflan-
zenkrankheiten " i. (Ber. Land- Forstwirtschaft Deutsch-
ostafrika ii. pp. 11-36, pis. i-iv (1904) ).
6. E. P. Felt & L. H. Joutel : " Monograph of the genus
Saperda " (Bull. N. York State Mus. 74, pp. 1-86 ; pis.
1-7 coloured and 8-14 plain; text-figs. 1-7 [Col.] ).
7. L. DE LA Barreda : "El picudo del Algodon " (Circ. Com.
paras, agric. Mexico, 6, pp. 1-35 (Apl. 7 1904) [Col.]).
8. C. Dawydoff : " Note sur les organes phagocytaires de
quelques Gryllons tropicales " (Zool. Anzeiger xxvii. pp.
589-93, text-figs 1-3 (June 3, 1901) [Dermapt.] ).
9. C. P. Lounsbury : "A new Oak-tree Pest " (Agric. Journ.
Cape Good Hope [sep. pp. 1-4] 1 plate (Dec, 1903)
[Hem.] ).
10. A. W. Morrill : " Notes on the immature stages of some
Tingitids of the genu- Gorythaca" (Psyche, x. pp. 127-34,
pi. 3 (1903) [Hem.]). "
11. S. Mokrzecki : Thryptocera (Gymnopareia) pomonellse
Schnabl & Mokrz., sp. no v., male and female (Diptera,
Muscidffi) [sep. pp. 1-4] (1903) [Lep. & Dipt.] ).
12. R. E. Snodgrass : " The Hypopygium of the Tipulida) "
(Trans. American Ent. Soc. xxx. pp. 179-236, pis. viii-xviii
(Aug., 1904) [Diptera] ).
13. T. W. Kirk: "Report of . . . Biologist" (Ann. Rep. New
Zealand Dep. of Agriculture, xii. pp. 247-309 [Diptera]
(1904)).
r2
196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
14. M. E. FouNTAiNE : " The Butterfly hunter in search of a
long-lost local rarity " (Pall Mall Mag. xxxiii. pp. 253-8 ;
2 text-figs. (June, 1904)).
15. E. Zander: " Zum Genitalapparat der Lepidopteren "
(Zool. Anzeiger xxviii. pp. 182-6, text-figs (Oct. 21, 1904)).
16. 0. ScHULTz : " Uebersicht ueber die bisher bekannt ge-
wordenen Falle von Gynandromorphismus bei pala-
arktischen Macrolepidopteren nach Familien, Gattungen
und Species " (Allg. Zeitschr. fiir Entom. ix. pp. 304-10
(Aug. 15, 1904)).
17. C. Schroder : " Kritische Beitriige zur Mutations, Selek-
tions- und zur Theorie der Zeichnungs-phylogenie bei den
Lepidopteren iii " {op. cit. pp. 281-97 ; text-figs. 19-28
(Aug. 15, 1904)).
18. L. C. H. Young: "The distribution of Butterflies in
India " (Journ. Bombay Nat. History, xv. pp. 594-601
(June 27, 1904)).
19. E. S. Hole: "Two notorious Insect Pests" (op. cit. pp.
679-97, pis. A to E (June 27, 1904) [Lepidoptera] ).
20. K. Malkoff : " Die Cicade Tettigonia viridis L. als
Schiidiger der Obstbaume in Bulgarien " (Zeitschr. fiir
Pflanzenkrankheiten, xiv. pp. 40-3 ; 1 text-fig. (March 7,
1904) [Hemipteral ).
21. A. L. Embleton : " Ceratap)his laianicE, a peculiar A.phid "
(Journ. Linnean Soc, Zool. xxix. pp. 90-107, pi. 12 (Oct.
31, 1908) [Hemiptera] ).
22. E. Piohler: "Die Antennalen Sinnesorgane von Tryxalis "
(Zool. Anzeiger, xxviii. pp. 188-92 ; text-figs. 1-4 (Oct.
21, 1904) [Dermaptera] ).
28. G. Enderlein : "Die Copeognathen des Indo-Austra-
lischen Faunengebietes " (Ann. Mus. Nat. Plungar. I.
pp. 179-344, pis, iii-xiv [1 of these coloured) and text-figs.
1-12 (1903) [Neuroptera] ).
24. Ditto : " Zur Kenntniss Amerikanischer Psociden (Zool.
Jahrb. Abth. fiir Syst." xviii. pp. 351-64, pis. 17 (coloured)
and 18 (1903) [Neuroptera] ).
25. Ditto : " Zur Kenntniss Europiiischer Psociden " {op. cit.
pp. 365-82, pi. 19 (col.) and text-figs. A — J (1903)
[Neuroptera] ).
26. N. Ya. Kusnenov : " 0 rasvitii glastshatikh pyaten gusenits
DilepJiila nerd, Linn., i. Pergesa porcellus, Linn." (Russ-
koe entom. obosr. iv. pp. 154-62; text-figs. 1-6 (Aug.
1904) [Leipdoptera] ).
27. D.Pomerantsev: " Biologisheskiya samyitki o zhukakh
polesnikh b' lyisovolstv, zhivoshtchikh pod koroi derevev
VII." {op. cit. pp. 85-9 (May, 1904) [Coleoptera] ).
28. S. Alferaki : " Byigliya krititcheskiya samyitki k' kata-
logu tchemuekrilikh gg. Staudinger'a i Eebel'ya 1901, g."
{op. cit. pp. 1-10 (Feb., 1904) [Lepidoptera] ).
CURRENT NOTES.
197
29. A. A. Yakhontov : " 0 Pieris napi L. var. intermedia
Krul." {op. cit. pp. 15-8 [Lepidoptera] ).
The title of the finely illustrated paper of Felt and Joutel (6)
is slightly misleading, as it is really a monograph of the Ameri-
can species only, some of which, however, are also European.
The descriptions, synonymy and hibliography, habits, &c., are
very fully worked out, and the numerous plates are well executed.
Barreda (7) discusses the cotton boll- weevil {Anthonomus grandis)
in a practical manner. He mentions that one estate in Coahuila
lost one thousand seven hundred dollars in four years, while
another in San Luis Potosi lost one hundred thousand dollars
last year. Morrill (10) has given us valuable information on a
subject very little studied, the metamorphoses of heteropterous
Hemiptera.
It is well known that in certain forms there exist, as well
as free leucocytes, very curious special structures named by
Dawydoff (8) " jDhagocytary organs" (lymphatic glands). Ap-
parently these glands are not circumscribed and defined in the
cockroaches and mantids (at least in some of them), the same
being the case in the nymphs of Gryllodea. In certain adults of
the latter suborder these organs are well defined and limited; in
others, however, this is not the case {Gymnogrylliis).
Lounsbury's latest publications deal principally with ticks,
the Annual Eeport (1) treating specially of malignant jaundice in
dogs. The transmission of African Coast fever (2) is attributed
to the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatiis , which is considered
** the principal, and, perhaps, the only natural transmitter of
a highly fatal cattle disease."
Phylloxera corticalis is noted as a new oak-tree pest in South
Africa, where it has been causing considerable damage (9).
Owing to the fact that the South African oak {Quercus pedimcii-
lata) has been propagated in that country only from seed, it
has remained singularly free from pests, only one other insect,
and that also an aphid {Calliptcrus quercus), being confined
to it.
Zimmermann's paper (5) deals mostly with fungous diseases,
but also with noxious insects, viz. : Sphinx nerii on Cinchona
(pi. iv. figs. 6-8), Disphinctws on Piper capense (figs. 3-5), Helo-
peltis sp. on Bixa orellana (figs. 9-12), and Thrips spp. on
coffee.
The Commission of Agricultural Parasitology in Mexico has
issued a substantial volume (4) of over seven hundred pages on
the pests to Agriculture in that country. These are assembled
under plant headings, the latter being arranged alphabeticaUy.
Sixteen crowded plates and a number of text-figures illustrate
the written matter. The introduction is dated Nov. 1901, the
cover 1903, but the title-page 1904 ! Mokrzecki (11) describes
198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ill Latin and Russian a new dipterous ]iarasite from Taurian
Belbek, bred from pupjB of Carpocajysa pomondla, L.
Suodgrass (12) restricts the term " hypopj'gium " to the ninth
abdominal segment only — that is, the segment that carries the
intromittent and clasping organs of the male. The general
shape in the Tipulida3 is that of a cup opening posteriorly, the
cavity being the genital chamber, which is produced simply by
the invagination of the posterior face of the segment, which
carries into the depression the tenth segment, which morpho-
logically terminates the abdomen. After a general description
of the parts, seventeen genera are discussed at length and
illustrated by one hundred and sixty- one figures.
T. W. Kirk's report (13) is specially mentioned here, since
it contains (pp. 306-9) descriptions of three new Diptera by
T. Brown, viz. : Tcpliritcs xanthodcs, introduced from Earotoga
and Viti; Lnnchaa splcndida, introduced from New South Wales ;
and Drosoyliila (xmpclopliila, from Australia.
Miss Fountaine (14) describes a brief tour in Crete, and the
chase of Lycana psyhrita. Zander (15) discusses the genital
apparatus of Gastropadta quercifoUa. Schultz (16) catalogues
the known cases of gynaudromorphism in palpearctic Macro-
Lepidoptera ; while Schroder (17) continues his papers on
pattern-phylogeny in the same order. Young (18) considers the
distribution of Indian butterjfiies.
Hole (19) discusses very fully two dangerous enemies of the
teak-tree, viz., the moths Pyrausta mach(eralis and Ilyhlcca piiera
There are five excellent plates, of which one is coloured.
Malkof! (20) describes the damage done to fruit-trees by
Tctifjoma viiidis ; while Miss Embleton (21) discusses at length
the remarkable Alej'rodid-like aphid, Ccrataphis lataniw. This
has also recently occurred on Latania near IJonolulu.
Eohler (22) describes and figures some sensory organs on the
antennre of Acrida {Tryxalis).
Enderlein (23-25) has published three interesting articles on
Psocidffi, illustrated by excellent plates. No. 23 is prefaced by a
general introduction to the family. Kusnezov (26) discusses in
Eussian the development of ocellated spots in the larvae of the
sphingids DcilepJiila ncrii, Linn., and Pergesa porcellus, Linn.
Pomerantsev (27) furnishes biological notes, also in Eussian, on
Cantharidffi and Tenebrionidas living under bark, and useful in
sjdviculture. Two further papers in Eussian (28 and 29) may
be commended to the Lepidopterist : Alferaki's contains critical
observations on Staudinger and Eebel's 1901 Catalogue, while
Yakhontov discusses at some length the variety intermedia of
Pieris najn.
199
A LIST OF THE " MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA " OF
LANCASTER AND DISTRICT.
By C. H. Forsythe.
(Coucliuled from p. 160.)
C. iinmanata. — Common and generally distributed in July.
C. suffumata. — Fairly common in the County Asylum grounds,
Blea Tarn, Quernmore, &c., in April and May. This species comes
to light.
C. silaceata. — Fairly common at Arnside and Witherslack in May.
C. fulvata. — Common everywhere about hedgerows in July and
August.
C. dotata (pyraUata). — Not common; Halton, County Asylum
grounds, Blea Tarn, &c., in July.
Li/(/ris [Cidaria] prunata. — Not common; Arnside, near Quernmore
and County Asylum grounds in June.
L. (C.) testata. — Abundant on the moors at Clougha and Quern-
more in August.
L. (6\) populata. — Local ; it is abundant near Clougha in July and
August.
L. (C.) axsociata [dotata). — Fairly common and generally distributed
in June. Tliis species comes freely to light.
Pelurtjn comitata. — Plentiful in some years in the County Asylum
grounds, Grimshaw Lane and Blea Tarn, July and August.
Eubulia cervinata. — This species comes to light, but is not common ;
Halton and County Asylum grounds in late August and September.
E. Umitata {mcnsuraria). — Generally distributed; abundant in
Grimshaw Lane, near Halton, in August.
E. plumharia (palumbariu). — Common at Heysham, Torrisholme,
Blea Tarn, &c., in June.
Carsia paliidata {imbutata). — Locally plentiful at Heysham and
Witherslack on the mosses in July.
>Sten-ha sacraria. — Extremely rare, " I took a specimen at Wither-
slack some years ago. It went into Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson's collec-
tion " (G. L.)
Anaitis plagiata. — Common at Arnside, Witherslack, &c., ia July.
Tanagra atrata {cJucropliyllata). ■ — Common near Carnforth and
Witherslack about chervil {C/ucrophyllHin temulaw) at the end of June.
Hijiia viuricata [auroraria). — Local but abundant at Witherslack;
less common at Heysham in July.
Asthena luteata. — Uncommon ; near Clougha and at Witherslack in
June.
A. candidata. — Fairly plentiful and generally distributed in June.
Acldalia dimidiata [scutulata). — Common in Grimshaw Lane,
Quernmore, Halton, &c., in June.
A. bisetata. — Plentiful in Grimshaw Lane, Halton, Heysham,
Clougha, &c., June and July.
A. subsericeata. — Uncommon; odd examples at Witherslack in June.
A. iniwutn'a. — Uncommon ; occasionally at Witherslack and
Methop in June.
200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A. remularia. — I liave only taken this species near Clougha and at
Heysham, and bred it- from Metliop larvfe. Tlie imago appears in
May.
A. famata.— (Common; at Heysham, Clougha, and Witlierslack in
July.
A. arersata. — Common everywhere in July and August; also var.
spuliata.
Pseuduterpna pruinata (ci/tisaria). — Fairly common in Grimshaw
Lane, County Asylum grounds, Halton, Quernmore, Sec, in July.
Gi'oineira jidpilionaria. — Not common; I have only taken examples
at light near the County Asylum in July.
Nemoria viiidata. — Local, but common at Methop and Witherslack
in June.
Thalem (lodis) lactcaria. — Common in Grimshaw Lane, Eidge
Lane, Halton, Arnside, &c,, in July.
Uemithea strirjata {tlnjmiaria). — Fairly common in Freeman's
Wood, and at Heysham, in June and July.
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF BEELIN.
By E. M. Dadd, F.E.S.
One constantly reads in the magazines of the experiences and
captures made by entomologists in Switzerland, the South of
France, Italy, Spain, the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, and
other distant places, which are mostly quite beyond the reach of
the ordinary entomologist with probably only a short holiday at
his disposal.
Having read with avidity the brilliant successes achieved by
his more fortunate brethren in the Eldorados above mentioned,
it may occur to him that perhaps if he did not go quite so far
afield he might yet enjoy a good deal of sport, and at the same
time not waste a large portion of his holiday in travelling.
It has always been somewhat of a surprise to me that none of
the gentlemen who make annual trips to the Continent have
thought Germany worthy of their attention. Although its
butterfly fauna is certainly not so rich as that of Switzerland,
still it is very rich, and on any sunny day during the summer
insects swarm in such countless numbers that one is at a loss
what to catch next.
It has been my good fortune to be removed from London to
Berlin, a district which is remarkably rich in Lepidoptera, as
will be seen from the fact that the latest list of the Macro-
Lepidoptera (Bartel and Herz) records eight hundred and thirty-
two species as occurring in the district, to which have since been
added several more ; and in the present paper I should like to
give entomologists an idea of what can be had here all the year
THE LBPIDOPTERA OF BERLIN. 201
round. As I have collected here fairly regularly from June 1st,
1902, till the end of the 1904 season, I think I may fairly claim
to have a good idea of what can be done in this district.
What is understood as the Berlin district is the tract of
country contained within about a twenty-mile radius of the
centre of the city. This includes a very varied country both as
to soil and vegetation, which accounts for the richness of the
fauna. The greater portion is of course the usual sandy soil of
the Great Plain of Prussia, but by Eiidersdorf in the east there
is an outbreak of chalky limestone, forming downs fairly similar
to our Kentish or Surrey ones, and it is here, of course, that
such species as Lyccena cori/don, L. minima, the three rare
Zygfense, &c., appear. The whole district is fairly well wooded,
the greater portion being pine or fir woods, but there are also
magnificent oak and lieech woods, and in the swampy portions,
which are fairly frequent, alder and birch predominate. Here
and there over the whole district, and especially by Bernau in
the north, there are extensive heaths, and these are sometimes
covered with juniper bushes. In the larger pine woods there is
frequently a thick undergrowth of bilberry ; in the deciduous
woods, of raspberry and buckthorn. Whitethorn, blackthorn,
and the wild briar are conspicuous by their absence ; only on
the downs at Piiidersdorf do they appear to grow wild. Bramble
and sallow much rarer than in England ; willow is also extremely
rare. Aspen, lime, and black poplar are all common all over
the district. The commonest tree after pines and firs is un-
doubtedly the birch. Notable absentees amongst low plants are
the primrose, foxglove, bracken, and gorse. By far the com-
monest plant on open uncultivated land is Artemisia vulgaris,
the food-plant of Cuciillia argcntea and C. artemisice, Kupithecia
innotata, &c.
Fenland and water-side vegetation is frequent, seeing that
two rivers, the Spree and the Plavel, and about ten large lakes
are in the district.
During the winter months very little collecting could be done,
but searching the trunks of oaks and alders produced cocoons of
Hoplitis milhaascri and Ceriira hicuspis, and, when the lakes are
frozen over, and one can get at the reeds, the larvae of Soita
maritima and Leucania ohsuleta may be secured in numbers. The
former is obtained by searching the old burrows of Nonagria
geminipimcta, in which they conceal themselves ; the larvae are
easily reared on shredded steak, apple, and other unlikely sub-
stances, but must be provided with reeds to hide in, as they
otherwise die. L. obsolcta is far easier detected ; the reeds
inhabited by the larvae, probably owing to its having eaten
through the skin to form its exit, are generally bent over,
probably by wind, and all one has to do is to cut the reed low
down. This larva hybernates full-fed, and is easily reared ; it
202 THE KNTOMOLOGIST.
is, however, advisable to split the reed, or keep it standing in
water, as otherwise it contracts and kills the pupa.
On February 28th I made my first outing after moths ; for
some days the temperature had been fairly mild, and the early
Geometers, such as Phigalia loediria, Hybernia leucophxearia, and
H. mar;iinata, were not uncommon. I was away during nearly
the whole of March, and it was not until the 22nd of that month
that I again had an opportunity of collecting. Besides the species
above mentioned, which were now getting over, Brcphos par-
thenias, Asphaliaflavicornis, Tepkrosia crepuscularia, and Aslcro-
scopiis nubecidosus were obtained. Of the latter rare species
eleven specimens were found sitting on alder- trunks. On the
29th the first male Endromis versicolor and one B. notJia were
the only new species, sallowing in the evening being an absolute
failure. On April 12th an outing to Buch was very unremunera-
tive, the weather being too cold ; one male Endromis versicolor,
four Tcphromi crepuscularia, and two Larentia carpinata being
the total bag, except a few larvae of Sesia scolicej'ormis from
birch-boles. The next day was even worse, only two Tepkrosia
punctularia and one Boarmia cinctaria being seen ; sallows still
being quite useless. On the 19th, at Spandau, T. punctularia
was fairly common, and two E. versicolor and a very tine variety
of Streiiia clatltrata were also obtained ; this appears to me a very
early date for the latter species.
On April 22nd, 23rd, and 24th sallows at Spandau were well
visited, Tccniocampj, opinia, T. gracilis, T. incerta, T. gothica,
T.pulverulenta, T. stabilis, Pachnobia rubricosa, Dasycampa rubi-
ginca, Orrhodia erythrocephala and 0. vaccinii, Xylina furcifera,
Calocampa vetusta, and C. exoleta all being plentiful. I saved the
two D. rubiguiea for ova, but was unsuccessful. The P. rubri-
cosa were remarkable, all being of a deep bluish black colour,
, with just a tinge of red in them. They are also much smaller
than our English rubricosa, which is here classified as var.
rufa, and I should not be surprised if they proved to be a
distinct species.
On May 3rd, a delightfully warm day, a visit was paid to
Finkenkrug, the locality for Aglia tau, in the hope of obtaining
this species, and it was soon observed flying wildly about in the
beech woods, and several males, all more or less worn, were
captured. Other insects were scarce ; Pieris napi and Antho-
cJiaris cardaniines were flying in the meadows, one Araschnia
levana was netted over nettle, and Larentia tristata, Minoa muri-
nata, and Ematurga atomaria were observed.
May 10th was very rainy, so that nothing could be done
during the morning, but it cleared up during the afternoon, and
we paid a visit to the bilberry- scrub growing amongst the pine-
woods. Sweeping produced the larvae of Ilalia brunneata in
numbers, but the desired PJupithecia coronata was not found.
THE LEPIDOPTEKA OF BERLIN. 203
Larvse of Anchocelis helvola were also obtained, as well as one
solitary Lasiocamim qmrcus. The only imagines seen were
Larentia {Coremia) ferriigata and Thalera putata, both common.
The latter was still emerging, and a nice series of fresh speci-
mens were boxed ; unfortunatel}^ it seems quite impossible to
preserve the exquisite green tint of this species. It is perhaps
worth noting that this species leaves the pupa between four
o'clock and dusk, and are easily observed drying their wings
under bilberry-leaves ; they quickly lose their colour, and during
the forenoon only faded specimens will be seen. The eleven
specimens I set, in spite of the greatest care, have all somewhat
faded. Is there no way of preserving their colour ?
On May 24th I went for a walk round one of the lakes in the
neighbourhood of Potsdam with my friend Mr. Wadzeck, and we
found that the spring Geometry were commencing to get com-
mon, Acidalia remutata, Asthena candidata, A. lutcata, Eiqnsteria
heparata, Larentia fiuctuala, L. designata, L. ocellata, and Bapta
taminata all being more or less common. Sugaring in the
evening was fairly unproductive, Hadena genlstce and iif. oleracea,
Dipterygia scahriuscula, Cymatophora or, and Hypena prohosci-
dalis being the only visitors.
May 31st is a day I shall never forget. My friend Herr
Zobel, my brother, and myself started, about 11 a.m., from
Spandau through the oak and pine woods to Niederneundorf. I
have never seen Geometrae so common, or in such variety. One
really did not know what to take and what to leave, and my
"glass tops " had to be emptied several times to make further
collecting possible. Amongst the bilberry, Acidalia fumata, A.
remutata, llialera putata, Ematxirga atomaria, Epiime advenaria,
and Larentia hastata were everywhere, and I devoted myself
especially to the two latter, and soon had a fine series. A small
Noctua was seen dashing about, but was very difficult to capture ;
at length one was boxed, and it proved to be Erastria deceptaria.
We had originally started with the intention of visiting a locality
for the Hesperid Carter ocephalus sylvius, which had been added
to the Berlin fauna the previous year by Herr Zobel, and which
he had succeeded in turning up in considerable numbers during
the present spring. Arrived on the scene, we were disappointed
in only finding one worn female, it evidently being over. Other
butterflies were, however, well in evidence, and, besides the three
common whites and A. cardamines, Chrysophanus dorilis and C.
phloeas, Cyaniris argiolus, Lyccena scmiargus and L. icarus, Hcs-
perla malvce, Augiades comma, Argynnis selenc, and hybernated
Vanessa io were abundant.
We then turned our attention to a wood composed mostly of
oak, alder, and birch, but with a sprinkling of other ■ trees, and
notably a fairly thick undergrowth of bramble, raspberry, and
nettles. To say that Geometrre swarmed will give really no idea
204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of their abundance. At the edge of the wood Acidalia imimitata,
A. immorata, and Strenia clathrata had been netted ; in the wood
itself we were kept constantly busy with Ephyra punctaria,
Timandra ainata, Larentia ocellata, L. variata, L. fluctuata, L.
montanata, L.ferrugata, L. sociata, L. unangulata, L. alhicillata,
L. tristata, E. obliterata, A. liiteata, Hypsipetes trifasciata, Cidaria
corylata, Tepliroclystia satyrata, Collix sparsata, Abraxas margi-
nata, Deilinia pusaria and D. exanthemata, Semiothisia notata
and S. alternata, Boarmia laridata, T. punctulata, and Pechipogon
harbalis ; while one male specimen of Macrotliylacia rubi was
found drying its wings, and another was netted, and a pair of
Phalcra biicephala were found in cop.
On the way home a few additions were made, notably one
specimen of Triphosa dabitata, M. murinata, Panagra peiraria ;
and also, flying in the dusk, one each of Drepana falcataria and
D. binaria were netted.
Monday, June 1st, being the Whitsun Monday, I had arranged
with several friends to visit the beech woods of Brenau, our
principal quarry being Tephrosia consonaria. Although sunshine
was scarce, it was a very close hot day, and not at all ngreeable
for collecting. To reach the beech woods in question we first
had to traverse a fairly long stretch of tall pine woods, which
had a thick undergrowth of bilberry. Here and there were also
open patches of heather. Buttertiies were not much in evidence,
the principal ones noted being Callophrys rubi (very worn), and
ChrysopUanus dorilis and C. phloias.
Geometry by no means swarmed as they had done on the day
previous, and, with the exception of T. putata and A. reniutata,
very little was seen at first ; however, in the first patch of
bilberry a fine Larentia hastata was netted, and almost immedi-
ately afterwards something started up out of the bilberry, which
was not recognized. After a long stern chase this was netted,
and proved to be apparently Ortholitha plumbaria, a very large
bluish-grey form, and quite different to our Enghsh ones. As
the time of appearance — beginning of June — and getting worn
are so entirely different to the habits of what we know as this
species in England, where I have always found it at the end of
July and during August, and besides which the insect seems
quite different to our English plumbaria, being larger, more
bluish in colour, and not so variegated, I consider that this may
possibly be a distinct species. My friend Herr Herz, to whom I
mentioned my doubts, is also of opinion that there is something
queer here, as he had captured our English form at the end of
July on the sea-coast. I would be much obliged if some English
entomologist would obtain eggs of 0. plumbaria during the coming
season, and I will try and elucidate the matter.
Several specimens of this interesting form were obtained ;
meanwhile L. Iiastata, Epione advenaria, and Eucosmia undulata
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF BERLIN. 205
were fairly common, the latter being by no means easy to capture,
as, although a conspicuous insect, its colour harmonizes well
against a background of bilberry and pine-trunks, and it is more
often lost sight of than captured. Another conspicuous species
easily lost sight of is L. hastata ; its habit is to fly about twelve
feet from the ground, and it has a very undulating flight ; con-
sequently, when flying amongst trees with the light shining
through them, it easily eludes capture. Nothing further of
interest was observed until we reached the restaurant where we
were to dine, when my brother, who had been for a stroll round
the lake, brought me a fine fresh specimen oi Lithostege farinata,
Hufn.
After dinner w'e made tracks for the beech woods, and while
crossing a small meadow I observed Ino statices in some numbers
on flower-heads. The beech woods unfortunately proved a
failure as far as T. consonaria was concerned, not a single speci-
men being found by four diligent searchers ; but Demas coryli,
Dasychira padibunda, Lithosia aureola, and Ephyra trilineata
were found in odd specimens, and an occasional Teplirosia luri-
data raised our hopes in vain. Larentia variata. was found in a
small pine wood, but nothing further of note. On the way home
E. undidata was more easily captured, as it adopted the habit of
flying lazily along the road. Amongst the bilberry, T. putata
was, as usual, freshly emerging, and I started up, but lost a fine
specimen of Bomolocha fontis.
On June 6th, 8th, and 11th I sugared, with my friend Zobel,
in the neighbourhood of Bernau ; the locality chosen, at first
sight, did not look at all promising, the sugared trees being on
the border of an extensive pine wood ; adjoining was a barren
waste of land, overgrown with rank grass and, what appealed
especially to us, patches of heather ; the insect we had ho23e of
getting being Agrutis molothina, an ally of A. strigida, and up to
then only known in four or five specimens by Berlin. We had
already sugared this spot about five times without any result
worth speaking about. However, patience was at length rewarded,
as on the three nights in question not only did we get our A.
molothina in thirty to forty specimens, but also discovered four
other insects, which a^e reckoned amongst Berlin's rarities ;
they were Mamestra aliena, Hadena adiista var. haltica (probably
a good species, as it is quite different to English adusta), Cara-
drina selini var. milleri, and Agrotis candalarum. All these
species were abundant ; in one evening alone my take was forty-
four C. var. milleri, twelve M. aliena, and fifteen var. haltica.
But this by no means ends the list ; other lesser stars were also
in abundance : — Acronycta ahscondita, A. rumicls, Agrotis strignla,
A. linogrisea, A. orhona (suhsequa), A. cinerea, A. exclamationis,
A. ypsilon, A. segetum, A. prasina, A. occulta, Mamestra leuco-
phtea, M. advena, M. nehulosa, M. hrassicce, M. alhicolon, M.
206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
oleracea, M. dissimilis, M. thalassina, M. contigua, M. insi, M.
trifolii, M. dentina and var. latenai, Neuria reticulata, Miana
strigilis, Hadena sordida, H. rurea and var. alopecurus, H. basi-
linea, H. gemina and var. remissa, Dipterygia scahriuscula, Trachea
atriplicis, Leucania jjaZ^ews, L. comma, L. conigera, Grammesia
trigrammica. liusina tenehrosa, and Cymatophora or.
During the latter part of. June and the first fortnight in July
the butterfly season is at its height, and we made many excur-
sions to the localities above mentioned. The 13th was a lovely
sunny day, which we again spent at Finkenkrug. One of the
first butterflies captured was a fine specimen of Papilio machaon ;
a specimen of Mamestra glauca was found at rest on a tree-trunk,
and almost immediately afterwards we were in the thick of the
Melitfeas — at present only M. aurinia and M. cinxia ; while
Lyccena amanda, L. icarus, Ckrysopha)ius hippothoe, and C. aid-
phron are abundant. The tree-trunks are now frequently tenanted
by Psychid cases — Sterrhopteryx hirsutella, Acanthopsyche opa-
cella, Canephora unicolor, Bacotia sepium, Epiclinopteryx pidla,
and E. nitidella. A peculiarity about C. unicolor is that only
the males select tree-trunks to spin up on ; the female cases are
always found spun up amongst herbage. Geometrae seem to
have tailed off, the only Larentias observed being iristata, ocellata,
and sociata. In the meadows, however, Acidalia immorata was
fairly common, with occasional A. ornata and A. immutata, S.
clathrata and M. murinata. On tree-trunks, Acronycta psi, A.
leporina, A. ahscondita, Momaorion, Sphinx pinastri, and Boarmia
consortaria were frequent : one specimen of Drymonia chaonia
and two of Lophoptery.v camelina beaten out of oak, and D.
lacertinaria netted. Larva-beating was almost too trying owing
to the heat, and very little worth mentioning obtained. Oak
produced CrttocaZa sjjo/tsa (full-fed), and Zephyrus quercus, while
Herr Wadzeck was fortunate enough to beat a larva of Arctornis
{Laria) l-nigrum from lime. In the afternoon a case of PsycJie
viciella was found among herbage, several worn specimens of
Hemaris homhyliformis netted, while a grove of old aspens pro-
duced the larvae of Trochilium melanoccphalum in plenty. The
method of obtaining these latter is fairly simple ; the lower
twigs and branches die off in the same manner as do those of firs,
and all one has to do is to break oft' these twigs, and examine
the fracture for the fresh galleries of T. melanocephalum. In
this manner we obtained about a dozen larvae in a ver}' short
time. The smaller aspens were beat for larvae of Apatura ilia
and Limenitis populi, and a few of each were obtained.
Sugaring one night at Wusterhausen was very successful,
and the following were obtained in numbers : — Acronycta psi, A.
inenyanthidis, A. auricoma, A. ahscondita, A. rumicis, Agrotis
obscura, A. simidans, A. cinerea, A. exclamationis, A. segetnm, A.
primidce, Mamestra leucophcea, M. nebidosa, M. brassicce, M. albi-
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF BERLIN. 207
colo)i, M. oleracea, M. genista, M. dissimilis, M. thalassina, 21.
dentina, Neuria reticidata, Hadena sordida, H. basilinea, H.
gemina, D. scabriusctda, Hyppa rectUinea, Trachea atrijjUcis,
Euplexia lucipara, Leucania pallens, L. albipuncta, G. trigrammica,
Rusina tenehrosa, Tceniocampa incerta (very worn), Erastria
fasciana, Plusia gamma, Pseudophia lunaris, and Metopsilus por-
ccllus. The sugaring was so good that we kept at it all night,
and were rewarded by a good series of P. lunaris each, though
they were getting over.
As soon as it was daylight we commenced bumping trees for
" prominents," and the following were brought down : — Hoplitis
milhauseri (worn), Drymonia chaonia, Notodonta dromedarius, N.
trepida, Spatalia argentina, Lophopteryx camelina, Hylophila
2Jrasi)iana, H. hicolorana, Dasychira pudibunda, Boarmia consor-
taria, B. extersaria, &l..
Towards the end of June the butterfly season commenced in
earnest, and a long day spent in the woods near Spandau pro-
duced the following in abundance : — Pieris brassicce, P. napi, P.
rapes, Leucophasia sinapis, Gonepteryx rhamni (worn), Apatura
iris, A. ilia and var. dyte, L. popidi (the four latter attracted by
Limburger cheese), Araschnia levana, Melitcea aurinia (worn),
M. cinxia, M. didyma, M. athalia, M. aarelia, M. dictynna,
Argynnis selene, A. ino, A. lathonia, A. dia, A. aglaia, A. niobe,
Pararge egeria, Coenonympha iphis, C. arcania, C. pamphilus, C.
tiphon, Chrysophaniis hippothoe, C. alciphron, C. dorilis, C. phlceas,
Lycana astrarche, L. eumedon, L. icarus, L. amandus, L. semi-
argus, L. alcon, Heteropterus morpheus, Adopcea lineola, A. thau-
mas, Augiadcs comma, A. syliuniiis, Hesperia alveus, H. malvce.
The burnets were also commencing to get about, though only
Zygcena meliloti and Z. trifolii ; Lithosia muscerda and L. griseola
were common. Acidalia emarginata and A. aversata were perfect
scourges, single examples each of Ephyra pendularia, Hemithea
strigata, and Geomctra jMpilionaria were netted. While beating
a small birch tree I had the good fortune to beat out a freshly
emerged Sesia scoVueformis.
In the marshy spots favoured by C. tiphon and M. dictynna,
Bankia argentula, Hydrelia uncida, and Erastria venustida were
not infrequent, as also a large " fanfoot," which turned out to be
Herminia tentacularia. Tree-trunk searching results in a few
odds and ends, Moma orion, Boarmia consortaria, B. roboraria
and var. infascata, and Larentia trifasciata being turned up ; but
Geometrge, for some unknown reason, appeared to be very rare
at this season, only L. sociata being at all common. On the
homeward journey two L. quadrifasciaria were found at rest.
Another outing at the beginning of July found most of the
above-mentioned butterflies getting over, but C. dispar y(ii\ rutilns
was in fine condition ; one specimen of L. sibylla was netted, and
Dryas paphia was fairly frequent.
208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
During the latter half of June and the beginning of July we
sugared pretty regularly in oak and alder woods by Spandau ;
most of the insects above mentioned continued to come, but the
weather was unfavourable, and we did not have more than two
or three favourable nights. The new arrivals were as follows : —
Acronycta tridens, A. leporina, Agrotis signiim, A. ianthina, A.
linogrisea, A. fimbria, A. augur, A. pro7iuha, A. hrunnea, A. tri-
angulum, A. prasina, A. occulta, Mamestra adveua, M. tincta, M.
nchulosa, M. persicar'ue, M. splendens, M. contigua, Dianthoecia
cucuhali, Hadena monoglypha, H. lateritia, II. lithoxylea, II. suh-
lustris, H. scolopacina, II. unanimis and H. pabulatricula, Cloantha
polyodon, Ncen'ia typica, Leucania impudens, L. impura, L. stra-
minea, L. l-album, L. lithargyrea, L. turca, Toxocainpa pastinum,
Lithosia complana, L. muscerda, Cymatophora or, and Asphalia
duplaris. A somewhat unexpected visitor was a large female
Cossus ligniperda (cossus) ; is this species frequently attracted to
sugar ?
About the middle of July we deserted our sugaring ground at
Spaudau, and selected a new one at Buch. The ground in
question was the border of an extensive pine wood which ran for
about half a mile along a rye field. About the middle of this
field was a small pond overgrown with rushes, reeds, and marsh-
grass, and the extreme border of the field was bounded by a
small stream overgrown with alder, oak, and other deciduous
trees. Beyond one end of the wood was an extensive clearing
which had been recently deforested, and was now covered with
rank growth. At the further end the ground was again crossed
by another brook, about which were several reed-grown meadows.
We sugared this spot fairly regularly from the middle of July to
the end of August, and, taken all round, the results were very
good. Quite a difi'erent lot of insects were obtained here. H.
lateritia and H. furva were in countless numbers ; //. mono-
glypha and H. lithoxylea were also abundant, but II. sublustris,
which had been so common at Spandau, was never seen. Other
absentees were A. prasina, L. turca, L. pudorina, and L. impura.
A fine variety of C. or was taken here, the figure of 80 being
bright yellow.
Among others, we captured during this period Acronycta
leporina, A. megacephala, A. auricoma, A. abscondita, A. r^imicis
(all second brood), Agrotis obscura, A. orbona, A. baia, A. c-
nxgrum, A. xanthographa, A. plecta, A. tritici, A. obelisca, A.
segetum, A. occulta, Mamestra advena,- M. oleracea, M. aliena
(one female, second brood), M. dissimilis, M. trifolii, M. dentina,
Miana ophiogramma, M. strigilis, M. bicoloria, Bryophila algce, H.
furva, H. monoglypha, II. lateritia, II. lithoxylea, H. gemina, H.
secalis, T. atriplicis, B. meticulosa, H. leucostigma, H. nictitans,
Tapinostola hcllmanni, T.fulva, L. pallens, L. comma, L. coni-
gera, L. albipuncta, L. lithargyrea, Caradrina quadripunctata, C.
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF BERLIN. 209
milleri, C. morpheus, C. alsines, C. taraxaci, C. amhigua, Amphi-
pi/ra tragopogonis, A. pyramided , Calymnia trapezina, Cosmia
paleacea, Dyschorista suspecta, D. fissipuncta, Pyrrhia umbra,
Catocala nupta, Aventia flexiila, Zanclognatha tarsipennalis, and
Z. emortualis. A fine specimen of Centra fur cula was found at
rest on a pine-trunk. Neuronia cespitis, N. popularis, Plusia
chrysitis, P. festucce, a^nd G. papilionaria came to light. lihodo-
strophia vibicaria, Scotosia vetulata, Cidaria prunata, C. popidata,
C. associata, C. dotata, C. truncata, Larentia fumata, L. didymata,
L. vittata, L. bilineata and L. comitata, Phibalapteryx polygram-
mata, Elloptia prosapiaria, Semiothisa liturata, Boarmia roboraria,
B. lichenaria, Gnophos obscuraria, Biipalus piniariiis, Percon'ia
strigillaria, Acidalia bisetata, A. devei'saria, A. emarginata, and
A. marginepunctata were netted while putting on the sugar.
On July 27th a visit was paid, with a couple of friends, to the
limestone hills of Riidersdorf. The day was delightful, and
butterflies were in profusion. Dri/as paphia, Argynnis aglaia,
and A. niobe were in fine condition; Epinephele jurtina, C.
arcania, C. iphis, and C. pamphilus were in countless numbers.
Chrysophanus virgaurece was in fine condition. The blues were
somewhat scarce, only two Lyccena cyllarus, two L. arion, and
about a dozen L. argus being boxed Up a stony path a fine
A. lathonia was netted as it was sunning itself on a stone, and
then I saw for the first time that fine butterfly, Satyriis alcyone,
sailing majestically through the air. It is fairly difficult to cap-
ture ; one must wait till it settles, and then approach carefully.
In about half an hour four fine specimens were netted. Its near
relative, >S. semelc, was also about. Both these species have the
habit of settling on pine-trunks, and are then quite invisible.
Later in the season we frequently found S. alcyone sitting on the
old sugar patches when putting on the sugar, and a good series
were thus secured. A few worn M. athalia and M. d'ldyma were
also obtained. All this time a small Hesperid had been dashing
about : this we at first left severely alone, believing it to be the
common A. thaumas, but a chance capture apprise us of the
fact that it was A. actceon, and a fine series was soon obtained.
Butterflies are common enough, but they cannot compete with
the burnets, which are now out in full force. Zygana meliloti,
Z. purpuralis, Z. lonicerce, Z. trifolii, and Z. filipendidcB are all
about equally common, the latter being perhaps the commonest ;
Z. meliloti and Z. trifolii were getting worn.
Our objective being the limestone hills, we had to leave this
Eldorado, and for about an hour our way led through a fairly
gloomy pine wood. Much to my astonishment, a species of
Melitcea was fairly common, together with C. arcania, all through
these woods. I captured a good many, and they proved very
variable, some striking varieties being amongst them ; but the
question is what are they — M. athalia or M. aurelia? I confess
ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1905. S
210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
I cannot say, and my Berlin friends all differ. We at length
came to the edge of the lake, and a few each of S. alcyone,
S. semele, and a freshly emerged Vanessa polychloros were
netted.
A steamer carries us across the lake, and in ten minutes we
are on the limestone hills, which remind one very much of our
Kentish or Sussex downs. Here the entire fauna is changed as
if by magic. Lyccena corydon, L. minima, Melanargia galatea,
Vanessa urticce, and Epinephele jurtina seemed to be the only
butterflies about ; an occasional worn L. icarus was observed.
To make us appear more at home, Ortholitha {Euholia) hipunc-
taria, 0. (E.) limitata, and L. (M.) galiata are frequent. Burnets
are still common, and as three special species occur here, and
constitute our quarry, these are all netted for examination.
Z. purpuralis seems to be the favourite here, and many are
netted and let go, until finally we are rewarded by the first
Z. achillce. It seems to be too early for this species, and there
are no signs of Z. carniolica and Z. ephialtes var. heroUnensis ;
so we decide to shift our quarters. A fairly thick spinney
attracts our attention next, and we beat patiently through it in
the hope of Geometrae, but nothing but Larentia bilineata rewards
our efforts. Sweeping the herbage at this point produces Sesia
ichneumoniformis in some numbers ; also a male of Malaco-
soma castrensis. ProtJiymnia viridaria is fairly common ; one
Emmelia trabealis and one Acontia luctuosa are netted, and
one Endrosa irrorella and Cyhosia mesomella found at rest on
herbage.
While my two companions are still engaged with S. ichneu-
moniformis, I discovered a deep dell in the hillside which had
escaped the scythe. A large " skipper " is flying about, which
proves to be Hesperia carthami, and another is captured a few
minutes later ; and, the other two coming up, a systematic
search is made for it without further result. Shortly after this
the first Z. carniolica is secured, and other specimens are obtained
sparingly. Z. var. heroUnensis is also found in a few odd speci-
mens, but it is evidently too early for these two species. It now
being nearly five o'clock, all our boxes being full to overflowing,
and we very tired and hungry, we decide to give up collecting for
the day, which for the writer of these notes, at least, had been a
ver}' prolific one.
As my bag of Lyccena arion had been confined to one speci-
men, and as I was very desirous of getting a long series of this
beautiful "blue," I decided to devote the following Sunday
(August 3rd) to a visit to Bernau, where I was told the insect
abounded. This is rather an awkward locality to reach, as after
leaving the train one has a good hour's walk through open corn-
fields before reaching the woods, and this is no fun when the sun
is doing his best. On the roadside few butterflies were in evi-
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF BERLIN. 211
dence — chiefly E.jurtina and C. phloeas — the only thing I netted
being a worn specimen of Emmelia (Agrophila) trahealis.
Arrived at length at the woods, things soon commenced to
improve ; Drijas paphla was everywhere, though somewhat worn,
and the patches of thyme were covered with E. jiirtina, C.
arcania, C. phlieas, C. virgaurecB, and L. argus ; as yet, however,
no signs of L. arion.
At length a worn specimen was netted ; a fine Grapta c-album
is next added to the bag, and then my attention was caught by a
very small E. jiirtina, which on being netted turned out, to
my delight, to be the local E. lycaon. A good series of this
insect was soon collected, and of L. arion some dozen specimens
were captured, all, however, considerably worn. A very worn
specimen of C. ruhi showed the second brood of this insect was
getting over, and then, to my utter surprise, I netted a fine
female Zephyrus quercus on the thyme. I had never seen this
species so low before, and, to make matters still more extra-
ordinary, there were no signs of oak for miles, so to speak. A
specimen of Pararge megara was netted ; this species, as far as
my experience goes, seems to occur everywhere in isolated
specimens.
Whilst searching the heather a specimen of Agrotis strigula
was started up and netted ; two more were secured in the same
manner, as also a specimen of A. vestigialls. On a piece of
waste ground a few specimens of Coscinia striata and C. crihrum
were netted, and here Argynnis niohe, A. aglaia, Satyrns alcyone,
and S. semele were abundant. Geometry were conspicuous by
their absence, only an odd E. atomaria of the second brood being
observed.
During this mouth the lamps in the Thiergarten proved very
attractive, and were regularly besieged by Euproctls chrysorrhoea,
whose larvffi had defoliated the Thiergarten earlier in the year.
The visitors were principally Lymautrids--i^'. chrywrrhoea, E.
anrijiua, Stilpnotia salicis, Lyniantria dispar, and L. monacha ;
but I also saw a specimen of Rhyparia purpurata, and obtained a
few specimens Qdbc\\Qi(Enist'is quadra,- Malacosoma ncustria, Odo-
nestis pruni, Dendrolimus pini. Luperina testacea, Epineuronia
popidaris, Hydrcecia micacea, and Caradrina morpheus seemed to
be the only Noctuse attracted, Boannia repandata (worn), and
Ennomos queranaria the only Geometrae. .
About this time I went for a short holiday to the Glatzer
Gebirge, a portion of the Eiesengebirge. Everything in the
buttertiy line seemed worn to rags. D. papliia, Argynnis
lathonia, A, niohe. A. aglaia, Melitcea athalui, Chrysophanns
virgaurece, C. hippothoe, Lyccena hylas, L. seniiargus, L. icarus,
L, amanda, and Melanargia galatea were aU practically over, and
scarcely a good specimen could be obtained. Pararge nuera was,
however, just nicely out, and I was very pleased to meet with
212 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Erehia Ugea for the first time. This insect was fairly common
everywhere on the lower slopes, but unfortunately getting worn,
and a good many had to be netted and examined before a nice
series of both sexes was obtained. Geometry were fairly plentiful,
however, and especially on the hillsides amongst the bilberry a
good many could be beaten out. By diligent working I obtained
a fair series of the following: — Acidalia perochraria, A. strami-
nata and A. dcfienei'iirla, A. immutata, Ortliolitha limitata and 0.
hlpunctarla, Aaaitis ijrceformata, Lygris popidata, L. reticulata
and L. associata, Larentia didi/mata, L. ccesiata, L. unidentaria,
L. verberata, L. luiifasciata, L. adcequata, L. minorata, Gnophos
obscuraria, Thamnonoma loavaria, and Odezia atrata.
I did not sugar once, but tried light, with very indifferent
results — two Arctia caia, one Amorpha popuU, several Plusia
chrysitis, CE. quadra, B. lichenaria, and some common Nocture.
Once we made an excursion to the top of the Schneeberg,
5600 ft., but the day was unfavourable, and very little was
about. As one commenced to get higher up Erebia Ugea was
replaced by E. eunjale, and I obtained a fine series of this
species in grand condition. Pyrameis cardui was everywhere,
but difficult to capture ; Pararge mcera was also in fine con-
dition, and several pupa3 of this species were found attached to
boulders.
A sight I will never forget was a single isolated boulder with
an overhanging surface about two yards square. Settled on this
surface I counted no less than forty-seven specimens of Larentia
C(esiata in all sorts of conditions. I secured about a dozen whilst
the rest were decamping.
Arrived at the top of the Schneeberg, the sun disappeared for
good, and only a few isolated specimens of Erebia euryale were
observed. The flora was quite alpine here — yellow violets, a
very hairy Campanula, a large hairy hawkweed, and, above all,
a fine large pinky- white spike (a species of knotgrass), which was
growing everywhere. This latter proved exceedingly attractive
to a species of Agrotis, which was here flying about in broad
daylight, and settling on these flowers. I secured a fair series,
but have not yet determined the species, but it is probably
A. collina.
The last entomological experience was the discovery of an
immense colony of Vanessa antiopa, which produced in good
time seventy-four imagines, all perfectly typical. They were
feeding on birch and sallow, and, as far as I could see, were
perfectly free from ichneumons.
(To be concluded.)
213
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
The University of Oxford has already conferred academic honours
on more than one entomologist. To the ranks of the Masters of Arts
must now be added Commander J. J. Walker, E.N., F.L.S., and one
of the Secretaries of the Entomological Society of London, upon
whom was conferred the degree " honoris causa," at a Convocation
held in the Sheldonian Theatre on Thursday, June 29th. Introduced
in a Latin speech which did justice to the recipient's world-wide work
in the service of entomology. Commander Walker, as he emerged in
his crimson hood and Master's gown, received the congratulations of
several members of the Council of the Society who were present for
the occasion, including Professor E. Poulton, D.Sc, F.R.S, ; Dr. F. A.
Dixey, M.D. ; Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A. ; and Mr. G. C.
Champion, F.Z.S. Meanwhile it is pleasant to note the encourage-
ment given to entomologists in Oxford just now ; and it is ouly to be
hoped that the sister university will presently develop a similar enthu-
siasm. The Entomological Society of Londou, indeed, has found a
number of valuable recruits of late years at Oxford, in rather striking
contrast to the small number of resident graduates enlisted at Cam-
bridge.—H. R. B.
Phalonia (Argyrolepia) badiana, Hb. — Stainton (1859) says in
Manual, "Larva in the stems and roots of burdock." Wilkinson
(1859) says, "The larva feeds in the stems and roots of Arctium
lappa.'' Meyrick (1895) says, "Larva in stems and roots of Arctiwn
lappa." Last autumn I brought home a few sced-heach of burdock
which had some Tortrlx larvte feeding in them. From these I have just
bred this species. — T. A. Chapman ; " Betula," Reigate, June 26th.
Ova of British Butterflies Wanted. — Among other ova that I
am anxioiTS to obtain figures of are those of Aryynnis aglaia, A.
adippe, Limenitis sibylla, Apatura iris, Erebia (Ethiops, Satynis semele,
Epinephele tithonus, Cyaniris argiolus, Aiujiades comma, Adopcea thaumas,
A. acttton, and Vamphila palmmon. If any one has an egg or two of
either of these to spare, and would kindly send them to me, I should be
greatly obliged. — R. South; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
The National Collection of British Lepidoptera. — Among some
useful insects presented by Mr. Eustace Bankes is the type of Noctua
subfusca, Haw., which the donor recognizes as a dark form of Agrotis
corticea. Mr. Prout has also added some specimens from ancient collec-
tions, and of them one is Phyto'netra latescens, Haw. {arcuosa, Haw., var.).
The EntomoloctIcal Club. — A meeting was held at the ' Hand and
Spear' Hotel, Weybridge, on July 11th, 1905. Mr. G. T. Porritt, of
Huddersfield, was the chairman and host of the evening. Of the seven
guests Messrs. Adkin and Donisthorpe were the only other memt)ers
of the Club present.
Migration of Lepidoptera. — Living, as I do, on the south-east
coast of England, I take an interest in tins question and lose no oppor-
tunity of watching any fresh species that comes in my way. The
wind here is a great drawback to the collector of Lepidoptera, but pos-
sibly it is a benefactor as well. For some years past I have watched
214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the gas-lamps close to my house, oue of which is conveniently situ-
ated under the trees at my front door, and early this month I was
suprised to notice, inside a lamp, three or four specimens of Euchdia
jacobcccB, an insect I have never seen in Margate during the twenty- five
summers that I have been resident here ; nor have I heard of one
being seen by any other collector — novice or otherwise. I examined
ten or twelve gas-lamps, and E. Jacobttce had found its way into several
of them, and in all I saw about a dozen specimens. I may say that
our gas-lamps are fitted with incandescent burners, so that insects
cannot well reach the flame, but I should say suffer from the heat ;
and the posts are not suitable for "swarming." One specimen only
was outside a lamp, and this I captured. Considering that there is
not much ragwort on the outskirts of Margate, I am wondering
whence these specimens came. The following day we had a drench-
ing rain (two inches in a little over the twenty-four hours), and I have
not seen another specimen since. I am inclined to think the trains
may bring the parents of visitors of this kind, as the specimens were
all seen within a hundred yards of the railway, and most of them
within fifty yards — at lamps on each side of the railway. The wind
and rain have hindered entomological work very much this June, but
on Thursday (the 15th inst.) we had an ideal "lamp" night. Oue
lamp — on the railway-bridge — occasionally attracts Nenria Mponarm
[reticulata) early in June; on this evening it produced six examples,
and the ironwork was well carpeted with Acidalia piomutata {jnargine-
jmnctata). First broods were also in evidence at other lamps : for
example, Aspilatcs citraria (^ochrearia), A(jrotis puta, and Acontia luc-
tuosa, besides a goodly number of common species ; but I was most
interested in the novelties which appeared. The first was a shark,
inside the lamp, so I fetched my ladder, and to my satisfaction it
proved a good specimen of Ciicu'tlla chamoDiilla;, and this was followed
by Hadena tjentstce, also good, both fresh to my local list. But what
surprised me most of all, just as I decided to go to bed, was a Sphinx,
in a very wild state — I almost took it for a bat at first. I had the good
fortune to get it in my net, and it proved to be a male S. convolvuli. I
have taken this insect once before in June, at rest on a post near Worth
Mill, Sandwich, but in that year I had no autumnal specimens
brought to me. The question arises, Is this specimen a migrant, or
has the pupa lain over for the winter in this country ? Vanessa cardai
has been commoner in Margate lately than in ordinary seasons ; the
specimens are very thinly scaled, which also points to migration. —
J. P. Barrett; St. John's Villas, Margate, June 18th, 1905.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPOETS.
Phtheochroa (Commophila) rugosana in Surkey. — On June 2nd,
1904, when walking over the Kenley downs, a small moth took wing
from among the long grass, and settled again a few yards away. It
was ultimately secured, and proved to be a fine fresh example of
P. rugosana. So far as I could ascertain, there was no bryony, the
larval food-plant, in the immediate vicinity. The only previous Surrey
record that I am aware ot is that in tlie ' Victoria History of the
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 215
Counties of England,' vol. i. Insecta, p. 138, where it is stated that
this species was once taken by Mr. Sydney Webb near Dorking. —
EioHARD South; 96, Drakefield Eoad, Upper Tooting, S.W.
LiMAcoDEs TESTUDo IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. — As I find that Mr. Barrett
does not mention this county as a locality for this species, it may be of
interest to record that a very fine female example was beaten out of an
oak-tree on June 5th last near liere by the Rev. E. M. Smith. — C.
Granville Clutterbuck ; Gloucester.
Cymatophora octogesima (ocularis) in Epping Forest. — It may be
of interest to record the capture of two specimens of C. octogesima, one
on the evening of June 30th, and the other on the following evening
(July 1st). I believe that this species is found, as far as Epping
Forest is concerned, only at the south end of the wood, and my two
were taken on sugar in the garden at " Normanhurst," Chingford,
where I am residing. I might mention that I took the female on
June 30th, and, thinking that a male might be in the neighbourhood,
I sugared again on the following night, and was successful in taking a
very good example of that sex. I believe there are few records of
C. octogesima having been taken in Epping Forest. — R. T. Baumann.
Leucania favicolor, Barrett. — A fine example of this species flew
into my room, attracted by the light, on July 4th, at 10.50 p.m. An
example of the red form, ab. ntfa, Tutt, flew into the same room, and
at about the same time, last September. Of the six or seven individuals
which I have previously captured at different times here, all have been
ab. ntfa. I am indebted to Mr. Eustace Bankes for having last autumn
first called my attention to the fact that I had taken favicolor, always
having supposed these red forms to be a variety of L. palleyis, and I
think it quite probable that I have hitherto overlooked the type. —
(Rev.) A. P. Waller ; Henley Rectory, Woodbridge, July 19th, 1905.
Aporia crat.egi. — Lovers of the Diurni will be pleased to learn
that the present season has been the best I have known for the "black-
veined white" since I first took it in this corner of Kent in 1901. On
June 28th I went prospecting. This means discovering an orchard,
with a clover field adjoining, preferably white Dutch clover, for the
combination of these two things appears a requisite in order to get
more than a stray specimen. I was lucky enough to capture a single
male specimen which had just emerged from the chrysalis, and was
quite limp, and which fell an easy prey outside an orchard of big
plum-trees. On July 3rd (tl^e first sunny day afterwards) I got to the
clover field nearest the spot, and bagged sixteen. Rain and cloud kept
me at home for several days, and at my next visit the clover had been
cut, and this necessitated a long walk in the broiling sun, for the
"combination" is not common. However, I discovered another field,
where I beat record, and secured twenty-one specimens. Again the
horse-mower dogged my heels, and sport was gone. A third spot was
discovered, and that field produced a dozen. I had to make haste, for
the driver was having his dinner preparatory to cutting, in this case, a
crop of mixed red clover and lucerne. Last Monday I got a few stray
specimens, but when I reached vciy fifty I decided to leave the rest in
peace. — J. P. Barrett ; St. John's Villas, Margate, July 12th, 1905.
216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOCIETIES.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
June 8tli, 1905. — Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, President, in the chair. —
Mr. Kaye exhibited a bred series of Zonosoma pendnlaria , shewing con-
siderable variation, with pupa-cases in situ on the leaves, and referred
to the variable position of the girth. — Mr. West (Greenwich), examples
of the rarely met with Coccinella distincta, which he had taken at
Darenth Wood, together with Mordellestina abdominalis, a coleopteron
parasitic in bees' nests. — Mr. Sich, the exceedingly small ovum of
Lithoculletis quercifoUeila. — Mr. Main, the tracheal tubes of the silk-
worm, which had been dissected out by means of a solution of potash.
He also shewed a case of insects from West Africa. — Mr. Step, a
photograph of the party who attended the Field Meeting at Seal Chart
on May 27th.
June 22rt(:/. — Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair. —
Mr. Ray ward exhibited a larva of Theda tv-album spun up for pupation,
and also a pupa, and shewed the remarkable mimetic resemblance to a
crumpled, shrivelled leaf. — Mr. Turner, a long series of C'olias eury-
tJtcine vars., including var. eriphi/le and var. heeicaydin ? sent to him by
Mr. A. J. Croker, from Assiniboia, and read a short paper on the spe-
cies and its allies. He also shewed C. philndice, C. palamo, C, crate,
f-. hyale, C. edusa, C. electra, C. phicomene, and Meganustoma casonia. —
Mr. Edwards, a number of species of Colias. — Mr. Stonell, (1) a
specimen of Euchelia jacuhaa:, from Oxshott, with the apical, hind
marginal, and costal streaks united; (2) a very pale ^«(o?7^/ta /)o;)n/(' ;
(3) Angerona prunaria, females with male coloration; (4) Boamna
abietaria var. sericearia ; (5) Acidalia humiiiata from the Isle of Wight;
(6) larvffi of Xyssia lapponaria from Rannoch ; and (7) larvae of Apatura
iris from North Hants. — Dr. Chapman, larvae of Arctia vilHca from ova
laid by a female captured in April at Taorina, in Sicily ; and also
imagines of Gra'eUsia isahcllcE bred from larvae taken at Bronchales,
together with ova laid by them. — Mr. Adkin gave a short account of
the Annual Congress of the S.E. Union of Scientific Societies held at
Eeigate, June 6th to 10th. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Pwp. Sec.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — May loth, 1905. — Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Mr. A. H. Martineau exhibited
a rare sawfly [Schizocera furcata, female), taken by Mr. C. J. Wain-
wright in Wyre Forest on May 26th. 1890. It had been named for
him by Rev. F. D. Morice, who told him that only two specimens had
previously been known from the British Isles. He also shewed a
specimen of Toithredu Urida, male, which had only one antenna with
the normal white tip to it, the other being quite black. He also
shewed various exotic Aculeates, &c. — Mr. J. T. Fountain shewed a
series of Biston hirtaria, CI., bred from ova received from Yorkshire.
He said that the females were decidedly later than the males in
emerging (about ten days on the average). He also shewed a beautiful
series of Dianihcecia albhnacula, Bkh., from a locality he could not
mention. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker exhibited a collection of butter-
flies of the genus Ogyris from the Australian region, and gave an
interesting account of their peculiar life-history, their association witli
ants, &c. — CoLBRAN J. Wainweight, Hon. Sec.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIIL] SEPTEMBER, 1905. [No. 508.
NEW AUSTEALIAN BEES OF THE GENUS NOMIA.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
Ten species of Nomia have been recorded from Australia, all
described by F. Smith, and published in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
one in 1862, and nine in 1875. Smith remarked that N. generosa
was probably the male of N. mocrens, and I believe that N. ruji-
cornis {smithella, Gribodo, 1894) is the male of N. nana ; so the
list probably includes only eight valid species. It is evident,
however, that it does not do justice to the actual facts, for the
British Museum collection contains quite a series of hitherto
unreported forms, which I describe below. The Austro-Malay
islands (including Celebes, the Moluccas, New Britain, the Aru
islands, &c.) are rich in species of Nomia (twenty-one described),
but, so far as I am able to ascertain, none of these are quite
identical with those of Australia, nor is any species very widely
spread among the islands.
The following table separates the species now described : —
Hind margins of abdominal segments pearly green ; hind
femora incrassate and humped above ( ^ )
pulchnbaltcata subsp. aiistrovar/ans, Ckll.
Hind margins of abdominal segments not so . . 1.
1. Tegiilffi very large, light fulvous ; sides of face covered
with white tomentum ( $ ) . . . . Upidota, Ckll.
Tegulffi not especially remarkable .... 2.
2. Tibiae and tarsi red, the former with a suffused blackish
mark in front ; face covered with fulvous tomentum ;
abdomen with rufo-fulvous hair-bands ; hind legs
hardly deformed ( <y ) .... rufocofpiita, Ckll.
Tibiffi and tarsi not red, or not distinctly so . . . 3.
3. Black species ; abdomen without well-developed hair-
bands (^) temdhirta, Cldl.
Abdomen distinctly banded with hair, or the segments
whitish margined 4.
ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER, 1905. T
218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
4. Black 5.
Wholly or in part green or blue ..... 6.
5. Hind margins of second and following abdominal seg-
ments broadly yellowish white ; second submarginal
cell extremely small ( ? ) . . . . sfmijxillula, Ckll.
Hind margins of second and following abdominal seg-
ments not white ; second submarginal cell larger ( <y )
hijpodonta, Ckll.
6. Mesothorax black ((? ? ) . australica, Sm., var. re/jhia;, Ckll.
Mesothorax green or blue . . . . . . 7.
7. Mesothorax yellowish green ((?) . . . flavoviridis, GMl.
Mesothorax blue or greenish blue (^ ? )
flavnviridifi var. doddii, Ckll.
Nomia (Hoplonomia) imlchrihalteata, var. austrovagans, n. subsp.
3" . Length about 8h mm. (the position of the specimen makes it
difficult to measure) ; black, head and thorax with sordid yellowish-
white pubescence, the scanty short hair on thorax above dark ; tongue
long and slender ; eyes red ; face very broad above, strongly narrowed
below ; clypeus with a keel ; mandibles and antennae black, the latter
not especially long, not crenulate ; vertex dullish, granulo-punctate ;
mesothorax dull, very densely punctured ; scutellum with a pair of
widely separated short (subpyramidal) spines ; post-scutellum covered
with white tomentum, and provided with two long black spines, much
closer together than those of the scutellum ; basal area of meta-
thorax extremely short, with little transverse (antero-posterior) ridges ;
tegulfe fuscous in the middle, then fulvous, and the margin white-
hyaline ; wings rather yellowish, the apex a little darker ; stigma and
nervures piceous, second submarginal cell higher than broad, but not
far from square ; legs black, hind tarsi and outer and apical part of
hind tibise ferruginous, the red brightest on the tibire ; hind femora
swollen, strongly humped above, but not toothed beneath ; hind tibiae
gradually broadened to the apex, with a prominent convex keel on the
outer side, but the inner apex is blunt, not toothed ; abdomen black,
strongly and coarsely punctured, the hind margins of the first five seg-
ments with smooth pearly light green bauds, shining purple in some
lights, and appearing white in others, the first band narrowest ; sixth
segment with a very broad and deep semicircular median emargina-
tion ; apical part of venter ferruginous. The third and following
abdominal segments have black hairs overlapping the bands.
Hah. Adelaide (F. Smith collection, 79. 22).
This is the first Australian Hoplonomia. It is very close to
N. wcstwoodii, Gribodo, from Bengal, and N. pulchrihalteata ,
Cameron, from New Britain ; it is, in fact, so close to the latter
that for the present I treat it as a subspecies. It will be known
by the purple tints of the abdominal bands, resembling in this
respect N.formosa, Sm., from Celebes.
Nomia lepidota, n. sp.
$ . Length, 7 mm. or rather more ; black, the hind margins of
the abdominal segments narrowly reddish ; head broad, minutely
NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES. 219
ragoso-puncfcate, eyes strongly converging below ; sides of face, adjacent
to the eyes, with very broad bands of white tomentum, but clypeus and
middle of face without this tomentum ; anterior margin of clypeus
with some shining pale golden hairs ; mandibles faintly reddish in the
middle ; flageilum obscure ferruginous beneath ; tubercles covered
with white tomentum ; pleura with wiiite hair, not entirely concealing
the surface ; mesothorax and scutellum bare, with very large punc-
tures ; post-scutellum entirely covered with white tomentum ; meta-
tliorax with large punctures, its basal area reduced almost to nothing ;
tegulffi very large (about three-quarters the length of mesothorax),
being broadly produced backwards, light fulvous, dark only about the
base of attachment ; wings slightly dusky, stigma rufous, nervures
dark, second submarginal cell rather large ; legs very dark reddish,
with white hair, that on inner side of basal joint of hind tarsi very pale
orange ; abdomen with a thin white pubescence, but no distinct hair-
bands, but on each side of the first segment is a very conspicuous patch
of white tomentum.
Hab. Sydney; F. Smith collection, 79. 22. The numbers
cited are the accession-numbers of the British Museum. Readily
known by the large tegul^e and bandless abdomen.
Nomia rufocognita, n. sp. (or generosa, var. ?).
^ . Length about 9 mm. ; black, the tibiae and tarsi bright ferru-
ginous, the tibife with a blackish spot in front ; head broad ; face
covered with fulvous tomentum, occiput with fulvous hair ; mandibles
simple, curved and very sharp, ferruginous, blackened at the apex ;
labrum ferruginous ; antennas very long, wholly dark, flageilum
crenulated, the apical part very strongly ; hair of thorax fulvous,
tubercles covered with tomentum, as also the post-scutellum, but on
the latter it is white ; mesothorax and scutellum with strong close
punctures of moderate size ; tegulas ordinary, bright ferruginous, the
margins subhyaline ; wings rather yellowish, ample, stigma and ner-
vures dark reddish brown, second submarginal cell much higher than
broad ; legs with thin fulvous hair ; hind legs scarcely deformed, their
femora rather stout, their tibife flattened, the posterior edge convex,
the anterior concave ; abdomen strongly and very densely punctured,
with fulvous pubescence, the hind margins of the segments whitish
hyaline (those of the second and third very broadly so), and having
thin bands of fulvous hair ; venter simple.
Hah. Queensland, 94. 61 ; also marked 312, and what looks
like Hy. Closely allied to N. generosa, Sm., but distinguished
by the fulvous pubescence ; it may possibly be only a variety.
The scutellum is bigibbose.
Nomia tenuihirta, n. sp.
3' . Length about 8 mm. ; black, even to the tarsi, the flageilum
obscure brownish beneath ; front rugoso-punctate ; face covered with
white tomentum, except the anterior part of clypeus, and a median
longitudinal band below the antennas, m the middle of which is a
raised shining line ; mandibles black ; last antennal joint with an
T 2
220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
oblique shining truncation ; mesothorax and scutellum with extremely
close minute punctures ; scutellum not at all bigibbose or depressed in
the middle ; mesothorax with a good deal of appressed white hair,
very conspicuous but not covering the surface ; tubercles and post-
scutellum covered with coarse white hair ; basal area of metathorax
reduced to a narrow band, with little transverse keels ; punctures on
posterior face of metathorax large ; tegul?e reddish brown centrally,
otherwise yellowish hyaline ; wings almost clear, a little dusky at
apex; stigma rufous, nervures dark rufous; second submarginal cell
much higher than broad, receiving the first recurrent nervure before
its end ; legs with white hair ; spurs black ; hind legs scarcely modi-
fied, the tibiae somewhat produced at apex beneath, the spurs arising
from beneath the point ; abdomen shining but well punctured, the
punctures large on the first segment, smaller on the second, and
successively smaller and fainter on the following ones ; no distinct
hair-bands, but a scattered white pubescence, especially on the apical
half, and conspicuous erect white hair on the base and sides of the
first segment ; apex broadly truncate, with rounded corners ; no
ventral teeth, but first ventral segment raised in the middle.
Hah. Queensland, 94. 61 ; also labelled Eidg., and 638.
Easily known from N. argentifrons by the normally formed bind
legs and the absence of pale reddish colour on the clypeus,
legs, &c.
Nomia semijMllida, n. sp.
$ . Length about 8 mm. ; black, the tarsi dark reddish, the
claws fulvous tipped with black ; head broad ; eyes yellowish brown ;
face covered with white tomentum, which appears yellowish white and
dull seen from in front, but shining snow-white seen obliquely from
the side ; a longitudinal keel between antennae ; cheeks with yellowish-
white hair, and a very narrow silvery band along the orbital margin ;
vertex dull ; antenna wholly dark ; mandibles light ferruginous with
the apex black ; tongue long and slender ; hair of thorax white at
sides and beneath, pale ochreous above, rather abundant but incon
spicuous on mesothorax ; post-scutellura covered with a dense band of
white tomentum, and an oblique band of the same at each side of the
scutellum ; basal area of metathorax shining, with transverse ridges ;
punctures of mesothorax distinct, uniform, and very close ; tegul^e pale
rufous, with a dark basal spot ; wings dull hyaline, iridescent, stigma
and nervures rufous, second submarginal cell very small and narrow,
receiving the first recurrent nervure before its end ; marginal cell
bluntly rounded at end ; legs with white hair ; spurs ferruginous ;
abdomen broad, rather shining, rugoso-punctate, the first segment
rounded, and with much erect white hair ; hind margins of second
and following segments broadly whitish hyaline, not provided with
well-defined hair-bands ; ventral segments also white-margined.
Hah. Queensland, 91. 16 ; also labelled 315 Hy. Easily
known by the whitish margins of the abdominal segments.
Nomia hypodonta, n. sp.
<? . Length about 8 mm. ; black, the abdomen blue-black, with
the hind margins of the segments pure black ; pubescence of head and
NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES. 221
thorax white, a httle yellowish on face, vertex, mesothorax, and
scutellum ; the mesothorax and scutellum, seen from above; look bare,
but viewed from the side they are seen to have rather abundant short
fuscous hair ; mandibles black, ferruginous at apex ; labrum shining
black, strongly emarginate ; vertex granular ; antennae long and
slender, entirely black, third joint shorter than fourth ; mesothorax
dullish, minutely grauulo-punctate ; post-scutellum with a delicate
Avhite tomentum ; sides of metathorax with a large patch of loose
white fluff; basal area of metathorax rather large, shining, with
numerous raised lines or keels, its hind margin in the middle with a
pair of rounded excavations ; tegulffi rather large, deep red-brown, the
inner hind angle pointed ; wings hyaline, the apical margins faintly
dusky, stigma and nervures fuscous ; second submarginal cell higher
than broad, but not small, receiving the first recurrent nervure at its
apical corner ; legs black, with white pubescence, the basal part of the
claws ferruginous, the spurs light ferruginous ; second to fourth joints
of anterior tarsi triangular ; hind femora extremely swollen and con-
vex above, beneath with a concave area, flattened in a transverse
direction ; hind tibite much thickened, with a large and a small tooth
beneath towards the base, and the spur-bearing apical lobe incrassated ;
abdomen minutely roughened, with a subsericeous surface, the apical
margin of the first segment minutely punctured, and having a little
patch of white hair at each extreme side ; the apical margins of the
second and following segments with bands of pure white hair, but that
on the second is extremely widely, that on the third rather widely, and
that on the fourth slightly, interrupted ; third ventral segment with a
pair of prominences, each terminating in a short sharp spine ; fourth
ventral segment emarginate, with the hind lateral angles pointed.
Hab. Queensland (E. Saunders), 93. 49; also marked Hy,
308. Close to N. dentiventris, Sm., but the pubescence is of a
different colour, the hind femora do not present a large swelling
beneath, and the ferruginous colour on the legs is lacking.
Nomia australica, Sm., var. regince, n. var.
2 • Length about 11^ mm. ; flagellum ferruginous beneath ; scape
dark rufous ; face with a slender keel or raised line extending from
level of antennae to apex of clypeus ; clypeus all black, the anterior
part shining, with very large punctures ; tongue dagger-shaped, very
broad at base ; mesothorax shining black, with large scattered punc-
tures, and very minute close ones ; tegulje testaceous and subhyaline,
fuscous basally, fulvous in the middle ; second submarginal cell almost
square ; abdomen dark blue, the broad hind margins of the second to
fourth segments brass-colour, with hair-bands which are fulvous
except laterally, where they are white ; the hair-band on the second
segment is entire, but thin in the middle ; spurs black, those of hind
legs curved at apex.
^ . Mesothorax very densely and quite strongly punctured, the
punctures not of two sizes ; anterior part of clypeus whitish hyaline,
the extreme edge ferruginous ; truncate process on hind tibifi^ not so
long as Smith figures for the type.
Hah. Queensland ; one female, five males. The female is
222 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
marked E. Saunders, 93. 49, and 317. The males are marked
as follows : (1.) 91. 16, Hy. 316 ; (2.) 91. 16, 317 ; (3.) E. Saun-
ders, 93. 49, 317 ; (4.) same as 3 ; (5.) F. P. Dodd, 1902. 319 ;
Townsville, 22. 10. 01.
The Adelaide form of this insect is to be considered the type ;
Smith himself remarked on the geographical variation of this
species. The Queensland race is readily distinguished in the
female by the wholly dark clypeus and the entire hair-band on
the second abdominal segment.
Nomia flavoviridis, n. sp.
J . Length about 7^ mm. ; head and thorax dull yellowish green ;
abdomen blue-green (largely blue on first segment), with the hind
margins of the second and following segments broadly yellow-green,
or the yellow-green colour may suffuse the segments broadly ; vertex
and mesothorax grauulo-punctate ; face and cheeks covered with snow-
white hair, that on vertex dull pale yellowish grey ; antenna3 long,
fiagellum dull brown beneath ; anterior part of clypeus pale yellowish
hyaline, the edge ferruginous ; apical half of mandibles dark ferru-
ginous ; tongue dagger-shaped ; hair of mesothorax and scutellum
yellowish fuscous, not conspicuous, hind edge of mesothorax with two
patches of white tomeutum ; post-scutellum covered with white tomen-
tum ; a large patch of white hair on each side of metathorax, and hair
of pleura white ; area of metathorax rather large, covered with ridges,
the posterior margin at middle witli two slight excavations (as in
xA'. hijpodonta, but less marked); tegulre rufo-fulvous, the inner hind
angle pointed ; wings clear, stigma sepia brown, nervures dark brown ;
second submarginal cell nearly square, first recurrent nervure meeting
second transverse-cubital ; legs with white pubescence ; femora metallic
green, the knees ferruginous ; tibiae ferruginous with more or less green
suffusion ; tarsi entirely ferruginous ; spurs white ; hind femora
swollen ; hind tibite broadened, long-triangular, the inner edge sharply
keeled ; hind margins of abdominal segments with white marginal
bands, that on first represented only by a patch on each extreme side ;
venter not dentate.
Hah. Queensland, 91. 16 ; two specimens, both numbered
434. Distinguished from N. cenea, Sm , by its strongly metallic
colours, the stouter femora, and the pure white abdominal hair-
bands.
Nomia flavoviridis var. doddii, n. var.
(? . Length about 7 mm. ; dark blue, with the third and following
abdominal segments ohve-green ; legs coloured as in N. flavoviridis,
the tarsi variable, sometimes dark, sometimes quite bright ferruginous ;
tongue dagger-like ; second submarginal cell square, the first recurrent
nervure meeting second transverse-cubital.
? . Length about 7^ mm. ; head, thorax, and abdomen entirely
dark blue ; apex of abdomen fringed with pale chocolate hair ; anterior
half of clypeus black ; legs very dark rufo-fuscous ; mesothorax with
minute punctures, and scattered larger ones, in the manner of N,
a astral ica.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PSEUDAGENIA. 223
Hah. One female, Parry Harbour, C. Bougainville, 92. 4 ;
six males, Townsville, Queensland, 8. 12. 01 (F. P. Dodd) ; 1902.
319. The colour is uniformly very different from that of N.
flavov'iridis, but there are no satisfactory structural characters.
Nomia riibroviridis, n. sp.
?. Length about 10^ mm., rather broad; black, the hind mar-
gins of the first four abdominal segments with very broad entire
emerald-green bauds, tbe first two being suffused on tbeir anterior
half with vermilion ; the fifth segment has a dense fringe of ochreous
hair, and the apical segment is covered with the same. Sides of face,
area between antennae, cheeks, prothorax including tubercles, pleura,
post-scutellum, and nearly all of metathorax covered with coarse
sordid-wbite, more or less tinged with ochreous ; a delicate raised line
extends down middle of face to apex of clypeus ; antennre dark ; man-
dibles with the subapical region dark red, the apex feebly bidentate ;
mesothorax dull, with dense small punctures ; scutellum also dull,
slightly depressed in the middle, but not tuberculate or spined ; 2^ost-
scutelliim with a prominent bifid median process, directed bacJavards, having
much the shape of a Jish-taU. ; tegulfB large, the inner hind corner
pointed, the base fuscous, the middle ferruginous, the outer hind part
broadly creamy white ; wings somewhat dusky, stigma and nervures
dark rufo-fuscous ; second submarginal cell fairly large, a little higher
than broad, receiving the first recurrent nervure much before its end ;
legs black, with pale pubescence ; anterior spur of hind tibia longer than
the other, stout and nearly straight, with a little divergent reddish spine
arising from the side of its apex ; hind spur curved, simple ; black parts
of abdomen dull, only moderately punctured ; hind margins of ventral
segments dark and fringed with hair.
Hab. Australia, north-west coast ; 69. 50. A very distinct
and beautiful species, superficially resembling a small Anthophoi-a
of the zonata group, with which, in fact, I had accidentally
mixed it. It is not precisely a Hoplonomia, but it is probable
that the diagnosis of that group should be modified to permit its
inclusion. In the colour of the abdominal bands it strongly
recalls N. opiilenta, Sm., and N. elegans, Sm., from Morty Island
and Celebes respectively.
Boulder, Colorado : May 7th, 1905.
DESCKIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PSEUDAGENIA
(HYMENOPTERA— POMPILID^) FEOM NATAL.
By p. Cameron.
pseudagenia natalensis, sp. uov.
Black, the prothorax, except the sternum, mesouotum, scutellum,
the mesopleurae above the oblique furrow at the base and slightly
below it, the post-scutellum and a line on either side of it, reaching to
the pleurag, rufous; the sides of the first abdominal segment testaceous;
224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the four anterior knees testaceous ; the fore tibiae and tarsi obscure
white behind ; the calcaria and the apical segment of the abdomen,
clear white ; wings hyaline, a cloud along the transverse basal and
transverse median nervure, one in the basal third of the radial cellule,
extending into the cubital cellule below, occupying it, except the lower
basal corner, and into the upper apex of the discoidal cellule, where
it becomes fainter ; and there is a faint cloud in the apex of the
wings. (? . Length, 7 mm.
Covered with a silvery pubescence ; the apex of the clypeus
narrowly white, broadly rounded. Hind ocelli separated from each
other by a distinctly less distance than they are from the eyes, Avhich
converge above where they are separated by about the length of the
second and third antennal joints. Palpi black. Apex of pronotura
arcuate, narrowly edged with yellow. The second abscissa of radius
is about one-fourth shorter than the third ; the first transverse cubital
nervure is roundly curved ; the second is straight, obliquely sloped ;
the first recurrent nervure is received at the apex of the basal third of
the cellule ; the accessory nervure in hind wings is received shortly
behind the transverse median. The long spur of the hind tibise is
half the length of the metatarsus.
Bassus Icetatorius, Fab., in Cape Colony. — This common
British ichneumon I find in the collection of the South African
Museum from Cape Town, where it has been taken so far back
as 1874. It has now been found in nearly every part of the
globe and in many of the islands. It would be interesting to
know what its host may be outside Europe. Probably some
equally cosmopolitan dipteron.
A NEW STEGOMYIA FROM TPIE TEANSVAAL.
By Feed. V. Theobald.
Stegomyia simpsoni, nov. sp.
Head black, with a median white area and white at the sides.
Proboscis black, unhanded. Thorax deep brown with a large silvery-
white anterior lateral patch, a smaller one behind just before the root
of the wing, a small silvery median spot close to the head, two
yellowish median parallel lines, a short silvery one on each side over
the smaller lateral patch, a silvery line on each side of the bare space
in front of the scutellum. Scutellum with silvery-white scales in three
patches. Pleura with white puucta. Abdomen blackish with basal
silvery-white bands. Legs basally banded white.
? . Head clothed with black scales except for a median white area
and grey lateral areas, a few white scales bordering the eyes. Antennae
deep brown, the basal segment black with a patch of silvery-white
scales on the inside ; clypeus and proboscis black. Palpi black-scaled
with white-scaled apices. Thorax black, clothed with bronzy, broad
elongate curved scales and ornamented with a large patch of broader
silvery-white scales on each side in h'ont, a smaller patch on each side
A NEW STEGOMYIA FROM THE TRANSVAAL. 225
just before the roots of the wings, and a small white median spot near
the head, from which run two parallel dull ^yellow median lines to the
bare space in front of the scutellum, and a short silvery line on each
side over tlie roots of the wings ; the sides of the bare space in front
of the scutellum bordered with white. Prothoracic lobes with flat
white scales. Scutellum witli the large median lobe black-scaled, with
a prominent border of silvery-white ones, lateral lobes with large flat
white scales, border-bristles brown. Metanotum deep brown. Pleurte
deep brown with prominent silvery-white puucta. Abdomen deep
blackish-brown with silvery-white basal bands, except the first segment,
which is all deep brown with pallid bristles, large basal lateral white
spots to each segment ; posterior border-bristles brown, inconspicuous.
Legs with the anterior femora and tibia black, metatarsus and first
tarsal with broad basal white bands, last three tarsi black, a trace of a
pale basal area on the tibia ; in the mid legs the femora are pale at the
base and have a small round white spot towards the apex which is
white, remainder as in the fore legs ; hind legs with the femora white
along the basal half, an oval elongate silvery-white spot towards the
apex, the latter snowy white, base of metatarsus and first and second
tarsi broadly white-banded, third tarsus all black, fourth pure white.
Ungues all equal and simple. Wings with the first submarginal cell
longer and narrower than the second posterior cell, its base nearer the
base of the wing than that of the second posterior, its stem about one-
third the length of the cell, stem of the second posterior cell about as
long as the cell ; posterior cross-vein about two and a half times its
own length distant from the mid cross-vein ; the median vein-scales
on the fifth, where the branch arises, in two prominent lines. Halteres
with pallid base and dusky scaled knobs. Length, 3*5-4-o mm.
(? . Thoracic adornment similar to that of the female. Palpi
black with a white patch at the base of the two apical segments on one
side only, that at the base of the apical one largest, and a broader
white band towards the base, and another small one still nearer the
base ; the two apical segments nearly equal, the apical one slightly the
shorter, both and the apex of the antepenultimate with long scattered
brown liairs, apical segment rounded at the tip. Antennas with deep
brown plume hairs and pale internodes. Abdomen and legs as in the
female. Fore and mid ungues unequal, simple, the larger one in the
fore pair rather more curved than the larger of the mid ; the hind pair
small, thick, curved, and equal. Claspers of male genitalia shortish
and rather broad, straight on one side, curved on the other, with a
very small nearly termuial dark process ; between the basal lobes a
large spine with expanded base. Length, 3 '5-4 -5 mm.
Habitat. — Transvaal (collected by Mr. Simpson, Government
Entomologist).
Observations. — Evidently common from the large number
sent in a collection forwarded by Mr. Simpson. It superficially
resembles S. fasciata, but the thoracic ornamentation, the simple
female ungues, the different adornment of the male palpi at
once separate it. The female palpi are composed of three
segments, of which the apical is very marked, being suddenly
contracted at the tip and ends in a round truncated surface.
226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A NEW KACE OF MORPHO ADONIS, Cram.
By Percy I. Lathy, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
MoRPHO ADONIS Vai'. MAJOR, DOV.
^ . Much larger than typical M. adojiis, measuriug 32 millim.
more than the largest specimen in Mr. Adams' series ; the white
markings on costa of fore wings ahove larger and a submarginal row
of white spots, in this respect approaching ab. adonules, Stgr. ; the
wings of a deeper blue and not so silvery as in adonis. Under side
with the pale bands silvery.
2 . Also much larger than typical adonis, and the pale yellow
markings reduced.
Exp. c? , 148-152 millim. ; $ , IGO miUim.
Hah.— ho. Merced, Peru ; 2500 ft.
I received two males and one female of this very beautiful
form of M. adonis from Mr, H. Watkins, my collector in Peru ;
the three specimens are now in the collection of Mr. Herbert J.
Adams. One of the two males has traces of a second row of
submarginal sjiots.
THE LEPIDOPTEEA OF BEELIN.
By E. M. Dadd, F.E.S.
(Coucluded from p. 212.)
During the latter part of August very little entomological
work was done. An outing to Bernau found the heather just
commencing to bloom, and a piece of waste ground overgrown
with thistles proved to be very productive. Lyccena arcjus and
L. cegon were both abundant, the males easily distinguished by
the breadth of the black border to the wing ; the females practi-
cally indistinguishable. Several cegoa var. unipuncta were among
the captures; besides these two interesting "blues," Chryso-
phanus virgaurcea, L. dorilis (two females), C. phlceas, Hesperia
tJiaumas, H. lineola, Epinepliele Igcaoii, Satijras semele, S. alcyone,
Argynnis latona, and Tlialera Jimbrlalis were obtained. The last-
named is an especially fine " emerald," and the two specimens
I obtained were in the pink of condition. Rhodostrophia vibicaria
was obtained in the pine woods, but mostly worn.
A week later, at Potsdam, Erehia cethiops and Colias kyale
were the only new species.
Sugaring was of very little use during the latter part of
August and commencement of September. Catocala spoiisa, C.
promissa, and Amphipyra pyramidea came to sugar in oak woods.
An avenue of all sorts of trees along a country road was more
productive, Acromjcta menyanthidis, A. rumicis, A. megacephala,
DESCEIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GASTERUPTION. 227
A. auncoma, Dychorista suspecta. Afirotis vestigialis, A. haia,
Hadena scolopacina, H. monoglijplia and dark vars. being
obtained.
About the middle of September sugaring again became pro-
ductive, and we sugared the ground at Buch and Schulzendorf
alternately with great success until about the middle of October,
when bad weather set in. Acronycta riiinicis, Agrotis proimba,
A. c-nigrum, A. xanthographa, A.plecta, A. nigricans (worn), A.
tritici (worn), A. ypsilon, A. segetum, Gharceas graininis, Epi-
neuronia popularis, E. cespitis (more to the lamps), Mamestra
oleracea, M. dissimilis, M. trifolii. Calcena hawortliii, C. matura,
Hadena porphyrea, Aporophyla lutidenta, Ammoconia ccecimacula,
Dichonia aprilina, Dryohota protea, Brotolomia metlcidosa, Ncenia
typica, N. jaspidea, N. celsia, Hydroscia nictitans, Tapinostola
fulva, Leucania pallens, L. album, L. alhipuncta, Caradrina am-
higua, Amphipyra tragopogonis, Orthosia lota, 0. circellaris, 0.
helvola, 0. nitida, 0. Icevis, 0. litura, Xanthia citrago, X. liitea, X.
fulvago, X. occllaris and var. lineago, Orrhodia erythrocephala and
var. glabra, X. vaiipunctatiim, X. vaccinii, 0. rubiginea, Scopelo-
soma satellitia, Xylina socia (furcifera), X. ornitopiLS, Calocampa
vetusta, C. exoleta, C. solidaginis, Catocala fraxini, and C. niipta.
Luccria virens was not uufrequent at rest on grass-stems in pine
woods, and by the aid of an acetylene lamp a fair series of this
beautiful insect was captured. Eiqnthecia sobrinata swarmed on
the street-lamps, as also one worn Dendrolimus pini. Ennomos
angidaria and E. autumnaria were frequently netted.
Very little was to be done during the daytime ; butterflies
were as good as over, only Vanessa antiopa, V. io, V. urticce,
Grapta c-albiim, and Argynnis lathonia still being worth cap-
turing. In the pine woods Larentia var. obeliscata was fairly
common, and occasional larv?e of Macrothyalacia rubi were
picked up.
Beating lihamnus was fairly productive ; full-fed larvpe of
Eiipithecia abbreviata, Macaria alternata, and Cyaniris argiolas
were obtained. Heather produced larvae of EupiUiecia nanata,
E. goosseiisiata, Anarta myrtilli, Acronycta menyauthidis, and
Nemeophila sanio.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GASTER-
UPTION (EVANIID/E) FROM CAPE COLONY.
By p. Cameron.
Gasteruption lissocephalus, sp. uov.
Black, the mandibles, four anterior femora, tibiir; and tarsi, and the
narrowed basal part of the hmd tibije, and the apices of the second,
third, and fourth abdomiuai segments broadly, rufous ; wings hyaline,
the stigma and uervures, testaceous. 3' ■ Lengtli, 11 mm.
228 THE b:ntomologist.
Head shining, the front and vertex smooth, the former with a deep
furrow on its upper half ; the face and clypeus closely, but not strongly
punctured, covered with a white down. Apex of clypeus with a round
wide incision. Malar space distinct, fully as long as the second
antennal joint. First antennal joint slightly shorter than the third,
about one- third longer than the second, which is twice longer than
wide ; the fourth slightly, but distinctly longer than the third. Temples
shorter than the eyes ; abruptly, obliquely narrowed behind ; the
occiput roundly incised. Collar very short, keeled down the middle ;
irregularly reticulated. Mesonotum irregularly rugosely punctured,
the centre at the base finely closely transversely striated ; the sides
closely punctured. Scutellum closely punctured, its apex irregularly
reticulated and bounded by two curved keels laterally. Metauotum
transversely reticulated ; more distinctly in the centre than on the
sides ; the middle with a fine distinct longitudinal keel. Propleuraa
irregularly striated above, sparsely punctured below. Upper part of
mesopleurte irregularly punctured and striated, the rest and the meta-
pleurae closely longitudinally rugosely punctured. First abdominal
segment finely closely rugose, as long as the following two segments
united. Hind metatarsus somewhat shorter than the four following
joints united ; covered below with a dense fulvous pile. Anterior
discoidal cellule narrowed sharply at the apex ; longish ; the posterior
is shorter than it, being clear of its base and apex. Hind coxje
closely distinctly puuctured, the punctures running into stria) towards
the apex.
The head and collar are shorter, and the mesouotum more
coarsely distinctly rugosely punctured-reticulated than in any
of the African species known to me.
LEPIDOPTEEA COLLECTED IN CENTRAL AMERICA.
By Arthur Hall.
During the summer of 1904 I made an entomological trip to
Central America, spending some six weeks in Southern Mexico,
about the same time in Western Guatemala, and a month in
Costa Eica. The results were fairly successful, nearly seven
hundred species of Rhopalocera being obtained. The following
were among the most interesting of those met with : —
Papilio asclepius, Hiibn. — This fine species is not uncommon
at Cuautla, Mexico, at an elevation of about 4000 ft. It
frequents gardens on the borders of the town, and is fond of
flying at a great height round the tall mango trees wdiich abound
there.
P. pharnaccs, Doubl., is peculiar to the Mexican plateau and
was not uncommon in the State of Oaxaca in June. It has a
curious habit of flying with great rapidity round in a circle, and
very seldom settles.
LBPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN CENTRAL AFRICA. 229
P. americus, Kolt. — A number of specimens were bred in
Costa Rica, from larvfe feeding on the leaves of orange.
Arclionias tereas, Godt. — Appears to mimic Papilio mylotes,
which it resembles in flight and habits.
Eurema mexicana, Bois. — A specimen with the fore wings
entirely black was captured at Orizaba, Mexico.
E. westwoodii, Bois. — In the drier parts of Mexico this
species and several others of the same genus congregate in damp
cavities in the rocks, where as many as a hundred may some-
times be found together.
PerrJiybris viardi, Bois., was found only on the Pacific slope
of Guatemala. The male is of the usual Pierid pattern, but the
rare female mimics the common Heliconius charitonia, L., for
which I at first mistook it.
Kricogonia lijside, Gdt., which was common at Salina Cruz,
Mexico, and in parts of Guatemala, has a habit of hiding in
thick bushes, from which it may be driven out by beating. An
entirely yellow aberration of the female was not uncommon.
Clothilda insifinis, Salv. — A specimen was found near the
summit of the volcano of Cartago in Costa Piica, at an elevation
of nearly 12,000 ft.
Microtia clva, Bates. — A local race occurring at Salina Cruz,
Mexico, has the fulvous markings much more extensive than in
the typical form.
Chlosyne liyperia, Fabr. — This species, which was very abun-
dant in the State of Morelos, Mexico, shows much less variation
than some of its allies, but several specimens have a large red
blotch on the hind wings, thus forming a transition to C. janais,
Dru. The latter species, although abundant in many places,
was not found in the same localities.
C. gaudialis, Bate. — An extraordinarily local species. It was
abundant in one field at Escuintla in Guatemala, but not
another specimen was seen nearer than Mazatenango, 170 miles
distant, where it was again abundant.
Pyrameis atalanta, Linn. — This old familiar friend was found
at Orizaba, Cuautla, and Cuernavaca, in each case at an eleva-
tion of about 4000 ft. In the last-named locality Vanessa
antiopa also was met with.
Junonia coenia, Linn. — In the table-land of Western Mexico
I obtained specimens of a melanic form, some having the upper
side almost entirely black.
Bidhoneura syljjhis, Bates. — Met with only in the State of
Guerrero, Mexico, where it was rare. It is fond of settling on
the rocky sides of the caiions.
Catagramma pitheas, Latr. — Specimens from the Pacific
slope of Guatemala have much more red on the hind wings than
Colombian examples.
Ageronia atlantis, Bates.— Occurs in the States of Oaxaca
and Guerrero, Mexico, but very scarce.
230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Ectima liria, Fabi-. — Bather common in Costa Eica. It
settles on tree-trunks, with the wings expanded after the manner
of the Ageronias.
Adelpha demialha, Butl. — This curiously marked species is
peculiar to Costa Eica. It is apparently a mimic of Megaliira
V) crops, Bois.
Synyrna kanvinskii, Hiibn. — Common in Southern Mexico.
It much resembles the VanessaB in its habits, having a partiality
for fruit-trees, sunny walls, and gardens, and will also come to
sugar. It will conceal itself under the leaves of bushes and fly
out suddenly on being approached.
Ancea callidryas, Feld. — Three specimens were obtained in
different localities in Western Guatemala. It cannot be dis-
tinguished from a white Catopsilia when on the wing, a fact
which may partly account for its rarity.
A. elara, Godm. & Salv., Trans. Ent. Soc, 1897, p. 244. —
Two pairs of this, the largest of the " green " Anseas, at Carrillo,
in Costa Eica. The female is tailed, as Messrs. Godman and
Salvin rightly assumed.
Z aretes ellops, Men. — The female of this species, which is
common in Guatemala, undoubtedly mimics the same sex of
Catojjsilia eiihule, L.
Hijpna iphigenia, H.S. — A specimen of this Cuban species
was taken on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
Siderone ide, Hiibn. — Two specimens, taken at Escuintla,
Guatemala, do not differ in any respect from the Colombian
form.
Protogonius cecrops, Doubl. & Hew. — Evidently a mimic of
Lycorea atergatis, Doubl. & Hew. Both species fly together in
the same localities in Guatemala and Costa Eica, and are
difficult to distinguish on the wing.
Morplio polyphemus, Doubl. & Hew. — Widely distributed in
Southern Mexico, but scarce. It has a very slow, graceful flight,
but generally keeps twenty or thirty feet above the ground.
M. octavia, Bates. — Not uncommon on the Pacific slope of
Guatemala, but extremely local. I found it from sea-level up
to an elevation of nearly 4000 ft. Unlike most species of the
genus it flies close to the ground, but its flight is rather fast and
very erratic.
M. cypris, AVestw. — jNIet with near Santo Domingo, on the
Pacific slope of Costa Eica ; rare.
Caligo memnon, Feld. — Common at Escuintla and other
parts of Guatemala. During rain it often comes into houses,
apparently for shelter.
Lymnas acrolcnca, Feld.- Common in the State of Morelos,
Mexico, where it evidently mimics an abundant moth of the
genus Melanchroia.
Mcscnc macularia, Bois. — A little butterfly which is exceed-
GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 231
ingly like the common European Venilia maculata, L. in size and
colouring. It occurred in Costa Rica, but was scarce.
Pythonides sallei, Feld. — This is the most interesting of the
one hundred and sixty species of Heperidas obtained. My
specimen was taken at Escuintla, Guatemala, and one was seen
at Cuautla, Mexico ; a.s it is recorded from Eastern Peru, its
range would seem to be very extensive.
Thysania agrij^pina, L.— This giant Noctuid, one specimen of
which is ten inches in expanse, was captured at Old Guatemala,
a locality which must be very near the most northern limit of its
range.
In conclusion I may remark that the comparative scarcity of
Lepidoptera at moderately high elevations was very striking, and
difficult to explain. At upwards of 5000 ft. very few species
were to be found, whilst above 7000 ft. a few small Lycsenidae
alone were met with, despite the fact that the vegetation is
luxuriant up to an elevation of above 10,000 ft. Neither the
Alpine species of the Neoarctic region, nor the Andean forms of
Colombia and Peru, have more than a few isolated representa-
tives in Central America.
June 24th, 1905.
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OP BRITISH WATERBUGS
(AQUATIC HEMIPTERA OR RHYNCHOTA).
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 178.)
The Corixidae form a well-marked group, which has sprung,
apparently, from a Naucoroid stem. They are characterized by
the narrow, somewhat flattened form, the obscurely segmented
rostrum,* modified anterior legs, &c. The head is strongly
defiexed, and varies in form in the sexes, except in Micronecta.
The pronotum is usually large, the anterior margin being more
or less concealed by the posterior margin of the vertex, while
its posterior margin conceals all but a very small part of the
-■■ Borner (" Zur Systematic der Hexapoden," 1904, in Zool. Anzeiger,
xxvii. 522) has instituted a specia] suborder — Sandahorrhjmcha — for the
Corixidie, on account of the short obscurely segmented rostrum, deeming it
a link between the Homoptera and the Hetcroptera. This is far from correct,
the Corixidie being, as Handlirsch properly points out (" Zur Systematik der
Hexapoden," 1904, in Zool. Anzeiger, xxvii. 746), a terminus of one of the
heteropteral lines. The rostrum is merely a protecting sheath for the
piercing and sucking organs, and has no functions, apparently, as a pump.
In certain terrestrial forms with flexible rostrum (Miridae, &c.) the living
bug may be seen bending its rostrum at the junct'on of the second and third
segments, at more or less of an acute or obtuse angle, according as the bug
desires to pierce more or less deeply into the food substance.
232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
scutellum, except in Micronccta, where the scutellum is almost
entirely exposed. The tegmina (elytra) are usually ornamented
with more or less regular, vermiculate or straight, transverse
lines, these being often broken up into series.* In Micronecta,
&c., there are few markings, these being generally more or less
longitudinal and generally more or less obscure. In Micronecta,
Cymatia, and Corixa, the tegmina, and also the pronotum, are
more or less smooth and polished, sometimes punctured ; but in
the other genera these parts are either partly, or wholly, very
finely rastrate {i. e. striated like a file, this character being seen
best in an oblique position). The anterior legs and their stridu-
latory areas have already been described and figured by me f ;
the intermediate legs are long and slender, and are terminated
by two long claws ; the proportionate lengths of these parts form
good secondary characters for the discrimination of certain
species. The posterior legs are modified for swimming, even
more than are those of the Naucoridae ; they are flattened,
dilated, and thickly fringed with ciliate hairs.
In the females the abdominal segments are regular, but in
the males are broken up and disordered. The asj^mmetry is to
the left in Corixa, to the right in all the other genera. The
strigil has been discussed in my paper cited last.
Although the Corixidee are so well known and have so often
been dealt with systematically, their biology has been little
studied in detail.
The whitish ova of Corixa geoffroyi are to be found in any
suitable piece of water from March onwards to June attached to
the stem or leaves of various pondweeds by means of a glutinous
substance ; the pedicle seems to be extensile. They are more or
less onion-shaped, the apical end being drawn out into a point.
They have been briefly described and figured by Dufour (p. 350,
pi. xvi. f. 186, under the specific name of striata), and by Leuckart
(1855, Miiller's Archiv. pi. viii. f. 23, as Coriza (/) striata). The
internal development of the egg has been studied by Metshnikov at
some length (1866, Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool. xvi. pp. 129 and 422-36,
pis. 26 and 27 a) ; a very brief 2>^'ecis is given by Packard (1898,
' Text-book of Entomology,' fig. 493). Leuckart also describes the
egg of Arctocorisa nigrolineata, while Dufour describes that of
A. lateralis {hieroglyphica, Duf.) as being pointed, elongate oval
(fig. 187). The ova of A, mercenaria have been for centuries
used for food by the Mexicans ; while an Egyptian species, un-
''- This pattern is not modern, being well shown in " Corixa " clegaiis,
Schlechtendal (1894, Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle, xx. 216 ; pi. xiii. f. 4), from
the Aquitanian (Kainozoic) forniations of the Siebengebirge in Germany.
•f- See "The Stridulation of Corixa" in Entom. xxxiv. 9 (1901), and
"The Stridulating Organs ofWaterbugs (Rhynchota), especially of Corixidse"
in Joiu-n. Quekett Micr. Club (2), viii. 33-46, pis. 3 and 4, where other papers
are referred to.
GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 233
described, has been mentioned by Motschulsky as being utilized
for similar purposes. I have discussed this at some length, and
have also figured an egg of .1. mercenaria.*
The nymphal stages are not specially remarkable. De Geer
(tom. 3, pi. 20, figs. 16 and 17) figures some, but modern de-
tailed figures are needed. The metamorphosis of the Corixida?
takes some three months or so, or perhaps less ; the species all
hybernate in the adult stage except (according to F. B. White)
those of Micronecta.
The Corixidfe have a distinctly " buggy " smell — and taste !
Dufour says that they are carnasial : I think that small worms,
Rotifera, &c., form a large part of their food. The internal
anatomy is described by Dufour, also by Burmeister (1835,
Handb. der Entom. ii. 186), ior ijunctata (i.e. geojfroyi).
The Corixidae breathe in a peculiar manner, which has been
well described t by A. S. Packard, whose recent death everyone
will deplore. The Corixid "takes in the air so suddenly that it
is impossible without long and patient observation to see the
mode, which we have been unable to find described. It rises to
the surface in a horizontal position, and no sooner is the surface
reached than it darts to the bottom, and in one instance remained
there for ten minutes by the watch, and then darted up again,
leaving an air bubble in its wake, which rose to the top after-
wards. It carries down with it a broad silverj' streak along the
side of the body. The air is really introduced under the head
and front thorax. The head is large and very movable, as well
as the prothorax. It slides back and forth on a thin membrane,
from the surface of which it can be raised. So with the hinder
edge of the prothorax, which rides over the membranous hind
thorax, which it nearly conceals. When the Corixa rises to the
surface it floats in a horizontal position, the hind edge of the
head and the prothorax rising slightly above the surface. Now
slightly raising the back of the head and the hind edge of the
prothorax, a space appears in front of and behind the prothorax,
by which the air passes into the breathing-holes beneath. This
is proved by the small bubbles of air remaining in these two
cracks. Two minute spiracles may be detected in deep pits, one
on each side, just above tl^e insertion of the legs, and from which
the trachefB arise, each one dividing into three irregular short
branches, as may be seen by detaching the segment and holding
it up to the light."
Corixidae are often used as hosts by Hydrachnid larvfe, which
are attached as in the Naucoridse. Ouchakoff describes, but
'■• See " Au Economic Use for Waterbugs " in Ent. Mo. Mag. (2) ix.
173-5 (1898), and " Sur qnelques hemipteres aquaticjues nouveaux ou peu
connus" in Kevue d'Entom. 1899, p. 95, and fig. 6.
I " Half-hour Recreations in Natural History — Half-hours with Insects,"
p. 141.
KNTOM. — SEPTEMBER, 1905. U
234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
does not name, a form found on C. geoffroyi (as striata),^ but
his note is of little value.
Six genera of Corixidse are British, and may be separated as
follows : —
Males.
1. Minute species ; scutellum covered by pronotum only
at anterior margin; face convex ; [strigil present]
(1) MicRONECTA, Kirkaldy.
Irt. Larger species ; face excavated; scutellum more or
less membranous, concealed, except at posterior
angle, by the pronotum ..... 2.
2. Strigil present ....... 4.
2a. Strigil absent. ....... 3.
3. No stridular area ; posterior tarsus not marked with
black . .* (2) Cymatia, Flor.
3fl. Stridular area present ; posterior tarsus marked con-
spicuously with black [the tarsal segment itself,
not the hairs only] .... (4) Callicorixa, White.
4. Palar stridulator composed of pegs ranging in form
from short peg-top shape to bristly, the transition
gradual . . . . • (3) Gl^nocorisa, Thomson.!
4 a. Palar stridulator composed of more regular pegs,
never bristle-like, although elongate ... 5.
5. Asymmetry to right. Pronotum and tegmina more
or less rastrate . . . . (5) Arctocorisa, Wallengren.
5a. Asymmetry to left. Pronotum and tegmina smooth,
shining . . . . . . (6) Corixa, Geoffrey.
Females.
1. Face flattened 2.
la. Face convex ........ 3.
2. Shining, smooth ; pronotum without markings (2) Cymatia, Flor.
2rt. Piastrate, dull ; pronotum with impressed transverse
lines . . . . . . (3) Gl.enocorisa, Thomson.
3. Scutellum not covered, except at anterior margin, by
pronotum . . . . . (1) Micronecta, Kirkaldy.
3rt. Scutellum concealed, except posterior angle, by pro-
notum ........ 4.
4. Pronotum and tegmina smooth, shining . (6) Corixa, Geoffroy.
4rt. Pronotum and tegmina more or less rastrate . . 5.
5. A conspicuous black spot on posterior tarsus (4) Callicorixa, White.
5 a. Posterior tarsi pale, fringing hairs often black (5) Arctocorisa, Wall.
* " Notice sur un Insecte parasite " in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vii. 392 (1834).
f The chief generic character in this is that m the female the face is
flattened.
GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 23o
MicRONECTA, Kirkaldy.*
(=r Si(j(ira of some former authors.)
Face convex in both sexes. No apparent stridular area on
anterior femora. Paige subovate, terminated by a powerful knife-
shaped claw (in the male), which is jointed with the pala and is
turned right back, in repose, into an excavation in the pala ; on
the pala there are only bristly hairs. In the female the palte
are elongate cultrate, A character separating this genus from
all the other British genera is that the metapleura are simple,
while in the others they are deeply impressed posteriorly, so
deeply in fact that Fieber mistook the impression for a true
suture, and termed the posterior lobes the " parapleura." The
venation of the wings is also much simpler.
Little is known of the habits of Micronecta beyond the fact
that it stridulates. F. B. White states that it hybernates in the
nymphal instars t ; and Westwood I has described M. ovivora
(as a Gorixa) from the Canara liiver, Madras, naming it from
its supposed destructive habits of devouring fish ova.
There are two British species : —
1. Length, li^-2 mill, ; pronotum nearly as long as
vertex ; the lateral margins of the former longer
than half the posterior margin of an eye (1) minntisslma (L.).
2. Length, 2-2|- mill. ; pronotum much shorter than
the vertex ; lateral margins of the former scarcely
perceptible (2) scholtzii (Scholtz).
1. M. MiNUTissiMA (Linne).
This species is the Notonecta minutissimd of Linne, the Sigara
miniita of Fabricius, and the S. Icmana of Fieber. A slight
variety is the S. powerL of Douglas and Scott. It is figured by
Douglas and Scott, by Saunders, bv Herrich-Schaeffer (1850,
Wanz. Ins. ix. pi. 295, f. 907), and by Fieber (1845, " Entomo-
logische Monographien " in Abh. bohm. Ges. Wiss. (5) 3, pi. 1,
figs. 11-19). Further figures may be found in Duda's " Analy-
ticky prehled ceskych plostic vodnich " in Klubu prirodov. Praze
1890 (1891), fig. 6 (on p. 30).
Distributed from Hastings to Braemar and Norfolk to Ireland.
It is not uncommon in the south of Surrey.
2. M. scHOLTzii, Scholtz.
This is the S. meridionalis, Costa, 1860, of Puton's 'Cata-
logue ' ; it was also fully described the same year — whether
* Greek mihros, small ; nektes, a swimmer. See ' Entomologist,'
1897, 260.
f "Notes on Gorixa'' in Ent. Mo. Mag. x. 80 (1873).
+ Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. iv.
236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
earlier or later I do not know — b}^ Fieber as S. sckoltzi, and
mentioned by Scholtz in 1847,* who says that it is larger than
■mimitissima, and has different habits, i. e. it lives in still water
with muddy bottom [minutissima does live here, though !J , not
in clear river water. He further mentions that he has not heard
a perceptibly audible chirp like minutissima utters. t
I have never seen this alive, but Saunders states that it
occurs from Lincoln to Sussex, from Somerset to Norfolk.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
The Habits of Asilid^. — There are certain insects, such as the
Meloid beetles of the genus Cantharis, aud the Pentatomid bugs, which
appear to be generally protected from enemies by their disagreeable
odour or taste. I was interested to observe, when at Pecos, New
Mexico, that this pi-otection apparently did not extend to the robber
flies or Asilidfe. At Pecos I found a specimen of Ospriocerus ahdomi-
oialis, Say, preying on Cuntharis bi/juttatus; and in the Pecos Canyon
(at 7300 ft. alt.) I found Sttnopo/jon inquinatus, Loew, preying on adult
Thyanta pcrditur. In both cases I am indebted to Mr. Coquillett for
the names of the flies, aud it may be added that both are new to the
fauna of New Mexico. — T. D. A. Cockerell.
The Name Aldrichia. — With reference to the Cuiicid AldricJiia
error (cf. p. 142), it may be noted that the name Aldrichia is a homo-
nym, having been previously used twice — by Coquillett in 1894, and
by Vaughan in 1900. — T. D. A. Cockerell.
Collecting Diptera at Light. — Being in the City of Washington
on the night of June 10th, I opened my window wide, hoping to get
some moths which might be of service to the British Museum. For
some unexplained reason, not a single moth appeared, but, instead, a
great number of small flies, all Chironomidte. I collected a series, and
they have been very kindly identifled by Mr. Coquillett. He tells me
that they are all common ; but little seems to be known of the distri-
bution of these minute things, as will be seen by the published records,
quoted from Aldrich's 'Catalogue of North American Diptera,' which
has just been published : — (1) Chironoinusmodestiis, Say. Pennsylvania,
New Jersey, New Hampshire, Montreal, Canada. (2) Tanytarsus tenuis,
Meigen. Europe, Greenland. (3) Tanytarsus sp. (4) I'anypns bellus,
Loew. District of Columbux. (5) Ta7iy pus choreus, Meigen. Europe,
" North America." (6) Tanypus momiis, L. Europe, Pennsylvania,
- "Prodromus zu eiuer Khyuch. -Fauna von Schlesien pt. 1" in
Uebers. Arb. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Kultur, 1846, p. 106 (p. 2, sep. copy,
usually quoted).
f " ob unsere art, gleichwie S. minuta, eindeutlich wabrnelimbares
Schwirren horen lasse, nabm ich bisber noch nicht wahr." I have only
recently refreshed myself with this reference, which has been ignored in the
papers devoted to hemipterous stridulation.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 237
Wiscousin, New Jersey, New Hampshire. No doubt this list of six
species could be much increased by a little more collecting. With one
exception, all the species are boreal, which I should not have expected
so far south as Washington. — T. D. A. Cockerell.
Migration of Lepidoptera. — The interesting note of your corre-
spondent Mr. J. P. Barrett in the current number of the 'Entomologist,'
referring to a possible migration of F.Hchelia jacobaa;, induces me to
place on record an observation which I should not otherwise have
considered very remarkable. About 11 p.m. on May 31st I saw several
specimens of this species (E. Jacohaa) settled on and flying round the
incandescent gas lamps near here. Two of these were captured, and
proved — somewhat to my surprise, considering the date — to be a good
deal rubbed. During a residence of seven years I had not noticed
this species in the neighbourhood previously ; there is, moreover, no
ragwort near where they were taken. Is it possible that my specimens
formed part of a migratory flight from the Continent, which also
reached Margate ? In this connection I may add tliat in September,
1903, when V. caniui was extremely plentiful in Essex, while sailing
off the Essex coast I saw several specimens out at sea, an easterly wind
prevailing at the time. It would be interesting to know the direction
of the wind off the south-east coast on the date mentioned above ; but
I have not the information at hand, and made no note of it at the
time. — W. S. Gilles ; The Cottage, Booking, near Braintree, Essex,
Aug. 9th, 1905.
Notes on Larv^ of Nyssia lapponaria and Orgyia antiqua. —
I exhibited at the meeting of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society on about June 23rd three larvae of Nyssia
lapponaria ; they were cliosen on account of their fine size, the largest
specimen attaining a growth of 2|- in. before going down. These were
from a large batch of ova from a wild Kannoch female, and were
sleeved on birch almost from the egg. Six or seven of the larvffi grew
more rapidly than their fellows, so I removed the smaller specimens
to another sleeve, and opened the bottom of the sleeve containing the
large ones to a receptacle holding about eighteen inches of light earth,
into which they descended in the course of a day or two. One of the
rest of the brood that had been removed, having suddenly attained a
length of about 2 in., was placed back in the sleeve over earth, and
soon went down, the remainder of the brood being then about 1^ in.
in length, some rather under this measurement. Imagine my surprise
on examining the sleeve th"ee days later to find that one larva had
pupated on the gauze, and four others were lying at the bottom
shortened and shrivelled, apparently perishing for want of earth in
which to go down. I at once changed them into the sleeve containing
earth, and several went down at once, none of which exceeded 1^ in.
in length. Surely this disparity in the size of the full-fed larv^ of
this species is very strange ! Perhaps some of our Scottish collectors
can give us further information on this interesting subject. Last
season the willow tree that I usually reserve for nearly full-fed larvas
of Smerinthns ocellatus seemed to be the chosen favourite of every
willow-feeding gall-fly in Clapham, for by the middle of July I think
I can safely say every leaf had a gall on it, and on some leaves
238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
I counted six and seven. These galls soon became the homes — if I
may be allowed the expression — of a number of larvffi of 0. antiqua;
these ate out the interiors of the galls, and then ensconced themselves
in the space thus provided. As they increased in size their habitations
became too small for them; but this difficulty was overcome by eating
a hole opposite that by which they entered the gall, and they then
rested with the head projecting from one side of the gall, and the last
segments and anal tuft from the other. They presented a most curious
appearance when in this position, reminding me irresistibly of a tortoise.
B. Stonell ; 25, Studley Eoad, S.W., July 9th, 1905.
Abundance of Pieris brassice in West Meath. — I should like to
call the attention of practical naturalists to the swarms of Pieris brassicfP
which are at present hovering over the cabbage-plots and fields in West
Meath, and laying millions of eggs, the caterpillars from which, the
moment they are hatched, begin devouring the young plants. In our
own case, after paving fifteen shillings for the cabbage-plants, we do
not expect to save even a portion of the crop. This is bad enough,
but it is far worse for the poor people who have planted their little
gardens and lost all their cabbages. Handpickmg seems to be the only
effectual remedy, and day-labourers cannot spare time for that. Lime,
washing soda, &c., and many other remedies- have been tried in vain ;
and now the caterpillars are swarming up the walls of the houses to
form chrysalids, and doubly devastate next season, unless some real
remedy can be suggested. Where can the clouds of butterflies have
come from, as of late years brassiccc has been rather scarce, and what is
to be done? — Francis J. Battersby; Cromlyn, Rathowen, West Meath.
We understand that Mr. G. 0. Day, of Knutsford, who is no doubt
known to many of our readers, is going abroad to reside in Vancouver
Island, B.C., and has placed his valuable and extensive collection of
British Lepidoptera in the hands of Mr. Stevens for sale by auction
shortly. Mr, L)ay has been an occasional contributor of articles to
this magazine, and, although he is leaving England, we trust that his
interest in the pursuit of entomology will be continued, and that he
may find in the new country something noteworthy for these pages.
CAPTUEES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
Cymatophora ocularis and Agrotis kavida at Hitchin. — Thinking
it may be of interest, I am writing to report the capture here at sugar
of ('. ocularis {oct'vjesima) on the following dates, viz. June 20th, 21st,
and 28th; July 2nd, 11th, and 28th. I have also been taking A. ravida
at sugar. — H. Pi. Grellet ; Orford Lodge, Bancroft, Hitchin, Aug. Ist,
1905.
Plusia bractea in Selkirk. — On July 12th, as a friend of mine and
I were netting P. chrysitia, which were swarming over some tall plants
of Stachys palustris, he caught a fine specimen of P. bractea, which I
recognized while bottling. P. iota and P. iiulchrina were very common
at the time, and also m a less degree Abrostola urticee. — ^B. Weddell,
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 239
Lepidoptera captured at Clapham. — I have much pleasure in
adding three species to my list published ante, p. 66. On June 3rd
I took a specimen of l^apta temerata at rest on a shop window in the
Clapham Eoad, and on June 29th a specimen of Larmtia pectiiiitaiia
in practically the same spot ; but I think the most interesting addition
is Abraxas ulmnta. A specimen of this species, in poor condition, was
given me alive by Mr. Broomfield, enclosed in a cardboard box with a
few specimens of other species. He captured the specimen on July 7th
on the window of his shop at 266, Clapham Road, and, not knowing it
to be sometliing uncommon, took no special care of it. I should like
to add I have never reared A. iilmata, and, so far as my knowledge
extends, there is no other collector residing in the neighbourhood from
whom it might have escaped. — B. Stonell ; 25, Studley Eoad, Clapham,
S.W., July 9th, 1905.
Phtheochroa rugosan\ in Surrey. — This insect used to occur on
Wimbledon Common. I find that I took it in that locality on July 4th,
1876, and again on May 15th, 1878. — F. G. Whittle; 7, Marine
Avenue, Southend, Aug. 5th, 1905.
Phtheochroa rugosana in Surrey. — I have taken P. rurjosana at
Nunhead some years ago, but this year I obtained the species in Coombe
Warren. — Percy Richards; " Wellesley," Queen's Road, Kingston
Hill.
Phtheochroa rugosana in Surrey, — I note in this month's
' Entomologist ' that P. rugosana seems to be regarded as a rarity
in this county. Certainly one seldom finds the imago, although it
may be found at rest in the hedgerows where bryony is common (the
female plant), and sometimes on the wing at dusk; and on two
occasions I have taken worn specimens in the kitchen here, attracted
by light. During August is the time to get the very much more often
found larva ; I usually have a look for it during the first week of the
month. Find a field hedge where the female (t. e. the berried) plant
is growing, and pull out the long trailers well laden with berries ; if
tlie larva is there, it will generally be found in the little bunches of
spun-together berries, or sometimes between the stem and a leaf drawn
over it. They are not difficult to breed if kept in the open in a flower-
pot half full of mould, and a few pieces of bark on the top ; but they
are often very restless, and spin a lot of useless web round the rim of
the pot. They sometimes spin up on the sides of the pot, sometimes
on the book-muslin cover, and sometimes amongst the bark, and nearly
always come out most disappointingly small. — A. Thurnall ; " Mas-
cotte'," Whitehall Road, Thornton Heath, Aug. 2nd, 1905.
Phtheochroa rugosana in Surrey. — Referring to Mr. South's note
{ante, p. 214), I would like to say that I find from my note-books that
during the month of June, 1887, I netted six specimens of P. rugosana
in a field at Sanderstead ; and in the month of June, 1888, I netted
seven examples of the species in the same field. — • W. D. Cansdale ;
Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E., Aug. 17th 1905.
Notes from Cornwall. — I should like to record a curious variety of
Eiipithecia rertangidata, which I took in North Cornwall this year. The
240 THE KNTOMOLOGIST.
ground colour of all the wings is white, the basal half of fore wings
blotched with light green, and of the hind wings with grey. The
specimen was quite fresh, and looks as if it had been bleached. Most
of the E. rectan(jnJata in the same locality have a lovely pink tinge, but
it is very fugitive. We noted a remarkable abundance of Acidalia sub-
sericeata in the finest condition. One could hardly move a step without
stirring up a specimen or two. Lycana arion, at least in the early part
of its season, was distinctly less plentiful than in former years. Is it
not time that this insect should be placed on the protected list ? In
1903 I know that something like a thousand specimens were taken
away from the district, and I should imagine that not many butterflies
could stand much of that kind of thing. K. jasioneata occurred rather
sparingly, but perhaps was not fully out. Agrotis hicernea was taken
flying, and the form is a very dark one, considerably darker than some
I have from Aberdeen. All common insects seemed to be very abun-
dant.— W. Claxton ; Navestock, Komford.
DiCHRORAMPHA FLAVIDORSANA, Kuar/t/s = D. QU.ESTIONANA, Zl'ller, AT
Folkestone. — On the evening of July 28th, whilst being wheeled round
my garden, I noticed a number of little Tortrices flying over a clump
of tansy, and, on securing some of them, identified them as my 7>.
flavidorsana, a decision in which Mr. Purdey subsequently agreed.
I believe that this once overlooked insect will prove to be an abun-
dant species, and also probably widely distributed. — H. G. Knaggs;
Folkestone.
OBITUARY.
It is with much regret that I announce the death, in his ninetieth
year, of my venerable and valued friend Mr. W. Johnson, who passed
away on August 6th at his residence at Wigan. About fifty or sixty
years ago there existed in Lancashire and Cheshire a well-known and
enthusiastic band of entomologists, amongst whom were W. Johnson,
N. Cook, B. Cook, L. S. Gregson, N. Greening, J. B. Hodgkinson, &c.
Mr. Johnson was one of the eleven who met at my house on February
24th, 1877, when the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society
was founded. He always took a deep interest in the Society, and was
a regular attendant at the meetings, and on his removal to Wigan in
1889 he was honoured by being appointed an honorary member.
Mr. Johnson was thorough in anything he undertook. I believe he
was for thirty years in the engineering department of the Mersey
Docks and Harbour Board, from whom he was in receipt of a pen-
sion up to the time of his death. Mr. Johnson leaves behind him
a collection of Lepidoptera, which is now for sale. Amongst a number
of interesting specimens is one of Eromene ocelleo, which is one of the
three recorded by Mr. Barrett as captured near Liverpool, and I
believe was taken by himself.
Samuel James Capper.
Huyton Park : August 25tb, 1905.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII.] OCTOBER, 1905.
[No. 509.
LYCMNA ORBITUfAJS, Prun., L. var. OBERTHUEI,
Stgr., and L. PYRENAICA, B.
By H. Rowland-Brown, M. A., F.E.S.
1. L. orhitidus, ^ . 3. h. pyrenaica, ^ . 5. L. var. oherthuri, ^ .
2. „ under side. 4. ,, under side. 6. ,, ,, under side.
Of the examples figured, 1 and 2 are from Berisal ; 3 and 4
from Gavarnie ; 5 and 6 from Cauterets. Both species are
subject to considerable variation, but I have endeavoured 'to
bring out the main points of difference as they present them-
selves in the specimens included in my cabinet series.
L. orhitidus, Prun., of the Alps and Eastern Pyrenees.
(? . Upper wings almost wholly suffasetl, or sprinkled with
hyacinthine blue on a light cinnamon-brown ground. Mai'ginal border
broadish and brown-black. Discoidal spot wbitisb ocellated. Lower
wings : same coloration ; peacock eyes on hind margin discernible on
BNTOM. — OCTOBER, 1905. X
24:'2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
most of my specimens more or less strongly — generally more. Under
side upper wings : yellowish grey. Unbroken line of ocellated anti-
marginal spots and marginal spots p -shaped, faint and ill-defined ; two
discoidal spots, black ocellated white. Under side lower wings : very
variable, darker brownish grey to dark brown ; two costal spots black,
ocellated white. Outer margin yellowish-ochre peacock eyes, and
iuteriorally white spots ocellated black. Broad white fringes all the
wings.
L. orhitnlus var. oherthuri, Stgr.
Described in Staudinger's Catalogue "major," but I have speci-
mens from the Swiss Alps equal in size to those taken by me at
Gavarnie and the Lac de Gaube, as figured. Superficially an entirely
different insect to pijrenaica, with which it sometimes flies, e.g., at
Gavarnie.
<? . Ground colour of all the wings upper, and under side deeper ;
and blackish rather than brown. The discoidal spot on the upper
side of the hind wings very much more definite than in the type,
which does not occur, according to M. Rondou, in the Central and
Western Pyrenees. Under side : in most of my specimens the costal
spot on the lower wings is not ocellated, thus suggesting a connecting-
link with pyrenaica.
L. 'pyrenaica, B.
^ . Upper wings uniform slaty-blue with faint brownish shading
at outer margins. Marginal border sharply defined, and dead black.
Discoidal spot dead black, and not ocellated. Lower wings : same
coloration. Hardly any trace of peacock eyes ; in most of my speci-
mens, none. Under side upper wings : faint dove-grey coloured; series
of antimargiual spots, more curved outwardly than in orbitulm, and
wanting in some examples between the nervures occupied interiorally
by the discoidal spots. Marginal spots round. The second in the
outer margin duplicated, thus . . but ? constant. Under side lower
wings : colour yellowish grey. Trace of very slender black marginal
border at anal angle only. One costal spot white ^vithout ocellation.
Antimarginal spots blotched, and also unocellated. Two or three
bright orange-yellow spots on hindmarginal triangular white blotches.
Broad white fringes all wings.
M. Oberthur, in his ' Etudes,' — which are unfortunately in-
accessible to most collectors, there being no copy at present in the
library of the Entomological Society, — differentiates L. pyrenaica,
$ , as follows : — " Pyrenaica, ? , est toujours en dessus d'un gris
blanchatre uni et satine avec nn serie siibmarginale d'eclaircies
intranervarales, et un lisere noir marginal tres fin, tandisqu'
Orbitulus a le fond des ailes entierement noiratre avec le disc
saupoudre d'un semis serres d'atomes bleu argente. De plus
dans les deux sexes la serie transversale de points noir intra-
nervaraux aux ailes superieurs est toujours moins droite dans
pyrenaica que dans orhitnlus,"
243
A BUTTEKFLY HUNT IN THE PYRENEES.
By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
The Pyrenees have received from collectors of Pal?earctic
Rhojjalocera but scant attention of late years as compared with
the Alps of Central Europe. The fact is the more remarkable,
because the range is quite as accessible as the remoter regions
of Switzerland and the Tyrol, while many years' experience of
the latter as a touring entomologist leaves no doubt in my mind
that for convenience and accommodation the advantage is all
with the Pyrenees. A month in July and the early days of
August, commencing at Le Vernet in the east and terminating
at Biarritz in the west, has left a wholly satisfactory impression
of comfortable hotels, clean and well found beyond anything
that can be procured at the price in the Alps, though there
is of course this disadvantage, that they are situated for the
most part on the lower levels ; not dotted about among the higher
elevations within easy reach of alpine fauna. With the exception
of the town of Andorra, which is not French and indescribably
primitive and dirty, I can recall no single halting place where
the kitchen and menage generally were not sufficient and for the
most part admirable. Then, again, it is a pleasure, after col-
lecting in less favoured mountain places in the Cevennes and
parts of Southern Austria, to come upon locaUties where species
are represented not " in single spies, but in battalions." The
uplands, in fact, as well as the fertile valleys, simply teem with
insect-life in summer, and I found this the case wherever I went
during the little expedition which I propose to describe.
Unlike the greater part of France, the departments included
in the Pyrenean region have been well, worked by French ento-
mologists. M. Ch. Oberthur, in his * Etudes,' has figured and
described numerous local forms of butterflies and moths found by
him during many years' systematic and local collecting ; while
M. Rondou — " instituteur-naturaliste " and schoolmaster of
Gedre in the central area — has collected and reprinted from his
series of records, published in the * Transactions ' of the Linnean
Society of Bordeaux, a full and accurate catalogue of the Macro-
Lepidoptera, which I found invaluable as a guide wherever
I went. Then Mr. H. C. Elwes, in the ' Transactions ' of the
Entomological Society of London, published a comprehensive
list of the butterflies in 1887 ; but I do not find in our magazines
any detailed notices of recent date, and hope therefore that my
own experiences may prove useful, and induce others to follow
in my footsteps.
Arriving on July 9th at the Hotel du Pare, Le Vernet, after
a not unpleasant journey via Toulouse and Perpignan, collecting
x2
244
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
commenced the following day. Driving up from Villefranche-le-
Confluent, the nearest station, I noticed a specimen of Satyrus
briseis by the roadside, but did not come across the species again.
For I had no opportunity of revisiting the hot enclosed valley in
which this and other typically southern or Mediterranean insects
are known to occur, such as Epinephele ida, E. jMsiphae, and
Satiirusfidia. My rambles, indeed, were generally directed up the
valley of the Vernet stream, not only because the ground appeared
to promise the best results, but to avoid in the cooler hills the
great noontide heat. The opening of the campaign, however, was
scarcely propitious, for, having taken the only wrong road pos-
sible, I endeavoured to make a short cut across the torrent, and
while doing so dropped my net into a boiling whirlpool, and
lost it altogether. However, I was well supplied, and, having
repaired losses at the hotel, set out under a cloudless sky up
the narrow road which leads from Le Vernet to Casteil and the
Col du Cheval Mort. Melanargia lachesis swarmed everywhere,
but very few females appeared to have emerged at this date ;
nor did I find them at all common at any time during the week,
while the form predominant was more heavily marked than
specimens I have seen from Pont du Gard, and would, I assume,
be the var. canigidcnsis of Oberthur ; nor was it unusual to meet
with the aberration in which the ground colour of the wings is
faint yellow in place of the normal pearly white.
Among the Spanish chestnuts and upon the ash trees, which are
quite a feature in the riverside meadows, males of Lcesopis roboris
were disporting themselves in the sunshine, but they were already
on the wane ; and Mr. A. H. Jones, who preceded me by about a
fortnight at Le Vernet, tells me he found them in perfect condition
then ; so that M. Eondou's note for " June and the beginning of
July " is no doubt more accurate than Kane's " May-June-July "
inclusive ; while it is now established that the food-plant of the
larva is ash and not oak, as stated in ' European Butterflies.'
Of the Theclids, 2\ ilicis was as usual common upon the sedum
flowers, but I did not notice any examples of ab. ccrri. I also
took a couple of females of T. acacice close to Casteil, but they
were more or less ^wss^'cs. Near the same place I also netted and
released a single female Thais var. mcdesicaste, the date — July
10th — being the latest I have ever encountered this charming
insect. Among a herd of commoner things also, an occasional
Melitiea deione was still upon the wing, though M. dictynna var.
vernetensis, Oberth., described as " a constant race differing from
the type," and much less obscurely coloured, was evidently over.
Upon the trailing clematis Argynnis daphne disputed the place of
honour with A. p)apkia, and here also Cyaniris argiolus was to be
seen in numbers, while the dusty mule-path was alive with Satyrus
alcyone, rather more definitely marked than the alpine form,
and with the yellowish stain more pronounced. Every patch
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN THE PYRENEES. 245
of moisture, too, wus crowded with thirsty butterflies, Papllio
podalirius and the commoner Hesperiids being perhaps the most
persistent. However, the Lycaenids usual to such places were
rather sparsely represented, though I picked up individual fine
specimens of Lampides breticus, Lyaena air/iades, L. hylas, and L.
amandus, among the less common, but all males ; flying with them
were also Carc'narodus altJuece, Hespcria alveiis, and H. sno. But far
and away the commonest butterfly on the wing was Erebia stygiie,
which evidently follows immediately on the heels of E. evias, of
which I only observed a few worn females ; nor did I meet with
the var. pyrenaica, Kiihl., at these levels. But for size and
brilliancy of colouring these typical styyne exceed any I have
ever taken ; the females being especially line, and the ocellations
of the upper side of the wings large and numerous.
On July 13th I made the ascent of the Canigou, the imposing
isolated rock which surveys the Mediterranean from Barcelona to
Montpellier, going by way of the Col du Cheval Mort, by far the
easiest and most agreeable route in my opinion, as it abounds in
streams and springs, in striking contrast to the road by Fillols and
the Col des Cortalets, which is for the greater part shadeless and
arid. The day promised for the best when I leftLe Vernet at 5a.m.,
and continued fine until I was within half an hour of the top six
hours later. At that time, however, a gale of wind had sprung
up, and, though no rain fell, mist and cloud gathered upon the
mountains, and were not dispelled until late in the afternoon.
The circumstance was all the more disappointing, as I had hoped
for at least three hours' collecting on the rocks where the higher
Erebias are recorded. However, I did disturb a few fine specimens
of typical E. lappona, close to the summit (9135 ft.), and, after
fighting against a furious wind for about an hour on the way to
the chalet hotel of Les Cortalets, I came to a sheltered stony
waste just above the tree-line, where males of Erebia niclas var.
pyretuea, Oberth., were flying singly, and very difficult to catch.
The one specimen netted 1 associate with this variety ; it is
smaller than the forms of E. lefebvrei taken by me elsewhere,
and there is no trace of the normal ocellations on the upper side
of the hind wings. But Mr. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1898), in
his "Pievision of the Genus Erebia," has proved conclusively
that Erebia melas, Hbst., does not occur in the Pyrenees, and
Dr. Chapman has also determined that, organically, Erebia
lefebvrei is a good species, with which therefore the vars. pyremea,
Oberth., and intermedia, Oberth., should be associated, and not,
as in M. Eondou's list, with melas. The only other typically
alpine butterfly I encountered on this occasion was Argynnis
2Jales, flying over the alpine rose, now in full bloom, as was the
dwarf broom — a combination of colour at once gorgeous and
effective. Lower down on the route above Casteil, where I did
most of my collecting, Euchloe eiiplieiwuies was not uncommon,
246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the females in fine condition, and showing some considerable
variation from those caught by me on the Mediterranean littoral
and at Digne. In my Vernet specimens the flush at the apex of
the fore wings only shows obscurely and subordinate to the
heavy black markings, whereas in all my lowland females the
colour scheme is exactly reversed. Again, the contour of the
wings appears to me to be rounder than is the case with speci-
mens from Vesubie, Cannes, and Digne, and to approximate
more closely in shape to that of E. eupheno from Algeria. Lastly,
the suflfusion of the lower wings is rather primrose than orange,
and the black markings generally, as well as the discoidal spot,
are more definite and pronounced.
A visit to the Valley of St. Martin close by concluded my
excursions at Le Vernet, but I did not come across Lihythca
celtis, which Struve reports as "not rare," though I am almost
certain I put up a specimen of this interesting butterfly on the
road to Casteil aforesaid. The valley and its approaches, how-
ever, afi'orded excellent sport, Parnassius cqjollo and Chryso-
phaniis virgaurcce, with Satyrus circe, Goncpteryx cleopatra, and
again Lccsopis roboris being abundant everywhere.
From July 17th to July 22nd I added nothing to my bag,
being engaged on an expedition to Andorra, though I should
certainly have waited a day or two to explore the mountains
about Montlouis (5280 ft.) had distances been less great and the
weather more settled. With the last of the road from Villefranche
to this place the southern character of the fauna changes, nor did
I notice any butterflies other than of the commoner species on the
ten hours' march through the tiny Eepublic, locked in the heart
of the mountains, where the pastures were gay with the great
purple Spanish iris, which is such a feature of the Pyrenees when
once across the Mediterranean watershed. I was, however, already
on the look-out for Lyccena pyrenaica, but the " blues " I saw on
the Col de Puymoreus were typical orhituliis, and, as far as I
could observe from superficial examination on the wing, in nowise
difi'erent from the orbitulas of the Alps. By the 21st — one of the
hottest days I can remember, and spent for the most part in a
slow stuffy train — I had changed my venue from the eastern to
the central Pyrenees, and the next day, after a pleasant drive
from Luz, cooled by a sharp and welcome thunderstorm, arrived
at Gavarnie, where I remained until the 29th.
The marked difference between the eastern and the central
and western slopes of the Pyrenees cannot fail to impress those
who make the journey of the chain from end to end. Le Vernet
and the lower valleys around Perpignan are more or less Medi-
terranean and meridional in the matter of flora and fauna. The
almond shares with the vine the fruitful red soil ; the parched
uplands are fragrant as gardens with the scented lavender and
odorous herbs common to these regions. Crossing from Roussillon
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN THE PYRENEES. 247
into the Cerdagne, and descending into Beam, the whole character
of the country is transformed. The fields are thick with corn and
maze ; the copses composed of beeches, hazel, and other wood-
land trees familiar to English eyes; while patches of purple
heather replace the cietus and the lavender upon the lower hills.
Gavarnie itself stands at quite a respectable altitude (5085 ft.),
but the best collecting ground is at least a thousand feet higher on
either side of the famous "Cirque," to the eastward in the Vallee
d'Estaube, to the west in the Vallee de Poueyespee. About two
hours' w^alk up steep grassy slopes, on the morning of the 23rd,
brought me to the best part of first-named locality, and I made
a second expedition thither on the 25th. The day was eventful,
for I took for the first time three butterflies not hitherto met
with by me anywhere else, and the three which belong exclusively
to the Pyrenees — Erebia lefchvrei (type), E. gorgone, and hyaena
pyrenaica. The former I found here, as elsewhere, on the stony
"shoots" of loose stones which lie just under the snow patches
at an elevation of perhaps 7500 ft., and I found the chase as
difficult, as tiring, and as elusive as of that Erebia glacialis
var. nicholli of Campiglio which the males so closely resemble
as to have deceived the most experienced entomologists into
considering the two identical. Superficially no doubt the re-
semblance is near enough ; but the females — which, unlike
glacialis, were at least as frequent as the males — exhibit a
very marked contrast both to those of var. nicholli or of var.
alecto. My series from this valley and from the Poueyespee
— where it was much commoner and came lower down, but was
distinctly smaller and brighter — is composed of strongly coloured
specimens, with the ocellations well marked on a bright band of
reddish chestnut. M. Oberthur has made this form the type,
but the richness of pigmentation and the number of eye-spots is
extremely variable, and I can by no means determine from the
thirty or forty odd specimens captured at Gavarnie where his
var. intermedia is intended to begin and where to end. Mean-
while, it is perhaps worth noting that whereas E. lefebvrei was
taken only flying or settling on the stones, where E. gorge was
also not uncommon, the closely allied E. gorgone was wholly
confined to the grassy hilLcks and slopes, where it occurred in
profusion ; and above the Lac de Gaube at Cauterets, where I met
with it again, it exhibited the same peculiarity. Some of the
males certainly bear an extraordinary resemblance to those of
gorge on the under side, but there is no mistaking the females
with the pronounced white venation. Gorge is here also a much
finer insect than the familiar types of the Alps, though M. Piondou
avers that farther east it approximates closely to the form taken
on the Piift'elberg, The ab. erinnys, Esp., in which the apical
eyes are obsolete, or nearly so, and the var. triopes, Spr., how-
ever, have not been reported so far. And it is also noteworthy
248 ■ THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
tbat while all specimens seen or taken of E. tipidanis apper-
tain to var. dronius, H.-S., examples of E. lappona correspond
invariably to Graslin's Landless ab. sthennyo, the tj^pe appar-
ently not occurring west of the Canigou region. I was not
fortunate enough to take more than a half-dozen L. pyrenaica at
Gavarnie, and they were all males, the brood evidently being
hardly yet emerged ; but they are enough to illustrate the marked
differences of shape and coloration as between it and the closely
alhed orhitalus. L. pyrenaica, again, which has a special taste
for animal droppings, is by no means confined to the heights,
for among the many butterflies collected together on a muddy
piece of the way to the Cirque just outside Gavarnie, I could one
day have taken several had not an intrusive mule splashed into
the middle of the covey ! Carcharodus lavaterce also swarmed at
the same place, and I had no less than half a dozen in my net
at the same moment, though I found scarcely one of them to be
in cabinet condition, and pill-boxing this species generally ends
in the prisoner dashing itself to pieces.
An excursion to the Vallee d'Heas was, entomologically
speaking, a failure, redeemed, however, by the spectacle of
countless flights of Parnassius apollo ; nor did the long weary
tramp back to Gavarnie over mountain pastures burnt brown
afford a compensation. But the Vallee de Poueyespee was pro-
ductive enough to encourage a second visit, and here I met
Colias phicomone, E. var. cassiope, nice well-marked examples
which may be referred to var. pyrenaica, H.-S., and some more
fine females of E. lefehvrei, the best, however, being confined to
a sort of rocky amphitheatre high up on the right bank of the
Gave des Tourettes, where a snow-fed torrent descends from Les
Sarradets. Slightly lower down occurred also M. parthcnie var.
varia, with occasional A. pales, and a very distinctive form of
E. tyndarus var. dromus.
I left Gavarnie and the comfortable Hotel des Voyageurs with
regret, but already the sands of holiday time were running out,
and I wished for a glimpse at least of Cauterets before turniog
my homeward footsteps towards Biarritz. The most interesting
route from Gavarnie lies across the mountains by the Route du
Vignemale ; but a multiplicity of baggage, a camera, and my ento-
mological apparatus precluded the dispatch of fragile impedimenta
round by Pierrefitte, so I took the road and the electric railway
in the ordinary way. A single fine day, however, at the Lac de
Gaube was destined to be the finale of my mountain experiences,
and I climbed thither with the more eagerness, inasmuch as
M. Piondou had informed me of the discovery there a few days
previous by M. Oberthur of L. zepJiyrus var. lycidas, a Lyctenid
hitherto not known to inhabit the Pyrenees. But, though 1
hunted diligently over the ground for three hours, I am unable
to confirm this interesting news personally, and I conclude that
NEW GENUS OF HEMITELINI FROM CAPE COLONY. 249
I did not go high enough above the torrents which feed the
lovely lake, and beside which lycidas had been observed and
captured. But I turned up some interesting species all the
same — Pieris callidice, larger and more vividly marked with
green on the under side than Stelvio and Swiss specimens in my
collection ; L. cros ; and some fine M. dictunna, darker and
more intensely banded than any yet encountered. Unfortunately
the next two days were wet, and on August 1st I was due in
Biarritz.
(To be continued.)
A NEW GENUS OF HEMITELINI (ICHNEUMONID.E)
FROM CAPE COLONY.
By p. Cameron.
I HAVE had for some time under observation an ichneumon
whose systematic position was not at all clear to me. The recent
examination of some fresh material has enabled me to refer it
to a new genus of Hemitelini, allied to Lienella, Cam. It is
readily known from all Ichneumonidse by there being only three
abdominal segments, and by the last being stoutly spined
laterally. The form of the abdomen reminds one of the Braconid
genus Sjnnaria. The Hemitelini without an areolet (as in the
present genus and in Lienella) appear to be well represented in
Cape Colony.
Acanthopri/mmis, gen. nov.
Abdomen with three segments of equal size, the apex of the last
transverse, the sides ending in a sharp spine ; the first segment broad
at the base, half the width of the apex ; there are two stout keels
down the centre. Wings without an areolet ; the recurrent nervure
is received distinctly beyond the transverse cubital ; the transverse
median received shortly beyond the transverse basal. Transverse basal
nervure in hind wings broken distinctly below the middle. Median
segment short, areolated, the areola large, 6-angled, obliquely narrowed
towards the base, the apex transverse ; there are two large arefe on
either side of it ; the apex is bordered by a stout keel. The whole
segment is stoutly striated ; its spiracles are small, oval — its base is
deeply depressed. Scutellum keeled at the base. Parapsidal and
pleural furrows deep. There is a distinct malar space. Hnider ocelli
separated from the eyes by about the same distance as they are from
each other. Occiput margined. The clypeus is not separated from
the face; there is a distinct fovea on either side of it ; its apex trans-
verse. Mandibles with a minute subapical tooth. There is a broad
curved transverse furrow on the middle of the second, and a narrower
one on the third. Wings uniformly fuscous. Discoidal cellule closed
at apex. The antenna) unfortunately are broken off.
250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Acanthopry mnus violaceipeniiis, sp. nov.
Black; the pro- and mesothorax red; the apex of the last abdo-
miual segment and the spines white ; the four front legs, except at
the base, rufo-testaceous ; the hinder black, with the basal fifth white.
Antennal scape dark rufous, as are also the mandibles ; the palpi dark
testaceous. ? . Length, 7 mm.
Face and clypeus closely rugose, intermixed with strife ; the vertex
and upper part of front much more coarsely rugosely punctured ; the
lower part of the depressed front closely, strongly, transversely striated.
Temples wide, obliquely narrowed. Mesonotum transversely, irregularly,
rugosely striated; the sides punctured. Scutellar depression deep, wide,
with four stout keels ; the scutellum deeply, but not very closely, punc-
tured. The basal depression of the metanotum stoutly, closely striated ;
the areola has a long central and a shorter lateral keel ; the others are
closely, irregularly reticulated-striated. Pro- and mesopleurfe closely,
strongly punctured, more or less striated ; the metapleune closely,
rugosely reticulated. The first abdominal segment between the keels is
stoutly striated, the striae clearly separated ; the sides are in two parts,
separated by an oblique keel ; the apical part is the larger, and is
more depressed ; both are irregularly, obliquely, widely striated ; the
other segments are closely, strongly, longitudinally striated; the
depression on the second segment is more widely striated ; the
longitudnial stiiae are intersected by finer transverse ones, forming
reticulations ; the white apex, between the spines, is smooth. The
alar nervures and stigma are black ; the latter is narrowly white at
the base. Tegulje red. The sides and middle of the mesosteruum
are black.
RHOPALOCERA. AT BARCELONA, MONTSERRAT, AND
VERNET-LES-BAINS.
By R. S. Standen, F.L.S., F.E.S.
Barcelona.
What made us select Tibidabo as the scene of our operations
I really don't quite know. At first I think we were captivated
by a sort of quaint ring about the name, and we kept on repeat-
ing it to ourselves — at least / did — like schoolboys. Then it was
the highest ground, with a rough scrubby look about it, within
easy reach of the city. There was an electric tram to the very
foot of it — about three miles distant — and on the top, as we
afterwards discovered, a restaurant of great restorative powers
after a two hours' climb in the sweltering heat. We collected
for two days (May 30th and 31st) on this hillside on our way to
Majorca, and again one day (June 12th) on our return. In
these three days we took twenty-seven species of butterflies,
which, although comparing unfavourably in point of numbers
with three days' collecting in almost any Swiss valley, are inter-
esting in so far that six of them are unknown in Switzerland.
RHOPALOCERA AT BARCELONA, ETC. 251
In one respect — viz., in the absence of water and the con-
sequent xerophytic character of the vegetation — this locality
had much in common with Majorca, and when we come to
compare the species we find that ten out of the thirteen taken in
Majorca occurred here also ; and doubtless, with a wider search,
the three absent species, G. rhamni, G. cleopatra, and E. ida,
would also have been observed, which seems to confirm the
theory — if any doubt ever existed about it — tliafc the islands
were formerly joined to the mainland. The dissolution of the
partnership appears to have had a disastrous effect upon the
isolated partner as far as Lepidoptera are concerned.
To me it was a great joy to see, for the first time, that lovely
little thing Eudiloc euplicnoides on the wing. We were probably
late for it, as I only saw two, but those two seemed to lift the
parched-up landscape out of the commonplace into (I had almost
said) a terrestrial paradise. Melanargia sylUus, too, was new to
me, and new also its method of flight, which generally left me
much worsted in the race. But the most interesting capture was
MeliUea aurinia var. iberica, a large and beautiful endemic form.
The butterflies captured here were as follows •.■^-Papilio mackaon,
L. ; one fine specimen. Pieris rupee, h.; several. P. dapl'idice,
L. ; several. EucJdoe bclia, gen. aestiv. ansonia, Hb. ; one only.
E. euplienoides, Stgr. ; two males. Leptidia sinapis, L. ; several.
Colias ediisa, F. ; a few. Pyrameis cardui, L. ; occasional speci-
mens. Melitcea aurinia var. iberica, Obth. ; abundant — a large
and beautiful purely Spanish form, with a deep orange-red
ground colour on both sides, many of them rather worn. M.
phoebe, Knock ; several, very fine. M. atkalia, Rott. ; a few.
Melanargia syllius, Hbst. ; common, but getting worn on our
second visit. Pararye cegeria,h. ; common and fine. P.megcera,
L. ; common and fine. Epinephelc jurtina var. liispidla, Hb. ;
abundant and fine, replacing the type. E.pasiphae, Esp. ; very
abundant and fine. TJiecla ilicis, Esp. ; a few. T. ilicis var.
(Bscidi, Hb. ; one or two. Clirysophanus pJdceas, L. ; occasionally.
Lampides telicanus, Lang ; one fine female. Lycana astrarche,
Bgstr. ; very common ; marginal row of red spots very bright ;
finer if anything than the Corsican form. L. icariis, Rott. ; a
few. L. escheri, Hb. ; fai?"ly common. L. coridon, Poda ; fairly
common. Cyaniris argiolus, L. ; a few. Adopaa thaumas, Hufn. ;
a few. Thanaos tages, L. ; a few, very fine.
MONTSERRAT.
There was not much to detain us in Barcelona. Having, on
our previous visit, exhausted our stock of adjectives over the
wonders of the cathedral, with its magnificent cloisters and
sacred ducks, over its fine promenades lined with palms and the
oriental sycamore, and its bewildering network of trams, Jones
and I decided to do a pilgrimage to the monastery of Montserrat.
252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Nicholson was still staying on for three or four days in Majorca,
to tear a few more mosses off the rocks, to try to run to earth
some of the talayots, a kind of dolmen for which the south of the
island is famous, and to visit the stalactite caves at Manakor.
A journey of two hours brought us to the main line station of
Montserrat, whence we embarked on a "funiculaire," and
crawled up in serpentine fashion to the monastery, taking just
an hour to cover the five miles.
The vast agglomeration of buildings was so ensconced in a
towering amphitheatre of conglomerate rocks that we only became
alive to their existence on arriving at the little station below the
church. A uniformed official was there to escort us to the bureau,
where the reverend father who presided at the office-desk allotted
to us a fairly spacious cell in the block dedicated to Santa Teresa
de Jesus. On the ground floor of this block, in a dark arcade,
was a series of little shops, where pilgrims who catered for them-
selves could purchase all necessary comestibles and cooking
apparatus, and this w^as supplemented every morning by a vege-
table and fruit market outside. For those to whom, like our-
selves, the culinary department was an unfathomable mystery,
there was an excellent restaurant at one end of the courtyard.
We lost no time in testing its capacities for the midday meal,
and then set out with our nets for a ramble up the western slope,
which towered up to 4000 ft. — 1000 ft. above the monastery
itself. The way was arduous and long, but we were always
buoyed up with the hope of a possible Erebia — if not new to
science, at least with characteristics befitting the isolated situa-
tion of the vast pile of limestone on which we stood. It was no
doubt a futile hope at this comparatively low elevation, and our
toil went unrewarded. In a round of about five miles our captures
were limited to a few Lyaena astrarchc, L. icarus, L. coridon,
Mclitcea aiirinia var. iherica, and Pararge megoira.
We got back just in time for vespers at the magnificent
Basilica attached to the monastery. In the choir w-ere about
thirty boys and twenty monks. The entire service, which lasted
rather over the hour, was choral, accompanied by a fine organ,
and the music was some of the most wooing and soul-enthralling
I ever listened to. It is said that nothing finer can be heard
out of Madrid, and we attended the same service on the two
following days.
There are only two roads out of Montserrat, one east and the
other west, and, as we had already explored the latter, with
divergences to right and left, and a minimum of success, we
now decided to take the eastward road, which brought us in
about four miles to the Convent of St. Cecilia. Collecting here
was of a very different character, and, if the number of species
was not very great, many of them were very abundant. First
and foremost amonf:^ these were Mclitcea aurinia var. iherica, a
RHOPALOCEUA AT BARCELONA, ETC. 253
very fine form, already mentioned as occurring at Barcelona ;
then came Euchloe en.phenoides, very fresh and fine, the males
preponderating largely over the females ; next, in point of num-
bers, Lycana astrarche, L. icariis, L. coridon, Leptidia sinajns,
MeliUea athalia, Pararge ageria, P. vugcera, P. vuera, and Melan-
argia syllius. The road was flanked on our left with huge over-
hanging pudding-stone rocks, and on the right stretched away a
rich warm-coloured panorama of alternating broken ground
and cultivated fields, terminating with the limitless horizon of
the sea.
So attractive was this route, so soft the air, and so delightful
the intervals of shade afforded by the trees which here and there
intercepted our view across the plains, that we decided to devote
to it our third and last day also. On this occasion we extended
our walk for about a couple of miles beyond the convent, and
were rewarded with a few solitary examples of Colias edusa,
Limenitis Camilla, Vanessa polychloros, Thecla ilicis, and others.
Near the convent was an excellent little restaurant, where we
obtained an omelette, cutlets, bread and cheese, cherries, and
delicious peaches brought up that morning from an orchard
down below, with a delicious red wine and coffee, for the ridiculous
sura of Is. 6d. apiece. On our way home we were treated to a
fine specimen of a mountain thunderstorm, and got fairly
drenched, but in a quarter of an hour the sun was out as hot as
ever, and we had walked ourselves dry by the time we reached
the monastery. The next morning (June 16th) we returned by
an early train to Barcelona.
The butterflies taken at Montserrat were as follows : — Aporia
cratcegi, L. ; a few. Pieris rapa, L. ; fairly common near the
monastery. P. daplidice, L. ; one fine male. Euchloe euphe-
noides, Stgr. ; male very abundant, female scarce. Leptidia
sinapis, 1j.; common. Colias ediisa, F.; occnaionaMy. Goneptcryx
cleopatra, L. ; not common. Limenitis Camilla, Schift". ; two or
three specimens. Pyrameis atalanta,'L. ; one specimen. Vanessa
polt/chloros, L. ; one very fine specimen, just emerged, June 14th.
Melitcea aurinia var. iberica, Obth. ; the most abundant butterfly
on the wing, and for the most part in much better condition than
those taken at Barcelona. M. cinxia, L. ; two specimens, paler
than English examples. M. athalia, Rott. ; fairly common.
Melanargia syllius, Hbst. ; occasional worn specimens. Pararge
csgeria, L. ; fairly common. P. megcera, L.; fairly common.
P. mcera, L., gen. ffistiv., Hb. ; one only, a very beautiful form,
in which the fulvous area of both wings is much larger ; appa-
rently a connecting-link with megcera. It occurs also at Vernet
and in the Cevennes, and replaces the type in both places.
Coenonympha arcania, L. ; a few. Lyccena argus, L. ; three or
four specimens. L. icarus, Rott. ; fairly common — one interest-
ing variety. L. escheri, Hb. ; occasionally. L. hellargus, Rott. ;
254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
a few. L. cnridon, Poda ; a few. Adopcea tliaumm, Hufn. ; a
few. Hesperia malvce, L. ; a few. Thanaos tages, L. ; occa-
sionally.
(To be continued.')
A NOTE ON SOME SPECIES OF PREPONA.
Percy I. Lathy, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Herr Fruhstorfer, in the ' Iris,' 1905, pp. 304, 305, places
P. garUppiana, Stgr., as a subspecies of P. neoterpe, Honrath, and
places two other species, P. hrooksiana, Godm., and P. deiphile,
Godt., between that species and P. enagoras, Hew.
This is incorrect, as enagoras, Hew., should ioWow garlejypiana,
Stgr. ; on the under side there is very little difference between
neoterpe, Honrath, and enagoras, Hew., and garleppiana, Stgr.,
but these three forms may at once be separated from Godman's
and Godart's species by the extremely irregular postmedian line
of fore wing below. A.ccording to Fruhstorfer's own showing,
deiphile, Godt., cannot come between garleppiana, Stgr., and
enagoras, Hew., as it possesses j^ellow tufts, while the latter
species have dark brown, almost black tufts, and Fruhstorfer
divides the genus into two sections by this character, Sect. B. 1
with black, and Sect. B. 2 with yellow tufts. Garleppiana, Stgr.,
is more like enagoras. Hew., than neoterpe, Honrath ; in fact,
the only way it differs from the former is that it has metallic
blue bands on both wings above, but it possesses the submarginal
orange spots and costal streak, both of which are wanting in
neoterpe, Honrath.
Fruhstorfer may not know the true garleppiana, Stgr., as two
or three years ago several specimens of neoterpe, Honrath, were
sent out by a German dealer as Staudinger's species. If this
error was not corrected, it would have caused confusion. As
I write I have before me Honrath's type and a co-type of
Staudinger's, and I have also seen Staudinger's type at Dresden.
I am inclined to think either that Staudinger was right in
supposing garleppiana to be an aberration of enagoras, Hew.,
or that it is a hybrid between that and neoterpe, Honrath.
Fruhstorfer gives Columbia as the only locality of P. prceneste,
Hew. I am able to add New Granada, the original locality ;
Zamora, Ecuador, one specimen taken in July, 1886, by the
Abbe Gaujon ; and San Piemon, Peru, two specimens taken in
July, 1903, by Watkins and Tomlinson, and one by Watkins
in 1904.
The specimens from the different localities exhibit slight
differences. The Ecuador example has a much narrower red
fascia on fore wings above, and both Ecuador and Columbian
CURRENT NOTES. 255
specimens want whitish spots beyond middle of hind wings
below; while those from Peru have the red fascia as wide as in
hiickleyana, Hew., and the spots on under side of hind wings
almost as conspicuous as in that form. The blue on the wings
above is brighter in the Peruvian specimens. In one huckleyana,
Hew., are three small red spots near margin above the fascia.
There is little doubt that specimens will eventually be procured
linking all the forms.
CURRENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
1. Haeckel, Ernst: "The Wonders of Life," translated by
Jos. McCabe, pp. i-xi and 1-485 ; Harper, London and
New York (Jan. 1905).
2. Carpenter, G. H. : " Injurious Insects and other Animals
observed in Ireland during the year 1903 " (Economic
Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. i. pp. 249-66 ; pis. xxi-xxii ;
text-figs. 1-7 (July, 1904)).
3. Felt, E. P.: "Mosquitoes or Culicidae of New York
State " (Bull. N. Y. State Mus. [No. 79 ; Entom. No. 22] ,
pp. 241-400; pis. 1-57; text-figs. 1-113 [Diptera]
(1904)).
4. Wesche, W. : "Some New Sense Organs in Diptera"
(J. Quekett Micr. Club (2), ix. pp. 91-104; pis. 6 and 7 ;
6 text-figs. (Nov. 1904)).
5. Breddin, G. : " Rhynchoten aus Ameisen- und Termiten-
bauten " (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlviii. pp. 407-16 ; 1 *
text-fig. (1904) [Hemiptera, Hymen., Neuroptera]).
6. BuENO, J. R. DE LA ToRRE : " Notes on Hydrometra
lineata, Kirk. (= lineata, Say) " (Canad. Entom. pp. 12-15;
text-figs. 3-4 (Jan. 1905) [Hem.]).
7. Arrow, G. J. : " Sound-production in the Lamellicorn
Beetles" (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, pp. 709-50; pi. 36
(Dec. 23rd, 1904) [Coleoptera] ).
8. IVIanders, N. : "Some Breeding Experiments on Catopsilia
pyranthe and Notes on the IMigration of Butterflies in
Ceylon" (op. cit. pp. 701-8; pis. xxxiv-v [Lepidoptera] ).
9. Green, E. E. : "Notes on Australian Coccidae," &c., No. 1
(Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, xxix. pp. 462-5 ; pi. xvii.
(Dec, 16th, 1904) [Hem.] ).
10. GoDiNG, F. W., & Froggatt, W. W. : " IMonograph of the
Australian Cicadidae " {op. cit. pp. 561-670; pis. xviii-xix
(Dec. 16th, 1904) [Hem.] ).
11. GiRAULT, A. A. : " Anasa tristis, J)'i G. ; History of Con-
fined Adults; Another Egg Parasite" (Ent. News, xv.
pp. 335-7 (Dec. 1904) [Hem., Dipt., Hymen.]).
256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
12. MucKERMA.NN, H. : '^ Foniiica sang nine a snhsi^. rubicund a,
Em., and Xenodusa cava, Lee. ; or the Discovery of
Pseudogynes in a District oi Xenodusa cava, Lee." {op. cit.
pp 339-41 ; pi. XX [Hymen., Coleopt.] ).
13. Handlirsch, Anton: " Zur Systematik der Hexapoden "
(Zool. Anzeiger, xxvii. pp. 733-59 (July 12th, 1904) ).
Ilaeckel's " Wonders of Life " (1) is a supplementary volume
to " The Riddle of the Universe," dealing more particularly and
fully with certain biological problems and phenomena, and is a
work that no thoughtful entomologist can afford to lay aside
without study. The book is divided into four sections, viz.
Knowledge of Life, Nature of Life, Functions of Life, and
History of Life. Apart from a general consideration of certain
phenomena, there are many entomological notices, as, e. g., in
the chapter on Reproduction. Prof. Carpenter's report (2), the
price of which is nominal, should be in the hands of every
British entomologist. Some fourteen insects, belonging to five
orders of insects and to the Acarina, are treated of in detail. The
plates represent photos of Gortyna ochracea (Lep.), Chionaspis
salicis (Hem.), &c.
Felt (3) furnishes a full and detailed account of the mos-
quitoes of New York State, considered systematically, biologically,
and economically ; elucidated by three hundred and thirty-one
separate figures. Although treating of American species, the
work will be indispensable to British students.
Breddin (5) describes a number of Neo-tropical, Oriental, and
Sudanese ant- and termite-nest living Hemiptera, including a
number of immature forms. Bueno (6) extends the observations
of Martin * on the life-history and habits of the North American
Hydrometra martini, and finds that the more southern var.
australis of Say is a good species, figuring the male genital
segments of both forms.
Green (9) describes an interesting Coccid, Anlonina australis,
from nut-grass {Cypcrus rotundus). This nut-grass has recently
found its way into Honolulu, where it is a terrible nuisance.
Green designates it " n. sp." ; at least two previous descriptions
have, however, appeared in print, the earliest being in Proe.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxviii. p. 686 (April 28th, 1904). Goding and
Froggatt (10) have monographed the Cicadidae of the Australian
continent. There are one hundred and nineteen species distri-
buted among twenty-one genera ; four genera and forty-seven
species are described as new. Melampsalta, Kolenati, should be
replaced by Cicadetta of the same author.
Girault (11) observed Hadronotiis carinatifrons, Ashmead,
ovipositing in the eggs of the American Lygalid Anasa tristis ;
■'■ See 'Entomologist,' xxxiii. pp. 175-6 (June, 1900).
CURRENT NOTES. 257
at another time a tachinid fly issued from the abdomen of a
female Anasa which had previously copulated.
Arrow (7) gives an interesting account of sound-producing
organs in Lamellicorn beetles, a large proportion being novel.
There is an appendix of two new genera and seven new species,
and a list of stridulating Lamellicorn genera.
Manders (8) briefly discusses the migration of butterflies in
Ceylon, illustrated by a map (pi. xxxv.).
Handlirsch (13) devotes considerable attention to the syste-
matics of the Hexapoda, in particular with regard to Boerner's
peculiar views. Without going deeply into the paper, which would
indeed require almost a full translation to do it justice, a repro-
duction of the orders, &c., adopted will be of interest : —
Class I. CoUembola [Lubbock).
Order 1. Arthropleoua [Boerner).
,, 2. Symphypleona [Boerner).
Class II. Campodeoidea, Handlirsch,
(= Archinsecta, Haeckel.)
Order 1. Dicellura (Haliday).
,, 2. Rbabdura (Silvestri).
Class III. Thysanura [Latr.].
Subclass 1. Orthopteroidea, Handlirsch.
Order 1. Ortboptera [Olivier).
„ 2. Phasmoidea, Handlirsch.
,, 3. Dermaptera [De Geer),
,, 4. Diplogiossata, Saussure.
,, 5. Thysauoptera, Haliday.
Subclass 2. Blattseformia, Handlirsch.
Order 1. Mantoidea, Handl.
,, 2. Blattoidea, Handl.
,, 3. Isoptera, Comst.
,, 4. Corrodentia (Burm.).
,, 5. Mallopbaga [Nitsch),
,, 6. Sipbunculata, Meinert.
Subclass 3. Hymenopteroidea, Handl.
Order 1. Hymenoptera, Linn.
Subclass 4. Coleopteroidea, Handl.
Order 1. Coleoptera (L.).
,, 2. Strepsiptera, Kirby.
Subclass 5. Embioidea, Handl.
Order 1. Embiaria, Handl.
Subclass 6. Perloidea, Handl.
Order 1. Perlaria, Handl.
ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1905. \ Y
258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Subclass 7. Libelluloidea, Handl.
Order 1. Odonata, Fahr.
Subclass 8. Ephemeroidea, Handl.
Order 1. Plectoptera, Pack.
Subclass 9. Neuropteroidea, Handl.
Order 1. Megalopterfe {Latr.).
,, 2. Khaphidioidea, Handl.
,, 3. Neuroptera [Linn.).
Subclass 10. Panorpoidea, Handl.
Order 1. Panorpatffi, Brauer.
,, 2. Phryganoidea, ZianJ^. [== |1 Triciioptera.]
,, 3. Lepidoptera, L.
,, 4. Diptera, L.
,, 5. Suctoria, De Geer.
Subclass 11. Hemipteroidea, Handl.
Order 1. Hemiptera (L.).
,, 2. Homoptera {Leach).
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Pupation of Smerinthus tili^. — On August 27th, while taking a
short stroll in Walmer, I found a Co.ssi/s-infected elm, in the bark of
which were holes through which the moths had made their exit. On
removing the bark from one of these holes I, of course, found the
cocoon of lignipcrda, but in it I found a perfect and apparently newly-
turned pupa of tilicB. The pupa was very lively, and certainly a fresh
one. Surely this is a singular method of pupation for this insect ? —
R. A. Jackson ; Hollingbourne, September 9th, 1905.
A NEW Pest of the Orange. — Last May, Professor V. A. Clark sent
me a larva which was eating the leaves of orange trees at Phoenix,
Arizona, doing some damage. Only the young trees were afiected, the
old ones going unharmed. I bred the moth in due course, and it proves
to be Chloridea obsoleta (Fabr.) var. umhrosa (Grote) — more generally
known as Heliothia armigera umhrosa. The insect is common, but I had
not before known it to attack the orange. — T. D. A. Cockerell.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Notes on the Season 1905. — Although I have not taken any
special notice of the Rhopalocera during this season, except, perhaps,
of the Hesperids, I think more butterflies have come under my notice
this year in England than for many years past. Almost every plant
of Uhamnus noted in Surrey or Sussex was tenanted by Gonepteryx
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 259
rhamni, either in the egg or larval stage. Perhaps the spring brood
of Cijaniris argiolus was not quite so common in Chiswick as it was a
year or two ago, but some specimens were seen of the July brood,
which is here usually very scarce. Pieris rapa; has been as abundant
as usual, but P. napi and P. hrmsica have not perhaps occurred in
their usual quantity in this neighbourhood. Ccenomjmpha -pamphilus
was very abundant in Kichmond Park, and Aphantopus (Epinephele)
hyperanthm in plenty at Chalfout Eoad. But perhaps the most
unusually abundant species is Aglais {Vanessa) urtictB. The first seen
was at Clandon, July 15th, and several have been seen, even at Chis-
wick, since. There were eight fine specimens, probing the blossoms
of Sediim telephium, in the garden on September 13th. Though
common enough elsewhere, such a congregation is rare within sis miles
of Charing Cross. Pijrameis atalanta, too, is certainly more numerous
than it has lately been in this district. PamphUus syhanus was really
numerous on Putney Heath towards the end of July. I noticed a
specimen, on August 5th, resting quite exposed on a bramble-leaf,
with the wings closed over the back while the rain was falling fast ; but
though the leaf was wet, the butterfly was perfectly dry. I should
have expected it would have crept under the leaf. Among the Hetero-
cera the larvae of Phalera bucepliala have been an exceptional plague in
the gardens here, on rose, lime, and birch. Their habit of stripping
certain branches on one side of the trees causes the shrubs to become
very unsightly. The larva of Mamestia trifolii {chenopodii) has been
quite common on its food-plant, but I have only seen one larva of
Pclurga comitata. On the walls and fences in the neighbourhood a few
Catocala nupta appear every year, but this year the number has been
quite doubled. The larvfe of Acronycta aceris have also been rather
commoner than usual. This species, both here and on the Continent,
appears to be quite suburban. After having been almost scarce for
the last two or three years, the larva of Spilosoma menthastri is again
becoming common. — Alfred Sich ; Corney House, Chiswick, Sep-
tember 15th, 1905.
Note on Second Emergences. — It would be interesting to know
the experiences of other entomologists as to second emergences this
season. I have had the following : — On August 20th, Stauropus fagi,
and a few days later a second example ; Pterostoma palpina in August,
date not noted; on September 11th, Hypena prohoscidalis ; and on
August 26th I found a larva of Porthesia similis (auriflua) half grown,
which spun its cocoon on September 2nd and is now a pupa, and the
imago will doubtless emerge shortly. — Francis C. Woodbridge ; North-
croft, Uxbridge.
Partial Second Brood of Pseudoterpna bajularia. — On July 5th
last, at 10 p.m., I took a female of the above, and obtained ova. These
hatched on the 12th of that month, and were fed in a glass cylinder
indoors on oak (the room faced north-east). Some of the larv» fed up
much quicker than others — in fact, to-day, September 11th, to my
great surprise, a beautiful male specimen (full- sized) emerged, and
yet some of the larvfe are still very small, and have every appearance
260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of hybernating as larvae. Is not this very unusual ? — Arthur
BoRDu; 39, Elm Grove Road, Barnes, S.W., September lltli, 1905.
Sphinx convolvuli at Bournemouth. — I had a male specimen of
S. convolvuli sent me on August 25th, which had been found resting
on the front door of Linden Hall, Bournemouth, by the hall porter, on
opening it in the morning. It was in good condition when found, but
was sent to me in a small box, alive, and on its arrival it was much
damaged. — C. B. Holland; 12, Lawson Road, Sheffield, August 29th.
AcHERONTiA ATROPOs IN LoNDON. — This moming I have had a fine
specimen of A. atropos brought to me. It was taken on the stone-
work of Westminster Bridge. — J. Miller; 44, Longfield Street,
Wandsworth, S.W., September 1st, 1905.
Plusia moneta in Lewisham. — On the evening of August 29th last
Mrs. Chittenden was passing under the electric lights in High Street,
Lewisham, when she saw a moth flying just above the pavement.
Clasping hands together, she caught the insect, and brought it home.
I at once saw that it was a specimen of P. moneta, and, although it
was damaged, the fringes were in good condition. — D. Chittenden ;
98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E.
Second Broods of Lepidoptera. — Has it been noticed elsewhere
that there were an unusual number of, apparently, second broods of
Lepidoptera this year ? Such occurrences have been quite a feature
in this district. — G. Brooks ; Ivyside, North Finchley.
[Perhaps our correspondent will kindly supply further details, as
the subject is of considerable interest. — Ed.]
Notes from Essex. — I went over to Foulness on Sept. 22nd last,
more for the purpose of having a look round than for specimen hunting.
I noticed many webs of Porthcsia ehri/sorrhaa on the whitethorns ; a
case of Epichnoptenjx pulla on one of the sea-wall grasses ; a larva of
Pseudoterpna sniaraf/darui ; two or three cases of Coleophora arteinisiella,
and evidence of the presence of Catoptria candidulana among the
flowers of sea-wormwood; a larva of Cacullia asteris on flowers of
sea-aster ; and, on the church wall, a defunct pupa of Vanessa tirtictc.
Although Foulness is rather difficult of access, I hope next season to
see a good deal more of it. The fine show of Aster tripoHum was, in
my opinion, well worth the visit, apart from the novelty of half an
hour's drive across the sands from Wakering Stairs. — F. G. Whittle ;
7, Marine Avenue, Southend, Sept. 24th, 1905.
SOCIETIES.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
July ISc/i, 1905.— Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, President, in the chair.—
Mr. Joy exhibited larva? of Theda nibi feeding on the berries of buck-
thorn. He had also found them feeding on the buds of bramble and
SOCIETIES. 261
dogwood. They made holes to extract the contents. — Mr. Stonell, an
Abraxas sylvata (idmata) taken recently in the Clapham Eoad.— Mr.
Sich, the ova of Coleophora gryphipenneUa on a rose-leaf. It was an
upright egg and abundantly supplied with gum. — Mr. Main, living
larviB of Papilio machaon at different ages ; and also an old stem of an
umbellifer, containing cells of a species of carpenter-bee. — Mr. Step
distributed copies of the photograph of the members who attended the
field-meeting at Seal Chart on May 27th.
July 27th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Carr exhibited the
larvffi of Epione advenaria, from Seal.— Mr. Stonell, a putty-coloured
larva of Odontopcra bidentata, from Yorkshire ; and reported that he
had taken a fair number of Cm)wbia rufa at Worcester Park. — Mr.
Main, a photograph of a colony of the larvte of Kuyonia [Vanessa)
polychloros in the New Forest, from which larvae he had already bred
more than sixty imagines. — Mr. Noad Clark, photographs of (1) the
ova Coleophora yrypliipcmitUa on leaves of rose ; (2) a much-magnified
photograph of the micropyle of the same; and (3) the ova of JEyeria
\Sesia) chrysidiformis. — Mr. Sich said that the larva of G. grypjhi-
immella was at first a true miner, boring direct from the base of the
ovum into the leaf.
Auyiist 10th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Main exhibited the
larvfB of lladena contiyua, from ova laid by a female specimen obtained
in the New Forest. The colour-variation was most extreme. — Mr.
Sich, living larvae of (1) Nisoniades tayes and (2) Syrichthtis malvce, both
feeding well on garden strawberry. They fed at night and retired in
the daytime into " tents " of leaves loosely spun together. The former
hybernated as a larva, the latter as a pupa. — Mr. West (Greenwich),
two very local species of Hemiptera, taken at Yarmouth in July ;
Gnathoconus picipes, at roots of violets ; and Chorosoma schillinyii, on
marram grass. Mr. Turner, (1) a species of /Edipoda which was very
common at Gavarnie in the Hautes Pyrenees, and (2) a living speci-
men of Locusta viridissima taken by him at the same place. A discus-
sion took place as to the latter species, and it was considered to be
carnivorous rather than vegetarian in its diet. — Mr. R. Adkin read a
short note from Mr. Kirkaldy on " The Entomology of the Lowlands of
Oahu (Hawaiian Islands)." — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary.
City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
Sept. 5th, 1905.— The President in the chair.— The Rev. G. H. Raynor
and Mr. Charles Capper were nominated for membership of the Society. —
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows exhibited living pupao of Ochria ochracca taken
in thistle- stems at Mucking, Essex ; he remarked on the fact that in
this district the species does not seem to feed on burdock (Arctium
lappa) or mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris). — Mr. J. A. Clark, Lycana icarus
from Folkestone, including abs. obsoleta and striata. — Mr. A. W. Mera,
AcidaUa rusticata bred from larvae reared on dandelion ; the specimens
were generally considered to be larger than the average of captured
imagines. Mr. Mera also exhibited Agrotera ncmoralis from Brentwood,
a capture he considered somewhat remarkable for this locality. — Mr. V.
E. Shaw (on behalf of Mr. Newman, of Bexleyy, two hybrid imagines,
the offspring of Notodonta dromcdarms, female, and .V. ziczac, male ;
the exhibitor stated that part of the brood emerged in the autumn of
262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
1904, and proved to be all females; while the balance hybernated as
pupa3, and emerged during May, June, and July, all being males. —
Eev. G. H. Raynor reported that the second brood of Cyaniris an/iolns
had been abundant at Maiden ; he found that the larvfe fed up readily
on unopened buds of ivy. — Mr. C. P, Pickett, during a recent visit to
Torquay, had observed large numbers of Pyrameis cardui and Vanessa
urticcc visiting the valerian that grows on the rocks in this district.
Sept, 19th. — The President in the chair. — Rev. G. H. Raynor and
Mr. Chas. Capper were unanimously elected members of the Society. —
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows exhibited a very dark aberration of Xotodonta
ziczac, and a very pale form of Hadena sordida ; also living larvPB of
Cerura furcula, N. ziczac, Pterostoma palpina, Lophopteryx camelina, and
Gastropaclia quercifolia (all from Mucking, Essex). — Mr. J. A. Clark, a
very pale ab. of N. ziczac and a dark specimen of Cahjmnia trapedna. —
Mr. A. W. Mera, female specimen of Porthesia similis with a black spot
at the base of fore wings. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a bred series of Thecla
pruni from larvge taken at Monkswood, Herts ; four examples of
Macaria litnrata, ab. niyrofalvata, from Delamere, Cheshire ; and a
long and variable bred series of Zonosoma pendularia from Oxshott.
Mr. Kaye mentioned that the emergence of the T. pruni extended over
three weeks from June 15th onwards, and pointed out that three of
the Z. pcndnlaria were part of a second brood, the remainder of which
was still in pupa. — Mr. C. P. Pickett, an abnormally large specimen
of P. cardui, some unicolorous chocolate-coloured abs. of Ematurya
atomaria, and several abs. of Lycana corydon, one of which had the
dark marginal band on the right fore wing about twice as deep as that
on the left wing. — -Mr. V. E. Shaw, living imagines of Oenophila v-flava
taken in a city wine-vault, the larvfe of this species feeding on corks in
wine-bottles ; also Spilote [Abraxas) yrossulariata var. varleyata. — Rev.
C. R. N. Burrows reported that sugaring in the Mucking haunt of
Cirrhcedia xerampelina had proved a complete failure. — Mr. J. A. Clark
recorded the capture of Peronea cristana in Epping Forest. — The
Honorary Secretary drew attention to the fact that sugaring in the
New Forest was now prohibited by order of the Deputy Commissioner
of Woods and Forests in that district, the rangers having been
instructed to daub clay on the sugar patches in the event of their
warning to any individual lepidopterist being ignored. Mr. P. H.
Tautz confirmed this by stating that he had been interrupted recently
while sugaring in the Forest. — S. J. Bell, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
A Cdtaloyue of the Enicinida:. By Levi W. Mengel. Pp. 161.
Reading, Pa., U.S.A. 1905.
The author of this valuable catalogue is to be congratulated on the
completion of his laborious undertaking ; he has earned the thanks
of all students of the Erycinidse ( = Lemoniidffi, Kirby, = Riodinidfe,
Grote). Although he holds the opinion that there are too many
genera, and that the number of species should be much reduced, he
leaves everything pretty much as he found it.
RECENT LITERATURE. 263
A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northumberland, Durham, and
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. By John E. Robson. Vol ii. — Micro-
Lepidoptera. Part i. — Pyralidina and Tortricina. Pp. 106.
[Natural History Transactions of Northumberland, Durham,
and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Vol. xv., part i.] Williams & Nor-
gate, London. 1905.
Again we have to compliment the author on the very satisfactory
manner in which he has brought his work to its present stage.
"Micro" Lepidoptera are not favourites with the collector generally,
and the consequence of this is that the distribution in Britain of the
Pyralidma, Tortricina, and Tineina is only imperfectly known. This
unfortunate state of things has created a difficulty with which Mr.
Eobson had to contend in the compilation of the instalment of this
list under notice. He has managed, however, to get information as
to the occurrence of nearly two hundred species of Tortricina in the
area discussed. Under Pyralidina seventy-six species are treated, but
of these some had been referred to in previous sections, and one or two
belong to the Noctuina. We shall be glad to see the remainder of this
important catalogue.
The Insects of Jethou, pp. 1-3 ; The Insects of Ilerm, pp. 1-14 ; and
the Fauna and Flora of the Sarnian Islands, pp. 1-6.
The above are three reprints from the ' Transactions ' of the
Guernsey Society of Natural Science for 1904. The first two are by
W. A. Luff, but the third is without compiler's name.
Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club.
Edited by John Hopkinson, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. Vol xii., part
iv, pp. 137-168. London : Dulau & Co. 1905.
Among the contents are several papers on entomological subjects ;
two of these deal with the Coleoptera found in the county, one by Mr.
A. E. Gibbs and the other by Mr. E. George Elliman. The former
author also gives some very interesting notes on Lepidoptera observed
in Hertfordshire in the year 1904, a resume of which was published in
this Journal last year (xxxvii. 139). There is also " Notes on
Variation in Melitmi aurinia," by Mr. V. P. Kitchin, which is ac-
companied by a plate.
Transactions of the City of Londoyi Entomological and Natural History
Society for the year 1904. Pp. 1-56. The Society : London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.
In addition to a large amount of exceedingly useful matter com-
prised in the " Eeports of Meetings," the present volume contains the
following papers : — *' Are the attacks of Lepidopterous Larvae beneficial
to the plants they attack ? " by Dr. Chapman ; " Veuusia cambrica and
its Alles," and " Supplementary Notes on Cidar'a," both by Mr. L. B.
Prout ; and " Aid to the Study of Lepidopterous Leaf-miners," by Mr.
Alfred Sich. All these are of much importance to the student, and
will be of considerable interest generally.
264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
OBITUARY.
We deeply regret to announce the death of Mr. Ambrose Quail at
Tamworth, New South Wales, on the 11th of February, 1905, at the
early age of thirty- three.
He had to leave England some nine years ago owing to the
breakdown of his health, and resided for some years at Palmerston
North, New Zealand. Unfortunately a series of bad seasons caused
a return of his complaint, and after a brief visit to England in the
autumn of 1903 he returned to the colonies, obtaining some benefit
from a short residence in Queensland, but dying six months after
taking up work at Tamworth.
Mr. Quail was a rising and brilliant student belonging to the
newer school of lepidopterists, following the methods of Drs. Dyar and
Chapman in larval and pupal description ; and there is no doubt that
had he lived he would have occupied a place in the foremost ranks of
entomologists. Added to great keenness of observation and wonder-
ful patience in his researches, he was also possessed of remarkable
skill as a draughtsman, as the profuse and beautiful plates illustrating
his papers testify. His published contributions include several papers
in the ' Transactions ' of the Entomological Society of London, others
appearing in the pages of this Journal, 'Natural Science,' and the
'Entomologists' Record.' He also contributed to the 'Proceedings' of
the Royal Society of Queensland, and the ' Transactions ' of the New
Zealand Institute. The latest and probably best known of his work
was that dealing with the Hepialidae and Cossidse, groups that had
always been especial favourites, and which his residence in Australia
and New Zealand afforded him special opportunities to study. His
loss is keenly felt by all who were personally known to him, and it
will be a matter of regret to the wider circle of his readers that so
energetic and capable a personality was not longer spared to enrich
the world's knowledge in his special line of research.
John William Douglas passed away, at the ripe age of ninety
years, on August 28th last. Although perhaps chiefly interested in
Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera, almost all orders of the
Insecta received some share of his attention. He contributed im-
portant monographs and other valuable writings to the ' Transactions '
of the Entomological Society of London, the ' Entomological Magazine,'
the ' Zoologist,' and the ' Entomologist's Monthly Magazine.' He was
part author of the ' Natural History of the Tineina ' (13 vols., 1855-
1873), and, in conjunction with Scott, produced ' British Hemiptera-
Heteroptera' (1 vol., 1865). In 1856 he pubHshed 'The World of
Insects,' a small but excellent entomological manual. He was co-
editor of the ' Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,' and in this position
he had been associated with the Journal from the year 1874, when Dr.
Knaggs terminated his connection with it. He had been President,
and also Honorary Secretary, of the Entomological Society of London,
to which he was elected in 1845. Few men have done so much to
foster or awaken appreciative interest in the world of insects.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII.] NOVEMBEE, 1905. [No. 510.
ABEERATION OF EUCHELIA (HIPOCRITA)
JACOB^.E.
Mr. Forsythe, of Lancaster, has sent for inspection a most
interesting series oi E. jac oh cece that he had obtained in the early
part of June last. Li all the specimens the ground colour is
much greyer than usual, some being especially pale in coloration.
In these paler examples the hind wings are pale pink, the sub-
costal streak and the two outer marginal spots being still paler
pink.
He also sent the specimen referred to ante, p. 185, and this,
as will be seen by the excellent figure drawn by Mr. H. Knight,
is a remarkable aberration of this usually constant species. The
crimson subcostal streak is continued to subapical spot, and the
immediate area below it is thickly powdered with crimson scales,
as also are the outer and inner marginal areas.
The late Mr. W. Fowler once sent us a somewhat similar
specimen of E. jacohcsce, but it was without the crimson powder-
ing on the marginal areas.
Richard South.
ENTOM. NOVEMBER, 1905.
266
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ORTHOPTERA IN 1904.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
Though no addition was made during 1904 to the list of
British Orthoptera, yet one event of more than ordinary interest
occurred in the rediscovery of the
earwig Apterygida media (= albi-
pennis) in Kent. About 1840, in
June, the late Prof. Westwood took
a few specimens near Ashford ; but
the insect was not again met with,
and it was feared that we could no
longer claim it as British. About
1889, however, Mr. J. Edwards
took a pair near Norwich ; but
again no more were taken, until
Mr. A. J. Cliitty found them plenti-
fully in the autumn of last year in
the same district in which West-
wood obtained them more than half
a century before. Mr. Chitty tells
me that they occur throughout the
district in suitable localities, which
appear to be in the valleys where
the soil is light and chalk}', and
where there is plenty of vegetation.
They are generally on the sunny
side of the valley, or at any rate sun seems necessary for them.
A few were found in an old stump ; but they are generally
obtainable by sweeping herbage, especially where plants like
marjoram are growing. The largest haul was from some hop-
bines after the hops had been picked ; but they had previously
been swept from the sunny bank below the hedge of this hop-
garden. The female is more abundant than the male. They
occur with the common earwig, Forficula auricularia.
A. media is smaller and brighter in colour than F. auricularia,
and the male forceps are very different from those of the latter.
The figure, however, will shew the difference better than a
description. The male forceps of Chelidura arachidis resemble
somewhat those of A. media, but arachidis is much smaller,
and, being an alien from a warmer clime, does not venture out
of doors in the two or three localities in which it is found. In
ordinary circumstances A. media keeps its forceps spread open,
not more or less closed at the tip, as is the custom with the
common earwig.
At Queenborough Commander Walker found Anisolahis annu-
lipes and Chelidura arachidis still holding their own, while the
ORTHOPTERA IN 1904. 267
same strenuous entomologist added Oxfordshire to the list of
counties in which Forficula lesnei was known to occur, by taking
it at Beckley on September 10th.
Twice during August the locality near Christchurch was
visited for the shore earwig, Lahidiira riparia, and specimens
were found without much difficulty. Often their presence might
be guessed by small holes in the sand leading under the stones
beneath Avhich they pass the day. When two are found together
in one lair, they seem to be male and female. On being exposed
to the liizht the hind part of the abdomen, with the forceps, is
often thrown back, giving the insect a very strange appearance —
this being, no doubt, a " terrifying attitude." Several immature
examples were found, one being very tiny. One such, obtained
on August 12th, was very white, the point of the face and the
tips of the forceps, however, being slightly darker, and the eyes
quite dark. Some kept in captivity ate meat, rice-pudding, and
banana, but would not touch grass. On one occasion, after
fasting for twenty-four hours, a female seized a cinnabar moth
{Eiichelia jacohceoi) larva of fair size and commenced eating it at
the head. It held the caterpillar with the forceps, and seemed
to be purposely stretching it. Sometimes it appeared to experi-
ence a difficulty in getting its forceps free. Another female came
up, when a tight with the forceps commenced between them.
They went more or less backwards to the attack, the head, how-
ever, being turned a little on one side, so that they might see
what they were doing. After a time two females and an immature
specimen were eating at the same larva, but not then holding it
with their forceps. Notwithstanding the fact that it was a
cinnabar larva — orange and black — they ate of it greedily ; but
another cinnabar larva put in with a male and a female was not
touched, though left with them all night.
As regards the cockroaches, little was noted. An immature
Ectohia panzeri, which seems to be essentially a coast species,
was taken in the south of the New Forest on August 26th. On
September 8th Mr. H. Main gave me a prettily marked but
wingless and apparently immature cockroach, which arrived in
a sugar vessel from Java. It died without maturing on January
5th, 1905. Mr. E. J. B. Scpp received from Liverpool Docks on
December 30th five Blatta americana (including one large nymph
and one female with ootheca protruding) and one Leucophcea
sitrinamensis. Apparently they were introduced amongst grain
from San Francisco. No doubt numbers of Orthoptera are
introduced in this way every year. It is always interesting to
note them, but they are seldom likely to affect our fauna.
Occasionally, of course, one may come to stay, as did Blatta
orientalis, B. americana, B. australasice, and Phyllodromia ger-
manica, and as possibly L. snrinamensis may succeed in doing ;
but climatic conditions are usually quite unsuitable.
z2
268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
It is not till about mid-July as a rule that we begin to find
mature grasshoppers. In 1904 I noted them first at Oxshott on
July 15th, the species being Stcnohothriis viridulns, S. 2'>(^Tallelus,
and Gomphoccrus maculatns. At Merrow Downs, near Clandon,
the somewhat rare S. lineatus was taken on July 26th (one
female). S. riifipes was found on August 9th at one spot amongst
heather by the side of a fairly open stream in the New Forest.
It is perhaps usually found in the rides, or by the margin, of a
wood. Mccostethus grossus was, as usual, plentiful in August in
the New Forest, and was discovered in at least one entirely new
locality. On September 11th, at Bookham Common, I for the
first time met with Gomphocerus rufiis. The male is readily
known by the heavily clubbed antennae, the club being dark with
a pale tip. In the female the club is much less pronounced,
while the wings do not quite reach to the apex of the abdomen.
In this latter point the females somewhat resemble the same sex
of Stenohothrus elegans, but one glance at the pronotum will
prevent confusion with females of that species. There were
noted from Beachy Head Stenohothrus 'parallelus (Pi. Adkin), and
in addition S. hicolor and S, viridulus (F. Stevens). Of the long-
horned grasshoppers, Plati/cleis grisea was taken amongst the
debris fallen from the cliffs near Milton in Hants ; and Eev.
F. C. Pi. Jourdain reports Thamnotrizon cinereus as common at
Broadwindsor, in Dorset, between September 15th and 17th.
The last grasshoppers noted were Gomphocerus maculatus, Esher
Common, Surrej', on September 21st, and Meconema varium,
near Oxshott, on October 1st. StenohotJtrus parnllelus, S. virididus,
and Gomphocerus ritfns fed readily on grass in captivity, holding the
blade with the fore legs, and eating downwards along the margin.
Concerning the crickets there is nothing to relate, except that
about half-grown specimens of Nemohius sylvestris were found in
the New Forest in April.
Description of Figures. — 1. Forceps of ^ Forficula mtricularia. 2. Forceps
of (^ Apterijgida media. 3. Forceps of ^ Chelidiira aracliidis.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF
BRACONID^ FROM CAPE COLONY.
By p. Cameron.
Holcalysia, gen. nov.
3- . Antennfe 26-jointed, longer than the body ; the joints elongate,
the third distinctly shorter than the fourth. Mandibles bidentate; the
upper tooth large, gradually narrowed, the lower short, bent inwardly.
Occiput not margined. Eyes large, oval ; the malar space short.
Parapsidal furrows short, narrow; beyond them, and reaching to the
scutellum, is a long deep depression or fovea, deepest in the centre
and narrowed at the base and apex. Scutellum large, not much
NEW BRACONID^ FROM CAPE COLONY. 269
raised. Post-scutellum raised, conical, clearly separated. Lower part
of mesopleurre with a large, long, deep depression or furrow. Radial
cellule long, reaching to the apex of the wings ; it issues from shortly
beyond the middle of the stigma; the first abscissa is minute. Stigma
large. There are two transverse cubital nervures ; the first cubital
cellule is the smaller, the third the largest. Transverse median nervure
received shortly beyond the transverse basal ; the recurrent nervure is
interstitial. Second discoidal cellule open at the apex below ; the
discoidal nervure is received beyond the recurrent nervure. The
cubitus and radius in hind wings do not reach to the apex of the wing.
Palpi long, slender ; the maxillary 6-jointed. The second abscissa of
the radius is longer than the first transverse cubital nervure ; the
cubital cellules are separated from the discoidal. The second ab-
dominal segment is smooth and shining like the others ; it has no
transverse farrow. The large radius is gradually narrowed towards
the base and apex. In ohe hind wings there is a closed prtebrachial
cellule ; below it are two cellules, a shorter closed basal and a longer
apical one open at the apex below.
Characteristic of this genus is the strongly tuberculate or
raised post-scutellum. The only genus with this feature is
Hojjlitalijsia, Ashm., but that differs in some essential particulars
from the genus here described. In the table of Szepligeti (Gen.
Braconidae, p. 202) my genus would run near to Pluenocarim and
Adelura, but these genera have not a tuberculate post-scutellum.
The large deep central farrow on the apical half of the mesonotum
is noteworthy.
Holcaljjsia testaceipcs, sp. nov.
Black, shining ; the outer orbits, except at the centre of the eyes,
the inner more narrowly and more obscurely, the oral region and
mandibles, rufo-testaceous ; the palpi and legs of a paler, more yellowish
testaceous colour ; wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black ; the
apical and transverse nervures paler ; the antenmi; are thickly covered
with white pubescence. ^ . Length, 4 mm.
Antennae longer than the body, smooth and shining ; the meso-
notum at the sides of the scutellum, the median segment and the
basal abdominal segment closely, strongly aciculated. The large,
wide mesopleural depression is also aciculated ; in it, near the middle,
are two clearly separated, not very distinct, keels ; at the upper side
of the apex is a distinct furrow ; the upper side of the apex is longer
than the lower, it being obliquely sloped. The first abdominal segment
is about two and a half times longer than wide ; the centre is raised ;
the depressed sides finely, closely, longitudinally striated.
New Names for Hymenoptera.
Zethoidcs, Cam. (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxx. 93) non Fox =
Plesiozethus, Cam.
Noinia vietallica, Cam. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, 247) noii Smith
= N. Willeyi, Cam.
Cerceris himalayensis, Cam, (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Feb. 1905)
lion Bing. = assamcnsis, Cam.
270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NEW AUSTEALIAN BEES, IN THE COLLECTION OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
PavacoUetes roscoviridis, n. sp.
<? . Length about 8 mm. ; iu all respects very close to P. carina-
ticlus, Ckll. (from Queensland), but differing thus : more robust, with
a broader abdomen; head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish green
instead of blue -green, the abdomeu with the hind margins of the first
two segments, and all the segments beyond, suffused with a rosy tint,
which covers the fourth and fifth segments with a rich glow, and shows
a little purple ; stigma more brightly coloured ; second submarginal
cellless narrowed above ; second recurrent nervure joining third sub-
marginal cell a little distance from its end (at its end in carinatuhis) ;
area of metathorax not only transversely carinate, but also with con-
spicuous transverse grooves or deep strias, especially just below the
keel ; hind tibias and anterior tibiae in front, ferruginous, but the
middle tibife, and anterior tibife behind, dark ; hind femora ferruginous,
with the basal half strongly suffused with black. Other characters
are : hair of face and thorax above light fulvous or orange-tinted, but
that of vertex long and grey-black; flagellum brownish beneath, the
last joint a lit,tle rufescent ; b. n. meeting t. m. ; first r. n. joining
second s. m. at its middle ; wings clear ; tarsi ferruginous ; lateral
pieces of genitalia shaped rather like the end of a finger seen in out-
line, fuscous basally and subhyaline apically ; median piece with its
rounded apical part dark reddish centrally, and hyaline at the mar-
gins ; nearly the lower half of clypeus black, but the rest green.
Hah. W. Australia, 68. 6. The numbers cited are the
accession numbers of the Museum.
Halictus damineri, n. sp.
? . Length about 6 mm. ; head and thorax dark olive-green, the
front and mesothorax dullish, with a satiny lustre ; apical part of
mandibles reddish ; antennae entirely dark ; clypeus shining black,
with a few punctures, except its upper margin, which is broadly green ;
tegulfe rufous, blackened basally ; area of metathorax large but not
well defined, coarsely granular, with an inconspicuous and minute sub-
reticulate sculpture ; wings quite clear, brilliantly iridescent, stigma
and nervures dark fuscous ; b. n. falling some distance short of t. m. ;
first r, n. meeting second t. c. ; third t. c. and second r. n. very weak ;
legs black, with white hair, yellowish on under side of tarsi ; claw-
joints ferruginous ; hind spur with short stout spines ; abdomen dark
green, practically hairless, except at the apex, though there is a fringe
of hair along the lateral margins, at the dorso-ventral suture. With
the compound microscope, the front and mesothorax are seen to be
very minutely tessellate all over, with very few scattered shallow
punctures ; the area of metathorax is evidently reticulate in the
middle, the reticulations weakening and giving way to spots and dotted
strife laterally ; the surface of the abdomen is impuuctate, and covered
NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES. 271
all over with very minute cross-striae, which are here and there joined
by short lines, like the elongate cells in the stem of a plant.
Hah. Queensland (Gilbert Turner ; Eidg. 5. 91,706). Allied
to H.Jioralis, Sm., but readily known by the dark colour of the
thorax. From H. flindersi and H. murrayi it is readily known
by the granular (not coarsely wrinkled) appearance of the area
of metathorax. It will be observed that this and the following
species of Halictus are named after Australian explorers.
The genus Halictus is so large, and many of the species are
so much alike, that the ordinary methods of description are
often unsatisfactory. I find that the use of the compound
microscope reveals details of sculpture which are of great assist-
ance in defining the species, and it seems that this method of
examination should be generally employed.
The small group of Australian species having metallic (blue
or green) colours on the thorax exhibits the following micro-
scopical characters : —
(1.) Sculpture of front. — The front in H. damjneri is minutely
tessellate, with very few shallow punctures ; in //. flindersi and
H. murrayi it is coarsely striate, but with this important differ-
ence, that in flindersi the striae are transverse just below the
central ocellus, and just below this is a delta-shaped space
without regular strife ; whereas in murrayi the striae run right
down from the central ocellus, covering the surface.
(2.) Sculpture of mesothorax. — h\H.dampierim.m\\iQ\y tessel-
late, with very few scattered punctures ; in H. flindersi $ minutely
tessellate, with short transverse plicae at the places of insertion
of the hairs, becoming more distinct in the S' , which has quite
long and very distinct plicae, more or less oblique. In //. murrayi
and H. urhanus haudinensis the mesothorax is coarsely micro-
scopically tessellate, with numerous distinct punctures super-
imposed. For the most part these punctures are about as far
apart as the breadth of one, or perhaps a little more distant.
(3.) Sculpture of second ahdominal seyment. — In H. dampieri
and H. flindersi transversely striatulate, with oblique cross-lines,
rather more numerous in the latter. H. flindersi also has some
very faint punctures about the middle.
Halictus flindersi, n. sp.
$ . Length 6 mm. or a little more ; head, thorax, and abdomen
shining purple-blue, the upper part of the clypeus and the anterior part
of the mesothorax peacock-green, and the face in general more or less
green ; pubescence white, long, and abundant, the hairs with curled
ends, on the under side of the abdomen, but elsewhere only moderately
abundant ; apical half of mandibles dark reddish ; antennaj dark, the
fiagellum dull reddish apically beneath ; meso+^^horax shining, vv^ith the
median impressed line distinct ; metathorax truncate, the truncation
with a sharp edge, the area strongly longitudinally (antero-posteriorly)
272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ridged; legs black, with quite abuudaut greyish-white hair, that ou
tarsi beneath yellowish, the basal joint of hind tarsi with a conspicuous
little orange brush at its apex ; liiud spur with three strong teeth ;
tegulte shining piceous, more rufous behind ; wings clear ; stigma and
nervures fuscous ; stigma very large ; basal nervure very strongly
bent, falling a rather long distance short of t. m. ; first r. n. meeting
second t. c. ; second r, n. and third t. c. subobsolete ; abdomen shining,
almost free from hair above except apical segment, which is very hairy;
no hair-bauds or patches.
3" . Length scarcely over 5 mm., more slender ; abdomen darker,
little metallic ; thorax greener, but vertex dark blue ; clypeus without
yellow or white ; antennae coloured as in female.
? , var. a. Mesothorax and scutellum entirely Prussian-green.
Hah. Queensland (Gilbert Turner, Seaf. 1. 90 ; 440 and 439).
Both sexes, and the two forms of the female, were evidently taken
at the same time and place.
Ilalictiis murrayi, n. sp.
? . Length about 5 mm. ; head and thorax dark blue, gfanular,
and little shniing ; clypeus largely purplish ; anterior part of meso-
thorax rather shiny, with blue-green tints ; legs and abdomen piceous
or brown-black ; pubescence white, short and not dense, not forming
bands or patches on the abdomen ; apical part of mandibles reddish ;
antennae black as far as third joint (the rest broken off); head broad;
area of metathorax with strong ridges, the intervals wrinkled ; tegulre
small, reddish ; wings clear, faintly dusky apically, nervures and stigma
very dark brown ; stigma very large ; b. n. fallmg a long way short of
t. m. ; first r. n. meeting second t. c, but a little on the outer side ;
second r. n. and third t. c. very weak ; abdomen with much white hair
beneath.
Hah. Adelaide Eiver (J. J. Walker, 5138). Structurally
allied to H. urhanus haudinensis, but that has the tegulae, tibiae,
and tarsi clear red, which is not at all the case in mnrrai/i.
There is also some resemblance to H. inclmans, Sm., and H.
limatus, Sm.
The following series of species has the thorax black, not
metallic* : —
All the tibife and tarsi clear ferruginous ; hind mar-
gins of abdominal segments more or less pallid or
reddish ........ 1.
Not so ; legs dark, and abdomen without colour-bands 2.
1. Larger, abdomen with broad reddish bands (Melbourne )
bicinijulatus, Sm., ? .
Smaller, abdomen with obscure bands (Adelaide) . oxleyi, Ckll.
■■' While on black Halictus, I will take the opportunity of stating that
Lucasius, Doors, the name of a subgenus of these bees found in Europe, is a
homonym, and may be altered to Lucasielltis, The first use of the name
Lucasius was in Crustacea (1859).
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN THE PYKENEES. 273
2. Abdomen with distinct hair-bands, or lateral patches
at the bases of the segments .... 3.
Abdomen without hair-bands or patches. Spp. to be treated later.
3. Size very small ....... humei, Ckll.
Size medium ........ 4.
4. Male ; more hairy ; area of metathorax rugoso-re-
ticulate ....... laniujinosua , Sm.
Females ; less hairy ; area of metathorax striate . 5.
5. Thorax very coarsely sculptured (Victoria) . . rjilesi, Ckll.
Thorax finely sculptured (Hobart, Tasmania) . reprmsentans, Sm.
(To be continued.)
A BUTTEEFLY HUNT IN THE PYRENEES.
By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 249.)
The collecting ground here is not easy to discover at once, so
much have the market and villa gardens encroached upon the
heaths of late years. A morning at Auglet was wasted in the
attempt to find a suitable country, and it was more by accident
than intention that I struck a really good locality to the south
of the town on the road to St. Jean de Luz, and hard by the
Bois de Boulogne. I spent an afternoon and morning on the
boggy slopes which extend from the pine woods to the bamboo
swamps, now more or less composed of oozing mud. Among the
heather Satyrus dryas was flapping heavily, while S. arethusa
was enjoying a sun-bath wherever there was an interval of dry
sand. But Ccenonympha cEdippus, which haunts the damp and
shady hollows, was nowhere to be seen. One worn female,
however, which I kicked up from the grass, revealed the fact
that I was too late for the species, and the same may be said
of Heteropterus morpheus, for, though I took a dozen or so of
these odd butterflies, they were nearly all worn to rags, and
therefore liberated. Lampides hoeticus, again, presented the same
lamentable appearance, b"t among a host of Cyaniris argiohis
I took a splendid fresh male Lyccena alcon, for which Biarritz
is not given as a locality by M. Rondou, though Mr. Elwes men-
tions it among his captures there in July, 1886. The next day
the weather broke up, and, as there seemed no chance of an
immediate improvement, I turned northwards on the 5th, well
satisfied with the results of my wanderings, both entomological
and otherwise. Not counting varieties and local forms, M.
Eoudou includes 158 species in his catalogue of the Rhopalocera
of the Pyrenees. I took or observed 109 in what was little
more than a fortnight's collecting, made up as follows : —
274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Papilionid.e. — Papilio podaliriiis, P. machaon, Thais riunina
var. 7nedesicaste* (Vernet), Parnassius apollo.
PiERiD^. — Aporia cratcBgi, Pieris hrassiece, P. napi, P. rapce,
P. callidice, P. daplidice (Villefranche), Eucldoe cardamines*
(Cauterets), E. euphcnoides (Vernet), Leptidia sinapis var. dini-
ensis (Vernet), Colias phicoinone (Cauigou and Gavarnie), C. hyale
(Andorra), C. edusa, Gonepieryx rliamni, G. cleopatra.
Nymphalid^. — Limenitis cainilla'^ (Vernet), Pyrameis atalanta,
P. cardui, Vanessa io, V. articce, V. polychloros, V. antiopa, Poly-
(jonia c-alhum, Melitcea phoehe, M. didyma, M. deione, M. athalia,
M. parthenie and var. varia, M. dictynna, Argynnis selene (Cani-
gou and Biarritz), A. cuphrosyne, A. pales, A. dia, A. iiio (Vernet),
A. daphne, A. lathonia, A. aglaia, A. niohe and ab. eris, A. adippe,
A. paphia, Melanargia lacJiesis and var. canigulensis, M. galatea,
Erebia epiphron var. pyrenaica t and var. cassiope, E. stygne, E.
evias (Vernet), E. lefebvrei] and var. pyrencca,\ and (?) var. inter-
media,\ E. gorgone,\ E. gorge, E. enryale* (Vernet), E. lappona,
and (Gavarnie) var. sthennyo, E. tyndarus var. dronius ; Satyrus
circe (Vernet), S. hermione, S. alcyone, S. hriseis,* S. semele, S.
arethiisa, S. dryas (Biarritz), Pararge egeria, P. megmra, P. mcera
and var. adrasta, Apliantopus hyperanthus, Epinephele jurtina and
(Vernet) var. hispulla, E. //ycaou (Cauterets), E. titJionus (omitted
from M. Eondou's catalogue, doubtless by an oversight, as it is
common everywhere), Ccenonympha cedippus, C. arcania, C. ptam-
philus and var. lyllus.
Lvc^NiDiE. — L(BSopis roboris (Vernet), Thecla ilicis and var.
cescidi (Vernet), T. acacice (Vernet), Chrysophanus virgaurea, C.
hippothoe, C. alclphron var. gordius (A'^ernet), C. phlaas and var.
eleus, C.dorilis, C . subalpiiia {CasXiiereis) , Lampides boeticus, Lycceiia
argiades, L. argyrognomon (rtJY/us auctorum), L. baton (Gavarnie),
L. orbitidiis (Col de Puymorens), and var. oberthuri, Stgr.,t
L. pyrenaicaf (Gavarnie), L. astrarche, L. eros (Cauterets),
L. amandus, L. hylas, L. escheri, L. bellargus, L. corydon, L,
viinimiLs, L. semiargus, L. alcon* (Biarritz), L. avion, Cyaniris
argiolus.
Hesperiid^. — Heteropterus morpheus (Biarritz), Adopcea line-
ola, A. thaiunas, Augiades comma, A. sylvanus, Carcharodus lava-
terce, C. alccea, C. aWicece, Hesperia carthami, H. sao, H. alveus
and var. fritillum, Thanaos tages (Biarritz).
The following forty-nine complete the species included in
M. Eondou's catalogue : — Papilio alexanor,* reported from
Bayonne — probably an imported or escaped bred specimen,
as it has not been observed south-west of the Ehone Valley
so far as lean discover; Parnassius mnemosync, Eucldoe helia,
with vars. ausonia and simplonia; E. tagis var. bellezina, very
'■' Single specimens only.
f Not reported from the Alps of Central Europe.
PHALONiA (argyrolepia) badiana. 275
doubtful; CoUas palceno, even more so; Apatiira iris; A. ilia,
with ab. clytie and ab. metis ; Limenitis sihylla ; Melitcea aurinia,
with vars. provincialis and merope; M. cinxia ; Argynnis hecate;
A. pandora; Melanargia syllius ; Erehia manto and var. ccscilia,
Hb. ; E. oeme, with vars. ccecilia, Esp., and spodia; E. glaci-
alis var. alecto, Hb. ; E. prono'e; E. neoridas and ab. viar-
garita, Oberth.* (ranked as a species) ; E. cetliiops ; Satyrus
statili7i2is and var. allioida ; S. fidia ab. monticola, Th. Mieg. ;
S. actcea and var. podarce ; S. cordula (ranked as a var. of
actcBa) ; Pararge liiera ; P. achine ; Epinephele ida ; E. pasiphae ;
Coenonympha iphis; C. doras ; Libythea celtis ; Nemeohius lucina;
Thecla spini ; T. iv-alhiim; T. priiiii; CallopJirys ruhi ; Zepliyrus
qiiercus ; Z. betulce ; Lampidcs telicanus ; Lyccena argus ; L. orioii ;
L. eumedon ; L. damon ; L. cyllarus ; L. melanops ; Pampkila
palcemon ; Adopcea actceon ; Hesperia proto ; H. serratuke ; II.
cacalice ; and H. malvce ; to which must now be added Lyccena
zephyrus var. lycidas.
PHALONIA {ARGYROLEPIA) BADIANA, Hb.
By Eustace K. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S.
Dr. T. a. Chapman's note {ante, p. 213) under the above
heading, in which he says that he has recently bred this
species from seed-heads of burdock [Arctium lappa), revives
one's scepticism as to the accuracy of the statement published
in Wilkinson's ' British Tortrices,' p. 292 (1859), copied into
Stainton's 'Manual,' ii, p. 270 (1859), and recopiedinto Meyrick's
' Handbook,' p. 548 (1898), that the larva feeds in the " stems
and roots " of Arctium lappa (burdock). The late Mr. W. P.
Weston's statement in Entom. xiii. p. 295 (1880), that the larva
feeds " in the roots " of ^. lappa, is, I imagine, derived from the
same source, in which case Wilkinson must be held primarily
responsible for the wides]3read belief in the reputed larval habit
in question, which has, so far as we are aware, received no
confirmation during the last forty-six years. Snellen, in * De
Vlinders van Nederland,' Micro-Lepidoptera, p. 246 (1882), merely
says of the larva, " Accordnig to Stainton it lives in the stems
and roots of Arctium lappa," and remarks that it is "still un-
described"; but four years later Sorhagen supphed the omission
by pubhshing a detailed description of the larva in * Die Klein-
schmetterlinge der Mark Brandenburg,' p. 86 (1886).
In opposition to AVilkinson's account of the larval habits
we have, in addition to Dr. Chapman's recent experience, the
following facts, recorded by some of our most careful and reliable
observers. In Entom. xix. p. 295 (1886), Mr. Alfred Thurnall,
'-'■• Single specimens only.
276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
in his ' Notes on Micro-Lepidoptera,' says : "A. hndiana, larvae in
seed-beads of burdock beginning of October, with lappella. I
fancy the books are wrong in saying that this larva feeds in the
stems and roots of burdock. I can only find them in the seed-
heads ; perhaps they gnaw into the roots or stems for the purpose
of pupating." Mr. W. G. Sheldon also, in Entom. xx. p. 33
(1887), remarks : '' Argyrolepia badiana : what I presume to be
the larva of this species was very common in the seed-heads of
burdock {Arctium lappa) during September. In common with
many another entomologist, I have searched long and diligently
in the roots and stem for this larva (following the advice of the
standard works on the subject), with, of course, no success " ; to
which the late Mr. W. Machin replied, on pp. 110-1 : " I beg to
say there are two species of larvae, viz., A. badiana and Parasia
lappella, feeding in September in the seed-heads of burdock
{Arctium lappa), both of which I have bred in some numbers for
many years past. The larv® of A. badiana, when full fed, leave
the heads and spin their cocoons amongst the rubbish at the
roots of the plant. . . ." Again, Sorhagen {loc. cit.) says of
this species : " The larva on Arctium Lappa, in the stems and
roots (Stainton), or seed-heads (Maling*). I found it in September
not infrequently in a meadow near a wood, in the seed-heads of
Cirsium oleraceum, on the seeds of which Eossler had already
guessed that it lived. The frass remains in the domicile. It is
full fed before winter, and pupates in spring in its domicile."
In Tutt's ' Practical Hints,' part i. pp. 83-4 (1901), we read,
" The seed-heads of burdock {Arctium lappa) should be collected
in September for the larvae of Argyrolepia badiana, which pupate
among rubbish at the roots of the plant " ; this hint being
doubtless based on Mr. Machin's note, which is quoted above.
Lastl}^ in ' Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland, Durham, and
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,' xv. pt. i. p. 101 (1905), Mr. John E.
Eobson remarks of A. badiana, "... among burdock, on which
the larva feeds. Mej'rick says in the stems and roots ; Mr.
Gardner says in the seeds. I believe it really feeds on the seeds,
but pupates near the roots."
A careful review and comparison of all the above evidence,
which proves conclusively that the normal habit of the larva
of A. badiana is to feed in the seed-heads of Arctium lappa (in
Britain), or of Cirsium oleraceum (in Germany), and to pupate
either amongst the rubbish at the roots of the food-plant (Machin),
or else in its domicile in the seed-heads (Sorhagen), seem strongly
to warrant the assumption that the old idea of its feeding in
the " stems and roots " is a fallacy, which probably originated
in its habit, observed by Machin, of spinning up near the roots ;
■■• Having failed to find or to trace through friends in the North of
England, where Maling lived, the note by him to which Sorhagen alludes, I
should be grateful if any one could give me the reference to it. — E. R. B.
RHOPALOCERA AT BARCELONA, ETC. 277
for it seems impossible to believe that, in the case of this single-
brooded species, the larva, which is indisputably addicted to the
former method of feeding, would also adopt the latter.
Isle of Wight : September 25th, 1905.
RHOPALOCERA AT BARCELONA, M0NT8ERRAT, AND
VERNET-LES-BAINS.
By R. S. Standen, F.L.S., F.E.S.
(Coutiiiued from p. 2-54.)
Vernet-les-Bains, Pyrenees Orientales.
On June 17th we left Barcelona for Vernet, a tedious journey
of twelve hours' duration, including a wait of three hours at the
fine old fortified town of Perpignan, the capital of the famous
Roussilon country. And here we had another sample of the
kind of thunderstorm that is manufactured in the south. The
thunder and lightning were accompanied by such torrents of rain
that in five minutes the streets were rushing rivers, and the
natives, caught unawares, like drowning rats. Happily this
storm and the one at Montserrat were the only rains we had
during the five weeks we were away.
It was dark when we reached Vernet, and we had seen nothing
to prepare us for the enchanting prospect which greeted us the
next morning. In front of us lay the public gardens — or park,
as it is here called — with spreading lawns of the freshest of
untrimmed grass, dotted about with large round beds of roses,
and intersected with meandering gravel paths. On one side a
mountain torrent tore along in a deeply channelled bed, a small
kiosk crowning a huge pyramid of rocks piled up in the centre
of it. Throughout the park, and all down one side of it, were
grouped tall forest trees, through the openings of which could
be seen two glistening sheets of water. Here and there were
pretty decorative villas embowered in foliage, and all round the
outskirts were some half-dozen large hotels — the Hotel du Pare,
in which we were located, being one of them — a casino, and the
grand Etablissement des Bains. Looking across the torrent the
grim old town rose up, tier upon tier, dominated by the very
ancient Eglise de St. Saturnin, and a still more ancient Roman
keep ; whilst immediately behind us towered Mont Canigou,
9000 ft. — the highest point of the Eastern Pyrenees.
The Rhopalocera of Vernet and Mont Canigou have been so
well described and catalogued by Rondou, Oberthiir, Elwes,
De Graslin, and others, that there seems nothing left to say
278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
about them. It may be interesting, however, to any who may
select the latter half of June for their visit to know exactly what
species they may expect to find at that period, and the kind of
localities in which they occur.
We thought it best to work the lower elevations first, so we
spent two long mornings in the scrubby plantations and low-
lying meadows on either side of the road to the Villefranche
station.
Our joy over results was not precisely delirious here ; we
were perhaps rather late for the successful working of these dry
stony levels, and the only insect at all common was Coenonym'pha
arcania, in the little grassy and shrubby copses on the right-
hand side of the road ; but neither of the vars. dariciniana or
satyrion occurred. There were a few Aporia cratcBgi, Melittea
athalia, one or two commoner blues, a Melanargia lachesis, and a
single very fine female Lceosopis rohoris.
The next morning we pursued a winding path through the
shrubberies leading from the eastern corner of the hotel, which
brought us in five minutes to an open sandy tract sparsely covered
with Cistiis, Lavandula stoccas, and several coarse grasses. A con-
duit, which brought water down to the hotels, had in places over-
flowed, and made damp patches on the sand. Here the lovely
Papilio var. feisthamelii came to take her morning dip. Anything
more dainty, more fascinating, than the evolutions in the air of
this graceful creature before settling down on the wet sand it is
difficult to imagine ; and so shy that, if the first swoop of the
net failed, she never came again, and I am not sure that I have
not more than once rejoiced at her escape. How different w'as
the bold, dashing P. machaon ! Jones declares that he might
have put his net over half a dozen at one time. Here, too, were
Melitcea phoihe and atJialia, Pararge csgeria, Epinephele jurtina
var. hispidla, and several blues.
A little farther on, by a shady path under trees, we came to
a pretty little flower and vegetable garden in a semicircular
cul-de-sac, hemmed in by a steep and lofty bank held together
by great boulders interspersed with young ash-trees, brambles,
and other shrubs, and the dainty little pitcher-plant [Aristolochia
pistalochia) . This latter suggested Thais i-umina\a.Y. medcsicaste,
and, although we were too late for the imago, two or three larvae
were found nearly full-fed.
The morning sun sent his hottest rays down into -this little
corner, and it required some courage to face it ; yet, so keen
was my companion, that he would stand by the hour against a
burning rock high up the bank, in the fall glare of the sun,
swooping up Lceosopis rohoris, which seemed to spring at frequent
intervals from under his feet, whilst I stood below in the shade,
picking up the crumbs, so to speak, that fell from his generous
table.
RHOPALOCERA AT BARCELONA, ETC. 279
Another notable capture was the Canigou form of Melanargia
lachesis, which occurred in some numbers before we left.
In the garden was a row of beds that had just been sown
with seed, and, after the gardener had given them their morning
deluge, it was a pretty sight to see swarms of blues and skippers
settle there and revel in the moisture.
By the middle of the day the sun had left this hot corner,
and after dejeuner we generally crossed the river, and wandered
along the road to Castell, where butterflies seemed more plentiful
than elsewhere. In this respect it reminded me of that wonderful
valley of the Ormonts in Switzerland, between Aigle and Le
Sefrey, only that the species were almost entirely different.
About a mile from Vernet was another hot corner — a hollow
bend of the road, sheltered from any slight breeze that might
be stirring, and this seemed to be the rendezvous of all the
butterflies in the neighbourhood. Commonest of all was Aporia
cratcBgi, and after that Euchloe eupJienoides and MeliUea athalia ;
then came Leptidia sinapis, Colias edusa, Gonepteryx rhamni,
Limenitis Camilla, Polygonia c- album, Melitcea didyma, Argynnis
lathonia, Pararge cegeria and megera, Apliantop)US hyperanthus,
Epinephele jurtina var. hispulla, Ccenonympha arcania and pam-
jjhiliLS, Lycana argus, astrarche, icarus, escheri, and bellargus,
Argiades sylvanus, Hesperia carthami, and a crowd of others, A
little nearer Vernet, on the same road, I took two perfect speci-
mens of the beautiful Pararge mcera var. adusta. The type is
not found in the Eastern Pyrenees.
But, seductive as this locality was, we felt the need of going
farther afield, if we were to do any sort of justice to the district.
And so, when the demeanour of the amiable Treasurer of the
E.S.L. indicated that he was absorbed in the solution of a
problem, I knew instinctively that Mont Canigou was the subject
of it. A few suggestions on my part added fuel to the flame ; a
companion was found in a young Englishman staying at the
hotel, and on the following morning they were off, taking with
them the necessary sleeping-gear for spending the night at a
comfortable chalet not far from the peak. After a wholesome
night's rest they made an early start for the summit, and, when
they had sufficiently reco"ered from the labour of discharging
superlatives at the incomparable panorama that lay before
them, Jones unfurled his "engin de chasse," and they com-
menced the descent. At first there was an immense and rugged
moraine intersected by broad streaks of snow — no trees and no
shrubs — only a few herbs and lichens clinging to the rocks ;
also some small ponds. When the trees did appear they were
knotted and twisted into the most extraordinary shapes, testifying
to the terrible struggles they must have Lad to sustain against
the tempests. Jones was rather surprised to take Euchloe
cardamines at 7000 ft., and Argynnis euphrosyne at 6000 ft. ;
280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
then two female Parnassius mnemosi/ne at 4000 ft., and EreJna
stygne var. pyreiiaica in great numbers at the same height — a
striking form, larger than the type, and with the red band very
pronounced. Erehia melas — ih.e chief rarity of Mont Canigou —
had not yet put in an appearance.
(To be concluded.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
On Late Broods of Lepidoptera. — Nine larvje of Xotodonto ziczac
pupated on July 1st and 2nd. I allowed them all to spin up in a large
chip box. On opening this, on August 1st, I found that an imago had
emerged from each of the pupfe and the moths were dead, seemmg to
indicate that they could not have spent much more than three weeks
in pupa. Mr. Grellet, of this town, tells me that he took a specimen
of FlH>iia moneta at a gas lamp, on or about Sept. 29th; surely a second
emergence. I have now eleven lively and healthy pupfe of Vanessa
nrtica;, the result of pupation on Sept. 12th and 13th of larvre taken
about Sept. 3rd. These pupne are quite lively, and at the present date
(Oct. 21st) show no signs of emergence. — A. H. Foster; Hitchin.
[.Y. ziczac is normally double-brooded, and /'. moneta is more or less
partially so. During the last week in August of this year I noted a
colony of the larvre of V. urticce on nettle at Harpenden, Hertford-
shire. They were then about half grown, and about fifty were taken,
and these were subsequently reared on hop [Humnlus). The majority
duly pupated, and the butterflies, all but one, emerged between Sept.
17tli and 25th. The belated one left the chrysalis on October 23rd. —
R. S.]
Campodea staphylinus. — In September I found, in a garden in
Warwick, a specimen of this simple insect, belonging to the Tliysanura.
It i»ay, or may not, be the nearest representative of the primitive
insect, lout at any rate records of its distribution are none too nume-
rous, and should be made when possible. — W. J. Lucas.
Preponderance of Females in Autumnal Broods. — On August 18th
last I found at Stoke Dry, in Rutland, a nest of young Vanessa urticce
larva), evidently only just hatched. They began to pupate on Septem-
ber 10th, and emerged from the 1st to the 4th of October. They are
twenty in number, and every one is a female. Last autumn (1904) a
somewhat similar thing happened with regard to one of the broods of
Abraxas yrossulariata I was rearing. Of forty-two specimens which
emerged m October, forty were females. The rest of the larvte hyber-
nated and produced twelve males and eight females in May and June,
1905. — (Rev.) Gilbert H. Raynor ; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Octo-
ber 5th, 1905.
Notodonta dromedarius (Second Brood) at Reading. — On July
15th I found a larva of the above ; it spun up among the leaves of
birch on the 20th, and emerged a perfect male specimen on August
4th, — W. E. Butler; Reading.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 281
Plusia moneta (Second Brood) at Eeading. — On June 8tli I found
in my garden one larva of the above ; it spun up on the 13th and
emerged July 6th, and I netted a worn specimen on the 16th. On
August 13th I found one larva and five cocoons, from which I reared
five perfect specimens. They emerged — August 27th, two ; 28th, one ;
30th, one ; and September 2iid, one. The larva I found on the same
day, August 13th, spun on the side of a glass, and as I was going away
for my holidays I very carefully removed it, so that I could take it
with me. In the operation, however, I, no doubt, injured it, for that
was the only one that did not attain the perfect state. — W. E. Butler ;
Hayling House, Reading, October 16th, 1905.
Second Broods of Lepidoptera. — I may mention that on August
18th last I netted three perfectly fresh Ancylis {Phoxopttryx) derasana.
I am aware that this pretty species is occasionally double-brooded, but
I had only met with it on one previous occasion. On Sept. 19th last
I took two perfect specimens of Gypsonoma ( Hedya) aceriana on a fence
in South Croydon ; it is possible that these may have been a partial
second brood, but I have never known it to occur with this species or
its near allies. I first noticed the imago on July 1st last, and, as
usual, it kept coming out all through that month into early August ;
but then it disappeared, to crop up again on the above-mentioned
exceptionally late date ! — A. Thurnall; Thornton Heath, Oct. 4th.
[Since the above was written I, yesterday (Oct. 9th), boxed a per-
fectly fresh G. aceriana, and saw two others (unfortunately out of
reach) apparently equally fine.]
Epiblema (Phl;eodes) immundana F. R. — I wish to record a fact to
which I can find no allusion in any work on the Tortrices. Collectors
of these insects will remember that on the dorsal margin of the above-
named species there is always to be traced a more or less conspicuous
blotch of a brownish colour in the first brood, but often (in, say, forty
per cent.) of the second brood this blotch is nearly or quite pure
white. I have never observed this in any specimens of the first brood.
What can be the reason for this difference ? I first met with this
white-patched form as far back as September, 1890, and wondered at
the time what it could be. This year I saw dozens of the ordinary
form in April and May, and in August a large number of their descen-
dants with the white blotch, although others could not be told from
the normally marked first brood. — A. Thurnall ; Thornton Heath,
October 4th, 1905.
Early Hybernation of Vanessa urtic^. — On August 23rd I noticed
a specimen of V. urtiac on the ceiling of a cellar stairway in my house.
To-day (October 16th) I see it is still there, and seemingly has not
moved since I first noticed it. — T. Baxter ; St. Anne's-on-Sea.
A Raid by Nabis limbatus. — On September 13th, while we were
resting in some fields near Theydon Bois, Essex, we were much inte-
rested in watching a struggle taking place in a hedge between a hemi-
pterous insect and a crane-fly. The bug had seized the fly by its left
wing, and was striving, in a determined manner, to drag its prey
away. The fly offered a stout but bootless resistance, in the course of
ENTOM. — NOVEBIBER, 1905. 2 A
282 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
which it got badly damaged by clinging to the blades of grass, &c., over
which it was being slowly drawn. We brought away both captor and
prisoner, and subsequent investigation determined the bug to be Nabis
limbatits and the crane-fly to be Tipula pahidosa. — F. W. & H. Campion ;
33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow.
Ehopalocera PALaiARCTicA. — We have received a prospectus, with
specimen plate and page of text, of an important work which is in
course of publication, and of which Mr. Roger Verity is the author.
It is proposed to bring together information from all sources concern-
ing each species. The *' intention is not only to render the work useful
to the amateur for the classification of his specimens, but to give it a
really scientific value by an exhaustive study of all the geographical,
seasonal, and accidental forms of each species." The plate, which is
well produced, is of large size, showing thirteen full-sized figures of
Papilio machaon and its forms. This appears to be a work that is much
needed.
CAPTUKES AND FIELD REPORTS.
NocTUA AT Hartlepool. — On Oct. 3rd I took a perfect specimen of
Dasypolia templi (male) at rest on an electric light standard in West
Hartlepool. This, I believe, is the first record of this insect in the
town, and, as far as I can ascertain, only the larva has been found in
the neighbourhood. The installation of the electric light is drawing
new visitors into the town, and in addition to the above I have taken
Nonagria lutosa and Tapinostola elymi in the main thoroughfare of
Hartlepool. — (Rev.) B. Harvey- Jellie ; Hartlepool.
Insects at Hurst Castle. — Hurst Castle is a small peninsula of
shingle at the extremity of a single bank of some mile in length.
Insects — at any rate conspicuous ones — were, as might be expected,
not common there ; but on two short visits during August there were
seen — the grasshopper, iStenobothnis bicolor, male and female ; Vanessa
cardui; Satyr us semele; Pieris rapcE ; Ccenonympha pamphilus ; some
blues, no doubt Lycmia icarus ; a moth, Euholia bipunctaria ; a few
humble-bees ; and a nest of the ant, Lasius niger. — W. J. Lucas.
Wasp with Butterfly. — On Aug. 13th, in the New Forest, I found
a worker wasp of the species Yespa vulyaris struggling on the ground
with a butterfly, Pararge egeria, of which it appeared to be trying to
get a good hold. I secured the two. In the glass-bottomed box the
wasp snipped ofl' the wings of the butterfly, and then tried to fly away
with the body. A few days previously I had noticed a wasp similarly
in possession of a moth. — W. J. Lucas.
Limenitis SIBYLLA. — Mr. E. Marsh tells me that he found this
butterfly in numbers between Bedford and Petersfield in mid-July. —
W. J. Lucas.
Pararge meg^ra. — In and near the New Forest during August
this butterfly was rather common. It does not seem usually to be a
plentiful butterfly in the district. — W. J. Lucas.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 283
Lo'cusTA viRiDissiMA. — Mr. G. B. Oliver sends for identification a
specimen of this large grasshopper, taken by a labourer in a field at
Ramsey, in Huntingdonshire, on Oct. 3rd. As Mr. Oliver had not
previously seen one, it is apparently not common there. — W. J. Lucas.
MuTiLLA EUROP^A. — On Aug. 15th I took in the New Forest a
specimen of this interesting and brightly coloured solitary ant. It is
either uncommon there or it keeps well out of sight, for I have never
previously captured a specimen. — W. J. Lucas.
AcHERONTiA ATROPOS ON THE LANCASHIRE CoAST. — A fine male Speci-
men of A. atropos was found here on Sept. 10th. Another was taken
by a fisherman some time during the same week, but he afterwards
lost it. — T. Baxter ; St. Anue's-on-Sea.
Vanessa antiopa in Suffolk. — An example of this species was
captured here on Sept. 2nth by Mr. R. Rix in his garden, where it had
settled on top of a beehive. The specimen, which he has generously
given to me, is unfortunately somewhat damaged. About thirty years
ago my brother put his hat over one, not far from the present scene of
capture, but failed to secure it. — (Rev.) A. P. Waller ; Waldringfield
Rectory, Woodbridge.
Vanessa antiopa in Middlesex. — A specimen of V. antiopa was
captured at Harrow on July 27th last, and recorded in the ' Field ' of
Aug. 5th by Mr. A. Vassall, M.A.— F. W. F.
Vanessa antiopa is Norfolk. — Mr. Gerard Gurney records in the
' Field ' capturing a good specimen of V. antiopa on Aug. 26th at
Norwich ; it was resting with expanded wings on a small oak tree, one
of a row which had been "sugared" the previous night. He also
states the larvae of antiopa were plentiful last July in the Rhone Valley
on various species of sallow, in some cases completely denuding the
bushes of their leaves. — F. W. F.
Catocala fraxini in Suffolk. — An example of this fine moth was
taken and another seen in September last at Flixton, Suffolk, by Mr.
Cecil S. Joy.— F. W. F.
SiREx juvENcus IN EDINBURGH. — I received for identification on
Oct. 3rd a female specimen of this fine Sirex, which was captured in
Edinburgh.— F. W. F.
CoLiAs EDusA AT Fleet, Hants. — Whilst playing on the North
Hants Golf Links at Fleet, o:- July 28th last, I noticed two examples
of Colias edam, evidently not long out. I have been in other counties
since then — Sussex, Wiltshire, Cornwall — but I have not seen another
specimen of this butterfly. — Harold Hodge ; 9, Highbury Place,
London, N.
iEscHNA CYANEA. — I bred a very fine JEsclma cyanea in July this
year from a nymph sent to me from Oxfordshire in May (or June) of
1904. This is not the first time I have bred from a nymph kept
during the whole winter ; but I find the great majority, even though
quite small when first obtained, emerge the first summer. — Harold
HoDGE.
284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — October 5th, 1905. — Mr. F.
Merrifield in the chair. — Mr. J. R. Davidson, of Drumsheugh Gardens,
Edinburgh, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — The decease was
announced of Mr. John William Douglas, the oldest Fellow of the
Society, who was elected in 18i5 ; Mr. George Bowdler Buckton, and Mr.
Ambrose Quail. — The President announced that since the last meeting
the University of Oxford had conferred upon Commander J. J. Walker,
R.N., one of the Secretaries, the degree of M.A. honoris causa for
services to entomological science. — Mr. Edward Harris showed living
larvae of Cordylomera suturalis, taken from a log of mahogany imported
from the Sekoudi district of the Gold Coast, together with the perfect
insect, which was dead at the time the discovery was made. — Mr. A.
T. Eose exhibited a remarkable melanic specimen of Catocala nnptu,
taken by Mr. Lewis in his garden at Hornsey, N., in September. The
coloration of the lower wings was of a dull brown, and all the markings
of the upper wings strongly intensified. — Mr. Norman H. Joy brought
for exhibition Coleoptera taken during a three days' trip to Lundy
Island in August, including Mdanopthabna disti)ujnenda, Cox, a species
new to Britain ; Steniis ossiiim var. insularis, a variety new to science ;
and a series of Psylliodes Inridipennis, Kuts., and Ceiithorrhynchus
contractus var. pailipes, Crotch, a form peculiar to the island. Mr.
Alfred Sich showed examples of Argyresthia illumhtatella, Z., two of
the four specimens taken near Hailsham, Sussex, on June 15th this
year. They were beaten off Pinus, and until examined with a lens
were supposed to be Ocnerostoma piniariella, of which species two were
also exhibited for comparison. — Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited the larva,
cocoon, and the subsequent imago of an " ant-lion," Mynnelco formi-
carias, from two Spanish larvfe given him by Dr. T. A. Chapman last
autumn. The difference in size between the small larva and the large
perfect insect was remarkable. He also showed a living female of the
rather scarce grasshopper Stenobuthnis rufipes, taken in the New Forest
at the end of August, and kept alive feeding on grass. — Mr. G. C.
Champion exhibited several examples of Lymexylon navale, L., from
the New Forest. — Mr. A. H. Jones showed series of Lyccena aryus var.
hypochiona {(Bgon, Schiff.), taken on the North Downs this year,
approaching the form of L. argyrognomon, taken not uncommonly in
the Ehone Valley. Together with these he had arranged for com-
parison typical British L. argus, L., L. var. Corsica, from Tattone,
Corsica, and a series of L. argyrognomon, Brgstr. [argns, auctorum) from
Chippis, near Sierre. — Colonel J. W. Yerbury exhibited specimens of
Hammerschmidtia ferruginea, Fin., the first authentic British specimens,
from Netiiy Bridge ; JSLicrododon latifrons, Lw., wrongly identified at a
previous meeting as M. devius, and under this name so recorded in
Verrall's ' British Flies ' ; Chaiiicesyophus scacoides, Fin., a single speci-
men swept on June 15th, 1905, in the Abernethy Forest, near Forest
Lodge ; and Cynorrhina fallax, L., which insect occurred in some
numbers at Nethy Bridge during the same month. — Mr. H. J. Turner
exhibited series of four species of the genus Coleophora, C. alcyoni-
pennella, C lixiila, C. albitarsella , and ('. badiipeiinella, together with
SOCIETIES. 285
the larval cases mounted in situ on the ruined leaves of their respective
food-plants. He also exhibited living larvfe and their cases, of Oonio-
doiiia limoniella on Statice Umonium, Coleopliovd ubtusella on Juncus
maritunus, and C. f/laacicolella (?) on Juncus (/laucus, which three
species he had received from Mr. Eustace R. Bankes, who obtained
them in the Isle of Wight. — Commander J. J. Walker read a paper by
Mr. A. M. Lea, entitled " The Blind Coleoptera of Australia and Tas-
mania,'' and exhibited specimens of Illaphanus stephensi,^ Alacl., from
Watson's Bay, Sydney, N.S.W., and Phycoctus gramceps, Brown, and
P.sulcipennis, Lea, from Hobart, Tasmania. — H. Rowland-Brown, M.A.,
Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
Thursday, Auf/n.st 2ith, 1905.— Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.E.S., Presi-
dent, in the chair. — Mr. Carr exhibited Tricena (Acronycta) trldcns,
female, from Clandou, with larv® and bred specimens of T. psi. — Mr.
Harris, a short series of Phurodesma smnraydaria, bred from Essex
larvaB. — Mr. Main, a large exotic longicorn beetle, taken alive at
Silvertown. — Mr. West (Greenwich), ordinary undeveloped forms and
developed forms of the hemipteron Nabis breclpennis, from Darenth.
Thursday, September lith. — The President in the cliair. — The
President referred in suitable terms to the death of Mr. N. D. Warne,
for years an active member of the Society. — Mr. South exhibited (1) a
long series of Acidalia virgularia (incanarla), and remarked that the
specimens, which were bred in April, were all very large, and much
darker than usual. From ova deposited by some ' of the females
another generation was reared in July, but the individuals of this
brood were small and of the usual colour ; in size they agreed with the
autumn female parent of the April specimens ; (2) Bhacodia emargana,
with var. caudana, var. efractana, and var. excavana; and (3) a bred
series of large and strongly marked Coremia unidentaria.—Mv. Goulton,
excellent photographs of lepidopterous larvae. — Mr. Smallman, a beau-
tiful xauthic variety of Ccemmympha pnm])hil.us, taken on Wimbledon
Common in August. — Mr. Kaye, for Mr. Richards (1), series of Aci-
dalia dilutaria, one of normal forms, the other of darker and yellower
specimens; (2) Macarin liturata var. nigrofulvata; and (3) pupae of
Anarta myrtilli. — Mr. West (Greenwich), a large collection of butter-
flies from West Africa. — Mr. Main, a photograph of a larva of Phoro-
deswa sinaragdaria. — Mr. Sich, larvffi and cases of Coleopliora laripennella
on Chenopodium, — Mr. South, larva and case of C. limosipennella from
birch at Oxshott. — Mr. Penn Gaskell, ova clusters of Ocneria dispar
from San Sebastian, wliere tliey were abundant in early September. —
Dr. Chapman, examples of Erebia scipio from the Basses- Alpes, and
the white glistening cocoons of the coccid Eriopeltis festaca, and con-
tributed notes.
September 28th. — Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, President, in the chair.—
Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a variety of Aglais urtica; taken at Chalfont
Road, in which the blue marginal spots are absent, and the black basal
area is more extended than usual. — -Mr. Moore, the insects taken by
him during the Society's field-meeting at Clandon, on July 15th. —
Messrs. Harrison and Main, (1) Apatura iris, bred from a New Forest
larva hybernated on sallow in a sleeve ; (2) Ca:nongwpha typhon (davus)
286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
from Cheshire and the Isle of Lewis, the former showing the ocelli
much more prououuced ; and (3) Erebia athiops [blandina), two speci-
mens bred from ova laid by a Yorkshire female. — Mr. Colthrup, a very
fine variety of Poli/onimatus corydon, in which the marginal markings
of the hind wings were developed and coalesced into radiating streaks.
— Mr. J. W. Kaye, a fine bred series of Thecla pruni, from Monkswood
larvte. He pointed out the variable and unstable character of the
orange markings of the female. — Mr. Joy, a bred series of Cyaniris
ari/iolus, being about half of a brood of which the remainder were
going over the winter as pupre, and gave notes on his method of breed-
ing.— Mr. Turner read a paper entitled " Notes on the Genus Coleo-
■phora," and illustrated each species mentioned by a life-history show-
ing imago, cases at different stages, position in life, and the leaves
showing larval depredations.
October 12th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Edward Hill, of
Dorville Road, Lee, was elected a member. — Mr. Stonell exhibited a
number of varieties of British Lepidoptera, including pale Ovthosia
suspecta, pale and dark Xoctna sobrina, Ttcniocamjia gracilis var. pallida,
&c. — Mr. Cowham, a fine, richly banded Dicycla oo, from Woodford. —
Messrs. Harrison & Main, (1) Nemeophila riissida, a series bred from
Delamere Forest ova ; and (2) Callimorpha dominula, bred, from Deal.
— Mr. Sich, the two specimens of Arayresthia illuminatdla from Hails-
ham, Sussex, which had been determined by Mr. Meyrick as new to
the British fauna. — Mr. Kaye, (1) a pair of black Buarmia (jemmaria
(rhoinboidaria) ; and (2) a much-suffused Cleora ylabraria from the New
Forest. — Mr. Ashdown, specimens of the local hemipteron Eysarcnris
melanocephalus taken in Surrey, and the rare E. ccneiis from the New
Forest. — Mr. "West, the Coleoptera Sibima potentillcE, on Speryula
arvensis ; S. primita, on grass; and Ilhinoncus brucJioides, on Poly-
yonnm, by sweeping in Darenth Wood in August. — Mr. Joy, a fine
variety of Cupido minima, having the usual submarginal row of dots
on the hind wings elongated into streaks of considerable but varying
length. — Mr. West (Ashtead), a photograph showing a cluster of
Mania maura in a corner of a room, where for years they had been
accustomed to assemble. — Mr. F. Noad-Clark, a microscope, fitted with
all the ordinary modern appliances, in illustration of his paper. — Mr.
R. Adkin, specimens of Emmelesia nnifasciata that had emerged in
August of this year from pupre of 1900. Some individuals had emerged
in 1901, 1902, 1903, and 1904, and a few pupte still remained over. —
Mr. F. Noad-Clark read a paper, "Practical Hmts in Microscopical
Manipulation." — Hy. J. Tukner, Hon, Rep. Secretary.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The first
meeting of the autumn session was held in the Royal Institution,
Liverpool, on Monday, October 16th, the President, Mr. Samuel J.
Capper, F.E.S., in the chair, and was probably the largest and most
successful in the history of the Society. In opening, the Chairman
extended a cordial welcome to the visitors, who included a number of
ladies. — After the passing of the minutes, a vote of condolence was
passed with the relatives of the late Mr. WilUam Johnson, one of the
original members of the Society. — Eight candidates were proposed for
membership, and several donations to the Library and Micro-slide
SOCIETIES. 287
Cabinet were announced. — The exhibits were extremely numerous, of
the highest merit and interest, and covered almost every branch of
entomology. The following were particularly noteworthy : — Mr. W. A.
Tyerman showed a lovely bred series of Pyrameis cardni from Water-
ville, Ireland ; Mr. F. N. Pierce, series of Abraxas r/rossulariata, with
many vars., from Wallasey larvfe ; Dr. W. Bell, two cases of beautifully
preserved larvfe on their food-plants ; Mr. W. Mansbridge, bred series
of Peronea permutana, P. aspersana, and P. hastiana from Wallasey,
Catoptria expallidana (Wallasey), PacUsca corticana, part of a long and
variable series (Delamere), and Ephippiphora populana (Crosby) ; Mr.
C. E. Stott, a light var. of Dicranura vinnla bred from a batch of
Blackpool ova ; Mr. Richard Wilding, a series of Polia chi from
Montgomeryshire ; Mr. C. F. Johnson, some very dark vars. of
Macaria liturata (Delamere), one black and one asymmetrical var. of
A. grossulariata from Stockport larvfe, bred series of Acronycta leporina,
including very dark suffused specimens (Rixton Moss), and of Boarmia
repandata and Acidalia contiguaria (N. Wales); Mr. G. L. Cox, captures
in Hunts, including Toxocampapastinum, Acidalia rubiginata, Dicycla oo,
with var. renago, Hadena atriplicis, Cymatophora octoyesima, and C. or ;
Dr. P. F. Tinne, melanic forms of Aplecta nebulosa, A. grossulariata,
Xylophasia polyodon, red vars. of SinerintJius populi, and specimens of
the tarantula spider (British Guiana), and of a Myyale which preys on
humming-birds; Mr. J. E. Robson, Synia musculosa, Micra parva,
Leucania extranea, and L. vitellina, all ex coll. Mason, L. favicolor
(Lieut. Mathew, R.N.), L. albipuncta (Bournemouth), Xylomiges con-
spicillaris (Taunton), Pachetra leucop/uBa (G. T. Porritt), and Anerastia
hankesiella (E. R. Bankes) ; Dr. Cotton, Zygana piloseUcB and CucuUia
chauiomillcB from Abersoch, Xanthia cerago and X. silayo (Eccleston,
Lanes.), Odontopera bidentata ab. nigra, and a very handsomely banded
Noctua festiva with dark margins ; Mr. F. C. Thompson, long series of
Tapinostola fulva, Eapithecia venomta bred from Lychnis, and Miana
arcuosa, all from Eccleston ; Dr. P. Edwards, series of Calligenia
viiniata, Cieora lichenaria, Larentia casiata, and Acidalia imitaria, all
from South Devon ; Mr. R. Tait, jun., bred series of Angerona prunaria,
Pericallia syringaria, and Eriogaster lanestris (Monkswood), Acidalia
contiguaria, and Agrotis ashworthii (N. Wales), Melanippe rivata, and
M. procellata (Sidmouth), and a bred var. of 0. potatoria from Wallasey;
Mr. B. H. Crabtree, bred series of Agrotis ashworthii and A. agathina
(N. Wales), 0. bidentata ab. nigra, A. grossulariata, and Diantlmcia
cucubali (Manchester), Hydrelia unca (Ulverston), and Argynnis selene
(Windermere). In Coleoptera, Mr. J. F. Dutton showed a collection
made by Mr. Geo. Ellison at Stromness, including a melanic form of
Ancliomenus parunijninctatus, Donacia discolor, Clirysomela sanguinolenta,
Otiorrhynclius blandus, 0. viaurus, and Ptimis tectus; Dr. H. H. Corbett,
Quedius longicornis, Monohamnms s7itor, Orsodacna cerasi, Hyperaspis
reppensis, and Acanthocinus (Bdilis, all from Doncaster, and sub-fossil
remains of Hydroj)hilus piceus from the peat of Hatfield Moor ; a case
of Coleoptera collected in the North of France by Messrs. W. G.
Dukinfield and C. B. Williams ; Mr. H. St, J. K. Donisthorpe, Dibolia
cynoglossi, Adrastus pusillus, and Dinarda hagensi ; Mr. J. R. le B.
Tomlin, Psylliodes luridipennis and Ceutho. contractus var. pallipes from
Lundy Island, and Anophthalnins gentilei, a blind species from caves in
288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
North Italy. — On behalf of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
Mr. E. Newstead exhibited the life-cycle of the tse-tse fly {Glossina
]mlpc(lis, Rob. Desv.). also living pupje of this species and of G. fitsca,
all from Kasongo (Upper Congo), taken by Drs. Button and Todd. —
Mr. W. J. Lucas sent a pair of the rare dragon-fly Ischnura pumileo
from the New Forest. — Mr. Oscar Whittaker, three excellent photo-
graphs of cockroaches and a scarce hemipteron, Aradus depressus, taken
at Pettypool by Dr. C. R. Billups. — Dr. R. J. Cassal sent specimens of
a very rare trichopteron, Linmophilus elecjans, from the Isle of Man. —
Mr. E. J. B. Sopp exhibited Forjiada lesnei, taken on the yellow-
horned poppy at Swanage (Tomlin), F. pubescens, Ectobla panzeri, with
egg-capsules, from St. Alban's Head i Tomlin), and a series of life-
history cards of British beetles. — J. R. le B. Tomlin and E. J. B.
Sopp, Hon. Secretaries.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Report of Work of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Association. Bulletin No. 1. Parts i.-iv. Leaf-
Hoppers and their Natural Enemies. By R. C. L. Perkins.
Honolulu, 1905.
Part i. of this important Bulletin comprises pp 1-G9, and deals
with species of the Dryinid^, which are parasitic upon particular
groups of Homopterous Rhynchota. Part ii. (pp. 70-85) treats of the
Epipyropidffi, a family of Lepidoptera which the author considers
most nearly related to Fumea and Taleporia of the Tineidse and to the
Psychidffi of the Psychina. The larvae of species referred to this
family are parasitic on Homoptera. In part iii. (pp. 86-111, plates
i.-iv.) the Stylopidae (Coleoptera) and in part iv. (pp. 112-157, plates
v.-vii.) the Pipunculidse (Diptera) are considered.
OBITUARY.
With great regret we have to announce that Mr. Norman Dalziel
Warne died on August 25th last, after a short illness. He was born
in 1868, and was educated at Charterhouse. Subsequently he went
into the well-known publishing business at Chandos House, Bedford
Street, of which his father, Mr. Frederick Warne, was the head. On
the retirement of the latter in 1895, Mr. N. D. Warne, together with
two elder brothers, became partners in the firm. As a student of
natural history he was perhaps more especially attached to the
Lepidoptera, and most of his somewhat limited leisure was devoted to
active work in the field. He was elected a member of the South
London Entomological and Natural History Society in 1888, and
although he was not able to attend the meetings, during the past two
years or so, as frequently as he wished, he always took a keen interest
in the welfare of the Society, and was a generous contributor to its
library. He was also a member of the Quekett Microscopical Club.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXVIII.] DECEMBER, 1905.
[No. 511.
AN INTERESTING MELANIC FORM OF ACRONYCTA
LEPORINA.
By William Mansbridge, F.E.S.
In the Liverpool district occasional specimens of a melanic
form of A. leporina have been captured by various lepidopterists
nearly every season for some years past. Attention was first
drawn to the variety by my friend Dr. J. Cotton in a paper read
before the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, and
at his request I now give these particulars of this interesting
form, and propose the varietal name melanocephala.
The typical insect occurs everywhere in North Cheshire and
BNTOM. — DECEMBER, 1905. 2 B
290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
South Lancashire where birch is found, but does not seem to be
abundant in any of its locahties, among which may be men-
tioned Delamere Forest, the woods near Hale Bank on the
Lancashire side of the Mersey, Knowsley Park, and the Mosses
between Prescot and Ormskirk ; indeed, in some years not more
than an odd specimen or two are taken.
What one may regard as the local type is scarcely darker or
more irrorated with black than specimens from other parts of
England, although now and again one finds an insect with a little
more black scaling, yet not enough to form a distinct intermediate
between the var. melanocephala and the usual form occurring in
the district. It is curious that any darkening which may be
found is first apparent in the hairs of the thorax, which in the
variety are quite black. It is very difficult to estimate the pro-
portion of the variety' to the type, which at present is very low,
although the ratio seems to be on the increase. Several attempts
have been made to obtain ova from this dark form, but without
success, so far as I have been able to learn — certainly my own
endeavours have failed ; and, as the experiment results in the
absolute ruin of the moth as a cabinet specimen, one is natur-
ally reluctant to repeat the sacrifice with the one or two insects
obtained at the cost of a great deal of hard work.
Acronycta leporina, L., var. melanocephala, var. nov. — Differs
from the type as follows : — Fore wings in both sexes strikingly
suffused with fuscous, and with all the normal markings in-
tensified. Thorax black ; abdomen blackish, not so dark as the
thorax ; hind wings as in the type. Types (male and female)
in coll. W. M.
The photograph, here reproduced, is by Mr. Hugh Main,
F.E.S. The right side of the upper figure represents the melanic
form ; the left fore wing should be exactly as dark as the right
fore wing, but the camera has failed to show this. The lower
figure of a specimen of the usual form is shown for comparison.
ENTOMOLOGY AT BARMOUTH.
By J. Aekle.
The railway ride from Chester to Barmouth, in Merioneth-
shire, lies among some of the finest scenery in North Wales.
Through the celebrated Vale of Llangollen, and along the side of
Bala Lake, the Great W^estern keeps to the Valley of the Dee.
Through the trees, which fringe both river and railway above
Llangollen, an occasional glimpse can be had, on the river-
reaches, of the Ancient British wicker-made coracle. Still
onwards and upwards, and leaving Bala behind, we find the
geography books of our youth were wrong in ascribing the source
ENTOMOLOGY AT BARMOUTH. 291
of that river to Bala Lake. For still there is the Dee, although
now reduced to a mere brook splashing and tumbling among the
rocks. A sharp look-out must be kept through the carriage-
window, or we miss the top of the watershed, and find we are
speeding along the banks of another stream ^thich flows in an
opposite direction. This is the river Mawddach, and, by the
time we reach Dolgelly, it is a respectable stream. The train
rushes on to Barmouth Junction, where we change to the
Cambrian Eailway, and so cross the Mawddach Estuary to
Barmouth along the viaduct.
During the last two summers I have had the pleasure of
spending a week in July with my friend, Mr. W. J. Kerr, of
Tan-y-Bwlch, and now of Cromer, who takes a house at Bar-
mouth for the summer months. Before entering upon an
account of the insects observed, it may be well to give some idea
of the country which formed our hunting-ground, and which
possesses such an attractive insect fauna. (1.) A coast-line of
sand-hills (bare) or shingle. (2.) Flat ground, frequently
marshy, sometimes cultivated, often meadows. (3.) Belt of
rising ground, very rocky, heathery, and woody up to 1500 ft.
or so. (4.) Slate or granite mountains with grassy patches
frequently 2000 to 3000 ft. ; highest point, Cader Idris (the
chair of the giant Idris).
A stranger to Barmouth can hardly fail to notice the greetings
of numerous jackdaws, the music of the sweet church chimes,
and the magnificent flora of the gardens. Here, in a favoured
climate, the valerian (so attractive to insects) abounds ; veronicas,
white and blue, and hydrangeas of chameleon tints, blossom as
thickly as hawthorns : they live out of doors all through the
winter, and from their size convert the gardens into veritable
shrubberies. Tree mallows, eight or nine feet high, and covered
with pink blossoms, give an impression as of a foreign land.
Each of my visits was timed for July 15th, and a glance at
the floral wealth referred to showed the season of 1905 to be
quite a week later than that of the preceding year. And as with
flowers, so with insects, as the sequel showed.
I found my friend had been entomologically busy. Among
other things on his setting- boards, taken between the 18th of
June and July 8th, were a fine series of Chcerocampa porcellus,
netted at valerian flowers ; a series of Apamea unanimis, also
taken at valerian flowers (both species common) ; three Cucullia
asteris (only three seen, and all at valerian) ; a fine series of
Hadena contigua, taken at sugar ; Mamestra persicarice, common
at sugar ; a darkly marked Noctua /estiva, all wings suffused with
smoky, upper wings with central black spots, also black markings;
one Agrotis suffusa, one M.furva, one Xylopluisia scolopacina, one
N. ditrapeziimi, two Aplecta nelndosa, one Mania maura — all taken
at sugar ; A. ripce, Plusia festuca; (one), Acroni/cfa^ lignstri, Ino
2b 2
292 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
statices, Acidalia imitaria, and several Thyatira derasa, captured
either at sugar or flowers. This Hst, omitting other species
common and generally distributed, represents entomologically
Mr. Kerr's garden. Its application to Barmouth can be increased
by adding Macroglossa stellataruvi, Bombyx quercus, Macrothylacia
rubi, Malacosoma neustria (the larvae feed here on sloe), Odonestis
potatoria (very common), Lasiocampa quercifolia (two larvae found
on sloe, June, 1904; one reared to an imago), Satiiniia pavonia
= car pint, Liparis auriflua (rather scarce), and A. tincta and
A. herhida, June, 1905.
Two of the above species deserve special mention, A. nebulosa
and M. maura. The type-form of A. nebulosa at Barmouth is
as pale as Polia chi ; that is, although only some sixty odd miles
south-west from Chester, and practically on the same coast, the
moth exhibits no trace of melanism, as in the Delamere varieties
robsoni and thompsoni, but, in fact, inclines towards albinism !
Mr. Kerr very kindly gave me one of his specimens. The upper
wings are white, the usual markings smoky-grey, with a short
black bar near the lower angle ; the lower wings are smoky-grey
and gradually paler towards the base.
Dusking was much obstructed by the over-abundance of
Hypena proboscidalis, Scopida lutealis, Botys ruralls = verticalis,
Camptogramma bilineata, and Crambus culmclliis. Other captures
were S. primalis, S. olivalis, Hermiiiia derivalis, Rivida sericealis,
Ebulea sambucalis, Nudaria inundana, Aphomia sociella, C.pinellus,
Liparis auriflua, Miana furuncida var. vinctuncida (Hiib.), Leu-
cania comma, Noctua baja, Mamestra brassiccB, Habrostola triplasia,
Plusia gamma, P. chrysitis, Gnophos obscuraria, Uroptery.v samhu-
caria, Metrocampa margaritaria, Crocallis elinguaria, Pseudoterpna
cytisaria, Hemithea strigata = thymiaria, Boarmia repandata, B.
rhomboidaria, Emmelesia decolorata, E. aflinitata, Acidalia scutu-
lata, A. bisetata, A. imitaria (very common), A. aversata, Halia
wavaria, Cidaria dotata, C. ribesiaria, Eupithecia castigata, E.
pumilata (worn), Abraxas grossulariata, A. sylvata = ubnata,
Hysipetes elutata, Cabera pusaria, Coremia ferrugata, Melanthia
bicolorata := rubiginata, M. ocellata, M. albicillata, Melanippe soci-
ata, Larentia viridaria = pectinitaria, Pterophorus monodactylus,
and Aciptilia pentadactyla.
Beating by day gave us Lithosia lundeola ■=■ complanida,
Lomaspilis marginata, Eubolia mensuraria, C. populata, C. trmi-
cata = russata, H. elutata (very ordinary forms), E. aflinitata ;
while Tanagra atrata = choerophyllata, Pyraustra purpuralis, P.
ostrinalis, and Ennychia octomaculata were occasionally netted on
the hillsides.
Among other small things taken in the district were C.
hortuellus, C. pratellus, T. fosterana, T. viburnana, T. loeflingiana
var. ectypana, Cnephasia subjectana, Scoparia cembr<e var. scotica
in 1904 ; and T. loeflingiana, Scoparia frequentella var. j^ort-
ENTOMOLOGY AT BARMOUTH. 293
landica, Cnephasia osseana, Cacoecia rosana, and Salebria hetulce
in 1905.
Sugaring became unprofitable with the middle of July, and
more so in 1904 than in 1905. The following is the list for 1904 :
Acronycta ramicis (common), Cerigo cytherea, Hadena contigiia
(one), Triphana ianthina, and Leucania conigera (common). In
1905 this list was increased by T. fimbria, T. orbona, M. persi-
carice (abundant), A. riimicis, Axylia piitris, Xi/lophasia polyodon
(finely marked forms on a pale ground), H. derivalis, Hydroecia
nictitans, H.oleracea, Phlogophora meticidosa, several H. contigiia
(mostly worn), Apamea oculea (fine mahogany-coloured forms),
Caradrlna cubicidaris, Noctua plecta, Amphipyra tragopogonis, pale
X. lithoxylea, M. maiira, and very many L. conigera. Towards
the end of August sugar again became productive, and among
the autumn moths Asphalia diliita and almost black N. xantlio-
grapha should be noted. In the charming grounds of Mr. Davis
(Plas Mawddach) — remembered for more than one enjoyable
evening with the net in July — several Sphinx convolruli were
taken at flowers of Nicotiana affinis in September.
In our dusking and sugaring operations we were aided by a
powerful lamp, which was carried, even well up the hillsides.
Fears were entertained lest it might be mistaken for the religious
lights reported in the neighbourhood, but which, not being
among the faithful, we had failed to see. However, our brilliant
lamp excited, apparently, neither enthusiasm nor comment.
No one who has climbed the Panorama Walk from Barmouth
and up to Panorama View can forget the splendid mountain
scenery. On the lower slopes Zygcena filipendulce swarmed, and
resting on the rocks higher up A. promutata could be had. The
ground marked No. 1 (sand-hills or shingle) was so barren and
unproductive that it received only a single visit. Nothing animate
appeared to exist save the restless surf, with its everlasting groan
and roar. The ground marked No. 2, however, was alive with
insect life. On two spots (one about two miles north of Bar-
mouth, and close to the railway ; the other, Arthog Marsh, on
the other side of the estuary and opposite the town) are colonies
of Z. trifolii. This is an interesting insect, because it has been
declared, with hardly anv reservation, to be the Anthrocera
palustris of Mr. Tutt (see ' Practical Hints for the Field Lepido-
pterist,' pp. 68 and 90). Eemembering the situations affected
by Z. trifolii, and the dates quoted, say, by Wilson, for its
occurrence second week in May to second week in June), it
certainly seems more than curious if this marsh insect, mostly
fresh in the middle of July, should be the same species. Cer-
tainly there is nothing in the climate of Barmouth to retard the
appearance of trifolii. My specimens of this marsh insect are,
on the whole, larger than in my series of trifolii (Yorks), and the
spots, on the whole, are larger. Sometimes the second pairs of
'294 THE BNTOiMOLOGISI.
spots are confluent. In 1904 a few Jilipendulce (there were
numbers two or three hundred yards off) were found flying with
them, but not in 1905 ; and the moths were fresher in 1905 than
in the more forward July of 1904. The second week in July,
however, in any season would, I believe, see the moths at their
best. I brought a few live females home with me. They seemed
very happy on thistle-flowers in a glass-jar with net over the
top, and they laid numbers of yellow eggs underneath the flower-
heads, from which I have now hybernatmg larvse. Other insects
on this Arthog Marsh were Epinephele hyperanthus (plentiful),
Argynnis aglaia, C. pedellus (abundant in 1904, none seen in
1905), with its melanic form warringtonelliis and intermediates,
C. pascuellus (most plentiful in 1905), Perinephele lancealis (one
only in 1904), Endotricha fiammealis, Stenopteryx hyhridalis,
P. pruniata =^ cytisaria (worn), E. plumharia = palumbaria, A.
immutata (common), R. sericealis, C. culmellus, &c. In the
reed-beds were larvae and pupas of Nonagria arundinis = typiue,
and earlier in the month X. scolopacina had been, in 1904,
common at sugar. Typical specimens of Bryophila perla were
found resting on the walls in the neighbourhood, particularly on
the Barmouth side. A nice local strain of this species was
discovered away to the north, near Minfford, varying from very
pale to darkly-marked forms.
It is a butterfly country. Near the village of Arthog, among
the wooded slopes (ground No. 3), TIteda iv-albiuii was a plentiful
insect, but very local, and more abundant and in better condition
in 1905 than in 1904. In a favoured open spot, not a dozen
yards across — a regular butterfly corner, and full of flowering
bramble, scabious, meadow-sweet, knapweed, and St. John's
wort — we stood, in the full blaze of a hot sun, and netted the
little Thecias at our leisure. It was impossible to take too
many of them, for they have a wonderful way of dodging the
net, particularly on bramble. In 1904 Mr. Kerr headed the
score, Mr. T. White (also of Cromer) came second, and I made a
bad third. In 1905, however, I did much better ; but, as is too
often the case with the Thecias when netted, most of our captures
were either chipped or rubbed. Here, in this butterfly corner,
were also A. paphia and A. aglaia, Pararge egeria, T. querciis,
Lyccena icarus = alexis (worn), E. hyperanthus (abundant), and,
not far from it, E. ianira, E. tithouus, with an occasional Pieris
hrassicce and P. napi ; the last-mentioned paler than Chester
specimens, but often with very primrose-yellow under sides. On
the lower grounds throughout the district P. rapce and Vanessa
urticce were common enough, two or three V. atalaiita (probably
hybernated specimens) were seen, and Satyrus semele was plentiful
on the sunny embankments of the Cambrian Eailway. Thecla
quercus occurs freely in, apparently, ail the oak woods, especially
on ground No. 3. In one locality on the Barmouth side of the
ENTOMOLOGY AT BARMOUTH. 295
estuary Mr. Kerr was our guide to a spot where the butterfly
literally swarmed. The best way to capture it is to get on the
hillside, as much as possil)le on a level with the tops of the scrub
oaks. After mid- day the butterfly goes to rest, and hardly one
is to be seen. Mr. Kerr foretold they would reappear about five
o'clock, and there was never truer prophecy. At the appointed
time they were on the wing again, more abundant than at mid-
day. But, although fresh out, in 1905, like T. iv-album, few of
our captures were perfect. In this locality one or two Pararge
meg (era were observed.
And no one who has been there can ever forget the lovely
mountain forest scenery of the Artro Valley, eight miles north of
Barmouth. On the marshes by the railway on our journey to
the valley, Melitcea aurinia = artemis occurs in the season. The
valley practically begins at the village of Llanbedr, and nets
were soon in requisition. On the way up a spot was pointed out
where Eachloe cardamines (generally distributed throughout the
neighbourhood), Nemeobius lucina, Nlsoniades tages, and Macro-
glossa bomhyliformis can be taken. Higher up the valley, on the
marshy patches among bog- myrtle, A. selene and A. euphrasy ne
are abundant in their season. I saw and nearly captured a worn
specimen of the latter. Both in 1904 and 1905 A. paphia,
A. aglaia, A. adippe, Conionymplia pamp)hiliis, Pararge eger'ia,
and Hesperia sylvanus were captured. The fritillaries were so
abundant that on one occasion in 1904 I took two .1. aglaia and
one A. adippe with one sweep of the net. We saw only one or
two egeria in 1904, but they appeared to be fine and fresh. In
1905 a good many were seen and netted ; but they were all worn,
and evidently remnants of the first brood. On a low-lying flat
in this valley we again came upon the marsh trifolii, and flying
with Jilipendida in 1904; but, curiously enough, we did not see
them together in 1905. Higher up is the fine Nancol Fall. At
rest upon a rock near the fall was a rather worn Hepialus
hectiis. The Nancol is a tributary of the river Artro, and the
fall struck me as being an almost exact duplicate of the Fairy
Glen, Bettws-y-Coed, but with a greater volume of water, and
altogether more dangerous.
July is a between-time ior larvae, generally speaking ; that
is, it is a month between the imagos of most species and the
caterpillars. The following larvae, however, were observed :
Dianthoecia capsincola, in capsules of Sileue injiata ; Phalera
biicephala, on oak ; Euehelia jacobcece, on ragwort flowers ; and I
counted nine broods of V. urticce one day on roadside nettles
close to Barmouth.
The district is evidently a rich one for Diptera. We met a
collector who showed us a choice collection taken chiefly on the
marshes. On Arthog Marsh the great ox gadfly, Tabanus bovinus,
was more numerous than welcome. This dipteron can pierce
296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
through the thickest ribbed stocking, and raise pyramidal blisters
the size of a crown piece. Another dipteron infests the hind-
quarters of cattle, with apparently the instinct to keep well out
of reach of the animals' tails.
Dragonfiies were numerous. Sympetrum striolatum = Libellula
vulgata was frequently met with in the lower woods ; Orthetrum
ccei'ulescens was generally distributed, abundant flying over a
ditch on Arthog Marsh ; Cordulegaster annulatus often sported,
especially over this ditch, in half a dozen at a time, until, when
one was caught, the rest made off, and we saw them no more.
Here were also numbers of Libellula depressa, and more than
once late specimens of Pi/rrhosoma nymplnda=^ Agrion minium
and Ischnura elegans were captured. Calopteryx virgo was taken,
and Mschna juncea. The last-named is known as " the snake
servant " by the country folk. Whenever you see one, they say,
you are sure to see a snake as well. Curiously enough this was
more than once verified. But the snake was only a harmless
grass snake, and, after the manner of all British serpents, very
glad to get away as fast as possible.
Ground No. 4 (the mountain tops) we simply admired over
and over again for its indescribable grandeur, so I have no idea
what insects, if any, exist thereon.
Chester : Nov. 1st, 1905.
NEUROPTERA COLLECTED BY DR. T. A. CHAPMAN
IN FRANCE AND SPAIN, 1904.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
In 1904 I received from Dr. T. A. Chapman a small collec-
tion of Neuroptera taken by him. that year in France and Spain.
Most of these were dragonflies ; but a few belonged to other and
more obscure groups of the order Neuroptera as generally under-
stood.
Dr. Chairman supplies the following note on the localities in
which the insects were found: "About a month was spent at
Hyeres (March 20th to April 17th). I believej all of the few
dragonflies taken there were met with at La Plage, on the coast,
some two or three miles from Hyeres — all I think by the ditches
beside the racecourse ; where the mosquitoes were sufficiently
troublesome to make the sport unattractive. The next ten days
were spent at Ste. Maxime, some way eastward along the coast.
There is no limestone here, and the botany and entomology are
in several respects decidedly different from those of Hyeres. A
few days (May 3rd to 8th) were then spent at Draguignan (some
way inland), in a valley basin between quite low hills. It
NBUROPTEKA COLLECTED IN FRANCE AND SPAIN. 297
seemed a promising locality, more like Hyeres in its Lepido-
ptera, with some Basses- Alpes flavour (L. dujiunchelii, &c., being
present). All these localities are, however, very well known.
In Spain, in July and August, we visited two very different
localities, taking on the way a day or two at Guethary (July 5th,
6th), a pleasant little watering-place not far from Biarritz, and
with an Atlantic fauna and flora. In Spain our first resting-
place (July 8th to 22nd) was at Puerto de Pajares, a pass
across the main ridge of the Cantabrian ranges, at 4500 ft. ele-
vation, about two hundred miles west of St. Sebastian and some
thirty-five from the Atlantic coast, with a climate and general
aspect of country reminiscent of many parts of Scotland, — a
humid climate, with bog and moorland, grassy and stony
mountains, but passing rapidly on the southern side into a
drier and more typically Spanish district. We then went to La
Granja (July 24th to August 2nd), and for a day (August 5th) to
Navalperal, both in the Guadarrama range, at about 5000 ft.
elevation, some thirty or forty miles from Madrid, quite in
central Spain, in a region where the lower ground at least is
very dry and hot in summer, and the fauna and flora are quite
Mediterranean in their aspect, with even a little of the African
character that the more southern and eastern portions of Spain
possess. The Guadarrama is, however, well watered in its
upper levels, and it results that La Granja is one of the richest
and most prolific stations in Spain that the entomological
collector could desire — quite rivalled, however, by other places
in the same range, as, for example, the Escurial. Both La
Granja and the Escurial are now becoming familiar to English
entomologists. The larvae of Mi/rnicleon were very abundant in
the pine- woods at La Granja, under the trees where the earth
was very light and dusty, occasionally six or eight, of very
various sizes, being present in about a square foot of ground."
For the sake of comparison, species that do not belong to the
British fauna are marked with an asterisk.
France : Hyeres. — Dragonflies : Brachytron pratense, one
female; Piirrhosoma nymphula, one female; *Sympijcnafusca, a
considerable number ; Ischniira elegans, several. — Ste. Maxime.
Other Neuroptera : Hemerobius lutesceiis, one; Chrysopa aspersa,
one ; Mystacidcs azurea, two ; *Sericostoma galleatum, a very
interesting form of the genus, two. — Draguignan. Dragonflies :
Lihellula dcpressa, two females, immature male ; *Gomphus
simillivius, one male ; Cordulegaster annulatus, one rather imma-
ture female. Other Neuroptera: *Ascalap]ms coccaj us, one male;
*Panorpa meridioiudis, one female, the identification of which is
just a little doubtful ; Odontocerum alhicorne, two ; *Rhyacophila
vtdgaris, one. — Pont du Gard. Dragonflies : Brachytron j^ra-
teiise, one male, one female. — Guethary (Basses-Pyrenees).
Dragonflies : Orthctnim cceridescens, one male, one female ;
298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Corduleg aster annulatus, one female ; Calopteryx virgo, one male,
one immature female ; *C. hcemeroidalis, several, both sexes ;
Platycnemis pennipcs, one female ; *P. latipes, one male, one
female.
Spain : Puerto de Pajares. — Dragonflies : Sympetrum strio-
latiun, one male ; Pyrrhosoma nymphula, two males, two females.
Other Neuroptera : Sialisfuliginosa, one; *Panorpa meridionalis,
three males, three females ; Megalomus hirtiis, one, provisionally
so named by Mr. Morton, but it does not entirely agree with the
northern hirtiis, nor the big southern form tortricoides, Rambur ;
Limnopldliis centralis, four ; ^Sericostoma pyrenaicum, two (per-
haps = S. selysi). — La Granja. Dragonflies : Sympetrum strio-
latum, two males; *S. meridionalis, one male; S. Jiaveolum, one
male, one female ; Orthetram carulescens, three males, three
females; *0. brumieum, one male; Cordulegaster annulatus, one
female: Anax imperator, one male ; Calopteryx virgo, one male,
two females ; Lestes sponsa, one female ; *Sympycna fusca, one
male, one female. Other Neuroptera : ^Myrmeleon formicarius,
one; *Ascalaphus longicornis, &ve females; ^Dilar mei'idionalis,
six ; Honerohius inconspicuus, one ; *' Leptocerus hraueri, one. —
Navalperal. Dragonfly : *Lestes harhara, one defective male.
Two living larvae of the ant-lion {JMyrmeleon formicarius) from
La Granja were given me by Dr. Chapman on September 22nd.
After passing several months without food, one produced an
imago of good size about the following midsummer.
For great assistance in identification I have to thank Mr.
K. J. Morton, of Edinburgh, especially in connection with the
specimens belonging to the less known and more difficult groups,
which, though few in number in this collection, were none the
less interesting.
ON THE DARK FORM OF ISCHNURA ELEGANS
(FEMALE).
By F. W. and H. Campion.
In October, 1904, we drew attention in these pages (vol. xxxvii.
p. 252) to the occasional occurrence in Epping Forest of a dark
form of Ischnura elegans, female. We have again met with this
form during the present year, specimens having been taken on
June 25th, August 13th, and September 3rd, one on each occasion.
The second specimen was at the time of capture attached per
collum to a normal male ; this was evidently an old individual,
as it had a worn and dusty look, and had the left fore wing torn.
The association of this dusty appearance with ragged wings was
also noticed on July 22nd in the case of two females of Agrion
puella. The state of the example of August 13th and a re-
RHOPALOCERA AT BARCELONA, ETC. 299
consideration of the arguments in favour of maturity set out
in our previous communication have confirmed our impression
that we are deahng with a mature form. The species has been
unusually abundant with us this year, and we have paid special
attention to the immature coloration, with the result that we
are satisfied that at no stage of its colour-development does the
typical form correspond with the dark form. The fact that the
latter has occurred in three successive years encourages the
belief that it is also permanent, and to this form we now propose to
give the varietal name of infiiscans.
During the present season, also, the orange variety of the
female {riifescens, Steph.) has made its appearance in Epping
Forest, for the first time in our experience. We have therefore
been placed in a position to compare fresh specimens of riifescens
with our own dark females, and we think that the chief points of
difference between the typical female and its two varieties may
be stated in the following terms : —
Spots behind eyes small and rounded ; meso- and meta-
thorax blue, with a broad black mid-dorsal band, and
two narrower black lateral bands ; segments 1 and 2
blue, with thistle-shaped black marking on 2 ; 8 blue, elegans.
Spots behind eyes large and pear-shaped or rounded ;
meso- and meta-thorax orange, with a broad black
mid-dorsal band ; lateral bands obsolete ; segments
1 and 2 orange, with flask-shaped black marking on
2 ; 8 blue ........ var. riifescens.
Spots behind eyes small and rounded; meso- and meta-
thorax dark olive-green, with a broad black mid-
dorsal baud ; two narrower black lateral bands usually
present, but not constant ; segments 1 and 2 dark
olive-green, with thistle-shaped black marking on 2;
8 dark orange-brown, becoming almost black in time. var. infascans.
RHOPALOCERA AT BARCELONA, MONTSERRAT, AND
VERNET-LES-BAINS.
By R. S. Stvnden, F.L.S., F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 280.)
The climb appears to have been a tolerably fatiguing one,
and Jones got badly blistered by the sun while crossing the snow
near the summit. I was chagrined nevertheless that my years
kept me ignominiously at the bottom.
Our last and most memorable walk was to the ruins of the
abbey Church of St. Martin du Canigou, about three and a half
miles from Vernet, at a height of 3000 ft. After passing the
village of Castell there is a zigzag of nearly two miles over a
300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
wild aud rocky pass before reaching the ruins, which burst upon
you quite suddenly.
It is an imposing group of eleventh century Roman work in
pale grey granite, the tower alone standing erect and uninjured,
as though it would brave eternally the tempest aud the storm.
It stands on a high isolated plateau, from which, on one side, is
a splendid view over the smiling Valley of Vernet, and on the
other a dark and frightful abyss, the bottom of which is covered
with verdure — a singular contrast.
At the further end of the Abbey is an extension of the narrow
plateau, well covered with grass aud shrubs, alternating with
huge blocks of granite, and here the form of E. stygne, before
mentioned, was excessively abundant. I took rather a singular
example of it, in which the band was grey instead of red, and
four-eyed spots on the fore wing instead of the customary three ;
but it can only, I think, be considered a curious colour aberra-
tion. PariiassiiLs apollo seemed to be coming out quite fast, and
it was a pretty sight to see them, together with feisthamelii and
machaon, fluttering about that grandest of Cistuses — the lauri-
folius — many large bushes of which adorned the banks a little
lower down. I took here also a fine specimen of Chrysophanus
alciphron var. gordius, and Jones a Pararge mcera var. adrasta.
Thus ended our brief visit of ten days to one of the most
lovely and productive places in the Pyrenees. There is no doubt
that from the middle of June to the middle of July would be the
most favourable period of the year for working this district, and
I believe that a few days spent at the comfortable hostelry on
the arete of Mont Canigou during the second week of July,
working downwards, would result in a complete mastery of the
Erebias of the district.
I append a list of the Ehopalocera taken and observed : —
PapiUo podalirius var. feistkanielii, Dup. Common, frequenting damp
ground and resting on mud. The type also occurs rather earlier iu
the year. — P. machaon, L. Common locally.
Thais rurnina var. medisicaste, 111. Oue worn specimen seen, and
larvae nearly full grown on Aristolochia pistalochia.
Paniassms apollo, L. Common about St. Martin du Canigou. —
P. mnemosyne, L. Two females ; 5000 ft., Mont Canigou.
Aporia cratesgi, L. Oue of the most abundant butterflies of the
district.
Pleris brassiccB, L., and P. rapes, Ij. Scarce. — P. napi, L., and
P. daplidice, L. Occasionally.
Euchlo'e cardamines, L. One on Mont Canigou at 7000 ft. — E.
euphenoides, Stgr. Common aud fairly fresh.
Leptidia sinapis, L. Occasionally.
Colias hycile, L. Two males in good condition on the Castell road.
Eoudou gives August only for this species, but tiiere must be a spring
brood also, I imagine. — C. edusa, F. Occasionally, quite fresh.
Gonepteryx rhamni, h. Several, worn.
RHOPALOCERA AT BARCELONA, ETC. 301
Limenitia Camilla, Sehiff. Rather common.
Pyrameis atalanta, L. One seen. — P. cardui, L. A few.
Vanessa io, L. Two just out. — T^ polychioros, L. A few seen. —
V. antiopa, L. One seen.
Folygonia c-album, L. Common.
MelitcBa cinxia, L., M. phcebe, Knoch, and M. didynia, 0. A few. —
M. didymuYav. alpina, Stgr. One only. — M. athalia, Rott. Numerous
and very variable. It is possible that one or two may prove to be
deione, and others the var. vernetensis. — M. dictynna, Esp. A few.
Argynnis euphrosyne, L. One on Mont Canigou at 6000 ft. — A.
lathonia, L. Several. — A. adippe, L. Seen only.
Melanargia lachesis, Hb. A few. — M. lachesis var. canigoulensis.
Fairly common ; rather near galatea on under side, but ground colour
a more chalky white.
Erebia evias, God. One or two, worn. — E. stygne var. pyrenaica,
Riihl. Very abundant on Mont Canigou at 4000 ft., and again at
St. Martin du Canigou.
Satytms alcyone, Schiff., and S. semele, L. Occasionally, just
coming out.
Pararge csgeria, L., and P. megera, L. A few. — P. viara gen. aestid.
admsta, Hb. A few ; described in Montserrat list. The type does not
occur in the Eastern Pyrenees.
Aplumtopus hyperantus, L. Common.
Epinephele jurtina var. hisjnilla, Hb. A few ; did not see the type,
although Rondou and Elwes both give it as abundant.
Ccenonympha arcania, L. Very common on Station Road. — C.
pamphilus, L. A few.
Lacosopis roboris, Esp. Locally among young ash-trees ; fairly
common, and in beautiful condition.
Thecla ilicis, Esp. A few. — T. ilicis ab. cerri, Hb., and T. ilicis
var. esculi, Hb. Two or three.
Callophrys rubi, L. One worn specimen, Station Road.
Chrysophanus alciphron var. gordms, Sutz. One or two at St. Martin
du Canigou. — C. jMaas, L. A few.
LyccBua argiades ab. coretas, 0. One or two females only. — L.
argus, L. A few. Staudinger (whose nomenclature I have followed)
does not recognize oBgon as distinct. — L. orion, Pall. One specimen
only. — L. astrarche, Bgstr. Common and fine. — L. icariis, Uott.,
L. amandus, Schn., L. escheri, Hb., L. bellargus, Rott., and L. coridon,
Poda. A few. — L. cyllarus, Rott. One only.
Cyaniris argiolus, L. Occasionally.
AdopcBU thaimias, Hufn. Two or three.
Argiades sylvanus, Esp. Common.
Carcliarodus alcecB, Esp. One only.
Hesperia carthami, Hb. Just coming out, several specimens. —
H. sao, Hb., H. alveus, Hb., and H. vwIvcb, L. Occasionally.
Referring to the last paragraph of my paper {ante, p. 280),
Mr. Rowland-Brown reminds me that it has been conclusively
established by Dr. Chapman that Erebia melas is not a Pyrenean
species at all, but that lefevrei is the proper specific name for the
Pyrenean form.
302 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NEW AUSTEALIAN BEES, IN THE COLLECTION OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
By T. D. a. Cockbrell.
(Concluded from p. 273.)
The microscopical characters of these species are as follows :
(1.) Front.
H. bicingulatus. — Densely rugoso-punctate.
H. oxleyi. — Densely rugoso-punctate, the punctures large.
H. humei. — Closely rather weakly punctured, with a few short
strife in front of middle ocellus.
H. lanuginosus.— 'Exceedingly densely punctured, the punc-
tures large ; this is like the mesothorax of oxlei/i.
H. gilesi. — Very densely punctured, the punctures strong but
not extremely large.
H. reprceseiitans. — Very densely punctured.
It will be noted that the front is entirely different from that
of the metallic species, described earlier. H. humei, which
shows signs of strife, is in other respects most like the metallic
species.
(2.) Mesothorax.
H. bicingulatus. — Densely rugoso-punctate, the punctures
dull, the areas between them more shining, and minutely ridged
or lineolate — the remnants of a tessellate sculpture.
H. oxleyi. — Densely rugoso-punctate, the punctures large, the
ridges between them reduced, and not sculptured ; the punctures
themselves are shiny.
H. humei. — Coarsely microscopically tessellate, with numerous
punctures, in the manner of H. murrayi.
H. lanughiosus. — With dense large punctures, much as in
oxleyi, but there are more distinct intervals between them, which,
however, are smooth and shining.
H. gilesi. — Densely punctured, the punctures large, the inter-
vals showing coarse tessellate sculpture, in the style of bicingu-
latus.
H. rep7'cesentans. — With dense large punctures, the surface
between not sculptured, except anterior middle, which is irregu-
larly transversely lineolate, with only short pliciform hair-
punctures.
(3.) Second abdominal segment.
H. bicingulatus. — Shining, but very closely and strongly
punctured, the punctures extending over the whole surface.
H. oxleyi. — Extremely finely and densely punctured all over,
the punctures very minute and regular, looking like very fine
honeycomb.
NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES. 303
H. humei. — Basal half closely and distinctly punctured ;
apical half feebly transversely lineolate, with scattered hair-
punctures. (First segment well punctate, though not densely,
on apical half ; third segment not even well punctate at base.)
H. lamiginosus. — Basal part very densely punctured, not
unlike front, but apical part with the punctures well separated
though very strong, showing the surface, which is coarsely
tessellate, with a tendency for the stronger lines to run trans-
versely.
H. gilesi. — Strongly punctured ; very densely basally ; about
the middle the punctures are well separated, showing the shining
ground, which is transversely lineolate, the lineolae often joining,
so that the sculpture becomes subtessellate ; the depressed
apical part has the punctures smaller, narrowed, each emitting
a hair.
H. reprcesentans. — Very strongly punctured, the punctures
extremely dense on basal third, but otherwise well separated,
and more or less transversely elongated, but the surface between
is shining and smooth.
The microscopic characters are not repeated in the specific
descriptions.
Halictus bicingulatus, Sm.
Melbourne; Ent. Club, 44. 12.
Halictus oxleyi, n. sp.
(^ . Length about 7 mm., or rather less; black, with the pube-
scence yellowish, especially on face, where it is abundant; mandibles
rufous, lighter and almost yellow in the middle ; scape dark, but the
rest of the antenna light ferruginous, above and below, the flagellum
paler and yellower beneath ; metathorax truncate, but the margins not
sharply angled ; enclosure shining and smooth, roughened only at
extreme base, abruptly ridged transversely by the upper border of the
truncation, but the edge is not sharp ; tegulfe large for the genus, very
pale testaceous ; wings hyaline, nervures and stigma amber-colour ;
b. n. falling far short of t. m. ; femora piceous, with the apex pale
ferruginous ; tibi^ and tarsi pale ferruginous ; abdomen broad, with a
sericeous lustre, piceous, with the hind margins of the segments pallid,
but no hair-bands or patches.
Hah. Adelaide, 59. 52. Allied to H. orhatus, Sm., and
globosus, Sm.
Halictus humei, n. sp.
5 . Length about 5^ mm. ; black, with greyish-white pubescence,
quite dull and greyish dorsally, whiter and abundant on the ventral
surface of thorax and abdomen ; antennae dark, the flagellum brownish
beneath ; area of metathorax granular, not invading the truncation ,
tegulffi rufo-piceous, with a lighter spot ; wings hyaline, slightly dusky,
very iridescent, stigma and nervures reddish brown ; b. n. falling only
a little short of t. m. ; first r. n. joining second s. m. near its apex ;
third t. c. and second r. n. very weak ; legs piceous, very hairy, the
304
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
hair on hind tibia above ghstening silvery ; abdomen broad, shining
but quite pubescent, the hind margins of the segments obscurely
rufescent ; the lateral bases of segments 2 to 4 broadly covered with
whitish tomentum.
Hab. "Australia," 67.42 (type). Another is marked
" Australia, 58. 168." This may be compared with H. glohosus,
Sm., and H. familiaris (Erichs.). It nearly agrees with the
brief description of H. familiaris, but does not seem to be quite
the same, and it is questionable whether familiaris can ever be
certainly recognized. The hind spur of the hind tibia in H.
humei is very peculiar, being simple except for a stout divergent
truncate spine or tooth just before its middle. The anterior
spur of the same tibia is microscopically ciliate.
Halictus lanuginosiis, Sm.
** Australia " (Koebele). In U. S. National Museum.
Halictus gilesi, n. sp.
? . Length about 8 mm. ; black, looking just like H. reprcBsentans,
except for the following characters : clypens with irregular longitudinal
furrows as well as punctures ; tegulfe redder ; mesothorax much more
coarsely sculptured ; stigma lighter and redder ; first r. n. entering
apical corner of second s. m. ; otherwise scarcely at all different, but
clearly a valid species. The microscopic characters, given above, are
decisive.
Hah. Victoria, 89. 108.
Halictus repr^Bsentans, Sm.
Hobart, Tasmania (J. J. Walker, 3221, 3222).
Boulder, Colorado : Sept. 23rd, 1905.
BIBLIOGKAPHICAL NOTES ON THE HEMIPTEKA.
No. 5.*
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(A) The Type of Cimex, Linne.
I hope the readers of the ' Entomologist ' are not already
bored with this question; the supposed "law," however, that
Mr. Blanford considers so conclusive is not an old well-established
proposition, or rather — more correctly — an old, effete suggestion
originating at the dawn of modern nomenclature, but imme-
diately laid aside because of its impracticability.
Mr. Blanford's note (p. 110) is eminently unsatisfactory. He
* This article was written by Mr. Kirkaldy prior to the death of the late
Mr. Blanford, whose note on the subject was published, ante, p. 110. — Ed.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE HEMIPTERA. 305
has evaded the real points at issue, and merely refers to the
former note in ' Nature,' to which I had raised what were, to me
at least, valid objections.
As I had not at the time of my receipt of the ' Entomologist '
for April a copy of the 12th edition of the ' Systema ' (I possess
only the 10th and 13th), it was necessary to delay my reply. It
now appears, as will be seen later, that the 12th edition does
not aid in the solution at all. As this supposed "law" vitally
concerns a large number of Linnean genera in all orders, and as
it has not been even mentioned in a considerable number of
monographs and revisions of insects including Linnean genera,*
I trust the Editor will allow it to be thrashed out thoroughly.
The points raised by Mr. Blanford are : —
(1) That Linne specially indicated (in the ' Philosophia
Botanica ' (1751)) that officinal species were to be considered as
the types of plant genera.
(2) This is to be applied to Zoology from 1758.
(3) This principle overrides all others, for type fixation.
(4) The reason for lectidarius being fixed as type of Cimex is
explained in the 12th edition of the ' Systema.'
(5) That Clinocoris, Fallen, is a synonym of " Acanthia."
In reply, I would again say that : —
(1 & 2) Linne mentions nothing of all this in the 10th edition
of the ' Systema,' the starting point of zoological nomenclature.
He himself has not carried out this rule,t and it was disregarded
by his immediate pupils.
(3) There is another fundamental principle, to which I
believe a greater consequence should obviously be paid, viz.
that the type-species must agree with the original generic de-
scription. It is surely ridiculous to cite an apterous species as
the type of a genus, part of whose diagnosis mentions without
modification the presence of four wings.
(4) Mr. Blanford declares that the 12th edition of the
* Systema' ought to silence my doubts. The following is what
is therein stated (tom. i. pars. 2, p. 715): — "Declaratur haec
species nunquam elytris s. alis, sed semper apterum, Larvae aut
Pupae forma persistit, quod singulare ; at in Carniolia volatilis
etiam occurrat ? confer Scop^li."
Now what has this to do with making lectulmins the type of
Cimex ? It does not make it any the more conformable to the
generic diagnosis, and in any case the 12th edition can have no
* I have not seen any entomological works entertaining this principle
published within the last twenty-five years, but, as I do not pretend to have
examined more than a restricted area of entomological literature, I have
made the statement in a restricted manner.
f It will be sufficient to cite Enijns, Conops, Nepa, Tipula [rectius
Tipinda] , Ichneumon, &c., as examples ol' classical names misapplied, or
probably misapplied, by Linne.
ENTOM. — DECEMBER, 1905 2 C
306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
"say" in the matter; either lectiilanus was or was not available
as type in 1758 ; if it was not (in 1758), nothing effected in 1766
could make it so.
(5) I quite agree with Mr. Blanford that Clinocoris is a mere
synonym of " AcantJda," but he does not say which " Acanthia" \
There are two, viz. Acanthia, Fabr., Latr. (otherwise known as
Salda), a valid genus ; and Acanthia, Fabr., Fall., type lectularius,
which is not valid ; Clinocoris is a synonym of the latter, and
therefore is, I think, available as a substitution for this invalid
Acanthia, Fallen.
(B) Miscellaneous Notes.
(a) In the fourth part of these notes (p. 79), I asked for in-
formation anent " Naucorinus." This has been kindly furnished
to me by Mr. Prout, and my MS. notes are confirmed.
I think Mr. Sherborn is wrong in including Naucovinus,
Meuschen, as a valid generic term, as there is no diagnosis, no
species, no singular form, and it is almost certainly a lapsus
calami for Naucoris, Geoffroy, described sixteen years previously.
The citation is " Notonectcs, Nepce, Naiicorini, Cimices," and
the species-names mentioned are glauca, linearis, cinerea, grandis,
cimicoides, &c., of which the first belonged, at that date, to Noto-
necta, the next two to Nepa, and the fourth to Naucoris. I do
not think " Naucorinus" can even be cited as a synonym of
Naucoris.
(h) In the fourth part of these papers (p. 7), for "19th Band"
of Herrich-Schaeffer, read "9th Band."
(c) In the ' Entomologist' (1902, p. 316), I discussed the date
of publication of the text of the "Hemiptera" in Duperrey's
' Voyage of the Coquille.' * At that time I had not seen Sher-
born's paper on this matter in the Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7),
vii. pp. 388-92 (1901). Sherborn cites the date, sec. Bibl.
Franc., as 1831, but this notice must surely have been taken
from proof-sheets.
For the 1838 date we have (1) Gu6rin himself, who complains
mter alia that Boisduval has anticipated him (in 1835) by pub-
lishing on the same subject, although knowing of Guerin's
proposed work ; (2) the fact that only the plates, never the text,
are quoted by Laporte (1832) or Burmeister (1834-5), two of the
principal hemipterists of that date ; and (3) Boisduval, in the
* Voyage of the Astrolabe . . . Faune Entomologique, lere par tie
Lepidopteres ' (1832), writes in an "Avis " inserted between the
title-page and page 1 of the " Avertissement" : that, while this
first half- volume was being printed, several livraisons of plates
of the entomological part of the 'Coquille' have been published.
'^' The tenth item under Boisduval, in Hagen's ' Bibhotheca,' p. 64,
should be erased, as it is entirely erroneous.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE HEMIPTERA. 307
He regrets very much that Gu6rin has not yet (1832) published
the text, so that he could have established certain synonymy
more satisfactorily than is possible from figures, which, although
very carefully made, leave something to be desired for such a
purpose. I cannot see my way, therefore, to quoting an earlier
date than 1838 for the Hemiptera of the ' Coquille.'
(7) In my "Nomenclature of the Genera" ('Entomologist,'
1903, p. 214), I included the new genera in Burmeister's work
cited here, under date of 1838, that being the date on the title-
page, the date given by Hagen, and the date usually accepted by
homopterists.
Unfortunately this is another case of incorrect title-page, and
I now set forth all I can trace in the matter, in the hope that
further information may come to light.
{a) The work was issued at irregular intervals, in parts,
unpaged, undated, and with the genera unnumbered. I do not
know if covers were issued, and, if so, whether these were
dated.
(&) The original title was " Genera Insectorum. Iconibus
illustravit et descripsit Hermannus Burmeister .... volumen I,
Ehynchota : Berolini . . . Burmeister et Stange, 1838," the pre-
face being dated October, 1837.
(c) In 1846, after ten parts were issued, the title was altered
to " Genera qusedam Insectorum " " Berolini, sumtibus
A. Burmeister, 1838-1846."
{d) As mentioned in {a), the parts are neither dated nor
paged, nor are the genera numbered. There is, however, an
" Index generum descriptorum," dated from Halle, July, 1846,
in which the genera are numbered and arranged according to
their supposed affinities, not according to date of publication.
(e) The contents of each part are as follows (principally
according to the ' Bericht der Entomologie ') : —
Heft 1, 1837 : (?) Lystra (no. 20). [Ed. 2, 1840-6.]
,, 2, 1838: Selenocephalus (no. 12), Coelidia (no. 15), Eii-
pelix (no. 6), Jassus (no. 14).
,, 3, 1838 : Ulopa (no. 3), Dorydium (no. 5), Cephalelus
(no. 4), Ledra (no. 9).
,, 4, 1838 : GyjJona (no. 16), Xerophloea (no. 8). [Also
Phthirius and Pedicidus.]
„ 5, 1840: Paropia (no. 7).
„ 6 or 7, 1841 : Typlihcyha (no. 13).
,, 8, 1845 : Fidgnra (no. 18). [With subgenus Pyrops,
no. 19 in Index.]
(/) The Lystra notes are referred to in Spinola's Monograph
of the Fulgoridae (1839), so that they are probably included in
the first part. The ' Bericht der Entomologie ' commences in
Wiegmanu's Archiv for 1838, and it is there mentioned that
2c2
308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
pts. 2-4 have been issued, so that presumably pt. 1 appeared
between October and December 31st, 1837. I have not seen
Wiegmann's Archiv for 1837, and do not know if there are any
entomological references there. In my copy of the "Genera"
there is, besides the original, a second edition of the " Lystra "
notes, in which Burmeister refers to Spinola's monograph, and
remodels his own notes and descriptions ; these (including
Phenax, which is in both) extending to 4| sides in the first
edition, four in the second, owing to smaller print. There is no
clue to the date of this, but it must be between 1840 and 1846.
{g) The notes on Eurymela (no. 17) are referred to in Amyot
and Serville's * Hemipteres ' (1843). They may therefore form
part of the first part (1837 ?), but more probably 6th or 7th.
(Ii) Typhlocyha is recorded in the ' Bericht ' for 1841 ; it is
in either the 6th or 7th part, the remainder of these parts being
devoted to beetles.
(i) Bythoscopus (no. 10) and Acocephahis (no. 11) are a
puzzle. The notes on the former are referred to in Westwood's
* Introduction' (1839), so that these must apparently be referred
to first part, but Acocephahis is referred to in Bythoscopus, and
vice versa, in the "(jenera"; and also in Acocephahis, the
Jassus notes (14) (1838) are mentioned ! So that either (1)
Westwood was acquainted with Burmeister's MS. notes, (2) Bur-
meister referred to his own manuscripts, or (3) the * Bericht '
had imperfect copies to record from. I think the second is very
likely to be the case. As I have an uncut copy, it may be
useful to mention that the pages measure 140 by about 230 mill.,
the plates 164 by 243 mill.
(8) With regard further to Guerin's ' Iconographie du Eegne
Animal, Insectes,' dated on the title-page 1829-38, but mention-
ing 1843 in the text as early as p. 352, Guerin himself, on p. 15
(where the date 1838 is to be inferred as mentioned), states that
many species have been published from his plates only, and that
he considers a figure valid publication, an expression of opinion
which few entomologists will share.
With regard to these plates, 55, 58, and 59 are undated ; 56 is
1834 ; 57, 1835 ; with regard to the text it must be after 1843.
Erichson, in 1848 ('Bericht' for 1846), states that it was scarcely
published before 1845, and was not at Berlin before 1846 ; 1844
or 1845 may fairly safely be taken as the date, and, as the firm
of Bailliere is still in existence, it may be possible to trace
original covers. The copy now before me contains an additional
title-page, not present in the other copies I have seen. On the
reverse side it states that the complete * Iconographie ' was pub-
lished in forty-five livraisons, each with ten plates. There were
three editions — 1. 8vo, with black figures. 2. 8vo, with coloured
figures. 8. 4to, with coloured figures. The text (8vo) was sold
separately.
309
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Butterflies of France. — I shall be much obliged if any entomo-
logists who have coiiected in the following departments of France,
or can refer me to local collectors, or published local lists, will
communicate with me : — Oise, Aisne, Ardennes, Meuse, Meurthe-et-
Moselle (later than Cantener), Yonne, Nievre, Dordogne, Lot, Aveyron,
Herault, and the Vosges districts generally. — H. Rowland-Brown ;
Harrow Weald.
The Rose Scale. — Mr. Theobald, in his very valuable ' Report on
Economic Zoology,' just published, states (p. 98) that he has not been
able to detect this scale [Aulacaapis roses) in the open in Kent, Surrey,
or Sussex. I may as well record, therefore, that last year I found it
out-of-doors on a rose-bush in my brother's garden at Ewell, Surrey.
On p. 64, Mr. Theobald gives an account of an interesting new aphid,
Siphonoiyhora fragarieila, Theob., attacking strawberries. The generic
name Siphonophora is a homonym, and apparently the proper name
for the genus is Macrosiphuni, Passerini, 1860. The strawberry aphid
will therefore be Macrosiphum fraganellum. — T. D. A. Cockerell.
Hornet and Butterfly. — Mr. Lucas's note (Entom. xxxviii. p. 282)
reminds me of an incident. One morning in September, I think it
was in 1893, while watching several specimens of Pyrameis atulanta
enjoying fallen fruit in the orchard, I was surprised to see a hornet
suddenly pounce on one of the butterflies as the latter was sailing
round, about four feet above the ground. In a few seconds the hornet
had bitten off the beautiful wings of the butterfly, and was bearing
away its helpless victim between its legs. ISic transit yloria inundi ! —
Alfred Sich ; Corney House, Chiswick, Middlesex, Nov. 8th, 1905.
Phalonia badiana, Hb. — I have just been reading with much
interest the remarks on the larval habits of this species by Mr. Bankes
(ante, p. 275). That the larva leaves the seed-heads of Arctium lappa
to pupate elsewhere is undoubtedly correct. I have bred a large
number, and have always found that upon leaving the seed-heads they
spin their cocoons amongst the rubbish in the pot. I do not now
think that they even enter the stems or roots at any time, as I have
carefully examined large numbers of stems in the winter where the
larva occurred commonly in September, but always without any result.
I am afraid that entomologist^ are often "like sheep" in following
statements without trying to verify them, by so doing they have in
this instance most decidedly " gone astray." When I first began to
collect the Tortrices, I used to search in vain for this larva in the stems
of its food-plant until I mentioned the matter to Machin, and he
remarked: "You will never find them there, as they always spin up
amongst the rubbish upon leaving the seed-lieads, in which I have
always found them." The next season I was able to confirm his
statement. With regard to Mr. Bankes's inability to find Mr. Maling's
note, quoted by Sorhagen, I think that I can throw a glimmer of light
on the matter. In the ' Entomologist,' vi. 283, Machin (in a list of
insects reared in 1872) gives " A. badiana, bred from seed-neads of
310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Arctium lappa " ; aud on the same page there is a short Hst of captures
by Maliug, although he does not mention badiana, yet, curiously
enough, he records the very closely allied cnicana ! Is it not possible
that Sorhagen may have got a little mixed with the two very
similar names — Machin and Maling ? — A. Thuknall; Thornton Heath,
November 2nd, 1905.
Method of Oviposition by Cordulegaster annulatus. — During a
visit to Cornwall in August of this year, I had the opportunity of
observing very closely the mode of procedure of Cordulegaster annulatus,
Latr., during oviposition. The account given in Lucas's ' British
Dragonflies ' reads thus : "The female does this apparently by dipping
the tip of her abdomen in the water at random." This is completely
borne out by what I saw ; but as I was able to watch the insect at very
close quarters for some ten minutes, it seemed that a short account
might be of interest. The locality was a spot on the cliffs going from
St. Ives to Zennor, shortly after the basalt gives place to the granite.
A small stream running across the moorland towards the sea was
connected with some small pools of comparatively still water. Whilst
hunting for marsh plants by the side of one of these pools a large
female Corduleijaster annulatus came to rest upon the wmg within a
couple of feet of me where I knelt, and after remaining poised upon
the wing for a few seconds, suddenly bent the posterior portion of her
abdomen at right angles to the anterior portion, and commenced rising
and falling on the wing. The end of the abdomen was thus repeatedly
thrust into the soft mud at the edge of the pool, the insect rising
between each thrust to a height of some six inches. About seventy to
seventy-five thrusts were made per minute, and this was continued for
nearly ten minutes in the same spot. The female was not accompanied
by the male. In depositing its eggs while hovering on the wing,
Cordxdegaster annulatus, Latr., agrees with Sympetrum striolatum, Charp.,
S. fiaveolwn, Linn., S. scoticmn, Don., Libellula depressa, Linn., L.
quadrimaculata, Linn., and .Fjsclina juncea, Linn. ; but of these, the
first three are accompanied by the male insect. In apparently laying
its eggs in the mud it agrees with Aijrion mercuriale, Charp. — Eric
Drabble, D.Sc, F.L.S. ; Hartley Laboratories, The University,
Liverpool.
Prolonged Pupal Stage in Emmelesia unifasciata (Perizoma
bifasciata). — Some fifty larv« of Emmelesia unifasciata, collected in
the autumn of 1900, spupated during the latter part of October and
the first few days of November of that year. In August, 1901, ten
moths emerged ; in 1902, eleven ; in 1903, two only : in 1904, five ;
and in 1905, two : these last having thus passed five winters, and
in point of time four years and nine months in pupa. No attempt
was made to artificially retard emergence, the pup^e having been kept
under as nearly natural conditions as may be practicable in confine-
ment, the earthen pan containing them remaining out of doors during
the whole period, exposed to the weather but sheltered from direct
rain, and in a position where it would receive a fair amount of
sunshine. It is, I believe, a well-known habit of this species to
lie over as a pupa for more than one winter, but it appears to be
pretty generally believed that the second or, perhaps, the third year is
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Bll
the limit of its endurance. The above, however, shows that, under
favourable conditions, i.e., protection from predatory enemies, &c., its
vitality will enable it to withstand a much longer period and still
produce perfect imagines. — Eobebt Adkin ; Lewisham, November,
1905.
Early Hybernation of Vanessa URTiciE. — Seeing the record on
the above subject (page 281) has induced the following note. Every
autumn the ceiling of a certain staircase in this house is the resort of
one, or more, hybernating V. urtic(V, but this season, at the beginning
of July, I noticed a specimen, in fine condition, had taken up its
quarters upon a slanting part of the ceiling, wings erect, head down-
wards, legs spread out, and antennte neatly folded back as usual. I
see it is there to-day in exactly the same position, and is the only one
taking advantage of the retreat. The question naturally arises — what
is the cause of hybernation "? It cannot be a feeling of the approach
of winter or lack of food in this case, as the temperature was far more
summer-like after the insect had settled than it was before, and the
situation is comparatively well lighted, so that the insect could not
have mistaken dusky surrounding for the shortening days of autumn.
I shall watch its motionless repose with interest, unless the broom
dislodges it, for doubtless it has been noticed that this very necessary
and useful instrument and hybernating insects are somewhat at
variance. — G. B. Corbin; Eiugwood, November 14th, 1905.
Partial Second Brood of Spilosoma menthastri. — A female speci-
men of S. menthnstri, captured in Kensington in May last, deposited
just over one hundred eggs. The larvte fed up rapidly, and, excepting
a few that died when full grown, pupated. Twenty-one imagines
emerged during the latter part of August and beginning of September,
and there are now (November 20th) thirty apparently healthy pupae
still remaining. The majority of the specimens reared favour the
female parent in the amount and style of the black maculation, as well
as in the ground colour, which is of the normal white. Some, how-
ever, have the ground colour creamy ; others have few black spots ;
and one example has only one spot about the centre of the fore wings,
and two or three towards the outer margin. — E. G. Gentry & W. E.
Phillips.
Epiblema (Phlceodes) immundana, F. E. — With reference to Mr.
A. Thurnall's note {antea, p. 281) on this species, I cannot explain the
apparent absence of the whi.e-blotched form from among the first-
brood specimens in his district ; but my own experience by no means
accords with his. For whereas, among large numbers of examples of
the earlier brood, he has not seen any with the dorsal blotch " nearly or
quite pure white," I find that, out of the twenty-one bred and captured
representatives of this same brood from the Isle of Purbeck, that have
remained with me, nine are of this form which his experience leads him
to believe only occurs in the later generation. It is quite likely that
everywhere a larger proportion of the second, than of the first, brood
would have the dorsal blotch white, as the result of the well-known
tendency (acting on an inherent tendency towards this style of marking)
shown by species to produce paler imagines if their metamorphoses are
312 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
completed rapidly than if these are retarded. If, as seems probable,
the eggs laid by the second-brood moths hatch about September
(Sorhagen, Kleinschmet. d. M. Brandenburg, 112, definitely states
that they do so in the "autumn"), this period will be fully double
as long in the case of the first, as in that of the second, generation.
The form with the dorsal blotch white is the true immundana, F. E.,
while that in which it is dark is var. eatrei/eriayia, Gn. Although Mr.
Meyrick, in H B. Brit. Lep. 493 (1895), enters E. immundana as only
single-brooded, as also did Heinemanu in Kleinschmet. Deutsch. u. d.
Schweiz, B. i, H. i, p. 158 (1863), the existence of a second brood in
England, as well as on the Continent, has been long known, and is
recorded in Wilkinson's Brit. Tort. 82 (1859); Stainton's Manual, ii.
208 (1859) ; Morris's Brit. Moths, 175 (1868) ; Entom. xiii. Ill (1880);
Snellen's Vlind. v. Nederland, Microlep. 335 (1882); i^ouug Nat. v.
206 (1884) ; Sorhagen's Kleinschmet. d. M. Brandenburg, 112 (1886);
Tutt's Prac. Hints, ii. 42 (1902), etc. In this last work it is said to
be only partially double-brooded, but it seems likely that, at any rate
in many districts, it is completely and regularly so. Again, Meyrick
gives the larvae of the April-May imagines as feeding in July and
August, whereas in this and various other localities, botu English and
Continental, the larvae that produce the April-May moths hatch out
m the autumn (teste Sorhagen, I.e.), live inside the birch and alder
catkins, and can be coUecteci, about full-fed, m plenty therein during
the end of February and March. The larvas that produce the later
brood feed on the leaves of these trees in June and July, and the
moths emerge about August. — Eustace E. Bankes ; Norden, Corfe
Castle, Nov. 10th, 1905.
New Work on British Butterflies. — We have received Part i. of
'A Natural History of the British Butterflies,' by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S.
Pages 1-4 are occupied by general observations on butterflies and part
of a chapter dealingwith egg-laying. These items appear to be an instal-
ment of the Introduction. The familiar Hesperiids are in future to be
known as Urbicolides, and the author's reasons for this change will
be found in the following passage, extracted from his remarks on the
superfamily : — " .... in 1758, Linne separated (Syst. Nat., x.,
482) the smaller butterflies — hairstreaks, blues, coppers and skippers —
under the title Fleoiii, and further subdivided {op. cit., pp. 482, 484)
them into the Rurales and Urbicola, the latter being, even at this time,
absolutely restricted to the 'skippers.' Pallas, in 1771, Fabricius, in
1775, 1781, and 1787, and Esper in 1776, maintained the Linnean
name. In 1780 Goeze called them the Urbicolce, and in 1781 Barbut,
using L'rbicola in a truly modern generic sense, fixed the type of the
genus as comma, Linn., No. 256, whilst in 1788 Borkhausen sub-
divided the Linnean Rurales into the Subcaudati (hairstreaks), Rutili
(coppers), and Folyophthalmi (blues), keeping, however, the Linnean
name Vrbicolm for the skippers ; whilst, more important than all,
Fabricius himself, in renaming the group (^Ent. Syst., iii., 258) in
1793, Hesperia, retained the Linnean sub-divisions calling the blues, &c.,
the iJesperia-Rurales, and the skippers the Hesperia- Urbicolce. So far,
therefore, as Linne's group names — Fapilio, Nymphalis, Plebeius, Ruralts,
Urbicola, &c. — have any classificatory and nomenclatorial value, it is
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. * 313
/
clear that the 'skippers ' must be called the Urbicolides, and its typical
genus, of which Barbut named comma, Linn., No. 256, the type,
Urbicola." Possibly this action on the part of the author may be
perfectly legitimate, but we fear tliat its acceptance as a new starting-
point will still further delay the establishment of anything durable in
the way of classification, or, at all events, the nomenclature thereof.
As such matters are, however, still open to discussion, we will dismiss
them from the present notice aud turn to the less debatable contents
of the initial part of this new text-book. Acquaintance with the
author's other volnmes on British Lepidoptera had prepared us for
masterly and exhaustive treatment of the Butterflies, and we certainly
are not disappointed. First of all, the superfamily is dealt with as a
whole, and including remarks on the general biological structure of
the Urbicolids (pp. 81-90). Then follows a consideration of the sub-
family Thymelicinffi, tribe Thymelicidi (pp. 91, 92), with an account
of Adopcca lineola (pp. 93, i04). It is presumed that the pages 5 to 80
yet to come will be occupied by further introductory matter, but there
is no mention of this. The book will be found exceedingly useful
to everyone interested in our butterflies, but to the student in the
higher branches of entomology it will be indispensable. There is
a well-executed plate of Urbicolid ova, reproduced from photographs
taken direct from the eggs.
CAPTUKES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
Late Flight of Dragonflies. — Mr. C. W. Dale forwards the
following records : .^Eschna mixta, October 17th, 1807 ; ^E. cyanea,
November 3rd, 1834 ; Sympetram scoticum, October 22nd, 1816 ;
S. striolatum, October 3rd, 1863. On November 12th last I saw a
dragonfly on the wing at the Black Pond, near Oxshott, which must
have been ^5. striolatwn, aud I have seen the species as late as
November 14th. At the same time I saw S. scoticum on November 2nd,
in 1902.— W. J. Lucas.
Campodea staphylinus. — This insect was taken at Weymouth and
Portland in May, 1893, by Mr. G. Worth.— C. W. Dale ; GlanviUes
Wootton.
Deilephila livoenica bred from the Egg. — On June 6th of last
year my good friend Dr. Crallun, of Bournemouth, sent me four ova of
D. Uvornica, from a batch laid by a moth captured in that town. One
of these unfortunately hatched out during transmission. The next
day the three remaining ova hatched. I fed the larvae on vine-leaves,
till in due time they pupated. I am sorry now that I did not force
them, as two dried up. However, I was rewarded with one fine insect,
which emerged in the first week of September. — Joseph Anderson ;
Chichester.
LucANus cERVus AT Chichestek. — The stag-beetle [L. cervus) was
by no means uncommon here during the past summer. — Joseph
Anderson.
314 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SiREx GiGAs AT Chichester. — This liandsome "giant" saw-fly
made its appearance here during the past season. Single specimens
may be met with nearly every summer, but many years have passed
since Sirexjiivencits has been seen. — Joseph Anderson.
Xylina semibrunnea in Reigate. — While working ivy-bloom in
Reigate, on November 14th, I took a fine specimen of X. semibrunnea
OD an exposed head from which all the bloom had fallen, leaving only
the hard seed-heads. I am told by a Lewes collector that he finds the
ivy-bloom most attractive when it is falling. Is this the experience
of other collectors ? — A. J. Wightman ; 28, Station Road, Redhill.
Lepidoptera at Light in Reigate in 1905. — I have this year taken
the following insects at light here, which I did not take in 1904 : —
Drepana binaria, PtUophora plumigera, Demas corijli, Lvperina cespitis,
Miana fasciuncula ; while several insects, abundant in 1904, did not
turn up at all, viz., Cirrhcedia xerampclina, Piuaia chiysitis, Hydrcecia
micacea, Pachnobia rubricosa. — A. J. Wightman ; 28, Station Road,
Redhill.
Sphinx convolvuli in South-west London. — I beg to report the
capture of a specimen of 8. convolvuli at light, on Wimbledon Common,
on October 15th, 1905. — Claud E. L. Ellis ; 17, Telegraph Street,
London, E.C.
Odonata in Herts, 1905. — A gravel-pit and several ponds were
searched near the village of Sheuley. On June 13th, Af/rion puelia,
Enallagiiia cijathitjerum, and Ischnura eieyans were on the wing in great
abundance, and three Pyrrhosoma nymphula (all males) were captured.
On June 14th some specimens of Libellula depressa were captured, and
also one P. nymphula female, flying along a hedge. On June 14th two
Erythromma naian (males) were taken, at one of the ponds where E.
cyathigenim and /. ehujans were abundant. On June 15th an E. naias
female was captured, and another female on June 16th. On July 15th
two more E. naias (males) were captured, and two females were seen.
In August and September Sympetram striolatum, ^Eschna yiandis, and
^E. cyaiiea were abundant. On August 22nd a species of Lestes turned
up in the gravel-pit. It seemed to be L. dryas, but the specimen has
not been satisfactorily identified so far. — E. R. Speyer ; Shenley,
Herts.
A New Forest Holiday. — As I alighted at Lyndhurst Road
Station one afternoon towards the end of last June, 1 could not help
contrasting the weather with that which I had experienced on my
arrival at the same spot on a day in late July, 1903. Then, great
clouds of fine rain were sweeping continually across the country, and
the forest was a mass of bog and swamp ; now, the temperature was
nearly eighty degrees in the shade, and the forest was indeed the
Mecca of the entomological wanderer. On my former visit, the rain-
fall almost created a record for July and August ; this time, day fol-
lowed day of brilliant sunshine, making the collecting of insects, if at
times a somewhat warm occupation, yet always a most delightful one.
Very soon after my arrival I was, on Lyndhurst Common, to be
greeted at once by a conspicuous Nemeophila russula. The males were
about in some numbers, though I saw but a single female. As dusk
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 315
fell, Agrotis porphyrea was common and Hepialus hectus abundant. On
my first morning, June 28th, I walked through the woods towards
Stubby Copse to see what butterflies were about. Arr/ynnis selene was
numerous m places, and I caught sight of the first specimen of those
future swarms of A. papkia which were soon to enliven the ridings.
Limenitis sibylla, most graceful of insects, was just appearing in the
freshness which it so quickly loses, and on the heaths were early
arrivals of Lyccena ayon. In the pine-woods one could not walk far
without disturbing Macaria liturata, and more seldom Thera vaiiata
and EUopyia prosapiaria {fasciaria), while Bwpalus piniaria fluttered
from every pine-tree. Elsewhere in the forest, on the first day's excur-
sion, we took specimens of Gnophria rubricollis, Epione advenaria,
Phorodesma baj alalia, and a number of Calliyenia miniata. Returning
by the heath, Asjnlates strigillaria and Panagra petraria were knocked
out. Later on, the heaths yielded several good insects. Notably
Gnophos obscumta, which was first beaten out — or, perhaps, consider-
ing its subterranean hiding-place, it would be more exact to say,
" scraped out " — on July 4th. In a few days the moth was very
common here and there about the heath, and in half an hour's
scraping in a favourite spot, I more than once counted from fifty to
sixty specimens flying up. The males were ten times as numerous as
the females. Paler forms were infrequent, but on the whole they varied
from black to a fairly light grey. Another geometer, of which I took
a few on the heath during the second week of July, was Pachycnemia
Jdppocastaiiaria ; and several chases of that most agile of day-flying
Noctuffi, Heliothis dipsacea, resulted in the capture of a single speci-
men. Other geometers, met with at odd times in excursions through
the forest, included Anyerona pnmaria, lodis lactearia, Hyria auroraria,
Macaria notata, Cleora giabraria, C. lichenaria, Kurymene dolobraria,
and Acidalia imitaria. Denny Bog is generally a productive hunting-
ground. It is not, however, the pleasantest of spots for dusking.
Even in the dryest summer there is a somewhat odorous dampness
rising at sunset. In 1903 it was utterly impenetrable, but this year
I took, amongst others, at dusk, Ephyra orhicukiria, Eucosmia undulata
(common), Cleora giabraria, and Lithosia mesomella. Most of the
evenings were too still and dewy to make sugar very productive.
However, Aplecta nebulosa was always abundant, and I was in time to
secure a short series of Moma oriun, as well as Thyatira batis, T. derasa,
Acronycta ligustri, Cymatophora or, C. duplaris, and Agrotis herbida. An
unusual visitor to sugar was a female Psilura moiiacha, and I was sur-
prised one evening by Cossus ligniperda fluttering at the bottom of a
sugar-patch.
On July 14th we made an excursion to Swanage, to renew
acquaintance with Hesperia actmon. It was in fine condition, and
abundant in places, though I found the species in a spot more inland
than when 1 visited the locality last. They are accompanied by
Hesperia linea, from which they are easily distinguished on the wing
after a little practice. Melanargia galatea was also about, and a fritil-
lary, probably Argynnis aglaia. This inland migration, if such it be,
is to be regretted, for so, the skipper will run a much greater risk of
extermination than when its breeding-ground is the difficult slope of
the clifi". What hosts of common butterflies were enjoying that
316 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
wonderful weather ! Amongst innumerable Epinephele ianira, I had
the good fortune to see, and capture, in Denny Wood, a very fine male
with a large symmetrical cream-coloured area in both upper and lower
wings. On my visit in 1903 I took a quite white specimen of Cceno-
nympha pamphilus, similar to one I caught in Norfolk some twelve
years ago. It seems possible, however, that these white varieties of
C. pampkilus are merely faded. Valesina was first seen on July 8th.
In all I counted eleven between then and the 20th, and many of them
were unaccountably damaged. Vanessa polychluros appeared on July
17th, and Lyama anjlulm on the same date. Thecla quercus seemed
quite rare, and I did not see more than a dozen all the time. Limenitis
Sibylla was abundant in many parts of the forest. I was anxious to
net Apxitura iris. Its larvffi may be obtained here for a few pence, or
they may be beaten from sallow ; but these are unworthy methods of
securing such a noble insect. It was not, however, till my last day's
collecting, on July 20th, that I got within reach of iris. Then, in a
riding of Wood Fidley, I stalked one as it sat upon a frond of bracken,
and with a luclcy stroice bagged my first emperor, or, to be more
correct, empress. I think the satisfaction of netting A. iris must
rather exceed that of the man who purchases the larva, even at a
reduced price for taking a quantity. It was warm work, those July
days in the forest ridings, when the Loudon thermometers stood in the
eighties, and few things can equal the pleasure with which, having
shaken ofl" the swarm of pursuing flies, one attacks one's tea (those
New Forest teas !) after such a day spent in tramping the heaths and
woods, and sprinting after elusive Lepidoptera. — S. L. Orfoed
Young, M.B.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — October 18th, 1905. — Dr. T. A.
Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., Vice-President, in the chair. — Mr. Charles
William Bracken, B.A. (Lond,), of 18, Whiteford Koad, Mannamead,
Plymouth ; and Mr. William Hubert St. Quentin, of Scampton Hall,
Killington, York, were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. H. Row-
land-Brown exhibited series of Erebias taken this year in the Pyrenees,
including Erebia lefebrrei, with the vars. pyrenaa, Obth., from Mont
Canigou, E. Pyrenees, and var. intermedia, Obth., from Gavaruie. He
also showed, for comparison, E. ylacialis var. nic/wlli from Campiglio,
which at one time was supposed to be identical with lefebrrei, then con-
sidered to be the Pyrenean form of E. me.las. With them were arranged
specimens of E. yoryone and E. gurye from the Lac de Gaube, Cauterets,
and from Gavarnie ; and a short series of Lycmia urbitulm from the Central
Alps, L. orbitidus var. obert/mri, Stgr., L.pyrenaica, a,nd. L. pheretes from
the Brenner and Cortina districts. It was remarked that there seemed to
be a greater superficial affinity beUveenpyrenaica ajudpheretes (not reported
from thePryenees) than between pyrenaica and orbitidus. — Mr. E. C. Bed-
well, eight specimens of Apiun IcEvigatum, Kirby, one of the rarest indi-
genous Apions, found on August 31st, sheltering under plants of Echium
SOCIETIES. 317
vulgare in the Lowestoft district. — Mr. S. Shelford showed a Ligaeid
bug the fore-limbs of wliich were remarkably well adapted for fossorial
habits, and comparable with those of the mole-cricket ; a Brenthid
beetle with a deep channel running along the dorsal part of the pro-
thorax and occupied by acari ; and an Authribid beetle with a cres-
centic sulcus for the reception of acari on the prothorax. All the
specimens were from British North Borneo. — Mr. C. J. Gahan, on
behalf of. Mr, C. 0. Waterhouse, exhibited a living example of Phane-
roptera qiiadripunctata, which species had been found in some numbers
in a vinery near Chester. — Mr. W. J. Kaye brought for exhibition a
long variable series of Heliconius numata, from the Potara River,
British Guiana, clearly proving that these very variable forms were
only aberrations, and were not subspecies, at least in this locality. A
pair of Heliconius silvana were also shown with two rare aberrations,
showing the black area of the hind wing divided ; and examples of
Heliconius vetustiis, it being remarkable that although similar to
numata it was nevertheless a distinct species. — Mr. A. H. Jones
exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera made by him in Majorca during
the first half of last June, and remarked upon the great scarcity of
lepidopterous species in the island. Only thirteen kinds of butterflies
were observed, and these without any indication of variation, with
about six species of moths (all occurring in Britain), including Agrotis
saucia, Acidalia ochrata, and A. degeneraria, the latter, interesting in
point of colour, being much redder. He also exhibited Melanargia
lachesis var, canigulensis, from Le Vernet, showing on the under side in
the males a strong resemblance to M. galatea ; also Melitcea aurinia
var. iberica, Obth. [desfontainii, Rbr.), from Montserrat, near Barcelona ;
and a melanic specimen of Erebia sti/gne, taken by Mr. R. S. Standen
at St. Martin du Canigou, Le Vernet. — Mr. Frank P. Dodd communi-
cated a paper " On a Parasitic Lepidopteron from Queensland, Aus-
tralia."— Commander J. J. Walker read a paper by Mr. E. G. R.
Meade-Waldo, " On a Collection of Butterflies and Moths made in
Morocco, 1901-2." The species enumerated included a CcenonympJia
new to science. But for so luxuriant a country as that visited it was
remarkable how few butterflies and moths were observed.
November 1st. — Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in the chair. — Mr. J. W.
H. Harrison,B.Sc. (Lond.), of The Avenue, Birtley, was elected a Fellow
of the Society. — The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited (1) Panurgus
moricei, Friese, a species of bee new to science, taken by him near
Gibraltar, of which it was remarkable that whereas species of this
genus are entirely black, in tiiis species the male face entirely, and the
female partly, was bright yellow, the legs partly yellow, and the abdo-
men spotted down each side, very much as in Anthidium; and (2) the
unique type-specimen of Heriades fasciatus, Friese, a male of the Chelo-
stoma group, taken by him at Jericho in 1899, in which, again, while
all its coiiigeners are practically unicolorous, the abdomen is brightly
banded, not unlike that of a wasp. A discussion followed as to the
reason of the peculiar coloration in the species under review, the
exhibitor pointing out that the colour mimicry in this species could
not be due to parasitism, both Panurgus and Heriades being industrious
genera. — Mr. W. J. Lucas showed a male specimen of the earwig
318 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Forjicula auncularia, taken at Warwick iu September last, with a
drawing of the cerci (forceps), which were very abnormal, the broader
basal part of the two appearing to be more or less fused together,
while the legs of the forceps were jointed to the basal part. The case,
he said, was interesting because in cockroaches, &c., tlie cerci are
regularly jointed. — Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited various interesting
insects from Guatemala recently received from Seuor Rodriguez, in-
cluding Heterosternm rodr'uiuezi, Cand., Fantodiniis kliigi, Burm.,
Plusiotis adelaiJa, Hope, and a species of Orthoptera greatly resembling
a dead withered leaf, possibly a new species of Mimetica. — Mr. Norman
H. Joy showed two species of Coleoptera new to the British Islands :
Lcemophilus monilis, F., taken in the neighbourhood of Streatley,
Berks ; and Dacne fowleri, n. sp., from Bradfield, with specimens of
D. humeralis and D. rufifrons, for comparison. — Mr. H. St. J. Donis-
thorpe showed a specimen of a new Agathidium. discovered last year in
Cumberland, and since taken by him in Durham ; and a series of Prio-
nocijphon serricornis, with a drawing of the larva. — Dr. F. A. Dixey
exhibited preparations of the scents of some African butterflies col-
lected by him and Dr. Lougstaff during the recent visit of the British
Association, also specimens of the species investigated. A discussion
on the presence and use of scents in various orders of insects followed,
in which the President, Professor Poulton, Col. C. T. Bingham, and
other Fellows joined. — Mr. P. I. Lathy, F.Z.S,, communicated " A
Contribution towards the Knowledge of African Rhopalocera." — Col.
C. T. Bingham contributed a paper entitled '• A New Species of the
Hymenopterons Genus Me//ali/ra, Westwood, by J. Chester Bradley,
Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A." — H. Rowland- Brown, M.A., Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
October 2Qth, 1905. — Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, President, in the chair.
— Rev. E. Tarbat exhibited a specimen of Pseudoterpna pridnata
[cytisaria] from Morthoe, in which the usual green colour was replaced
by a rich yellowish brown ; it was in bred condition. — Mr. Kaye, an
extremely light form of Boarmia ahietaria, bred from a Box Hill larva.
It was noted that this species was generally much darker now than
years ago in that locality, but none were as light as the specimen
shown. — Mr. Step, a larva of the New Zealand " vegetable caterpillar "
Hepiahis virescens, and the fungus Cordiceps robertsii, which atttacked
it. — Mr. West (Greenwich), the following Hemiptera: Drymus syhestris
var. ryei, uncommon, under dead leaves ; D. pilicomis, very local ;
and Berytus crassipes, rare, under stones ; all from Box Hill. — The
remainder of the meeting was devoted to an exhibition of lantern slides
by the members, illustrating animals and plants in nature, protective
resemblance in insects, curious abnormal growths, our British heaths,
microscopic life, insect metamorphoses, and views taken during the
field meetings.
November 9th, 1905. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Stonell
exhibited, (1) a selected series of Heliophobus hispidus to show the very
small variation in British specimens ; (2) a long series of TcBuiocampa
gothica and its var. gothicina, extremely varied, some of the latter form
having the " gothica " mark obsolete ; (3) Callimorpha dominida, with
yellow hind wings ; (4) Myeria [Sesia) tabani/ormis, from the Gregson
SOCIETIES. 319
collection ; (5) extremely dark forms of Ayrotis nigricans ; and (6) a
raelanic Larentia multistrigaria. — Mr. Moore, a collection of Orthoptera
from South Africa. — Messrs. Harrison and Main, a short series of
Acidalia aversata bred from a female taken at Bude, Six were reddish
and banded like the parent, five were ordinary putty-coloured, four
with no band, one with a very dark band. — Mr. R. Adkiu, (1)
specimens of Pararge egerla from Shaldon, September 21st, 1905, one
of which was extremely dark, compared with others taken at the same
time; (2) a series of Dri/obota {Hadena) protca, reared from ova;
he read notes on the breeding and habits of the larvfe. — Mr. Main,
pupa cases of Pyrameis atalanta and P. cardui, and also pupre of Pieris
napi showing great variation in the number and intensity of the black
markings. — Mr. Goulton, a box of insects he was presenting to the
Society's collections, including a series of Geometra vernaria. — Mr.
Eayward, a very fine series of bred Polyuvimatiis bellargus from Reigate,
and contributed notes. — Mr. Scourfield, F.R.M.S., then gave an
address on " Mendel's Law of Heredity," and exhibited specimens and
diagrams in illustration of his remarks. — Hy. J. Turner, H071. Fiep.
Secretary.
City of London Entomological Society. — October 3rd, 1905. — The
President in the chair. — Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, a series of C.pimctaria
bred from ova laid by Brentwood female. — Mr. J. A. Clark, G.
obscurata taken at Folkestone during first week in August, of somewhat
dark coloration for chalk district. — Mr. Heath, one L. albipuncta from
Sandown, Isle of Wight, September 7th, 1905 ; a series of C. ferrugata
bred from Eynsford female ; and a series of L. deplana from Box Hill.
— Mr. E. Harris, a beetle found under the bark of a log of Gold Coast
mahogany, also larvte found in the same log ; both unidentified. — Mr.
Harrison, C. daws from Cheshire and Isle of Lewis ; those from the
latter locality were paler generally, and had the white cilia much
more accentuated than the Cheshire specimens. — Mr. Pickett, a long
series of C. domimda bred from Deal larvae, the brood producing seveuty-
four females and eighty-six males; also two examples of S. hyperanthus
var. arete, Folkestone, July 15th, 1905 ; and a male 5. ianira, in which
the usual bright brown area on both the upper and lower wings was
replaced by a creamy shade. — Mr. Kaye also exhibited C. dowimda. —
Mr. Prout, a short series of N. neurica from the East Kent marshes,
including four examples of the black var. hessii, which is not known
to occur in the Norfolk Broads, where this species is plentiful. — Mr.
Riches, C. porcelhis bred from Eastbourne larvae, and A. aceris from
Hornsey, including a very dark specimen. — Mr. Shaw, C. propugnata,
second brood from Eynsford ova, which emerged on July 29th and
30th, 1905. — Mr. Bacot stated that an escaped larva of E. cardamines
that had " spun up" on a dark chair-leg in a corner of a room had
produced a very dark pupa.
October ITth. — The President in the chair. — New member : Mr.
Edelsten proposed, and Mr. Prout seconded, Mr. E. A. Bowles. — Mr. Bell,
a series of H. actceon taken at Swanage on July 21st, when the insect
was abundant. — Mr. Benton, two specimens of C. pamphili<s, Purley,
June, 1905, one with marginal band very deep and dark, and the other
with ocellus on under side of one wing almost obsolete ; also two
320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A. jilipendul<£, each with one under wing partially bleached, and an
example of S. hyperanthas with one upper wing in a similar condition.
— Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, seven pupae of P. machaoti reared from ova ; of
these, five, having pupated on carrot stems, were pale green, while the
remaining two, one of which pupated on glass, and the other on muslin,
were dai'k grey in colour : also three cocoons of C. fiircnla on three
different woods, each closely resembling its base. The exhibitor pointed
out that in the- latter case the protective coloration was obviously
produced mechanically. — Mr. Edelsten, a long series of C. russata bred
from ova laid by a typical female taken in the Norfolk Broads ; the
specimens ranged from the type through var. comma ■notata to var.
perfuscata, with many fine intermediate forms ; also .V. pltcta, from
South Devon, with the usual pale costal streak suffused with the ground
colour ; and from Norfolk, with this streak very prominent. — Mr.
Kaye, a fine series of G. elpenor bred from larvJB taken near Basing-
stoke Canal ; although it is generally stated that this larva will not
accept a change of food-plant, Mr. Kaye, having found the larvre on
yellow balsam, had no difficulty in feeding them up on willow-herb. —
Mr. Mera. A. mmata from Cambridge. — Mr. Pickett, P. phlceas from
Dover, August, 1905, with spots on hind wings elongated so that
they coalesced with the marginal band ; also B. perla from Torquay,
Folkestone, and Southend, those from the latter locality having the
orbicular and reniforra very strongly marked. — Mr. Riches, G. smarag-
daria, bred, from Essex marshes, including a specimen with the two
left wings much paler than the right-hand pair ; also M. fimtuata var.
costovata from Hornsey. — Mr. Shaw, A. Incernea taken at valerian at
Torquay on July 18th, and a larva of (Enophila v-jiaimm mounted for
the microscope. — Mr. Harris stated that the beetle exhibited by him
at the previous meeting was Corchjlomera siituralis. — Mr. Kaye reported
the capture of one A", semibrunnea at ivy near Leatherhead. — S. T.
Bell, Hon. Sec.
Duplicates and Desiderata. — We always desire that those of our
readers, who wish to do so, should have full opportunity of making known
their requirements through the medium of our " Exchange " pages. Of
late years, however, it seems to have become usual to reserve the
majority of such notices for the last four months of the year. To find
room for the large number of these lists, sometimes received, it has
occasionally been necessary to curtail some of the more lengthy of
them. May we venture to suggest that it would be a convenience all
round if lists for the " Exchange " could, during the period mentioned
at least, be condensed into about six lines each ? Please note that
lists for the " Exchange " should be sent in on or before the 25th of
each month, and should not at any time be crowded on a postcard.
WEST, KEWMAN AND CO., PRINTERS, HATTON GARDEN, LONDON. E.C.
THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S.
W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S.
W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S.
G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.S.
W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c.
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
"By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made."
VOLUME THE THIRTY-NINTH.
LONDON:
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN,
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited.
190 0.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
Abbott, F. P., '258
Adkin, Eobekt, F.E.S., 173, '265
Andekson, Joseph, 289, 290
Akkle, J. 68, 115, 289
Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S., «,
11, 41
Barraud, p. J., F.E.S,, 161, 214, 234
Bell, John, W. B., 211
Bell, S. J., 24, 48, 72, 96, 144, 192, 240,
295
Bellamy, Chas. J., 162
BoGUE, W. A., 234, 290
Brooke, Justin, 127
Brown, Henry H., F.E.S. , 235
Burt, L. F., 259
Butler, W. E., F.E.S., 161
Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.E.S., F.L.S.,
&c., 169
CAMERON, Peter, 13, 18, 26, 30, 78, 83,
98, 151, 176, 180, 196, 204, 227, 249,
268
Campbell-Taylor, J. E., 207, 208
Campion, F. W., 36, 160, 235, 277
Campion, H., 36, 160, 235
Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., &c., 73,
167, 217
Claxton, Eev. W., 189, 190, 234, 258,
288
Cockayne, E. A., F.E.S., 38, 53
CocKERELL, T. D. A., 15, 56, 125. 148,
177
Comber John, 162. 235
CORBIN, E. B., 115
Cox, G. Lissant, 127
Crabtree, B. A., F.E.S., 290, 291
Cummings, Bruce F., 260
Daws, William, 160
Day, Eev. Archibald, 290
Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 8, 12, 64, 121,
148, 269, 274
DoDs, Arthur W., 188
Donovan, Major C, M.D., F.E.S., 190,
236
Douglas, James, 233
Druitt, a., 237
Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S., 19
Everett, Rev. E., 259
Finzi, J. A., F.E.S., 212, 234
FouNTAiNE, Margaret E., F.E.S., 43, 84,
107
Frowh.\wk, F. W., F.E.S., M.B.O.U,,
118, 132, 145, 161, 16s, 193
Fryer, H. F., 141
Fryer, J. C, 141
Geijer, E. de, 258
GiBBs, A. E., F.E.S., 4, 92, 139
GiLLES, W. S., 212
GouGH, Bernard B., 211
Gurney, Gerard H., 32
Hamlin, C, 233
Harding, Martin J., 235
Harwood, W. H., 118
HiNCHLiFF, K. M., 257, 258, 261
HoisBS, G., 212
Hodge, Harold, 259
Hooker, W. G., 162, 189
Jacobs, Lieut. J. J., 162, 210
Jacoby, Martin, F.E.S., 1, 25
Jackson, E. A., R.N., 233
Jarvis, W., 291, 292
Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., 49
Kenyon, H. D., 258
KiRKALDY, G. W., F.E.S., 14, 60, 79,
139, 154, 198. 247, 253, 283
KiTCHiN, V. P., F.E.S., 31
L.\THY, Percy I., F.E S., <fec,, 77, 125
Lowe, Frank E., 90
Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 42, 66, 116,
160,167, 179, 189,215, 276, 288, 291 ,296
LucKHAM, Alex. M., 65
Lyon, M., 291
Maddison, T., F.E.S., 233
Manders, Lt.-Colonel, F.E.S., 42
Mansbridge, William, F.E.S., 19, 47,
72, 96, 116, 120, 138, 264
Mannering, E., 231
Mason, G. W., 66, 232, 235
Mathew, Gervase F., Paymaster-in-
Chief, F.L.S., F.E.S., c&c, 209, 290,
291
McArthur, H., 212
Menschutkin, B., 209
Merrifield, F., F.E.S., 190
MiDDLETON, B. L., 91
Morgan, C. E., 190
MoRLEY, Claude, F.E.S., 99, 270
Morton, Kenneth J., F.E.S., 105, 275
MouLTON, J. C, 258
Murray, R. B., 233
Newman, L. W., 212, 233
Nurse, Major C. G., F.E.S., 160
Oldaker, F. a., M.A., 157, 183
Pardoe, F. S., 190
Perkins, Alec. W., 235
Perkins, V. R., F.E.S., 212
Peskett, G. E. H., 259
Pether, Wm. G., 213
Philpott, Alfred, 175
Pierce, F. N , F.E.S., 89, 122
Place, H. G., 257, 258
Plum, H. V., 118, 162, 189
Pope, F., 139
IV
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PoERiTT, Geo. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., 190
Peout, Louis B. F.E.S., 266
Kawlings, G. F., 234
Eaywaed, a. L., 197, 219
Eaynor, Rev. Gilbert H., 191
EoGERS, F., 234
RoLLAsoN, W. A., 290, 292
Rothschild, Hon. N. Charles, M.A.,
F.E.S., &c., 75, 172
Rowland-Beown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 19,
22, 44, 70, 94, 109, 120, 160, 164, 220,
242, 262, 287, 293
Scollick, Akthue J., F.E.S., 90
Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., 230
Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., 267
Small, F. A., 162
Solly, R. V., 161
South, Richard, F.E.S., 19, 24, 65, 75,
90, 96, 118, 144, 161, 168, 190, 208,
211, 216, 232, 234, 296
Studd, E. F., M.A., F.E.S., 19, 43
Swatne, Herbert C, 233, 234
Sweeting, H. R., 47, 72, 96, 120, 264
Tait, Robert, 138, 139
Tarbat, Rev. J. E., 161,. 235
Theobald, F. V., M.A., 27, 241
Thorne, Sydney T., 236
ToNGE, Alfred E., 139
TuLLocH, Capt. B., 190, 208, 212, 261
Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 23, 43, 45, 71,
95, 110, 142, 166, 191, 240, 263, 294
Verrall, G. H., F.E.S., 192
ViNALL, Hugh J., 211
ViNALL, Philip H., 211
Wainwright, Colbran J., F.E.S., 48,
71. 95, 143, 214, 275
Waller, Rev. A. P., B.A., 9, 210, 234
Walker, J., 211, 258
Waene, Eenest, 212, 290
Watkins, H. T. G., 258
Webb, Sidney, 234
Weddell, B., 261
Wellmann, F. Ceeighton, 116
White, Rev. L. H., 162
Whittingham, Rev. W. G., 42, 43
Wightman, a. J., 210
WiLLSDON, Alfred J., 97
Woodbeidge, Francis C, F.E.S., 232
PLATES.
I. — Variation in Melitcea aurinia .....
IL — New Butterflies from British Guiana and Jamaica
III. — Eggs of Nabifi (Lativeutris ?) .
IV. — A New Egyptian Flea (Pulex chersinns) .
V. — Some Forms of Aplecta nebtilosa found in Britain .
VI. — Snow Mountains and Bircli Forest, Abisko, Swedish
Lapland ........
VII. — North-west end of the Torneatraske, Swedish Lap-
land ,
VIII. — Some Species of the Palsearctic Genus Colias
to face
page
31
49
73
75
75
220
242
242
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
A Melanic Form of Acronycta leporina ......
Structural details of Ehyacophilarougemonti var. sicula (Trichoptera)
Ilea fasciata, Distant (Cicadid*) , . . . .
Hybrid Notodonta ziczac — dromedarius ....
Larva of Lyccena arion .......
Imperfect Moult in a Larva of Amorpha (Smerinthus) popnli
Apex of Abdomen of Adicella meiidionalis, n. sp.
97
106
121
123
145
217
275
INDEX,
GENEEAL.
Abundance of Pyrameis cardui, Plusia
gamma, and Nomophila noctuella,
On the Kecent, 173
Acherontia atropos at Chichester, 289 ;
in Koxburghshire, 261
Acidalia immorata, 231
Acronycta leporina var. melanocepbala,
19
A General Exhibition, 43
Algerian Butterflies in the Spring and
Summer of 1904, 84, 107
An Apparently Undescribed Species of
Cicadidffi from China, 64
An Autumn Night's Sugaring at Stren-
sall, 260
An Entomological Hoax (?), 188, 210
An Historical Note on the Parasitism of
certain Homoptera, 154
A New Egyptian Elea, 75
A New Species of Adicella from Spain,
275
Aplecta nebulosa var. thompsoni, 115
Aporia cratsegi. Life-history of, 182
Argynnis paphia var. valesina in Glou-
cestershire, 211
A Unique Experience, 190
Autumnal Emergence of Lepidoptera,
232
Bibliographical and Nomenclatorial
Notes on the Hemiptera. — No. 6,
247
Bibliographical and Nomenclatorial
Notes on the Rhynchota, 274
Braconidffi from the Himalaya, On
some, 204
British Butterfly Postcards, 19
British Setting, 257, 287
Butterflies of the Pyrenees, a Correc-
tion, 19
Charaxes from Ehodesia, A New Species
of, 125
Chrysophanus alciphron ab. intermedia,
90 ; phlffias var., 235 ; var. schmidtii
in Essex, 213
Cirrhoedia xerampelina in Herts, 259
Cleaning, Relaxing, and Resetting Lepi-
doptera, 288
Colias edusa in Cornwall, 258 ; in Dor-
setshire, 234 ; in Hants, 291 ; in
Kent, '^34 ; in Suffolk, 234 ; in Sussex,
234, 259
Collecting in France, 160
Completion of the Life-history of Lycsena
arion, 145
Crambus fascelinellus in South Devon,
19, 43
Cucullia gnajihalii at light, 235
Current Notes, 198, 283
Cymatophora octogesima, &c,, in Lon-
don, 257
Dasycampa rubiginea at light, 139
Dates of Appearance of Zygaena filipen-
dulffi and Z. trifolii, 207
Deilephila (Phryxus) livornica in Co.
Cork, 190 ; in Cornwall, 161, 292 ; in
Devonshire, 161, 211 ; in Dorsetshire,
189, 233; in Hampshire, 161, 233,
258 ; in Kent, 162, 211, 234 ; in
Somersetshire, 211, 233; in Surrey,
162 ; in Sussex, 162, 189, 233, 291
Deilephila livornica and Heliothis pelti-
gera in Ireland, 236
Deilephila livornica and Sphinx convol-
vuli in South Wales, 259
Deiopeia pulchella in Cornwall, 292 ; in
Sussex, 291
Description of a New Fijian Species of
Cicadidae, 12
Description of a New Genus and Species
of Cicadidaj from China, 121
Description of a New Species of Austra-
lian Cicadidae, 148
Description of a New Species of Gabu-
nia (Ichneumonidae) from Natal, 30
Description of a New Species of Ichneu-
monidie from Cape Colony, 18
Description of a New Species of Odyne-
rus from the Cape de Verde Islands,
13
Description of a New Species of Odyne-
rus (Vespidae) from Vancouver's Is-
land, 168
Descriptions of some New Genera and
Species of Phytophagus Coleoptera
from New Guinea, 1, 25
Descriptions of Two Cotton Pests from
West Africa, 269
VI
INDEX.
Descriptions of Two New S)Decies of
Braconidas from xiustralia, 26
Descriptions of Two New Species of
Ichneumonidi« from Japan, 98
Dianthcecia irregularis in North Lm-
colnshire, 235
Dicranura bifida two years in pupa, 232
Dicycla oo, 190 ; var. renago in Berks,
161,— in Essex, 190
Dipterygia scabriuscula in September,
291
Dragonflies bred in 1906, 259 ; of
Epping Forest in 1905, 36,— in 1906,
277
Early Stage of Liminitis sibylla, 288
Entomological and Natural History
Society's Exhibition, The South Lon-
don, 110
Entomological Notes from Barnstaple,
Some, 259
Entomological Notes from Switzerland,
32
Ephemera lineata, 189
Epiblema immundana, F. R., 8
Epiblema (Phlocodes) immundana, 19
Epione advenaria, &c., in Oxfordshire,
210
Errata, 139, 189
Eugenia (Vanessa) polychloros, 118
Eupithecia consignata in Hampshire,
139
Eupithecia debiliata, &c., in Leicester-
shire, 43
Exliibition, Entomological and Natural
History, 110
Extraordinary Number of Pupte of Culex
hirsutipalpis, 116
Fidonia atomaria with Six Wings, 261
Field Work in 1905, 139
Food of Monopis rusticella, 160
Four Interesting Australian Bees in the
Collection of the British Museum, 15
Gnat-bites, A New Preventive of, 138
Gnophos obscuraria at rest, 288
Great Migration of "Bumble Bees,"' 65
Guide to the Study of British Water-
bugs, 60, 79, 154
Gynandrous : — Agrotis puta, 72, 94 ;
Amphidasys betularia. 111 ; Lycjena
icarus, 158
Hawaiian Butterflies, Brief Note on,
138
Heliothis peltigera at Bournemouth,
257 ; at Lewes, 211 ; in Dorset, 290 ;
in Isle of Wight, 233 ; in South
Devon, 211, 290 ; in Wiltshire, 234
Herefordshire Coleoptera, 92
Hybrids : —
Amphidasys prodromaria x betularia,
118
Clostera curtula x reclusa, 48
Malacosoma neustria x castrensis, 110
Notodonta dromedarius x ziczac, 48,
120, 122
Nyssia lapponaria x zonaria, 72, 143
Pygffira pigra x curtula, 238
Selenia bilunariax tetralunaria, 110
Selenia illunaria x illustraria, 48
Smerinthus ocellatus x tilise (ova),
192
Smerinthus populi x ocellatus, 48
Hyloicus (Sphinx) pinastri, 210
Imperfect Moult in a Larva of Amorpha
(Smerinthus) populi, 217
Insect Fauna of Sussex, The, 90
Insects of the North Cornish Coast, 4
Interesting Planipennia (Neuroptera),
291
Ischnura elegans in Spain, 116
Joint Cocoons, 189, 230
Laphygma exigua and Agrotis agathina
in Dorset, 235
Laphygma exigua, etc., in the Isle of
Wight, 233
Laphygma exigua at Bournemouth, 257 ;
at Tenby, 212; in Cornwall, 292; in
Essex, 234 ; in Hampshire, 258 ; in
Kent, 212 ; in October at Torquay,
258; in Somersetshire, 233 ; in Surrey,
212 ; in Sussex, 291 ; in Wiltshire,
290 ; notes on the ovum, 267
Larentia viridaria Double-brooded, 292
Larvaj of Acidalia contiguaria, 138
Larvffi of Certain Species of Lepidoptera
abundant, 212
Larvie of Lyctena corydon and their
association with Ants, 197, 219
Larviv, in North Wales at Easter, 1906,
139
Late Occurrence of Spilosoma mendica,
290
Lepidoptera at Rannoch in 1905, 38, 53
Lepidoptera of County Cork, 236 ; of the
Dorking District, 157, 183; of East
Suffolk in 1905, 9 ; of Hertfordshire
in 1905, 91
Leucania extranea at Tenby, 234
Leucania favicolor in the Isle of Sheppey,
210
Leucania vitellina in West Cornwall, 290
Life-history of Aporia cratsegi, 132; of
Lycffina arion, 145, 172 ; of Pieris
daplidice, 193
Limenitis sibylla in Epping Forest, 235
Lithosia caniola at Bournemouth, 290
Manduca atropos at Chichester, 289
Megarhinus, A New, 241
Melanic form of Acronycta leporina. A,
97
Melanic Lepidoptera, 114
INDEX.
Vll
Melanthia albicillata, 258, 292
Melitffia desfontainii and M. aurinia var.
iberica in Central Aragon, 42
Meteorological Conditions affecting Le-
pidoptera, 208
Neotropical Vespidae, on some, 151
New American Bees, 125, 177
New Australian Bees in the Collection
of the British Museum, 56
New Genus and Five New Species of
Ichneumonidse from Australia, a, 180
New Genera and Species of Indian Ich-
neumonidfe. On some, 227, 249
New Genus of Criptinf? (Ichneumonidse)
from Sumatra, A, 196
New Species of Guiana and Jamaican
Butterflies, 49
New Species of Pseudagenia from Aus-
tralia, 176
Neuroptera taken in France by Dr. T. A.
Chapman in 1905 and 1906, 179
Neuroptera and Trichoptera taken by
Dr. T. A. Chapman in Spain, 1906,
276
Noctuffi at Sugar in Daylight, 235, 258
Nocture in Huntingdonshire, 1905, and
a sequel, 127
Nomenclature of the Genera of the
Hemiptera, On the, 253
Notes from Barnstaple, Some entomo-
logical, 259 ; from Chester, 66 ; from
Chichester, 289 ; from the Wye Valley,
213
Notes on African Cotton Insects, 27 ;
on Hybrid Notodonta ziczac-drome-
darius, 122 ; on Irish Lepidoptera,
91 ; on Lepidoptera at Witherslack,
66 ; on Pyrameis cardui, 209 ; on
some Forms of Aplecta nebulosa,
75 ; on the Capture of Boletobia
fuliginaria, 208 ; on the Hymenopter-
ous Family Microgasterid.v, 99 ; on
the Occurrence of Pyrameis cardui in
the Early Summer of 1906. 296; on
Trichoptera Collected in Sicily by Dr.
T. A. Chapman, 105
Nyssia lapponaria emerging in Sep-
tember, 258
Obituary : —
Cannon, F. G., 168
Hutchinson, Mrs., 48
Osten Sacken, Baron, 192
Sabine, Ebenezer, 120
On a few Tachinid;e and their hosts,
270
On Two Species of Hymenoptera from
the Cape de Verde Islands, 83
Orobena straminalis in Surrey, 118, 190
Orthetrum cserulescens in Essex, 160
Orthoptera Collected in Southern Dal-
matia and Montenegro in 1900, On a
few, 169
Oviposition of ^Eschna juncea and
Agrion mercuriale, 42
Pachetra leucophsea near Box Hill, 210
Panorpa germanica, 160
Phalonia badiana, 11
Phigalia pedaria in .January, 66
Pieris daplidice in Devon and Cornwall,
290
Pionea decrepitalis, H. S., and Herminia
tentacularia, L., var. modestalis,
Heyd., in Northern Scandinavia,
287
Plusia moneta in Cheshire, 291
Plusia ni and Laphygma exigua at
Tenby, 212
Preoccupied Generic Names in the
Homopterous Family Fulgoridaj, 8
Preventive of Gnat Bites, A New, 138
Prionus coriarius, 212
Polygonia c-album in Surrey, 234
Potamanthus luteus, 288
Pyrameis cardui and other Probable
Immigrant Species, 230
Pyrameis cardui in 1906, 261
Eecent Literature : —
Annals of the Natal Government
Museum, edited by E. Warren, 215
A Preliminary List of Durham Dip-
tera, by Eev. W. G. Wingate, 167
A Study of the Aquatic Coleoptera
and their Surroundings in the
Norfolk Broads District, by F. B.
Browne, 144
A Text Book of Botany, by J. M.
Coulter, 214
British Flowering Plants, by W. F.
Kirby, 214
Diversities among New York Mos-
quitoes, by Dr. E. P. Felt, 215
Entomology: with Special Reference
to its Biological and Economic
Aspects, by Dr. J. W. Folsom, 295
Flies and Ticks as Agents in the Dis-
tribution of Disease, by F. B.
Theobald, 167
Illustrations of British Blood-sucking
Flies, with notes by Ernest Edward
Austen, 215
Insect Pests of the Farm and Garden,
by F. Martin-Duncan, 296
L'Enseignement de la Zoologie Appli-
que a I'Agriculture, by F. V. Theo-
bald, 215
Lepidoptera from the Edinburgh (or
Forth) District : Further Records,
by W. Evans, 144
Manchester Microscopical Society,
Annual Report and Transactions,
1904, 144
On the Life-histories of the Ox Warble
Flies, Hypoderma bovis and H.
lineata, by A. D. Imms, 215
vm
INDEX.
Report of Economic Zoology, by F. V.
Theobald, 167
Report of the Experiment Station of
the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Asso-
ciation, Bull. No. 1, 168
Proceedings of the Hawaiian Ento-
mological Society for the Year 1905,
216
Proceedings of the South London
Entomological and Natural History
Society, 1905-6, 144
The Agricultural Journal of India,
216
The Butterflies of the British Isles, by
Richard South, 166
The Cultivation of Silkworms, by
Percy N. Braine, 144
The Lepidoptera of the British Islands,
vol. X., by C. G. Barrett, 96
The Natural History of Seiborne, Re-
arranged and Classified in Subjects
by C. Mosley, 144
Transactions of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History
Society for the Year 1905, 216
Ueber der Laich der Trichopteren, von
A. J. Silfvenius, 215
Resting Attitudes of some Butterflies,
Notes on, 160
Resting Habit of Satyrus semele, 288
Scandinavian and Lapland Butterflies,
Some notes on, 220, 242
Scoparia frequentella ab. Portlandica
not at Barmouth, 40
Scopula, the Generic Name, 266
Sesia andreniformis bred, 208
Sesia culiciformis, 189
Sirex gigas. 190, 212 ; juvencus in Nairn-
shire, 235
Six Wings, Fidonia atomaria with, 261
Some Points in the Life-history of
Lycaena arion, 172
Societies : —
Birmingham Entomological, 47, 71,
95, 142, 214, 295
City of London Entomological, 23,
48, 72, 95, 143, 191, 294
Entomological of London, 20, 44, 69,
93, 119, 162, 240, 261, 292
Entomological Club, 24, 65
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo-
gical, 45, 71, 96. 120, 264
South London Entomological, 22, 44,
70, 94, 142, 162, 191, 238, 262,
293
Sphinx convolvuli in Suffolk, 234 ; in
Surrey, 234 ; in Sussex, 259, 291
Spilosoma mendica. Late emergence of,
290
Sugaring at Strensall, An Autumn
Night's, 260
Sugar at Witherslack, 42
Tachinida?, and their Hosts, On a few,
270
Tephrosia luridata, aberration, 160
Tortrix pronubana. Notes on rearing,
265
The Barrett Collection of Lepidoptera,
116
Thecla rubi, 89
The Eggs of Nabis (lativentris ?), 73
The Entomological Club, 139
The Generic Name Scopula, 266
The Van de Poll Collections, 161
Two New Species of Pronophila from
Ecuador, 77
Unusual Dates of Emergence of some
Moths, 89
Vanessa antiopa in Cambridgeshire,
118 ; in Hampshire, 161
Vanessa urticje in hybernation, 114
Varieties :—
Abraxas grossulariata, 24, 110, 112,
lis, 240, 261, 262
Acidalia marginepunctata, 262 ; re-
mutata, 66 ; subsericeata, 262
Acronycta leporina. 19, 22, 48, 72,
94, 97, 111, 115, 294; ligustri, 23 ;
rumicis, 24, 295
iEgeria culiciformis, 111
Aglais urticffi, 72
Agrotis exclamation is, 22, 111 ; tri-
tici, 20, 45
Amphidasys betularia, 22, 112, 240,
263
Angerona prunaria, 24, 72
Anthrocera filipendula), 22, 23, 110 ;
trifolii, 70, 110, 111
Aplecta nebulosa, 22, 68, 72, 75, 111,
115
Aperopeda globosa, 262
Arctia villica, 23, 72, 263
Argynnis adippe, 22 ; aglaia, 69, 240 ;
niobe, 93 ; paphia, 112, 211
Boarmia cinctaria, 23 ; gemmaria,
142
Brenthis selene, 111
Bryophila muralis, 48 ; perla, 72
Bupaluspiniaria, 112
Cabera pusaria, 23
Callimorpha dominula, 110, 263
Carabus raorbillosus, 20
Cidaria testata, 24
Chrysophanus phlasas, 111, 117, 166,
235
Cleoceris viminalis, 55
Cleora glabraria, 23
Colias edusa, 88, 166
Colotois pennaria, 72
Cosmia trapezina, 110
Cosmotriche potatoria, 110, 112, 239
Cupido minima, 23
Cymatophora duplaris, 22, 111
Cjria imperialis, 21
Dicycla oo, 128, 161, 190
INDEX.
IX
Dioryctria abietella, 96
Drepana binaria, 94 ; falcataria, 53
Dryas paphia, 112
Ellopia fasciaria, 23
Ematurga atomaria, 166, 263
Epiblema immundana, 8, 19
Epinephele ianira, 71
Eugonia autumnaria, 263
Forficula auricularia, 20
Grammesia trigrammica, 118
Hemerophila abrujptaria, 20, 23, 24
Hybernia defoliaria, 44 ; marginaria,
111, 192
Hylophila prasinana, 72
Larentia multistrigaria, 120
Lathrobium eloDgatum, 262
Limenitis sibylla, 112
Lycsena bellargus, 72 ; corydou, 69 ;
icarus, 158, 261, 294
Macaria liturata, 67
Malenydris multistrigaria, 72
Mamestra persieariae. 111
Melanargia galatea, 22
Melanippe fluctuata, 22, 112
Melitfea aurinia, 31 ; cinxia, 263
Melinia circellaris, 44
Myelois ceratoniae, 96
Nemeophila russula, 111
Noctua augur, 119
Nola confusalis, 164
Nonagria sparganii, 48
Odontopera bidentata, 21, 111
Oporabia dilutata, 53, 95
Papilio feisthamelii, 86; machaon, 87
Pararge egeria, 112; megaera, 22, 163
Phigalia pedaria, 142, 192
Pieris napi, 116
Polyommatus bellargus, 23 ; corydon,
111, 112, 113
Psilura monacha, 112
Pygasra pigra, 238
Pyrameis atalanta, 111
Pyrausta nigrata, 263
Rumea luteolata, 48
Sesia culiciformis, 111, 189, 192
Spilosonia lubricipeda, 72
Stauropus fagi, 110
Tffiniocampa opima, 192
Tephrosia consonaria, 142 ; luridata,
160; punctuiaria, 23
Tiliacea aurago, 23, 110
Trachea piniperda, 23
Triphsena comes, 23 ; fimbria, 71 ;
pronuba, 71 ; orbona, 72
Uropteryx sambucata, 112
Vanessa polychloros, 88; urticte, 117,
—(dwarf) , 23
Xanthia aurago, 110
Xylophasia polyodon, 140 ; sublustris,
141
Zonosoma pendularia, 95, 112
Zygcena filipendulfe, 22, 110 ; trifolii,
70, 110
Variation in Melitssa aurinia, 31
Variation of the Larva and Pupa of
Vanessa hippomene, 41
Vegetable Caterpillar of New Zealand,
Notes on the, 175
Xylina semibrunnea in Wiltshire, 258
INSTRUCTIONS to BINDER. —The SPECIAL INDEX, given with
the 'Entomologist' early in 1907, belongs to this Volume, and
should be placed next to this General Index.
SPECIAL INDEX.
Netv Genera, Species, and Varieties are marked luitli an asterisk.
COLEOPTEEA.
senea (Triplax), 47
alpinus (Podabrus), 92
Anchomenus, 95
anthobia (Armara), 71
arraillatus (Procas), 162
Asemum, 238
aumonti (Garabus), 20
autographus (Dryocrates), 47
bipustulatus (Mycetochares), 95
blandus (Otiorhynchus), 264
calignatus (Paederus), 239
campestris (Cicindela), 264
canaliculata (Myrmedonia), 164
capucina (Apate), 162
castoris (Platypsyllus), 119
cerasorum (Balaninus), 238
cerealis (Chrysomela), 71
cervus (Lucanus), 82
coralipes (^Esernia), 26
coriarius (Prionns), 212
corsicus (Spathorrhamphus), 164
costata (^^ilsernia), 2, 163
crawshayi (Tetropium), 71, 142, 295
crenicollis (Corticaria), 262
curtus (Longitarsus), 92
Cyrtotrachelus, 201
11-punctata (Coceinella), 259
dentata (Diuarda), 262
elongatum (Lathrobium), 262
emarginatus (CoUyiis), 21
erichsoni (Cardiophorus), 262
ferrugineus (Rhyncophorus), 201
formosa (iEsernia), 25
fugax (Deilus), 162
gabrieli (Tetropium), 295
germari (Apion), 21
*gestroi (^sernia), 25, 163
globosa (Apteropeda), 262
*graci]icorDis (Palffiosastra), 3
grandis (Anthonomus), 27
hagensi (Dinarda), 262
hannoverana (Hydrothassa), 71
huttoni (Pentarthrum), 47
imperialis (Cyria), 21
•impressipennis (Papuania), 3
latirostris (Platyrrhinus), 164
lividus (Phymatodesj, 112
lycopi (Longitarsus), 92
lythropterus (Elater), 238
marginatus (Helodes), 239
markeli (Dinarda), 262
inaxillosus (Creophilus), 47
Entom. Vol. xxxix. 1906.
*meeki (^sernia), 1, 2, 163
melanocephalus (Longitarsus), 92
meridianus (Toxotus), 238
mollis (Opilo), 95
morbillosus (Garabus), 20
Mormolyce, 21
muralis (Sitaris), 261
mysticus (Clytus), 238
nebulosus (Agabus), 264
nebulosus (Leioi^us), 238
nigra (Heterothops), '262
nigriceps (Laccobius), 262
nitida (Amara), 143
nitidicoUis (Hydrochus), 163
novemlineata (Coelambus), 264
nubila (Mesosa), 143
octomaculata (Pachyta), 260
Oides, 3
opticus (Stenus), 92
orbiculata (Apteropoda), 164
*PaIaeosastra, 3
paniceum (Anobium), 47
*Papuania, 3
paradoxa (Homalota), 262
parvulus (Cryptocephalus), 238
pseudocori (Anobium) 47
punctiger (Cryptocephalus), 238
pusillus (Ptinus), 21
pygmffia (Dinarda), 262
quadriguttata (Ips), 239
rhinoceros (Oryctes), 201
rotundalus (Gnathoncus),
rufipes (Notiophilus), 239
rugicollis (Cryptocephalus), 162
sanguinoienta (Elater), 238
schonherri (Apion), 92
scrophularite (Clonus), 70
semivittatum (Apion), 21
7-punctata (Coceinella), 259
serricorne (Lasioderma), 47
sexguttata (Anoplodera), 238
sexpunctatus (Ptinus), 95
sexpustulatus (Carpophilus), 264
sinuatus (Laccobius), 262
splendens (Philonthus), 239
strumosa (Lomechusa), 163
sycophanta (Calosoma), 261
tomlini (Euplectus), 262
troglodytes (Tvachys), 238
uniformis (Nisotra), 29
vexans (Quedius), 262
violaceum (Callidium), 238
b
Xll
INDEX.
DIPTERA.
agyrtes (C), 264
analis (Sciara), 199
Anopheles, 203
bombylans (Volucella), 7, 213
Cfficutiens (Chrysops), 7
campestris (Khyngia), 213
"chersinus (Pulex), 75
crabroniformis (Asilus), 7
crassipennis (Thriptocera), 274
curvinervis (Plagia), 273
fagax (Frontina), 271
gallinaj (C), 264
gigantea (Tipulai, 213
gracilis (Baumhaueri), 273
herricki (Megarhinus), 241
hirsutipalpis (Culex), 116
hirundinis (Slenopteryx), 21
hortulana (Sisyropa), 272, 273
ibis (Atherix), 213
inanis (Myiobia), 273
intricarius (Eristalis), 7
jacuuda (Exorista), 270
lacteiclavus (Tanyteisus), 203
lavarum (Tachina), 272
lenta (Xylota), 213
lucorum (Leucozona), 213
lucorum (Sisyropa), 272
meridiana (Mesembrina), 7
nemorum (Eristalis), 213
niibicus (Pulex), 75
celandica (Dioctria), 213
paniscus (Anthrax), 7
penicilliger (C), 264
pertinax (Eristalis), 213
pluvialis (HaBmatopota), 7
portoricensis (Megarhinus), 241
radicun:\ (Erigone), 273
ruralis (Plagia), 273
rustica (Tachina), 272
serriventris (Phorocera), 271
spinipennis (Digonocli£eta), 273
talpte (Hystrichopsylla), 162
transfugus (Helophilus), 21
trigonus (Dysmachus), 7
variabilis (Chilosa), V!l3
velutina (Cheilosia), 143, 214
vertiginosa (Thelymorpha), 272
vulgaris (Blepharidea), 271
HEMIPTERA.
Acroopra, 247
adonidum (Trechocorys), 255
affinis (Corixa), 79, 86.
albidipennis (Oxycarenus), 29
Aleyrodes, 253
alpestris (Corixa), 61
araethystina (Dinidor), 255
Aniyctus, 248
angulata (Cicada), 287
annulatus (Tibicen), 287
Aphana, 248
Aphanophrys, 248
Aphis, 253
Aphrodisias, 248
atomaria (N.), 154
australasiae (Cyclochila), 148, 287
Basileocorixa, 62
Batusa, 248
biguttata (Hatymeria), 256
bipunctata (Agapophyta), 256
boldi (Callicorixa), 61
bonsdorffii (Cymatia), 60
BrachycepTialus, 248
Brachyceps, 248
brasiliensis (Naucoris), 248
breddini (Oxycarenus), 269
bursaria (Byrsocrypta), 254
cacica (Aphrodisias), 248
cacti (Pseudococcus), 254
caledonica (Callicorixa), 62
Calymmatus, 254
Calypticus, 254
calyptroides (Diaspis), 254
canariensis (Notonecta), 82
Caridomma, 247
carinata (Arctocorisa), 62, 79
cavifroDS (Gltenocorisa), 61
Ceroplastes, 254
characias (Cionopus), 253
characias (Orthezia), 253
Cheilocace, 247
chelidonii (Aleyrodes), 253
Chemes, 253
chilensis (Tettigades), 64
Cicadetta, 286
cimiciformis (Paracletus), 199, 254
cinerea (Nepa), 155, 156
Coanaco, 248, 274
coceinea (Vacuna), 254
coccus ( Dactyl opius), 254
cognata (Callicorixa), 62
coleoptrata (Cymatia), 61
compacta (Tettigades), 64
Conisoptera, 248
concinna (Callicorixa), 61
Copidocephala, 248, 274
coquebertii (Otiocerus), 255
Corixa, 62
Cynthila, 249
Cyphonia, 247
dentatum (Megymenum), 256
dentipes (Corixa), 79
Diaprostecie, 254
Diaspis, 254
INDEX.
Xlll
dilaticollis (Lej^toglossus), 257
distincta (Arctocorisa), 62, 64
Doralis, 254
Dorthesia, 247, 253
'dudgeoni (Oxycarenus), 269
Erana, 8
Ereosoma, 248
Estphonia, 247
Eupheno, 247
exitiosus (Oxycarenuf?), 29, 270
fabricii (Glaiiiocoiisa), 43
*fasciata (Hea), 122
fasciolata (Corisa), 61
ficus (Cherraes), 253
formicaria (Forda), 254
formicarum (JMaigarodes), 254
fossarum (Arctocorisa), 63
fuscata (Aphaena), 274
geniculata (Spartocera), 255
geoffroyi (Corixa) , 79
germari (Arctocorisa), 62, 79
Glffinocorisa, 62
glauca (Notonecta), 82
gossipinus (Oxycarenus), 269
ha?matodes (Tibicen), 287
hageni (Cicadetta), 287
harrisii (Cereopis), 248
*Hea, 121
hederse (Aspidiotusi, 254
hesperidum (Lecanium), 254
hieroglyphica (Arctocorisa), 63
Hoplomus, 248
hyalinipennis (Oxycarenus), 28, 269
Hynnis, 256
Hypselopus, 256
ingenicula (Nepa), 248
Ischnodenius, 248
juncorum (Diraphia), 253
juncorum (Livia), 253
Kermes, 254
Kinnara, 8
Kirbya, 248
Kirbyana, 274
Kirbyella, 248
lacca (Laccifer), 253
Laccifer, 249
Lachnus, 254
lanigera (Eriosoma), 253
lanigera (Myzoyle), 253
laricis (Adelges), 254
lateralis (Arcticorisa), 62, 63
latriventris '? (Nabis), 73
leachii (Monophleba), 254
leachii (Plea), 154
Lecanium, 254
leculariiis (Clinocoris), 203, 255, 287
lepida (Liburnia), 294
limitata (Arctocorisa), 63
linearis (Eanatra), 154, 157
linnei (Arctocorisa), 62, 64
Loxerates, 253
lugubris (Arctocorisa), 62, 63
lutea (Notonecta), 83
Macrophthalmus. 247
. Macrops, 247
maculata (Notonecta), 82, 83
maculatus (Zosnanus), 256
Macrocorisa, 79
malv£e (Aphis), 28
mali (Eriosoma), 253
marginata (Notonecta), 82
marginatus (Brachystethus), 255
maritimus (Athysanus), 14
maritimus (Tliannotettix), 14
marmorea (Notonecta), 82
medina (Microplitis), 103
Melampsalta, 286
mexicanus (Coccus), 253
minutissima (Plea), 154
Micropus, 248
moesta (Arctocorisa), 62, 63
Monophlebe, 253, 254
Monophlebus, 254
Mylpha, 247
Myzoxile, 254
Myzoxylon, 254
Myzoxylus, 254
nerii (Aspidiotus), 254
nigrofasciatus (Dysdercus), 29
nigrolineata (Arctocorisa), 63
nivalis (Leptopteryx), 254
Notonecta, 80
obsoletus (Selenocephalus), 256
Opinus, 249, 274
Oplomus, 248
Oreinocorixa, 61
Pachymerus, 248
palustris (Scorpio), 155
Pamera, 248
percheronii (Ugyops), 156
pedistris (Aphanus), 256
Penthicus, 248, 274
Penthicodes, 274
Pharalis, 254
Philia, 257
Philloxera, 254
pictus (Opinus), 256
Piezosternum, 257
pini (Cinara), 254
pini (Cnaphalodes), 255
plana (Naucoris), 248
Platycoris, 247
Plea, 80
plebeja (Tibicen), 287
Pleroma, 8
Poeciloptera, 247
polonicus (Margarodes), 259
Porphyropliora, 254
prffiusta (Cailicorixa), 61
productus (Myctorodus), 248
productus (Philatis), 248
Prolepta, 249
prominula (Arctocorisa), 63
Psylla, 253
Pyrrhocoris, 247
quercicola (Thelaxes), 254
quercus (Phylloxera), 254
reaumuri (Schizoneura), 199
b 2
XIV
INDEX.
reginte-noctis (Cheilocace), 247
Rhizobius, 254
roborls (Lachnus), 254
rolandri (Calyptonotus), 256
rugicornis (Tetraneura), 254
rugipennis (Xylocoris), 256
sahlbei'gi (Arctocorisa), 62, 64
sambuci (Aphis), 253
sauDdersi (Arctocorisa), 63
scapha (Diaspidius), 257
Schizoneura, 254
scorpio-aquaticus (Nepa), 155
scotti (Arctocorisa), 63
selecta (Arctocorisa), 62, 63
semistriata (Arctocorisa), 63
serratulus (Atheroides), 254
Sminthocoris, 249, 274
sodalis (Callicorixa), 61
Sorglana, 247
squalidus (Oncocephalus), 255
Stenogaster, 256
stoUii (Otiocerus), 255
striata (Arctocorisa), 62, 64
Synaphana, 248, 274
Tapeinus, 249, 274
Temesa, 8
Thops, 248
Tibicina, 287
troglodytes (Trama), 254
ulicis (Livilla), 254
'ulnaria (Tettigades), 64
undulata (Arctocorisa), 62, 63
urticae (Orthezia), 253
vacca (Khizoterus), 254
Varcia, 248
variegatus (Chermes), 255
Varcilla, 248
Vekunta, 8
venusta (Arctocorisa), 63
vesicalis (Pachypappa), 199
•vitiensis (Sawda), 12
Vinata, 8
virens (Chyclochila), 148
vulneratus (Poecilocytus), 191
westwoodi (Callipappus), 254
xanthoneurus (Dellocephalus), 14
HYMENOPTERA.
arborea (Apoica), 153
Acanthoprymnus, 252
acuminata (Coelyxys), 6
aftinis (Perdita), 177
•albocinctus (Probolus), 181
alvearius (Microgaster), 104
aquatica (Prestwicbia), 82, 157
areuaria (Cerceris), 6
asteris (Perdita), 150
astrarches (Apanteles), 102
atlanticus (Odynerus), 13, 83
*aureotincta (Anthoglossa), 16
australis (Pseudagenia), 176
austini (Perdita), 178
azurea (Synceca), 153
*Bathymeris, 251
*bhotanensis (Spinasia), 206
bicolor (Apanteles), 102
*bishoppi (Perdita), 148, 179
*bisulcatus (Odynerus), 78
bizonatus (Odynerus), 78
borealis (Nomada), 295
*burkei (Halictus), 56, 57, 58
cajrulea (Gabunia), 30
caiiB (Apanteles), 111
calceatus (Microgaster), 104
callidus (Apanteles), 100, 103
calif ornica (Perdita), 148
*cambarella (Perdita), 150, 179
centralis (Eumenes), 151
chaniffisarche (Perdita), 126
cibrarius (Crabro), 6
clavicornis (Sapyga), 295
cleoceridis (Apanteles), 101
Cockerellia, 127
congestus (Apanteles), 100
*compressiventris (Xiphozele), 205
coniferffi (Apanteles), 102
connexus (Microgaster), 104
*coreopsidis (Perdita), 126
coriaceum (Hedychridium), 48
crawfordi (Perdita), 125
cultrator (Apanteles), 101
cyanea (Nadia), 30
•dallasiaua (Perdita), 178
decerns (Apanteles), 102
difficilis (Apanteles), 101
diniidiata (Polybia), 153
dolens (Microplitis), 103
dorsettensis (Homopterophagus), 14
*erythropus (Limnerium), 249
falcatus (Apanteles), 101
fasciipennis (Nadia), 30
ferrugineus (Apanteles), 100
filiformis (Polybia), 153
flava (Formica), 113, 197, 220
flavicans (Polybia), 153
flavifrons (Anomalon), 98
*flavipennis (Spinaria), 205, 206
flavitarsis (Gabunia), 30
*flavo-orbitalis (Asphragis?), 18
flavus (Lasius), 147
formosa (Nadia), 30
formosa (Oneilella), 31
forresti (Halictus), 56, 57, 60
*fortispina (Eothneyia), 251
fraternus (Apanteles), 102
■ tuliginosus (Apanteles), 102
fulvipes (Apanteles), 103
fusciforrais (Pseudagenia), 177
*Gavrana, 180
geryonis (Apanteles), 101
gigas (Sirex), 190, 212, 259, 294
globatus (Microgaster), 99, 104
glomeratus (Apanteles), 99, 100, 103
*Glyptojoppa, 229
INDEX.
XV
Gnathoxys, 229
*henricns (Eumenes), 151
'himalayense (Limnerium), 249
hircana (Agenia), 295
Homolobus, 20-4
*ichneumonoides (Euryglossa), 17
ignota (Perdita). 149
impurus (Apantales), 102
insidiatoi-(Anomalon), 98
intermedins (Pezomachus), 101
Isotima, 180
•japonicum (Anomalon), 98
japonicus (Campoplex), 99
jonesi (Perdita), 177, 179
juniperatsB (Apanteles), 101
juvencus (Sirex), 44, 235
lateralis (Apanteles), 103
*latibalteata (Agathis), 26
•leichardti (Halictus), 56, 57, 59
leucomelffina (Batotheca), 205
levis (Lissichueunaon), 227
lilacea (Polybia), 153
linibatus (Apanteles). 100
Limneria, 55
lineipes (Apanteles), 102
'Lissichneumon, 227
Lobocrytus, 196
longicornis (Eucera), 213
*longipes (Bathymeris), 251
maeulipes (Gavrana), 180
mandibularis (Neobosmina), 250
marginatus (Paracolletes), 17
•mathewi (Odynerus), 268
'melanocephala (Polybia), 152
mellifica (Apis), 118. 286
mellina (Perdita), 179
micans (Polybia), 153
*mitchelli (Halictus), 56, 57, 58
niger (Formica), 220
niger (Laslus), 262
nitidulus (Formicoxenus), 119
nothus (Apanteles), 101
novarae (Pseudagenia), 177
obscurus (Apanteles), 102
occiden tails (Polybia), 153
octomaculata (Perdita), 177
octonarius (Apanteles). 102
pallidipes (Apanteles), 102
parietinum (Odynerus), 6
pedestris (Gonatopus), 14
*Ph£Bdraspis, 196
pilo-sella (Neobosmina), 250
pilosus (Gonatopus), 14
placidus (Apanteles), 101
plumata (Anthoglossa), 16
praetor (Apanteles), 102
*pratti (Perdita), 125
*Prosopisteron, 17
pubescens (Gastropsis), 16
pygmtea (Polybia), 153
rejecta (Polybia), 152
rubiginosus (Polistes), 153
rufa (Formica), 119, 164
ruficeps (Cryptaulax), 31
*ruficeps (Gabunia), 30
ruficoxia (Gabunia), 30
rufipes (Asphragis?), 18
*rufipes (Olacustes ?), 181
rufobalteata (Phmdraspis), 197
rugoides (Formica), 164
rugulosus (Microgaster), 104
sabulosa (Ammophila), 6
salebrosus (Apanteles), 100
sanguinea (Formica), 163
scrophulariffi (Allanthus), 7
sericea (Abia), 7
sericea (Anthoglossa), 16
'sericeibalteata (Polybia), 152
serotinellum (Prosopisteron), 17
serva (Selandria), 7
sidae (Perdita), 126
sinuatus (Odynerus), 295
sordipes (Microplitis), 103
spartii (Mirax), 100
spectabilis (Microplitis), 103
spilocephalus (Stenodontus), 228
spinolse (Microplitis), 103
spurius (Apanteles), 100
sticticus (Microgaster), 104
stoUeri (Perdita), 178
'sturti (Halictus), 56, 57, 59
subcompletus (Microgaster), 104
subfasciatus (Accelius), 100
suffolciensis (Microgaster), 104
'sulcata (Glyptojoppa), 229
surinama (Synoeca), 153
tamiseri (Salius), 83
*tapajosensis (Polybia), 151
testacea (Synoeca), 153
tetricus (Apanteles), 100
tibialis (Microgaster), 104
tiro (Microgaster), 104
triangulator (Apanteles), 102
*trichiosomum (Anomalon), 182
trifasciatus (Odynerus), 6
trilineatus (Laphyctes?), 182
tristis (Mieroplitis;, 103
tuberculifera (Microplitis), 103
turner! (Bracon), 26
ultor (Apanteles), 101
ursinus (Panurgus), 7
vagus (Crabro), 6
vagans (Perdita), 148
vanessaj (Apanteles), 100
venustus (LamprocoUetes), 17
verbesinse (Perdita), 179
vernalis (Odynerus), 79
vespertilio (Perdita), 148
*victoriffi (Gastropsis), 15
*warburtonii (Halictus), 56, 57, 58
*willsi (Halictus), 56, 57, 59
xanthismas sideranthi (Perdita), 178
xanthostigmus (Apanteles), 102
*Xiphozele, 204
Xorides, 251
Zele, 204
zygffinarum (Apanteles), 101
XVI
INDEX.
LEPIDOPTERA.
abdelkader (Satyrus), 109
abencerragus (Lycffiiia) 108
abietella (Dioryctria), 96, 140
abruptaria (Hemerophila), 20, 23, 24, 91,
186, 192, 232, 293, 294
absinthiata lEupithecia), 7, 187
aceriaua (Gypsonoma). 239
aceris (Acronycta), 141, 181, 271, 272
acetosellffi (Mesogona), 110
achine (Pararge). 33
acis (Lycsena), 24, 117, 168
acis (Nomiades), 111
acontias (Acrsea), 69
actffion (Adopffia), 108
adippe (Argynnis), 22, 33, 157, 240, 261
adusta (Eurois), 54
adusta (Hadena), 7, 141
adustata (Ligdia), 187. 213
adveoa (Aplecta), 9, 129, 141
advenaiia (Epione), 210, 213
advenella (Ehodophffia), 141
adyte (Erebia), 226, 247
segon (Lycffiiia), 245, 294
ffigon (Plebius), 238
aegidion (Lycaena), 223, 225, 242, 243,
246
aenea (Phytometra), 54, 238
aescularia (Anisopteryx), 187
aetherie (Melitaja), 88
sethiops (Erebia), 34
affinitata (Emmelesia), 213
agathina (Aprotis), 20,45,139,235,264
agathina (Mylothris), 163
agestis (Lycajna), 54
aglaia (Argyanis), 33, 69, 157, 240, 244,
294
agrippina (Thysinia), 113
ahenella (Oncocera), 141
albicillata (Melanthia), 91, 141, 239, 258
alboradiata (Acrfea), 69
albovenosa (Satyrus), 86, 107
albulata (Emmelesia), 213
albulata (Larentia). 247
alceae (Carcharodus), 109
alchemillata (Emmelesia), 7. 54, 141, 187
alciphron (Chrysophanus), 35, 90, 113
alcon (Lycffina), 34, 35, 238
alcyone (Satyrus). 33
alecto (Erebia), 35
alexis (Lycajna), 213
algira (Zyg»na), 109
algirica (Melitii-a), 88
algirica (Satyrus), 89
ali (Hesperia), 109
allardi (Zygsena), 109
alni (Acronycta, 117, 236, 264
alniaria (Ennomos), 141, 186
alope (Satyrus), 165
alpina (Pacbnobia), 117
alsines (Caradrina), 7. 42, 141
alstroemeriana (Depressaria), 7
I alternata (Macaria), 89
{ alveus (Hesperia), 109. 117
; alveus (Syrichthus), 117
amathusia (Brenthis), 34
ambigualis (Scoparia), 92, 214, 238
americana (Chrysophanus), 242
amphidamus (Chrysophanus), 24, 223,
244
anceps (Mamestra), 9, 141
I andreniformis (Sesia), 208
I androgyne (Anthocharis), 88
J andromedffi (Syrichthus), 244
I anemosa (Acraja), 293
' angularia (Cleora), 118
; angustalis (Cledeobia), 7
angustana (Eupoecilia), 66
annulata (Ephyra), 187, 213
antiacis (Lycasna), 165
antiopa (Vanessa i, 11, 33, 47, 117, 118,
158, 161, 168, 192, 244
antiqua (Orgyia), 183, 212
aphnape (Argynnis), 226, 244, 246
apiciaria (Epione). 7, 141, 186, 264
apollo (Parnassius), 33, 35, 239, 246
applana (Depressaria), 7
aprilina (Agriopis). 117, 260
aquilo (Lycffinai, 244
arcania (Ccenonympha), 222
arceuthata (Eupithecia), 192, 240
arcuosa (JNIiana). 42, 129, 141, 185
arenella (Depressaria), 7
arete (Aphantopus),
argentula (Bankia), 141
argentula (Coleophora), 294
argia (Leuceroniaj, 261
argillacea (Aleiia), 27
argiolus (Cyaniris), 91, 158, 240
argiolus (Lycaena), 91, 192
argus (Lycffina), 223, 245
argus (Eusticus), 240
argyrognomon (Lycaena), 223, 244
argyrognomon (Eusticus). 33
arion (Lyca;na), 33, 44* 111, 145, 172,
197, 238, 292
aristfeus (Hipparchia), 35
aristffius (Satyrus), 89
armigera (Heliothis), 27, 230
arsilache (Argynnis), 224, 244, 246
artaxerxes (Lycsna), 54
artaxerxes (Polyommatus), 294
artemis (Melita;a), 191, 209
artemisiella (Coleophora), 294
arundineta (Nonagria), 93, 95
arundinis (Macrogaster), 140
arundinis (Nonagria), 184
ashworthii (Agrotis), 48, 139, 165, 264
asiliformis (xEgeria), 142
asperella (Cerostoma), 21
assimilata (Eupithecia), 187
associata (Cidaria), 188
asteris (Cucullia), 295
INDEX.
XVll
astrarche (Lycfena), 71, 108, 158, 244
astrarche (Polyommatus), 294
astyra (Brassclis), 165
atalanta (Pyrameis), 47, 111, 139, 166,
289
atalanta (Vanessa), 6, 66, 158, 211
atergates (Acrtea), 69
athalia (Melitasa), 33, 222, 239
atolmis (Acraa), 69
atomaria (Ematurga), 23, 166, 187, 213,
240, 294
atomaria (Fidonia), 38, 192, 261
atripUcis (Hadena), 128, 129
atropos (Acherontia), 9, 68, 91, 159, 261,
289, 294, 295
atropos (Manduca), 110, 289
augur (Noctua), 42, 119, 129
aurago (Tiliacea), 23, 110
aurago (Xanthia), 110
aurana (Trycheris), 7
aurantiaria (Hybernia), 187
auriflua (Forthesia), 28
aurinia (Melitaa), 31, 35, 42, 112, 263
auroguttella (Goniodoma), 263
auroraria (Hyria), 141
australis (Aporophyla), 233, 294
autumuaria (Enuomos), 240
autumnaria (Eugonia), 263
autumnata (Oporabia), 55
avetsata (Acidalia), 7, 187
badiana (Argyrolepia), 7
badiana (Phalonia), 11
badiata (Anticlea), 141, 143, 188
badiella (Depressaria), 7
badipennella (Coleophora), 294
baia (Noctua), 9, 42
bajularia (Phorodesraa), 141
baliensis (Ixias), 293
ballus (Thestor), 107
barrettii (Agrotis), 5
barrettii (Dianthoecia), 117, 236
basilinea (Aparnea), 9, 42, 129
basistrigalis (Scoparia), 10
batis (Thyatira), 7, 42, 129, 263
baton (Lycffiua), 108
baton (Polyommatus), 34
belemia (Anthocharis), 87
belgiana (Scodiona), 39
belia (Anthiocharis), 87
bellargus (Lyctena), 72, 108, 158, 219,
226, 239
bellargus (Polyommatus), 23, 113, 263
bellona (Brenthis), 165
bennettii (Agdistis), 10
betulffi (Thecla), 263, 264
betularia (Amphydasys), 23, 110, 111,
112, 186, 241), 263, 293
bicolor (Leucodonta), 117
bicolorana (Hylophila), 159
bicolorata (Melanthia), 188
bicoloria (Miana), 7, 258
bicuspis (Cerura), 117
bicuspis (Dicranura), 111
bidentata (Gouodontis), 186
bidentata (Odontopera), 21, 44, 54, 111,
141, 213, 264
bifida (Cerura), 212, 232
bifida (Dicranura), 232
bilineata (Camptouramma), 7, 44, 188
bilunaria (Selenia), 110, 112, 186, 262
bimaculata (Bapta), 140
binffivella (Homoesoma), 7
binaria (Drepana), 94
bipunctata (Senta), 10
bipunctaria (Eubolia), 188
I bisetata (Acidalia), 10, 141
biundularia (Tephrosia), 165, 191
blanda (Caradrina), 141
blandiata (Emmelesia), 53
blandina (Erebia), 263
bceticus (Lampides), 108
boetica (Lycasna), 240, 263
bondii (Tapinostola), 295
boothii (Colias), 245
bore (ffineis), 244
borealis (Arctia), 39
borealis (Argynnis), 224, 225, 246
bradyporina (Acronycta), li), 115
brassicffi (Mamestra), 7, 184
brassicse (Pieris), 7, 87, 137, 157, 191,
223, 244, 270, 271, 272
brevilinea (Leucania), 95
briseis (Satyrus), 89, 239
brumata (Cheimatobia), 187
brunnea (Noctua), 129, 141, 235
bryonise (Pieris), 35, 111, 226, 244, 245,
292
bucephala (Phalera), 184, 212
*caburi (Papilio), 51
cserulea (Lycajna), 226, 246
Cffiruleocephala (Diloba), 41, 184, 260
cferuleopuncta (Chrysophanus), 91
Cffisiata (Larentia), 55, 247
caia (Arctia), 111, 112, 159, 232
c-album (Graptal, 48, 223
c-album (Polygonia), 35, 234, 263
calida (l,yc£ena), 108
callarga (Lycsna), 246
callidice (Pontia), 35
callunas (Lasiocampa), 54, 95
camehna (Lophopteryx), 40, 184, 191
camelina (Notodonta), 91, 184
Camilla (Limenitis), 33, 36
caniola (Lithosia), 290
cannsB (Nonagria), 44
capsincola (Dianthoecia), 141
carbonaria (Fidonia), 38
cardamines (Euchloe), 66, 71, 111, 193,
213, 238,293
cardui (Pyrameis), 47, 88, 139, 141, l(j6,
173, 191, 206, 209, 230, 261
cardui (Vanessa), 9, 158, 244, 260
carniolica (Zygsena), 109
carpini (Saturnia), 54, 141, 212
carpophaga ^Dianthoecia), 185
castrensis (Bombyx), 189
castrensis (Malacosoma), 10, 110, 112
catena (Augiades), 226
XVlil
INDEX.
celerio (Deilephila), 161
celerio (Hippotion), 155
celino (Lycasna), 108
centaureffi (Syrichthus). 244
centaureata (Eupithecia), 141
cerago (Xanthia), 140
ceraloniffi (Myelois), 90
ceronus (Lyciena), 226
cerri (Thecla), 33, 35
certata (Eucosmia), 141, 188
cervinata (Eubolia), 188
ceryne (Precis), 164
cespitalis (Herbula), 7
cespitis (I/uperina), 184
chffirophyllata (Tanagra), 54
chaonia (Notodonta), 162, 191
char idea (Argynnis), 242, 244, 246
charlonia (Aathocharis), 84, 87
charlonia (Eucliloe), 84
chenopodii (Hadena), 141
chi (Polia), 293
chimsera (Ornithoptera), 21
chrystyi (Oporabia), 24, 55, 94
chrysidiforniis (Sesia), 191
chrysitis (Plusia), 7, 11, 91, 129, 141,
186
chrysorrhoea (Liparis), 144, 272
chrysorrhcEa (Porthesia), 28
cilialis (Nascia), 140
cinerea (Agrotis), 210
cinctaria (Boannia), 23, 294
cinxia (Melitaea), 111, 263
cirsiana (Ephippiphora), 94
citrago (Xanthia), 185
clathrata (Strenia), 187, 261
Cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 88
c-nigrum (Noctua), 7
ccenosa (Lselia), 111, 117
columbina (Nola), 164
combusta (Xylophasia), 54
comes (Triphrena), 21, 23, 42, 111, 185
comitata (Pelurga), 91, 141, 188
comma (Augiades), 159, 226, 247
comma (Hesperia), 244
comma (Leucania), 7, 42, 129, 141, 184
complana (Lithosia), 6
concolor (Tapinostola), 117, 240
Concordia (Crenidomimas), 293
conformis (Xylina), 117
confusalis (Nola), 164, 292
conigera (Leucania), 7, 42, 129, 141,184
consignata (Eupithecia), 48, 118, 139,
165
consonaria (Tephrosia)' 142
consortaria (Boarmia), 186
conspicillaris (Xylomyges), 111, 263
constrictata (Eupithecia), 292
contigua ( Hadena ), 42, 262, 294
contiguaria (Acidalia), 138
conversaria (Boarmia ), 186
convolvuli (Agrias), 165 ,i
convolvuli (Sphinx), 9, 141, 234, 259,291
cordigera (Anarta), 38
cordula (Satyrus), 33, 34, 35
coronula (Acronycta), 128
corticea (Agrotis), 5, 42, 129, 140, 141,
185
corydon(Lyc8ena), 69, 70, 158, 197, 216,
219, 238
corydon (Polyommatus), 110, 111, 112,
113, 165, 240, 294
corylata (Cidaria), 40, 213
costosa (Depressaria), 7
costana (Tortrix), 10
crabroniformis (Trochilium), 238, 239
crassalis (Bomolocha), 239
crataegalis (Scoparia), 40, 66
crataegata (Eumia), 54, 165
cratagi (Aporia), 22, 87, 95, 132, 191
crateegi (Trichiura), 141
crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 94, 186, 294
cribralis (Herminia), 9, 10, 141
cribrella (Myelophila), 141
cristana (Percnea), 161
cristulalis (Nola), 9
crocealis (Ebulea), 7, 141
cucubali (Dianthcecia), 91, 92
cucuUata (Anticleai, 88, 92
cucullatella (Nola), 159
culiciformis (^geria). 111, 142, 239
culiciformis (Sesia), 66, 189, 192
cultraria (Drepana), 94, 184, 232
cuprealis (Aglossa), 141
cursoria (Agrotis), 263
curtula (Clostera), 48
curtula (Pygsera), 238
cyparissus (Lycasna), 225, 242, 243, 244
cypns (Morpho), 45
dffidalus (Lycasna), 65
daira (Teracolus), 88
damon (Polyommatus), 34, 70
daphdice (Pieris), 86, 87, 168, 193, 262,
290, 293
dardanus (Papilio), 164
dealbata (Scoria), 295
debiliata (Eupithecia), 43
decolorata (Emmelesia), 7, 141, 214
decrepitalis (Pionea), 287
defoliaria (Hybernia), 44, 187, 213
degeerella (Adela), 9
delius (Parnassius), 246
dentina (Hadena), 7, 54, 129, 141, 185
deplana (Endrosa), 159
derasa (Habrosyne), 184
derasa (Thyatira), 7, 42, 129, 141
derivata (Anticlea), 141
deserticola (Melilsa), 84, 88
desfontainii (Melitaea), 42
designata (Coremia), 214
despecta (Coenobia), 141
dia (Breuthis), 33
dictffia (Notodonta), 40, 47, 92
dictffia (Pheosia), 47, 68, 184
dictffioides (Notodonta), 67, 68, 92
dictasoides ^Pheosia), 184
dictynna (Melitasa), 33, 239
didyma (Apamea), 6, 139, 185
didyma (Melitaa), 33, 34, 84, 88
INDEX.
XIX
didymata (Larentia), 141
diffinis (Calymnia), 141
dilutata (Oporabia), 24, 55, 94, 95, 187,
260
dilutaria (Acidalia), 7, 187
dimidiata (Acidalia), 7
dinodes (Porima), 175
dispar (Chrysophanus), 111, 117
dissa (Erebia), 244
dissimilis (Hadena), 42
dissoluta (Nonagria), 93, 95
*divisus (Heliconius), 53
dolobraria (Eurymene), 186
dominula (Callimorpha), 70, 110, 144,
263
donzelii (Polyommatus), 34
dotata (Cidaria), 141, 188
doubledayaria (Amphidasys), 111, 112,
263, 293
dromedarius (Notodonta), 48, 54, 112,
120, 122
dubitata (Scotosia), 260
dubitata (Triphosa), 141
dubitalis (Scoparia), 7
duplaris (Cymatophora), 22, 42, 53, 54,
111, 128, 184, 294
edusa (Colias), 9. 88, 111, 141, 157, 166,
234, 240, 258, 259. 291
egeria (Pararge), 6, 107, 113, 144, 158,
165
eleus (Chrysophanus), 112
elinguaria (Crocallis), 7, 186
elpenor (Chcerocampa), 141, 159, 295
elpenor (Deilephila), 159
elutella (Ephestia), 141
elymi (Tapinostola), 140
embla (Erebia), 244
emeritella (Depressaria), 21
emutaria (Acidalia), 10, 140, 141
epiphron (Erebia), 263
epipsodea (Erebia), 142, 165
ericellus (Crambus), 163
ericetella (Gelechia), 214
erippus (Anosia), 139
eris (Argynnis), 93, 113, 294
eros (Polyommatus), 34
erosaria (Ennomos), 91
erythromelas (Vanessa), 88
escheri (Lycsena), 19, 239
escheri (Polyommatus), 70, 239
estreyeriana (Ejjiblema), 8
eumedon (Polyommatus), 33
eupheno (Anthocharis), 87
euphenoides (Euchloe), 113
euphorbise (Deilephila), 117
euphorbiata (Minoa), 213
euphrosyne (Argynnis), 54, 157, 213, 222,
224, 226, 244, 246
euphrosyne (Brenthis), 33, 112
eurimedes (Papilio), 94
euryale (Erebia), 35
eurybia (Chrysophanus), 34
eurytheme (Colias), 165
exanthemata (Delinia), 187
exclamationis (Agrotis), 5, 6, 22, 111,
128, 140
exigua (Caradrina), 27, 117
exigua (Laphygma), 117, 212, 230, 233,
234, 235, 210, 257, 258, 267, 290, 291,
292, 293, 294, 295
exiguata (Hupithecia), 141
exiguata (Tephroclystia), 187
exoleta (Calocampa), 140, 260
extersaria (Tephrosia), 160
extranea (Leucanial, 234
exulis (Crymodes), 111, 117, 142
fagi (Stauropus), 110
falcataria (Drepana), 53, 120
falcula (Drepana), 184, 240, 263, 294
falcula (Platypteryx), 141
falloni (Anthocharis), 84, 87
falloni (Euchloe), 84
farinalis (Pyralis), 141
fascelina (Dasychira), 91
fascelinellus (Crambus), 19, 43
fasciaria (Ellopia), 9, 23, 67
fasciuncula (Mianaj, 7, 129, 141, 185
fauna (Marasmarcha), 240
fausta (Zygsena), 109
favicolor (Leucania), 10, 11, 117, 210,
294
favonia (Zygrena), 109
feisthamelii (Papilio), 86
ferrugata (Coremia), 7, 39, 141, 188, 214
ferruginea (Xanthia), 55, 141, 260
fervida (Callophrys), 107
festiva (Noctua), 7, 9, 129, 141
fettigii (CcenonymiDha), 86, 97
ficklini (Dianthojcia), 112
fidia (Satyrus), 86, 107
filigrammaria (Oporabia), 55
filipendulaj (Zygana), 7, 21, 22, 110, 111,
141, 143, 159, 207
filipendulffi (Anthrocera), 21, 110, 111
fimbria (Triphtena), 71, 111, 129
fimbrialis (Pyralis), 141
fingal (Argynnis), 224, 226
firmata (Thera), 9, 67
flavago (Gortyna), 141
fiavescens (Bryophila), 72
tlavescens (Xanthia), 294
flavicincta (Polia), 141
tlavicornis (Asphalia), 142, 184
flexula (Laspeyria), 186
fluctuata (Melanippe), 22, 23, 44, 112,
165, 188
fontis (Bomolocha), 43, 239
forficellus (Schcenobius), 141
fortunata (Epinephele), 107
fowleri (Lyctena), 70, 110, 165
fowleri (Polyommatus), 110, 165
freija (Argynnis), 225, 244, 246
frequentella (Scoparia), 40
frigga (Argynnis), 224, 244
fuciformis (Hemaris), 159
fuciformis (Macroglossa), 54
fuliginaria (Boletobia), 208, 240
fuliginosa (Arctia), 39
XX
INDEX.
fuliginosa (Spilosoma), 141, 294
fulva (Tapinostola), 141
fulvago (Xanthia), '294
fulvata (Cidaria), 141
fumata (Acidalia), 54, 247
fureula (Cerura), 117, 232
furcula (Dicranura), 191
furuncula (Miana), 141
furva (Mamestra), 42
fusca (Pygmeena), 247
fuscalis (Botys), 141
fuscata (Hybernia), 111, 143
fuscantaria (Ennoraos), 18(5
fuscoviridella (Glyphipteryx), 214
fuscula (Erastria), 14 1
galactodactylus (Poirettia), 191
galatea (Melanai-gia), 22, 89, 158, 292
galathea (Melanargia), 140
galii (Deilephila), 117, 159
gamma (Plusia), 7, 10, 141, 173, 186,
191, 230, 271
gemina (Apamea), 128
gemmaria (Boarmia), 112, 142
genistse (Coleophoraj, 294
geoSroyeila (Harpella), 214
gerningana Ampiiisa), 00
geryon (Pi'ocris), 192
gigantea (Catachrysops), 293
gilvago (Xanthia), 140
glabraiia (Boarmia), 23
glacialis (Erebia), 35, 292
gladiai'ia.(Gynopteryx), 93
glauca (Hadena), 39, 54, 91
glyphica (Euclidia), 186, 191,213
gnaphalii (Cucullia), 117, 235, 263
goante (Erebia), 35, 263
gonostigma (Orgyia), 48, 90, 141, 191,
165, 216
gordius (Ohrysophanus), 35, 90, 113
gorge (Erebia), 35
gothica (Tffiiiiocampa), 110, 141, 185, 272
gracilis (Taaniocampaj, 273
graminis (GharA-as), 184
grisea (Acronycta), 115
grisealis (Herminia) , 213
grisealis (Zanclognatha), 186
griseata (Lithostege), 23
grossulariata (Abraxas), 24, 72, 110, 112,
118, 187, 191, 213, 240, 261, 262, 264,
271
gryphipennella (Coleophora), 294
bamza (Adopsea), 108
hansii (Satyrus), 86, 107
harpagula (Drepana), 117
hastata (Larentia), 247
hastata (Melanippe), 72, 213
hastata (Hheumaptera), 72
hecla (Colias), 243, 244, 245
hela (Argynnis), 224, 244
helveticaria (Eupithecia), 192, 240
helvetiiia (Agrotis), 119
heparata (h^upisteria), 147
hepatica (Xylophasia), 128, 129, 141
hera (Callimorpha), 260
herbida (Aplecta), 141
hessii (Nonagria). 94
I hethlandiea (Hepialus), 54
hexapterata (Lobophora), 40, 294
' hibernica (MeHta;a), 31
I bippomene (Vanessa), 41
hippona (Protogonius), 49
hippothoe (Chrysophanus), 33, 34, 113,
222
hirtaria (Biston), 9, 141
hispana (Lycasna), 69
hispidaria (Nyssia), 142, 143
hispulla (Epinephele). 107
hochenwarthii (Plusia), 242
homeyeri (Leptena), 293
humuli (Hepialus), 54, 160
huntera (Vanessa), 139
hyale (Colias), 33, 111
hybridalis (Stenopteryx), 141
hyerana (Hastula), 119
hylas (Polyommatus), 34
hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 7, 33, 111,
112, 158, 239, 263
hyperanthus (Enodia), 111, 263
hypophlceas (Chrysophanus), 242
ianira (I'lpinepliele), 71, 238, 239
ianthina (Tnphivna), 185
iapygia (Melanargia), 89
iberica (Melitfea), 42
iberica (Zephyrus), 107
icarinus (Lyc;ena), 226, 246
icarus (Lyciena), 7, 54, 108, 158, 213,
223, 224, 226, 243, 261, 294
icarus (Polyommatus), 239
ichneumoniformis (^Egeria), 142
ida (Epinephele), 107
Idas (l.ycasna), 240
iduna (Melitaja), 244
ignifera (Zygiiiua), 109
ilia (Apatura), llo
ilicifolia (Epicnaptera), 117
ilicis (Thecla), 33, 35, 107
ilhiminatella (Argyresthia), 112
illunaria (Selenia), 39, 48, 141
illustraria (Selenia), 48
immitaria (Acidalia), 7, 187, 239
immorata (Acidalia), 231
immundana (Phloeodes), 19
immundana (Epiblema), 8, 19
immutata (Acidalia), 111, 141
impar (Bryophila), 141
impluviata (Hypsii^etes), 39, 141
impudens (l.eucania), 129
impura (Leucania), 55, 141, 184
incerta (Tajniocampa), 110, 185, 214,
294
incursata (I.ycffina), 247
induna (Acrsea), 293
ines (Melanargia), 89
ino (Argynnis), 222, 244
ino (Brenthis), 34
instabilis (Tajniocampa), 141, 273
insulana (Earias), 27
interjecta (Triphaena), 6, 7
INDEX.
XXI
intermedia (Chrysophanus), 90
io (Vanessa), 6, 41, 158, 211
iota (Plusia), 11, 68, 141, 273
iphis (Coenonympha), 33
interrogationis (Plusia), 55
iris (Apatura), 113, 165
irregularis (Dianthoecia), 235
irrorella (Endrosa), 159
irrorella (Setina), 10
ismeria (Phyciodes), 142, 165
jacobffise (Euchelia), 7, 9, 141, 212
johnstoni (Acraea), 164
jurtina (Epinephele), 107
kouewkai (Arctia), 23, 72
lacertinaria (Drepana), 53, 184
lactearia (lodis), 213
lais (Argynnis), 165
lamdella ((Ecophora), 7
ianceolana (Bactra), 66
lanceolata (Aphantopus), 112
lanestris (Lachneis), 111, 230
lappona (Erebia), 35, 70, 226, 244, 246,
263
lapponaria (Nyssia), 72, 112, 118, 142,
143, 258
lapponica (Larentia), 247
lappouica (Argynnis) 226, 243, 246
lathonia (Argynnis), 117. 168, 223
lavaterffi (Carcharodus), 33, 35
lemnalis (Cataclysta), 141
leporina (Acronycta) , 19, 22, 48, 68, 72,
91, 94, 97, 111, 115, 128, 294
leucographa (Pachnobia), 162
leucophjea (Pachetra), 191, 211, 240
leucophffiaria (Hybernia), 48, 143
libatrix (Gonoptera), 7, 129, 185
libya (Melanitis), 293
lichenea (Epunda), 72, 135, 264, 292
lichenaria (Oleora), 9
ligea (Erebia), 34,35,226,244, 245, 247,
263
lignata (Phibalapteryx), 212
ligniperda (Cossus), 91, 141
ligula (Cerastis), 294
ligustri (Acronycta), 23, 128
ligustri (Bisulcia) 263
ligustri (Craniophora), 262
limitata (Eubolia), 7
limoniella (Goniodoma), 238, 239, 263
lineola (Adopaa), 108, 262
literosa (Miana), 7, 141
litliargyria (Leucania), 7, 129, 141
lithodactylus (CEdeniatophorus), 7^ 209
lithodactylus (P.), 209
lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 7, 129, 141
littoralis (Prodenia), 27, 93, 293
litura (Anchocelis), 260
liturata (Macaria), 67, 187, 263.264,295
livornica(Deilepliila), 161, 1«9, 190, 191,
211. 233, 234, 236, 291, 292, 295
livornica (Phryxus), 189, 190, 191, 239
lobulata (Lobophora) 40
lorquinii (Lyctena), 108
lota (Orthosia), 185, 260
lotteri (Papilio), 86
loy sells (Zygasna), 109
lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 72, 160, 166,
232, 273
lucasi (Melanargia), 89
lucernea (Agrotis), 7
lucina (Nemeobius), 92, 158
lucipara (Euplexia), 7, 54, 129, 141
luctuosa (Acontia), 129, 186
lunaria (Selenia), 110, 186
lunaris (Ophiodes), 240
lunigera (Agrotis), 5, 7
lunosa (Anchocelis), 185, 294
luridata (Tephrosia). 160, 165
lurideola (Endrosa), 159
lurideola (Lithosia), 6
lutea (Callimorpha), 110
luteago (Dianthcecia), 112
lutealis (Scopula), 141
luteolata (Opisthograptis), 186
luteolata (Rumia), 48, 112, 213, 264
lutulenta (Aporophyla), 185
lutulenta (Epunda), 140, 141
lycaon (Epinephele), 35, 70, 107
lycidas (Lyca-na), 19
lycidas (Rusticus), 35
lyllus (Coenonympha), 107
machaon (Papilio), 33, 86, 141, 188, 210,
222, 295
macilenta (Orthosia), 260
macularia (Venilia), 43, 186
maculata (Venilia), 213
ma;ra (Pararge), 33, 222, 223, 244
maillardi (Crymodesj, 117
] mairi (Porina), 175
' malvaj (Hesperia), 159, 191, 263
malvffi (Syrichthus), 160, 218
manto (Erebia), 34
margaritaria (Metrocampa), 186
marginaria (Hybernia), 9. 139, 143, 165,
187, 262
marginata (Lomaspilis), 187
marginepunctata (Acidalia), 7, 66, 239,
262, 295
maritima (Senta), 10, 91, 117, 140
martini (Lycana), 1(J8
matura (Cerigo), 66, 184
maura (Mania), 129, 185
mauretanica (Thecla), 107
mauritanica (Epinephele), 107
medusa (Erebia), 243, 246
megacephala (Acronycta), 68, 129, 184
megasra (Pararge), 6, 22, 107, 112, 113,
158, 163, 213
melampus (Erebia), 34
melanopa (Anarta), 39
melanocephala (Acronycta), 19, 48, 111,
115, 141
melanops (Lyca;na), 108
mendica (Spilosoma), 141, 290
mensuraria ^Eubolia), 141
menthastri (Spilosoma), 141, 160, 272
menyanthidis (Acronycta), 39, 42
mercurella (Scoparia), 7
xxu
INDEX.
merope (Milita?a), 31, 35
merope (Papilio), 164
meticulosa (Phlogophora), 185
mi (Euclidia), V2d, 141, 186, 191, 218
miata (Cidaria), 39, 141, 165
micacea (Hydro'cia), 141, 184
milhauseri (Hoplitis), 36
mima (Eiiralia), 164
miniata (CalliRenia), 257, 264
minima (Cupido), 23, 33, 239
minima (Lyca3na), 158, 244
miniosa (Tivniocampa), 213
ministrana (Tortrix), 213
minuscula (Eremiatis), 27
minutata (Tephroclystia), 187
mnestra (Erebia), 35
modestalis (Herminia), 287
mohammedi (Hesperia), 109
monacha (Psilura), 112
moneta (Plusia), 44, 91, 92, 186, 192, 238,
291
monoglypha (Xylophasia), 128, 294
montauata (Larentia), 247
montanata (Melanippe), 141, 188
morpheus (Caradrina), 141, 185
mucronellus (Schcenobius), 9
multistrigaria (Larentia), 120
multistrigaria (Malenydris), 72
munda (Tieniocampa), 141, 185
munitata (Larentia), 247
muralis (Bryophila), 6, 48, 293, 294
murieata (Hyria), 294
murinata (Minoa), 187, 213
musciformis (Sesia), 6
musculosa (Synia), 117
mycale (Papilio), 94
myopiformis (Sesia), 159
myrica) (Acronycta), 39, 54
myrtilli (Anarta), 38, 186, 273
naptea (Argynnis), 246
napi (Pieris), 7, 35, 87, 116, 224, 226,
245, 292
nanella (Aphanaula), 238
nanella (Eecurvaria), 238
nastes (Colias), 245
natalica (Acrsea), 293
nebulosa (Aplecta), 6, 7, 22, 68, 72, 75,
111, 115, 141, 264
nemorella (Harpipteryx), 191
nephele (Satyrus), 142, 165
nerissa (Huphina), 293
neurica (Nonagria), 93, 95, 96
neustria (Malacosoma), 110, 184, 230,
272, 294
ni (Plusia), 112, 212
nictitans (Hydrcecia), 11
nigra (Epunda), 24
nigrata (Pyrausta), 263
nigricans (Agrotis), 7, 185
nigrofasciaria (Anticlea), 91, 263
*nigro£ulva (Eueides), 52
nigrofulvata (Macaria), 67, 264, 295
nigro-striata (Senta), 10
niobe (Argynnis), 33, 35, 93. 292, 294
noctuella (Nemeophila), 7, 173, 230
nouna (Teracolus), 88
notha (Brephos), 165, 263
nupta (Catocala), 141, 186, 238, 263
nymphealis (Hydrocampa), 141
obelisca (Agrotis), 233, 294
oblongata (Eupithecia), 7
oblongata (Tephroclystia), 187
obscura (Agrotis), 128
obscura (Anthrocera), 70, 110
obscura (Cleoceris), 55
obscura (Zygasna), 70
obscuraria (Gnophos), 7, 288
obsoleta (Aphantopus), 112
obsoleta (Heliothis), 27
obsoleta (Leucania), 47, 140, 141
obtusella (Coleophora), 263
occularis (Cymatophora), 140
ocellata (Melanthia), 7
ocellatus (Smerinthus), 48, 141, 159, 192,
212
octogesima (Cymatophora), 92, 128, 190,
257
oeme (Erebia), 34
oleagina (Valeria), 142
oleracea (Hadena), 7, 185, 272
olivacea (Polia), 293
omicronaria (Ephyra), 141
00 (Dicycla), 128, 161, 199, 257
opacella (Acanthopysche), 94
ophiogramma (Apamea), 91
opima (Tffiniocampa), 91, 192
optilete (Lycaena), 225, 244, 245
optilete (Polyominatus), 35
or (Cymatophora), 128
orbitulus (Polyommatus), 34, 70
orbona (Triphsena), 7, 72, 141
orion (Diphthera), 294
orion (Moma), 232, 239
osseana (Aphelia), 66
ossianus (Argynnis), 226, 244, 246
ostrinalis (Pyrausta), 66
oxyacanthffi (Miselia), 141, 260
padellus (Hyponomeuta), 66
padellus (Yponomeuta), 92
paleena (Colias), 35, 70, 243
palealis (Spilodes), 92
pales (Argynnis), 224, 226, 243, 246
pales (Brenthis), 34
pallens (Leucania), 11, 141
pallida (Scoparia), 141
palpina (Pterostoma), 184
paludis (HydrcEcia), 11
paludum (Trichoptilus), 94
palumbaria (Eubolia), 54
palustris (Hydrilla), 117
pamphilus (Coenonympha), 72, 107, 161,
163, 165, 222, 223, 262
pandora (Argynnis), 89, 113
paniscus (Hesperia), 24
'pantoni (Chlosyne), 52
paphia (Argynnis), 7, 211
paphia (Dryas), 33, 112
papilionaria (Geometra), 66, 91, 114, 264
.«
INDEX.
XXlll
parilis (Plusja), 242
parthenie (Melittea), 33, 34
paseuellus (Crambus), fi6
pasiphat- (Epinephele), 107
pastinum (Toxocarapa), 128, 129
patros (Papilio), 71
pechi (Anthocharis), 84, 87, 88
pechueli (Crenis), 293
pectinitaria (Coremia), 54
*peculiaris (Charaxes), 125
pedaria (Fhigalia), 44, 66, 186
peltigera (Heliothis), 162, 189, 211, 230,
233, 234, 236, 239. 257, 263, 264, 290,
293
pendularia (Ephyra), 54
pendularia (Zonosoma), 95, 112
pennaria (Colotois), 72
pennaria (Himera), 186
perfumaria (Boarmia), 44
perfusca (Notodonta), 54
perla (Bryophila), 91, 129, 184
perlellus (Crambus), 66
permutana (Peronea), 96, 293
pernotata (Eupithecia), 44
persicariae (Mamestra), 141, 184
petraria (Panagra), 141, 187, 214
peucetia (Pentila), 293
pflugiana (Ephippiphora), 214
phieodactylus (Marasmarcha), 240
phaeoleuca (Scoparia), 40
phegea (Syntomis), 35
phicomone (Colias), 34, 94, 245
philippina (Epinephele), 107
philoxenus (Coenoiiympha), 66
phloeas (Chrysophanus), 35, 91, 108, 112,
117, 166, 213, 224, 235, 263
phloeas (Polyommatus),. 213
plicfibe (Melitaja), 33, 35
photinus (Papilio), 71
phragmitidis (Calamia), 10
phragmitellus (Chilo), 10
piceata (Cidaria), 40
pieuri (Satyrus), 113
pigra (PygiPra), 238
pilosaria (Phigalia), 66, 139, 142, 192
pinastri (Dipterygia), 141
pinastri (Hyloicus), 117, 210
pinastri (Sphinx), 216
pinguinalis (Aglossa), 7, 214
piniaria (Bupalus), 54, 67, 112, 187
piniperda (Trachea). 23
piniperda (Panolis), 66
pisi (Hadena), 7, 54, 129, 141, 185, 191,
271
pistacina (Anchocelis), 141, 185, 260
plagiata (Anaitis), 188, 213
plantaginis (Nemeophila), 44, 232, 243
plantaginis (Parasemia), 232, 243
plecta (Noctua), 5, 185, 191
plexippus (Anosia), 168
pluto (Erebia), 292
podalirius ((Papilio), 33, 35, 86, 239, 240
polaris (Erebia). 243, 244, 246
polaris (Lycsena), 244
pollux (Erebia), 226
polonus (Lyenena), 69
polychloros (Eugonia), 33, 118
polychloros (Vanessa), 9, 88, 118, 158
polygrammata (Phibalapteryx), 118, 190,
212
polyodon (Xylophasia), 140
pomifolielia (Lithocolletis), 165
populata (Cidaria), 141
popularis (Epineuronia), 184
popularis (Neuronia), 141
pojDuleti (Tfeniocampa), 55
populi (Amorpha), 112, 217, 263
populi (Poecilocampa), 184
populi (Smerinthus), 40, 48, 112, 192,
212, 217
porcellus (Chcsrocampa), 92, 225
porcellus (Metopsilus), 141
porphyrea (Agrotis), 54
portlandica (Scoparia), 40
postremana (Penthina), 94
potatoria (Cosmotricha), 110, 111, 112,
142, 239
praecox (Agrotis), 263
praslongana (Penthina), 214
prasina (Aplecta),129, 185
prasinana (Hylophila), 72, 213
pratellus (Crambus), 214
proboscidalis (Hypena), 186
I progemmaria (Hybernia), 165, 192
I promissa (Catocala), 235
promutata (Acidalia), 239
pronuba (Triphasna), 7, 71, 141, 191
pronubana (Tortrix), 20, 265
propugnata (Coremia), 54
prosapiaria (Ellopia), 67
protea (Hadena), 91, 141, 185
proto (Hesperia), 109
prunalis (Scopnla), 141
prunaria (Angerona), 24, 72, 141, 240,
261, 264
prunetorum (Nepticula), 113
pruinata (Pseudoterpna), 7. 186
pruni (Thecla), 24, 140, 165, 191
pryerella (Myelois), 96
pseudospretella (Borkhausenia), 142
pseudospretella (CEcophora), 142
psi (Acronycta), 7, 67, 129, 141, 271,272
pudibunda (Dasychira), 67, 90, 183
pudorina (Leucania), 141
pulchella (Deiopeia), 291, 292
pulchrina (Plusia), 68, 91
pulveraria (Numeria), 213, 214
pulverulenta (Tasniocampa), 142
pumilata (Eupithecia), 7, 92
pumilata (Tephroclystia), 187
punctalis (Stenia), 7
punctaria (Ephyra), 187, 213
punctifera (Lycasna), 108
punctularia (Tephrosia), 23
purpuralis (Pyrausta), 7, 66, 141
pusaria (Cabera), 23, 214, 264
pusaria (Deilinia), 187
pusillata (Tephroclystia), 187
XXIV
INDEX.
puta (Agrotis), 7, 72, 94, 185
putris (Axylia), 5, 129, 141, 191
pygmffiata (Eiipithecia), 141
pyraliata (Cidaria), 141
pyramidea (Amphipyra), 185
pyrina (Zeuzera), 160
quadrifasciaria (Coremia), 10
quadripimctana (Callimorpha), 260
querciiolia (Gastropacha), 184, 257
quercus (Lasiocampa), 23, 54, 95, 110,
184, 240
quercus ( I'hecla), 264
quercus (Zephyrus), 107, 158
radiata (Spilosoma), 72
rapai (Pieris), 22, 87, 139, 222, 244, 271,
289
raphani (Pieris). 86, 87
ravida (Agrotis), 129, 141
revayana (Sarrothripus), 238
reclusa (Clostera), 48, 212
rectangulata (I'lupithecia), 141, 294
rectilinea (Hadena), 54
remutaria (Acidalia), 7, 187, 213
renago (Dicycla), 128, 161, 190
repandata (Boarmia), 23, 68, 139, 186,240
resinea (Scoparia), 66
reticella (Epichnopteryx), 9
reticulata (Neuria), 91, 129, 140, 184
rhamni (Gonepteryx), 92, 112, 161, 213
ripffi (Agrotis), 263
rivata (INlelauippe), 7
robsoni (Aplecta), 68, 115, 164
rosa (Crenis), 293
*rosenbergi (Pronophila), 77
rostralis (Hypena), 141
rothliebi (Goeuonympha) 66
rotundaria (Cabera), 23, 264
ruberata (Hypsipetes), 40
rubi (Noctua), 7, 141
rubi (Callophrys), ln7, 158
rubi (Macro thylacia), 143, 272
rubi (Thecla), 9, 38, 89, 166, 238, 244
rubidata (Anticlea), 7, 141
rubiginea (Dasycampa), 112, 139
rubiginata (Acidalia), 128, 129
rubricata (Acidalia), 128
rubricollis (Gnophria), 159
rubricosa (Pachnobia), 54, 140, 141, 185
rufata (Chesias), 9
rumicis (Acronycta), 5, 24, 120, 295
rumina (Thais), 87
ruralis (Botys), 213
rurea (Xylophasia), 54, 184
rusina (Dracenta), 292
russula (Kuthemonia), 54
russula (Nemeophila), 111
rusticella (Blabophanes), 7
sacraria (Sterrha), 118
safitza (Mycalesis), 69
sagittata (Cidaria), 94, 140, 141
salicata (Coremia), 53
salicis (Acronycta), 24
salicis (Liparis), 270
salmacis (Lycsena), 71
sambucaria (Uropteryx), 7, 112
sambucaria (Urapteryx), 18!6
sambucata (Uropteryx), 68
sandahli (Colias), 245
saponarife (Neuria), 140
sarpedon (Zygaena), 109
satellitia (Scopelosoma), 112, 185, 260
satura (Hadena), 117
satyrata (Eupithecia), 54, 240
satyrata (Tephroclystia), 187
satyrion (Coenonympha), 34
saucia (Agrotis., 9, 140, 233, 294
saxiola (Honnvsoma), 141
scabiosata (Eupithecia), 91
scabiosata (Tephroclystia). 187
scabriuscula (Dipterygia), 184. 291
schmidtii (Chrysophanus), 213
schulziana (Mixodia), 66
schwarziella (Nemophora), 214
scoliiformis (iEgeriaj, 142
scolopacina (Xylophasia), 43, 91, 139
Scopula, 266
scutosa (Heliothis), 118
scutulata (Acidalia), 141
segetum (Agrotis), 294
selene (Brenthis), 111
selene (Argyunis), 54, 222, 224
semele (Hipparcliia), 35
semele (Satyrus), 89, 111, 260, 288
semiargus (Nomiades), 33, 111
semibrunnea (Xylina), 258
senex (Nudaria), 10
Serena (Hecatera), 129, 141
sericealis (Eivula), 141
Sibylla (Limenitis), 34, 112, 117, 188, 210,
235, 264, 288
sicula (Drepana), 117
silaceata (Cidaria), 264
silacellus (Mesophleps), 191
silago (Xanthia), 14o
silvana (Heliconius), 53
silvius (Carterocephalus), 244
similis (Porthesia), 183
simplonia (Anthocharis), 34
sinapis (Leptidia), 223
sinapis (Leptosia), 113
siphax (Cigaritis), 108
smaragdaria (Geometra), 295
smaragdaria (Phorodesma), 114, 239
sobrinata (Tephroclystia), 187
sociata (Melanippe), 188
sociella (Aphomia), 7
solidaginis (Cloantha), 67
solidaginis (Lithomia), 55
solitarieila (Coleophora), 238
sordida (Mamestra),42
sordidata (Hypsipetes), 22, 188
sororcula (Endrosa), 159
spadicea (Cerastis), 185, 260, 294
sparpanii (Nonagria), 48, 72, 117, 263
spartiata (Chesias), 67, 188, 260
sphegiformis (^geria). 111
sphegiformis (Sesia), 111
sphyrus (Papilio), 86
I
INDEX.
XXV
spinula (Cilix), 141
sponsa (Catocala), 235
stabilis (Tseniocampa), 141, 142
stagnalis (Hydrocampa), 141
statices (Ino), 141
statilinus (Satyrus), 86, 89
steiberi (Chrysophanus), 223, 226
stellatarum (Macroglossa), 45, 159, 163,
203, 260, 289
strataria (Amphidasys), 91, 186
straminalis (Orobena), 118, 190, 263
strammea (Leucania), 10, 140
stratiotalis (Parajjonyx), 141
strigata (Hemithea), 7
strigilis (Miana), 129, 140, 185
strigosa (Acronycta), 117, 140
strigula (Agrotis), 129, 185
stygne (Kiebia), 34
suasa (Hadena), 111
subciliata (Eupithecia), 24
subfulvata (Eupithecia), 141
subfulvata (Tephioclystia), 187
subhastata (Larentia), 247
sublustris (Xylophasia). 42, 128, 141
subornatella (Phycis), 7
subsericeata (Acidalia), 262, 295
subrosea (Noctua), 111, 117
subroseata (Zonosoma), 95, 112
subtusa (Tethea), 9
succenturiata (Eupithecia), 141
suffumata (Cidaria), 39, 214, 238
suffusa (Agrotis), 7, 141, 233
suffusella (Phyllocnistis), 239
sulphuralis (Agrophila), 239
suspecta (Orthosia), 43
swammerdammella (Nemophora), 214
sylvanus (Augiades), 159
sylvanus (Hepialus), 9
sylvanus (Hesperiaj, 7
sylvella (Asthena), 240
sylvella (LithocoUetis), 165
syngrapha (Polyommatus), 112
syringaria (Pericallia), 236
tages (Thanaos), 159
tages (Xisoniades), 160, 213
tameamea (Vanessa), 139
taminata (Bapta), 140
tammeamea (Vanessa), 138
taras (Hespeiia), 191, 263
taraxaci (Caradvina), 6, 66, 129
tarsipennalis (Zanclognatha), 186
telicanus (Lampides), 108, 263
tenebrata (Heliaca), 10
tentacularia (Herminia), 287
tersata (Phibalapteryx), 10, 141
testacea (Luperina), 141, 184
testata (Cidaria), 24, 141
tetralunaria (Selenia), 110, 112
thalassina (Hadena), 42, 129
thaumas (Adopsa), 159
thaumas (Hesperia), 7
thelebe (Pronophila), 77
theophrastus (Lampides), 108
thompsoni (Aplecta), 68, 72, 115
thore (Argynnis). 225, 246, 292
thysa (Belenois). 163
tilias (Mimas), 263
tiliffi (Smerinthus), 192
timanthes (Pronophila), 77
tincta (Aplecta), 42
tirrhaea (Ophiodes), 240
tirrhaca (Pseudophia), 240
tithonus (Epinephele), 66, 117
togata (Eupithecia), 294
tragopogonis (Amphipyra), 7, 141
trapezina (Cosmia), 110, 185, 262
tremula (Pheosia), 47, 184
trepida (Notodouta). 162, 166, 184, 240
trepidarla (Psodos), 53
tridens (Acronycta), 67, 68, 91
trifolii (Anthrocera), 70, 110, 112, 239
trifolii ^Pachygastria), 110
trifolii (Zyga^na), 70, 110, 207
trigeminata (Acidalia), 10
trigrammica (Grammesia), 129, 185, 294
trilinea (Grammesia), 141
trimacula (Notodonta), 184
trimaculella (Nepticula), 239
tripartita (Habrostola), 186
triplasia (Habrostola), 68
tristata (Melanippe), 54
tritici (Agrotis), 7, 20, 45, 141
truncata (Cidaria), 55, 188
truncata (Larentia), 247
tukuoa (Precis), 164
*tumatumari (Heliconius), 53
typhas (Nonagria), 47, 141
typhon (Coenonympha), 66, 244
typica (Mania), 9, 129, 141, 185
tyndarus (Erebia), 263
udmanniana (Aspis), 7
umbra (Chariclea), 7, 129
umbratica (Cucullia), 7, 91, 141, 239
unangulata (Melanippe), 10, 240
unanimis (Apaniea), 42, 47
unanimis (Hadena), 47
undulanus (Sarrothripus), 238
undulata (Eucosmia), 43 294
unduiata (Scotosia) 43, 294
unguicula (Platypteryx), 141
unidentaria (Coremia), 262
unifasciata (Emmelesia), 119
*unifasciata (Pronophila), 77
urticffi (Aglais), 165, 294
urticse (Spilosoma), 140
urticii? (Vanessa), 23, 41, 114, 117, 223,
294
urticana (Sericorif), 66
v-argenteum (Plusia), 36
vaccinii (Cerastis), 260
vacculella (Ochsenheimeria), 238
valesina (Argynnis), 211
valesina (Dryas), 112
variata (Thera), 112, 187
varleyata (Abraxas), 110, 261
vauaria (Thamnonoma), 187
venosa (Arsilonche), 47, 141
venosata (Eupithecia), 294
XXVI
INDEX.
verbasci (Cucullia), 139, 141
vernaria (Geometra), 165, 186
vestigialis (A.grotis), 293
vetulata (Scotosia), 141, 188
vetusta (Calocanipa), 146
viburnana (Tortrix), 66
viduaria (Cleora), 111
villica (Arctia), 23, 72, 159
villocella (Pachytelia), 94
viminalis (Cleoceris), 44, 55, 72, 129
viminetella (Coleophora), 238
vinula (Dicranura), 184, 238
virescens (Hepialus), 175
viretata (Lobophora), 187
virgaureffi (Chrysophanus), 34, 35, 113
virgularia (Acidalia), 28
virgiincula (Porthesia), 28
viridaria (Larentia), 187, 239
viridaria (Phytometra), 186, 238
viridata (Hemithea), 186
viridata (Nemoria), 90
vitalbata (Phibalapteryx), 141, 188
vitellina (Leucania;, 112, 233, 290
vulgata (Eupithecia), 141
vulgata (Tephroclystia), 187
wahlberghi (Euralia), 164
w-album (Thecla), 141, 158
werdandi (Colias), 225, 244, 245
wismariensis (Senta), 10
woeberiana (Semasia), 96
xanthographa (Noctua), 185
xanthomelas (Vanessa), 88
xanthomista (Polia), 22, 292
xerampelina (Cirrhoedia), 9, 47, 92, 140,
259
xylostella (Harpipteryx), 92, 191
yeatiana (Depressaria), 7
ypsilon (Agrotis), 27
zanclaeus (Papilio), 87
zapateri (Erebia), 113
zelleri (Parnara), 109
zephyrus (Lycaena), 19
ziczac (Notodonta), 48, 112, 122
zoegana (Xanthosetia), 66
zonaria (Nyssia), 72
NEUROPTERA.
acutipennis (Platycnemis), 277
ffinea (Cordulia), 23, 259, 277, 279, 280
alpina (Dictyopteryx), 179
annulatus (Cordulegaster), 6, 259, 276
Ascalaphus, 105, 239
aspersus (Mesophylax), 179, 180
barbara (Lestes), 277
bellicosus (Termes), 44
biguttatus (Potamorites), 179
boeticus (Ascalaphus), 277
boeticum (Sericostoma), 277
brunneum (Orthetrum), 179
caerulescens (Orthetrum), 160, 276, 283
cancellatum (Orthetrum), 23
Corrodentia, 296
cyanea (^schna), 37, 259, 280
cyathigerum (Enallagma), 37, 259, 280
danica (Ephemera), 189
depressa (Libellula), 6, 37, 279
discolor (Drusus), 179
dubia (Leucorrhinia), 113
elegans (Ischnura), 6, 36, 116, 279, 283
elegans var. infuscans (Ischnura), 36, 279
elegans var. rufescens (Ischnura), 36, 283
Embiidffi, 286, 296
exocellata (Hydropsyche), 277
felix (Diplectrona), 277
flaveolum (Sympetrum), 261,276,277,281
flavomaculatus (Polycentroj)us), 106
foedella (Tmodes), 277
formicarius (Myrmeleon), 22
fulva (Libellula), 23, 113
fusca (Sympycna), 179
fuscata (Sisyra), 291
germanica (Panorpa), 160, 191
graellsii (Ischnura), 116, 277
grandis (.Eschna), 37, 259, 280
hffmorrhoidalis (Calopteryx), 276
Hemerobiidffi, 199
imperator (Anax), 36, 280
instabilis (Hydropsyche), 105
isosceles (^Eschna), 23, 113
juncea (.-Eschna). 42, 179
lineata (Ephemera), 189
locuples (Tiuodes), 105
longicornis (Ascalaphus), 277
lusitanica (Helicopsyche), 277
luteus (Potamanthus), 288
Mecoptera, 296
mediana (Wormaldia), 105
mercuriale (Agrion), 42, 277
*meridionalis (Adicella), 275, 276, 277
meridionalis (Dilar), 277
meridionalis (Panorpa), 277
micans (Hemerobius), 277
microphya (Chrysopa), 285
mixta (.Eschua), 37, 283
Myrmeleon, 239
naias (Erythromma), 259
Nemoura, 276
notata (Raphidia), 191
nymphula (Pj-rrhosoma), 36, 179, 259,
277, 278
Palpares, 85
pellucidula (Hydropsyche), 277
Platyptera, 296
Plecoptera, 296
plumbeus (Creagris), 277
pratense (Brachytron), 23. 179, 277, 278,
281
puella (Agrion), 36, 259, 278
pulchellum (Agrion), 278
INDEX.
XXVll
pumilio (Ischnura), 279
quadrifasciatus (Hemerobius), 179
quadrimaculata (Libellula), 23, 280
reducta (Adicella), 275, 276
Khyacophila, 105
rougemoDti (Rhyacophila), 105, 106
*rougemonti var. sicula {E.hyacophila),
106
sanguineum (Sympetrum), 113, 276,
282
scitulum (Agrion), 277
scoticum (Sympetrum), 277, 282
splendens (Calopteryx), 276
sponsa (Lestes), 37, 281
Stenophylax, 105
stictica (Hydropsyche), 105
striolatum (Sympetrum), 6, 37, 179, 281,
282
submaculatus (Limnophilus), 277
Sympetrum, 278, 282
tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 277
Termites, 286
uncatus (Onychogomphus), 276
variegata (Nemoura), 179
variegatus (Micromus), 291
virens (Lestes), 277
virgo (Calopteryx), 6, 259, 276
vulgaris (Chrysopa), 277
vulgaris (Rhyacophila), 179
vulgata (Ephemera), 189
vulgatum (Sympetrum), 277, 282
wffineri (Tinodes), 179
ORTHOPTERA.
aegyptium (Acridium), 171
affinis (Poecilimon), 171
albifrons (Decticus), 171
alpinum (Podisma), 171
americana (Periplaneta), 45, 71, 165
auricularia (Foi'ficula), 20
auricularia, var. forcipata (Forticula), 20
bicolor (Stauroderus), 170
bipunctatus (Tettix), 171
brevipenne (Arcyptera), 170
Cferulans (Sphingonotus), 171
eajrulescens (Qildipoda), 171'
Callimenidas, 93
Callimenus, 93
chabrieri (Olynthoscelis), 171
dalmaticus (Olynthoscelis), 171
danicus (Pachytylus), 171
dasypus (Dinarchus), 93
depressus (Tettix), 171
Dermaptera, 296
Dinarchus, 93
discrepans (Ehacocleis), 171
dorsatus (Chorthippus), 170
fallax (Olynthoscelis), 171
femoratus (Olynthoscelis), 171
Forficulidffi, 283
f rater (Pachytrachelus), 171
fusca (Xiphidion), 285
gerraanica (Phyllodromia), 191
giornae (Platyphyma), 171
graniger (Oleandrus), 201
grisea (Platycleis), 171
grossus (Mecostethus), 47
Gryllacris, 201
holosericea (Nyctibora), 96
inHatus (Callimenus), 93
ionicus (Pcecilimon), 171
italicus (Caloptenus), 171
lapponica (Ectobia), 170
liliifolia (Tylopsis), 171
liliifolia, var. margineguttata (Tylopsis),
171
linearis (Apterygida), 47
livida (Ectobia), 170
Mantis, 93
miniata (CEdipoda), 170
morio (Chelisoches), 285
nasuta (Acrida), 170
nigrofasciatus (CEdaleus), 170
nitidulus (Conocephalus), 171
ocskayi (Barbitistes), 171
parallelus (Chorthippus), 170
patruelis (Acrotylus)»171
pellucens (CEcanthus), 172
petrseus (Stenobothrus), 170
pulvinatus (Chorthippus), 170
religiosa (Mantis), 165. 294
rufipes (Omocestus), 170
sepium (Platycleis), 171
spectabilis (Tirachoides), 47
sphacophila (Ephippigera), 172
strepens (Eimcromia), 170
striolatus (Pachytrachelus), 171
subulatus (Tettix), 171
vagans (Stauroderus), 170
varipenne (Xiphidion), 285
verrucivorus (Decticus), 171
vestitus (Arachnocephalus), 172
virescens (Panchlora), 47, 96
viridissima (Locusta), 171
viridissima (Phasgonura), 7
vittatus (Platycleis), 171
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.] JANUAEY, 1906. [No. 512.
DESCEIPTIONS OF SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES
OF PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA FROM NEW
GUINEA.
By Martin Jacob y, F.E.S.
Among the specimens obtained by Mr. A. S. Meek in a com-
paratively unknown region of New Guinea just behind that
part claimed by Germany, and received by Mr. 0. Janson, some
very interesting new forms are contained, the more conspicuous
and remarkable of which I give the descriptions here.
Msernia Meeki, sp. n.
Metallic purplish or greenish, the antennse and tarsi bluish-black,
last abdominal segments flavous ; thorax impunctate, deeply foveo-
lately excavated at the sides, cupreous ; elytra deeply punctate-striate
and longitudinally costate anteriorly, tbis portion purplish, posterior
half finely punctured, smooth, flavous. Length, 20 mill.
Head metallic green, with a deep central groove, a few punctures
are placed near the eyes, the rest impunctate ; in front of the clypeus
is a deep depression or fovea ; antennae bluish-black, extending to
about the middle of the elytra, third and the following two joints
of equal length, terminal joints more elongate and slender. Thorax
scarcely twice as broad as long, the sides straight, the anterior angles
pointed and produced, the disc with a deep longitudinal central groove,
cupreous, the sides deeply excavated and foveolate, some of the fovete
extending nearly to the middle of the disc, the latter itself impunctate;
scutellum rounded, metallic green, with a small fovea at the apex.
Elytra with the middle portion strongly but gradually raised, the
sides with a deeper transverse depression before the middle and
a smaller one at the latter place, strongly longitudinally costate
anteriorly, the strife between the cost^e more or less strongly and
closely punctured, the costate portion metallic green, the posterior
half of the elytra flavous, finely punctured, and flat ; below and the
legs metallic green, the last three abdominal segments flavous.
Hah. Owgarra, New Guinea (A. S. Meek).
SNTOM. — JANUARY, 1906. B
'J THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
At once distinguished from any of its allies by the partly
costate, partly smooth elytra. Each of these has about eleven
round costa (counting the short subsutural one") ; the interstices
are deep and narrow, excepting the last, in which two or three
much broader, elongate, deep grooves separate the costa from
the lateral margins. A. formosa, Gestro, has almost similarly
sculptured elytra, but these have a flavous transverse band
below the middle, and the apex is metallic green, like the rest of
the surface.
JEsernia costata, sp. n.
Blackish, the femora and tibiae flavous ; thorax deeply foveolate at
the sides, impunctate ; elytra with numerous highly-raised, partly-
connected longitudinal costffi, black, the apical third portion flavous,
finely punctured. Length, 20 mill.
Head impunctate, black, deeply foveolate between the eyes ;
antennffi black, the fourth joint about one-half longer than the
third, following joints not longer. Thorax of the same shape as
in A. Meeki, but somewhat more elongate, the anterior margin deeply
concave, entirely impunctate, the disc without a central groove, the
sides deeply longitudinally excavate, the excavation irregularly foveo-
late, another single fovea is also placed near the base at each side ;
scutellum ovate, impunctate. Elytra with their greatest convexity
rather before the middle, with three transverse depressions at the
sides, the first of them the deepest, the anterior two-thirds very
strongly longitudinally costate, the costfe sometimes transversely
connected and separated at the sides by deep elongate foveas, the
apical third portion flavous, finely punctured, with an arrangement of
rows here and there. Below bluish-black, the last two abdominal
segments flavous ; legs elongate and slender, flavous, the tarsi black.
Hah. Owgarra, New Guinea (A. S. Meek).
Quite distinct from A. Meeki in the much more pronounced
and longer elytral costse and their foveolate interstices, in the
differently sculptured thorax, and the general coloration.
Palzeosastra, gen. nov.
Elongate, subcylindrical, and robust, the head short and broad,
antennae very long and slender, extending to the apex of the elytra,
the basal joint elongate, club-shaped, the second small, the third more
than twice as long, the others very elongate, slightly curved, the apex
of each produced. Thorax short and transverse, twice as broad as
long, the sides nearly straight, posterior margin oblique near the
angles, the disc with a lateral and basal depression. Scutellum broad.
Elytra wider at the base than the thorax, broad and elongate, slightly
widened posteriorly, closely punctured, their epipleurfe narrow and
gradually disappearing below the middle. Legs long and slender, the
tibiae not sulcata, all armed with a long spine, the metatarsus of the
posterior legs longer than the following joints together, claws appen-
diculate : presternum invisible between the highly-raised coxae, the
anterior cotyloid cavities open.
This genus has most of the structural characters of the
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 6
LuperinaB of Chapiiis' arrangement, but is altogether of entirely
different aspect and shape, being broad, robust, and elongate,
somewhat of the shape of some species of Oides. The ex-
tremely long antennae, very slender and elongate legs, shape of
the thorax, and the peculiar subaeneous coloration will at once
distinguish the genus from any of the tribe Galerucinae.
Paheosastra gracilicornis, sp. n.
Obscure seneous, the antennae, tibife, and tarsi and the abdomen
black, lower portion of the femora fulvous ; thorax closely punctured ;
elytra fuscous-seneous, extremely closely and finely punctured.
Length, 16 mill.
Head impunctate, the vertex rather convex, frontal elevations
elongate, trigonate, clypeus broad, rugosely punctured, eyes large,
oblong, antennae black, extremely long and slender ; the third joint
more strongly curved at the apex than the following ones. Thorax
with the angles produced, subtuberculiform, the space in front of the
posterior angles thickened, the surface distinctly and closely punc-
tured, the sides with a round fovea, the base with a broader, more
shallow depression. Scutellum punctured. Elytra much wider at the
base than the thorax, the shoulders rounded, the entire surface very
closely punctured, the punctures scarcely finer than those of the
thorax, except towards the apex. The breast obscure metallic, like
the elytra, abdomen blackish. Legs long, thin and slender, femora
fulvous, their apex and the tibite and tarsi black.
Hah. Owgarra, New Guinea (A. S. Meek).
Papuania, gen. nov.
Oblong-ovate, strongly convex and widened posteriorly, antennae
long and filiform, the second joint short, the third slightly shorter
than the fourth, the following joints equal. Thorax subquadrate,
strongly constricted at the base, transversely sulcate. Scutellum
slightly longer than broad, convex. Elytra much wider at the base
than the thorax, deeply transversely depressed anteriorly, the posterior
portion strongly widened and convex, their epipleurte broad at the
base, entirely disappearing below the middle. Legs long and slender,
the tibiffi unarmed, the metatarsus as long as the following three
joints together, claws bifid; presternum invisible between the coxte,
the anterior cotyloid cavities closed.
The genus proposed here for the reception of this insect has
very much the appearance of the Indian genus Agetocera in
regard to the thorax and the elytra, but the very long and
slender antenna, unarmed tibiae, and the structure of the
elytral epipleurse, as well as that of the anterior cotyloid
cavities, differ entirely from the last-named genus, and do not
fit in any group of Chapuis' arrangement of genera.
Papuania impressix>ennis, sp. n.
Fulvous, the antennas (the basal joints excepted), the breast and
legs black ; thorax impunctate ; elytra metallic greenish-blue, deeply
2 B
4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
depressed below the base, strongly convex posteriorly, finely and
closely punctured ; abdomen rufous. Length, 12 mill.
Head about as long as broad, impunctate, transversely grooved
between the eyes, the latter rather small, frontal elevations distinct,
trigonate, clypeus strongly convex, triangular, palpi with the penulti-
mate joint thickened ; antenna long and slender, black, the lower
three joints fulvous. Thorax slightly wider than long, the basal
portion strongly narrowed, its sides straight, but rather strongly and
suddenly widened towards the apex, the disc with a transverse sulcus
at the middle, which is deeply impressed at the sides but shallow
at the centre, the surface entirely impunctate. Scutellum black.
Elytra metallic greenish or blue, deeply transversely depressed below
the base, the depression bounded at the sides by a longitudinal ridge,
the punctures more strongly marked within the cavity and at the sides
than at the rest of the disc. Legs black ; abdomen reddish-fulvous,
the last segment in the male, incised at each side, the median lobe
excavated, not broader than long, the corresponding segment in the
female entire, obtusely rounded.
Hah. Owgarra, New Guinea (A. S. Meek).
THE INSECTS OF THE NORTH CORNISH COAST.
By a. E. Gibbs, F.L.S.
Those who have read Mr. Baring Gould's novel ' In the Roar
of the Sea' will be familiar with the name of Polzeath, the little
hamlet on the River Camel, where the heroine of the story lived.
From a perusal of this interesting work of fiction can be gained
an idea of the wild and rocky nature of the coast-line which guards
the land from the fury of the Atlantic breakers. Nestling at the
head of a sandy cove called Hayle Bay, at the foot of hills which
shield it from the fury of the winter storms, Polzeath in summer
is a delightful spot at which to spend a holiday. To the north-
west, at the mouth of the river, rises the mighty headland of
Pentire, while on the other side of the water the steep cliffs of
the Stepper are seen, and beyond them is the fine promontory of
Trevose, crowned with a lighthouse. A building estate is being
laid out on the clifi:s at JPentireglaze, where half a dozen con-
venient houses have been erected. Polzeath is a veritable
naturalist's paradise, miles away from the nearest station, and
here, during the summer of 1905, I settled for a few weeks'
insect hunting. The South-Western express from Waterloo
landed us at Wadebridge about five o'clock in the afternoon of
July 1st, and it was nearly two hours later when, after a drive
which despite the rain proved very interesting, we reached our
destination. The large box containing our entomological appa-
ratus, tins of syrup for treacling (for it was necessary to remem-
ber that we were six or seven miles from the nearest shop), and
THE INSECTS OP THE NOETH CORNISH COAST. O
other necessary impedimenta, had arrived safely by the carrier's
'bus which travels to and fro from Wadebridge three times a week ;
so, relieved of anxiety on that score, we set out to view the land.
But the rain continued to fall, and darkness set in early, and we
had to abandon the idea of spreading the alluring sweets. The
weather had improved by the next morning, but everything was
still very wet, and no Lepidoptera were to be met with. The
wild parsley which grows abundantly on many of the stone walls
was, however, being visited by Diptera, Leptogaster cylindrica,
Chrysotoxum elegans, and C. /estiva being specially noticeable.
Close by our house a pretty little bay called Pentire Haven ran
inland, and from its head a cart-track had been constructed
along the hill-side. A tiny stream trickled down the valley,
and by its side a small enclosure had been planted with oats.
A convenient row of posts was discovered between the field
and the road, and these afi'orded a most welcome spread for
our treacle patches. The large heads of various umbelliferous
flowers, and, later on, the abundant clumps of ragwort, also
proved very useful for sugaring purposes. It was with some
anxiety we spread the treacle, wondering what these bare, tree-
less, wind-swept rocks would yield ; but all doubts were quickly
set at rest. As soon as the light of the lantern was thrown on
the first post we were delighted to see that it was covered with
moths struggling for places, and crowding round every runnel
and splash of treacle. Agrotis exclamationis was there in its
thousands, with a fair sprinkling of Ax'dia putris, Agrotis corticea,
Noctua plecta, and Acronycta rumicis, and, above all, Agrotis
lunigera. Never having taken this last-named insect before, the
presence of beautifully fresh specimens of both sexes afforded us
much pleasure. It is generally stated that A. lunigera is only to
be taken on steep and dangerous clifl's, in places where sugaring
is by no means a safe occupation ; but its abundance at Polzeath
showed that this is not invariably the case. Here it was found
on posts and flower-heads in the valley at some distance from
the seashore, and so abundantly did it occur, that one evening's
work yielded upwards of fifty specimens. A long and very varied
series was the result of the month's collecting, enabling us not
only to enrich our own cabixiet, but to supply correspondents as
well. At dusk A. lunigera is to be taken on the wing on the
steep hill- sides, flying over woodsage {Teucrium scorodonia) ,
which grows luxuriantly hereabouts, and whose blossoms are
very attractive to insects. On July 6th A. lucernea was taken in
the net, only one other specimen of this insect being seen during
our visit, and that one came to light in the house. We worked
hard at bloom of Silene maritima for DiantJioecia harrettii, which
surely ought to occur at Polzeath, but oar efforts were not
successful. Most of the sugaring was done in the little valley,
visits to more distant spots proving less remunerative.
b THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
At the end of Hayle Bay, beyond the village of Polzeatb, a
small wood clothed the steep side of the valley, and, as there were
practically no other trees in the neighbourhood, we concluded
that here we should do our best work ; so on July 5th, which was
a very promising evening, in company with Mr. P. J. Barraud,
of Bushey Heath, who was staying with me, I visited the spot,
and sugared with great hopes of success ; but the only insect
which rewarded our exertions was a very light coloured specimen
of Aplecta nehulosa. A second visit to this locality at the end of
the month proved equally unremunerative. About the end of
the first week of July Lithosia coiiiplana began to appear, and a
short series was secured, but it was soon over, its place being
taken by L. lurideola. L. complana was taken at sugar, princi-
pally in the heads of ragwort, and also while dusking on the hill-
side ; but this latter method of work proved very trying on
account of the steep and broken nature of the ground, which
resulted in not a few tumbles and much practical acquaintance
with the business ends of the spines of JJlcx curopceus.
As the month advanced Triphcena interjccta and Caradrina
taraxaci became two of the commonest insects, frequenting chiefly
the sugared heads of ragwort, and, in the case of the latter
species, the flowers of woodsage. An occasional specimen of
Bryophila muralis was taken on the posts, but diligent search in
the daytime on rocks and walls failed to reveal its presence, the
only specimens seen being at sugar. As July wore on Agrotis
exclamationis, of which one or two nice varieties had been cap-
tured, gave way in point of numbers to Apamea didyma in great
variety ; but during the second half of the month sugaring was
much less effective than was the case at first, the wonderful
abundance of Nocture on those early nights being a thing to be
long remembered.
Not very much was accomplished among the Lepidoptera in
the daytime. Pararcje egeria was to be seen during the first week
in worn condition, but when, at the beginning of September, I
returned to Poizeath for a few days, the second brood was flying,
and in fine condition ; but unfortunately I then had no net, and
so could not secure a series. Other abundant day-flyers were
Vanessa io, V. atalanta, and Pararge megcera. A worn pair of
Sesia musciformis were secured on July 4th, and a third specimen
was taken by Mr. Barraud on the 7th. The sea -thrift {Armeria
vulgaris), which it frequents, is very common, and doubtless the
insect might be taken abundantly in June.
Some little work was done in other orders. Odonata were
represented by Sympetrum striolatum (abundant), Ischniira ele-
gans, Libellula depressa, Cordidegaster annidatus, and Calopteryx
virgo. Among the Aculeates may be mentioned Odynerus parie-
tinum, 0. trifasciatas, Coeloxys acuminata, Cerceris arenaria,
Ammophila sabulosa, Crahro vagus, C. cihrarius (plentiful at
THE INSECTS OF THE NORTH CORNISH COAST. 7
bramble-flowers on the sand-hills at St. Enodoc), and Panuryns
2u-sinus. The sawflies included Allanthus scrophularia, Selandria
serva, and Abia sericea. The great green grasshopper {Phasgo-
nura viridissima) was frequently seen, coming to sugar in its
immature stage during the first half of our visit, and again later
on as a perfect insect.
Diptera were most plentiful round the little wood already re-
ferred to, and in the boggy meadows immediately below it. Here
Asiliis crahroniformis, Dysmaclius trigonus, Anthrax ■paniscus, Volii-
cella bomhi/lans, Eristalis intricarius, and Mesembrina meridiana
were taken, while Chrysops ccecutiens and Hematopota pluvialis
made work anything but pleasant, especially for my companion,
who was much troubled by their unwelcome attentions. Of the last
named species one ma'e was secured by sweeping, which may be
worth recording, for common as the females are, the males are
not so often met with. I took a male in the same way last year
in Lincolnshire.
The following is the list of the Lepidoptera taken at Pol-
zeath : —
Ehopalocera. — Pier is brassicce, P. rapes, P. 71a jn, Argynnis paphia,
Vanessa io, V. atalanta, Pararge egeria, P. megcera, Epinephele ianira, E.
titJionus, Aphantopus hyperanthus, Ccenonympha pamphilus, Polijommatiis
phlasas, Lycana icarus, Hesperia thawnas, H, sylvanus.
Heterocera. — Sesia vuisciformis, Zggmna jilipendidcB, Lithosia luri-
dcola, L. complana, Euchelia Jacobacc, Lasiocampa qiiercus, Thyatira
derasa, T. batis, Bryophila muralis, Acronycta (/) psi, A. rumicis, Leucania
conigera, L. lithargyria, L. comma, L. impura, L. pallens, Axylia putris,
Xylophasia lithoxylea, X. monoglypha, Neuria reticulata, Mamestra bras-
sica, Apamea didyma, Miana strigilis, M. fasciuncida, M. literosa, M.
bicoloria, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, C. taraxaci, C. quadripunctata,
Agrotis puta, A. suffusa, A. segetum, A. lunigera, A. exclamationis, A.
corticea, A. nigricans, A. tritici, A. liicernea, Xoctua plecta, X. c-nignim,
X. festiva, N. rubi, Triplmna interjecta, T. orbona, T. pronuba, Amphi-
pyra tragopogonis, Euplexia lucipara, Pldogophora meticidosa, Aplecta
nebidosa, Hadena adusta, H. dcntina, H. oleracea, H. j^isi, CucuUia urn-
bratica, Gonoptera libatrix, Plitsia chrysitis, P. gamma, Chariclea umbra,
Hypena proboscidalis, Uiopteryx samhucaria, Epione apiciaria, Crocallis
elinguaria, Gnophos obscuraria, Pseudoterpna pruinata, Hemithea sirigata,
Acidalia dimidiata, A. dilutaria, A. marginepunctata, A. remutaria, A.
unitaria, A. aversata, Abraxas grossidariata, Emmelesia alchemillata, E.
decolorata, Eupithecia oblongata, E. absinthiata, E. pumilata, Melanthia
ocellata, Melanippe rivata, Anticlea rubidata, Coremia ferrugata, C. uni-
dentaria, Camptogramma bilineata, Eubolia limitata, Cledeobia angustalis,
Aglossa pingidnalis, Scoparia dubitalis, S. mercurella, Xemeophila noctu-
ella, Pyrausta purpuralis, Herbida cespitalis, Ebiilea crocealis, Stenia
punctalis, (Edematophorus lithodactylus, Homceosoma binavella, Phycis
subornatella, Apoinia sociella, Aspis udmanniana, Trycheris anrana,
Xanthosetia hamana, Argyrolepia badia7ia, Blabophanes rusticella, Depres-
saria costana, D. arenella, I>. alstrcemeriana, D. yeatiana, 1). applana, D.
badiella, (Ecophora lambdella.
8
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
PREOCCUPIED GENERIC NAMES IN THE HOMO-
PTEROUS FAMILY FULGORID.E.
By W. L. Distant,
In working out the Indian Fulgoridae for my third vokime
on the Rhynchota of British India, I have heen compelled to
propose new names for some genera which bear names previously
used in zoology. As these are not yet published, it is perhaps
better to detail them at once, lest other substitutions should be
made, and further synonymy be created : —
Vekunta, n. nom.
Temesa, Melich., Hom. Faun. Ceylon, p. 40 (1903).— Moll.
Kinnara, n. nom.
Pleroma, Melich., Hom. Faun. Ceylon, p. 41 (1903). — Spong.
and Ins.
Vinata, n. nom.
Erana, Walk., J. Linn. Soc. Zool. i. p. 151 (1857). — Aves.
EPIBLEMA IMMUNDANA, F. R.
By Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S.
Referring to my remarks on Epihlema immundana (Entom.
xxxviii. 311-12), I have just come across an interesting note by
Mr. A. Balding in Ent. Mo. Mag. xxi. 276 (1885), in which he
says that he bred this species in April from larvie collected —
evidently in the Wisbech district — in catkins (of alder ; see Ent.
Mo. Mag. xxi. 206) in the previous November, some of the larvae
having pupated durmg November, and others in the end of
January. This proves that the eggs laid by the second-brood
moths hatch out in the autumn, as stated by Sorhagen (Klein-
schmet. d.M. Brandenburg, 112), but I imagine that such early
pupation is abnormal, for even in this mild climate larvae are
obtainable in plenty, in catkins of alder, in the end of February
and beginning of March.
Mr. Balding (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxi. 276) incidentally mentions
that two out of his last five first-brood moths were "devoid of
the white blotch " (the omission of any such note about the
first two makes it probable that they had the white blotch), thus
showing that the typical white-blotched form, for which Mr.
Thurnall has looked in vain in the first generation, outnumbered
the dark-blotched var. estreyeriana, Gn. In my own experience
of the early brood (see Entom. xxxviii. p. 311) the latter slightly
outnumbered the former.
Norden, Coiie Castle : Dec. 12th, 1905.
LEPIDOPTERA IN EAST SUFFOLK, 1905.
By Eev. a. p. Waller, B.A.
I HAVE headed my notes " Lepidoptera in East Suffolk," but
in reality my observations, with few exceptions, have been con-
fined to a small district situated near Woodbridge, and in close
proximity to the tidal waters of the Eiver Deben. The past
season in this restricted locality, which I have now worked
regularly for six years, and on and off for a much longer period,
has been marked by the entire absence of many species I usually
expect to see, and by the occurrence of several insects which are
quite new to me. Additions to my local list were Hepialus
sylvanus, Eiichelia Jacob (Bcb (imagines and larvae), Biston hirtaria,
Noctua haia, Tethea suhtusa, Cleora lichenaria, Chesias rufata (1),
Herminia cribralis, Schoenobius mucyonelliis, &c. The absentees
included Vanessa polychloros (always uncertain as to numbers,
but generally occurring), Thecla rubi (sometimes abundant),
Mamestra anceps, Apamea basilinea, A. gemina, Grammesia tri-
grammica, Agrotis saiicia, Noctua f estiva, Aplecta advena (often
plentiful). Mania typica, &c. I have seen neither Colias eclusa
nor SjjJwix convolvuli, and I do not remember noticing Vanessa
carclui, whilst only one pupa of Acherontia atropos has been
brought to me from the potato fields.
Eeferring to my diary, I see the first note I have is the
appearance, on March 1st, of Hybernia rupicapraria and H. mar-
ginaria at light. Later in the month the common Tsenio-
campids came freely to sugar. I had no sallows within a mile
or more of my house and so, one evening, having procured a
bundle of sallow-bloom, I placed it about my garden. Moths
came to this in some plenty, whilst the sugar, which the previous
night had been well tenanted, was entirely deserted. Atmospheric
conditions may have had something to do with it, as the night was
colder, and the sugar-patches more exposed to the wind ; but the
preference for the sallow was certainly very interesting to notice.
Nothing of much note occurred in April. A few larvae of
Ellopia fasciaria and Thera firmata, with numerous T. variata,
were beaten from Scotch fir, and a score or more Cirrhoedia xeram-
pelina from ash. On April 12th I boxed a fine specimen of Nola
cristulalis from a tree- trunk, a much earlier date than I have
taken it before. During May I did very little collecting, but at
the latter end of the month I noticed Eupoecilia vectisana flying
freely amongst armeria on the saltings ; and I secured a single
example of Epichnopteryx reticella, which species I first recorded
for this county in 1903. This insect seems to be extending its
range northward, for I hear that it has been taken this year
near Southwold. June in the early days was not very eventful,
with the exception of seeing Eiichelia jacobcece, Adela dcgeerella,
10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and Hdiaca tenehrata, the two former both new to me here, and
the latter only observed once before. On the 16th I made a
journey beyond my usual district, to the sea-coast a little to the
north of Felixstowe, Mr. G. P. Hope having informed me that
the larviB of Malacosoma {Bomhijx) castrensis were to be found in
large numbers, as also the imagines of Setinia irrorella just
emerging and in fine condition. This latter I failed to discover
in the short time at my disposal, but the larvfe of M, castrensis
were in immense quantities, feeding on Plantago maritima. One
might have taken many hundreds of nearly full-grown cater-
pillars, not to mention webs of those in the earlier stages of
growth. Out of about a hundred which I brought home some
suffered from the journey, but a good proportion fed up well on
apple-leaves sprinkled, as Newman suggests, with salt and water.
They also fed on chrysanthemums, but seemed to prefer apple.
The result was a nice and variable series of some forty moths,
two-thirds of which were males. Both M. castrensis and Setinia
irrorella are very interesting insects for this county, as I believe
there has been only about one record of their occurrence during
many years past. The end of June brought various geometers,
of which I may mention Acidalia trigeminata (this species is
much commoner and of more regular occurrence than A. hise-
tata, w^hich I did not observe at all), Coremia quadrifasciaria (a
few, usually scarce, but occurred last year in some plenty),
Melanippe imangidata (I have not seen this for some years),
Phibalaptery.v tersata, P. vitalbata (rare here), Cidaria picata, &c.
Scoparia basistrigalis was common both at light, in my trap, and
at rest on tree-trunks, and Agdistis bennettii and Schaniobius
mucronellus were taken in the light-trap. In seed-pods of the
common yellow flag (Iris) I found a few larvse of Tortrix costana,
and also two small strawberry-coloured larvae which I have been
unable to identify, and which unfortunately escaped. Dusking
by the reed-beds and near the river, Acidalia emutaria and
Herminia cribralis (five) were netted, and two beautiful speci-
mens of Senta maritima var. ivismariensis. Subsequent work in
July produced a fine series of S. maritima, including varieties —
nigro-striata and bipunctata. Dusking by the reeds in July also
rewarded me with long series of Leucania straminea, Calamia
phragmitidis, Nudaria senex, and Chilo phragmitellus. L. stra-
minea was on the wing until quite the latter end of the month,
and the later specimens were in much better condition than
those which I captured earlier. This species flies most freely on
a windy evening, which of course makes netting it a matter of
some difliculty. On July 4th, as I have already recorded in the
August number of the 'Entomologist,' Leucania favicolor flew
into my room, attracted by the light. This specimen is the
typical bufi" form. On July 20th a second came to sugar, the
golden yellowish form var. lutca, Tutt. On the 27th and 28th I
PHALONIA BADIANA. 11
secured two more at sugar, both these being the red form var.
rufa, Tutt. Unfortunately these last, which I took on sugared
flowers of dock, are not m very good condition. I remember it
was on sugared dock that I captured two or three of the red form
in 1901, though at the time I supposed them to be a variety of
L. pallens. Here, I may say, I have to thank Mr. Gervase
Mathew, E.N., for most kindly allowing me to see his unique
series of this interesting insect, and also for confirming the
identity of my own.
Towards the end of July sugar began to attract moths in
large numbers, but, with a few bright exceptions, the better
noctuids were wanting. A thing that always strikes me is that
each season one or two species seem especially to assert them-
selves. Last year, for instance, the three Plusiids chrysites, iota,
and gamma appeared in unusual quantities. I shall not easily
forget how the last-named swarmed one evening in early June at
the flowers of sweet rocket. The wind suddenly veered round
from east to west, and as suddenly my garden seemed alive with
P. gamma, where, half an hour before, not one was to be seen.
This year I have been interested in the abundance of Hydrcecia
nictitans and Agi'otis tritici, neither of them, as a rule, common
insects here. I3oth came in profusion to light and sugar. I had
no idea before that H. nictitans was such a variable insect ;
a long series included var. paludis and many other nice forms.
During the early part of August I was away from home, and
when I returned, though sugar still proved attractive, nothing of
any special note turned up. There was a very large second
brood of Leucania pallens out, so I worked hard, hoping for some
more L. favicolor, but with no success. In September I had
little or no leisure, as I was busy changing my residence. On
the 29th a specimen of Vanessa antiopa was brought to me, this
I have already recorded. The cold winds of October were not very
enticing, so that autumn collecting was more or less of a failure.
I do not know what verdict other entomologists will pro-
nounce upon the season 1905, good or bad. I am content to
call it a very interesting one.
Wiildriugfield Rectory, Woodbridgo.
PHALONIA BADIANA, Hb.
By Eustace E. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S.
I HAVE no doubt that Mr. Thurnall's suggestion (Entom.
xxxviii. 309-10), that Sorhagen (Kleinschmet. d. M. Branden-
burg, 86) erroneously attributed Machin's statement about
P. badiana (Entom. vi. 283) to " Maling," owing to notes by
both writers having appeared on the same page, is correct. The
12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
mistake may have arisen, as be thinks likely, from confusion
between the two somewhat similar names, but it seems to me
still more probable that Sorhagen entirely overlooked Machin's
name, which is given without address or date and in a singularly
inconspicuous position, and, at a cursory glance, took the whole
page as a contribution from Maling, w4iose name and address
are printed at the foot of it. It occurred to me some time ago
that Sorhagen must have written "Maling" for "Machin," and
a footnote to my paper was penned to this effect, but having only
in mind Machin's later note (Entom. xx. 110-11), which proved
to have been published the year after Sorhagen's work, I had no
explanation to offer of how such a mistake could have arisen,
and substituted the footnote, published in Entom. xxxviii. 276,
for the original one.
Norden, Corfe Castle : Dec. lltb, 1905.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FIJIAN SPECIES OF
CICADID^.
By W. L. Distant.
Subfam. CiCADiNiE.
Div. DUNDUBIARIA.
Little is known of the Cicadidse found on these islands,
but from what little is known, the species are large and distinct.
More than twenty years ago I described two species from the
Fijis, and have not seen another specimen from the islands save
the two which prompt this note.
Saicda ! vitiensis, sp. n.
2 . Head and pronotum ochraceous ; front of head with a central
line more broadly bifurcating anteriorly, pale castaneous ; area of the
ocelli piceous-black ; pronotum with the anterior margin and the
fissures pale castaneous, and with a central fascia only denoted by its
darker margins, which are more defined posteriorly ; mesonotum
piceous-brown, the lateral margins and two discal fasciate lines ochra-
ceous, four obconical spots only denoted by their darker margins, of
which the two central are shortest ; abdomen above piceous-brown, its
base and lateral areas transversely palely pilose ; body beneath and
legs ochraceous ; base and apes of face, and bases and apices of femora
and tibiffi, brownish or piceous ; tegmina and wings hyaline, the vena-
tion ochraceous, becoming piceous towards apical areas, tegmina with
the costal membrane brownish ochraceous, basal venation of the upper
ulnar area pale ochraceous, transverse veins at bases of second, third,
fourth, fifth, and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a series of small
A NEW SPECIES OF ODYNEKUS. 13
fuscous spots at apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas ; head as
long as breadth between eyes, and including eyes much narrower than
base of mesonotum, anterior margins of vertex of head almost at right
angles to front ; greatest breadth of tegmina about one-third of length.
Long. excl. tegm., 2 , 37 millim. ; exp. tegm., 125 millim.
Hah. Fiji Islands (Crowley Bequest, Brit. Mus.).
This description is based on two female specimens. The
species conforms to all the characters of the genus Sawcla, with
the exception of the more elongate tegmina. For absolute generic
identification a male example is of course necessary.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ODYNERUS
(ANCISTROCERUS) FEOM THE CAPE DE VEEDE
ISLANDS.
By p. Cameron.
Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) atlanticus, sp. nov.
Black ; almost the apical half of the clypeus, its sides above
obscurely, the under side of the antennal scape, of the apex of the
flagellum more obscurely, the upper basal half of the pronotum,
tegulse, the basal segment of the abdomen except a semicircular mark
on the basal slope, the apical fourth of the second segment, its sides
broadly at the apes, the line becoming gradually narrowed towards the
base, and the legs, except the coxte and trochanters, red. Wings
hyaline, tinged with violaceous, the nervures black. $ . Length to
end of second abdominal segment, 9 mm.
St. Vincent, Cape de Verde Islands (J. J. Walker).
Basal segment of abdomen cup-shaped ; its suture indistinct ; the
greater part of the basal two ventral segments are red. The punctua-
tion on the first segment is fine, close, distinct ; the second is finely
punctured on the sides and apex ; the others are more distinctly but
not deeply punctured. Head closely, rugosely punctured, and thickly
covered with white pubescence ; the punctuation on the clypeus is
wider, more scattered ; it is stronger on the upper than on the lower
half ; the apical incision is shallow ; the sides forming stout blunt
teeth. The punctuation on the front runs into striations. Thorax
strongly, closely punctured, and thickly covered with white pubescence ;
the base of pronotum transverse, the sides angled but not projecting.
There are two longitudinal furrows on the apical third of the meso-
notum. The upper half of the sides of the metanotum roundly project,
almost forming longish rounded tubercles. The sides of the clypeus
are not keeled. The first abdominal segment is larger than usual ;
the second is longer than its width at the apex ; it is narrowed at the
base, being thus clearly separated from the first. The second cubital
cellule in front is as wide as the space bounded by the recurrent and
14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the transverse cubital nervures ; both the former are received about
the same distance from the latter.
Belongs to Saussure's Section iii^ (Vespides, i. 148), -which
contains three species from Madeira and the Canaries. The
present species cannot well be confounded with any of them,
unless it be that a large series of specimens might show that
all are forms of one species, of which the present would form
a well-marked race.
AN HISTOEICAL NOTE ON THE PARASITISM OF
CERTAIN HOMOPTERA.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
The parasitism of certain Homoptera of the families Ful-
goridse and Tetigoniidae (or " Jassidfe "), by Dryinids, the
internal parasites being protected by a conspicuous external
seed-like covering lodged beneath the lobes which develop into the
tegmina, was first clearly made known by J. Mik, the Austrian
dipterist,* although the first notice was as early as 1857, by E.
Perris.f
In 1878, however, C. W. Dale, in his ' History of Glanvilles
Wootton,' (p. 304), proposed new generic and specific names, i. e.
Homopterophagus dorscttensis, for " a very curious black parasite
about the size of a mustard-seed, adhering to the side of various
species of the Homoptera where the elytra join the thorax " ;
this looks like a little black bag, and Dale considers that it must
belong to the Acari ! I have not seen recently Dale's efl'usion, but
have extracted the above particulars from the " Arachnida" for
1878, in the 'Zoological Record' for 1879 (publ. 1881), p. 23. It
refers, however, without doubt, to the larval covering of Gonatopus,
or allied genus, though of course Dale's names have no value.
By the way, I think that British students of parasitic
Hymenoptera and Diptera would be astonished at the results
of captures and careful examination of nymphs and egg- cases
of Fulgorids and Tetigoniids. Try it I
Honolulu.
■-'= ' Zur Biologie von Gonatopiis pilosus, Thorns. Ein hj-menoptero-
logisches Beitrag" (Wiener Ent. Zeit. i. pp. 215-21 (Sept., 1882), plate iii.,
in which the hynienopteron is noted as parasitic on Deltoce;plialus xantlio-
neurus (= assimilis, Fallen.) ).
f " Nouvelles excursions dans les grandes Landes " (Ann. Soc. Linn.
Lyon (2), iv. pp. 172-3), where Athysanus niaritimus [— Thamnotettix] i
stated to be parasitised by Gonatox>us ^pedesiris.
15
FOUE INTERESTING AUSTRALIAN BEES, IN THE
COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
Gastropsis victoria, n. sp.
(? . Length about 15^ mm. ; black, sbiuing, and punctured ; face
very narrow, covered with long light yellow hair ; eyes very large, con-
verging above ; ocelli very large, placed somewhat nearer to antennre
than to top of head ; occipital region very little developed ; antennae
ferruginous beneath, mainly black above ; scape short but not very
stout; first joint of flagellum slender and greatly elongated, quite as
long as the next five united ; last joint truncate with rounded edges,
and shining beneath, the apical joints not especially swollen ; anterior
margin of clypeus with two shining dentiform processes, the rather
wide interval between them concave ; maxillary palpi six-jointed, the
last three joints slender, the last linear and longer than the one before ;
blade of maxilla short, not as long as the palpus, with a fringe of
rather long hairs at the end ; labial palpi four-jointed, joints one and
four of the same length, two and three equal and shorter than one, or
two perhaps the shortest ; paraglossfe short, broad, and rounded, sub-
pyriform in outline ; tongue short, broad, obtuse, bristly, the upper
surface in the dry specimen occapied by a deep pit ; malar space prac-
tically obsolete ; mandibles entirely black, bidentate ; mesothorax
convex, with dense punctures, except on the posterior middle, where
they are sparse on a shining ground ; scutellum closely punctured but
shining ; post-scutellum large and convex ; area of metathorax finely
granular, triangular, with all the angles greatly produced and acute ;
hair of thorax yellowish white, except on hind part of mesothorax and
scutellum, where it is black or fuscous ; tegulse large, rufo-piceous ;
wings somewhat dusky and stained with yellowish; nervures piceous,
stigma obsolete ; marginal cell long and narrow, slightly pointed at the
end ; basal nervure falling far short of transverse-medial ; second sub-
marginal cell very broad, only moderately contracted above, receiving
the first r. n. before its middle ; third s. m. a trifle larger than second,
but not nearly so large as first, receiving the second r. u. about its
middle ; legs black, hairy ; the anterior tibife, and a spot at apex of
their femora, red, their tarsi also mainly ferruginous, while the outer
margin of the tibite is blackened ; middle tarsi dark red, with fuscous
hair ; inner face of hind tibiae covered with a fine greyish-white
tomentum ; inner face of hind tarsi with reddish hair ; spurs ordinary,
hind margin of hind spur minutely ciliate ; claws deeply bidentate ;
abdomen broad and convex, not at all tapering or conical, shining and
punctured, hairy but not banded, nor are the hind margins of the
segments pallid ; the hair on first segment and basal half of second is
dull white, on the others black or fuscous, except on the two last,
where it is light yellow ; apical plate of abdomen truncate, not bi-
dentate.
Hah. South Australia, "70.19." (type) ; Victoria, "85.108."
Both specimens have been in some liquid, so allowances must be
16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
made for the description of the pubescence. The specimen from
Victoria was collected by Mr. F. du Boiilay. I have described
this curious bee at some length, because I think it may form a
new genus ; but, in the absence of a more complete knowledge
than we as yet possess of the mouth-parts of Gastropsis imhescens,
it seems best to defer the proposal of a generic name. I have
elsewhere (Canad. Entom. 1904, p. 304) stated that Gastropsis
appears to be allied to Melituir/a. G. victorice has many characters
that remind one of Meliturga, but the elongated tongue and labial
palpi of the latter are very different. However, it is known that
among the Andrenids and Halictids allied forms may differ much
in the length of the tongue and palpi, and I am not inclined to
believe that the resemblances just mentioned are illusory. It is
much to be desired that we should learn something about the
habits of Gastropsis.
Anthoglossa aureotincta, n. sp.
$ . Length about 13 mm. ; black, with the hind margins of the
first four abdominal segments pale orange-golden, the first rather
narrowly, the others broadly, and with overlapping white hairs, form-
ing thin marginal bands. Head broad ; facial quadrangle a little
broader than long ; antennae entirely black, except that the flagellum
may be called brown-black beneath ; clypeus with very large punc-
tures ; anterior margin of clypeus and the convex labrum dark ferru-
ginous ; mandibles slender, not elbowed, bidentate, bright red in the
middle ; hair of sides of face, and cheeks, long and white ; of region
around antennae, and occiput, tawny ; mesothorax dull, minutely
granular, its rather short hair fuscous-tipped, its plumosity so fine as
to be visible only with the compound microscope ; hair below tegulre
tawny, but lower down it is white ; tegul^e dark brown, microscopically
tessellate ; area of metatborax with a dull subsericeous surface, which
under the compound microscope is seen to be entirely covered with an
exceedingly minute raised network ; wings nearly clear, with light
purple iridescence ; stigma obsolete ; nervures piceous ; second s. m.
broad, not greatly narrowed above, receiving the first r. n. about its
middle ; third s. m. very long, much longer than second, but not so
long as first, and receiving the second r. n. near its end ; marginal cell
long, narrowly truncate ; basal nervure falling a little short of t. m. ;
legs black, with copious hair, which has more or less of a golden tint,
that on hind femora long and loose, conspicuously plumose ; there is
no knee-plate at base of hind tibia, but there is a more or less defined
area, on which the hair is short and dark coppery fuscous ; basal
joints of middle and hind tarsi much broadened and flattened, the
second joint also larger than usual, and heart-shaped ; abdomen broad,
with a sericeous surface ; apical fimbria copious and pale chocolate-
colour.
Hah. Perth, W. Australia (H. W. J. Turner). Closely
allied to A. sericea, Smith, but differing in the colour of the
flagellum, tegula3, tibife, and tarsi, as well as the apical fimbria.
These species are not very close to A. plumata, and they will
FOUR INTERESTING AUSTRALIAN BEES. 17
probably be removed from Anthoglossa at some later date.
LamprocoUetes venustus, Sm., has golden abdominal bands like
A. aureotincta, and is, I believe, congeneric with it; it may be
separated by its smaller size and ferruginous scape, as also the
colour of the legs. Paracolletes marginatus, Sm., seems also to
be closely allied ; it has the tibiae and tarsi a lively red.
Prosopisteron, n. genus.
Small bees, similar in most respects to Prosopis, but with an
enormous stigma, much larger than the areas of the submarginal cells
combined, pointed at both ends, its apes ou costal margin ; body black
marked with yellow (but no yellow on face), practically without hair,
but margin of tubercles fringed with fine plumose pubescence, clearly
visible under the compound microscope ; second submarginal cell
scarcely half length of first, and receiving both recurrent nervures,
near its base and apex respectively ; basal nervure curved, and falling
a little short of transverso-medial ; surface of wing with many very
short black bristles ; mesothorax microscopically reticulate, and with
large punctures ; scutellnm similarly sculptured ; base of metathorax
microscopically reticulate, appearing dull and granular under a lens,
the enclosure not distinctly defined ; face fairly broad, microscopically
strigulose or aciculate ; anterior edge of clypeus concave ; ocelli rather
large, amber-colour ; labrum with a truncate process ; mandibles stout,
simple ; malar space short but distinct ; antennae quite ordinary ;
abdomen with a sericeous surface, the fine microscopical strife trans-
verse ; legs quite ordinary, all the claws strongly bidentate or bifid.
Prosopisteron scroti iiellum, n. sp.
2 . Length about 6| mm. ; black, with the upper border of the
prothorax broadly, and the tubercles, orange-yellow ; abdomen slightly
purplish, with a sericeous surface ; antennae long, black, the flagellum
dark brownish beneath ; stigma dark sepia-brown, nervures piceous or
black ; a dark fuscous cloud occupying nearly all of second sub-
marginal cell and much of apical part of first ; tegulas black, shining ;
spurs pallid.
Hah. Queensland; "Eidg. 11. 93., 715" (Gilbert Turner).
A very remarkable bee, easily known by the gigantic stigma.
Euryglossa ichneumoiioides, n. sj).
^ . Length about 7 mm. ; head and thorax black, legs and abdo-
men yellowish ferruginous ; hair of head and thorax long, delicately
plumose, white, except on the upper part of head and thorax, where
there are some long black hairs, especially noticeable on hind part of
scutellnm ; maxillary palpi very long and slender ; antennae very long,
black, flagellum faintly brownish beneath ; clypeus very shiny, with
large well-separated punctures ; front and mesothorax dull ; tegula
shining rufo-testaceous ; wings hyaline, beautifully iridescent, the
large stigma and the nervures ferruginous, the latter rather dark ;
second submarginal cell very large, a little longer than the first below,
receiving the first r. n. a considerable distance from its base, and the
ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1906. C
18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
second near its apex; marginal cell pointed; basal nervure not reach-
ing transverso-medial ; femora somewhat dusky basally ; abdomen
with a pm'ple lustre, and somewhat infuscated at base and apex ;
apical plate projecting, rounded.
Hah. W.Australia; **47. 109." At first sight one would
take this for a small ichneumonid, but it is a true bee. The
very large second submarginal cell is peculiar, and the species
is one of several which for different reasons will be eventually
removed from Euryglossa.
Erkatum. — ' Entomologist,' February, 1905, p. 37, line 16,
for "it has gigantic ocelli, such as are not seen," read "it has
not gigantic ocelli, such as are seen."
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEU-
MONID^ FPtOM CAPE COLONY.
By p. Cameron.
Asphragis 7 fiavo-orhitalis, sp. nov.
Eufo- testaceous ; the eye orbits broadly, face, clypeus, mandibles
except at the apex, where they are black, the pleurae and the apices of
the abdominal segments narrowly, yellow ; the flagellum of the
antennae black ; wings hyaline, the stigma testaceous, the costa and
nervures black. Female. Length of body and ovipositor 5 mm.
Head smooth, the face weakly punctured, almost bare. Malar
space as long as the antennal scape. Thorax closely punctured,
almost bare. The mesonotum and scutellum are yellow ; the former
has a broad brown line down the centre of the basal half and one on
the sides, commencing behind the middle and extending to the apex.
Metauotum transversely punctured ; there is a smooth line down the
centre ; the apex is smooth ; behind it is bordered by a keel. First
abdominal segment smooth, its apex finely closely striated ; the second
more strongly striated ; the striae are close and extend near to the
apex ; the third is minutely closely punctured ; the other segments
are smooth. Cerci and sheaths of ovipositor black. The recurrent
nervure is received at a greater distance than the length of the trans-
verse cubital nervure from the latter ; the transverse median distinctly
beyond the transverse basal ; the recurrent nervure is largely bullated
in front. The apical nervures in the hind wings are obsolete ; the
transverse median is unbroken.
This agrees fairly well, generically, with the species I have
described (Trans. South African Phil. Soc. xv. p. 201) as
Asphragis ? rujipes ; but in the present species I cannot detect
any pectinations on the claws. If not an Asphragis, there is no
described genus to which it can be referred.
19
NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS.
Butterflies of the Pyrenees : a Correction. — In my summary
of the butterflies taken last year in the Pyrenees, I mentioned that M. C.
Oberthur had reported Lyccena var. hjcidas, from the Lac de Gaube.
My informaut, M. P. Eondou, of Gedre, has since written to tell me
that the species turns out to be a new form of L. escheri, aud not the
variety of L. zephyrus which collectors have turned up near Berisal and
in some of the lateral valleys of the Rhoue, but not hitherto westward of
the Central Alps. — H. Rowland-Brown ; Harrow Weald, Dec. 19th, 1905.
British Butterfly Post Cards. — We have received from Mr.
Walter Dannatt a series of half-a-dozen post cards upon which are
printed, in colour, one or more excellent figures of British butterflies.
These pictures from nature are very fine examples of what can now
be done by the three-colour printing process.
Acronycta leporina var. melanocephala. — In my note in Entom.
xssviii. 289, I should have pointed out that the form oiA. leporina met
with in Lancashire and Cheshire is referable to var. bradyporina, Tr.
lu calling this the ''local type'' I quite overlooked the above fact. We
do not get the typical leporina, in which the ground colour is pure
wliite with scarcely any black dusting. The variety vielanocephala is
quite distinct, aud not to be confounded with bradyporina : the most
striking difference between them being the black thorax and darker
coloration of the former. — William Mansbridge ; Liverpool.
Epiblema (Phlocodes) immundana. — Referring to Mr. Bankes's note
(Entom. xxxviii., p. 311), re Epiblema immundana, I have examined
my series of the insect taken here, and find that the majority of the
first brood have the dorsal blotch white or whitish. I find I have only
one specimen of the August brood taken here, which I suppose in-
dicates that it is scarce. That specimen has the blotch white. — E. F.
Studd ; Oxton, Exeter, Dec. 8th, 1905.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Crambus fascelinellus in South Devon. — I beg to record the
capture of three specimens of Crambus fascelinellus in South Devon.
The above were identified by Mr. Bankes, and he informs me that the
capture of this species in South Devon is of great interest, as it
has been previously taken only on the east coast. Barrett in his
Lep, Britt. Islands, vol. x., p. 108, gives its British distribution as
limited to the Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex coast. The date they were
taken was August 21st, 1901. Mr. Bankes also says this is rather
late for this insect.— H. M. Edelsten, F.E.S. ; Forty Hill, Enfield.
20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — November 15th, 1905. — Mr. F.
Merrifield, President, iu the chair. — The decease was announced of
Captain Frederick Wollaston Huttou, F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury
Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. — Mr. W. E. Dewar, Government
Entomologist, Orange River Colony ; Mr. William George Sheldon, of
Youlgreave, South Croydon ; and Mr. Francis C. Woodbridge, of
Northcroft, Cornwall Eoad, Uxbridge, were elected Fellows of the
Society. — Mr. Arrow exhibited a flower-frequenting beetle from the
Transvaal, illustrating a remarkable device for the cross-fertilization
of flowers, one of the front feet being tightly clasped by the curiously
formed pollinia of an Asdepias. He remarked that he had seen no
similar instance amongst Coleoptera. — Mr. W. J. Kaye showed a
remarkable specimen of Agrotis tritici, bearing a close resemblance to
A. agathina. It had been taken this year at Oxshott, flying over
heather in company with agathina, and was a good example of
syncryptic resemblance brought about by the common habit of resting
on heather. — Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited a specimen of Forficula
auricularia, taken by Mr. R. A. R. Priske at Deal in September, 1905,
having the left cercus normal, while the right was that of var.
forcipata. — Dr. F. A. Dixey showed forms of South African Pieriue
butterflies, taken by him in Natal and Rhodesia during the dry period
of the present year, together with specimens of the same species for
comparison, taken in the same localities during the rains. He remarked
that the exhibit illustrated the fact, now widely recognized, that these
forms varied in general correspondence with the meteorological con-
ditions prevailing at the different seasons. — Mr. Edward Harris
exhibited a long series of Hemerophila abruptaria, bred through two
seasons by him, showing the proportion of resultant melanic and
light forms from combinations of the several parents, light and dark. —
Mr. Selwyn Image exhibited a male specimen of Tortrix prunubana,
taken by Mr. Harold Cooper at Eastbourne this autumn, and sent
to him on October 12th. The insect, which is about the size of
T. bergmamiiana, is new to the British list, but an additional
capture from the Worthing district has been reported this year. —
Commander J. J. Walker communicated a paper, entitled, " Hymeno-
ptera-Aculeata, collected in Algeria by the Rev. A. E. Eaton, M.A.,
and the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A.; Part ii., Diploptera," by Edward
Saunders, F.E.S., F.L.S.
December 6th. — The President in the Chair. — Dr. 0. M. Renter, of
Helsingfors, Grand Duchy of Finland, was elected an Honorary Fellow
of the Society. — Mr. Charles William Mally, M.Sc, Associate of the
Society of Economic Entomology of Washington, U.S.A., Govern-
ment Entomologist for the Eastern Province of the Cape Colony; and
Mr. Harold Powell, of Rue Mireille, Hyeres, France, were elected
Fellows of the Society. — Dr. K. Jordan exhibited a series of varieties
of the Mediterranean Carabus morbillosxis, showing all intergradations
from the ordinary morbUlosus with broad prothorax and costate and
catenulate elytra to the Moroccan auynonti, which has a narrow thorax
and smooth elytra. It is one of the most striking cases of geographical
variability. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe showed specimens of Ptmm
SOCIETIES. 21
pusillus, Sturm., recently discovered in a corn factor's shop at Edmonton.
The species, which is common in France and Germany, has not been
recorded hitherto in Britain. — Mr. A. J. Chitty exhibited an liermaphro-
dite of the Proctotrupidae, probably one of the Spilomicrin^e, Aspm. ;
a sand-wasp, without wings, taken by Mr. Poole, running on a beech-
trunk, named by Mr. Saunders as Didineis lunicornis ; and the male
Apiun semivittatiDn, Gyll. {germari, Walt.), taken many years ago by
Mr. Walton, near the Tivoli Gardens, Margate, together with a female
specimen of the same species, discovered while sweeping long grass
near the Chequers Inn, Deal, on September 26th, 1904. — Mr. F.
B. Jennings exhibited a male and female example of the Dipteron
Helopkilus transfugiis, L., taken from thistle-heads in the marshes
at Edmonton last July, and a specimen of Stenoptenjx hirundinis, a
parasite on swallows and martins, found on Box Hill, Surrey, in
August. — Mr. G. T. Porritt brought for exhibition specimens of
Oduntopera bidentata ab. nigra, and stated that the melanic form was
rapidly increasing in the Wakefield district of South Yorkshire. —
Dr. F. A. Dixey showed specimens of South African Pierine butter-
flies, taken by him in the dry season this year, further illustrating
their forms; and with them, for comparison, specimens taken by other
collectors during the rains. — Mr. 0. E. Janson exhibited a male and
female specimen of Ornithoptera chinmra, Rothschild, and some
remarkable species of Delias, collected recently by Mr. A. S. Meek
in the mountain region of British New Guinea. — Commander J. J.
Walker, on behalf of Mr. A. M. Lea, Government Entomologist of
Tasmania, showed a specimen of a Buprestid beetle, Cyria impeiialis,
Don., having, in addition to the normal fore-leg on the left side, two
supplementary fore-legs originating from separate coxae. — Mr. G. C.
Champion exlaibited male and female examples of Tetropimn crawshayi,
Sharp, bred by the Eev. G. A. Crawshay from eggs deposited in July
last in the bark of larches at Leighton Buzzard. — Mr. E. R. Bankes
showed the unique specimen of JJepressaria emeritella, Stn., from an
unknown locality, on which the species was added to the British List
many years ago; a specimen of Cerostoma asperella, L., discovered by
Mrs. Hutchinson near Leominster, on September 21st, 1881, and only
taken, as regards Britain, m Dorset (formerly), and Herefordshire very
rarely ; and various specimens recently acquired from the collection of
the late Dr. P. B. Mason and labelled by Haworth himself, showing
the method of explaining his identification of the species, described
by him in his 'Lepidoptera Britannica,' published 1803-1828. —
Mr. A. Bacot, who exhibited long series of Ti i/phcena cornis, bred
through three generations, and brought together to test the relative
proportions of melanic to non-melanic forms and the possible range of
variations to be obtained from a single pair of parents, announced that
the results of the second and third generations seemed to be capable
of " Mendelian " explanation. — Mr. R. Shelford exhibited larvs of
Gollyris emarginatus, Dej., from Borneo, and said that it was certainly
unusual to find a predaceous larva with mouth-parts qualified to
excavate burrows in wood. He also showed larvae and pupae of
Mormolyce, together with a specimen of a fungus [Folyponis) split open
to show the lenticular chamber excavated by the larva, to which access
was obtained by so small an orifice that it was surprising that the
22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
emerged beetle could squeeze through. — Professor E. B. Poulton
communicated further notes by Mr. A. H. Hamm, which tended to
confirm the opinion that Pieris rapm chooses for prolonged rest a
surface on which it will be concealed. — Mr. William John Lucas
exhibited diagrams of the instars, and also of the mouth parts of the
imago, to illustrate a paper read by him, " On the Emergence of
Myrmelion formicarius" — Mr. Martin Jacoby communicated a paper
entitled " Descriptions of New Species of African Halticincc and
Galerucinm." — Mr. Claude Morley communicated a paper "On the
Ichueumonidous group, Triiphonides schizodonti, Holmgr.,with Descrip-
tions of New Species." — H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
November 23rd, 1905.— Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.E.S., President,
in the chair. — Mr. F. G. Bellamy, of Eltham, was elected a member. —
This meeting was devoted to a special exhibition of varieties and
notable captures. — Mr. J. P. Barrett exhibited series of Aporia cratcByi
taken in 1871, in the New Forest; and in 1901-05 in East Kent;
together with a variety of Argijnnis adippe from Three Bridges, with
the markings of the hind wings run into streaks and considerably
suffused with black ; a form of Melanargia galatea having the black
marking almost wholly confined to the marginal and submarginal
areas of all four wings ; and a specimen of Polia xanthomista taken in
1904 in East Kent. — Mr. Tonge, photo-micrographs of the ova of all
the British species of the genera Ennomos, Oporabia, Ckeimatobia,
Anisopteryx, and Hybernia, all the species of a genus being mounted
on one card. — Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Anthrocera [Zygcena) jiiipendulce,
to illustrate the gradual change in the colour from the typical rich
crimson through shades of terra-cotta and pinkish yellow, to a pale
clear yellow; also an example in which tlie four basal spots were
united into an irregular elongated patch. He also showed a Fararge
megcEra, in which the apical ocellated spot was absent from the right
fore wing, there being only a minute black dot. It was also without
the ocellus ou the under side. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a collection of
butterflies from South America, chiefly belonging to the Ithomiina:. —
Mr. A. Harrison and Mr. H. Main, (1) series oi Aplecta nebulosa bred
from larvfe taken in Delamere Forest. Eleven per cent were of the
very dark and black forms, and a considerable number of intermediate
forms were obtained. The gradation between the extremes was
remarkably regular; (2) series of Hypsi petes sordidata from Winder-
mere, Delamere and Seal bred, and Barmouth captured ; only the first
series showed any considerable variation ; (3) a black variety of Agrotis
exclamationis from Lancashn'e ; (4) a melauic series of Cymatophora
duplaris from Simonswood Moss, where only dark forms seem to occur
now ; (5) a Melanippe jiuctuata with only the costal portion of the
central band remaining, and with brownish ground colour ; and (6) a
specimen of Acronycta leporina from Delamere Forest with black
thorax and abdomen, and with fore wings much suffused with black. —
Mr. Stanley Edwards, a collection showing the various groups of the
Heliconinse. — Mr. West, of Greenwich, his collection of British
Hemiptera, some 431 species, many of which were particularly
interesting as having been taken in the near neighbourhood of
SOCIETIES. 23
London. — Mr, F. B. Carr, a bred specimen of Lasiocampa querciis, in
which the scales were extremely ill-developed. — Mr. Harrison, on
behalf of Mr. E. Harris, of Chingford, bred series and generations of
Hemerophila ahruptaria, from ova laid in May, 1904, from the pairing
of a dark female with a light male and from ova obtained by pairings
of this first generation. — Dr. Chapman, bred specimens of Arctia
villica, var. konewkai from Sicily, in which the spots of the fore wings
run together to form fascia, together with larvae of the same, which
had black heads instead of the red of the type. — Mr. Hare, a very dark
variety of Boarmia repandata from Basingstoke. — Mr. G. B. Browne,
(1) a dark form of Ellopia fasciaria; (2| bred specimens of Cabera
pusaria v. rotundaria ; (3) an extremely dark form of Acronycta Jigustri
from Lee ; (4) dark forms of Trachea piniperda, and (5) a varied series
of Lithostege (jriseata. — Mr. Chittenden, dark forms of Triphana comes,
bred from Forres larvse^ and a yellow form of Tiliacea aurago from
Ashford, Kent. — Mr. Ray ward, several AntJwcera fHipendida with the
sixth spot almost suppressed, and a most brilliant form of Polyommatns
bellargus from Reigate. — Mr. Dobson, the species of dragonflies which he
had taken last summer on the Norfolk Broads, viz. Libellula fulva, L.
quadriinaculata, Orthetrwn canccliatum, ^-Eschna isosceles, Brachytron
pratense, and Cordulia cenen. — Mr. Joy, a specimen of Cupido minima,
in which the submarginal spots on the under side of the hind wings
were elongated into partial rays. — Mr. South, varieties of (1) Amphi^
dasys betularia, with unusually well defined transverse lines ; (2)
Cleora glabraria, a much suffused form ; (3) Boarmia cinctaria, with
the two medial lines approaching below the middle; (4) Tephrosia
piinctularia, of a pale ochreous colour ; and (5) Ematurga atomaria
aberrations from Oxshott. He also showed a series of unusually
small examples of Vanessa (Aglais) urticcr., reared from larvfe fed on
hop. — Mr. Barnett, some large Buprestid Coleoptera, with examples of
the extremely large ova of the same. — Mr. Bacot, very extensive series
and generations of Triphcna comes, originating from parents bred from
larvge collected in Aberdeenshire, and bred by Messrs. Bacot, Prout,
Gardiner, Newman, Raynor, Harrison, and Hamlyn. The results
were : 1st generation, ^ melanic X $ red = 21 melanic, 32 red ;
2nd generation, <? x ? both melanic = 212 melanic, 71 red ; <? x $
both red = 285 red ; 3rd generation, ,y x ? both melanic = 68
melanic, 5 red ; g- melanic x ? red = 17 melanic ; <? x 2 both red
= 26 red. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
City of London Entomological Society. — November 1th, 1905. —
Mr. E. A. Bowles, of Mydellton House, Waltham Cross, was elected a
member of the Society. — Mr. A. Bacot exhibited an extensive series of
Triphccna comes, representing three generations, the subject of an
experiment in heredity. The original parents were selected from
imagines bred from larvae from Cluny, Aberdeen : in the first genera-
tion a cross between a bright red female and a melanic male produced
sixty per cent, red and forty per cent, melanic specimens. In the
second generation a pairing between two red imagines produced one
hundred per cent, red imagines, while pairs of melanic forms produced
seventy per cent, to eighty per cent, melanic, the remaining imagines
being red; in the third generation broods from melanic and non-
24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
melanie parents respectively each bred absolutely true. — Mr. C. P.
Pickett, a bred series of Angerona i^runaria, including two females bred
from Monmouth, one female from Raindein, Essex, male with the
usual chocolate bands a dull smoky brown and the yellow ground
colour also very dull. — Mr. G. H. Heath, a male specimen of Epunda
nifjra, with the white scent glands on underside of abdomen well
displayed. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten, a specimen of Cidaria testata, desti-
tute of hind wings, which came to "light" in Norfolk Broads. — Mr.
W. Beattie, two specimens (male and female) of Lycana acts and one
H. paniscns, which he stated were captured, either by himself or his
daughter, in the neighbourhood of Mickleham, Surrey, during 1904 or
1905 : unfortunately the exhibitor could give no precise data. — Mr.
E. A. Cockayne, 0. dilutata var. christyi, bred from larvfe beaten from
elm at Eannoch.
Xoveinber 2ilst. — Mr. F. Capel Hanbury and Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson
were elected to membership of the Society. — Mr. E. Harris exhibited
a long series of Hemerophila abruptaiia, representing four generations.
The original parents were a melanie female and a typical male, taken
in North London district in May, 1905. The resulting imagines
emerged in August, except two that went over to April, and yielded
fifty per cent, melanie and fifty per cent, non-melanic forms. Two
dark specimens paired in August, and the imagines emerged from
March 24th to May 26th, 1905, about seventy per cent, being melanie
and thirty per cent, non-melanic. From this brood four pairings were
obtained, viz. (^0 dark male and dark female; (6) light male and light
female ; [c] dark male and light female ; [d] light male and dark female.
These yielded («) all melanie specimens; [b) all light specimens;
(c) eighty per cent, dark, twenty per cent, light ; [d] sixty-eight per
cent, dark, thirty-two per cent, light. — Mr. C. P. Pickett an extra-
ordinary asymmetrical male A. prunaria, bred in July, 1905, from
Essex and Eaindein Wood parents, the right wing being ab. sordi-
data and the left ab. pickettaria. — Rev. C. E. N. Burrows, a series of
the form of Acronycta rumicis named by Curtis salicis, from Barnsley.
— Mr. V. E. Sliaw, a series of E. subciliata from Torquay, July 27th,
1905. — Rev. G. H. Raynor, ova of Thecla i)nmi. — Mr. J. Riches,
several abs. of A. grossulariata, including a specimen with a large
black blotch on right fore wing, while the left was normal. — Rev.
G. H. Raynor read a short paper, entitled ' A New Index Eutomologi-
cus,' in which he pointed out the inconvenience, for reference purposes,
of the annual diary kept by most entomologists, and detailed his own
system of using one large volume, in which a page was reserved for
each species ; on this page entries of captures could be made year after
year, together with notes on life-history, &e., and references to records,
&c., in various entomological publications. — S. T. Bell, Ho7i. Sec.
Entomological Club. — A meeting was held on December 15th,
1905, at 27, Hereford Square, S.W., the residence of Mr. Arthur J.
Chitty, the host and chairman of the evening. The other members
present were Prof. Poulton, and Messrs. Adkin, Donisthorpe, and Hall.
There were ten visitors. Before supper an hour or two was given to
the inspection of the host's entomological collections, and especially
the fine one of British Coleoptera.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.] FEBEUAEY, 1906. [No. 513.
DESCEIPTION OF ANOTHEE NEW SPECIES OF
^SEENIA (COLEOPT. CHEYSOMELIN.^) FEOM
NEW GUINEA.
By Martin Jacoby.
Since the publication of the descriptions of several new
species of /Esernia {ante, p. 1), I have received several speci-
mens of another handsome species, of which I here give the
description.
^'Esernia gestroi, sp. n.
Obscure blackish-green ; the sides of the thorax strongly rugose,
with a single fovea near the base ; elytra foveolate punctate-striate
anteriorly, the interstices longitudmally costate, with a broad fulvous
transverse baud below the middle, the apex closely and finely punc-
tured. Length, 17-20 mm.
Head impunctate, deeply depressed between eyes, antennae bluish-
black, slender ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides nearly straight,
very slightly narrowed at the base, the anterior margin concave, the
angles pointed, the disc with a narrow central longitudinal groove, the
sides irregularly and deeply foveolate-rugose, with a single larger fovea
in front of the other rugosities ; elytra with the greatest elevation near
the base, each with about ten highly raised costfe, these are followed
by a broad dark fulvous transverse band ; the interstices between the
costae impressed with deep irregular punctures, often confluent and
forming elongate fove^e, the fulvous band is narrowed to a slight
degree near the suture and impressed with a few punctures, but the
apical portion is closely and more strongly punctured. Body beneath
and legs bluish-black.
Hah. Babooni, British New Guinea.
More nearly allied to .:K. formosa, Gestro, than any other
species, but of a more dull greenish colour, the elytral inter-
stices much more deeply and confluently foveolate-puuctate.
Dr. Gestro says nothing of any elytral costte, so prominently
marked in the present species, and describes his insect as having
simply, strongly, striate-pnnctate elytra. I cannot therefore
ENTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1906. D
26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
identify M. gestroi with .E. formosa. In ^. corallipes, Gestro,
the last segment of the abdomen is described as testaceous. In
the insect here described the entire abdomen is bluish-black, and
the fulvous elytral band is much wider than in M. formosa ; the
legs also are greenish-black.
DESCEIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF
BEACONID^ FROM AUSTRALIA.
By p. Cameron.
Bracon turneri, sp. nov.
Black, the pro- and mesothorax, except the former at the base
below, red ; the mandibles, except their teeth and the sides of the first
abdominal segment, pale yellow ; apical joints of palpi fuscous ; wings
fuscous, the nervures and stigma black. ^ . Length, 5 mm.
Central part of first abdominal segment coarsely, irregularly punc-
tured ; a narrow, fine, shining keel down its centre ; the second segment
is deeply, irregularly, rugosely punctured, except at the apex in the
middle, where there is a raised, smooth, shining area to which the
middle keel extends ; the latter is smooth and shining, the dilated
base is longer by about one-half than its width at the base ; suturiform
articulation deep,crenulated ; it does not extend to the sides and there
is no apical lateral branch ; the third and following segments are
smooth and shining, sparsely covered with longish white pubescence ;
the hind tibife and tarsi are thickly covered with long, soft, white
pubescence ; the second abscissa of the radius is as long as the third ;
head and thorax smooth, thickly covered with long, soft, white hair.
Agathis latibalteata , sp. nov.
Black, shining ; the sides of the first and third abdominal seg-
ments, the apex of the first broadly, and the whole of the second, and
the greater part of the ventral surface, pale yellow ; the apical two-
thirds of the fore femora and their tibife and tarsi, pale testaceous ;
wings fuscous, highly iridescent, the nervures and stigma black. 3' .
Length, 6 mm.
Head, pro- and mesothorax smooth, shining; the face, pleurae and
breast sparsely covered with white pubescence ; mandibles of a paler
rufous colour than the head ; the palpi pale testaceous ; scutellar
depression with a stout central and two lateral narrower keels, the
outer obliquely sloped ; mesopleural furrow weakly crenulated ; meta-
notum rugosely punctured, the sides more weakly than the centre ;
there is no area, but the centre is raised, the raised part narrowed
above ; the sides and pleurae are densely covered with long white
pubescence ; abdomen smooth, shining ; the first segment is fully more
than twice longer than the width at the apex; areolet small, oblique,
triangular; the nervures united above, where they are much thickened ;
radial cellule short, narrow ; front deeply excavated laterally ; the
metapleursB are more thickly pubescent than usual, as in some species
of Euagathis.
27
NOTES ON AFRICAN COTTON INSECTS.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A.
In these days of development of cotton cultivation in Africa
much interest has been centred on the work of cotton insects.
It has been justly thought that, with the importation of seed
from one part of Africa to another, and from America and the
West Indies, &c., to Africa, we should be introducing numbers
of strange cotton insects.
Undoubtedly the worst cotton pests in America and the West
Indies are the cotton boll weevil {Anthonomus grandis, Boh.),
the cotton boll worm {Heliothis obsoleta, Fabricius), and the
cotton worm {Aletia argillacea, Hubner).t
In recently going over the cotton pests of the world, I have
come to the conclusion that very few insects are likely to be im-
ported in seed to Africa ; the most important are the cotton boll
weevil, and a small Tineid moth {Ereunetis ??iin?fsc?/Za, Walsingham) ,
the larvfe of which have been noticed boring into cotton- seed in the
West Indies. A sharp look-out should undoubtedly be kept for
both pests amongst the seed, especially for the weevil, for it may
sometimes be found hybernating amongst the seed in numbers.
Before very long we are sure to hear of the cotton boll worm
of America {Heliothis ob>i(>leta) attacking cotton in West and
Central Africa. The conclusion might possibly be formed that
it bad been imported.
This widely distributed moth is known in Africa already as
a true native species. It has been found in the Sudan, in
Abyssinia, in British East Africa, in North Gamiland ; it occurs
all over Cape Colony, the Orange River Colony, the Transvaal,
in Natal and Basutoland. It attacks mealies and other native
corns. I rather fancy from the description sent me that it has
already started attacking cotton in Mozambique.
At present all the cotton pests known in Africa are confined
as cotton pests to that continent, except the omnivorous cutworm
{Agrotis ypsilon, Rott.), known in America as the greasy cutworm.
The best known are those found in Egypt, namely, the cotton
boll worm {E arias insulana, Boisduval), which also occurs in
Sokotra at 3500 feet.
The Egyptian cotton worm {Prodenia littoralis, Boisduval),
which attacks the leaves, and concerning which the Khedivial
Government has recently issued instructions to be enforced for
its eradication.
The small cotton worm {Caradrina exigua) recently worked
* Read before the Association of Economic Biologists, at Liverpool
Dec. 29th, 1905.
t The cotton boll worm of America has alwaj-s been known as Heliothis
armiger, Hlibner (179G), but it is now known to be the Bomhyx ohsolcta of
Fabricius (Ent. Syst, 3, i. p. 456, 1793). ^ .2
28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
out by Mr. Willcocks, also attacks cotton-plants ; an insect well
known in America, Europe, and our own country.
The caterpillar of Agrotis ypsilon, has likewise been found
destructive to cotton by Mr. Willcocks in Egypt, It is also
harmful in America. This practically completes the previously
known lepidopterons pests.
The only others worthy of note are, first, the Egyptian
cotton-stainer {Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, Costa), found on many
other plants, particularly around the Mediterranean. This
" stainer " does not always seem to do much harm, but they may
get in the ripe bolls, and they suck the sap from blossoms and the
base of the young bolls, and so stop development. They also
pollute the cotton, making it dirty, and give it a disagreeable smell.
So far I have only received one species of cotton aphis from
Africa. This seems to be A.malvce, Koch, which is very annoying
in Egypt, and more so in the Sudan ; it also occurs on melons.
A report on these Egyptian pests is being prepared by Mr.
"Willcocks at Cairo, so that no further reference is needed here.
New Pests.
The Cotto7i Gold-tail (PoYthes'm virguncula. Walker). — The
only new moth is one of the gold-tails, the Porthesia virguncula
of Walker. These moths and their pupfe were sent me by the
Director of Agriculture of the British East Africa and Uganda
Protectorate, and were briefly recorded in my Report on
Economic Zoology for 1904-1905, p. 117.
This moth is very widely distributed, and is very common in
India. I do not think it has, however, been previously recorded
from Africa. It is of a pure satiny white, with a small golden
tail-tuft. The specimens received from East Africa measured
from three-fourths to a little less than an inch across the
expanded wings. They are evidently subject to great variation
in size, for in the large series in the British Museum, from
India, some measure nearly an inch and a half across. The
larvae very much resemble those of our brown-tail {Porthesia
chri/sorrhoea). They spin a delicate cocoon of dull white, rather
loose silk and hairs. From the note sent me they apparently
live freely on the leaves as our P. aurijiua does, and not gre-
gariously, as does the brown-tail {P. chrysorrhoca). The pupa is
bright chestnut-brown. The larvae feed ravenously on the leaves,
leaving only the midrib, and were found severely damaging the
foliage in the Uganda Protectorate, at Malindi, m October.
They could easily be kept in check by spraying with Paris-green,
or, better still, arsenate of lead wash. It is extremely unlikely
that it has been introduced, and will probably be found elsewhere
in Africa on the cotton and other plants.
A Flea-beetle Enemy. — From the Sudan Dr. Balfour has
recently sent me some small brown Halticid beetles, which are
NOTES ON AFRICAN COTTON INSECTS. 29
found to do considerable barm to the cotton there. They are
small and very obscure beetles, which Jacoby has identified as
his Nisotra uniformis described from Sierra Leone.
New Cottoii-stainers. — Three cotton-stainers that have not
previously been found on cotton have come from Uganda, one
being a new species recently described by Mr. Distant. These
insects, especially those of the genus Oxycarenus, are often to
be found abundantly in cotton bales. Opinions differ as to the
amount of damage they do. All agree that they spoil cotton by
being squashed in the gin and thus staining the fibre. They also
puncture the bolls and cause them to become hard so they cannot
open, and thus the cotton becomes matted and spoiled, and in
addition they stain the cotton with excreta when sucking the seed.
Oxycarenus alhidipennis, Stal. — This bug is closely related to
the Egyptian cotton-stainer. It lives in the cotton boll after
opening, and attacks the cotton-seed. The larval stage is flesh-
or pink-coloured, with dusky head. The specimens were found
at Malindi, in Uganda, in February, and were sent me by the
Director of Agriculture, who reports that it causes discoloration
of the cotton.
Oxycarenus exitiosiis, Distant. — This small Lygseid was sent
me by Mr. Linton, who found them in numbers in cotton bales
at Nairobi. It proved to be a new si)ecies, and was described by
Mr. Distant ('Entomologist,' July, 1900, p. 169, vol. xxxviii.
No. 506). It is a black species, with posterior lobe of the pro-
notum and corium testaceous, a dark spot at the posterior angle
of the latter ; the membrane pale hyaline grey ; the lateral
margins of the corium often distinctly lutescent ; abdomen san-
guineous beneath except the apex, and a central longitudinal line.
Coxse, a central ring to the intermediate tibiaB, and the posterior
tibia, except base and apex, yellowish. Length 3 to 4 millim.
This insect has also been found in Cape Colony. Mr.
Distant was informed it was there injurious to peaches. The
habitat added by Distant is Cape Town, Seapoint, South Africa
(Manseli Weale). It probably works in the same way as the
related Egyptian species.
Dysdercus nigrofasciatus, Stal. — This bug is present in large
numbers in all cotton-fields in Uganda, and has occurred in
bales of cotton also. It is one of the largest bugs found on
the cotton in Africa so far. It probably occurs on a number of
other plants, and may be found in many parts of Africa. It is
about 12 mm. long. Head chocolate-brown ; antennae dark
brown. The narrow anterior lobe of the pronotum rather pale
grey, mid lobe bright brown, the large posterior lobe pale
yellowish brown, almost ochreous. Corium pale ochreous, with
a broad black transverse bar on the posterior half ; membrane
black ; under wings dusky brown ; legs deep reddish brown.
Abdomen reddish above ; the first, second, and third segments
30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
below pale creamy yellow with median basal dark areas, fourth
and fifth dark brown, sixth pale creamy, apex dark brown. It
also occurs in Europe. It gives the fibre a dull j-ellowish dis-
coloration.
There will probably be found a host of native insects attack-
ing cotton as its area of cultivation increases. These will come
from wild plants near by. It is thus very important in the culti-
vation of cotton to keep the land and borders of the plantations
as free as possible from all weeds and native growth.
DESCEIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GABUNIA
(ICHNEUMONIDiE) FEOM NATAL.
By p. Cameron.
The genus Gabunia was described by Kriechbaumer in Sitzber.
Naturf. Ges. Leipzig, 1895, p. 130, three new species — namely,
ruficoxis, ccerulea, and fiavharsis — being referred to it. In the
Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. v. 1896, Tosquinet described a new genus,
Nadia, with three new species, nsimely, fasciij^ennis, cyanea, and
formosa (pp. 337-344), all (like the species of Gabunia) from West
Tropical Africa. In his " Classification of the Ichneumon Flies,"
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiii., Ashmead places Acadia in the Lisso-
notitd, and Gabunia in the Xoridini, in which tribe Nadia is
placed, quite correctly, by Tosquinet. In the Zeit. f. Hymen, ii.
Dipter. 1904, p. ll'I, Prof. R. Krieger, from an examination of
Kriechbaumer' s types, concludes that Nadia is a synonym of
Gabunia, the three species of the two authors being stated to be
very closely allied, and might be even identical. I am now in a
position to add a new species from the East Coast (Natal), most
nearly allied to G. cyanea, Tosq., and G. ccerulca, Kriech., if
these two be really distinct.
Gabunia ruficeps, sp. nov.
Dark blue ; the head red, except for a dark blue stripe behind the
ocelli, touching the eyes and the apical two-thirds of the mandibles.
Antennal scape red ; joints eight to twelve white. The tibife and the
tarsi almost want the blue tint, which is conspicuous on the coxfe,
trochanters, and femora ; the apex of the first joint of the hind tarsi
and the second, third, and fourth are yellowish white. Wings purple,
highly iridescent ; on the anterior a wide clear hyaline cloud com-
mences at the base of the stigma, and extends clearly beyond the
areolet ; there is a smaller cloud at the apex of the hind wings, the
edge itself being clouded ; the nervures and stigma are black. $ .
Length, 22 mm. ; terebra, 8 mm.
Centre of face irregularly striated, the strias converging towards
the centre ; the sides transversely reticulated, more strongly above
The Entomologist, February, 1906.
Plate I
VARIATION IN MELIT^A AURINIA.
VAEIATION IN MELIT^A AURINIA. 31
than below. Vertex smooth, sparsely punctured ; the front below the
ocelli is raised, the raised part gradually narrowed below, and stoutly,
transversely striated. Temples smooth and shining ; the malar space
bears a narrow furrow near the middle. Clypeus above clearly sepa-
rated, but not by a distinct furrow ; its upper part stoutly, irregularly
punctured ; the obliquely depressed apex is almost smooth ; its apex
IS black, transverse, and has a tubercle in the centre. Palpi black.
Mesonotum strongly, closely punctured ; the depressed apex in the
middle strongly, closely striated, the striae oblique and converging
from the sides towards the middle. Apical half of scutellum more
strongly and closely punctured than the basal. Post-scutellum strongly
but not closely punctured. Metanotum strongly, closely, transversely
striated ; the stride on the sides oblique, in the middle more or less
roundly curved. Pleurae closely, strongly, obliquely striated, the stri»
more or less curved; the centre of the propleur^ smooth, shining.
Abdomen smooth and shining. Areolet four-angled, narrowed in
front ; the recurrent nervure uniting in the middle ; the transverse
median nervure is received very shortly behind the transverse basal.
Transverse median nervure in hind wings broken in the middle. Hind
tarsi stout, closely spinose below ; the spines longer at the apices of
the joints ; they are stouter on the fourth joint.
Noteworthy of this species is its great resemblance to
Cryptaulax rujiceps, Cam., and Oneilella formosa, Be., all three
having the same general coloration of body and wings.
VARIATION IN MELIT^A AURINIA.
By V. P. KiTCHiN, F.E.S.
(Plate I.)
These notes and the figures illustrating them refer to
specimens of M. aurinia taken and bred by the writer in Co.
Galway, Ireland.
The typical Irish form of the insect known, I believe, as var.
hibernica, has clear yellow markings, free from that brownish
suffusion which detracts from the brilliancy of our English
specimens. For the typical Irish form see fig. 12.
Vai'iations of the upper iving. — Figure 1 shows ab. virgata, in
which the black band dividing the yellow patch near the middle
of the costa is lacking. The opposite extreme is reached in
fig. 2, a heavily black-banded form. In fig. 3 is seen a variety
closely approaching that named merope, which is found in the
Alps. In this the blacii band crossing the yellow patch on the
inner margin is missing, all but a mere spot. Figure 4 is that
of a dwarfish variety with narrow fore-wings. In fig. 5 is shown
a variety in which the structure of the wings is abnormal. Two
nervures (5 and 6) on upper wing, and one on lower wing, are
32
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
entirely lacking, and are not even marked by the usual black
lines. Half of nervure six is missing in fig. 10.
Variations of the Imcer iving. — The central spot and lower spot
in the yellow band are absent in fig. 6. The same specimen
shows also the row of crescents round the hind margin greatly
reduced in size, and brownish yellow instead of clear whitish
yellow. Figure 7 shows a variation often present in ab. virgata.
The central yellow fascia is continued almost to the base of the
wing by an irregular oblong patch. A similar extension of the
corresponding band on the under side is not infrequently found
on the same specimens. It occurs also when the upper side does
not correspond (see fig. 9).
Variations of the under side. — Black bands are sometimes
found near the inner margin and costa, corresponding to those
on the upper side. The pale yellow fascia on the under wing is
often powdered with black scales. In fig. 8 it lacks the outer
black line. This variety illustrates a tendency common to mapy
continental members of this genus, in which the black markings
are restricted to the basal portion of the under wing.
Variation of the antennce. — I have a specimen (not figured) in
which the antennae are noticeably shorter than usual.
Pathological aberrations. — In fig. 2 the costa is straight on
one side and curved on the other. Figure 10 is that of a specimen
which I watched emerging from the pupa. The wings lack scales
over most of their area, but the fringes are all perfect.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FEOM SWITZERLAND.
By Gerakd H. Gurney.
The following short notes on my captures in Switzerland last
summer were roughly jotted down in my note-book everyday,
and may, perhaps, be of interest to others who were also able to
spend a few weeks in that wonderful country. During an all too
short six weeks, spent mostly in, and near, the Rhone Valley, I
identified one hundred and twelve species of butterflies, irre-
spective of the moths, which, out of a possible one hundred and
eighty-eight, is a large percentage.
I arrived at Aigle, at the entrance, or beginning rather, of
the Rhone Valley, on Saturday, June 24th, and stayed at the
Grand Hotel, about a mile from the town, at the side of the valley
of the "Grand Eau," which proved to be a capital collecting
ground.
The weather for a week previous to our arrival had been fine
and hot, but the very day I got there it clouded over, and the next
two days were wet and dull — rather a damper to one's enthusiasm
on first getting out. However, Tuesday the 27th broke fine and
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FROM SWITZERLAND. 33
cloudless, and for the remainder of the time the weather was, as
a rule, glorious — in fact, the occasional dull days we had came
almost as a relief, and enabled me to get set some of the many
butterflies in my boxes, the result of two or three days' collecting,
perhaps.
In the hayfields and meadows surrounding the hotel at Aigle
the following species were in abundance : —
Aporia craUegi, Colias hijale (a good deal worn), Nomiades
semiargus, Argynnis adippe, Melitcea athalia, M. parthenie, M.
dictynna, and Aphantopus hyperanthus.
A little less plentiful, though still very common, were Argynnis
aglaia, A. niohe, almost all of the var. eris — Limenitis Camilla,
Pararage mara, and P. achine — the last in splendidly fresh con-
dition. A walk up the mountain at the back of the hotel in the
direction of Ollon produced Papilio podalirius, and P. machaon,
and four or five Lyccena avion, Dryas paphia, Melitcea phcehe,
Satyrus alcyone, and a single specimen of Carcharodus lavatcrce,
besides hosts of commoner things.
Another day took me down to the Ehone Valley, where the
hay was being cut. None the less I turned up several things of
interest : by the side of the river, Brenthis dia was fairly common
and a few worn B. euphrosyne, some fine large specimens of
Cupido minima, and a couple of male Busticus argyrognomon
Brgstr. The same day I came upon a row of four small sallow
bushes which liad been almost completely denuded of their leaves
by a vast colony of the larvae of Euvanessa antiopa ; they looked
very conspicuous on the bare boughs as they were quite full
grown, and those I took proceeded to pupate the very same
evening, emerging satisfactorily three weeks later. I also found
a "nest" of the larvse of Eugonia polycliloros on willow, about
a mile further on. Along the road between Aigle and Sepey on
June 29th Parnassius apollo was appearing, evidently quite
freshly emerged ; in the same place Melitcea didyma, all males,
and very highly-coloured, was common, with S. alcyone, Thecla
ilicis, var. cerri, and a bit further on, and about three miles from
Sepey in the hayfields, I got a few fresh Chrysoplianiis liippothoe,
and some Coenonyniplia ipkis, besides a good many commoner
" blues " and " skippers."
Four days later, on the same ground, three very fresh Apa-
tura iris were taken, P. apollo was plentiful, and a single very
large male Satyrus cordida.
On July 4th I moved my quarters to Villars, a small village
above Bex, about 4200 ft. up and in full view of the wonderful
Argentine and Diablerets mountains. Besides being a good
locality itself, Villars has the advantage of being on a funicular
railway, so that one could very easily make excursions down or
in the other direction. In the fields round the village I took
nice series of C. liippothoe, Polyommatus eumedon, and C. iphis; a
34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
little higher up, Brenthis amathusia, Erehia melampiis, and E.
ligea were very abundant, while at about 5000 ft. I found plenty
of E. stygne and E. ceme. Three fresh specimens of that gaudy
little " copi^er " Chrysophanus ampkidamas, all males, were also
taken near a small wood not far from Villars. Further down, in
the direction of Gryon,. on the wooded sloping hillside, all the
butterflies of the neighbourhood seem to be collected together ;
four or five different species of " blues," the commonest being
P. damon, great numbers of M. didynia, the males extremely
richly coloured, L. Camilla and sihylla. S. cordula, males and
females, both in fine condition, besides many others of commoner
sorts. A long expedition to Solalex, at the foot of the Argentines,
on July 14th, resulted in Colias phicomone, eight beautiful fresh
specimens of Lyccena alcon, several Erehia vianto, a solitary
specimen of Brenthis pales, besides Polyommatiis hylas, Erehia
(ethiops, and E. stygne. Before leaving Villars two more C.
amphidamas were taken very close to the place where the previous
pair had been captured, and no doubt they were all of the same
brood ; I also took two or three iresh C. dorilis, and Brenthis ino
was beginning to come out in the fields behind the hotel the last
two days of my stay, and probably would soon have become
plentiful there.
On the 17th I went to the Eiffel Alp, above Zermatt, a glorious
spot, not merely from an entomological point of view. For, with
one of the grandest views in Switzerland always before one, the
wonderful Matterhorn peak for ever rising higher, the top either
lost in clouds or outlined against the blueness of the atmosphere,
he must indeed be a prosaic man who could be unconscious of
his surroundings for a minute ; and the butterflies were as cap-
tivating as the place. I seemed to have arrived at the Eiffel at
exactly the right time, as, although one or two of the higher
alpine species were distinctly passe, most of the insects were in
very good condition. To mention all the butterflies I got during
the fortnight I was there is impossible. I can only casually note
the most interesting of them.
A nice series of Anthocharis simplonia was taken about a mile
above the Eiffel Alp, where they were very local, flying swiftly
up and down a rocky moraine. A female, which was kept alive for
ova, unfortunately was exposed one morning to the hot sun and
was dried up. A little below the hotel, in the direction of
Zermatt^ Polyommatiis orhitnlus was fairly plentiful, and a little
lower still was a small colony of P. donzelii, with two or three
specimens of P. haton flying with them.
P. eras, all males, were taken flying over puddles on the path.
Melitceapartheniexar. variavfas plentiful but over, but B. amathusia
was very fresh and finely coloured ; I was surprised to find it as
high up as this. Ccnionympha satyrion was common, and the two
" coppers" — Chrysophanus virgaurece and C. hippothoe var. euryhia
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FROM SWITZERLAND. 35
— were both abundant in the luxuriant meadows below the hotel ;
two or three Chrijsophanus alcipJiron var. gorclius were netted
nearer to the village of Zermatt, one being a very small,
dwarfed specimen. Amongst the " Erebias " £'7*(?&m mnestra,
E. eiiryale, E. goante, and E. ligea were all fairly common at
rather a lower elevation than the Eiffel Alp itself ; whilst
further on, as soon as one left the flowery meadows and got
higher on the moraine, Polyommatns optilete, Pieris tiapi var.
hryonuE, Colias p)al(eno, Melitcea aurinia var. merope, Erebia
lappona, and E. tgndariis all occurred, becoming commoner the
higher one got, and at the Gorner Grat, over 10,000 ft. high,
Pontia callidice, Erebia alecto var. glacialis, and E. gorge were
all fairly plentiful, though very local, One day, about a week
before I left the Eiffel Alp, I made a long expedition below Zer-
matt, down the Visp Valle^y, in the direction of Stalden, getting
out at the little station of Kalpetran, some seven or eight miles
from Zermatt ; and the rough, sloping ground here on either
side of the road proved to be a capital collecting ground. It
was an exceedingly hot day, and there were great quantities of
insects everywhere, the air being filled with the "summer hum"
of countless bees, grasshoppers, and crickets. P. apollo was all
over the place, a female flew down and laid an egg on a plant of
saxifrage at my very feet ; I kept her alive hoping she would lay
some more, but although she lived a week and became quite
tame, nothing came of it. However, another female from the
same locality laid a quantity of fertile eggs which successfully
hatched in due course. M.phoebe, Siud M.didyma, both in beauti-
ful condition, were very abundant, and a few very fresh A. lathonia
were noticed ; a little further on S. cordnla, males and females,
were in great numbers and flying in the same place ; a good
many Epinephele lycaon and some fine large Hipparchia semele,
though all typical, none of the variety arisUeus. Here also I
found a nice colony of that beautiful "Burnet" Syntomis phegea,
which I had not taken before. Amongst a crowd of common
" blues " were two fresh L. alcon, and off a tall thistle by the
side of the path a splendid male specimen of Rusticus var.
lycidas in grand condition.
Two or three C. alcipiiron var. gordius were netted, rather
worn however, and a couple of Pyrgus sau, besides C. lavaterce,
and several commoner Hesperiids. C. phlosas var. eleus was
flying near some moist patches in company with C. virgaurece and
one immense P.podalirius near Stalden; a ieyf Polygonia c-albiim,
some very brightly coloured 2\ ilicis var. cerri, and some fresh
A. niobe — in fact, it was a memorable da}' for insects all round.
In the above notes I have simply mentioned a few of the
most interesting butterflies taken, and have not touched on the
moths, of which a number of good things were captured almost
entirely at light. My two great " coups " were a tine specimen
36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of Hoplitis milhauseri, caught at one of the acetylene lamps
outside the hotel at Aigle, and a beautiful fresh Plusia v-argen-
teiim which flew into my bedroom at the Eiffel Alp attracted by
the electric light. Of larvaB found the most interesting was
a nearly full-fed larva of Parnassius mnemosyne, which was
walking across the road close to Bex Station ; it fed up slowly
on a species of monkshood, and is now a seemingly healthy
pupa.
THE DRAGONFLIES OF EPPING FOREST IN 1905.
By F. AV. and H. Campion.
On May 7th we started up from the rushes a single imma-
ture Agrionid, which unfortunately escaped us. Cloud and rain
subsequently coinciding with our opportunities for collecting pre-
vented the resumption of work until May 28th, when we found
that Agrion imclla and Ischnura elegans had already appeared, as
well as Pyrrhosoma nymphula, which with us always precedes
in point of time the two mentioned species.
The oul}^ addition made during the season to our local list of
Odonata was the orange variety of IscJinura elegans, which we
shall have occasion to mention again.
The various species taken were as follows : —
(1) Pyrrhosoma nymphula, which was very abundant and
flying in pairs on May 28th, was not taken later than July 2nd.
(2) Agrion puella was scarce on May 28th, but common and
in cop. on June 4th ; thereafter it was collected regularly until
July 30th.
(3) Ischnura elegans. — Although the species was represented
on May 28th by var. rufescens, we did not take the typical form
before June 4th, when it was common. On August 13th, after
several weeks during which none but mature individuals were
obtained, we suddenly found a considerable number of imma-
ture specimens. The last examples of the species were taken
on September 3rd.
Var. rufescens. — As already stated, this variety was met with
for the first time in Epping Forest. This fact is somewhat
remarkable, as one at least of the ponds at which it has now
occurred has been regularly examined for Odonata during several
years past, without a trace of it having been found. One
specimen was taken on May 28th, one on June 13th, and two on
July 16th ; one of those taken on July 16th escaped from the net.
Var. infuscans has again occurred, and some further observa-
tions upon the variety have been published (Entom. xxxviii. 298).
(4) Anax imperator-wns seen on a few occasions, but onl}' one
specimen was obtained. That was a male, which we found on
THE DRAGONFLIES OF EPPING FOREST IN 1905. 37
June 4th in a much damaged and nearly dead state on the banks
of a pond which the species usually frequents. The left hind
wing was in a shrivelled condition, and the insect's presumably
imperfect powers of flight may have led to its destruction.
(5) Lihellula deprcssa was first seen and taken on June 18th,
and afterwards became pretty plentiful ; it was not noticed later
than July 22nd.
(6) Enallagma cyathigenim. — It is curious to note how far
from water this species, and especially the females, will some-
times travel. We have already recorded (Entom. xxxvi. 49) the
occurrence in 1902 of a female in our garden at Walthamstow,
which is fully half-a-mile distant from any sheet of water. The
first capture of the past season was a solitary female found in the
Forest on June 25th quite a long way from water, and another
female was taken at rest in our garden at about 5.30 p.m. on
July 2nd. A male was taken at rest in one of the rooms in our
house on July 23rd, but no specimens were taken anywhere after
September 3rd.
(7) Sijmpetrum stnolatum. — A single immature specimen was
seen and netted on July 16th ; it had just emerged from the
water, and we found its empty nymph-case clasping a neighbour-
ing rush. Two weeks later the species was still immature. The
last specimens occurred on September 18th.
(8) jEscJina grandis. — The earliest specimen seen was a male
taken on July 16th. On the 22nd of that month we took a
female which was ovipositing in a pond, and found that more
than half the length of its abdomen — that is, part of segment five
and the whole of segments six to ten — had been thrust below the
surface of the water. The species was collected pretty frequently
until September 3rd.
(9) Mschna cyanea. — The first representative of this species
was seen on July 30th. It appeared to be flying in a perfectly
normal manner, but, upon being taken, it proved to be a terato-
logical male. Both the wings on the right side looked as though
the tips had been scorched by fire, and the hind wing was con-
siderably shorter and broader than the corresponding wing on
the other side. Pterostigmata were absent from both wings. The
right hind leg was also maLormed, the tarsus being represented
apparently by a single short joint divided at the extremity.
Another male, taken on September 18th (the latest date for this
species), had the left hind leg in a still more rudimentary state,
the tibia being abnormal as well as the tarsus.
Not a trace of JEschna mixta was met with, notwithstanding
the strictest search made at the proper season and in its favourite
haunts. Another and more remarkable omission from the 3'ear's
dragonfly list for this locality was the total absence from the
ponds which we habitually visit of the usually common little
insect, Lestes sponsa.
38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
LEPIDOPTERA AT RANNOCH IN 1905.
By E. a. Cockayne, F.E.S.
On May 17th we arrived at Rannoch, a party of three. The
weather being beautifully fine, we decided to go at once in search
of Anarta cordigera and Fidonia carhonaria.
After a rather warm climb through the birch -woods and the
heathery moor above, we reached the bare and rocky top of the
hill, where the bearberry grows hanging over thej'rocks in long
trailing masses.
We soon saw a single A. cordigera, flying very fast, and
though we saw many more during the day, only captured three.
F. carhonaria we scarcely saw till nearly twelve o'clock, when
they began to appear on all sides, flying fairly activeljs and, if
frightened, they were impossible to catch on the slippery and
uneven ground. The larva of this insect is said to feed on
birch and sallow, but I noticed that it was only met with where
bearberry was growing in abundance, and the females frequently
settled on this plant. There is plenty of birch and sallow on
this hill, but none on the part where the insect occurs. Pro-
bably, like A. cordigera, it is exclusively a bearberry-feeder.
F. carhonaria was easily distinguished from F. atomaria by its
greater powers of flight, its smaller size, and bluer appearance.
The latter, too, was much commoner at a slightly lower level.
The next few days the weather continued fine, and A. cordigera
was seen in considerable numbers in those isolated places where
the bearberry was sufficiently common. They appeared to spend
most of the day feeding on the flowers of this plant, or resting
on the ground. On one occasion, early in the afternoon, we saw
fifteen hovering together at the side of a large stone, as if
assembling. Several were caught, but no female could be found,
and I do not think there was one. They do not pair till dusk,
when they settle down for the night on the patches of bare peat
or on the rocks, always in a place sheltered from the wind, and
never many yards from a bearberry plant. Perhaps it was more
or less parallel to the instance, mentioned by Barrett in his
' British Lepidoptera,' of an assemblage of Anarta myrtilli which
was undoubtedly attracted by a dead and dried-up moth, too
bleached to be identified. F. carhonaria flies chiefly from twelve
noon onwards, and is very susceptible to cold. One bright and
sunny, but very cold day, we did not see any fly naturally, and
could only put up two or three.
We were surprised to find several Thecla ruhi on the blossoms
of the bearberry, and later saw them in abundance in the Black
Wood, settling on the clumps of whortleberry (Vacciniiun vitis-
idaa). At the time I wondered what the larvas had fed on, but
find, on looking up the subject, that both these plants have been
recorded as food-plants of this butterfl3^
LEPIDOPTERA AT RANNOCH IN 1905. 39
Anarta mclanopa, chiefly males, began to appear on May
18th, the bearberry, however, which furnishes food for both larva
and imago, did not come into flower at this elevation till May
28th, and was then eagerly visited by both sexes. Bearberry
{Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) in the Eannoch district grows at two
levels, luxuriantly at 800 to 900 feet, and, separated by a zone
where it is absent, again at 2000 feet as a stunted closely-
growing plant. At the lower level F. carhonaria and A. cordi-
gera occur and, at the upper, A. melanopa. They rarely encroach
on one another's ground. I should have said never, but we did
take a couple of A. cordigera on the melanojm ground.
During the whole of May we found odd specimens of Hadena
glauca on the rocks, and one occasion saw one flying in the sun-
shine. On June 1st, however, we were astonished to see a good
many eagerly feeding at the bearberry with A. melanopa, in the
hot midday sun.
In spite of careful searching, we never saw melanopa settled
on a rock, though these matched its colour perfectly. On the
crisp grey lichen, which carpets the whole summit of the moun-
tain, I found two at rest, and from it many more were disturbed.
We saw one of these active little moths captured by a small
brown crab-spider {Tlioniisus ? cristatus). As I was standing,
net in hand, waiting for the moths to visit the flowers, one came
and, before I could move, the spider sprung and seized it just
behind the head, and, though many times smaller than its prey,
held it until it was dead. It did not even let go when I placed
both on my hand. "VVe also noticed a good many large grey
hunting- spiders running over the lichen, probably in search of a
similar meal.
Lower down the hills we came across a few Acronycta myricce
on the rocks. From the number of freshly emptied pupa-cases,
and the few moths found, I think they must choose other
resting-places. Probably they sit on the bare peat, as we found
A. menyanthidls and Scodiona belgiaria later. Glauca and
menyanthidis were also noticed three or four times, high up the
trunks of birches and aspens. Two or three Arctia fuliginosa
var. horealis were seen flying, and looked very bright as the sun
struck their ruby wings.
On the 25th of May we deserted the open moor and beat the
branches of the alders which grow along some of the mountain
burns. Hypsipetes imphiviata was beginning to emerge, and a week
later there were hundreds. They were wonderfully varied, from
the pale English form to almost black specimens, and one asym-
metrical dark form was obtained. Amongst these trees we also
took one Cidaria miata, several Coremia ferrugata, and two
Selenia illimaria. Cidaria suffumata was widely distributed,
though not common, and rather past its best. Amongst the
eighteen we took were one or two typical specimens, several
40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
intermediates and one var. loiceata. Another, a male, was
suffused with a reddish brown instead of the black-brown of
piceata, but unfortunately was a good deal worn.
On the 29th we took a specimen of Hypsij)etes 7'uberata, and
saw a second. They were in a birch wood, with a few sallows at
the edge. Later, two more were taken, one on an aspen.
On Ma_y 30th Lohophora hexapterata appeared on the aspen-
trunks in considerable numbers, showing a good range of colour
and markings, including many buff-banded forms, only three of
which were males. This variety is almost restricted to the
females, as far as my experience goes. Amongst these birches
and aspens were several worn females of L. lohidata, one with
the transverse lines very black, and a second with these partially
fused, forming a single central band.
Lohidata lingered on till June 4th, surely a very late date !
I have taken them in the same wood on April 10th, in consider-
able numbers. These aspens proved rich in Macro-Lepidoptera.
Cymatophora or was first found on June 2nd, and lasted until
June 22nd. A few recently emerged specimens were found on
the lower part of the trunks ; the rest were shaken from the
higher branches, often falling into the burn, and affording some
excitement before they could be fished out.
On June 2nd we took five Cidarla corylata, one being of the
var. alhocrenata. This insect became very abundant later, but
only included a small number of the variety. On the aspens we
also found one Notodonta dicUea, with very white ground colour;
one Lophopteryx camclina uniformly dark brown with smoky
grey fringes and hind wings ; several Smeriiithus populi, also
very dark.
(To be concluded.)
NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS.
SCOPARIA FREQUENTELLA AB. PORTLANDICA NOT AT BaRMOUTH, — In
Entom. xxxviii. 292-3 (1905), the capture of ^' Scoparia. frequentella
var. portlandica " in the Barmouth district, last season, was chronicled
by Mr. J. Arkle, whereupon, thinking that so startling a statement
required investigation, I wrote to him, and he has kindly obliged me
with the loan of the specimen upon which his record was based. It
shows no resemblance to ab. portlandica, and is not even referable to
S. frequentella, for it proves to be, most certainly, an ordinary light
specimen of S. cratayella, Hb. S. frequentella ab. pordandica , which
is clearly figured, though under the erroneous name plmoleuca, in Ent.
Mo. Mag. V. pi. i. fig. 10 (1869), and in Leech's Brit. Pyr, pi. 15,
fig. 5 (1886), is so remarkably localized that, in spite of its having
been recorded (as " phaolcnca'' ) from Brandon by Leech (op. cit., p. 19),
as well as from Ranworth by Winter (Ent. Wk. Int. ix. p. 3 (1860) ),
my belief that it has not been met with beyond the limits of the Isle of
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 41
Portland remains unshaken, though I should welcome the sight of an
example from Brandon or elsewhere. Can anyone inform me where
the specimens that gave rise to the Brandon or Ran worth records are
to be found ? In justice to Mr. Arkle, it must be added, that he was
misled m the matter by an experienced lepidopterist, who definitely
pronounced the Barmouth individual, when it was submitted to him
for identification, to be Scoparia frequentella yox. portlcmdica. — Eustace
R. Bankes ; Norden, Corfe Castle, December 21st, 1905.
The Variation of the Larva and Pupa of Vanessa hippomene,
Hiib. — Through the great kindness of Monsieur Georges Autelme, I
received three full-grown larvfe of this rare insect — rare at any rate in
this island, and now almost extinct, I hope at some future time to
give full details regarding its life history and distribution, but for the
moment I wish to direct attention more particularly to the very
remarkable variation which the larvfe and pupte undergo when exposed
to or partially deprived of sunlight. The larvfe were found when full-
grown on the food-plant, which was growing under the shelter of some
trees, and only received the direct rays of the sun for a portion of the
day only. They differed appreciably, but their colour generally was
pale grey with black lines, more particularly on the segments and
along the line of the spiracles, and with conspicuous yellow spots,
from which arose the branched yellow spines with black tips. The
general coloration reminded one forcibly of the larva of the figure-of-
eight moth [Diloba carukoccvhala). They were placed in an ordinary
breeding-cage, in a shady but by no means dark verandah, and
pupated the following day, close together at the top of the cage.
Though I had never seen the pupae before, still they all struck me as
being remarkably dark, being of deep umber-brown with a few spots
of deep gold. By a lucky chance I found an egg of the insect on one
of the leaves sent with the larvae, and this I reared in the same cage
and in the same position as the former. This larva was in all its
stages a dark grey black, darker than tlie larva of F. urriccB and almost
as dark as F. io ; the usual yellow spots could just ite distuiguished as
deep ochreous or almost chocolate-cciloured dots ; the spines were
much reduced m size, and instead of being pale yellow were obscure
salmon-pink. The larva when full-fed was a third less in length than
the others, though abimdantly supplied with food, and I was, conse-
quently, considerably surprised one morning to find it suspended. I
brought the cage into bright sunlight, and surrounded the larva with
white foolscap paper, and, as I anticipated, the resulting pupa was
pale brown, with numerous spots and splashes of pale gold and silver.
The butterfly difiered in no way from the others. Professor Poulton,
unless 1 am greatly mistaken, has demonstrated the susceptibility of
the larva and pupa of F. xirtica to altered conditions ; but I am not
aware of any Vanessid varying to such an extent as F. hippomene,
either under natural or artificial conditions. As far as I can recollect,
the larva of F. urtiaE varies but slightly. Possibly all tropical
Vanessids vary to the same extent as V. hippomene, but I do know that
such variations, if they exist, have been recorded, I may add, that
the larva which hatched October 8th pupated November 5th, and
emerged November 16th, a rate of growth which must cause envy
ENTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1906. E
42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
among the breeders of English Vanessids ! — N. Manders, Lt. Colonel,
K.A.M.C. ; Curepipe, Mauritius.
Sugar at Witherslack. — At the beginning of July I spent a few
days at Witherslack, in company with my friend Rev. J. E. Tarbat,
and our experience with sugar was so remarkable as to be worthy of
record. It was the kind of experience one hardly expects to have more
than once in a lifetime. We sugared for seven nights, and each night,
irrespective of varying weather conditions and of nights which did not
seem likely to be favourable — clear, cool, or windy — the moths
swarmed. On the majority of the evenings we worked a round of
trees, partly in an open field, through a little orchard and spinney on
the side of a hill, and up to a big tree crowning a knoll. Every tree
had numbers of moths upon it, and on coming to this final tree — an
ash — in a somewhat exposed situation, my friend remarked, "We
shan't have much here, ash is not good for sugar." As he spoke, our
lamp shone upon the patch, which was a living mass of insects, coming
on while we watched, knocking one another off, tumbling to the foot,
and at once climbing up again, On our second round, when we had
picked off what we wanted, and had disturbed others, and it being
midnight, the moths were getting satiated and some had flown, we
counted those that remained on this tree and found there were
upwards of seventy on the one patch of sugar. We noted twenty-five
species that evening on that one tree. Altogether, on the seven even-
ings, June 80th to July 7th, we noticed the following species of Nocture
feeding : — Th)/atiia batis and T. derasa, Cytnatophora duplaris, Acronycta
psi, A.rumicis (including a dark form), and A.menyanthidis, Leucania coni-
gera, L. litharyyna, L. comma, and L. pallens, Axylia putris, Xylophasia
rurea (and var.), X. lithoxylea, X. suhliistris, X. mo)ioylypha (with many
very dark forms), X. hepatica, Mamestra sordida, M. furva, M. brassiccB,
M. persicaria;, Apamea basilinea, A. yemina (and var.), A. unanimis, A.
didyma, Miana strigilis, M. arcuosa, Grammesia trigrammica, Caradrina
alsines, Paisina tenebrosa, Agrotis segetuni, A. exclamationis, A. corticea,
A. singula, Noctua augur, N. plecta, X. c-niyrum, X. triangulum, X.
bnmnea, X. f estiva, X. rubi, X. baia, Triphana comes, T. pronuba, Mania
typica, M. maura, Euplexia lucipara, Aplecfa prasina, A. nebidosa, A.
tincta, Hadena dentina, H. dissimilis, H. oleracea, H. pisi, H. thalassina,
and H. contigua — in all fifty-five species. — (Rev.) W. G. Whittingham ;
Knighton Vicarage, Leicester.
OviPosiTioN OF .^scHNA jUNCEA AND Agrion mercuriale. — In Dr.
Drabble's note (ante, vol. xxxviii. p. 310) he incidentally states that
y3G. juncea deposits its eggs while hovering on the wing. This scarcely
agrees with my experiences of the species in Surrey. There, by its
actions, it gives one the impression that it deposits them in the tissues
of plants. I have supposed that A. mercuriale does the same thing,
but have never seen the process. Has Dr. Drabble had personal
experience of the proceedings of A. mercuriale when ovipositing? I
am afraid we know very little for certain about the early history of
dragcmflies at present. — W. J. Lucas.
Melit^a desfontainii and M. aurinia var. iberica in Central
Aragon. — I found these two species flying together last June in a gorge
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS, 43
near a place called El Puerto, about sixteen kilometres south-east of
Teruel. M. desfontainii was much the more abundant of th^ two, but
most of the males were getting decidedly the worse for wear, when I
first visited the locality on June 12th ; and even the females, of which
however there was no scarcity, had to be somewhat carefully selected.
Though occurring in the gorge, too, this butterfly, especially the
females, was much more plentiful on the undulating plateaux in the
forests above ; whereas M. var. iberica I never took except in the
gorge itself. Moreover the latter was, I imagine, only just beginning
to come out on June 12th, and was very much scarcer than M. desfon-
tainii. I believe, however, that had I remained on at Teruel during a
couple of intensely hot, cloudless days (June 20th and 21st), and spent
them at El Puerto, instead of packing up on one, and riding my bicycle
to Albarracin on the other, I might have secured a good series of
iberica, which, as it was, I failed to do. But an entomological career,
like most others, is full of successful episodes that "might have
been." — Margaket E. Fountaine; Bath, January 23rd, 1906.
A General Exhibition. — The South London Entomological and
Natural History Society proposes to hold a General Exhibition of
Natural History Objects at their rooms in Hibernia Chambers, London
Bridge, on Saturday, March 10th. It will be on the same lines as
those that were so successful some years ago. Exhibits from those
who are not members will be gladly welcomed. Full particulars may
be obtained from Mr. Stanley Edwards, 15, St. Germans Place,
Blackheath, S.E. ; or Mr. Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New
Cross, S.E.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Eupithecia debiliata, &c., in Leicestershire. — I was fortunate in
taking, last summer, in this county, Eupithecia debiliata, Eucosmia
undulata, Bomolocha fontis, Venilia macularia, Xylophasia scolopacina,
and Orthosia suspecta. The first three species were discovered a year
or two ago, by Mr. Bouskell and Mr. Dixon, but I think were not
recorded in the 'Entomologist.' V. macularia I found some years ago,
in an open heathy park, and re-discovered in the same place this year,
it feeding apparently on Teuciium scorodonia. The two last-named
species have not, as far as I am aware, been noticed in the county
hitherto. Bomolocha fontis evidently feeds, not on Erica, as men-
tioned in Stainton, St. John, and Merrick, but on Vaccinium. There
was no Erica in the neighbourhood, at ail events in sufficient quantity,
and I verified my conclusion later by finding the larvae on Vaccinium.
(Rev.) W. G. Whittinghaji ; Knighton Vicarage, Leicester.
Ceambus fascelinellus in South Devon. — With reference to Mr.
Edelsten's note (Entom. xxix. 19) I may mention that I took a speci-
men of above on the coast near here, on August 9th, 1899, and my
friend Mr. B. A. Bower, of Chislehurst, took another in the same
locality, when in my company, on the 15th of the same month. — E. F,
Studd ; Oxton, Exeter, January 4th, 1906.
44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — The Annual General Meeting
was held on Wednesday, January 17th, at the rooms of this Society, 11,
Chandos Street, Cavendish Square.— Mr. F. Merrifield, the President,
read an Address ou the General Operation of Temperature on the
Growing Organism of Lepidopterous Insects, based on a series of
experiments, especially with reference to the remarkable limitations
imposed by climatic and artificial conditions. — The Eeport of the
Society showed that for the first time in its history the number of
ordinary Fellows had reached five hundred. The officers and council
were elected for the Session 1906-7 as follows : — President : Mr. P,
Merrifield. Hon. Treasurer : Mr. A. H. Jones. Hon. Secretaries :
Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., and Commander J. J. Walker, M.A.,
R.N., F.L.S. Librarian: Mr. G. C. Champion, F.Z.S. Other mem-
bers of the Council: Mr. G. J. Arrow, Mr. A. J. Chitty, M.A., Mr. J.
E. Collin, Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D.,Mr. H. Goss, F.L.S., Mr. W.
J. Kaye, Mr. H. J. Lucas, B.A., Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc,
F.R.S., Mr. L. B. Prout, Mr. E. Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S., Mr. R. S.
Standen, F.L.S. , and Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse. — H. Rowland-Brown,
M.A., Hon. Secretary.
The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— Thursday, December 13t/(, 1905.— Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.,
President, in the chair. — Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited a series
of Cleoceris vimlnalis, bred from Windermere larvae, showing variation
from pale grey to very dark, with captured pale specimens from Bar-
mouth. They also showed Flusia moneta from Chertsey and Reigate
larvae. — Mr. Stonell, (1) melanic specimens of Phigalia pedaria from
Delamere Forest, Odontopera bidentata from Skelminthorpe, and Camp-
togramma bilineata from Shetland ; (2) Fohjommatus icariis, females,
with male coloration ; (3) L>jca;na arion horn ii. Covnwall; (4) Xonagria
canna from Norfolk ; and (5) Eupithecia pernotata taken at Loughton
in 1876. — Dr. Chapman, larvae sent to him by Mr. Murray from Carn-
forth ; they were so densely hairy as to appear almost solid. They
appeared to him to be larvas of yemeophila planta<jinis, although
he had never known them to hybernate at such an advanced stage in
this country. Mr. Murray did not think they were this species. A
continental record was mentioned of the species hybernating full fed,
when it was densely haired. — Mr. Adkin, series of melanic 0. bidentata
from Durham larvje, some of which showed whitish lines or markings.
— Mr. Goulton, photographs of larvae in situ on their food plant. — Mr.
H. Moore, nest of the Durban White Ant (Tfjv/u.s heilicosxis) Kwdi a large
species of Wood-louse [Giomeris). — Mr. Barnett, dark forms of Mellinia
circellari^, Boarmia gemmaria var. perfumaria, and a varied series of
Hybernia defoliaria, some being brilliantly banded, all from W. Kent.
— Mr. Fremliu, Sirex juvencus from Maidstone. — The reports of the
Field Meetings held at Reigate and at Oxshott were read.
January llth, 1906.— The President in the chair.— Mr. J. W.
Schoon, of Bayswater, and Mr. A. A. Dobson, of New Maiden, were
elected members. — Mr. West, of Ashtead, exhibited a booklet, recently
published, containing some sixty admirable photographic reproductions
of life-histories and protective resemblances in the Lepidoptera. — Mr.
SOCIETIES. 45
Hy. J. Turner, male examples of Morpho cyprls from South America. —
Mr. Touge, a capital photograph of the life-history of Sesia [Macro-
fjlossa) Stella tarum, ova, larva, pupa, aud imago. — Mr. Main, a long aiid
variable series of Xoctiia /estiva, bred from Lancashire larvae, and a
photograph of the egg-capsule of Periplaneta americana. — Mr. Kaye,
a remarkable specimen of Agrotis tritici, bearing a close resemblance to
A. aijathina. It was taken with the latter species flying over heather
at Oxshott, and was a good example of syncryptic resemblance brought
about by the common habit of resting on heather. — Mr. E. Adkin read
the Report of the Field Meeting held at Seal on May 27th, and added
to it a summary of the characteristics of the area covered by the
Society's Field Meetings in W. Kent daring the past few years. — Mr.
Carr communicated the Eeport of the Field Meeting held at Chiselhurst
and St. Paul's Cray on September 16th. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The Annual
Meeting was held in the Royal Institution, Liverpool, on Monday,
December 18th, 1905, —In the unavoidable absence of the President,
Mr. S. J. Capper, F.E.S., Mr. Richard Wilding, Vice-President,
occupied the chair. — The minutes of the preceding meeting having
been confirmed, the following were elected members of the Society: —
The Right Honble. Lord Avebury, P.C, D.C.L., LL.D. (Farnborough,
Kent); George Arnold (University of Liverpool) ; Eustace R. Bankes,
M.A., F.E.S. (Corfe Castle); Geo. C. Champion, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Woking); Thos. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. (Reigate) ; Chas. W.
Dale, F.E.S. (Glanvilles Wootton); Rev. H. S. Gorham, F.Z.S.,
F.E.S. (Great Malvern); Herbert Goss, F.L.S., F.E.S. (Surbiton) ;
Martin Jacoby, F.E.S. (West Hampstead); Gervase F. Mathew, F.L.S.,
F.E.S., Paymaster-in-Chief, R.N. (Dovercourt, Essex) ; Professor
Raphael Meldola,F.R.S., F.C.S., F.E.S. (London); Frederic Merrifield,
F.E.S., President of the Entomological Society of Loudon (Brighton);
Claude Morley, F.E.S. (Monk's Soham) ; David Sharpe, M.A., M.B.,
F.R.S. (Cambridge); H. R. Sweeting (Wallington) ; Colonel Charles
Swinhoe, M.A., P.L.S., F.E.S. (London); Gerald M. Taylor, M.A.
(Rossall) ; Rev. A. Thornley, M.A., F.E.S. (Nottingham) ; Commander
Jas. J. Walker, M.A., R.N.,F.L.S. (Oxford); and Lieut.-Colonel John
W. Yerbury, R.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. (London). — Donations to the hbrary
were received from the President of the Board of Agriculture and Dr.
Jas. Fletcher, LL.D., F.R.S.C. (Ottawa). — The Secretary announced
that the following invitations had been accepted on behalf of the
Society: — (1.) From the President and Council of the Association of
Economic Biologists, to take part in its third Annual Meeting to be
held in the School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, on
December 28th and 29th, 1905, when papers will be read by Mr. Fred
V. Theobald, M.A. (Presidential Address), Professors Rubert Boyce,
M.B., F.R.S., and Major Ronald Ross, C.B., D.Sc, F.R.S., and
Messrs. W. E. Collinge, M.Sc. (two), W. G. Freeman, R. B. Greig,
Robert Newstead, A.L.S., F.E.S. (two), M. Steains, and F. V. Theobald.
(2.) From the Council of the Liverpool Science Students' Association,
to co-operate at an Exhibitional Meeting to be held in the Royal
Institution on January 12th, 1906. — The Secretary then read the
Report of the Council, showing that the session had been an eminently
successful one. The Treasurer (Dr. J. Cotton) then presented his
46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Balance-sheet, which showed a substantial and increased balance at
the bank. On the motion of Mr. Webster, it was resolved to print and
circulate the Reports in the Proceedings of the Society. — On the motion
of Mr. Tait, seconded by Dr. Edwards, and supported by Messrs.
Webster, Stott, Cotton, and the Chairman, a vote of thanks was
accorded the retiring Secretary, Mr. Sopp, for~ his services to the
Society during the four years he had held office. It was further
resolved that the motion be specially recorded in the Transactions of
the Society. — The Annual Address, by Mr. Horace St. J. K. Donis-
thorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Vice-President, was then communicated. In
opening, the lecturer first dealt with the eighteen species of beetles
that had been added to the British list during 1905, and afterwards
summarized the more noteworthy papers that had appeared in current
entomological literature during the year. Later, in discussing the
science of entomology, he exhorted members to undertake original
research, and to collect with some special object in view. There were
the theories of mimicry and protective resemblance ; the courtship of
insects ; the uses of the scents they bear, attractive and repellant ; and
other equally interesting problems for solution. In many cases he
deprecated a protracted waiting for further evidence before venturing
to theorize, and insisted on the faculty of imagination, rightly used,
being as essential to a scientist as to a literary man, as instanced in
Darwin, and referred to the mass of material already accumulated in
the museums of the country. The lecturer then passed to a con-
sideration of our indigenous myrmecophilous Coleoptera, a subject
with which his name is inseparably associated. — On the motion of the
Chairman, a very cordial vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Donisthorpe,
whose paper it was resolved to print in full in the Proceedings of the
Society. — The following officers were elected to serve during 1906 : —
President: Samuel J. Capper, Esq., F.E.S. Vice-Presidents: Pro-
fessor T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc, F.E.S. , F.E.S. E. ; Richard Wilding;
J. H. Bailey, M.B., Ch.B. ; E. J. B. Sopp, F.R.Met.S., F.E.S. ;
Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S. ; and J. R. Charnley,
F.Z.S., F.E.S. Hon. Treasurer: J. Cotton, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
L.S.A. Hon. Secretaries: H. R. Sweeting, M.A. ; W. Mansbridge,
F.E.S.; and W. Delamere Harrison. Hon. Editor : J. R. le B. Tomlin,
M.A., F.E.S. Hon. Librarian: F. N. Pierce, F.E.S. Council:
H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; A. Tippins ; W. A. Tyer-
man; B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S.; J. Kidson Taylor; J. F. Button;
W. Webster, M.R.S.A.I. ; F. R. Dixon-Nuttall, F.R.M.S. ; Rev.
T. B. Eddrup, M.A. ; C. E. Stott; R. Tait, Jun. ; and P. Edwards,
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., L.S.A. — The following were reappointed re-
corders : — Coleoptera, J. R. le B. Tomlin ; Hymenoptera, Edward
Saunders, F.R.S. , F.L.S., F.E.S.; Lepidoptera, F. N. Pierce ; Diptera,
C. R. Biliups, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., and E. E. Lowe, F.L.S. ;
Neuroptera, W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. ; Orthoptera, E. J. B. Sopp ;
and Hemiptera, Oscar Whittaker. — Exhibits were shown as follows : —
British Lepidoptera, by Mr. R. Tait, Jun. Three cases of West African
Lepidoptera, captured on the Gold Coast during May, 1905, by Mr.
W. A. Tyerman. /S. carpini as a weasel — a case of mimicry — by Dr.
P. Tinne ; the moth rests on heather, with head downwards, and
antenuie loosely folded to suggest whiskers : the resemblance probably
I
SOCIETIES. 47
protects it from attack by birds, &c., and was very effectively shown
in the exhibit. Tlie stick-insect, Tirachoides spectabilis, from New
Guinea, by Mr. J. J. Eichardson. The scarce grasshopper, Mecjostethus
cfrossus, L., from the New Forest (presented to the Society), by Mr.
W. J. Lucas. Creophilua maxillosiis, L., with a red thorax, from
Ashton-ou-Mersey, in November (E. Tait, Juu.) ; a perfect specimen
of the green cockroach, Punchlora rirescetis, Tliunb., capjiured amongst
bananas in Manchester (H. Garnett); and the Central American ear-
wig, Apterygida linearis, Esch., from the Liverpool Docks, by Mr. Sopp;
the latter insect kindly identified by Mr. Malcolm Burr, B.A. Mr.
Sopp also showed a photograph, kindly presented to him by Mr.
Eobert Morley, E.B.A., of the artist's picture " Cornered," now on
view in the Liverpool Autumn Exhibition of Pictures. This was greatly
admired, the subject being keenly appreciated by all, it being evident
that Mr. Morley was a naturalist as well as an artist.
A meeting was held at the Eoyal Institution on Friday, January
12th, 1906, in conjunction with the Liverpool Science Students'
Association and the Liverpool Microscopical Society. — Chas. Stacey
Colman, Esq., M.A,, The College, Bishop's Stortford, was elected a
member of the Society. — The following members contributed ex-
hibits: — Mr. E. Wilding, a drawer of British Aphodii. Mr. E. J. B.
Sopp, a series of life-history cards of various British beetles, showing
their ravages in certain products of commercial importance, the most
interesting being Triplex aiiea (under holly bark), Pentarthrum huttoni
(in old ash-wood), Bruchus rufiinaniis (in beans), B. pisi (in peas),
Anobium paniceum [inliqnovice and coriander seed), Lasiodennaserricorne
(in cigars), Dryocates autoyraphus (in bark) ; the two last being of very
rare occurrence. Dr. J. Cotton, cocoons oi Dicranura vinula and D. bifida,
Mr. F. N. Pierce, an educational case of Lepidoptera — butterflies and
moths — rare books, and a beautiful series of insect appendages, which
were shown under the microscope. Mr. Wm. Mansbridge, a drawer of
North American butterflies. Mr. J. J. Eichardson, a drawer of exotic
hawk moths. — H. E. Sweeting and Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — October 16th, 1905. — Mr.
G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Eeference was made to
the loss of Mr. J. W. Douglas, who was one of the honorary members
of the Society, and had been so since its commencement. — Mr. W.
Harrison showed Pheosia tremula, CI. [dictmi, Esp.), from Selly Oak,
which he thought was a new locality for it ; also a series of Nonagria
typhce, Thnb., from Sandwell Mill Pond ; and other local insects. — •
Mr. G. H. Kenrick exhibited a small collection of butterflies made in
Mexico during a recent hurried visit to that country ; he had but a few
hours on two occasions to give to collecting, so tnat there were not
many specimens. He remarked that the first three butterflies he saw
on leaving the city of Mexico to collect were Pyrameis atalanta, L.,
P. cardui, L., and Vanessa antiopa, L. — Mr. E. S. Searle sliowed Lepi-
doptera from Norfolk; Cirrhcsdia xerampelina, Hb., from Feltwell Fen;
Arsilunche venosa, Bkh., from same place ; and Leiicania ubsoleta, Hb.,
from Denner. — Mr. J. T. Fountain sliowed some larvae which he
believed to be Hadena unanimis, Tr. ; they are found in abundance on
the Stratford Canal, near Yardley, living in tubes turned up out of the
leaves of a sedge-like grass.
48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
November 28fJi, 1905.— Mr. G. T. Bethnne-Baker, President, in the
chair. — The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited the whole of his collection of
Chrysids ; one boxful of British ones comprising a nearly complete set
of those known to occur in this country, and including such rarities as
Hechjcridium coriaceum, Dhlb., of which five specimens were shown,
which are probably all that have been taken in this country. Also six
boxes containing the Pala?arctic collection, which was wonderfully rich
and complete. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, a very fine collection of Lepi-
doptera received from New Guinea. — Colbean J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.
City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
December 5th. — Annual Meeting. — Exhibits : — Mr. Cockayne, H.
leucophaaria, thinly scaled, Oxford, February, 1903 ; also A. leporina
ab. melanocephahi, from Warrington. Mr. Edelsten, .V. spanjanii,
male, with upper wings powdered with black scales and an extra black
spot above the reuiform. Mr. Hamling, R. luteolata ab., bred May,
1905, the ground colour being pale, with usual markings on costa very
indistinct, and the apical blotch absent. Mr. A. Harrison, A. leporina,
from Delamere Forest, with black thorax and abdomen and fore wings
suffused with smoky black ; a melanic series of C. duplaris from
Simouswood Moss, Lancashire ; A, asJiworthii, second brood bred in
October, from ova laid by imagines reared from larvae taken in North
Wales in the spring. Mr. Pickett, a long series of hybrid S._ popuU x
ocellatus ; also specimens of hybrid C. curtula x reclusa, S. illunaria x
illiistraiia, and N. (brnnedariiis x ziczac, the latter resembling the first
species in size and colouring, but having tlie " pebble " markings of
ziczac. Mr. J. Riches, 0. gonoU'ujma, second brood, bred, from Brent-
wood. Mr. Shaw, a long series of B. muralis, Torquay, July, 1905,
varying from very pale to dark green and olive forms. — The treasurer's
and secretaries' reports having been read, and the officers and council
for 1906 elected, Mr. A. W. Mera read his presidential address. —
S. J. Bell, Hon. Sec.
OBITUARY.
We regret to hear that Mrs. Hutchinson, of Leominster, died on
December 10th. Throughout a long life she seems to have been
devotedly attached to the study of Natural History, but with a special
leaning to the insects, and those more especially that were to be ob-
served in her own district. Her unique opportunities for investigating
the life-history of Grapta c-album, and also that of Eupithecia consit/nata,
were turned to good account, and it is probable that many cabinets
owe their series of each of these insects to her generosity. Mrs.
Hutchinson contributed many interesting notes, and longer articles, to
the entomological journals from time to time. In the ' Entomologist '
for 1881 there is an article from her pen, in which she disproves a
suggestion that had been made that G. c-album was becoming extinct
in England. The careful manner in which she reared those species of
Lepidoptera in which she was specially interested is shown in the case
of E. consirjnata, of which species she presented twelve specimens to the
National Collection in 1903. Ten of these were bred in April, 1903,
and were the direct descendants of a female captured in April, 1874.
The Entomologist, March, 1906.
Plate 11
NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM B. GUIANA AND JAMAICA.
(I'u-o-thirdt; mitiiral size.)
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.] MARCH, 1906. [No. 514.
NEW SPECIES OF GUIANA AND JAMAICAN
BUTTERFLIES.
By William James Kaye, F.E.S.
(Plate II.)
The species of butterflies here described are all from the
Guiana region, except the small Chlosyne, which is from
Jamaica. The latter is of great interest, as indeed are all the
species peculiar to this island, as showing how local the insect
must be. It is now some years since the specimen was taken,
and, owing doubtless to the exact locality (Manchester Mountains)
not having since been visited, no further specimens have been
taken. The Guiana species include a Eiieides, which is appa-
rently quite new. This insect has occurred in some numbers,
but, strangely, only three males have been taken to some twenty
females. The Pajnlio now described may be the female of some
known male ; but, on the other hand, if it should belong to the
latinus group, the sexes would be similar, and the now described
form would be entirely new. I lean to the latter view, on
account of the yellow spots on the sides of the abdomen and the
sides of the thorax. The row of red spots coming close up to
the subterminal row of yellow spots is also suggestive of the
latinus group. The Heliconius of the cyhele group has remained
undescribed for years. It is evidently a rare species. Mr. H. J.
Adams has the insect also without a name. Unfortunately the
Protogonius is not here figured. The species or race can, how-
ever, now be recognized readily from its special characteristics
given below.
Protogonius hippona, Fab., verus.
The identity of this species has so commonly been lost sight
of that a description seems badly wanted. There are in existence
two specimens of P. hippona in the Banksian collection, and
these were doubtless identified from Fabricius's type. The
ENTOM. — MARCH, 1906. F
50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
species in some of its forms exhibits yellow instead of white
spots to outer margin of hind wing. The large black area of
hind wing is the special characteristic of the species.
Fore wing black and tawny, with a heavy yellow band which is
very variable in its lower half from beyond cell to outer margin.
Apical area black, containing two or three yellow blotches, the upper-
most one of which is much the largest. A broad black edging on
inner side of transverse band and a heavy black inner marginal band
from base to tornus. Inner area of wing fulvous, more yellowish
towards its outer confines. Hind wing witb tbe costal half fulvous,
a black dash running in towards base from outer margin along vein 7 ;
above this, midway, is a large conspicuous fulvous blotcb, well defined
by black margins. Lower balf of wing heavily black, but variable in
extent towards and beyond the cell. Sometimes black irroration
extends right across the wing, but more frequently the black area stops
abruptly on reaching the lower corner of the cell. A row of large and
conspicuous white marginal spots, those beyond the black area becom-
ing obliterated, or only showing indistinctly as yellowish marks.
Expanse 106 mm.
Hah. The Guianas (English, Dutch, and French). Lower
Amazon.
The species varies considerably. From the very few indi-
viduals available for examination, it appears that the form in
French Guiana (Cayenne) has a darker hind wing than those from
British Guiana (Berbice), and these in turn are darker than those
from Paraguay (?), if the latter should prove to be the same
species, as is possible. In fact it may be that the vast majority
of the described species of Protogonius are all one species, with
different geographical forms, but all overlapping somewhere or
other. Starting with the extremest black hind-winged form
from Cayenne, one works through to a lighter form in British
Guiana. In Venezuela there is a less black form still, and the
band of the fore wing has become broken. Going northward,
this reduction of the yellow area becomes more and more marked,
until in T. cecrojjs some specimens have a very slender band. In
Trinidad, where insularity has worked to bring about greater
change, and where there is no fusion of any other race, the form
has assumed quite a distinct facies in T. ochraceics. North-
westwards, in Columbia, in T. tithoreides there is an admixture
of the Northern and Southern races : Northern, in retaining
the large distinct marginal spots to fore wing ; Southern, in
showing a reduction in the size of the marginal spots to the
hind wing. In Columbia there is a subform of tithoreides called
alhinotatus, in which all the spots and band of the fore wing have
become white. Going from (juiana westward, one finds a similar
form to the British Guiana race in the Lower Amazon. Higher
up the same system, on the Kio Madeira, there is a chestnut-
coloured form which shows an influence of northern form, but of
NEW SPECIES OF GUIANA AND JAMAICAN BUTTERFLIES. 51
this race we know very little, especially as to how the inter-
mediate forms fit in. In Peru the form called difusus shows
the yellow band partly obliterated by the ground colour in the
lower half, and frequently the apical spots are entirely sup-
pressed. From this form there is a gradation in aberration
where the yellow is entirely suppressed, where the colours have
become black and fulvous only, but where the hind wing has
retained the usual coloration. This form is probably unnamed,
but is probably only an aberration of difusus. Lastly, as an
extreme in one direction, there is the form semifuXvus, in which
the hind wing is greatly blackened as far as vein 6, Specimens
of this are found, showing a transition of the orange band to
the yellow band, as found in difusus. Going southwards, no
great change is found from the less extreme Guiana forms till
one comes to Southern Brazil, where the chief distinction lies
in the presence of a longer white apical patch instead of two or
three yellow patches. The shape of the yellow band remains
much the same as in the Guiana form, in fact almost identical
with that of the Berbice specimen. The colouring of the hind
wing varies greatly, from fulvous to a shade of lemon-colour, to
yellow with a shade of fulvous. It may possibly be due to vary-
ing altitudes in some localities where two forms have been
received from the same country, as they have been from Colom-
bia and Ecuador. Accurate data are much needed to decide,
but there is scarcely a doubt that continuity of forms prevails
to a very large extent.
Papilio caburi, n. sp. (PI. II. fig. 1).
Fore wing deep lustrous ivy-green, the basal half much darker and
less lustrous. Hind wing lighter green than fore wing, and with a
greater sheen on the costa ; reaching to nervure 7 is an oblong patch
of cream-coloured scales, and between nervures 6, 7 is just an indica-
tion of another patch ; before the margin is a row of larger black
blotches around the nervures extending to vein 6, where the blotches
have become much reduced. Outer margin deeply crenulate, with
sharp triangular tooth-like black marks running up between the
nervures. Abdomen of the same colour above as hmd wing ; the sides
with three rows of orange patches. On the under side of fore wing
ground colour dull blackish ; basal half much darker, with a small
elongated patch of cream-coloured scales within the cell, lying near
lower discocellular. Under side of hind wing blacldsh, with a
marginal row of cream-coloured spots between the nervures, pre-
ceded by a row of brick-red heart-shaped blotches. On under side of
abdomen is a double row of cream-coloured white dots. Expanse
150 mm.
Hah. Forest between Essequibo and Mazaruni Eivers, near
Bartica (W. J. Kaye, April 16th, 1901).
f2
52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Eueides nigrofulva, sp. n. (PI. II. fig. 4, 2 ; 5, <?).
3 . Fore wing wholly orauge and black. The costa black for
entire length ; the apex very broadly black ; outer margin sinuated
black; inner margin orange, except just at base, where a longitudinal
black streak takes its rise, following the line of nervure 1 b, becoming
much narrower before outer margin is reached. Discoidal blotch very
large, black, hardly joined with the black of costa, and only connected
with another large blotch situated between nervures 3, 4 by a small
and narrow extension of the blotch ; an ill-defined blotch between ner-
vures 2, 3. Hind wing with a very broad marginal band, containing
indications of lighter spots, and throwing up short tooth-like marks be-
tween all the nervures except between 6, 7. Between the band and the
discoidal cell are series of black elongated patches, variable in size and
intensity. Thorax with a pair of orange marks and first abdominal seg-
ment with another pair. On the under side of fore wing is a row of
white marginal spots, largest at apex and smallest at tornus; within the
black apex is a band of straw-colour, and again, just within the dis-
coidal blotch, the tint is straw-colour. Under side of hind wing with a
lightish area round upper disco-cellular ; the black marks within the
band very clear and distinct. A marginal row of very distinct large
white spots.
? . With the wings more ample, with the band inside apical
black patch straw-coloured, and with the area immediately within the
discoidal blotch also straw-coloured. Expanse : male, 82 mm. ; female,
90 mm.
Hab. Esseqiiibo Eiver, Potaro tributary (C. B. Pioberts,
June, November, December, September).
Chlosyne pantoni, n. sp. (PL II. fig. 6).
Fore wing above dark black-brown, with deep ochreous markings.
Near the base is a narrow obscured ochreous mark ; a large irregular
ochreous patch, chiefly lying within the cell, but extending towards
the inner margin, and a patch of similar colour lying well beyond tlie
cell between veins 4 and 7, extending indistinctly through to the costa.
A series of large ochreous subterminal spots lying well in from the
margin. On the under side the inner margin and outer margin
broadly brownish black ; within the latter is a series of spots, which
are yellowish towards costa and ochreous towards tornus. The
remainder of the wing as on upper side, except that there is a wedge-
shaped ochreous mark extending to base, and not a small linear mark.
Hind wing above, with the costa, broadly greyish black, the outer and
inner margins dark brownish black ; the central area of the wings
ochreous. Central lunule indistinctly blackish. A large mark from
inner mai-gin to just beyond the lower corner of cell dark brownish
black. On the under side the ground colour wholly blackish, with a
shght ashy tone. In basal half are a number of cream-coloured large
blotches. A double subterminal line of festooned whitish marks, pre-
ceded by a row of large dark-red spots, which become more and
more suffused towards costa. Expanse 56 mm.
Hah. Jamaica (Manchester Mountains).
The species is named after Mr. E. S. Panton, its discoverer.
LEPIDOPTERA AT RANNOCH IN 1905. 53
Heliconius tumatumari, ii. sp. (PI. II. fig. 2),
Fore wing black, the base crimson. A large yellow blotch within
the cell, divided from tlie red area by a roundish black blotch. Dis-
coidal blotch irregular black, joining another black mark just beyond
the cell between veins 3 and 4. Beyond the cell are elongated patches
of sulphur-yellow radiating round to the costa. Between veins 2, 3
there is a break with the ground colour, and just above vein 2 there is
another yellow mark, sometimes elongated, and joining the yellow
area with the cell. At the extreme angle of the tornus is an elongated
yellow spot, and immediately before apex are three yellow spots, the
centre one of which is usually most distinct. Abdomen not marked
above, and with a white line running down the centre beneath,
bordered on either side with a very fine more or less indistinct white
line. Expanse 97 mm.
Hah. British Guiana.
The species is related to H. cyhele, and from the very few
specimens seen is tolerably constant.
Heliconius silvana var. divisus, nov. (PI. II. fig. 3).
Fore wing as in typical silvana. Hind wing with the transverse
black area divided by a band of the brownish ochreous ground colour
as far as vein 5, where there is placed the usual lower yellow spot close
to the margin. Both the upper and lower of these spots well defined,
but the indications of the remaining marginal spots very ill defined,
and hardly distinguishable beyond vein 3. The upper portion of the
black area, above the band of ground colour, more arched than in
typical silvana.
This form is probably a rare aberration only, and not con-
fined to any one locality. Similar specimens occur on the
Lower Amazon, as well as in British Guiana, from whence the
form is now described.
LEPIDOPTEKA AT RANNOCH IN 1905.
By E. a. Cockayne, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 40.)
In the birch woods, Drepana lacertinaria and D. falcataria
were met with ; the former, much the commoner of the two, was
rather darker than the usual English form. Falcataria in this
district is a most lovely insect. It has an almost white ground
colour, crossed by an intensely dark-brown stripe curving round
to the hooked wing-tip. Gymatophora diiplaris was abundant on
the smaller branches of the birches. All were more or less
melanic, some nearly black.
Coremia salicata and Emmelesia hlandiata were common
locally, the former commoner near the tops of the hills.
On June 23rd Psodos trepidaria was flying in profusion on a
54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
bare plateau about 2500 ft. above sea-level. Bearberry has been
suggested as its larval food-plant, but I do not think this can be
true. They are most abundant on parts of the hill-top where no
bearberry grows. The only two plants sufficiently common are
crowberry {Empetrum nigrum) and lichen. The former seems to
me, on the whole, more probable, and we noticed that a great
many, females especially, could be disturbed from the tufts of
this plant. In a former year I tried the young larvpe on lichen ;
but, though they lingered alive for a few days, they did not
appear to touch it. I hope some day to try with crowberry,
perhaps with more success.
Sugaring was an almost complete failure, producing on
May 26th two H. glauca and two Paclinohia ruhricosa ; June 9th,
six Hadena rectilinea, one H. dentina, eight Eiirois adusta ;
June 15th, four Hadena rectilinea, one H. pisi, one C. or; June
22nd, one Acronycta leporina, one A. myriccs, one H. rectilinea,
four H. dentina, one E. adusta, one C. duplaris, one Agrotis
porphyrea, one Eup)lexia lucipara, and one Eupithecia satyrata.
These were the most successful evenings, and the above include
every individual seen at the sugar.
The last three evenings were devoted to catching the males
of Hepialas liumtdi, in the hope of finding some approach to the
variety hethlandica. Though all those taken both near the
village and in some meadows four miles along the north shore
of the loch were quite typical, the time was not wasted. We
were surprised to see that, as soon as the ghost moths began to
hover over the long grass, small parties of black-headed gulls
arrived, and began crossing and recrossing the fields. Flying
very low, they frequently dropped to the level of the top of the
long grass, apparently to catch something. By standing under
a large elm at the edge of one of the fields we were rewarded by
seeing a gull capture a male humidi. The birds used to arrive
in little parties of two to five, and worked the fields from about
9.30 to 10.30. .They then flew off to their home on the island at
the head of the loch, about nine miles away. The black-headed
gull seems to be the most adaptable of birds, always ready to meet
new conditions. However, I must not wander off to talk of birds.
The following is a further list of insects noticed : — Pieris napi,
Argynnis enphrosyne, A. selene, Lyccena icariis, L. agestis var.
artaxerxes, Macroglossa fiiciformis, Euthemonia russida, Lasiu-
campa quercus var. callunce, Saturnia carpini, Notodonta drome-
darius var. perfasca, Xylophasia rurea var. comhusta (one blacker
than any I have seen before), Apamea hasilinea, Tceniocampa
stahilis, Phytometra cenea, Rumia cratcegata (one aberration with
red much reduced), Cahera pusaria, Biipalus piniaria, Odontopera
bidentata, Ephyra pendidaria, Acidalia famata, Melanijjpe tristata,
Melanthia ocellata, Coremia montanata. C.fluctuata (dark forms),
C. yropugnata, C. pectinitaria, Emmclesia alchemillata, Eubolia
p>alumbaria, Eupithecia nanata, and Tanagra cluBrophyllata.
LEPIDOPTERA AT RANNOCH IN 1905. 55
A few pupffi of Sesia scoliiformis, and larvte of the following
insects were also taken : Poecilocam/pa popidi (a lovely variegated
form on aspen, and a dull uniform brown one on alder and elm),
Lithomia solidaginis, Xanthia ferruginea, Plusia interrogationis,
Tceniocampa pojmleti (aspen), Leucania impivra, Cleoccvis viminalis
(all the black and some green larvse stung, the remainder pro-
ducing well-marked imagines running into the var. ohscura),
Cidaria truncata, Larcntia ccesiata, &c. The most interesting
results were got from the larvfe of the Oporabias.
On May 29th we beat a few alders, and, finding the larvae
very small, did not try again till June 6th. On that day we
beat forty-four from alder, and twenty-nine (for the most part
much larger ones) from hawthorn growing on the same hill-side,
and one from a birch. From a row of large elms on_ the other
side of the valley we only got fourteen, which were,' with one
exception, very large. All the larvae were pure green, except
one from the elm, which had a few faint red marks above the
spiracles. A day or two later we beat none from elm, and only a
few from hawthorn ; but there were still many quite small on the
alders. By June 10th twenty larvae from hawthorn and ten from
elm had spun their cocoons, while only four out of more than
sixty on alder were full-fed. This suggested that those on alder
were 0. autumnata, and the rest 0. dilutata, as we had expected
from the account published by Mr. Allen in the 'Entomologist,'
xxxiv. p. 43. As late as June 21st there were still some Oporahia
larvae on the alders, and I have a record of finding one on the
same food-plant on July 6th, 1901. A few very dark-green
Oporahia larvae with dark cheek stripes were found on ling, and
three pale larvae, one with pronounced red markings, were taken
at night on sweet-gale. These last failed to emerge, but those
from ling produced four 0. filigrammaria between August 20th
and September 8th. Of the other pupae many produced solitary
ichneumons, nearly all identified by Mr. Morley as two species
of the genus Limneria. Nearly half my pupae were destroyed in
this way. All the larvae on alder and hawthorn proved to be
O. autumnata ; the imagines emerged from September 13th-
October 10th, and varied from very pale to glossy dark-brown
forms — one of the former and three of the latter having an
almost complete central band. The larva from birch produced
a male of 0. dilutata. From the larvae on elm three 0. dilutata
(all pale, one with an annular mark replacing the central spot)
emerged on September 27th, October 3rd and 7th ; one 0.
autumnata on October 4th ; and on October 6th two large pale
females of 0. ddutata ab. cliristyi, which seems likely to prove a
true species. These results appear to prove that 0. autumnata
in Rannoch is a more general feeder than in the Enniskillen
district, where it is never found on hawthorn, even if these trees
are growing at the edge of the autumnata ground.
56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NEW AUSTKALIAN BEES IN THE COLLECTION OF
THE BEITISH MUSEUM.— 11.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
Halictus.
The following species are black, the abdomen without hair-
bands or patches. They are named after well-known Australian
explorers : —
Mesothorax shining, with widely scattered punc-
tures ........ 1.
Mesothorax dull, very closely or at least (forresti)
rather closely punctured ..... 2.
1. Very small ; area of metathorax very finely and
regularly longitudinally striate .... burkei, Ckll., ? •
Larger ; area of metathorax irregularly longitudi-
nally wrinkled ....... sturti, Ckll., 5 .
2. Area of metathorax with very coarse vermiform
ridges ....... forresti, Ckll., <? .
Area of metathorax not so .... . 3.
3. Most of clypeus yellow ; size largest, length about
10 mm., male ...... icarbnrtoni, GkW.
Clypeus all black ; size smaller, females . . 4.
4. Area of metathorax delicately irregularly reticulate mitchelli, Ckll.
Area of metathorax finely striate with raised lines 5.
5. Second submarginal cell large, approximately square,
except that the second t. c. slants inwards above leichardti, Ckll.
Second submarginal cell narrower, much higher
than broad ....... nilisi, Ckll.
The microscopic characters of these species are as follows : —
(1.) Front.
H. warhurtoni. — At sides cribrately punctured, with very large
shining punctures, covering the surface ; but in middle, below
the ocelli, dull, with a very feeble mallear sculpture.
H. mitchelli. — Contiguously punctate all over, the lateral
areas not so strongly as in ivarhurtoni, and the median area dis-
tinctly and regularly, though the punctures are small.
H. burkei. — Dullish, with small but distinct punctures, which
are moderately dense ; the ground between them is roughened by
little lines.
H. tvillsi. — Not unlike burkei, but punctures closer.
H. sturti. — General type of tvillsi and burkei, but punctures
laterally becoming sparse and weak, and nowhere are they
strong.
H. leichardti. — With close small punctures all over.
H. forresti. — With small and quite close, but by no means
NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES. 57
contiguous, punctures ; hair in middle line and around antennae
very beautifully plumose ; hair at upper part of sides simple.
(2.) Mesothorax.
H. iDarhurtoni. — With shallow but large and almost con-
tiguous punctures all over ; they are somewhat shiny, and the
intervals are smooth. (The scutellum is also extremely densely
and strongly punctured.)
H. mitchelli. — Strongly and closely, but not contiguously,
punctate on a smooth ground ; a few minute punctures inter-
spersed. The interval between the punctures perhaps averages
from half to three-quarters the width of a puncture, though in
places it is more. (Scutellum has very small punctures, with a
few larger ones interspersed ; the punctures are mostly scattered,
not dense.)
H. burkei. — Bather shining, minutely but very distinctly
tessellate, with very distinct but very widely separated punc-
tures.
H. willsi. — Rough, and contiguously punctured all over.
H. sturti. — With widely separated weak punctures, on a
rather obscurely tessellate surface.
H. leichardti. — Obscurely tessellate, with rather close strong
punctures all over, except that anteriorly the punctures become
weaker and sparser.
H. forresti. — Minutely tessellate, with rather shallow fairly
close punctures.
(3.) Second abdominal segment.
H. warhurtoni. — Basal half well-punctured, on a micro-
scopically tessellate surface ; apically the punctures get smaller
and much more distant, and the tessellation gives way to a
transverse lineolation.
H. mitchelli. — With small regular punctures all over, averaging
about as far apart as twice the diameter of one. Ground ob-
scurely transversely lineolate. Hind edge of segment (as also of
first) very narrowly light yellow (so narrowly that it is not readily
noticed with a lens).
H. burkei. — Dullish, not punctate ; the basal part minutely
transversely lineolate.
H. willsi. — Minutely and densely, though not contiguously,
punctured. The broad depressed apical part transversely lineo-
late, with minute widely-separated punctures.
H. sturti. — Obscurely lineolate, with only minute scattered
hair-punctures. The subapical region has a row of depressed
dark bristles.
H. leichardti. — Closely punctate, the punctures small but
strong.
H. forresti. — Dullish, with very minute and quite sparse
58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
punctures. Apical part minutely transversely lineolate, "with
very few punctures.
Halictus warhurto7ii, n. sp.
S . Length about 10 mm. ; black, the pubescence dull white, with
some black or dark fuscous on vertex and dorsum of abdomen ; inner
orbital margins shallowly subemarginate, converging below ; clypeus
with rather more than the anterior half light lemon-yellow, the yellow
also sending a broad process upwards in the median line ; antennas
long, black, the middle flagellar joints bulging beneath ; area of meta-
thorax short, shining, with irregular plicae, bounded by a distinct
rim ; sides of metathorax covered with white tomeutum ; legs black,
including tarsi ; hair on inner side of tarsi slightly yellow ; tegulge
large, punctate, dark rufous ; stigma large, rather dark reddish, ner-
vures fuscous ; b. n. falling just short of t. m., with no interval between
them ; second s. m. approximately square ; first r. n. meeting second
t. c. ; abdomen rather broad, convex, the hind margins of the seg-
ments very dark reddish. The scutellum is bigibbous, with a median
depression.
Hah. Hobart, Tasmania (J. J. Walker, 3215). Not unlike
H. lanuginosus, Sm., but, while the pubescence is of the same
general type, it is much less abundant ; the head, seen from in
front, is broader and more triangular (in lanuginosus it is nearly
round) ; the stigma is much larger ; the area of metathorax is
quite different, &c.
Halictus mitchelli, n. sp.
? . Length not quite 9 mm. ; black, so similar to H. xvarhurtoni
that at first I thought it might be its mate ; but the microscopical
characters dispose of this possibility, and the wings are also quite
difl'erent, the stigma being smaller and yellower (a sort of dull amber),
the nervures are lighter, and the first r. n. enters the second s. m.
about the beginning of its last fourth. The scutellum is flattened, not
bigibbose, and the area of metathorax has an irregular subreticulate
pattern of raised lines.
Hah. Hobart, Tasmania (J. J. Walker, 3220). Easily known
from H. reprcesentans, Sm., by the sculpture of metathorax,
light stigma, &c.
Halictus bu7'kei, n. sp.
? . Length about 5 mm. ; black, with the abdomen rufo-piceous ;
the head is dullish, but the mesothorax is very shniy, and when held
near the window for examination reflects the blue sky so that one
could easily be deceived into thinking it tinted ; flagellum dull reddish
beneath ; area of metathorax dull, covered with very fine strire ; legs
rufo-piceous or almost black, the knees redder ; tegulge pale testaceous,
with a dark mark in front ; wings iridescent ; stigma very large, dull
reddish brown ; nervures light brown, the second r. n. and third t. c.
barely discernible ; b. n. falling some distance short of t. m. ; second
s. m. about twice as broad below as above, receiving the first r. n. at
about the beginning of its last fourth ; abdomen shining above,
beneath with much white hair, in which pollen is collected.
Hab, Hobart, Tasmania (J.J. Walker, 3251).
NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES. 59
Halictus ivillsi, n. sp.
5 . Length almost 6 mm. ; black, ^Yitll dull white pubescence ;
head broad ; front and mesothorax appearing granular, hardly shining ;
flagellum dull brownish beneath ; legs black, hairy ; hind spur having
a broad, strongly divergent, blunt tooth about the end of its first third,
and beyond that only a single broad low rounded lamella ; tegula)
shining dark rufous, not punctate; b. n. very strongly bent, and falling
just short of t. m. ; second s. m. higher than broad ; first r. n. meeting
second t. c. ; second r. n. and third t. c. barely visible ; stigma and
nervures rufous ; area of metathorax very finely striate ; abdomen
broad, dullish ; venter with long erect white hair.
Hah. " New Holland," 44 . 4.
Halictus sturti, n. sp.
2 . Length a little over 6 mm. ; black, broad, and robust, with
scanty white pubescence ; clypeus very shiny, with a few large punc-
tures ; front dullish ; flagellum only very faintly brownish beneath ;
mesothorax shining, overlapping prothorax in front ; post-scutellum
with white tomentum ; area of metathorax shining and irregularly
wrinkled; legs dark rufo-piceous, hairy ; hind spur with three little
sharp teeth close together about the middle, but otherwise simple ; the
first of these teeth is shorter and more divergent than the other two ;
tegulfB large, piceous ; wings iridescent, stigma and nervures dark
rufo-piceous ; b. n. falling a short distance short oft. m. ; second s. m.
narrowing above ; first r. n. meeting second t. c. ; second r. n. and
third t. c. a little weakened, but very distinct ; abdomen broad,
shining, pitch-black, the hind margins of the segments as black as
the rest.
Hah. Queensland (Gilbert Turner, 631).
Halictus le'ichardti, n. sp.
$ . About the same size and general appearance of H. sturti, but
distinguished at once by the strongly fuscous tint of the wings, the
broader face, the strongly and densely punctured mesothorax, and the
equ.ally densely though more finely punctured abdomen. Scape long,
flagellum ferruginous beneath ; front, vertex, and mesothorax with
some short dark hair ; tubercles covered with dull white tomentum ;
area of metathorax finely but rather irregularly striate, the stride not
reaching its posterior edge ; tegulas rather large, piceous, punctured,
though not all over ; stigma and nervures dark reddish ; b. n. falling
some distance short of t. m. ; second s. m. large, receiving the first
r. n. at its apex; outer nervures as in H. sturti ; legs dark, hairy,
much of the hair dark ; hind spur with two rows of very fine teeth, the
inner edge bearing closely appressed, pale, sharp teeth, about eighteen
in number, the hind edge with less numerous, rather larger, blunter,
and darker teeth ; the anterior spur has also the row of tine pale teeth,
quite the same as on the other; abdomen broad.
Hah. Queensland (Gilbert Turner, 835, Hy,).
60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Halictus furresti, n. sp.
3 . Length about 6 mm. ; black, the anterior half of the clypeus
pale dull yellow, the yellow a little produced upwards iu the middle
line ; face narrow ; face and front with much short greyish-white hair ;
scape very short ; flagellum extremely long, black ; mesothorax dullish ;
upper edge of prothorax, and tubercles, with much white tomentum ;
post-scutellum with white tomentum ; area of metathorax very coarsely
irregularly wrmkled ; tegulffi large, dark reddish, with a few minute
punctures toward the base ; wings clear, iridescent, stigma and ner-
vures dark rufo-piceous ; b. n. falling some distance short of t. m. ;
first r. n. meeting second t. c. ; outer nervures distinct ; legs black,
tarsi dark reddish ; abdomen entirely black, the hind margins of the
segments shining.
Hab. Queensland (Gilbert Turner, 406, H}'.). Looks much
like H. stiirti, but cannot be its male, the sculpture being so
different.
University of Colorado : Oct. 4th, 1905.
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BEITISH WATERBUGS
(AQUATIC HEMIPTERA OR RHYNCHOTA).
By G. W. Kikkaldy.
(Continued from vol. xxxviii. p. 236.)
Cymatia,* Flor.
Face excavated in the male, convex in the female. No
apparent stridular area on anterior femora. Palte in the male
slender, elongate, subcylindric, inferiorly set with a few strong
bristles, and terminated by a crooked knife-like claw. In the
female the palse are similar to those of the male, but lack the
claw.
The habits are like those in the following genera. There are
two British species, easily distinguished by their size, honsdorffii
being double that of coleoptrata. It is not likely that the other
species will be found in Britain.
1. C. BONSDORFFii (C. R. Sahlberg). Figured by Saunders
and many others ; the male palse are figured by me (Quekett
paper). Distributed probably over the greater part of the British
Isles t ; recorded from Sratli glas to Woking, and from Norfolk
to Harris. In Ireland, Mr. Halbert has taken it near Dublin.
I have taken it freely in the Scottish Highlands and in Surrey,
also in Brittany.
'■^' Greek kyina, a wave.
t The detailed distribution of the British Aquatic Bugs will be given in
au appendix.
BRITISH WATERBUGS. 61
2. C. coLEOPTRATA (Fabr.). Figured by Saunders and many
others. Plentiful from Lincolnshire to the southern coast, but
not very western in its distribution ; I have taken it in Kent
and Surrey.
It is usually brachypterous, the pronotum being then very
small, and the membrane not distinct. Mulsant and Key
described the macropterous form from a single specimen half a
century ago under the name of Corisa fasciolata ; but a few
years ago Dr. Horvath captured three examples in Hungary, and
generously gave one to me. The pronotum is normally formed,
and the membrane distinct.
Gljenocorisa, Thomson.
(= Oreinocorixa, F. B. White ; Saunders.*)
Face hairy, excavated in the male, flattened in the female.
Stridulator, stridular area, and strigil present in the male.
There is only one, very rare, British species.
1. G. CAViFRONS (Thomson) {Corixa alpestris, Douglas & Scott).
Figured by Saunders ; male palfe figured by me. Only taken so
far in Britain in one locality, i. c, Beinn Chearan, in Srath glas
(Boss), in a little tarn on the summit.
Callicorixa,! F. B. White.
Face as in the preceding, but smooth. Stridulator and
stridular area present in the male, strigil apparently absent.
There is always present in both sexes a characteristic black spot
on the posterior tarsus (not merely the fringing hairs, but the
tarsus itself).
I am unable at present to clear up satisfactorily the species
of this genus, and refer the reader to Saunders, and to my paper
in the ' Quekett Journal.'
1. C. PRiEUSTA (Fieber). This is generally distributed. I
have taken it all over the Scottish Highlands and islands, vrhere
it is by far the commonest corixid ; also in Kent, Surrey,
Middlesex, &c.
2. C. soDALis (D. & S.). Mr. Saunders seems doubtful as to
the validity of this, and all the specimens I have seen labelled
as this species are only prceusta.
3. C. BOLDi (D. & S.). The unique type is, I believe, at
Newcastle Museum. It is probably, as Mr. Saunders suggests,
an aberration oi prteusta.
4. C. coNciNNA (Fieber). Palae figured in ' Quekett Journal.'
Distributed well over England, though not common ; also in the
Perthshire Highlands.
■•' Glcenocorisa, from corisa, a misspelling for corixa, generic name,
the affix probably being a misspelling for the Greek glene, an ej'eball, in
allusion to the big eyes. Oreinocorixa, from Greek oreinos, of a mountain.
I Greek hallos, beauty.
62
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
5. C. CALEDONiCA (Kirkaldy) (=: cognata of Saunders). From
Scotland only ; rare.
Arctocoktsa,* Wallengren (including Basileocorixa, Kirkaldy =
Corixa, auctt. = GlcBuocorisa, Saunders).
This is the largest genus of Corixidse numerically, with
eighteen described British species. Arctocorisa was separated
from Corixa, auctt. (i. e., Basileocorixa) on a feeble character,
viz., the entirety of the pronotal keel, but is unfortunately the
oldest available name for the fused genus. The species may be
identified as follows, but the males should always be confirmed
by my descriptions and figures ('Quekett Journal ') of the palae,
&c. The pattern and colouring in forms occurring in the peat
districts of Scotland and Ireland often become obscure, so that
identification of the females is then difficult. The following table
is largely adapted from Saunders : —
1. Corium not rastrate ...... 2.
la. Corium rastrate, at least at the base ... 4.
2. Dark and pale lines on pronotum equally broad . 3.
2a. Pronotum pale with narrow dark lines . . . lateralis,
3. Pronotal keel nearly half as long as pronotum . selccta.
3rt. Pronotal keel not more than one-fourth as long as
pronotum ....... lugubris.
4. Species not under 7 mill, long .... 6.
4 a. Species 6 mill, or less 11.
5. Clavus and corium very rastrate, dull, transverse
pale lines very narrow, nearly entire . . 6.
5 a. Clavus and corium not so deeply rastrate, less dull,
transverse pale lines wider, much abbreviated
and interrupted ...... 7.
6. Apex of corium usually widely pale, pronotum
witb seven to eight pale lines .... sahlberr/i.
Qa. Pronotum with six pale lines, apex of corium not
pale ......... Unnei.
7. Pronotum with six pale lines .... muhdata.
7 a. Pronotum with seven (or more) pale lines . . 8.
8. Pronotal keel strong, almost entire ... 9.
8a. Pronotal keel more or less feeble, not reaching to
more than half the length of the pronotum . 10.
9. Yellow beneath ....... germari.
9a. Black beneath, with pale margins .... carinata.
10. Pronotal angles acute ...... striata.
10a. Pronotal angles obtuse ...... distincta.
11. Intermediate tibiae scarcely longer than the tarsi,
tarsi and claws subequal ..... mcesta.
11 rt. Intermediate tibife much longer than tarsi, tarsi
much shorter than claws . . . . . 12.
12. Pronotum not longer than vertex, with five to six
transverse, pale lines ..... 13.
* Greek arktos, the north ; Greek basileus, king.
BKITISH WATERBUGS. 63
12 a. Pronotum much longer than vertex, with seven to
ten pale lines ....... 14.
13. Pronotum with five pale lines .... scotti.
13a. Pronotum with six pale lines . . ... fossarum.
14. Transverse markings of corium divided by two
black longitudinal lines ..... limitata.
14 rt. Transverse markings divided by three black longi-
tudinal lines ....... 15.
14 6. Transverse markings undulated and interrupted,
not continuously divided by black longitudinal
lines ........ saundersi,
14c. Transverse markings entire ..... nigrolineata.
15. Male facial impression deeply excavated and ex-
tended high up between the eyes ; female palre
short, wider near the base .... semistriata.
15 a. Male facial impression less deep, more parallel-
sided ; female palse longer and narrower . . venusta.
1. A. LUGUBRis (Fieber). Generally distributed, but mixed
in collections with the next.
2. A. SELECTA (Fieber) (= lugubris, Saunders, in part).
Described by J. Edwards in 1893 in the Ent. Mo. Mag. False
figured by me.
I have taken it in brackish water at Gravesend, Kent.
Edwards notes it from the coast marshes of Norfolk.
3. A. LATERALIS (Leacli) {=hieroglyp]iica, Saunders). Gener-
ally distributed. The ova are figured by Dufour ; they are
elongate, oval, and pointed anteriorly.
4. A. FOSSARUM (Leach). Generally distributed.
5. A. SCOTTI (D. & S.). All over Scotland.
[A. prominula {Thomson), a doubtful Scandinavian form has
been reported from Scotland, but the specimens I have seen are
merely scotti.]
6. A. SAUNDERSI (Kirkaldy). Described by me in the Ent.
Mo. Mag. for 1899 ; and palae figured in * Quekett Journal.'
Taken only in one pond in Surrey.
7. A. LIMITATA (Fieber). England from Lincolnshire south-
wards, and Wales.
8. A. SEMISTRIATA (Fieber). Distributed probably over the
United Kingdom, but not common.
9. A. VENUSTA (D. & S.). Same as last.
10. A. NIGROLINEATA (Fieber) {^fahricii in Saunders). A
variable species in colour and markings. Common and well
distributed.
11. A. MCESTA (Fieber). Generally distributed.
12. A. UNDULATA (Costa) (= striata, Fieber). This accords
64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
neither with Linne's type in the collection of the Linnean Society
of London, nor with his description. Generally distributed.
13. A. DisTiNCTA (Fieber). 14. A. striata (Linne) (=/a//e/?.u',
Fieber). 15. A. sahlbergi (Fieber). 16. A. linnei (Fieber).
x\ll common and generally distributed.
(To be continued.)
AN APPARENTLY UNDE SCRIBED SPECIES OF
GICADIDiE FROM CHILI.
By W. L. Distant.
Tettigades ulnaria, sp. n.
Body black, brownly pilose; margins of pronotum, lateral and
posterior margins of mesonotum, cruciform elevation, rostrum, and
legs, ochraceous ; a central fascia to base of cruciform elevation and
centres of its anterior angles, anterior tibife and tarsi, streaks to
anterior femora, bases and apices of intermediate and posterior tibia,
and the tarsi, black; disk of abdomen beneath ochraceous, and in
male with a central black longitudinal fascia ; tegmina and wings
hyaline, talc-like, transversely wrinkled, both slightly sanguineous at
base ; tegmina with the venation black, the costal membrane, basal
cell, the ulnar veins here and there, and the claval suture, ochraceous ;
in some specimens the apical veins are also more or less suffused with
ochraceous ; wings with the venation black, more or less ochraceous at
base ; tegmina elongate, about three times as long as greatest breadth,
the ulnar areas long and narrow, parallel, the first, second, and third
about equal in length. Long. excl. tegm., S and ? , 19 to 22 mill. ;
exp. tegm. 55 to 70 mill.
Hah. Chili (Colls. Dist. and Paris Mus.).
There are three species of Tettigades from Chili in my col-
lection which may be thus differentiated.
A. Second ulnar area shorter than first or third.
a. Tegmina broad, about two and a half times
longer than greatest breadth . . . T. chilensis, A. & S.
art. Tegmina only about twice as long as
greatest breadth . . . . . T. compacta, Walk.
B. First, second, and third ulnar areas about equal
in length.
aaa. Tegmina elongate and narrow, about
three times as long as greatest breadth . T. vhutria, Dist.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 65
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Great Migration of "Bumble Bees." — On September 1st, 1905,
I noticed that a constant stream of bees was passing south, along the
narrow strip of sandbanks which divides Poole Harbour from the sea.
All the bees were going towards the thousands of acres of heather
in the Parbeck Heaths, which were then a most glorious sheet of
purple blossom. Of course I expected to see the bees returning to
their nests, but, no — although I and several members of my family
watched most closely from 7.30 a.m. till dark each day — out of the
countless thousands of bees passing we never saw one with its head
north, all going steadily south ; this went on — the numbers slightly
decreasing — till September 13tli, and then the direction of the stream
of bees suddenly changed and went north ; nor did we see any going
south again up to tbe time we left our cottage, on September 29th.
A specimen of these passing bees was caught and sent, through the
kindness of a friend, to an expert, who names it " Bombus terrestris,
neuter sex." As I am an invalid, most of my time was spent in a
chair out of the house ; these passing bees interested me much, and I
watched them closely, as did all the others of my family, four or five
adults. We talked of the strange phenomenon to any calling friends,
yet from September 1st to September 13th none of us saw a bee going
north, but countless thousands, in a regular stream, going south ;
while from September 13th to September 29th all went north. We
were on the narrowest part of the sandbanks, where they are only
about sixty yards wide, so we could see from sea to sea ; and unless
the bees returned to their nests across many miles of open sea, or high
up in the air out of our sight, there was no return stream from 7.30
a.m. either day up to dark. As a rule the wind was strong, and the
bees had to seek the shelter of each bush or tuft of rushes to get on at
all. I shall be pleased to answer any inquiries. — Alex. M, Luckham ;
Combeleigh, Parkstone, Dorset, December 6th, 1905.
The Entomological Club. — A meeting was held in the Entomo-
logical Salon at the Holborn Eestaurant, on February 6th last. Mr.
Verrall, being the host, occupied the chair. Other members present
were Prof. Poulton, Messrs. Adkin, Chitty, Donisthorpe, and Hall,
and in addition to these there were over sixty guests. At the con-
clusion of a most excellent repast, which, in accordance with custom,
is styled supper, the Chairman, in proposing the Prosperity of the
Club, made an exceedingly happy speech, in which he touched on
recent matters electoral. A result of the General Election was also
the theme of Mr. Merrifield, President of the Entomological Society of
London, who proposed the health of Mr. Verrall. Afterwards Mr.
Jacoby played several charming solos on the violin, and these musical
intervals contributed much to the general enjoyment of the evening.
The Honorary Secretary presented a List of the Members of the
Club from the earliest available date down to the present time, and a
resolution was passed that this should be accepted, duly recorded in
the archives of the Club, and published in the 'Entomologist.' The
subject of the Club's collections was mentioned, but not discussed.
ENTOM. — MARCH. 1906. G
66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CAPTUEES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Notes ox Lepidoptera at Witherslack. — I was very much inter-
ested in reading the Rev. W. Gr. Wittingham's account of " Sugar at
Witherslack," in the February number of the ' Entomologist,' as I
spent a week there from the 14th to the 21st July last, at, I believe,
the same farmhouse which he made his headquarters. I sugared in
some of the same spots, and I think I know the ash-tree which yielded
such excellent results. I found sugar fairly good for a day or two
after my arrival, but its attraction fell off towards the end of my visit.
Being rather late, many of the good things were over; but I took,
amongst other moths, a few specimens of Cerigo matura and Caradrina
taraxaci ; also one Acidalia margincpimctata, which was at rest on a
rock. These three species are an addition to Mr. C. H. Forsythe's
list for Lancaster and district. Micro collecting was never seriously
attempted, but the following is a meagre list of those taken : — Scoparia
cratcEijalis, S. resinea, Pyraiista purpuralis, P. ostrimdis, Cramhus pascu-
elius, C. perlellus, Tortrix vihurnana, AmpJiisa (jerninf/ana, Sericoris urti-
cana, 8. lacunana, Mixodia schulziana, Bactra lanceolana, Eiijjcecilia
angmtana, Xanthosetia zoegana, Aphelia osseana, Ilyponomeuta padellus.
G. W. Mason ; Barton-on-Humber.
Phioalia pedaria (pilosaria). — A specimen was taken at rest on a
tree-trunk, near the foot, in Claygate village, Surrey, on January 15th
last. — J. W. Lucas.
Notes from Chester. — Li the Chester district — never particularly
noted for butterflies — it is a matter of regret that species like Vanefisa
urtica, V. io, F. atalanta, and Epinephele tithonus should have shown
in the season of 1905 continued evidence of waning numbers. Hedge-
cleaning, nettle and thistle-cutting, in previous Julys must have caused
the destruction of hundreds, if not thousands, of eggs as well as larvjB.
Ccenonynipha typhon var. philoxenus = rothliehii still keeps up appear-
ances in Delamere Forest, and in two of the woods it was a pleasure
to see numbers of Euchloe cardamines on the wing, June 12th, although
all the specimens were evidently very near the close of their brief
existence. I paid several special visits to Delamere Forest in June in
quest of clearwings. Se&ia cuUciformis was the only species secured,
and indeed seen — one on the 3rd and a second on the 10th. Both
were netted while resting on the leaves of birch in the full sunlight,
and pretty pictures they made on their fresh green surroundings. To
get rid of " grease " and preserve the beautiful red belt, I plunged
them, when set and dried, into benzoline, and left them there for over
a week before adding them to my collection. In looking for Sesias I
came across about a dozen larvae of Geometra papilionaria, all of which
produced fine images in the first half of July. Acidalia remntata, as
usual, was a common moth in the forest in June. On the 10th I
captured a fine fresh form having the pale median band on all wings,
edged posteriorly with the usual zigzag line, which was very smoke-
coloured. Panolis piniperda was a common moth during the spring
nionths. Females engaged in depositing eggs along the wire like
leaves of the Scotch firs were occasionally beaten out by day up to the
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 67
end of May. About the end of June I beat out a number of the hand-
some larvae, hoping to obtain a supply of the grey form of the imago.
Both larvae and imagos have the curious propensity of jumping when
beaten out into the umbrella or beating-tray. Larvfe of Thera Jinnata
were to be had also in the forest, even in the early days of July —
green, with red-brown (rust-coloured) heads ; rust-colour on the sides
of the first three segments ; legs reddish green ; segment divisions
dorsally reddish, but becoming less distinctly so towards the anal
segment. The moths appeared in August, and I took a freshly-emerged
specimen at rest on an oak-trunk, August 10th. A good Macaria
liturata var. nigrofulvata (Collins) was seen on July 31st, although the
first bred specimen of the season dated back to June 2nd. Larvae of
Ellopia prosapiaria = fasciaria, also pine feeders, were common until
the middle of May. The following notes on the Delamere type-form
of the larva, together with varieties, may be of interest. In each case
the observations are made on the final stage : —
Type : Head and body reddish, whitish underneath. Segments
tipped with darker reddish tubercles. Two dorsal white lines wide
apart. Legs and claspers reddish.
Variety 1 : As in the type, but white dorsal lines absent.
Variety 2 : Head, body, legs, and claspers grey. Tubercles darker.
Body speckled minutely with white, especially on sides. No dorsal
white lines.
Variety 3 : Head, body, legs, and claspers totally black. Body
smoke-coloured underneath.
The perfect insect varies in depth of coloration, but not to such
an extent as the caterpillar. There is an unusual form conspicuously
red.
On June 24th Mr. J. Thompson, of Chester, beat two larvfe (late
ones) of Chesias spartiata (green with a yellow line along each side)
from broom at Delamere. I found the moths well on the wing,
September 30th, wherever the food-plant grew; they were plentiful.
In August and September I got a fair number of caterpillars of Noto-
donta dictcBoides from the forest birch, as well as DasycMra pudibxmda ;
while from Scotch fir I secured three of the yellow form of Bupalus
piniaria. One of the Z>. pudibnnda caterpillars appeared one morning,
after changhig its skin, with all its hairs rose-pink. The moth some-
times appears with a broad dark smoke-coloured baud across the upper
wings — an infrequent Delamere form.
On August 28th CloantJa solidat/inis, fine and fresh from the
chrysalis, were found plentifully resting on the heather near Khos,
North Wales, by Mr. Thompson. This, I believe, is a new record. I
have never taken tlie larva of Acronycta tridens, nor do I think I have
ever taken the perfect insect. A. psi (with dark forms) is common
enough in the Chester district in all its stages, and I am consequently
well acquainted with the caterpillar. In fact, as I had never seen the
larva of A. tridens, I was glad to receive, in August, 1904, as well as
in 1905, several of these interesting caterpillars from Mr. Harwood, of
Colchester. The following comparative notes on the full-grown larvae
of the two species may be of interest to young entomologists. The
chief pomts of interest are italicised: — A. psi: Broad dorsal yellow
68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
stripe, unmarked. On each side of the stripe (one on each segment) is
a row of large red spots dotted ivith black. An oval-shaped large anal
yellow spot. A. tridens : Broad dorsal white stripe, marked ivith red on
each segment. On each side (one on each segment) is a row of large
hlack spots tvith white centres. An anal red transverse bar. Both psi and
tridens have a black, dorsal, tufted tubercle on segment five, and both
have a dorsal anal tubercle — yellow in psi, ivhite in tridens. Both larvte
have black heads. All larvfe of Acronycta seem fond of pupating in
corks. These should be hollowed out a little with a penknife, and the
caterpillars will do the rest. Put as many corks into the cage as there
are larvae, and the latter will find them with unerring discrimination.
Another Acronycta — A. megacephala — deserves a special note. Mr.
Thompson took a caterpillar of the species crawling up a poplar tree
near Chester on July 11th. The moth emerged, without forcing, on
September 10th. A long series of Boarmia repandata bred from Dela-
mere Forest larvae collected in spring from birch, sallow, and hawthorn
(they are night-feeders) showed the local form to be indeed a fine one.
The moths appear to be unusually large. The colour of the wings is
dark grey with warm brown as well as black suffusions, and with paler
grey as well as black markings. Apiecta nehulosa (Delamere) : bred
specimens from var. tlwmpsoni parents were true to the variety ; while
those from robsoni parents occasionally reverted to the Delamere type.
Acherontia atiopos : Four larva3 were taken in Cheshire in the month of
August. One of these was successfully reared to an imago — a fine
dark female — February 11th, 1906, by Mr. Sidney Stendall, of the
Grosvenor Museum, Chester, after pupating on September 20th, 1905.
The pupa was kept in moss damped every other day and placed near a
kitchen fire. Mr. Stendall also captured a fine male at one of the
electric lamps, September 11th, 1905, at 10 p.m. Both these insects
" squeaked," producing a sound similar to that obtained by rubbing a
damp cork on a glass bottle. Very interesting observations were made by
Mr. Stendall on this " squeaking," and he found that the sounds pro-
ceeded from the region of the head, and that in every case the antennae
" shivered " very perceptibly whilst the sound continued. It is curious
that in all the records of atropos in the ' Entomologist ' for the last
twenty years I cannot find more than five references where mention
is made of this "squeaking" by the perfect insect. "Squeaking"
by. the pupa is referred to (xix. p. 44), and " snapping " by the larva
(xix. p. 16).
The electric lamps seemed in 1905 to be as efficient as ever in
attracting moths, but as females appear so seldom, the sport is very
one-sided, and becomes monotonous. Casual visits resulted in the
capture of a fine A. leporina, June 17th ; Pliisia pulchrina, June 27th ;
P. iota and Habiostola triplasia, July 9th; A", dictccoides, July 28th; a
fresh but late Uropteryx sambucata, August 24th ; and a worn N. dictcea
on September 7th. — J. Arkle; Chester, Feb. 8th, 1906.
69
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Socih-tyof London, — February 1th, 1906. — Mr. F.
Merrilield, President, iu the chair. The President announced that he
bad nominated Mr. Herbert Goss, F.Li.S. ; Mr. Edward Saunders,
F.R.S., F.L.S.; and Mr. Charles Owen Waterbouse, as Vice-Presidents
for the Session 1906-1907. Mr. H. J. Carter, B.A., of " Ascham,"
Darling Point, Sydney, New South Wales, and the Rev. William
Henry Heale, of Wolstanton Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent, were elected
Fellows of the Society. The decease of the Rev. Joseph Greene, M.A.,
was announced. Mr. W. E, Sharp exhibited a specimen of Lathro-
hium Icevipenne, Heer, a beetle new to the Britidh list, taken by him in
a sandpit near Oxted, Surrey, in August, 1905, and for comparison
therewith the nearest members of the group to which it belongs. —
Dr. F. A. Disey, specimens of South African butterflies belonging to
the Nymphalina;, Acrceuun, Danaince, and PapUionina;, and remarked
upon the odours attaching to them which be and Dr. Longstaff had
observed in the field. He drew attention to the significance of the fact
that scents of an agreeable nature (as in PierincB generally, Mi/calesis
sajitza, &c.) were, as a rule, confiued to the male sex, while those of a
disagreeable or disgusting character (as in Acndnm and many Papilios)
were often common to both sexes. A discussion followed on the
organs and uses of scent as purposes of attraction and defence in
. insects generally, in which the President, Dr. T. A. Chapman, Mr. G.
Bethune-Baker, Mr. M. Burr, Mr. G. J. Arrow, Mr. J. W. Tutt, and
other Fellows joined. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff, four species oi Acraa taken
in South Africa during the visit of the British Association, viz. : — (1)
A. aneiiiosa, Hew., from the Victoria Falls, and Mochudi in Bechuana-
land; (2) A. aihoradiata, Auriv., previously known to Mr. Roland
Trimen by two females only, and considered by him as a variety of
anemusa ; (3) A. atoltnis, Westw., to which Westwood gave the names
of atolmis and acontias, although there seems no doubt they are one
species ; and (4) A. atergatis, Westw. — Professor E. B. Poulton ex-
hibited and read a note upon two Diptera, identified by Mr. G. H.
Verrall as a Chortophila, which had been observed by Mr. A. H. Hanim
following the bee Andrena labialis, Kirb. He stated that new and in-
teresting light had been thrown on the observation by Col. Yerbury,
who pointed out that both flies were males. At first sight it seemed
astonishing that the bees should be pursued by the males of inquilme
flies ; but Professor Poulton £ iggested the males in this way find their
way to the burrows, where they meet the females, which have also reached
them in the same manner, or where more probably they lie in wait for
the freshly emerging females. — Mr, W. G. Sheldon exhibited a collec-
tion of Rnopalocera made by him in Spain during July and August,
1905, together with typical European specimens for comparison; in-
cluding an aberration of A. aglaia, with the black blotches on the
superiors enlarged and banded, and with dark sufiused ground colour
on all wings, and an interesting series of L. curydon and var. hispana
with examples approaching var. polonus from Albaraccin, and inter-
mediates between all these forms, and also British, French, and Swiss
typical specimens for comparison. — Dr. G. B. Longstaft' read a paper
" On some Rest Attitudes of Butterflies," and also a paper " On some
70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Biuomic Points in certain South African Lamellicorns." — Mr. Roland
Trimen, F.R.S., communicated a paper "On some new or hitherto
unfigured Species of South African Butterflies." — Commander J. J.
Walker communicated a paper entitled " Some Observations on the
Reproduction of Hemiptera-Cryptocera by Claydon Hewett, B.Sc." —
H. Rowland-Brown M.A., Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological, and Natural History Society. —
Thursday, January 25th, 1906. — Annual General Meeting. — Mr. Hugh
Main, B.Sc, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — The balance-sheet
showed the financial condition to be very satisfactory, there being
some £4.2 balance. — Mr. Tutt complimented the Society on having
such a capital Treasurer as Mr. T. W. Hall, and, in proposing a vote
of thanks to him, said that the position of the Society was largely
due to his high ability and busmess judgment. Mr. Montgomery
seconded. — The Report of the Council was read, showing that the
meetings had been well attended, the exhibits varied and interesting,
that nine papers and addresses, three lantern demonstrations, and five
reports had been given to the Society, that five field meetings had
been held, and that the library and collections were constantly being
referred to by the members. — The following gentlemen were then
declared elected as officers and Council for the year : — President,
R. Adkin, F.E.S. ; Vice-Presidents, W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., and Hugh
Main, B.Sc, F.E.S. ; Treasurer, T. W. Hall, F.E.S. ; Librarian, A.
W. Dodds ; Curator, W. West ; Hon. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards,
F.L.S., F.Z.S., and Henry J. Turner, F.E.S.; Council, F. B. Carr,
T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F. Noad Clark, A. Harrison, F.L.S.,
P.Z.S., A. Sich, F.E.S., E. Step, F.L.S., and W. West, L.D.S.— Mr.
Main read his Presidential Address, at first summarizing the new and
rare British species, referring to the obituary of the year, and
mentioning the chief works on entomology, &c., recently published.
He afterwards turned to the subject of melanism, and, noting the
more recent ideas concerning it, went on to discuss and criticise the
various theories which had been put forward regarding it. He then
introduced Mr. Adkin, the new President, who took the chair. — In
proposing a vote of tlianks to Mr. Main, Mr. Adkin bore testimony to
the able way the chair had been filled during the year, and expressed
his appreciation of the solicitude Mr. Main had shown for the well-
being and convenience of his fellow-members. Mr. Tutt seconded the
vote of thanks, and in eulogistic terms expressed his congratulation to
both Mr. Main and the Society on the successful year just passed. In
reply Mr. Main thanked the members for their kind reception of him,
and said that it had been a real pleasure to him to occupy the chair.
Ordinary Meetiny. — Mr. Bellamy exhibited (1) a very fine " black"
form of Anthrocera (^Zyycena) trifolii, captured at Ring wood on June 25th,
1899. It was afterwards ascertained to be the var. obscura ; (2) an
extreme form of Polyominatus corydon var. foideri from Swanage,
July 30th, 1899, in which the spots on the white border of the hind
wings are almost absent ; and (3) a yellow form of Callimorpha
dominula. — Mr. Turner, a number of species of butterflies taken by
Dr. Chapman in late July at Larche and Lauteret, including Colias
palmw, Folyommatus damon, P. escheri, P. orbitiilus, Epinephele lycaon,
Erehia lappona, &c. — Mr. Edwards, the pupa-cases of Cionus scrophu-
SOCIETIES. 71
laricB among the seed-vessels of Scroplmlaria nodosa, showing the
remarkable resemblance. He also showed specimens of Papilio patron
and P. photiniis. — Mr. Lucas, specimens of the stag-beetle, Lucamis
cervus, dug up from their cocoons at Kingston in early January. — Mr.
Tonge, for Mr. Vine, a pale yellow, bipupillate form of Epinephele
ianira, and a photographic life history of Eiichloe cardaniines. — Henry
J. Turner, Hon, Pieport Secretanj.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — January loth, 1906. — Mr.
G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Mr. James Simkins,
Brooklands, Solihull, was elected a member of the Society. — Mr. A. H.
Martineau exhibited the gall and sexual forms of Biorhiza terminalis,
Fab., and also the root gall and agamic form of the same species,
known as Biorhiza pallida. — Mr. Gilbert Smith showed living specimens
of the new British beetle, Tetropium crawshaii. Sharp. — Mr. J. T.
Fountain showed a box of Lycfenidae from several localities, including
Lyccena astrarche var. sahnacis, Stph., from Castle Eden Dene, and also
one which he said he had taken at Weston-super-Mare. — Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker exhibited a box of Lepidoptera from the Fiji Islands,
including some striking Sphingid^'e ; also six species of Hepialidte
from the Fiji Islands. He pointed out that the scent-glands at the
base of the wings of the Hepialidfe were strongly developed, and said
that when he received the specimens the scent was still quite strong
and resembled incense. — Mr. G. H. Kenrick exhibited several drawers
from his collection, containing fine series of various Pierid^e, including
in particular some of the species received by him from his collector in
New Guinea. — Colbran J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The usual
monthly meeting of this Society was held in the Pioyal Institution,
Liverpool, on Monday, February 19th, Mr. Eichard Wilding, Vice-
President, in the chair. The meeting took the form of a joint meet-
ing with the Liverpool Microscopical Society. Professor Geo. Henry
Carpenter, B.Sc, F.E.S., was elected a member of the Society. The
following exhibits were made, viz. : — By Dr. J, Cotton, a long series
of Triphcena fimbria and T. proniiba ; the series represented the range
of variation as met with in the St. Helens district very fully, the
rarest form shown being of a unicolorous dull brown, with none of the
usual markings visible. — Mr. F. N. Pierce, microscopical preparations to
show the difference between the androconial scales and the ordinary
scales of Thccla rubi ; the dissimilarity between the form and depth of
the scars, left on the removal of the scales, was also strikingly illus-
trated.— Mr. E. J.B. Sopp, British Phytophagous Coleoptera, including
series of Chrysomela cerealis, Hydrothassa hannoverana, and other local
and scarce species; also a lovely photograph of the egg-capsule of Peri-
planeta americana (cockroach) taken by Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc. — Mr. R.
Wilding, two very rare beetles, viz., Tetropium. craivshayi, a species new
to science, and Amara anthobia, new to Britain ; both from Leighton
Buzzard. Mr. W. A. Tyerman, three cases containing about one hundred
butterflies and moths taken by himself on the Gold Coast during April,
1905. The fine condition and great beauty of these insects were much
admired. In addition to the above, Mr. McPhail, Mr. F. N. Pierce,
and other members of the Microscopical Society, showed many slides
72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
illustrating insect morphology, and thus contributed to the general
knowledge of the members of the Society. — H. E. Sweeting and Wai.
Mansbridge, Hon. Sees.
City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
December IWi, 1905. — Exhibits: — Eev. C. R. N. Burrows, three speci-
mens of banded form of T. orhona, from Mucking. Mr. Harrison, a long
series of E. vuninalis, bred from larvte taken at Windermere in June,
1905, varying from light to very dark grey. Mr. Hodgson, three male
L. bellargns, taken within ten days of early September frosts, which
were of a decided slaty coloration as compared with specimens taken
before the frosts occurred. Mr. Pickett, C. pamphilus, Dover, August,
1905, including two males with strongly marked black marginal
bands; also A. f/rossulariata, bred December loth, from larva taken
October 21st. Mr. Shaw, B. perla, from Torquay, July, 1905,
including var. fiavescens (Tutt). Messrs. Mera and Prout, cabinet
drawer containing M. hastata and its allies, Mr. Prout also exhibited
various foreign forms and allies of M. hastata. — Mr. Prout read a paper
entitled " The Rheumaptera hastata Grroup."
January ^nd. — The first meeting of the new year was devoted, as
usual, to a " pocket box" exhibition. Among the numerous exhibits
the following may be noted : — Mr. J. A. Clark, melanic specimens of
Malenydrts multistrir/aria from Huddersfield. — Mr. Gr. R. Garland, bred
Angerona prunaria from Monmouth and Essex parents ; the ofifspring
of two banded parents consisted of many typical forms and a small
proportion of banded imagines, while typical parents produced two
banded imagines. Mr. Garland also exhibited a fine striated female
(Sp/Zo.soHia /»inci/)e(/a, approaching var. rar7('a^rt, captured at Ley ton in June,
190i. — Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, HylopMla prasinana, bred from Tilgate
in 1901, with the area between the silver lines on fore wings occupied
by a white baud. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten, Colotois pennaria from Epping
Forest, with the wings powdered with black scales. — Mr. A. Harrison,
a long series of Aplecta nehiilosa, bred from larvfe collected in Delamere
Forest in the spring of 1905 ; the specimens ranged from the ordinary
pale grey form to var. thompsoni, 11 per cent, being more or less
melanic. — Mr. L. B. Prout, Xonayria sparyanii, bred in August, 1905,
from pupiB taken in East Kent, some miles from the old South-east
Kent locality. — Mr. V. E. Shaw, an aberration of Aylais urticce, cap-
tured at Bexley in August, 1905, with hind wings entirely black and
the marginal bands on the fore wings much wider than usual. — Mr. A.
J. Wellsdon, a specimen (? unique) of Acronycta leporina from South
Essex, the upper wings being entirely black and the under wings
darker than the type ; also a gynandromorphous Ayrotis piita.
January l&th. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited A. villica female var.
konewkai from Sicily, April, 1905, together with other specimens bred
from ova laid by the captured female. In this variety the white spots
tend to form transverse fasciffi. — Mr. A. W. Mera, a living female
imago of hybrid Nyssia lapponaria x X. zonaria, one of eleven females
bred to date, no males having emerged.— Mr. V. E. Shaw, larvre of
Epunda lichenea reared from ova laid by female taken at Torquay ; the
larviB, although all were in the same stadium, varied from light to dark
green and brown. — S. J. Bell, Hon. Sec.
The Entomologist. April, 1906.
Plate III.
EGGS OF NABIS (LATIVENnUS !)
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.] APRIL, 1906. [No. 515.
THE EGGS OF NABIS (LATIVENTRIS?).
By T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. &c.
(Plate III.)
At the beginning of last July I found on our downs here,
stems of Chlora perfoliata with certain circular marks. These
were about 0*21 to 0*24 mm. in diameter, were slightly raised —
i. e. the surface round them sloped triflingly up to their margins.
Their position was very regular and orderly, generally on the
second or third internode above the ground, though occasion-
ally higher ; they were placed in a regular hne down one side of
the stem in numbers varying, but generally from about four to
eight, rarely only one or two ; they were almost always at exactly
equal distances from each other — viz. about 2'0 mm. These
proved to be the eggs of a species of Nabis, Dr. Sharp believes
lativentris ; the only ground for supposing it to be some other
species being that that species is more widely distributed than
Chlora perfuliata, and therefore if it be lativentris, it must be in
the habit of ovipositing in various other stems — a highly probable
circumstance, since Nabis, not being a vegetable feeder, merely
the mechanical qualities of the stem can be of any importance.
At any rate, the young bugs that hatched from these eggs are
certainly some species of Nabis. By the time some of these had
hatched, and I had learnea what the little circles were, I found
that (about July 10th) the further eggs discoverable in the field
were also hatched, and so my notes on them are founded chiefly
on the empty shells, though I had previously determined by
section that they were eggs containing developing embryos.
The stem of the Chlora consists of a delicate bark, then a
dense woody layer about 0'2 mm. thick, and a centre, hohow or
with a delicate pith. The eggs occupy a hole directly pene-
trating the woody layer, and then bend down in the central pith
for about 1*2 mm., swelling out a little in it. How they are
placed here I do not know, but no doubt when the oviposition
ENTOM. — APRIL, 1906. H
74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
takes place earlier in the season, the stems are comparatively
soft and fleshy, and it is not so difficult a procedure as it looks
in the hard woody stems I found. Nevertheless I notice that
the vegetable fibres are not thrust aside to more than a slight
extent, and many look as if they were cut across to form the
hole. This hole is very smooth and very circular. The egg-
shell in the pith, after the bug is hatched, is quite a substantial
colourless bag.
When the egg hatches, it opens by an elaborate lid or
stopper, being pushed off, or rather out. This lid occupies the
whole thickness of the woody layer, and when pushed out leaves
the whole of the tube in this layer lined by egg-shell, so that it
is more like a stopper in a bottle than a lid. When pushed out
it does not fall, but remains attached to the egg by several
twisted films, which retain it, at a distance of about half a milli-
metre, in a position as if its being pushed back into its place were
contemplated. This stopper is of a white pith-like texture and
highly organized structure. It is a slightly conical tube, with a
diaphragm near its inner opening ; the outer surface is longi-
tudinally striated. The inside is impressed with hollows in
several irregular series, such as might be made, if it were on a
larger scale, by making grooves with rounded ends from the edge
to the bottom, whilst it was still soft material, by pressure of a
finger, then repeating this in a shorter series and again by
another, with only the finger tips within the margin. The flat
bottom has also a number of upright, slender processes, some-
times branched, half the height of the hollow they are in.
I have not been able to find any account of the egg-laying
of Nabis, and one is at first rather surprised to find a car-
nivorous species laying its egg in plant-tissues. Herein, how-
ever, it is quite parallel with Nepa. Dr. Sharp (Camb. Nat. Hist,
vi. p. 561) refers to some Capsids that have a similar habit.
Betula, Reigate : February, 1906.
Explanation of Diagram.
Fig.
1. Portion of stem of Chlora perfoliata x 5 diams., showing disposition
of the circles formed by the tops of eggs.
2. More in profile to show prominence x 9.
3.''' Section of stem showing unhatched egg x 9.
A.''- Section of stem showing two eggs empty x 9.
5. Appearance in profile of undisturbed empty egg-shells x 9.
6. Appearance of a hatched egg x 50.
7. Section of lid of egg to show processes from bottom of cup x 50.
8. Section of lid to show sculpturing of interior of cup x 50.
All these are more or less diagrammatic, and do not profess to be drawings.
■'• In smaller stems the eggs pretty well fit the pith cavity.
The Entomologist, April, 1906.
Plate IV.
fV.
X
A NEW EGYPTIAN FLEA {I'ULEX CHEESINUS).
The Entomologist, April, 1906.
Plate V,
Fias. 1-5.
Figs. U-10.
SOME FORMS OF AVLEGTA XKBULOSA FOUND IN BRITAIN,
CHIEFLY IN DELAMERE FOREST. CHESHIRE.
75
A NEW EGYPTIAN FLEA.
By the Hon. N. Charles Eothschild, MA., P.L.S.
(Plate IV.)
Pulex cher sinus, sp. nov.
Closely resembles P. nuhicus, Ptoths., Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), xiv.
p. 84, n. 2, t. 2, fig. 10, 16 (1903), but differing in the following
characters : —
The hind coxa bears posteriorly at the apex three bristles instead
of two, and on the inner surface a comb of four or five spines. All the
femora have two bristles ventrally near the apex. The tarsi are shorter
than in nuhicus, the proportion of the segments being different. The
fourth segment is nearly as broad as it is long, being cup-shaped
(fig. 1). The fifth segment bears ventrally at the apex three short
stout bristles in all the tarsi (fig. 2)." The proportions of the mid-
tarsal segments are 7, 12, 6, 4, 10 in the new species, and 9, 13, 7, 4, 10|
in P. nuhicus, the proportions of the hind tarsus being 24, 17, 10, 6, 12
in the new species, and 27, 19, 10, 6, 12 in P. nuhicus. It will be
noticed that the first and second hind tarsal segments are shorter in
cliersinus than in nuhicus, while the distal segments are the same in
length.
Modified segments : The clasper bears two processes as in P. nuhicus
(fig. 3), the lower one being distinctly broader than the upper. The
processes are of equal length, while m nuhicus the lower one is much
shorter than the upper. The lower process bears one long and several
shorter bristles at and near the apex, the most proximal bristle of the
dorsal side being situated at the apical fifth, the corresponding bristle
being placed a little beyond the middle in P. nuhicus. The ninth
sternite resembles that of nuhicus, but is distally somewhat narrower.
We have received one male, off Jaculus gordoni, from Khar-
toum, through the kindness of Dr. A. Balfour, of the Wellcome
Kesearch Laboratory.
NOTES ON SOME FORMS OF APLECTA NEBULOSA
IN BRITAIN.
(Plate V.)
In the group of specimens of Aplecta nehulosa, arranged and
photographed by Mr. H. Main (Plate V.), the object has been to
show the extensive colour range of variation to which this species
is subject in Britain.
The pale specimen (fig. 1), which is from Ireland, has the
ground colour almost pure white (owing to screen marks this is
slightly obscured in the figure). Fig. 2 represents a New Forest
-'= These bristles have come out too black in the figure.
h2
76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
specimen, and this also has the white coloration. Var. pallida,
Tutt, is described as white, with the markings almost obsolete,
and fig. 1 is possibly near this. Figs. 3-5 are grey forms, and
are more or less typical examples of the species, and figs. 6-10
show various modifications of the melanic race occurring in the
Delamere Forest, from which locality the specimens 3 and 5 were
also obtained. Of the melanic forms, figs. 8 and 10 represent
rohsoni, Collins, and tliompsoni, Arkle, respectively. Except that
fig. 10 has a white crenulate line on the outer margin of the fore
wings, and that the fringes are white instead of brownish grey,
it is not otherwise very clearly separable from fig. 8, which has
been recognized by Mr. Collins as agreeing with his type of
rohsoni. Now, it will readily be seen that figs. 6 and 9 are more
unlike figs 8 and 10 than the latter are to each other. It follows
then that if it be considered necessary to have names for two
modifications of the melanic race, names must also be given to
all melanic specimens that are not identical with figs. 8 or 10.
Further, the process would not end here, but would have to be
extended to the various gradations in the grey form, and to those
in the white form also. An alternative course would be to use
varietal names only for the main departures from the typical
grey coloration, and these are already provided — in pallida for
the white ground forms, and rohsoni for the black forms.
The grey form is perhaps more generally distributed in
Britain than either of the others, but in some counties — as, for
example, in Berkshire — the grey and the white forms both occur,
but not in the same wood. The white form appears to be the
dominant one in the West of England and in Ireland, and
examples of it have been found in Scotland. The melanic form
is confined to Delamere Forest and South Yorkshire. Mr. A.
Harrison informs me that this form is certainly increasing in
numbers in the Cheshire locality. From larvae collected there
in 1905 he reared 11 per cent, of the melanic form, and of these
one specimen only had pure white fringes (fig. 10). In 1904 the
melanic specimens had been only 5 per cent., and in several
previous years the number had been lower than 5 per cent.
Mr. Harrison adds : — "The larvae of A. nehulosa are mostly
found on young birch trees, a few only occurring on sallow, haw-
thorn, and bramble. They outnumbered all the other Noctuid
larvae put together in the part of Delamere Forest that I collected
in. They are far more numerous in the Cheshire locality than
in Epping Forest or the New Forest — at least, that has been my
experience."
EicHARD South.
77
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PRONOPHILA FKOM
ECUADOR.
By Percy I. Lathy, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Pronophila rosenhergi, n. sp.
S • Upper side : Fore wing dark olive-brown, paler towards base
and outer margin ; an obliquely placed subapical white band, with
white spot below it ; two diffused pale spots on outer margin — fringes
whitish between nervules — one above the other below lower median
nervule. Hind wing dark olive-brown, paler towards base ; fringes
whitish between nervules. Under side : Fore wing paler than above,
especially at apex, which is grey and reddish brown speckled with dark
grey ; apical white band wider and more diffused towards outer mar-
gin, and with two white spots below it, and on its inner edge traces of
blue-centred black ocelli. Hind wing mottled grey and reddish brown ;
a wide irregular reddish brown band across basal third, this band
highly angled on its outer edge ; beyond this a row of obscure ocelli,
blind, excepting two at anal angle, which are blue-centred ; outer
margin reddish brown.
Allied to P. thelehe, D. & H., but may be separated by sub-
apical white band, and the more variegated under side of bind
wing.
Pronophila unifasciata, n. sp.
J" . Upper side: Fore wing dark brown, paler towards base and
apex ; three subapical reddish patches, the centre one being the
largest, and two patches of similar colour below these, having on their
inner edge traces of ocelli. Hind wing uniform dark brown. Under
side : Fore wing paler than above, especially at apex ; reddish mark-
ings larger and brighter, with exception of lower spot, and on their
inner edge three blue-centred black ocelli. Hind wing greyish brown,
base dark brown, an irregular wide dark brown band crossing wing at
end of cell, this band hignly angled on its outer edge ; beyond this a
row of obscure ocelli, the two at anal angle being most conspicuous ;
outer margin dark brown.
Nearest to P. timanthes, G. & S., but may at once be dis-
tinguished by single row of reddish markings of fore wing above ;
P. timanthes, G. & S., also has a row of five ocelli on fore wings
below, and in the new species there are only three, and they are
more obliquely placed.
The types of both the new species here described are in the
collection of Mr. Herbert J. Adams, F.E.S. I have seen one
specimen of P. rosenhergi in the Hewitson Collection at the
British Museum, and there are also two specimens in the Brit.
Mus. Coll. from Peru, which probably belong to this species. Of
P. unifasciata, there is a specimen in the Brit. Mus. Coli. with-
out locality, and three specimens in the Godman and Salviu Coll.
from Ecuador. Mr. Adams has one example of each species.
78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
DESCEIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ODYNERUS
(LEIONOTUS) FEOM AUSTEALIA.
By p. Camekon.
Odynerus (Leionotiis) hisulcatus, sp. nov.
Black ; a small mark, rounded above, over the antennae, a broad
curved mark on either side of the clypeus above two marks, broad on
the outer side, gradually narrowed on the inner side, on the pronotum,
a small mark on the sides of the scutellum, a small line or mark on
the angles of the metanotum, a large mark, longer than wide, trans-
verse at the base, rounded at the apex and below, on the mesopleurse
below the tegulas, the apex of the latter and a band on the apex of the
first and second segments of the abdomen, the second broader and
more irregular than the first, and extending on to the ventral surface,
where the band is four-lobate, the outer lobes being more developed
than the inner, yellow. The knees and tibite reddish testaceous, as are
also the tarsi, except at the base and apex. Wings hyaline, infuscated
in front and at the apex. Clypeus in male entirely yellow. Female
and male. Length, 12 mm.
Head and thorax densely covered with fuscous pubescence, that on
the head longer and denser than it is on the thorax ; the abdomen
pruinose, the apical segments pubescent. Front and vertex rugosely
punctured, the punctures running into striations below. Clypeus
pyriform, longer than broad, shining, strongly but not closely punc-
tured ; its apex has a shallow but distinct rounded incision, the sides
below forming distinct triangular teeth ; above the incision there is a
distinct curved depression. Temples broad ; behind the top of the
eyes is a small yellow spot. Thorax twice longer than wide, transverse
in front, the sides at the base above distinctly angled, the part between
the angles margined. Mesonotum fiatteued at the apex, where there
are, in the centre, two, three times longer than wide, furrows or de-
pressions. Scutellum flat ; the post- scutellum is more prominent,
more rugosely punctured, and is gradually narrowed behind. Angles
of metanotum somewhat broadly rounded ; the metanotum is almost
transverse ; there is a deep distinctly defined furrow down the middle.
First abdominal segment cup-shaped, large, pedunculated shortly at
the base, narrowed compared with the second segment ; its apex is
slightly raised, and there is a short depression in the middle before the
apex. The second segment is large, narrowed at the base ; looked at
from the side the base above is seen to be obliquely depressed ; on its
basal ventral half is a distinct longitudinal central furrow ; the segment
is not tuberculate. The male clypeus is yellow ; it is longer than
wide ; its apex is roundly incised, the sides forming triangular teeth ;
the autennal hook is stout, black, and about three times longer than
wide ; the spot on the sides of the scutellum is minute, and there is
none on the sides of the metanotum ; it is more slender, more densely
pilose than the female, and the legs are of a brighter, more rufous
colour.
Comes near to 0. hizonatus, Boisd. sec. Sauss. ; that species
BRITISH WATERBUGS. 79
should be known by the apex of the clypeus being transverse, and
having two keels close to the base ; its base of thorax, too, appa-
rently is not angled laterally. 0. vernalis, Sauss., is an allied
species ; it has a tubercle on the second abdominal segment on
the back. Neither with 0. vernalis nor with 0. hizonatiis does
Saussure make mention of the two deep furrows or depressions
on the apical half of the mesonotum. In my species they are
distinct in both sexes. O. vernalis has an indistinct suture on
the first abdominal segment. The term " circular," used by
Saussure (Vespides, i. 148) to describe the clypeus of vernalis, is
certainly not applicable to the clypeus of my species in the
female, the only sex described of vernalis.
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS
(AQUATIC HEMIPTERA OR RHYNCHOTA).
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 64.)
17. A. GERMARi (Fieber). 18. A. carinata (C. R. Sahlberg).
I discussed these two fully in the * Entomologist ' for 1898 (xxxi.
249-51), and figured the palte in the ' Quekett Journal.' In
translating Wallengren's Swedish in the former, however, I made
a bad mistake, to which Dr. Bergroth kindly called my attention.
" Hvarjamte uppehallsorten synes vara en annan " has no refer-
ence to the structure of the bug, bnt means " the habitat also
seems to be different," germari having been found in a small
lake with muddy bottom, far from the sea ; while carinata lives
in small pools on rocks at the seashore, and, in Lapland, on
Alpine rocks.
Corixa, Geoffroy.
(= Corisa, Amyot & Serville; Macrocorisa, Thomson.*)
Of the general structure of Arctocorisa, but smooth and
polished, and the strigil is on the left side of the male. There
are two British species : —
1. Prouofcum with at least sixteen pale lines . . g^offroiji.
1 a. Pronotum with not more than fourteen pale lines . affinis.
1. C. GEOFFROYi, Leach. Generally distributed. The ova
are figured by Dufour and others ; they are subglobular, pointed
anteriorly.
N.B. — The Scandinavian C. dentipes, Thomson, has been
confused with C. geojfroyi, but the intermediate tibiae are com-
pressly dentate at the base in both sexes. It may possibly be
found in Britain.
* Greek horis, a bug; Greek mahros, "h'lQ.
80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
2. C. AFFiNis, Leach {= atomaria in Saunders). Generally
distributed. Variable in size and pattern.
Fam. NoTONECTiD^.
The Notonectidse have also sprung apparently from a Nau-
coroid stem, and are usually placed in classifications between
the Naucoridae and the Corixidas, an absurd position. They are
perhaps of all insects the most perfectl}^ adapted for an aquatic
existence, their structures being very interesting.
They have been recently investigated systematically by my-
self.* They are characterized by the rostrum being composed
of from three to four segments, the antennae of four, the in-
sertion of the anterior legs on the posterior margin of the
presternum, &c.
There are two British species, each belonging to a sub-
family : —
1. Posterior tibiae and tarsi ciliate ; sternites keeled
and ciliate ; rostrum with four evident segments.
Eyes large. Size over 13 mill. . . . Notonecta.
1 a. Posterior tibiae and tarsi not ciliate ; sternites
neither keeled uor ciliate ; rostrum with three
evident segments. Eyes small. Size under
3 mill Plea.
Notonecta, t Linne.
The species of this genus are properly called " water-boat-
men," though of late years American authors have termed them
"back-swimmers," transferring their true title to the Corixidae.
In France they are named ''Punaises a avirons," and in
Germany " Euderwanzen," both referring to their oar-like
posterior legs.
The head is rounded and very declivous ; the eyes very large,
the boatman thus being able to look out, both above and below,
for " inside-fares." It is carnassial, feeding on any living thing
that it is strong enough to surprise or overpower, particularly
other waterbugs, larvae of Ephemerids, &c. The rostrum is stout
and the setae sharp, inflicting a burning smart when the bug is
heedlessly seized ; so severe, indeed, that it is supposed that
some poisonous matter must be injected simultaneously from the
salivary glands.
The method of respiration is very remarkable. The boatman
is very buoyant, owing to the quantity of air taken in reserve
and its position along the sternites (which of course are upper-
most), so buoyant indeed that the insect is compelled to use
considerable exertion to remain submerged. They are fond,
especially during hot weather in the daytime, of remaining
=•= Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, pp. 393-426; and Wien. Ent. Zeit. 1904,
pp. 93-135.
f From Greek noton, a back; nekJio, I swim.
BRITISH WATERBUGS. 81
stationary at the surface, but on the slightest suspicion, a few
strokes of their powerful oars drive them instantly far from
danger. The under side of the abdomen, i.e., the deck of the
boat, slopes inwards on either side, so that there are two large
gutters between the strong central keel and the equally strong
outer sides ; these sides and the central keel are bridged over
all along by thick layers of coarse, oblique hairs, one layer to
each side from the central keel, and one from each side to the
keel, thus forming a waterproof upper deck. When the boat-
man rises to the surface for air, the apex of the body projects
a little out of the water, the air passes along the tunnel each
side under the hairs ; along the bottom of the tunnel (or gutter)
are six pairs of spiracles into which the air passes. Under
water this supply of air is very noticeable, seeming like a mass
of mercury.
The anterior pair of legs is raptorial; the middle pair is used
for clinging to stems of weeds, &c., while at rest ; in this position
the posterior legs stand out at right angles to the longitudinal
axis of the body, this latter pair being long, with the tibise and
tarsi densely ciliate. Their speed through the water can be very
great, but on land their gait is very clumsy, their progression
being effected by a sort of shuffling hop. They are provided
with strong organs of flight, and use them indeed with good
results.
Copulation takes place beneath the surface of the water ; the
abdominal segments are telescopic, and the terminal segments
are thrust out beyond the apices of the tegmina, so that the
spiracles are still protected from the water. The male mounts
the female at first in the usual way, but soon after slips down so
that the sexes lie almost in the same plane, side by side, the
male a little lower ; they swim thus, attached only by the geni-
talia, as quickly almost as when separate.
Observations on the metamorphoses have been made by
Eoesel, Kegimbart, Dufour, De Geer, Girard, Bueno, Enock, and
myself; while embryological researches have been made by
Heymons, Will, Pedaschenko, Pantel, Sinety, and others; at the
same time full descriptions and figures of the various stages in
this, as in all other British waterbugs, are much needed.
The ova of N. glaiica are oblong, cylindric ; they are usually
inserted, for about three-fourths of their length, in incisions
made in the stems of rushes, or other aquatic plants, though
sometimes they are only lightly affixed thereto, or, in exceptional
cases, deposited on the bottom, though possibly ova found
scattered promiscuously thus may have originally been so lightly
affixed to the stem of some plant that a subsequent jar dislodged
them. Kegimbart has figured the ova of N. glauca in situ, and
he enquires the reason of these insects thus concealing their ova
in plants. At first sight, he says, there is reason to suppose
82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
that it is to protect them from numerous enemies, viz., fish,
insects, and so forth. He thinks, however, that the hatching
time of the young nymphs tends in general towards the end of
winter and the middle of spring, and rarely continues after the
end of April. It is not so with copulation and oviposition, which
take place particularly in winter and spring (and also in summer
and autumn). The ova may thus wait many months after
oviposition before hatching. As the level of the water is subject
to being lowered, they would find themselves liable to exposure
to the air and consequent desiccation ; but, as it is, they are
concealed in a plant which protects them, and furnishes them
with the moisture indispensable to their preservation. Later,
the rains of autumn and winter raise the water-level, and the
nymphs being again submerged, hatch, and find the conditions
necessary to their development.
The ova hatch in about fifteen days, diving down head fore-
most on emerging, and there are four nympbal instars (in part
roughly figured by De Geer), the young swimming upside down
from the first.*
Notonecta is subject to water-mites, as are the other aquatic
bugs. The odour emitted by the boatman is apparently of a
faecal nature, at least no openings similar to those in Ilyocoris
have been found ; it is very similar to that of the plant " stinking
goose-foot" {Choiopodium vidvarium).
Notonecta has been found by Enock to be subject to the
attacks of a Hymenopterous parasite, viz., Prestivichia aquatica,
which oviposits in the ova of the Notonecta.
There is but a single British species : —
1. N. GLAucA, Linne. Varies in general colour from pale
ochreous to black ; in all the mature British examples I have
seen the scutellum is black, but in a North African variety it is
yellow. The following varieties are well-marked, though inter-
mediate forms occur : —
(a) glauca, Linne. Tegmiua pale ochreous, more or less
specked laterally, &c. ; abdomen above black, lateral margins
narrowly pale.
(b) marginata, Thunb. Tegmina black, with two elongate
ochreous spots on the clavus, &c. ; abdomen as in the preceding.
(c) marmorea, Fabr. Tegmina rich yellow-brown, mottled
with a darker brown ; abdomen as in the preceding.
(d) maculata, Fabr. Tegmina orange irrorated with brownish
red and blackish brown. Abdomen above orange banded with black.
A beautiful variety from the Canary Isles {canariensis, Kirk-
aldy), which may be a good species, has purple-black tegmina,
irrorated with dark rich castaneous.
* According to Eegimbart, the nymphs of Corixidae present, at their
exchision from the egg, no trace of air on their ventral surface ; they are
heavier than the water, and appear to commence taking in air only at the
end of fom" or even six days.
HYMENOPTERA FROM CAPE DE VERDE ISLANDS. 83
Notonecta glauca is generally distributed ; var. maculata is
more local.
N.B. — Notonecta lutea, Miiller, has been recorded from Britain ;
and pale specimens of N. glauca are, or were, exhibited in the
General Insect Gallery of the British Museum as N. lutea. N.
luteals not likely to occur in Britain, and is a very different species.
(To be continued.)
ON TWO SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA FEOM THE
CAPE DE VEEDE ISLANDS.
By p. Cameron.
Odynerus atlanticus, Cam.
In the ' Entomologist ' for January last (p. 13), I described a
wasp under the above name, which it has borne in my collection
for many years. Unfortunately I overlooked Mr. W. F. Kirby's
paper on the " Hymenoptera of the Challenger Expedition " in
the Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., May, 1884, where the same
species is described, fortunately under the same name, if some-
what briefly.
Prlocnemis atlanticus, Kirby.
? . Length, 21 mm. Antennae reddish yellow, the scape of a
redder hue, and thickly covered with pale golden pubescence ; the third
joint is about one-fourth longer than the next. Eyes converging
sHghtly below ; the ocelli in a curve ; the hinder separated from the
eyes by almost twice the distance they are from each other. Clypeus
boldly convex ; its apex narrowly depressed, black, transverse, the sides
rounded. Temples short, roundly narrowed. Angles of pronotum
broadly rounded, prominent. Post-scutellum more prominent than
the scutellum, clearly raised above it, roundly narrowed to a point
above, there being a fine keel in the centre. Striation on metanotum
strong, becoming coarser towards the apex. Pleurae obscurely obliquely
striated. Abdomen with a greenish iridescence ; the pygidium is
densely covered with bright red pubescence, sparsely intermixed with
longish soft black hair. Piadial cellule short ; the third abscissa of the
radius is one-fourth shorter ^han the second ; the third transverse
cubital nervure from shortly below the middle is straight and obliquely
curved towards the second ; the second recurrent nervure is received
the length of the third abscissa of the radius from the base of the
cellule. The head and mandibles are brownish, darker on the centre
of the vertex and front.
Mr. Kirby describes this species, I. c. p. 408. The description
therein given may be usefully supplemented from an example
taken by Commander J. J. Walker at St. Vincent.
The sides of the pronotum project more prominently than in
most African species — than in e.g. Salius tamiseri, Gu6r. ; the
antennse, too, appear to be longer and more slender than usual.
84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ALGERIAN BUTTEEFLIES IN THE SPRING AND
SUMMER OF 1904.
By Margaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S.
Algeria is a country which would seem to present great
possibilities from an entomological point of view, with its lofty
mountains, immense forests, and scorching hot plains, with its
rich vegetation in the north, and tracts of arid desert in the
south. Whether my expectations were altogether realized
during the six months from February to August, 1904, that I
spent collecting here in " The Garden of Allah," will best be
determined by reading the results of my efforts ; which I may
add seem to me to have been scarcely adequately rewarded. I
was at Biskra towards the end of February, where I found
Euchloc charlonia and E. falloui, flying in company with E.
helemia on the tops of ail the low, desert mountains from which,
however, the two first-named, at least, never seem to descend, so
that the climb up to these stony heights was almost always en-
tirely unproductive of results ; though towards the end of March,
Melitcea didyma var. deserticola began to appear in the dried-up
tracts of desert between these mountains, but it was far from
common, as the season was an extremely backward one, and high
winds, not altogether sultry at times, blew almost every day
without intermission. At El Kantara, too, where two years
previous (1902) Mrs. Nicholl and I had found E. j^echi quite
common on the alfa grass slopes of the surrounding mountains
at the end of February and beginning of March, now under the
influence of this unsatisfactory season, which was wet as well as
cold at El Kantara, I did not see it at all till the 6th of April,
and then the males seemed only just to be thinking of coming
out. After this I returned north of the Atlas mountains, and
visited Hammam R'Irha (a beautiful place, with an excellent
hotel, but not much good for collecting) ; also the cedar forest
above Blidah (3500 ft.), where I spent a week and found E.
eupheno, very plentiful, and a few other things. The trees in
this forest are not nearly so large as those in the great cedar
forest at Teniet-el-Haad; but I should imagine that in the sum-
mer it might afford excellent collecting, especially for Argynnidse,
as the forest glades were carpeted with purple pansies, and this
genus was most sparingly represented in any of the other local-
ities I visited ; neither did I see elsewhere the purple pansies.
After I had spent a week here in the little pension of Les Glaciers,
(most comfortable, and on the borders of the forest), I proceeded
to Teniet-el-Haad (3500 ft.), where I arrived on May 19th. I cer-
tainly did better during the five weeks I spent here than any-
where else in Algeria, and the cedar forest was a sight never to
be forgotten : for a distance of twenty-five kilometres the moun-
ALGEKIAN BUTTERFLIES. 85
tains are clothed with these magnificent trees, the highest point
in this vicinity rather exceeding 5000 ft. All day long strange
bright-winged birds sang their wild, untutored songs, till the
very heart of the forest seemed to throb with melody ; the
flowers, too, in the open, sunny glades were a dream ; and the
butteriiies were far from disappointing. Indeed, I have never
seen such a profusion of insect-life in any place before ; beetles
of every hue glittered in the hot, mid-day sun of an African
summer, bees in gorgeous apparel of brilliant scarlet, enormous
grasshoppers of every shape and form, flies of many colours,
though with irritating propensities, not to mention a great
monster ant-lion (a kind of Palpares) flopping awkwardly about,
as though his soft, gauzy wings were so big he did not quite
know how to manage them ; with now and then a vividly
coloured dragonfly, that I would fain capture, but did not always
succeed in doing.
But the insects in this much-favoured spot became too much
of a good thing at last, and on the last occasion that I visited
the cedar forest, flying and crawling earwigs suddenly appeared
in such appalling myriads that actually I was obliged to beat a
hasty retreat. So numerous were they that all other insect life
seemed, by comparison, to be temporarily suspended ; the air was
full of them, flying as high as the tops of the trees, not thousands,
but millions of them, every square foot of ground, every piece of
fallen timber, in fact everywhere and everything was infested
with these disgusting creatures ; they crawled all over us, and
soon proved that they were of a kind that knew how to bite,
"lis piquent aussi, ces perce-oreilles "! remarked indignantly a
French lady, who (for her sins), in company with some friends,
was "making picnic" in the forest that day. As for me I
ordered our horses to be saddled, and once mounted rode away
as hard as I could, still covered with these loathsome insects,
the manes of the horses, too, being full of them. Neither were
the earwigs the only disadvantage I had to contend with
that day ; the weather had become so intensely hot, that the
best piece of hunting-ground (a meadow of rich grasses, aspho-
dels, and other flowers, just below the forester's cottage) was now
the favoured haunt of numerous snakes. I caught one in my net
once, instead of the butterfly I was trying for ; luckily she lost
no time in forcing an exit for herself through the thin gauze,
and escaped with much alacrity back into the thick, damp grass,
a line of conduct on her part which met with my absolute and
entire approbation. But all this was only on my last visit to the
forest, and the preceding weeks had left nothing to be desired.
Though I could not help observing that as the summer advanced
there had been a decided falling off amongst the butterflies,
those which had come out so abundantly towards the end of May
and early in .June were going over now, and no fresh species
86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
were appearing to take their place. So that this fact, together
with my experience with the earwigs, decided me to move on
into the province of Oran, and make for Tlem9en and Sebdou.
I arrived at Tlem^en (2800 ft.) on June 21st, and the next
day bicycled with my courier, over an excellent though moun-
tainous road to Sebdou (3100 ft.), distant thn-ty-five kilometres
from Tlemcen. Here I found Cootwni/mpha fettigii just out and
in excellent condition on June 27th. But it soon became evident
that my expectations of Sebdou were doomed to disappointment.
It was a wretched little place too, with nothing but a couple of
wayside inns for accommodation, while most of the inhabitants
were either Jews or Arabs. The country in some directions pre-
sented a semi-demi desert appearance : the heat in July became
intense, but though in the middle of the day the shade ther-
mometer would stand from 100° to 110° Fahrenheit, the nights
were sometimes so cold that it would drop as low as 40° ! In
the plains at sea-level the thermometer frequently stood at 122°
Fahrenheit during this terrible summer, which it may be remem-
bered was unusually warm everywhere, so that I suppose the
Algerian climate rose to the occasion proportionately.
I had never before seen any country in the month of July so
(almost) destitute of butterflies as this, and ten days I spent at
Tlem9en proved that neighbourhood to be even worse. When I
returned to Sebdou (July 22nd) I found Pieris dapUdice var.
rapkani had come out in great abundance ; most of the males be-
longing more or less to this well-marked variety, though amongst
the females it was comparatively rare. On July 26th I first took
Satyr us jidia var. albovenosa and S. statili)ius var. Jtansii, Aust.,
near Sebdou, and these two Satyrids soon became common on all
the surrounding mountains up to about 5000 ft. But, alas ! S.
ahdclkader failed to appear, so I began to think my note stating
that this interesting Satyrus was " common in the alfa grass,
near Sebdou, in August," was a fraud. Anyhow I never came
across it, though I searched diligently wherever there was alfa
grass in abundance, till the middle of that month, when fever
put a summary end to my collecting for that year.
The following is a list of my captures : —
Papilio podaliriits var. feisthamelii, Diip., and ab. lotteri, Aust. —
Near Algiers in March (1902) ; and in the cedar forest above Blidah in
May the var. feisthamelii was not uncommon. The summer brood at
Tlem9en and Sebdou produced ab. lotteri, very large aud white. A
larva I found on a peach-tree near Sebdou in August produced a small
specimen oi feisthamelii almost minus the short black stripe from the
middle of the costa on the upper wings. It was brought out by
artificial heat on February 6th, 1905.
P. machaon, L. — On the desert mountains near Biskra in March ;
the specimens were rather small, but do not seem to me otherwise to
differ appreciably from the type, except one, which is ab. sphyrus, Hb.
ALGERIAN BUTTERFLIES. 87
But the Slimmer brood of this butterfly in Algeria seems to present a
very fine form. In one female I have, taken by my courier near
Sebdou iu July, the ground colouring is most brilliant, and the abdomen
is entirely yellow, thus being analogous with the form zanclcEus of
podalirius. Unluckily the very rapid flight of this insect prevented my
taking others ; however, one which I failed to catch I saw was dis-
tinctly the same, and another in a very mutilated condition, which I
took later, had evidently also belonged to this form, which would, I
suppose, be considered an extreme of var. aurantiaca, Spr.
Thais rumina, L. — Taken rarely at Hammam E'Irha in April. I
also came across a small colony near Blidah on May 18th ; and at
Teniet in the forest, &c.. it was common in certain places where the
Aristolochia grew iu May and June. The specimens from Hammam
E'Irha have the red blotches on the upper wings very nearly replaced
with black. All the Algerian specimens are paler in colour than those
I took some years ago in Andalusia.
Aporia cratdgi, L. — Abundant at Teniet in May and June.
Pieris bnissiccB, L. — At Hammam E'Irha and other localities in
April and May.
P. rapce, L. — Not very common at Biskra and El Kantara in March.
In the cedar forest above Blidah in May I took a perfectly white male,
entirely devoid of all black markings above and beneath.
P. napi, L. — In both the cedar forests in May.
P. daplidice var. raphani, Esp. — This is a very marked form of the
summer brood ; in some of the male specimens the yellow-green
markings on the lower wings, under side, are almost entirely confined
to the outer margins, leaving the central area creamy white. With
the female it was less so. This butterfly was extremely common all
round Sebdou in July ; I also observed it at Tlem9en.
Anthocharis belemia, Esp. — At Biskra and El Kantara in March;
var. glance at Blidah and Teniet in May.
A. falloui, Allard. — Quite distinct from the preceding species, and
with a little practice can even be distinguished from it on the wing.
It flew on the tops of all the desert mountains round Biskra ; but
seems entirely confined to the region of the desert, not occurring even
so far " inland " as El Kantara.
A. beliii, Cr. — At El Kantara in March (1902). Also near Blidah
(cedar forest) in May. Most of the Algerian specimens are small, and
have an inclination to black markings along the outer margins of the
hind wings, especially in the females.
A. pechi, Stgr. — This seems to be a rare butterfly in collections ;
but it flew commonly enough on all the mountains near El Kantara in
February and March (1902). In 190-4 the season was so backward
that I did not see a sign of it till April 6th, and then it was still
very rare, apparently ouly just emerging. It does not seem to
descend into the desert region, and always flies where there is plenty
of alfa grass.
A, charlonia, Donz. — This extremely pretty little butterfly flies
commonly in February and March round El Kantara and at Biskra,
where it is to be found in company with A. falloui on the tops of the
desert mountains.
A, eupheno, L.— Abounds everywhere north of the Atlas Mountains;
88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
I also saw one male specimen at El Kantara in March (1902). Both
sexes vary much in size ; and a few of the females I took near Algiers
in March (1902) approach the var. andro(jyne, Leech.
Teracolus daira var. norma, Luc. — It was especially the desire to
catch this little butterfly that caused me to revisit Biskra this year ;
but though Mrs. Nicholl had been able to secure easily a good series
of it in that neighbourhood during March, 1902, and had also kindly
informed me exactly how, when, and where to look for it, I did not
come across a single specimen. Perhaps, like A. pechi, it was fully a
month late, or it may have been such a bad season that it was ex-
tremely rare ; anyhow, I had to come away without it, and bear my
disappointment as best I might. But the unexpected happens to
collectors of butterflies just as it does to everyone else, and it was a
most unexpected event for me when, on June 27th, on a mountain
near Sebdou, I took one male of this species. It was just fresh out,
so much so that, though it was the middle of the day, its flight was
slow and halting, and it therefore fell an easy prey to my net. Of
course, I imagined that a summer brood was now beginning, the
elevation being about 4000 ft. ; but though I visited the " Nouna
Mountain " again the next day, and on many other subsequent occa-
sions, I never saw another !
Colias edusa, F. — Pretty common everywhere. Also the var. helice
at Sebdou in July, where I took one very fine specimen of the inter-
mediate form, in which the ground colour on all the wings is a pale
primrose yellow.
Gonepteryx cleopatra, L. — Common at Teniet in June. The orange
patch in the males seems to be slightly less intense than in those I
have from the South of France.
Pijrameis cardni, L. — Common everywhere.
Vanesm polychloros var. eri/thromelas, Aust. — This magnificent form
of the " greater tortoiseshell " occurred commonly at Teniet-el-Haad
in June ; it was not out in the end of May. The ground colour is a
vivid orange-red, and it is much more distinct from the type than
I imagined at the time, or I might have secured a longer series ; but
erythronielas is a rapid flier and most difficult to catch, the street
gutters in the town of Teniet oft'ering perhaps the best chances of a
capture. Though the ground colour of this Algerian form is even
deeper in tone than any specimen I have ever seen of V. zantJwmelas,
S. v., still it fails to present the other distinctive features of that
species, inasmuch that the legs are brown, the light-coloured marks
near the costa on the fore wings are yellow and not white, while the
brown shadings on the under side of all the wings are darker instead
of lighter. So that it cannot possibly be classed as zanthomclas, though
bearing a strong superficial resemblance to it.
MelitcEa atlierie var. alyirica, Stgr. — Occurred commonly in the
cedar forest and other localities near Teniet in May and June. A few
of the specimens appear to be typical, and are indistinguishable from
some I have from Spain, taken near Seville, but far the greater number
belong undoubtedly to the var. alyirica.
M. didyma var. deserticola, Obth. — Taken at Biskra in March and
April. Also an intermediate form at Sebdou in June and July ;
approaching the type frora Teniet in June.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 89
Argynnis pmuhwa, S. V. — As I did not spend the summer where the
pnrple pansies grew in the Blidah cedar forest, this seems to be the
only Argynnis I met with in Algeria, and it was far from common. I
observed it at Teniet, and, I think, at Sebdou.
Melanaiyia lucasi, Rbr. — I caught my first male on May 24th,
about three minutes' walk from the town of Teniet-el-Haad. A week
or ten days later this butterfly was swarmine: everywhere in that neigh-
bourhood. Some of the females were very richly coloured underneath.
It seems to me to combine some of the characteristics of M. iapygia
and M. galathea, but does not very closely resemble either of them.
M. inex, Hffgg. — Not very common on the hills round Teniet. A
brightly marked form.
Satyrm briseis var. major, Obth. — Not by any means widely distri-
buted. I came across a colony of it near Terney, a place about half-
way on the road between Tlem9en and Sebdou, in July. It was also
abundant in certain mountains about fifteen kilometres west of Sebdou
on August 9th, but the specimens were no longer fresh. It was a
very large form, nearly twice the size of an ordinary Central European
brisfis.
8. semele var. algirica, Obth. — Very abundant all round Teniet, end
of May and throughout June. The males on the upper side show an
inclination to assuming the coloration of typical females, whilst the
females themselves are more brightly coloured than the type, but
not so much so as in var. aristmis. It also occurred commonly at
Sebdou.
8. statilinus var. hansii, Aust. — Very common near Sebdou, end of
July and August, frequenting the foot of mountains.
(To be concluded.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Thecla rubi. — In the report of the Lancashire and Cheshire Ento-
mological Society, I am credited with exhibiting microscopical pre-
parations to show the difference between androconial scales and
ordinary scales of Thecla rubi. This was not the object of the exhibit,
and I am afraid our good secretaries have missed the point I specially
wished to call attention to, which was — the male Thecla rubi has the
power of entirely shedding th-^ androconial scales in the little patch on
the fore wing. If your readers will examine their series with a lens
they will probably find in the specimens selected to show this patch
most distinctly that all the androconial scales have been shed, leaving
the ordinary scales quite perfect. Are they connected with scent-
glands ? — F. N. Pierce ; The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.
Unusual Dates of Emergence of some Moths. — On June 24th,
1905, I received some larvse of Macaria altemata. They were then
about a week old, and pupated between July 7th and 12th. One imago
emerged on July 18th, which is about the normal time for the second
brood specimens to appear, and I expected that all the moths would
emerge. No others, however, came up until December 20th, when I
ENTOM. APRIL, 1906. I
90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
found one in the breeding- cage, A third followed on January 5th, and
a fourth on February 5tb. Some larvae of Neworia viridota hatched on
June 16th, 1905, from eggs deposited on the second of that month.
These pupated in due course. One imago emerged on December 20th
of that year, and one on each of the following dates this year — January
8th and 14th, February 2nd and 12th. A male specimen of Orgyia
r/onostigma emerged on November 5th, 1905. The larva from which
this resulted pupated on September 26th. Another larva that pupated
on October 16th produced a female specimen on November 20th. Two
larvffi of Dasychira ■pudibnnda that pupated in August, 1905, attained
the perfect state on February 12th, 1906. — Arthur J. Scollick ;
8, Mayfield Koad, Merton Park, Wimbledon.
A Note on Chrysophanus alciphron ab. interbiedia (Stephanelli), — •
Under remarks (Wheeler's ' Butterflies,' p. 16) of a tendency in var.
gordius to be larger and brighter on the south side of Alps than in the
Ehone Valley, mention is made of a female taken by me at Varzo, of
which the hind wings are suffused with black, and to a fine black
female of Mr. Rowland-Brown's from Val Malenco, I have lately had
an opportunity of seeing this latter, and it is practically the same
variety as mine from Varzo. Hitherto I had supposed that it was un-
named. But on reference to Drs. Staudinger and Piebel's catalogue the
other day, I found ab. female intermedia, Stephanelli, thus described :
" Al. ant. disco fulvo, al. post, ut in Alciphron.''' This exactly agrees
with the above varieties, and most curiously with what Mr. Wheeler
says, speaking of my Varzo specimen, " This closely resembles a female
in the Geneva Museum from Hyeres, marked Alciphron.''' No doubt
this, too, is ab. intermedia. I therefore subjected all my Varzo and
Iselle gordins (?) to a strict examination, and find that of four other
females two at least are very much darker and more suffused with black
on the secondaries than any specimens from the Rhone Valley ; while
the males, of which I have preserved seven, show a tendency to a very
general suffusion of purple, after the manner of alciphron. One speci-
men has the primaries entirely a rich purple-brown, with the black
spots showing through, as in type alciphron, only the spots are large
as iu gordins. Others approximate more or less this coloration. This
extreme specimen, then, I take to be ab. intermedia, male, and that this
aberration is not confined to the female sex. Two males from Val
Anzasca resemble these Italian Simplon forms. Staudinger gives
Central Italy as the locality for ab. iyitermedia. — Frank E. Lowe.
The Insect Fauna of Sussex. — In the * Victoria History of the
Counties of England,' Sussex, vol. i., is an account of the insects of
the county. This comprises lists of all orders, occupies 128 pages, and
is a valuable addition to these county lists. Mr. Herbert Goss is editor
of this division of the woi'k, and other well-known entomologists have
compiled or otherwise assisted in the preparation of the lists as
follows: — Orthoptera (3 pp.), Mr. Malcolm Burr. Neuroptera (5 pp.),
Mr. W. J. Lucas. Hymenoptera Phytophaga, Teuthrediuidfe, Cyni-
pidfe, Bracouidffi, and Chrysididfe (10 pp.), Rev. E. Bloomfield. Ento-
mophaga (2 pp.), Mr. Claude Morley. Hymenoptera Aculeata (6 pp.),
Mr. E. Saunders. Coleoptera (28 pp.), Rev. Canon Fowler. Lepi-
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 91
doptera (Butterflies), 6 pp., Mr. H. Goss. Lepidoptera (Moths), 40 pp.,
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher. Diptera (16 pp.), Mr. J. H. A. Jenuer.
Hemiptera (12 pp.), Mr. E. A. Butler.
CAPTUEES AND FIELD EEPOET^.
Notes on Irish Lepidoptera. — In looking over my Westmeath
collection of Lepidoptera, and comparing them with Mr. Kane's Irish
list, it struck me that the following captures might be worth recording.
They are all from the neighbourhood of MuUingar : — DasycJdrafascelina.
One freshly-emerged specimen at rest on heather, July, 1903. I have
several times found the remains of the ichneumoned larvte attached to
the heather-tops. Mr. Kane gives two localities for this species, both in
King's County. — Acronycta leporina. Larvae not uncommon on alder,
— Taniocampa opima. Two at sallow-bloom. — Hadena jjrotea. I have
a single specimen from a pupa obtained at Clonlost. Only two previous
records, viz. one from Co. Galway, and one, Kilynin, Westmeath. —
H. fjlauca. One bred from a larva taken on heather. — Apamea ophio-
gramma. Does not appear to be common. I took nine specimens one
evening. — Amphidasys strataria. One only from a pupa. — B. L.
Middleton ; Mullingar, Ireland.
Lepidoptera in Hertfordshire in 1905. — At a meeting in connec-
tion with the Hertfordshire Natural History Society, held at the
County Museum, St. Albans, on March 6th, Mr. A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S.,
Eecorder of Insecta for the Society, read his annual report on the
Lepidoptera observed in the county during the past year. He said
there were only two species to be added to the Hertfordshire list ; they
were Senta maritima, taken at Tring by Mr. A. T. Goodson, and Xylo-
phasia scolopacina, recorded from Hitchin by Mr. A. H. Foster. Miss
Alice Dickinson, of New Farm, St. Albans, was the only observer who
reported the presence of Colias edusa, which apparently had not been
very plentiful in the British Isles during 1905. Cyaniris [Lyccena)
argiolus had also been conspicuous by its absence from its usual Hert-
fordshire haunts. Miss Dickinson reported the presence of var.
ccBnileopuncta of Chrysophanus (Folyo)iimatus) pldaas, which Mr. Gibbs
thought was not so frequently met with in the county as formerly.
The presence of Acherontia atmpos at St. Albans and Baldock was
noted, the specimen from the latter place having been picked up in the
middle of the North Eoad, and taken to Mr. Foster. For the second
time Miss Dickinson caught a Cossus ligniperda at sugar, and Mr. Gibbs
remarked that he had also taken it in the same way. Other insects
reported by Miss Dickinson were Notodonta camelina (beaten from
hazel), Bryophila peiia (at sugar), Acronycta tridens (larva), Neuria
reticulata, Dianthcccia cuciibali, Cucullia umhratica, Plusia nioneta, P.
chrysitis and P. pnlchrina, Efinomos crosaria, Hewerophila abruptaria,
Anticlea vigrofasciaria, and Pelurga comitata. Mr. Foster, of The
Grange, Hitchin, sent in an interesting report, in which he mentioned
the capture of three specimens of Geometra papilionaria at light ;
Eupithecia scabiosata, in abundance on Pegsdon Hills ; Melanthia albi-
92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
cillata, in Mr. Grellit's garden ; Antidea cuatllata, of which only two
specimens were taken ; Coremia quadrifasciaria, five examples at rest ;
Cymatophora octogesima, six at sugar ; Notodonta dictea and Apamea
tmanimis, at light ; Agrotis ravida, nine at sugar ; and Cinhcedia
xerampelina, comparatively common on street-lamps late at night.
Mr. Foster also added eight or nine other insects to the Hitchin list.
Mr. P. J. Barraud, of Bushey Heath, reported that the season on the
whole had been a good one for Lepidoptera. About the usual number
came to light at his window, five species being new to his list, viz.
Dianthoecia cucubali, Eu/iithecia pinnilata, Scoparin amhigualis, Ypono-
meuta pudeUus, and Harpipterijx xglostella, making three hundred and
six species taken at light in that one locality. Sugaring, which had
been of little use during the previous few years, was reported by Mr.
Barraud to be attractive during August and September. By the removal
of Mr. Arthur Cottam from Watford, Mr. Gibbs said the Society lost
one or their most careful observers. Before leaving the county he sent
a short note recording the capture on June 3rd, at Aldbury, of a speci-
men of Chccrocanipa porcelitis, a species which he subsequently took in
his garden at Watford, flying over honeysuckle. A list of captures at
Watford was communicated by Mr. V. P. Kitchin, of The Grange,
other records being supplied by Mr. W. C. Boyd, of Waltham Cross,
Mr. G. B. Digby, of Bournemouth, and Mr. A. T. Goodson, of Tring,
the latter gentleman remarking that butterflies were scarcer, not more
than a dozen specimens of Nemeobius liicina being seen, none of which
were taken ; while Gonepteryx rhamni was also far from plentiful.
Among local insects mentioned by Mr. Goodson were Notudonta dicta;-
aides (larvae), Cynmtnjjhora octogesima, Plusia moneta, and Spilodes
palealis. Mr. Gibbs said he feared his own local observations in 1905
were hardly worth putting on record. The larvte of Piusia moneta
were again plentiful in his garden on both aconite and delphinium.
Neither sugar nor light yielded anything very remarkable, and very few
moths visited ivy-blossom in the autumn, a cold October probably
being the cause. — A. E. Gibbs ; Kitchener's Meads, St. Albans.
Hertfordshire Coleoptera. — Four species of Coleoptera have been
added to the Hertfordshire list. They are Stemis opticus, taken in dead
rushes near Tring ; Podabrus alpijius, taken at St. Albans by Mr. A. E,
Gibbs ; Longitarsus curtus. taken at Tring in 190-i ; and Apian school-
herri, found in haystack-refuse at Tring. Mr. E. George Ellimau, who
announced these additions in a short paper which was read at a meeting
of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society on tlie 6th March, pointed
out that Longitarsus ciirtns had lately been introduced as British by
Mr. J. E. le B. Tomlin on specimens found in the Isle of Man. It now
appears that these Manx specimens are a small form of L. melano-
cephahis, T>eg. Mr. Ellimau had submitted the specimens taken by
himself to M. Bedel, and he was quite positive as to their identity.
The species has been found on Echium vuigare in France, but Mr. Elli-
man believed that in the case of his own specimens they had been
living on a species of Mgosotis. L. curtus bears a considerable re-
semblance to L. lycopi, Foudr. — A. E. Gibbs; Kitchener's Meads,
St. Albans.
93
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Socikty of London. — Wednesday, March 1th, 1906.
— Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in the chair. • — The Kev. George
Wheeler, M.A., of Les Tourelles, Territet, Switzerland, was elected a
Fellow of the Society. — The decease of the following Fellows was
announced :— Mr. W." P. Blackburue-Maze, Mr. C. W. Dale, and Mr.
P.J. Horniman, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.— Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited
two specimens of Microdon latifrons, Lw., a rare dipteron taken in the
New Forest in June, 1905. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten showed examples of
Nonagria neurica, Hb., and A', dissoluta var. aruiuiiiteta, Schmidt,
from Germany, with (?) var. arimdineata from Central Asia, for com-
parison with A'', dissoluta and N. arundineta, from Kent, Cambridge,
and Norfolk. — Mr. L. B. Prout exhibited, and read a note on, a
variable series of Gunopteryx aladiaria, Guen., and its varieties. —
Mr. A. J. Chitty, combs of the honey-bee formed on a branch of nut-
tree, the bees having swarmed late in the year. After July they
deserted the combs, and having consumed all the honey contained in
them, again swarmed on a neighbouring tree. — Prof. K. Meldola,
F.E.S., on behalf of Major R. B. Robertson, a specimen of Prodenia
littoralis, Boisd., which had emerged in a breeding-cage kept, with
many others, by Major Robertson, at Boscombe, Hants, for the recep-
tion of caterpillars found in that district. The moth emerged on July
16th, 1905. The species, which is figured in Hampson's ' Moths of
India,' is said to have a distribution extending from the Mediter-
ranean subregion throughout the tropical and subtropical zones of
the Old World. — Commander J. J. Walker said he had taken the
larva, known as the Egyptian cotton-worm, in the Central Pacific
Islands, feeding on the tobacco-plant. — Mr. 0. E. Janson exhibited
a Mantis on a portion of the bark of a tree as found by Mr. F.
Birch in Trinidad, who stated that its close resemblance to a
withered leaf was evidently a protection for aggressive purposes. — -
Mr. M. Burr, a series of Callinienidce ; a small family of Ortho-
•ptera, consisting of two genera, Binarchus, with the single species
D. dasi/pus, Illig., and Callimenus, of which all the known species
were included, with the exception of C. infiatus, Br., from Asia
Minor. — Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, specimens of Arrfynnis ninhe var. eris,
female, from the Pyrenees, Cevennes, and South Tyrolese mountains.
He drew attention to the remarkable form of the example taken at
Gavarnie, in July, 1905, of which the coloration of the upper side of
all the wings was ruddy copper-red shot with blue upon the nervures.
He also remarked that whereas specimens of eris and other Argynnids
from the mountainous regions of Central France show a tendency to
maintain constant pale forms, those from the Pyrenees are generally
more deeply coloured, while the high Alpine forms of Central Europe
inclined to melanism. — Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., an original note-
book of Burchell's taken to South Africa in 1812. He said that it
established the date of the author's birthday, hitherto unknown, to
be July 12th, while it also recorded for the first time the supert;titious
dread of the native Hottentots for the "Death's-head Moth," known
locally as the "Devil Bee." — Dr. F. A. Dixey, specimens of Pierine
butterflies from South Africa, India, and Asia Minor, to illustrate how
the under sides of the dry-season forms in the group are apt to take a
94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
red tinge ; it being especially interesting to note that the same ten-
dency was manifest in all species collected from such widely separate
regions. — Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse commmiicated a note on the
migration of Lepidoptera against the wind, extracted from a report
on "The Pearl-Oyster of the Gulf of Manaar — Avicula {meleagiina)
fucata,'" by Henry Sullivan Thomas, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., in the
' Madras Journal of Literature and Science.' A discussion followed,
in which Colonel C. T. Bingham, Mr. G. C. Champion, and other
Fellows joined. — Colonel C. T. Bingham read a note on " A Plague of
Ants in the Observatory District, Cape Town, South Africa," and
illustrated his remarks with specimens of the insects referred to by him.
— Dr. G. B. Longstaff read a paper " On some Rest Attitudes in
Butterflies," illustrated by numerous specimens arranged upon back-
grounds of specially- tinted sand- paper approximating to the natural
surroundings of the insects in their various habitats. A discussion
followed, in which the President, Prof. Poulton, Dr. Chapman, Mr. H.
Rowland-Brown, and other Fellows joined. — Dr. T. A. Chapman read
a paper entitled " Observations on the Life-history of Trichoptdus
paludum, Zell." — Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., read a paper by Mr.
Frank P. Dodd " On some Parasitic Hymenopterous Insects of North
Queensland," and exhibited a number of interesting specimens to
illustrate his remarks. — H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., Hon. Sec.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
February 8th. — Mr. R. Adkin, President, in the chair. — Mr. Kaye
exhibited preserved larvaB of Cidaiia mgittata, and called attention to
their close protective resemblance to the Thalictrum flowers, and to
their proneness to the attacks of ichneumons. — Mr. R. Adkin, cases of
Acantliopsijclie opacella and Fadujtelia vlllosella, and pointed out the
differences in them. — The remainder of the evening was taken up by
the exhibition of a large number of lantern slides : — Mr. West, of
Ashtead, sections of woods ; Mr. Lucas, rare plants, life-histories of
insects, protective resemblance, &c, ; and Mr. Tonge, microphotographs
of the ova of nearly every species of butterfly found in Great Britain.
February 22«ti. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Handisyde, of
Bayswater, was elected a member. — Mr. Edwards exhibited a specimen
of Papilio myccde, a species very closely related to P. eurimedes, from
South America. — Messrs. Harrison and Main, Oporabia dilntata, from
Eppiug Forest, Delamere Forest, and the New Forest, and pointed out
the characters of the forms found in the three areas ; and he also
showed specimens of the var. chrutyi from Enniskilleu. — Mr. H. Moore,
a large number of insects of all orders from the island of Trinidad. —
Mr. MacArthur, specimens of Pcnthina postremana and Fphippiphora
cirsiana, which had been successfully cleaned by several applications
of ordinary benzoliue, although extremely greasy at first. — Mr. Goulton,
for Mr. Wilsdou, a beautiful black form of Acronycta leporina; a gynan-
drous specimen of Ayrotis pitta, from Manor Park (bred) ; Tepkrosia
crepuscularia, first brood captured and second brood bred from the New
Forest ; and a Drepana, bred from oak, which seemed to partake of the
character of both D. binaria [hamxda) and D. cxdtrarla (unguicida). —
Mr. Smallman, a dwarf specimen of Anthocharis genutia from New
Jersey, with varied forms of Colias phdodice, female, from different
localities in U.S.A. — Mr. Kaye read a paper on mimicry, with especial
SOCIETIES. 95
reference to a few groups of South American butterflies, and exhibited
a large number of insects in illustration. — Henry J. Turner, Hun.
Report Secretary.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — February 19iA, 1906. —
Annual Meeting. — Mr. G, T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.
— The various annual reports, statement of accounts, &c., were pre-
sented, and the Officers and Council elected for the ensuing year. —
Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis exhibited various Coleoptera, including
Mycetochares bipustiUatnx, the larva of which was taken in the New
Forest, May 30th, 1904, and pupated on June 1st, and the imago
emerged on June 10th, 1904 ; also Ptinus sexpunctatus from Solihull,
an insect new to Warwickshire; also an Opilo, bred from the galls of
Cynips fwllari found at Biskra by Mr. W. H. Wilkinson. It differs so
slightly from our British mollis that it is probably that species ; also a
drawer of Anchomemis, comprising all the species of the British list.
Mr. W. E. CoUinge, a small moth from the Fiji Islands, where it has
been doing serious damage to the cocoa-nut palms, together with the
larvae and pup®, and cocoons of the same. He said that so serious
was the damage, that in one large wood all the leaves hung down as
if dead ; unfortunately he could not yet give its name. — Mr. G. H.
Kenrick showed various butterflies, including some fine Danaidre,
Acrteinfe, &c., from New Guinea, Thursday Island, the Loyalty Islands,
&C. COLBRAN J. WaINWRIGHT, HoU. SeC.
City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
February 1th. — Mr. Henry A. King, of " Oakleigh," Coolhurst Koad,
Crouch End, was elected a member of the Society. — Exhibits : — Mr.
A. Bacot, preserved larvae of Lasiocampa qxiercns and subspecies
calluna, meridianalis, spartii, and sicula ; also examples of hybrid
larvffi, spartii X meridianalis, spartii X callunce, calluncB x meridianalis,
and sicula x (spartii x meridianalis). — Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, pre-
served larv^ representing over two hundred species, including Aporia
crat(Bgi, Eremohia ochroleuca, Phloyophora empyrea, and Cucullia absinthii.
— Mr. A. W. Mera, preserved larvas of Amphidasys betularia from one
brood, those fed on birch being brown, and those on sallow, green. —
Messrs. Sequeira, Shaw, and Clark also exhibited preserved larvae,
Triphana subsequa being among those shown by the latter.
February 21sf. — Eev. C. R. N. Burrows exhibited Xonayria neurica
from Mucking, Cambridge, and East Kent ; and one example of ab.
hessii from Rainham. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten, N. neurica (Hb.), and N.
dissohita (Tr.) var. arundineta (Schmidt), received from Herr Pungeler,
of Aachen ; also N. neurica and ab. hessii, from various English
localities, with ova, larvae and pupre. — Mr. F. Capel Hanbury, Leucania
brevilinea, including a specimen closely approaching var. bdinea. — Mr.
W. J. Kaye, bred Zonosoma pendularia from Reading, showing a strong
central pink band, and var. subroseata from Staffordsiiire. — Mr. A.
Harrison, Opjorabia dilutata from the New Forest, the pale form com-
monly distributed over the country ; from Epoing, generally darker
and with little or no trace of the band on fore wings ; and from
Delamere Forest still darker, but with the bands distinctly marked. —
Mr. A. W. Mera, N. neurica from Cambridge and Mucking, and Mr.
L. B. Prout, ab. hessii, from East Kent. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten read a
96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
paper entitled " The Identity of the British Xoimgria neurica," in
which he showed that Hiibner figured two different species under this
name, and proved that the insect at present known in Britain as
N. neurica is really var. arundineta (Schmidt) of 'Sonagria dissoluta
(Treitschke) { = neuric(i, Hiibuer, figs. 659-61, non 381, hessii, Bdv.),
and that the form regarded as ab. hessii is the type of X. dissoluta (Tr).
S. T. Bell, Hon. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The usual
monthly meeting of this Society was held in the Koyal Institution,
Liverpool, on March 19th. — Mr. R. Wilding, Vice-President, occupied
the cliair. — A paper was read by Mr. W. Mansbridge, upon the Micro-
Lepidoptera of the Liverpool district. About seventy species were
dealt with, some of them new to the county list. Among the more
interesting records was that of the moth Myelois ceratonicE and its
aberration pnjerella, with an intermediate form ; these were bred from
larvffi found in dates purchased in Liverpool. Another interesting
insect was a specimen of Bioryctria abietella, a very dark form captured
in Delamere Forest. A bred series of the local Tortrix, Peronea perniu-
tana, from Wallasey, was also referred to by the author, who exhibited
most of the species noted in illustration of his p iper. Other exhibits
were a series of Semasia wceberiana, bred by Mr. G. L. Cox, from larvae
found in cherry-bark at Oxton ; Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, F.E.S., the exotic
cockroaches Nyctibora holosericea and Panchlora virescens, from the
ship-canal docks at Manchester. — H. L. Sweeting & Wm. Mansbridge,
Hon. Sees.
EECENT LITEEATUEE.
The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. Vol. X. By Charles G.
Barrett. Pp. 381. London : Lovell Eeeve & Co. 1905.
Almost up to the day of his much lamented death, the author had
been engaged upon the present volume, nearly half of which had then
been published, in monthly parts, or was in the press. The remainder
of the MS. continuing the work up to the end of the Tortriciua was
found to be practically ready for publication, and, although the pages
were not numbered throughout, this had been done sufficiently far to
give a clue to what his intentions had been with regard to final arrange-
ment. It was decided therefore to continue publication of the work to
the end of the Group, and to adhere as closely as possible to the order
in which the papers were found to be set out. The present volume
deals with the Pyralidina — Phycitidae, Anerastiidfe, Crambidje, and
Galleriidae ; and Tortricina — Tortricidae, Cnephasidae, Lozoperidse, and
Sericoridffi.
The British Tortricina are an exceedingly interesting group, com-
prising a large number of species. Many of these are to be obtained com-
monly when once their habits are understood. We believe that it has
been solely owing to the absence of a guide such as this work will prove
to be that the group has been so long neglected, but we are sanguine
enough to believe that the time is not far distant when a more active
and widespread interest will be taken in our Tortrices.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.]
MAY, 1906.
[No. 516.
A MELANIC FOKM OF ACRONYCTA LEPORINA.
By Alfred J. Willsdon.
The melanic specimen of A. leporina, represented by the
central figure, was bred last June from an Essex larva.
The fore wings of the insect are glossy black, with white
fringes. The black markings of the typical insect are for the
most part discernible, and they are partly relieved by a faint
white edging. The hind wings are somewhat suffused towards
the inner and outer margins, and the nervures are strong and
dark. The thorax is quite black, and the abdomen decidedly dark.
The lower insect figured represents normal Essex specimens,
ENTOM. — MAY, 1906. K
98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and, so far as I am aware, no intermediate forms have been
taken in this district such as those recently referred to in the
* Entomologist ' (xxxviii. 289) from the Liverpool district.
The upper figure is of a New Forest specimen for comparison.
I am indebted to Mr. E. C. Goulton for the excellent photo-
graph here reproduced.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEU-
MONID^ FROM JAPAN.
By p. Cameron.
Anonialonjaponicum, sp. nov.
Black ; flagellum of antenna dark rufous, thickly covered with
short, stiff black hair, the scape with longer black hair ; the inner eye
orbits narrowly to tbe top of the antenna ; a broader, shorter mark
in the centre of the face, slightly dilated towards the apex, where it is
bluntly triangular. Base of clypeus broadly in the middle, labrum
and the outer orbits narrowly, yellowish fulvous; the base of abdomen
widely red ; the petiole black in the middle above and in front of the
post-petiole, the second segment being also black above. Legs fulvous,
all the coxfB, the apices of the hinder femora, and tarsi, black. Wings
fulvo-hyaline, the stigma rufo-testaceous, the nervures fuscous, the
tegulffi ferruginous. Scutellum yellow. Female. Length 23 mm.
Shirakawa, Japan. (George Lewis).
Head rugosely punctured, thickly covered with long black to fuscous
hair, the inner orbits much more closely and finely than the face or
front, which is depressed and distinctly furrowed in the middle ; the
clypeus has the punctures larger and more distinct than they are on
the front ; its apex is smooth. Mesonotum thickly covered with fuscous
hair, coarsely punctured, its middle lobe slightly raised ; a shallow
furrow in the centre, Scutellum coarsely punctured, thickly covered
with long fuscous hair, its base depressed in the middle ; the apex
black, depressed, the depression keeled laterally ; sides of post-
scutellum sharjdy keeled. Median segment coarsely reticulated, the
apex depressed, coarsely transversely striated. Pro- and mesopleurae
closely, rather strongly punctured, the ^pex of the former widely and
deeply depressed ; the base of the metapleurre in the middle coarsely
rugose, the rest rugosely reticulated.
This species may be known from A. flavifrons, Sm., by the
smaller size of the latter, by its four anterior coxse and tro-
chanters being bright j-ellow, by the face, mandibles, and
antennal scape being yellow in front (the sculpture oi flavifrons
is not stated). A. insidiator is larger (35 mm.), has the basal
two segments of the abdomen black, and the fore coxee are not
black.
NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTEROUS FAMILY MICROGASTERlDiE. 99
Campoplex japonicus.
Black ; the third, fourth, and the basal half of the fifth abdominal
segments rufous. Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures black, the
areolet triangular, appendiculate above, the pedicle being not much
shorter than the branch of the first transverse cubital nervure ; the
recurrent nervure is received in the basal third of the areolet ;
the anterior femora and tibiae testaceous in front. Female.
Length 12 mm.
Kobe, Japan. July (George Lewis).
Front and vertex closely, the face and clypeus more closely but not
so strongly, punctured ; they are thickly covered with long, fuscous
hair. Mesonotum closely and uniformly punctured, and thickly covered
with short, fuscous pubescence. Scutellum closely, rugosely punctured,
sparsely covered with pale hair ; the post-scutellum is, if anything,
more strongly rugose ; the apical slope of the scutellum is longer and
more obliquely sloped than the basal. Median segment closely,
irregularly transversely striated, the middle at the base more weakly;
at the apex the striation is coarser. Pleurae coarsely closely punc-
tured ; the mesopleurae at the top and in front of the coxae striated ;
the punctuations on the metapleurae above the keel run into striations.
Abdomen thickly covered with white pubescence, smooth. Sheaths of
ovipositor black, dilated towards the apex, covered with white hair.
NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTEKOUS FAMILY MICEO-
GASTEPtlD^.
By Claude Morley, F.E.S., &c.
No more introduction to this ubiquitous family is necessary
than to say that it is constituted of those nasty little black
" flies," which are all too often bred by lepidopterists, more
especially from such hosts as Abraxas grossulariata and Pieris
brassic(B ; everyone knows Apanteles glomeratus and Microgaster
globatus by sight, if not by name. My object in publishing these
notes is, however, to draw attention to hymenopterous parasites
in general, and to point out that their economy is far less per-
fectly known (and consequently more worthy of study) than is
that of their hosts and victims. I shall at all times be very
grateful to lepidopterists who will send me their unwillingly bred
parasites, and will do the utmost in my power to name such as
may appear of interest to the breeder. The Microgasteridae does
not belong to the Ichneumonidae, but to the Braconidae ; and it is
to Marshall's ' Braconidesd'Europe ' that I owe the identification
of the following species, which have at various times been most
kindly sent to me by Ptev. C. D. Ash, Eustace Bankes, E. C.
Bedwell, G. C. Bignell, Dr. Capron, Dr. Chapman, Miss E.
Chawner, H. J. Charbonnier, W. G. Clutten, Dr. K. T. Cassal,
K 2
100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
W. G. Cross, A. A. Dalglish, W. Evans, E. Goodwin, Selwyn
Image, G. W. Kirkaldy, A. M. Montgomery, G. Nicholson, H.
Parkes, F. H. Peachell, Albert Piffard, E. W. Platten, Hon. N. C.
Piothschild, R. M. Prideaiix, Mrs. Piedmayne, A. Sich, W. H.
Tuck, F. J. Whittle, J. Wigin, and T. C. Woodforde. There are
two small genera, each with a single British species {Mirax
spartii and Acodius subfasciatus) , of which I know nothing. The
remainder of the family consists of three somewhat extensive
genera, of which the first comprises ninety- one species, of which
seventy-three are (now) British ; of these I find I possess thirty-
seven : —
Apanteles, Forst.
1. salebrosus, Marsh. — Nine imagines and sixteen cocoons ex
Selenia sp., 1903, probably from Kent (Goodwin). — One and one
cocoon, bred from a coleopteron [Marshall thought the records
of all hosts, other than Lepidoptera, erroneous in this genus] at
Ely, August, 1901 (Cross). — Seventeen and six cocoons ex larvae
of Eujnthecia Jielveticata, Milngavie, January, 1899 (Dalglish). —
Only previously known from Scotland, in the female sex. The
male differs only in sexual features.
2. tetricus, Reinh. — I captured a single specimen on flower of
Heradeinn sphondylium at Lyndhurst, in August, 1901.
3. congestus, Nees. — Seventeen imagines and ten cocoons ex
larva of Arctiafasciata, from Cannes ; emerged April 25th-May
5th, 1901 (Chapman).
4. ferrugineus, Pieinh. — Swept from sallow at Barton Mills
and Tuddenham Fen, Suffolk, June, 1901. Said to be a social
parasite of Chilo phragmitellus, which has been recorded from the
latter locality.
5. limbatus, Marsh. — I possess a single example, taken in the
Ipswich district in 1893.
6. glomeratus, Linn. — Felden, in Herts (Piffard). — Sixteen
and seven cocoons ex one larva of Abraxas grossulariata, bred
June, 1899 (Peachell). — Six and a bundle of cocoons ex Pieris
rajjcE, Burnley, in October, 1899 ; emerged June, 1900 (Clutten).
— Two and cocoons, with A. callidus, ex Geometrides, Dart-
mouth, autumn, 1900 (Bankes). — I dug up four cocoons near
Ipswich, at the base of an elm, in December, 1898, which pro-
duced what I believe to be this species, on the 1st of the follow-
ing July.
7. vanessce, Reinh. — Two and a bundle of cocoons ex Hadena
oleracea at Ely, in October, 1900 (Cross). — The species is new to
Britain, being recorded by Marshall only from Vienna and Ger-
many; it differs from A. glomeratus in having the mesopleuras
densely punctate almost throughout. It had previously been
bred only from Vanessa, Argynnes, and Limenitis sibylla.
8. sjmrius, Wesm. — Felden, in Herts (Piffard). — Six and
bundle of cocoons ex Agrotis prcscox, bred June 26th, 1883 (Big-
NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTEROUS FAMILY MICROGASTERID^. 101
iiell). — Three and cocoons, with two hyperparasitic Pezomachus
intermedins, Forst., from Publow, Somerset, in September [host
not specified] (Charbonnier). — Eight and cocoons, Ipswich, early
in June (Flatten). — Six dug at base of tree, Wednesbury, in
November, 1900 (Parkes). — Five and cocoons from Franco-
champs, Belgium, at 2000 ft., January, 1901 (Kirkaldy).
9. cleoceridis, Marsh. — Eight and a bundle of cocoons ex
larva of Tethea subtusa from Bishop's Wood, Selby, Yorks, in
June (Ash). The cocoons are almost white, and enclosed in a
common envelope, as in the last species.
10. geryonis, Marsh. — Four and seven cocoons ex C, rhodo-
dactylas, England, July, 1899. I captured a specimen in the
Bentley Woods, near Ipswich, at the end of May, 1900.
11. zygcenanim, Marsh. — Three from cocoons of Zygana fili-
IJenduhe, Bristol district (Charbonnier).— Eight and nine cocoons
ex live larva oi Z.filipendidce, Surrey, June (Prideaux). — Twelve
and two bundles of cocoons ex Z. filipendulcs at Southend in July
(Whittle). — Felixstowe, ex Z. filipendidce, in July (Platten). —
I have beaten it from oak at Brandon, in Suffolk, early in
June.
12. caice, Bouche. — Ten ex Chelonia caja, Ipswich, May, 1899
(Platten). — Eight and thirteen cocoons ex Arctia ? caja larva,
Epping, 1901 (Image).— A common parasite of tiger moths.
13. juniperatcs, Bouche. — One and one cocoon ex larva of
Eupithecia castigata at the time of spinning up, Newcastle, in May
(Nicholson). — One ex larva of Amphydasis betularia, in garden at
Methley, near Leeds (Wigin).
14. placidus, Hal. — Five and one cocoon ex Ahrostola urtica,
at Ely (Cross). Received October 18th, 1900; emerged April
9th, 1901. This species has not before been bred, and its
cocoons, which are solitary, nearly white, and attached to a leaf,
were unknown.
15. nothus, Marsh. Five and cocoons ex Anticlea sinuata, Tud-
denham, Suffolk ; bred May and June, 1899 (Eothschild).
16. difficUis, "iileGS. — Twenty-three and thirteen cocoons ex
larva of Amphydasis betidaria, from garden, Methley, Leeds
(Wigin). Received October, 1899 ; emerged May 4th to June
18th, 1900. — Eleven a.id nine cocoons ex larva of Xijlocampa
llthorhiza, Suffolk, 1898 (Tuck). — Four and four cocoons ex mori-
bund larva of Notodonta ziczac, Haslemere (Prideaux). Taken
September 26th, 1899 ; emerged May 11th, 1900.
17. falcatiis, Nees. — Both sexes at Felden, in Herts (Piffard).
— I have 'taken it on flowers of Angelica sylvestris at Barnby
Broad, in Suffolk, in August.
18. cidtrator, Marsh. — Eleven imagines and a lot of cocoons
ex Melitcea athalia, at Locarno (Chapman) ; received May, 1900.
This species has not before been bred from a determined host.
19. idtor, Reinh. — One and five cocoons of this rare species
102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
were bred from a moribund larva of Notodonta ziczac, at Hasle-
mere, Surrey, in September, 1899 (Prideaux).
20. decortis, Hal. — I have taken the female Q^jing in Bentley
Woods, near Ipswich, early in May ; and Tuck has captured the
same sex at Benacre Broad, Suffolk, in late August.
21. xanthostigmus, Hal. — Felden, in Herts (Piffard).
22. prretor, Marsh. — Two at Shiere, in Surrey (Capron).
23. ohscurus, Nees. — Oulton Broad, Suffolk, September, 1900
(Bedwell). — Felden, in Herts (Piffard). — I have taken it on
flowers of Angelica at Lymington and Heracleum at Lyndhurst
in August, and beaten it from oaks at Brandon, in Suffolk, in
early June.
24. tenehrosus, Wesm. — One and one cocoon ex Ptewpliorus
pterodactylus, June, 1899 (Chapman). — Three ex Rumia cratce-
gata, Methley, Leeds (Wigin) ; received October, 1901.— Three,
received at the same time, ex Amphydasis hetularia. — Three and
four cocoons, November, 1899, ex Liparis aurijiita, Pteigate
(Prideaux). Not before recorded from Britain.
25. impurus, Nees. — One ex L. paucillmana, bred at Cannes
in May, 1901 (Chapman).
26. coniferte, Hal. — One in Walberswick salt-marshes, Suffolk,
August, 1898.
27. lineipes, Wesm. — Dr. Chapman has bred six specimens,
which I think must be referable to this species, whose hosts were
previously unknown, from eight cocoons ex Melitcea athalia, at
Cannes or Lacarno, in April, 1900.
28. fuliginosus, Wesm.— I have found this species at Claydon,
in Suffolk, on Angelica flowers, in August, and swept it in Roydon
Fen, in Norfolk, in June. — One and one cocoon ex Sesia fiici-
formis, Wateringbury, Kent, July, 1903 (Goodwin).— Two and
eight cocoons ex larvse of Platyptilia acanthodactyla, Dartmouth,
September, 1904 (Bankes). — Five and six cocoons ex larva of
Spilothyrus alcece, Cannes, May, 1901 (Chapman).
29. octonarius, Eatz. — Three and bundle of cocoons ex live
larva of Pericallia syringaria, Surrey, June, 1899 (Prideaux). —
One and bundle of cocoons ex P. syringaria (Sich). — Sixteen and
cocoons, New Forest, June, 1902 (Cross).
30. astrarches, Marsh. — I have captured this species by sweep-
ing hedge-bottoms at Lakenheath and Bentley Woods, in Suffolk,
in May and June.
31. fraternus, Reinh. — Shiere, in Surrey (Capron). — One ex
larva of Buccalatrix cristatella, bred at Chiswick, early in June,
1901 (Sich). — I have swept it at Ealing in June.
32. triangtdator, Wesm. -Felden, in Herts (Piffard). — One ex
Coleoijhora gryphipennella, Chiswick, June, 1901 (Sich).
33. pallidipes, Reinh. — A common parasite of Plusiie. — Three
and eight cocoons ex P. orichalcia, Ely, 1903 (Cross).
34. bicolor, Nees.— I have swept it in the Southwold salt-
NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTEROUS FAMILY MICROGASTERID^. 103
marshes in August. — One ex Psyche ojyacella, in June, 1899
(Chapman).
35. callidus, Hal. — Felden (Piffard). — Shiere (Capron). —
Twelve and cocoons, with two A. glomeratus (above), ex larvae of
Geometrides, Dartmouth, autumn, 1900 (Baukes).
36. lateralis, Hal. — Taken by Capron at Shiere, and Pifford at
Felden, in Herts.
37. fidvipes, Hal. — A common species on the wing ; I have
taken it in Suffolk — at Wortham, Tuddenham Fen, Barton Mills,
and Stanstead Wood — in June. — Six and bundle of cocoons ex
Noctua xanthographa (Bignell). — Four and j&ve cocoons ex Epione
vespertaria, York district, July, 1900 (Ash).
The next genus contains nineteen European species, of which
thirteen are now known to be indigenous to Britain. I have seen
but seven of these : —
MicROPLiTis, Forst.
1. spinolce, Nees. — This I swept in the Southwold salt-marshes
on August Ist, 1904.
2. tristis, Nees. — Forty specimens bred in August, 1900, from
larvae of Dianthoccia capsincola, Eastbourne (Montgomery). --
Thirty-two bred from D. cucubali, in Suffolk, autumn, 1898
(Tuck).
3. dolens, Marsh. —One on Angelica sylvestris flower at Clay-
don, Suffolk, August 12th, 1899.
4. spectabilis, Hal. — A common species on the wing ; bred
from Dianthoecia capsincola. On April 3rd, 1893, seven specimens
emerged from the chrysalids of Apamea unanimis, whose larvee I
took at Ipswich during the preceding February.
5. mediana, Euthe. — Captured at Felden, in Herts (Piffard),
and on flower of Angelica sylvestris at Claydon, in Suffolk, late in
September, 1898.
6. taberculif era, 'Wesm. — Felden, in Herts (Piffard). — Ipswich
and Diss, in June ; swept at dusk in Bentley Woods in September,
1897 (C. M.). — Three hied ivom. Dianthoecia irregularis in Suffolk,
September, 1899 (Tuck). — Bred from Chesias obliquaria, at Ely,
October, 1900 (Cross). — Bred from larva of C. obliquaria, Decem-
ber 7th, 1901 ; four or five of these larvae were infested, the
parasite in each case emerging from the tenth segment, when
the host was three-quarters grown; Market Drayton, Salop
(Woodforde).
7. sordipes, Nees. — New Forest, bred, November 28th, 1900
(Chawner). — Bred at Ely from Acronycta psi, in October, 1900
(Cross). — This species has not before been recorded from Britain.
The last genus of this family is comprised of twenty-eight
species in Europe, of which twenty-one are British. I can,
however, mention but ten of these, including that brought
104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
forward by me as new (c/. E.M.M. 1902, p. 4), which had
previously been known only from Suffolk.
MiCROGASTER, Latr.
1. alvearius, Fabr. — Eight specimens bred from Boarmia
rcpamlata, in Devon (Bignell).— I have found their characteristic
cocoons, over which the moribund larva seems to " brood," at
Ipswich (c/. Entom. 1880, p. 244).
2. calceatiis, Hal. Bred at Eeigate, from Fidonia piniaria, in
September, 1899 (Prideaux).
3. connexus, Nees. — Beared in plenty from two cocoons of
Liparis auriflua, at Lichfield, in August, 1900 (Mrs. Redmayne).
— Nine from the same host in the Bristol district (Charbonnier).
— Five ex Bomhy.v nemtria, at Bungay, Suffolk, in August (Clut-
ten).— Six from L. auriflua, in November, 1899 (Prideaux) ; pro-
bably at Eeigate Surrey.
4. tiro, Reinh. — I have captured it by sweeping reeds at Hen-
stead, Suffolk, August, 1898. Its hosts have been hitherto un-
known, but Dr. Chapman bred one on June 29th, 1899, from a
species of Cnephasia at Reigate ; the cocoon is dull, white, solitary,
and nearly smooth.
5. suffolciensis, Mori. — The type (in my collection) is from
Nothris verbascella, at Bury St. Edmunds. — Two females ex
Nothris verbascella, at Locarno, May 30th, 1903 (Chapman). —
The type is a male (female in crrore), and the female differs from
it only in having the antenna shorter, and the terebra three-
quarters the length of the abdomen. I have seen no cocoon.
6. rugulosus, Nees. — Bred from Hydrocampa nymphcata, at
Richmond, October 3rd, 1905 ; the strong whitish cocoon is
found inside the host's aquatic case, attached to one of its walls
(Sich).
7. suhcompletus, Nees. — I have swept it at Eaton, near Nor-
wich, in June ; and found it on flowers of Foenicidum vidgare at
Alderton, Suffolk, in September.
8. sticticus, Ruthe. — Tostock, Suffolk, in July (Tuck).— Three
from a nearly circular bundle of white cocoons, enclosed in a
rolled nettle-leaf, ex Vanessa atalanta, Reigate, in July, 1899
(Prideaux). — I have taken it on Angelica flowers at Barnby Broad,
but it has not before been bred.
9. glohatus, Linn. — A common species on flowers of Foenicidum
vulgare and Angelica sylvestris from July to October. Bred from
Vanessa atalanta at Tring, October, 1899 (Rothschild). — Bred
from forced Penthina dimidiana, Medge Hill, Doncaster, 1901
(Cassal).
10. tibialis, Nees. — Very common on flowers of Anthriscus and
wild carrot. Two bred from Aberdeenshire Euchromia flammeana,
in June, 1902 (Ash). — Bred from a continental Depressaria in
1904 (Chapman). — Gorebridge, N.B., in June (Evans).
NOTES ON TRICHOPTBRA COLLECTED IN SICILY. 105
The above will, I think, show how much may be done in the
elucidation of the life-histories of these obscure parasites by
their preservation by breeders of Lepidoptera ; no less than forty
of the above hosts were previously unknown to be attacked by the
parasites here enumerated.
Monks Soham House, Suffolk : April 14th, 1906.
NOTES ON TEICHOPTERA COLLECTED IN SICILY BY
DR. T. A. CHAPMAN.
By Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S.
Some time ago Dr. Chapman kindly handed to me a number
of Trichoptera taken by him in Sicily in the spring of 1905. The
list of species is not long, but the collection is interesting out of
proportion to its size, especially on account of the presence of a
species of PJiyacophila, which at first I thought to be quite new,
but which I am now disposed to regard as a race of the little-
known Pihiiacophila rougemonti.
The existing information as to the Trichoptera of Sicily is, I
believe, comparatively old and not extensive, resting mainly on
the researches of Zeller, Mann, and Bellier de la Chavignerie.
In any case, the species found in the island are probably not
numerous, the poverty in aquatic Neuroptera having long ago
been pointed out by Blanchard, and properly attributed to the
absence of lakes and marshes, and also to the very important
fact that the rapid torrents of winter very quickly dry up at
the beginning of summer. Thus it is that the characteristic
Neuroptera of Sicily and the coast of Calabria are those which
are terrestrial — ant-lions, species of Ascalaphus, and some
Hemerobiids.
The species of Trichoptera found by Dr. Chapman are as
follows : —
Stenophylax ?. — A female of the group containing the
large pale species, always difficult to determine in this sex when
isolated examples are found. The valves in the present speci-
men are much retracted, and in the meantime I cannot attempt
determination.
Hydropsyche instahilis, Curt. — One female of what I take to
be the dark form that McLachlan says is characteristic of the
southern parts of Europe {stictica, Pictet).
Wormaldia mediana, McL. — A small series of a Wormaldia
agrees fairly well with the description of this somewhat uncertain
species.
Tinodes locuples, McL. — A pair. This species was originally
106
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
described from three males taken by Mann in Sicily, now in the
Vienna Museum.
Polycentropiis jiavomaculatiLS , Pict. — Two males.
Rhyacophila rouc/emonti, McL., var. sicula, nov. var. — In this
form the male appendages are very similar to those of the type
as figured by McLachlan, although in the single male before me
the inner parts cannot be seen clearly. The principal difference
is visible in the lateral view; the second joint of the inferior
appendage has its hind margin with a much shallower incision in
the Sicilian form.
The discovery of this insect in Sicily throws an important
light on the origin of the type. It was given to McLachlan by
Professor de Piougemont, and was stated by the latter to have
been taken by him at St. Aubin, Neuchatel. McLachlan was,
however, never quite satisfied that this locality was the right one,
de Eougemont having also collected in Italy, and this doubt was
increased by the discovery of a male very close to the type in
Corsica. The species has never to my knowledge been found
again north of the Alps, and I am of the belief that de Eougemont
made some mistake, and that it will prove to be a purely southern
form.
All the examples noticed here were taken at Taormina in the
beginning of April.
Fig. 1. Apex of abdomen, from side. Fig. 2. Dorsal process, from
above.
13, Blackford Road. Edinburgh : March, 1906.
107
ALGERIAN BUTTERFLIES IN THE SPRING AND
SUMMER OF 1904.
By Margaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 89.)
8. Jidia var. albovenosa, Aust. — This magnificent form of Jldia
occurred at the same time and in the same locahties as handi, but
was less common, and very shy and difficult to catch. The female
was rare.
Faran/e egeria, L. — Algerian specimens of this butterfly are a very
bright fulvous. It occurs, I might almost say, everywhere throughout
the spring and summer. The best I have are from Algiers in February
(1902), and from Sebdou in July.
P. megan-a, L. — At Biskra in the spring, frequenting the tops of
the desert mountains in company with the other butterflies of that
district.
Epinephele jurtiiia var. fortunata, Alph. — Common round Teniet in
June. Bears a striking resemblance to var. hispulla, Hiib.
E. lijcaon var. manritanica, Obth. — Not uncommon near Teniet in
June, especially in the forest. The females, which were rare, are a
dark form, and both sexes have the hind wings beneath a plain even
grey, quite unbroken.
E. ida, Esp. — Was practically over at Tlem9en in mid-July. The
few females I found worth keeping are very strongly marked on the
underside.
E. pasipha'e var. philippina, Aust. — Fairly common round Teniet
in the end of May. Bather smaller than the type, with the fulvous
ground colour more widely extended, also the eye-spots on the lower
Avings smaller and not ocellated.
Ccenonympha fettigii, Obth. — Very common in the woods of prickly
oak on the mountains near Sebdou, end of June and throughout
July.
C. pamjihilus var. bjllas, Boisd. — A remarkably fine form at Sebdou
and Tlem9en in July.
Thecla ilicis var. viauretanica, Stgr. — First taken at Teniet on
June 8th, where it soon became abundant wherever the prickly oak
grew. I took one specimen, which resembles the type above, but has
the white line as nearly obliterated beneath as in any of the mauretanica,
though no other Algerian specimen I have the least approaches it on
the upper side,
Callophrys rubi var. fervida, Stgr. — Near Algiers in March (1902).
Zephyrus quercus var. iberica, Stgr. — Swarming in the oak-woods
west of Sebdou early in August. Resembles the type above, but has
the white line on the under side very faint and indistinct.
Tkestor mauritanicun, Luc. — In certain places near Algiers in
February (1902). Not .common.
T. ballm, F. — Going over in the cedar forest above Blidah in
May. Very common at El Kantara and Algiers in February and
March (1902).
108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Chrijsophanus plilceas, L. — Occurred iu most places throughout the
spring and summer.
Cigaritis siphax, Luc. — Scarcely abundant, but fairly common in a
few localities near Teniet ; but was practically over when I first came
across it on May 31st.
Lampides bceticus, L. — At El Kantara in March, and at Sebdou in
August.
L. telicanus, Lang. — At Sebdou in August. The specimens were
very small.
L. theophrastus, F. — One female only below Teniet in June. Com-
mon all round a certain prickly shrub at Sebdou in August. Their
preference for this shrub, which the females never seemed to leave at
all, made it a somewhat difficult matter to effect a capture otherwise
than destructive to the net ; however, the males would occasionally
make short detours into the open, though invariably returning to the
favoured shrub, and the females were so sluggish, even in the middle
of the day, that I was able more than once to pick one off with my
fingers. This butterfly also occurred, but not at all commonly, at
El Kantara in March (1902).
LyccEua martini, AUard. — Common on certain hillsides in the
neighbourhood of the Cascade below Teniet. But it was practically
over when I first came across it at the end of May, and a male, even
iu fair condition, was scarcely to be had ; but I took a good though
short series of females.
L. baton var. abencerrogus, Pier. — Near El Kantara in March and
April ; also at Hammam R'Irha in April. Not common, except at
El Kantara, in March (1902).
L. astrarche var. calida, Bell. — The specimens of this butterfly taken
at Tlemcjen in July were a deep reddish brown beneath, and certainly
belonged to this variety.
L. icarus var. celina, Aust. — Most of the males at Sebdou iu August,
and at Milianah in September, belonged to this variety. I have one
from Milianah with a slight inclination to orange spots on the upper
side of the hind wings.
L. bellargus va^v. punctifera, Obth. — All the male bellargus at Sebdou
iu July were of this variety ; but it was very far from common. I took
one in which there were orange spots above the black dots on the upper
side of the hind wings, but unluckily the specimen, though fresh, was
damaged.
L. lorquinii, H. S. — Was common and quite fresh in the cedar
forest at Teniet on May 21st. Unluckily I did not realize the impor-
tance of it, so failed to secure a good series, and when I next visited
the forest, on May 27th, it was nearly over. My courier took one
specimen in the Blidah cedar forest, but we saw no others.
L. melanops, B. — Common at El Kantara in March ; also in the
Blidah cedar forest in May.
Adopcca iineola, 0. — Common at Teniet in June, especially on the
foot-hills below the forest.
A. hainza, Obth. — Very common at Teniet in June. The females
had to be searched for in the long grass. Comes very close to
A. action, Esp.
ALGERIAN BUTTERFLIES. 109
Parnara zellerl, Ld. — Very rare at Sebdon in August. I only took
one specimen, and saw about three others.
Carcharodns alcea, Esp. — Not very common at Sebdon in July, A
small form.
Hespcria proto var. mohammedi, Obth. — Seemed to have several
broods. In the first, which I found nearly over at Teniet in May, the
few fresh specimens I did get were much paler on the under side than
those of the second brood, which appeared in June ; the latter coming
nearer to the type in the warm colouring underneath. I also took
this butterfly at Sebdou in August.
H. aao var. ali, Obth. — First taken near Blidah on April 30th.
Occurred there in the cedar forest in May. I also took it at Teniet ;
but it occurred much more commonly at Sebdou than anywhere else.
On the wing all through the summer, apparently having a succession
of broods. AH seems to me to be an intermediate form between the
type and the var. therapne of Corsica.
H. alveus, Hb., var. (?). — One of the many varieties of alvevs
occurred at Sebdou and Tlemcen in June, July, and August, but I
cannot satisfactorily determine which it belongs to !
Before closing these notes, I would like to give what little infor-
mation I can about Satyrus abdelkader, though unfortunately I have no
personal experience to draw upon. I believe the best locality for it in
the Province of Oran is not Sebdou (where I doubt if it occurs at all),
but a place called Nedroma, fifteen hours' drive from Tlemcen, but
from its position on the map, would seem to be more easily approached
from Nemours. My informant was an Arab, who volunteered this
information, supplying the name of the butterfly too, quite unasked,
declaring that he himself had been to Nedroma more than once with
French and German collectors, and that in the month of August,
abdelkader (he would naturally not have forgotten that name) flew in
great abundance. This man also stated that it did not occur at Sebdou
at all ; but I should be sorry to vouch for the truth of any statements
made by an Arab. Some day I hope to visit Nedroma and see for
myself.
7, Lansdown Place (East), Bath : February 24th, 1906.
Miss Fountaine very kindly handed over to me the Zyggenidae
captured by her in Algeria in 1904, and I therefore take this
opportunity to add a list of the species included. Superficially,
■with the exception of Z.favmia, Frr., which occurred in May at
Teniet-el-Haad, and seems fairly distinct, the three most inter-
esting, though classed in Staudinger's Catalogue as true species —
Z. loyselis, Oberth., Z. algira, Dup., and Z. ignifera, Korb —
suggest merely local forms of Z. sarpedon (?) and Z. fausta
respectively. Of the i?ki'-xa.nging JilipendulcB-trifolii group, I have
no examples from this collection; but it includes a single Z.
carniolica from Sebdou, which seems referable to var. aUardi.
Oberth. — H. Rowland-Brown, M.A.
110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTOEY SOCIETY'S EXHIBITION.
By Hy. J. TuRNEE, F.E.S.
An Exhibition of this Society was held on the evening of
Saturday, March 10th, at their rooms in Hibernia Chambers,
London Bridge. Although the Society still continues to hold a
special exhibition of varieties each year, some years have elapsed
since it had organized so extensive and so representative an
assemblage of natural history objects as were placed together
on this occasion. In spite of the weather, a large number of
members and their friends were present, and the choice, varied,
and beautiful objects — which had been tastefully arranged by
the Committee and a willing band of helpers — were much
appreciated.
In the British section Mr. R. Adkin exhibited (1), a long series of
Aglais (Vanessa) urtica, arranged to show the direction of the minor
variation; (2), a collection of the Nycteolidae ai^d Nolids, including
fine dark forms of most of the species ; (3), the Anthroceridae
(Zygasnidae), with yellow A. trifolii and forms of A. filipendul(B,
grading in colour from rich red through shades of terra-cotta to pale
yellow ; (4), specimen of Mesogona acctoselUc, from Polegate, 1895, and
a long and varied series of Tttniocampa gothica and T. incerta from its
main localities ; (5), series of Selenia lunaria and S. tetralunana, with
hybrid S. bilnnaria X S. tetralnnaria ; and (6), Abraxas (frossulariata of
many forms, including ab. rarleyata. Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited (1),
local races, varieties, and aberrations of C'osmotriche potatoria, including
males with female coloration, and vice versa; (2), ditto of Lasiocampa
g'7/crcifs and Pachyrjastria trifolii; (3), a large number of aberrations,
of which a specimen of Cosmia trapezina — very pale, with almost
black transverse band — was particularly notable. Mr. A. W. Bacot
(1), the series of hybrids obtained by him horn. Malacosoma neustria
and M. castrensis ; (2), various races of L. qucrciis, with the results of
crossings between the races; and (3), a considerable portion of the
progeny obtained from a pairing between Aiitphiilasi/s betularia male
and var. doubledayaria female, illustrative of the fact that the brood
were of the two distinct forms, only one specimen being in any way
intermediate in marking. Mr. F. E. Bellamy (1), a black form, var.
obscura{2),o( Anthrocera{Zyga;na)trifulii, from Eingwood, 1899; (2), var.
fowleri, of Polyovimatus corydon, from Swanage ; and (3), ab. lutea of
Callimorpha dominula. Mr, W. Brooks a number of very large, varied,
and beautiful forms of Manduca atropos, the selection of many years'
breeding from Lincolnshire pupge, and also specimens of the curious
air bladders which are found in the body of every imago. In one case
only had he found two bladders in one imago (shown). Mr. W. E.
Butler (1), summer and autumn broods of Staarojms fagi, some
extremely dark ; (2), a beautiful series of Tiliacea {Xanthia) aurago,
the extreme red forms being particularly notable, one with almost a
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S EXHIBITION. Ill
purple bloom ; (3), a BrentJiis selene with suppressed markings, those
which did remain being united into radiations ; (4), a yellow Pyrameis
atalanta, captured; (5), Polijommatus con/don, in which the marginal
spots on the wings were large and pure white, without any trace of the
usually prominent black centres ; and (6), a series of Laclmeis lanestris
which had been five and six years in pupa, &c. Mr. J. N. Carpenter
showed his long and bred series of Apatura iris, Colias hyale, Enodia
hyperanthus, Satyrus semele, Melitaa cinxia, and Euchlo'e cardamines, of
various races and forms. Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited several species of
living larvfe of Lepidoptera. Mr. J. A. Clark a case containing a
number of extreme and beautiful varieties of Arctia caja. Mr. T. W.
Hall (1), a long and varied series of the genus Eiquthecia; (2), a most
interesting life-history of the rare ^Eyeria (Sesia) spheyiformis ; (3),
series and examples of species, either extinct or disappearing as
British, including Chrysophanus dispar, Nomiades semiaryus (^acis),
Noctua subrosea, Lalia ccenosa, and Cleora vidiiaria ; and (4), two
cabinet drawers of rare species and varieties, including Crymodes
exulis, Xyloviiyes conspicillaris, spotless forms of Mamestra persicarice,
yellow forms of A. filipendidcc, yellow-banded jE. cidiciformis, bred
Dicranura bicuspis, with pupa case, &c. Mr. A. H. Hamm exhibited a
case of varieties and aberrations, including a Chrysophanus phlceas with
a large black costal blotch extending well into the disc of the fore-
wing, and a beautiful smoky aberration of Acidalia imvmtata. Messrs.
A. Harrison and H. Main (1), long series of various generations of
Amphidasys betidaria and var. doubled ay aria, from various localities,
with six out of the seven gyn andromorphous examples obtained from
one of the broods ; (2), various series of Aplecta nebidosa, from the
usual grey colour to the almost black form; (3), a large number of
aberrations and forms of Triphana comes from many localities, from
light grey to red and to almost black ; (4), Satyrus semele, from the
chalk hills of the south-east, with light ground and lighter undersides,
and from Cornwall and the Isle of Man, with much darker ground on
both surfaces ; (5), a drawer of most varied and beautiful TriphcBua
fimbria; (6), three drawers of various broods of Pier is napi, including
a series of Irish parentage and also a series bred from Swiss var.
bryonice ; (7), a long series of Colias edusa and var. helice bred from a
var. helice taken in South of France, including some very beautiful
intermediate forms ; (8), fine series of most of the Lycaenidas, in-
cluding some very fine forms of LyccEua arion ; (9), several drawers of
Vanessid^, &c., mostly bred; (10), a large number of aberrations, of
which the following are the uore notable: — Nemeophila russiila males,
with the marginal bands on the hind wings obsolete, black forms
of Cymatophora duplaris from Lancashire, males of Cosmotriche pota-
toria with female coloration of pale yellow, and one intermediate
in colour between typical male and female, some black aberrations —
var. melanocephala of Acronycta leporina from Lancashire, melanic
specimens of Agrotis exclamationis, Grammesia trigrammica with the
submarginal area dark shaded, and one with the wings, thorax, and
abdomen dark, as in var. billnea, but with the central line plainly
visible, an Odontopera bidentata with dark hind margins and pale central
and basal areas to fore wings, var. fuscata of Hybernia marginaria
from Lancashire and Cheshire, and intermediates from Epping, &c. ;
112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
Melanippe fluchtata of a pale ocbreous ground with a much diminished
central band, and extremely beautiful rosy specimens, var. suhroseata of
Zonusoma pcndularia. Mr. J. Hickman exhibited two broods of Arctia
caja from Wye, in which considerable aberrational intensification of
the dark markings was apparent. Mr. L. W. Newman (1), bred series
of the genus Notodonta ; (2), hybrids between Smerinthus ocellata and
Amorplia popnli, Notodonta ziczuc and A\ dromedarius, Selenia tetra-
lunaria and S.biiunaria ; (3), bred series of Xyssia lapponaria, Leucania
vitellina, melanic Boarmia fiemmaria, Dasycampa ruhiginea, &c., &c. ;
and (4), very varied series of Melitaa aurinia. Mr. Percy Richards, a
large number of varieties and aberrations, of which the following are
a few: — (1), Dryas paphia, intermediate between the type and var.
valesina; (2), a very grey-coloured Limenitis sibylla ; (3), a suffused
red, a salmon-pink confluent spotted, a pale straw-yellow, and forms
with yellow hind wing on one side only of Anthrocera trifolii ; (4), a
Uroj)teryx sambucata streaked with grey, quite freshly emerged; (5),
Rumia luteolata, with the reddish-brown markings absent ; (G), a
number of intermediate forms between A. betularia and var. donhle-
dayaria; (7), his specimen of Pliisia ni, from Kingston Hill; (8), an
Abraxas grossidariatn with deep yellow ground colour; (9), a black
form of Thera variata, from Kingston Hill ; and, on behalf of Mr. E.
Warue, a pale-grey-all-over form of Melanippe fluctiiata and Bupalus
jnniaria with black markings on the grey outer border. Mr. A. Sich
exhibited specimens of the new British species discovered by him,
Argyrestlda illunnnateUa, with allied species for comparison. Mr.
R. South (1), various forms of Aphantopus hyperanthus, including ab.
laticeolata, ab. arete, ab. obsoleta, &c. ; (2), a Brenthis euphrosyne with
much reduced markings on fore wings, and a black patch occupying
the whole basal two-thirds of the hind wings ; (3), Pararge megava
with extra apical spots, and a female with very wide lines on fore wings;
(4), orange-tinged Gonepteryx rliamni, from West Kent ; (5), a var. elens
of Chrysophanus pihlceas, and three very pale-coloured specimens ; and
(6), examples of var. syngrapha of Polyommatus corydon, and one
specimen with normal fore wings and var. syngrapha hind wings. Mr.
South also exhibited, on behalf of the Eev. W. Claxtou, (1), inter-
mediate coloured males of Cosmotriche potatoria; (2), male Mala-
cosonia castremis with female coloration ; (3), Dianthcecia Inteago, var.
ticklini, from Cornwall ; (4), very dark Psilura monacha from New
Forest parents; and (5), a dark form of Scopelosoma sateJlitia. Mr.
H. J. Turner a large number of life histories of the species of the
genus C'oleophora, showing imagines, cases of the larvn9 at different
stages of growth, and leaves of the food plants mounted to show the
characters of the depredations of the larvae. Mr. C. P. Pickett, very
long series with numerous and striking varieties of many species of
Lepidoptera.
In Coleoptera the exhibits were very few indeed. Mr. W. West, of
Greenwich, exhibited an extremely large specimen of the stag-beetle
[Lucanus cervus), Mr. W. E. Butler, a series of the Coleopteron
Phymatodes lividus, a species new to the British List, discovered by
him at Reading. Mr. S. R. Ashby, a large number of species of
Coleoptera.
Mr. West, of Greenwich, was the only exhibitor of Hemiptera, of
SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S EXHIBITION. 113
which he exhibited the whole of his collection, comprising more
than three-fourths of the indigenous species. The Society exhibited
its type collection of Orthoptera. Mr, H. T. Dobson was the only
exhibitor of Odonata, by a collection of species made by him last year
on the Norfolk Broads, including JEschna ■isosceles, Libellula fulva,
L. dttbia, SympetriDii sanguineum, &c. Mr. Stanley Edwards showed a
very handsome case of working bees, Apis niellijica, and also an
observation nest of living ants, Formica flava.
In the Foreign Section Mr. C. Boxer exhibited a small collection of
South African butterflies. Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a large
number of exotic Lepidoptera from his extensive collection, including
several sections of the genus Papilio, a number of the larger MorpJio
species, and series of several species of each of the genera Urania,
Nyctalemon, Thais, Armandia, Teinopalpus, Euri/cus and Sericiniis. Mr.
A. Hall, an extremely fine collection of the various species of the genus
Catayramma and its allies from South America, together with series of
forms and aberrations of Apatura iris and A. ilia. Mr. W. J. Kaye
showed more than two hundred specimens of butterflies taken in one
forest path in British Guiana, to illustrate the principal mimetic
groups of the locality. They were of the following sections : —
Danain®, Nymphalinte, Heliconinae, Ithomiinfe, and Erycinidse.
Mr. McArthur exhibited a case containing the largest and smallest
known species of Lepidoptera, viz., Thysima agdppina from South
America, and Nepticula pruiietorum. Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited a
number of Spanish Lepidoptera, including fine series of the purely
Spanish Satyrus pieuri and Erebia zapateri, together with series of
Argynnis pandora, A. niobe var. eris, &c.
The Society exhibited several drawers of its collection of
Canadian Lepidoptera. Mr. J. W. Tutt exhibited long series of
several species of Continental butterflies with a number of palaearctic
extra-European species for comparison — (1), Euchloe eup)henoides,
males very varialjle in size, females extremely dissimilar in the
amount of orange marking at the tip of the fore wing, with E. eupheno
from Morocco ; (2), Leptosia sinapis, spring form from the Riviera ;
(3), Pararge egeria, with every possible gradation between the dark
form of Britain and the bright-tinted southern form ; (4), P. megcBra,
with very interesting Corsican forms ; (5), Pulyommatus bellargus and
P. corydon, including the sky-blue Spanish form of the latter species
as well as the white form, and most interesting as showing the lines
the variation takes in the two species; (6), long series of Chrysophanus
virgaurecB, C. alciphron including var. gordius, and C. hippothoe in-
cludiug many exceedingly fine, distinct, and extreme forms from many
localities, the females in particular running into most beautiful forms.
Mr. West, of Greenwich, a specimen of the Goliath beetle from West
Africa, Mr, H. Moore, a number of large European and exotic
Orthoptera and a drawer of European .^dipodidae, Mr. Edwards,
cases of exotic Phasmidse and Mantidae,
The walls and screens were covered by a large number of photo-
graphs and photomicrographs of biological "subjects, Mr, F. Noad
Clark showed many minute insect structures ; Mr, J, Edwards, insects
and spiders in their environment; Mr, Goulton, lepidopterous larvae in
ENTOM. — MAY, 1906. L
114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
their environment; Mr. Hugh Main, the protective resemblance exhi-
bited by larvsB such as P. smaragdaria and G. papilionaria ; and Mr.
Tonge, nature studies of various species of Lepidoptera, the ova, larvfe
and imagines in their natural surroundings.
The following gentlemen lent microscopes : — Mr. H. E. Barren,
Mr. A. Cant, Mr. A. W. Dennis, Mr. F. J. East, Mr. Stanley Edwards,
Mr. H. S. Tremlin, Mr. E. C. Goulton, Mr. W. J. Lucas, Mr. E. A.
Priske, Mr. W. West (Ashstead), Mr. C. West, and Messrs. R. and J.
Beck (six). The various objects shown by these gentlemen were much
appreciated. A notable feature of this table was the Ashe-Finlay
comparoscope, exhibited by Messrs. Beck, a microscope arranged with
two object-glasses and two stages to exhibit two objects side by side for
comparison.
At half-hour intervals during the evening, the following gentlemen
exhibited lantern- slides and gave short demonstrations : — Mr. E. C.
Goulton, Mr. H. Main, and Mr. H. C. Head showed details of the life-
history of various species of Lepidoptera, Mr. Touge showed the ova of
many species of butterflies, Mr. F. Noad Clark minute microscopic
insect structures, Mr. F. Enock showed coloured slides of protective
resemblances in insects. Messrs. W. J. Lucas, A. W. Dennis, and E.
Step also showed slides.
The Society's lantern was under the charge of Mr. F. Noad Clark
the whole evening, who carried out all the arrangements for the
demonstrations without a hitch. A large number of exhibits of other
Orders by members and friends gave variety and attraction to the
meeting.
The arrangements for tea were admirably made by Mrs. R. Adkin
and Miss Adkin, who, together with Mrs. T, W. Hall and other ladies,
attended to the refreshment room.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Melanic Lepidoptera. — At the meeting of the British Association,
to be held this year at York (August 1st to Sth)-, it is proposed that
there shall be an exhibition of British Lepidoptera, illustrating
melanism. The organizing committee of the Zoological Section
invite those who are willing to take part to communicate with Mr.
L. Doncaster, Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge, stating the species
and number of specimens which they are prepared to send. It is
hoped that a paper on "Melanism" will be read at the meeting by
Mr. G. T. Porritt, of Huddersfield, and that it will be followed by a
discussion.
Vanessa urtic^ in Hybernation. — In the ' Entomologist ' for
December, 1905, page 811, I recorded an instance of the early hyber-
nation of a specimen of F. urtica; at the beginning of July last. It
awoke from its long slumber on April 7th, although numbers of the
same species were abroad weeks before. This particular specimen I
saw daily, and I think I may truthfully say it never once moved a limb
from the first position it took up ; spiders' webs had fallen across, and
floated from its folded wings, and dust naturally accumulated around
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 115
it, yet, on the day of its awakening, it looked clean and fresb, and was
exceedingly active. Thus, for nine months, animation seemed to be
totally suspended as far as outward appearances were concerned, this
repose differing very materially from a former chapter in its life-history,
when, in the chrysalis state, the limbs of the future butterfly were
being formed ; and if an object-lesson on fasting were needed, this
might excite the most morbid curiosity. — G. B. Corbin ; Eingwood.
Aplecta nebulosa, var. thompsoni (Arkle). — I regret I am unable
to agree with any proposal to include the variety thompsoni with robsoni.
The two names mark the two culminating departures from the Dela-
mere type, and each is unlike the other. A long experience enables
me to say, without hesitation, that no two examples of Delamere
nebulosa can be picked out so unlike each other as the varieties robsoni
and thompsoni. In the latter, the ground-colour of the upper wings is
jet-black, with white margins and fringes ; in the original robsoni, as
well as in present-day examples, the ground-colour is black-brown,
with grey frniges. My experience shows, further, that photographs are
frequently unreliable as entomological illustrations. For example, the
jet-black of thompwni and the black-brown of robsoni appear in a
photograph as equal tones. Mr. South writes {ante, p. 76): — "Except
that fig. 10 {thompsoni) has a white crenulate line on the outer margin
of the fore wings, and that the fringes are white instead of brownish
grey, it is not otherwise very clearly separable from fig. 8, which has
been recognized by Mr. Collins as agreeing with his type of robsoni.''
Transposed, this means that thompsoni is very clearly separable from
robsoni by two notable characters — (1), a white crenulate line on the
outer margin of the fore wings; and (2), the white fringes. I do not
think any attempt will be made to give distinctive names to Delamere
nebulosa intermediates. The history of thompsoni will probably act as
a deterrent. — J. Arkle ; Chester.
AcRONYGTA LEPORiNA var. MELANOCEPHALA. — I am liououred by Mr.
A. M. Cochrane's notice (' Entomological Kecord,' April 15th, 1906)
of my article upon the above insect, which appeared in the ' Entomo-
logist ' (vol. xxxviii. 289, and vol. xxxix. 19). I gather from this
criticism that the writer of it wishes to set aside the prior claim
of Treitschke to the name bradyporina for our grey form of leporina,
and to transfer the name bradyporina to the new variety, thus deleting
the varietal name melanocephala. He further suggests the substitution
of a new name, grisea, for the present usage of bradyporina, thus,
in a breath, setting aside the authority of Treitschke, Hiibner, and
Staudinger on the Continent, and Stephens and Tutt in this country.
I wonder what the strict systematists will say to such an attack upon
the law of priority. As to the variety described in my notes to the
'Entomologist,' if my critic can show that the form described by the
above-named authorities as bradyporina had a black thorax, and that,
in the coloration of the fore wings and body, black predominated, or
that it was materially different from the form so long known as brady-
porina, or, in other words, if he can show that when grey or dirty-grey
was written black was intended, there may be a case for the suppres-
sion of the varietal name melanocephala. Whatever future research
116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
may decide, I think that most entomologisfcs will agree with Mr. Tatt's
acceptauce of bradi/porina for the greyish form we most frequently get
in England ; and also, when they have seen the, at present, scarce
variety which I have called mdanocephala, that it is distinctly a
melanic race, characterized by a predominance of black in the colora-
tion of the fore wings, and with black thorax and abdomen. — Wm.
Mansbridge.
IscHNURA ELEGANS IN Spain. — Mr. K. J. Morton calls my attention
to the fact that Ischnura elcgans has at last been recorded from Spain,
on the strength of specimens now in his collection, and which were
were sent for /. graeUdi. The record is in the ' Bulletin of the Spanish
Natural History Society.' — W. J. Lucas.
Extraordinary Number of PuPiE of Culex hirsutipalpis. — On
November 21st, 1905, while journeying from the Port of Benguella,
West Africa, to Chiyaka, in the interior, I noticed two small pools by
the roadside near a native village, and wliich appeared from a little
distance to be of a brown colour. On approachmg them, I found the
surface of the water literally packed with mosquito pupaB. Over most
of the surface of the smaller pool (in which they were most numerous,
and which comprised an area about two yards square), the pupre lay as
closely together as capillarity would allow, while ouly in a small space
less than a foot square, near the middle of the pool, did they seem
to be perceptibly scattered. On watching them for some minutes, I
observed a wave-like motion throughout the brood, which went on
after the following manner at nearly regular intervals. At one edge
of the pool the pupfe sank out of sight and quickly rose again to the
surface, their neighbours following suit until the opposide side was
reached, the whole procedure producing the odd impression of a bar of
clear water, about eight inches wide, which appeared to move across
the pool like the shadow of a narrow plank. As the pupae rose each
time many could be seen straggling for room to protrude their spiracles,
and the lack of space perceptibly delayed the appearance of some. Of
course the pupffi sank when I placed my hand near the water, but after
holding it quiet until they rose again, I made a quick dip with a flaring
cup about five inches across. In this manner I secured over six
hundred pupae, besides a few larvse of different sizes. About eleven
hundred pup^ would have completely occupied the surface of the water
in the cup. There seemed to be but few larvcie in the pool, but I saw
eighteen egg-rafts. On breeding out some of the pupae they were seen
to be C. hirsutipalpis, Theob. — P. Creighton Wellmann ; Benguella,
West Africa, February 25th, 1906.
The Barrett Collection of British Lepidoptera. — The first
portion of this notable collection, comprising all families to the end of
the Geometridse, was disposed of in 304 lots by Mr. J. C. Stevens at
the well-known auction rooms in King Street, Covent Garden, on
March 18th last.
Owing to pressure on our space we are unable to report results in
any detail, and the following notes therefore only refer to the more
important items. Among the Pieridfe there was one lot of sixty-eight
specimens including a fine sulphur-yellow example of Pieris napi, and
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 117
for this lot 50/- was given. A specimen of Chnjsophanus phloeas, with
the hind wings entirely brown and the disc of the fore wings only-
coppery, made five guineas. Four specimens of C. dispar ranged in
price from three guineas to five guineas, and a male of this extinct
butterfly, together with an example of the schmidm form of C. phUeas,
went for £2. Five male and two female specimens of Lrjcana acis
were sold for £5 15s. A black Limenitis sibylla, from Eeadiug, was
not dear at 30/-, the price at which it was bought. Six pounds sterling
was given for a specimen of Vanessa iirticcB with black hind wings ; and
two guineas for a specimen of V. andopa captured near Hastings in
September, 1889. Two other authenticated examples of the last-named
butterfly went for 14/- and 20/- each; while a specimen of Argynnis
lathonia, taken at Dover in 1872, brought in 28/-. Three specimens
oi Epinephele tithonus, one whitish, and one with extra ocelli, sold for
20/-. A parcel of forty-four "skippers," including two specimens of
Hesperia {Syrichthus) alveiis from Norfolk, realized £2. An example of
Hyloicus pinastii, from Aldeburgh, sold for 25/- ; ten specimens of
Deilephila galii made £3 2s. 6d., and one example of D. euphorbia,
taken at King's Lynn in 1887 (C. G. B.), went for 45/-. There were
eleven specimens of Lcelia cccnosa, and these realized £6 Os. 6d., the
highest price being 47/6 for a pair, and the lowest 18/- for four speci-
mens. Of Epicnuptera ilicifulia there were two males and a female ;
the former sold at 21/- and 16/-, and the latter fetched 26/-- Two
males and a female of Drepana harpagula (sicula) realized 61/-, and
two Ceriira bicuspis, together with thirteen C. ficrcula, made 20/-. One
example of Leucudonta bicolor from Burnt Wood sold for 20/-. Four
lots, each comprising ten Acronycta alni and five A. strujosa, went for
21/-, 24/-, 22/-, and 21/-. Five examples of Noctua subrosea were
submitted in two lots, one of two specimens, the other of three speci-
mens ; each lot sold for 20/-. A specimen of Hadena satura, from
Reading, with other things included, made 32/6. For three Shetland
specimens of Crymodes maiUardi {exidis) the bidding ran up to 70/- ;
tne same number of Dlanthcecia barrettii, including the original speci-
men, found a buyer at 45/-, whilst three others from Dublin made
only 16/- ; for another lot of three specimens, one of which was from
North Uornwall, and one bred from a larva, the price rose to 45/-. A
lot comprising five Agriopis aprilina, one without black markings, sold
for 30/-. Seventeen Nunagria sparganii, put up in three lots of four
specimens and one lot of five examples, realized a total of £4 19s. 6d.
Two useful lots of Senta montima [uIvce), each containing eleven speci-
mens, and including the typical and three named forms, made 11/-
per lot. The one example of Synia ynuscuLosa in the collection sold for
21/- ; and a lot comprising three concolor among other things fetched
20/-. Leucania favicolor, the male and female types, made 20/- each,
but a reddish male fetched 24/-, and another male went for 22/-. Of
Pachnobia alpina there were a dozen specimens, and these were sold
in half-dozens at 20/- per lot. For two specimens of Hydnlla palustris
26/- was given, whilst 10/- bought a couple of Laphygma exigua.
Twelve specimens of Xylina con for mis, from South Wales, were sold
in fours at 30/- for one lot, and 32/6 for each of the other lots. An
odd conformis with other species went for 21/-. There were two
specimens of Cucullia gnaphalii, and each of these made 14/-. A
118
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Norfolk example of Heliothis scutosa was bought for 22/-, and a hybrid
A. prodroniaria-betulana for the same sum.
A pair of Ni/sda lapponaria went for 16/-, and a pair of Cleora
angularia [viduana) made £2. Among a few varieties of Abraxas
(jrossulariata was one of var. varleyata, which realized 32/6. A speci-
men of Sterrha sacrana, taken at Dulwich (0. G. B.), produced 16/-.
Three specimens of Lygris {Cidana) reticulata, put up together, brought
in 30/-. Fine examples of Phibalapteryx pohjijmmmata sold for 22/-;
and two lots of Eupithecia consignata, ten specimens in each, yielded
12/- and 20/- per lot.
CAPTUEES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
Vanessa antiopa in Cambeidgeshire. — A specimen (recorded in the
' Field,' April 7th) was seen at Little Shelford, on April 3rd, by Mr.
G. F. 0, Bagnall, which settled by the roadside, but it evaded his
attempt to capture it. — F. W. F.
Orobena straminalis in Surrey. — In turning over the 'Entomo-
logist ' for 1901, I came across Mr. South's note on Surrey localities
for this insect. I took six or eight specimens last summer near Bletch-
worth.— H. V. Plum ; Epsom College, March 9th, 1906.
EuGONiA (Vanessa) polychloros. — I should very much like to
know what has been other people's recent experience of E. pohjchloros
in this country. When 1 was a child, and for many years afterwards,
it was common hereabouts ; then it disappeared entirely for several
years, and I shall never forget my pleasure at once more seeing
hybernated specimens in Harington Hall Wood after its long absence.
Soon afterwards it gradually became common again, and was to be met
with in all directions until 1901. In that year it was so excessively
abundant in North Essex and on the Suffolk side of the Kiver Stour
that I could have taken hundreds of broods had I required them.
They were so abundant on elm trees in Colchester as to cause people
to take steps to destroy them, under the delusion that they were likely
to prove exceedingly injurious, and I saw one very tall elm hedge
in the outskirts of the town which, for a considerable distance, was
entirely defoliated by them. But, strange to say, I only saw two or
three of the perfect insects later in the year, and from that time
to this not a single specimen has appeared, either in the spring or late
summer. How is this to be accounted for? My own theory is that
all the specimens which emerged m 1901 at once emigrated, that the
species is practically extinct here now, and that it is quite uncertain
when a fresh lot of immigrants will appear and repopulate the
district, though this may happen any season. I have noticed that
certain of the " agricultural entomologists " have continued to offer
the larvae at quite nominal prices, but whether they have been able to
supply them I do not know. It would be singular if the exodus of the
species from this part of England was due to conditions which have
not operated in a similar manner elsewhere. — W. H. Harwood;
Colchester, April 17th, 1906.
119
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, March 21st, 1906.
— Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in tlie chair. — The Kev. George A.
Crawshay, M.A., of "Lowlands," Leighton-Buzzard ; Mr, Hereward
Dolman, of Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W. ; Mr.
Edward Dunkinfield Jones, of " Castro," Reigate ; Mr. John Neville
Keynes, M.A.. Sc.D,. of 6, Harvey Road, Cambridge; Mr. D. L. McCarri-
son, Indian Police Forces, Madras Club, Madras ; and Mr. George E.
Tryhane, of Trinidad, were elected Fellows of this Society. — Dr. F. A.
Dixey exhibited six female examples of the Pierine genus Eronia with
corresponding males, and drew attention to the extreme diversity
shown by the males in these closely allied species. He considered
that this characteristic was due to the fact that in every instance the
male had been diverted from the ordinary aspect of the group by the
operation of mimicry, either Miillerian or Batesian. The species of
entirely different affinities which had acted presumably as models were
associated also with the exhibit. — Mr. R. Adkin showed two specimens
of Emmelesia iinifasciata which had emerged in August last from pupas
which had lain over since the autumn of 1900, thus having passed five
seasons in the pupal stage. — Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., exhibited a
number of specimens from the Riviera, Sicily, &c., and read a paper on
the "Progressive Melanism in the Riviera of Hastula hyerana.'^ A
discussion followed on melanism and its causes, in which Mr. G. T.
Porritt, Dr. F. A. Dixey, the President, and other Fellows joined.
Wednesday, April ith, 1906. — Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, Vice-President,
in the chair. — Mr. Leonard Doncaster, M.A., King's College, Cam-
bridge ; Major F. Winns Sampson, H.M. Travelling Commissioner,
Senior Officers' Mess, Old Calabar, Southern Nigeria ; and Mr.
Raleigh S. Smallman, Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common, S.W.,
were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe
exhibited a specimen of the very rare ant Formicoxemis nitidulus, a
neuter, found in a nest of Formica rufa at Weybridge during the
present month. Mr. A. J. Chitty said he had taken a single male of
the species in the Blean Woods, and the Rev. F. D. Morice reported it
common in Switzerland, where he had taken examples of all three sexes
abundantly. — Mr. G. C. Champion showed a specimen of Platypsyllus
castnris, Ritsema, a Coleopterous parasite of the beaver, from France,
and suggested that perhaps it might be found on the beavers in the
London Gardens of the Zoolrgical Society. — Mr.W. G. Sheldon exhibited
several specimens of a Noctua which he said corresponded to Dr. H.
Guard-Knagg's original description oi A gratis helvetina (' Entomologist's
Annual,' 1872). He had purchased them at the sale of the late Dr.
Mason's collection, in which they were labelled as light varieties of
Noctua augur, to which species he thought, in fact, that they should be
referred. — Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited examples of butterflies taken by
him last year in Majorca showing injury to the wings, caused in his
opinion by the attacks of lizards. He remarked that a largQ proportion
of the few butterflies met with in the island were mutilated, especially
at the posterior part of the hind wings. — The Rev. F. D. Morice gave
an account of the calcaria observed on the legs of some Hymenoptera.
120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
They were, he said, quite constant in each species, and useful, there-
fore, as distinguishing characters ; the only hymenopteron he had
come across without them being the ordinary hive-bee. Kirby and
Spence considered that they were used for climbing purposes, but this
was unlikely, as the spurs occurred in species which did not climb at
all. So far as he had noticed they were used by members of this order
for the purpose of cleaning their antennne. — Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse said
that similar spurs existed in the Trichoptera, though they did not
assume as beautiful forms as in the Hymenoptora ; but, as to their uses,
he was not aware that any observations had been published or made on
the subject. Mr. G. C. Champion remarked that they were also well
developed on the hind legs of some Coleoptera. — H. Kowland-Brown,
Hon. Sec.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The usual
monthly meeting of this Society was held in the Koyal Institution,
Colquit Street, Liverpool, on Monday the 9th inst. — Kichard Wilding,
Esq., Vice-President, occupied the chair, and eight new members were
elected. — P. N. Pierce, Esq., F.E.S., read a short paper on the genital
armature of the hybrid moth Notodonta ziczac x X. droniedarius. The
paper was capitally illustrated by drawings and microscopical prepara-
tions of the parts described, as well as by the exhibition of the insects..
The lecturer further pointed out the difficulty of obtaining specimens
of such rare forms for dissection — Dr. J. Cotton, F.E.S., then read a
paper upon the lepidopterous fauna of Knowsley Park ; some thirteen
species of butterflies, and two hundred and ten species of moths were
enumerated as having been found in the park ; and the lecturer, in the
course of his remarks, gave a description of the biographical details of
the locality. A discussion ensued, in which most of the members present
took part. — Mr. W. A. Tyerman exhibited a long bred series of Acro-
nycta rumicis. Mr. W. Mansbridge, a series of Larentia viultistrigaria,
including melanic forms from West Yorkshire ; also a specimen of H.
falcataria, set so as to show the resemblance of the moth to the head
of a mouse. — H. Pi. Sweeting & Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees.
OBITUARY.
We have, with much regret, to announce the death of Mr.
Ebenezer Sabine, of Erith. He had been in feeble health for some
time, and he passed peacefully away on April 12th last. His age was
72 years, and he had devoted the greater part of his life, being a man
of leisure, to the formation of an extensive and valuable collection of
British butterflies. He was especially keen on varieties, and his
literary contributions to this Journal were chiefly upon matters relating
to variation in butterflies. Only specimens in the finest possible con-
dition were included in his cabinets, and very many of them were
reared by himself from eggs or from collected larvfe.
Although of a somewhat retiring disposition, he was ever ready to
furnish information or material to anyone seeking his assistance.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.] JUNE, 1906. [No. 517.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES
OF CICADIDiE FEOM CHINA.
By W. L. Distant.
Sub-family Tibicinin^.
Division Taphuraria.
Ilea, gen. no v.
c? . Head short, broad, including eyes about as wide as base of
mesonotum, eyes prominent, projecting beyond the anterior angles of
the pronotum, front only about half the length of vertex, anterior
ocellus placed near front margin of vertex ; face almost as far removed
from the eyes as its breadth, depressed near base, longitudinally sul-
cate and with very strong transverse ridges ; rostrum reaching the
intermediate 00x93 ; pronotum longer than head but shorter than
mesonotum, its lateral margins moderately rounded and sinuate near
anterior angles, its posterior angles obliquely prominent ; mesonotum
with the lateral margins angulate near base, the cruciform elevation
short and broad ; abdomen about as long as space between apex of
head and base of cruciform elevation ; tympana entirely exposed ;
opercula small, not reaching base of abdomen and not completely
covering the cavities ; anterior femora armed beneath with four
spines, the apical spine very short ; tegmina and wings hyaline ;
ENTOM. — JUNE, 1906. M
122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
tegmina less than three times the length of greatest breadth ; tegmina
with the basal cell longer than broad, the postcostal area moderately
wide, apical areas eight, transverse vehi at base of second apical area
vertical; lower ulnar area long, narrow, its upper vein curved; wings
with six apical areas.
I place this genus near Dorachosa, Dist.
Hea fasciata, sp. n.
3^ . Head above black, anterior margins of front and vertex, and
a narrow central line to both ochraceous ; pronotura and mesonotum
brownish ochraceous with a broad central greenish yellow fascia
margined on each side with black, narrower on prouotam and broader
on mesonotum, lateral margins of pronotiim pale ochraceous inwardly
margined with black ; abdomen dark ochraceous, with a central paler
longitudinal fascia and with two black spots near base ; body beneath
and legs stramineous, central transverse ridges to face, space between
face and eyes, clypeus, apex of rostrum, shadings to anterior and
intermediate coxae, and streaks to anterior femora black ; tegmina and
wings hyaline with a slight bronzy thit, extreme bases, the costal
membrane to tegmina, and basal half of anal area to wings testaceous
red ; tegmina with the basal cell and lower ulnar area more or less
ochraceous, the margins of the latter and its apex fuscous. Long,
excl. tegm. 16 millim. Exp. tegm. 45 millim.
Hab. China.
I have no more precise locality for this species, which was
procured at the sale of the collections of Mr. E Cholmondeley
some ten years ap;o. I have refrained from describing it before,
trusting that I might receive another better localized specimen
from other sources, but this has not occurred.
In the type one tegmen possesses eight apical areas, and the
other only seven.
NOTES ON HYBRID NOTODONTA ZICZAC-
DROMEDARIUS.
By F. N. Pierce, F.E.S.
So rarely do hybrids find their way to the microscopist that
I would like to place on record the thanks of all structure
workers, and those, entomologists interested in anatomy, to Mr.
L. W. Newman, of Bexley, Kent, who is so anxious for science
that he sacrificed two lovely specimens of this rare hybrid
N. zlczac-dromedarius in order that another link might be added
to the all too little known structure of the curiously mixed
genital organs of hybrids. About the middle of July last Mr. A.
Bacot wrote and asked me if I would undertake the examination
of two specimens, which I readily assented to. Mr. Newman
had written to him as follows : — " Enclosed are two hybrids
NOTES ON HYBRID NOTODONTA ZICZAC-DROMEDARIUS.
123
ziczac-dromedarius. I found them in cop. at 11 p.m., Friday
night, in the cage, and they stayed paired till 9.30 p.m.
Saturday night, and then flew round, when I killed them, as both
to me look like males. I send them to you to do as you like
VA'Urr-neA^ fMJU
W/^urmcd^iAM^
with them ; pull to pieces and report on the organs, &c., for the
good of science."
I made a number of preparations of normal examples of the
two species, and then prepared the two hybrids.
The drawings I have made will perhaps give a better idea of
these little understood parts than a long description. I will
therefore try and point out the more noticeable differences. The
first figure is a drawing of the harpes and uncus in position of
the hybrid. Both specimens are the same, and do not differ inter
se. They are distinctly male in character; no traces of female
organs are to be found. It is interesting here to note that I
M 2
124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
found the same perfectly formed male organ in the male hybrid
Sphinx ocellaUis-jJopuli ; but in the female the parts were very
distorted, and portions of the male organs intermixed. The con-
dition of the female organ I should say would make it impossible
for them to continue the race. On the other hand, the male
organs are so perfectly formed, I should think it quite possible
that they would cross again with one or other, or perhaps both, of
the female parent species.
Below the first figure are the terminal segments of the
different bodies, the hybrid being a modification of both
species.
We now come to the harpes, which on comparison with the
hybrid are found to be very different ; and it is not altogether
surprising to find that the hybrid has followed one, viz., ziczac,
more than a modification of each, although there are certain
traces of each used to build up the new form of the hybrid.
The uncus is again very different in the two parent species ;
here the hybrid tends rather to dromedarius, but not very dis-
tinctly, as it is unlike either, yet savours of both. In point of
size ziczac is much larger than dromedarius ,- the hybrid is be-
tween the two. The penis itself is much nearer ziczac than the
other species, the main difference between the two being that in
place of the long row of teeth of ziczac the hybrid has the small
patch of teeth that are present in dromedarius. Taking the
organs all round, there appears to be a little more of the ziczac
form than dromedarius, and perhaps leads one to expect the
coloration of the imago to lie in that direction ; this is so. After
my report to Mr. Bacot he very kindly sent me the remainder of
the insects. At first glance the hybrids appear to be a pretty
grey form of ziczac ; then on closer examination we find all the
strong markings of each faithfully reproduced. The modified
orbicular, the red marking on the inner margin near the apex,
and the submarginal row of red spots of dromedarius being very
noticeable. The hind wings are lighter than either, and have
the stronger dark blotch of ziczac at the anal angle ; in fact, it is
difficult to find a single marking that is not reproduced in the
hybrid.
The scales are interesting, but difficult to be quite sure that
the same portion of each wing is tapped. Generally speaking,
the larger scales of dromedarius are four-toothed, rarely five.
Ziczac has five, six, and sometimes more teeth. In the hybrid
there are usually three ; occasionally there are four teeth, and I
have failed to find one with five teeth. In the scaling there
appears to be a tendency to produce a new form of scale, possibly
an inferior one, rather than a modification of the forms possessed
by the parents.
The Elms Dingle, Liverpool: April 9th, 1900.
125
A NEW SPECIES OF CHARAXES FEOM RHODESIA.
By Percy I. Lathy, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Charaxes peculiaris, sp. nov.
(^ . Upper side : Fore wing similar to C. penricei, Rotbsch., but
white markings slightly larger, and the blue of the former species
replaced by green. Hind wing as in C. penricei, Rothsch., but blue
replaced by green, and only the faintest trace of red markings on outer
margin. Under side: Both wings, as in (7. penricei, Rotbsch., but red
markings not so bright and black, and dark markings heavier ; the
subapical red spot of fore wing is wanting.
Hab. Kavama, North-eastern Ehodesia. lu coll. H. J.
Adams.
A single male of this remarkable species was obtained.
NEW AMEEICAN BEES.— I.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
Perdita praiti, n. sp.
? . Length not quite 6 mm. In my tables (Proc. Phila. Acad.
1896) runs to obscurata, but differs by the coloration of the clypeiis,
&c. The abdominal bands are so nearly continuous that it might run
to bigelovia, but it differs from that in the lateral face-marks, &c. It
is really close to P. crawfordi (described since the tables were pub-
lished), but differs by having the lateral face- marks more produced
above, and the abdominal bands bright yellow.
Maxillary palpi 6-jointed ; labial palpi 4-jointed, apnroximate
length of the joints in /x (1.) 675, (2.) 210, (3.) 105, (4.) 90 fhead and
thorax yellowish green, the vertex dullish, the mesothorax fairly shiny,
and very hairy ; clypeus not bairy ; mandibles dark fernujinous, without
any yellow ; apical half of fiagellum brownish ferruginous beneath ;
light marks of face confined to clypeus and lateral marks, which are
lemon-yellow ; clypeus with the usual dots, the anterior middle more
or less broadly brown, and faint brown marks indicating rudiments of
longitudinal bars ; supraclypeal area black with a purplish lustre ;
lateral face-marks triangular, much longer than broad, ending in a
point on orbital margin a little above level of antennas, the long inner
slope inclined to be notched ; upper lateral corners of prothorax yellow,
and a little yellowish on tubercles ; tegula; pale testaceous ; stigma
light yellow, nervures colourless ; marginal cell nearly squarely trun-
cate, the post-stigmatal portion longest, but not greatly so ; second
s. m. large ; third discoidal distinct ; legs black or piceous, witli much
light hair, the knees more or less yellowish ; abdomen broad, brown-
black, with straight chrome-yellow bands, very slightly interrupted in
i26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the middle on segments 1 to 4, those on 3 and 4 abruptly ending some
distance from lateral margin ; venter brown ; claws simple.
Hah. Corpus Christi, Texas, October 20tb, 1905 ; two females
(F. C. Pratt). Sent by Mr. Crawford. Probably from flowers of
Hclenium.
Perdita coreopsidis, n. sp.
? . In my tables (Proc. Pbila, Acad.) runs as near to snowii as
anything, as also does the male. Its appearance is most like P. ment-
zeliarum, but it is very different in detail. The female with spotted
abdomen might be considered to run to P. chamcBsarachcB, but it is not
at all like that species.
Length about 6^ mm. ; head and thorax brassy green, very hairij ;
vertex dullish, mesothorax shiny ; mandibles dull yellow, the apical
part ferruginous ; labrum dark ; face-markings pale rather dull yellow,
consisting of a broad band occupying anterior margin of clypeus, and
sending a large pointed process upwards in the middle line, and trans-
versely oblong lateral marks, not at all produced upwards, nor reaching
even the level of top of clypeus ; metallic part of clypeus with a strong
rosy lustre ; scape yellow, with a dark band or streak above ; flagellum
dark above, dull yellowish beneath and at tip ; upper border of pro-
thorax, and tubercles, light yellow ; tegulte yellowish hyaline ; wings
milky white, nervures and stigma faintly yellowish ; marginal cell
nearly squarely truncate, its post-stigmatal part considerably the
longest ; second s. m. large, third discoidal distinct ; legs with the
apices of anterior and middle femora, and their tibiae in front, yellow ;
abdomen broad, rather dull chrome-yellow, with narrow brown-black
bauds at the apices and bases of the segments, and a large black
spot on each side of first, anterior to the band ; in a variation the
bauds are reduced to spots, namely, large transverse subapical subdorsal
spots on segments 1 to 4, and smaller, rounder, subbasal lateral spots
on 2 to 5. Venter yellow.
(J . Somewhat smaller, with a large subquadrate head, the cheeks
with a large blunt protuberance or tooth ; face-marks more reduced
than in female, being confined to a large pale yellow mark occupying
the projecting corners of clypeus, and the linear lateral projection of
same, and a very small spot at each lower corner of face ; flagellum
orange, with some light markings at base above ; hind knees (as well
as the parts mentioned in female) yellow, and the tarsi yellowish or
pallid in front ; abdomen with the hind margins of the segments
rather broadly whitish hyaline, and the dark colour much increased,
occupying all of first segment except a fine yellow streak between it
and the hyaline margin, going also a little way up the sides ; second
segment dark, with a median subapical yellow band, and the posterior
lateral corners very broadly yellow ; third segment with a broad dark
basal band and a pair of spots (in the subdorsal region) ; fourth and
fifth with tiie base broadly dark ; sixth with a broad dark basal
triangle ; venter yellow, heavily marked with brown. The reduced
face-markings, and hyaline hind margins of segments, recall P. sidcB,
female.
Maxillary palpi 6-jointed ; labial palpi 4-jointed, the first joint less
than twice length of the others combined, length of second joint 150 fi,
NOCTU^ IN HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 127
of third 90, of fourth 120 — these measurements from a male ; claws
of female simple, frout claws of male cleft ; maudibles of female
greatly broadened, except the falcate apex. The claws are those of
Cockerellia.
Hah. Cotulla, Texas, May 5th, 1905, at flowers of Coreopsis
cardaminefolia (DC.) ; two of each sex (W. D. Pierce). Sent by
Mr. Crawford.
(To be continued.)
NOCTU/E IN HUNTINGDONSHIEE, 1905, and a SEQUEL
IN THE HIGH COURT OF CHANCEEY.
By G. Lissant Cox & Justin Brooke.
During last year's beautiful summer the writers spent an all
too short holiday of eighteen days — namely, from June 17th to
July 4th — collecting in various parts of Huntingdonshire.
We concentrated our eftorts almost entirely on the Noctuse,
and in this brief time either captured or observed no less than
seventy-one species. This large number was mainly due to the
extraordinaiy attractions of sugar. Our red-letter day was June
27th, when the average number per tree was one hundred and
fifty, and the limits of belief are almost reached when one of us,
on a small oak, counted two hundred and eighty insects. Truly
an emharras cle richesses ! The entire treacle-patch would be
covered, while a jostling crowd carpeted the ground and herbage
at the foot of every tree. Still more wonderful, perhaps, was
the fact that many moths would fly wildly around and around
the sugarer, when, only shortly after sunset, the night's round
was being prepared. A few actually committed suicide by flying
right into the tin !
This attraction showed an interesting gradual increase from
June 17th to the 27th, and then an almost uniform decrease. By
July 19th only as many units were seen as thousands a month
previously. There were no aphides till July.
In Mr. A. E. Gibbs's interesting article on "The Insect? of
the Cornish Coast " {ante, p. 4) it appears that sugar was very
attractive in Cornwall, and that Agrotis exdamatlonls w'as by far
the commonest insect at the end of June. This was also our
experience in Huntingdonshire, where this insect came to sugar
in almost incredible numbers.
We had intended to take a continuous series of readings
during each night from a wet and dry bulb thermometer. We
were, however, but two instead of four, and our good resolutions
fell through. We did note the temperature before we set out,
and after coming home, but, unfortunately for accurate work,
128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
these readings are at different times. Still these, together with
a hrief description of the day and night weather, and the varying
results, have been duly tabulated, and may be of some interest.
It will be seen that our best takes (June 27'th and 29th) were with
a north-east wind, a cloudy sky, and a night temperature of not
less than 56^ F. In explanation of the words " good " and "bad,"
it should be stated that they refer to the gross number of insects
attracted, and not to their rarity (see p. 130).
As our captures included such species as Hadena atripUcis,
Dicycla oo and its var. renago, Toxocampa jmstinum, Acidalia
Tuhiginata (ruhricata), &c., a few remarks on these and other
species may be worth recording.
Cymatophora octogesma. — Three examples came to sugar on three
separate nights. One was boxed at 1.10 a.m. on the 22ud, when but
six insects altogether were seen at treacle.
C. or. — This occurred sparingly during our visit.
C. duplaiis. — Two worn specimens on July 2ud.
Acronycta leponna. — Our first capture came at midnight on June
20th, and settled on the glass front of our forty-caudle power acetylene
lamp ! Two were taken at sugar about 9.15 p.m. Two are of the
ordinary light form ; the third is dusted with dark grey.
A. Jigustri. — We took four. Two are the dark " var. coronula."
Xylophasia suhlustris and A', liepaiica. — These two species were fairly
common, particularly the first named.
X. monoghjplia. — Three very dark — and oue absolutely black — speci-
mens were obtained.
Ncuria reticulata. — This came to light and sugar; about twelve
in all.
Apamea gemina. — This insect came next in point of numbers to
A. exclamationis. About one in ten was the var. remissa.
A. unanimis. — Occurred sparingly.
Agrotls exclamationis. — This occurred in tens of thousands, as noted
above. We secured some nice varieties — practically every one figured
in Barrett — but still, considering the numbers, the insect varied won-
derfully little.
A. obscura {ravida). — Three perfect examples were secured at sugar
on July 2nd, 8rd, and 4th.
Dicycla oo. — Tliis first came to sugar on July 3rd. Four males and
one female. Next day (our last) we sugared an immense area, and
only obtained eight. One of these was the var. renago. [On July 11th
five worn specimens were taken by Mr. E. Brooke, and three ditto on
the 17th by Mr. T. P. Gardner. On the 19tk they appeared to be
over.] This erratic species appears to be maintaining its reputation.
The numbers talcen from this locality, according to our present know-
ledge, are roughly : — 1902, two hundred (Entom. xxxvi. 14) ; 1903,
twenty ; 1904, one (Entom. xxxvii. 214) ; 1905, twenty-one. This is
the only Noctua captured which is not in ' The Fenland ' hst. It surely
must have been very much scarcer formerly to have escaped the notice
of even the late Mr. F. Bond. Is it not a fact that the var. renago
is mainly, if not entirely, confined to be counties of Northampton
and Hunts ?
NOCTUiE IN HUNTINGDONSHIRE, 129
Aph'cta prasina a,nd A. advewi. — Common, especially the latter.
Hadena atriplicis. — We took but two of this most lovely insect. The
first was a freshly-emerged female, which came to sugar at daybreak
ou June 21st. On the 2oth a male, also just out, was secured at sugar,
this time fairly early in the evening.
Chariclea umbra. — Three were secured on our last two nights.
Toxocampa pastinuin. — We were again fortunate to find a locality
for this species. In two nights (June 30th and July 2nd) we took
thirty-four perfect specimens. Thirteen of these came to sugar. This
habit must be unusual, since Barrett, vol. v. p. 258, says: " So far as
I know, is totally insensible to the attractions of sugar." They flew at
early dusk, as well as later in the evening, and many were taken with-
out the aid of a lantern. Some females were captured at rest on their
food-plant.
Of the few Geometridae noted, brief mention should be made
of Acidalia rahiginata. This insect came singly to light on two
different nights. This may possibly be a new record for Hunt-
ingdonshire, as but one specimen is recorded from Wisbech,
Gambs, in ' The Fenland ' list.
The following is the complete list of Nocture seen or taken
in the eighteen days : — Thyatira hatis, T. derasa, Cymatophora
octogesima, C. or, C. du/plaris, Bryophila perla, Acroiiycta psi, A.
leporina, A. megacephala, A. ligustri, Leucania conigera, L.lithar-
gyria, L. impudens, L. comma, L.pallens, Axyliaputris, Xylopliasia
lithoxylea, X. suhlustris, X. monoglypha, X. hepatica, Neuria reticu-
lata, Mamestra brassicce, M. persicarice, Apamea basilinea, A . gemina,
A. unanimis, Miana strigilis, M.fasciuncida, M. arcuosa, Grammesia
trigrammica, Caradrina taraxaci, Rasina tenehrosa, Agrotis segetum,
A. exclamationis , A. corticea, A. strigula, A. obscura, Noctua augur,
N. plecta, N. c-nigriim, N. triangulum, N. brunnea, N. /estiva, Tri-
plicena fimbria, T. orbona, T. pronuba. Mania typica, M. maura,
Dicycla oo, Calymnia trapezina, Hecatera serena, Euplexia luci-
para, Phlogophora meticidosa, Aplecta prasina, A. nebulosa, A.
advcna, Epimda viminalis, Hadena dentina, H. atriplicis, H.
thalassina, H. oleracea, H. pisi, CucuUia umbratica, Gonoptera
libatrix, Plusia chrysitis, P. gamma, Chariclea umbra, Acontia
luctiiosa, Euclidia mi, Toxocampa pastinum.
The sequel, advertea to above, as reported in the * Daily
Graphic,' March 30th and 31st, 1906 :—
Mr. John Ashton Fielden, owner of the Holme Wood Estate,
Holme, Huntingdonshire, sued for an injunction in the High Court
yesterday to restrain Messrs. George Lissant Cox, Rupert Brooke,
Neville Brooke, and Justin Brooke from trespassmg on his property.
Mr. Rawlinson, K.C., for the plaintiff, said part of Mr. Fielden's estate
consisted of a very valuable game preserve, which was drained land
from an old mere. It covered some two nundred or three hundred
acres, and was so valuable for sporting purposes that as many as from
four hundred to six hundred pheasants had been " bagged" in a day.
Temp. ' Weather.
1
BEMARKS.
JuNe; 1905.
Dry
bulb.
b'^lb. During day.
During night.
18, 7.45 p.m. 56°
18, 11 p.m. 49°
53° I Dull till 2 p.m.,
48-5; then hot sun ;
1 wind moderate
S.W.
Clear moonlight ;
heavy dew; no
wind.
Bad.
—
19, 7 p.m. 62°
20, 2 a.m. 54°
56°
53°
Showery ; wind
moderate S.W.
Clear moonlight
from 11 p.m. ; no
dew ; no wind.
Good.
Good.
20, 7 p.m.
21, 4 a.m.
63°
56°
58°
55°
Dull ; some
rain; stiff S.W.
wind.
Cloudy, stiff S.W.
Good.
Bad.
Most came to
sugar at dawn.
Note high tem-
perature.
21, 7.30 p.m. 64°
22, 3 a.m. ! 51°
1
60°
50°
Dull till noon ;
cleared ; sun-
shine ; wind
moderateN.W.
Clear ; heavy dew
and mist ; no
wind.
Bad.
Bad.
22, 6 p.m. 67°
23, 2 a.m. 50°
63°
49°
Hot sun ; wind
N.W.
Clear; dew and
thick mist ; no
wind.
Good. Good. Note different
results on ap-
parently simi-
' lar days.
23, 6 p.m. 63°
24, 12.30 a.m. 50°
57°
49"
Hot sun ; wind
N.E.
At 10 p.m. clouded
over from N.E. ;
cold wind, slight,
and misty.
Bad.
Very
bad.
This mist was
reported as
coming off the
North Sea ; not
one insect to
light.
24, 8 p.m. 57°
25, 1 a.m. 51°
56°
50°
Dull till mid-
day, then sun-
ny; wind N.E.
Mist came on Very
again, only thick- good,
er ; no dew ; stiff
N.E. wind. 1
Note difference
to i^revious
night.
25, 7.31) p.m.
26, 4.30 a.m.
64°
51°
57°
50°
Warm and
sunny ; wind
N.E.
Clouded over at ' Bad.
8p.m.fromN.E.,
but no mist ; stiff!
N.E. all night ;
very dark.
Very
good.
26, 10.30 p.m.
56°
55°
Dull till noon,
then sun; N.E.
Thick mist; no Good,
wind.
—
28, 1 a.m.
57°
56°
Hot, sunny;
thunderstorm
near by in
afternoon ;
wind W.
Thunder all Very —
round, but grad- | good ;
ually cleared ; no average
.dew ; warm west ; 150 per
wind. j tree.
The record
night.
29, 3 a.m.
53°
53°
Hot, sunny ;
wind W. ;
thunder 7 p.m.
Some thunder ;
rain, then cool,
clear, and calm ;
thick mist.
Good. Very
bad.
29, 7 p.m.
30, 4 a.m.
63°
56°
60°
55°
Dull ; wind
N.E.
Cloudy, some rain,
slight N.E. wind;
very dark and
close.
Very
good.
Very
good.
Eecord night
for light.
NOCTURE IN HUNTINGDONSHIRK. 131
In the spring of last year the pheasants were sitting in the covers, and
on June 19th the defendants came down into the neighboiirhood. They
erected a sheet on the roadway at night, and displayed lanterns for the
purpose of catching moths and other insects. The reclaimed land was
famed for its valuable insect specimens. The defendants were warned
by the keeper on the first evening that the surrounding covers were
preserves, and they were told to be exceedingly careful not to disturb
the pheasants. They said they understood, and remained in the road-
way, where they had a right to be. They stayed in the neighbourhood
for about ten or twelve days, when the keepers warned them that they
were doing what they were not entitled to do. Of course they had a
right to walk on the high road.
Mr. Buckmaster, K.C. (for the defendants) : But must not sit down.
(Laughter.)
Mr. Eawlinson : Well, to put it strictly, they must not.
Mr. Buckmaster : What happens if you are tired ? — I do not know,
but you must not sit down. What would you do ?
Mr. Rawlinson : Well, I should go to the nearest licensed house.
(Laughter.)
Continuing, counsel said the defendants were told to take their
sheets down, and on the Sunday night the keepers saw two of thenigo
on to the railway embankment, over which the plaintiff had sporting
rights. They went wandering about, swinging lanterns in the covers,
where also it was found that they had placed "sticky stufi" on the
barks of trees. It did not, said counsel, seem a great deal to complain
of, but such conduct would seriously injure a sporting estate, while
there was also the risk of a big fire. Apparently these defendants
came down to spend a holiday in the neighbourhood. When spoken
to, they said they intended to return in the following year and bring a
caravan. (Laughter.)
Mr. Justice Buckley : What are these defendants ?
Counsel replied that one was an undergraduate, and one a medical
student. Two of them were under age. The plaintiff was claiming an
injunction and damages.
Mr. Buckmaster : Are you asking for an inquiry into the number
of butterflies which were caught ?
Mr. Eawlinson said there was nothing about an inquiry. These
young men had tendered a shilling in satisfaction of any damage done,
but of course that was not satisfaction. It had been determined long
ago that a game-preserver was entitled to substantial damages against
persons who, after warniLg, trespassed on his property. There was
one case decided where £500 damages were given, although there was
not a single farthiugsworth of damage done.
Jackson, one of the plaintiff's keepers, said he ran after the boys
(the defendants) with his stick uplifted, but not with the intention
of strikuig them. He always went about carrying his stick up.
Mr. Buckmaster : So that it is handy for striking if you come across
a poacher. (Laughter.)
Mr. George Lissant Cox, one of the defendants, denied that he had
committed any act of trespass on the plaintiff's land, or disturbed the
game. In July last year, when he was in Huntingdonshire, he was a
medical student.
132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Cross-examined : They bad five lamps between tbem, and he
thought they had a right to do as they had on the roadside. At first
it was his intention to write to Mr. Fielden for permission to go on his
land, but he did not do so because he thought permission would be
refused. (Laughter.)
Mr. Eupert Brooke, another of the defendants, said he and his two
brothers (who were also defendants) were the sons of Mr. Arthur
Brooke, J. P., of South Kensington and Dorking. Except for going
once on to the roadside and once into the plaintiff's covert one night
they had never trespassed or committed any damage.
Cross-examined' by Mr. Kawlinson : What is the sticky stuff you
used ? — Treacle. (Laughter. )
The Judge : Perhaps you are asking this for ulterior purposes.
(Laughter.)
Mr. Eawhnson replied he knew nothing of moths, but confined
himself to partridges.
Other evidence was called.
Mr. Buckmaster submitted that the action was a frivolous, vexatious,
and contemptible one, and asked the judge to dismiss it.
Mr. Rawlinson pointed out for the plaintiff that a landlord was
entitled to his rights, and was perfectly entitled to preserve his land
from any sort of trespass.
The Judge, having reviewed the evidence of the alleged trespass by
the four boys, said he thought it was not a case for an injunction.
They had no intention of infringing anybody's rights. There was
also a claim for damages. There was no evidence whatever that any
damage was done. In the circumstances it seemed to be an oppressive
action. He would make an order for the payment of the shilling out
of court to the plaintiff, which had been paid in by the defendants, but
the plaintiff" would have to pay the defendants' costs.
Eoyal Infirmary, Liverpool. Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
LIFE-HISTOEY OF APORIA CRAT.EGI.
By F. W. Feohawk, F.E.S., M.B.O.U.
Wishing to see Aporia cratcegi in a wild state, and being
anxious to capture females for the purpose of working out its
life-history, my friend, Mr. F. G. Cannon, and I, during July,
1903, purposely visited a certain locality in Kent, which is the
home of this line insect. On the 12th, 13th, and 14th of that
month we had pleasure in finding several, both at rest^ and
on the wing, and captured several in very perfect_ condition.
Clover fields appeared particularly attractive as resting places.
Many we saw rise from the clover (not in bloom) when the sun
shone ; we also found them at rest on ears of corn, and upon the
blossoms of both red and white clover. Sometimes, while resting
on clover leaves, they are very conspicuous, and can easily be
detected at a distance of one hundred and fifty and two hundred
LIFE-HISTORY OF APORIA CRATiEGI. 133
yards. On the evening of the 18th I found a pair at rest on a
large red clover blossom ; they had evidently paired, as the
female was in very fresh condition. This one I kept for eggs,
and placed her on a plum-tree on the 15th, and two other
females I turned on a young plum tree covered over with gauze.
On the following day there was but little sunshine, consequently
no eggs were laid, but the next day (17th), being warm and
sunny, the two females on the small tree deposited three batches
of eggs, one batch on the upper side, and the two other batches
on the under side of the leaves. The leaf containing the smallest
batch I removed for examination. Before putting the butterflies
on the trees I fed them with sugar and water, which they drank
freely ; one continued sucking at the liquid for half-an-hour. I
also fed them daily when on the trees.
On the 23rd another batch of eggs deposited on the upper
surface of a leaf, and a smaller batch on the under side of
another leaf on the following day. Owing to the continuance of
cold, dull, wet weather, with only a very slight amount of sun-
shine, and that chiefly during early morning, they all remained
quiet day after day Two died during the first week of August,
and the last one died on the 9th August, without depositing any
eggs, — this one being that which I found at rest on clover on
July 13th, obviously the day it emerged ; she, therefore, lived
for twenty-seven days, which, probably, is about the duration of
life of this species in the perfect state. I may here mention
that fields of broad beans and lucerne in bloom are very
attractive ; the honey-dew on the bean leaves seems the greatest
attraction, not only to A.cratcegi, but to the common Whites as
well. Owing to the larvfB dying during hybernation, I again
visited the same locality in July, 1904, but found this species
much scarcer than in the previous year ; however, I captured
five more females on the 5th and 6th of that month. These I
placed on a small plum-tree on the morning of the 8th ; by
midday two batches of eggs were deposited, and another batch
on the 9th. (The tree, growing in a large flower-pot, was sunk in
the earth from July 8th until March 23rd following, when I
removed it indoors for examination, and placed it by a window
facing north -east exposec". to early morning sun). The eggs hatched
on August 1st, remaining in the egg state twenty-three days.
Eespecting the five batches of eggs laid July, 1903 ; the small
batch, consisting of about one hundred ova deposited July 17th,
remained, without changing colour, until August 8th, when they
became duller on the crown, and on the following day they assumed
an olive or greenish ochreous hue, and dark on the crown ; during
the night they commenced hatching, and all were hatched by early
morning on the 10th. They remained all that day clustered to-
gether upon the empty egg-shells, but in the evening they gradually
moved off. These likewise were twenty-three days in the egg.
134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
As the weather remained so cold and wet, and fearing the
other batches out-of-doors would not hatch, I moved another
lot indoors on August 20th. The following day they showed
signs of changing colour, and these also began hatching on the
night of the 23rd, and by the next evening all were hatched.
Another batch left on the tree out-of-doors changed colour on
the 24th, and hatched on the 26th. The two remaining batches
hatched during the first week in September.
The egg measures ^V ^^- liigli> and 5\y in. across the middle,
its greatest diameter ; in shp.pe it resembles a rather elongated
acorn ; the mieropyle is flat and smooth, there are usually
fifteen, but sometimes sixteen, longitudinal keels, seven running
from near the base to the summit, where each terminates in a
glassy globe enveloping an opaque white knob ; the remaining
keels are simple at the ends, disappearing into the surface by
the base of the globes ; the spaces between the keels are angular,
and very faintly ribbed transversely. The colour when first laid
is a bright, rich, primrose-yellow, and remains unchanged until
a day or two before hatching, as above described. They are
deposited in rows closely packed, and stand erect.
I think in a state of nature they would usually be deposited
on the under surface of the leaves, otherwise heavy rains would
be likely to dislodge them, as I find they are easily removed with
a finely-pointed wet sable-hair brush.
Directly after emerging from the egg the larvse measures j^ in.
long ; the body is cylindrical, of uniform thickness, and wrinkled
transversely ; on the upper half the segmental divisions are
clearly defined; there are three longitudinal rows of long fine white
hairs on each side above the spiracles, each having a large
bulbous base, and one immediately below the 'spiracle having a
flatter basie ; the anterior dorsal ones on each segment curve
forwards ; the posterior one is shorter and straight, and the
subspiracular one curves downwards, all have slightly knobbed
and clefted tips. On the ventral surface, including the claspers
and legs, are simple white hairs ; the spiracles are brown and
shining. The entire surface is densely sprinkled with minute
dusky points, giving it a rough texture. The body (including
the claspers) is pale ochreous yellow, the legs dusky, and the
head shining black, with a granular surface, -paAe olive-brown
eye-spots, and beset with about twenty fine whitish hairs, and a
pair of very small black bristles in the centre.
After leaving the egg-shells, which are considerably eaten,
they spin a web over the surface of the leaf, living gregariously,
all feeding upon the same part of the leaf. For the first twelve
days they live exposed upon and under a slight covering of web,
they then spin a denser web, and all retire within it. The first
moult occurred on or about Augnst23rd.
On August 24th a few emerged from the web, and feed on the
LIFE-HISTORY OF APORIA CRAT^GI. 135
upper cuticle of the leaf, ovei- which a thin layer of silk is
spun in connection with the silken nest, into which they re-
treat and rest after feeding ; only a few emerge at the time to
feed.
Shortly after the first moult it measures ^ in. long. The head
is large, black, and shining. On the first segment is a black,
chitinous band, and a black chitinous disc covering the dorsal
surface of the last segment, resembling the head. The ground
colour is an olive-yellow ; the surface is sprinkled with minute
black points and numerous long and short fine silky white hairs ;
some are very long and curved. The body is striped longitudinally
with brownish on the dorsal surface ; one stripe being medio-
dorsal, the others sub-dorsal. The ground colour of the spira-
cular region is greyish, with a very fine longitudinal brown
spiracular line ; the spiracles are black. If disturbed they crawl
rapidly, and retreat backwards like a micro-larva. When fifteen
days old it measures ^ in. long.
The larvae from the first batch of eggs, which hatched on
August 9th, moulted the second time on September 2nd ; others
moulted during September. It is in this stage after the second
moult that they hybernate.
They feed in relays, numbering about one or two dozen indi-
viduals, at a time ; they march out of the nest together, and feed
in a row side by side, feeding on the cuticle of the leaf, and retire
in a body within the nest, formed of a dense silken web spun
between the leaves. Many continued feeding until the third week
in October, when all entered into hybernation. They hybernate
in batches in separate compartments varying in size, and often
woven side by side in the interior of the nest, which is a tough,
dense, silken mass of a greyish colour, spun over the remaining
parts of the leaves upon which they fed, and around the
branches, generally between a small fork. On February 16th,
1904, I examined one of the hybernaculums, and found upon
cutting open one of the compartments, a little party of larvae
huddled together, the long, soft hair of their bodies inter-
mingling gives them the appearance of being enveloped in
down ; this, coupled with the density of the wall of the com-
partment and the mass've outer covering of web, aftbrds them
great protection against cold and damp, the whole combined
forming a very secure and snug abode.
On March 24th, 1905, three larvffi crawled out of one of
the hybernaculums, and rested on the outside of the web,
followed the next day by others.
On the 26th, a bright sunny day, several emerged from
different nests, and fed on the expanding buds, retreating into
the webs after feeding. On the 24th I put a few upon a sprig
of plum bearing tender young leaves, and by the following day
they had fed a little ; the next morning I found them feeding
136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
on the base of the leaf upon which they rested, in company
similar to before hybernating.
Directly after emerging from hybernation, and after second
moult, they are very small, only measuring ^ in. long, and
similar in all respects to previous stage, excepting the hairs
are longer, forming a somewhat dense covering.
Just before third moult it measures |- in. long.
First one moulted, third time, April 9th, 1905, others con-
tinued moulting during the next few days.
After third moult, and a few days before fourth moult, it
measures f in. long. The body is nearly cylindrical, and trans-
versely wrinkled ; the dorsal surface is black, with a sub-dorsal
longitudinal band, composed of orange blotches and speckles,
which cuts up the black into three stripes ; the sides and
ventral surface are olive- drab, minutely speckled with pale
ochreous ; on the dorsal surface are numerous slender bright
orange hairs, and longer silky pure white ones scattered over
the body, as well as a large number of shorter ones ; all the hairs
have shining, black, bulbous bases, each encircled by an ochreous
ring ; the head and legs are black, the former beset with hairs.
They rest together in compact parties, dispersing to feed
each time, and strip the twigs, leaving only the midribs of
the leaves, beginning first on the leaves at the end of the
branches and feeding downwards, returning to the tips to rest,
and spinning webs each journey, backwards and forwards, form-
ing a carpet of silk over the branches along which they travel.
First one moulted the fourth time April 21st, and all passed
through this moult by the end of that month. After fourth
and last moult, fully grown, about two hundred and eighty days
old, the larva measures from 1^- in. to If in. long. During
this last stage it increases greatly in size, being only f in. long
when first moulted, and the skin is rough and ample, which
becomes stretched and shining when fully grown. In shape it
is almost cylindrical, but slightly attenuated at each end. The
dorsal surface is black, with a sub-dorsal, longitudinal, ochreous-
orange band, composed of numerous speckles ; in the centre of
each rises a fine hair, with a tiny black shining bulbous base ;
all the hairs, excepting the white ones, are either orange or
amber, while the black surface is very finely granulated and
sprinkled with shorter and very fine black hairs, and a few long
wavy white ones, with an ochreous ring encircling the base
of each ; the whole surface below the sub-dorsal black band is
very glossy, of a purplish grey colour, thickly sprinkled with
whitish grey spots, each encircling a fine white hair, the entire
surface of the body being hairy ; the head is dull black and
covered with black hairs ; the anal segment, including the
claspers, is also black, the other claspers are unicolorous with
the body ; the legs and spiracles are shining black.
LIFE-HISTORY OF APORIA CRAT^GI. 137
They rest stretched out along the twigs, often in small
companies, l.ying side by side, always spinning silk over the
branches and leaves. Occasionally I found one suspended,
hanging by a web. If touched several times they suddenly start
crawling rapidly ; they neither feign death nor roll in a ring.
I found before hybernation several had fed on a laurel leaf
which had come in contact with the plum branch upon which
they were ; they ate a large part of the upper cuticle of the
leaf. I therefore tried a few larvae in the last stage with
laurel, and although they fed on some of the young leaves,
it caused them to vomit, and one died. Plum appears to be
mostly appreciated, and forms the chief food in a wild state.
The first larva spun up for pupating early morning of
May 14th, 1905, and pupated mid-day on the 16th, the trans-
formation occupying about fifty-five hours. All the remaining
pupated during the next week.
Three of the larvse when about | in. long produced ichneu-
mons (Apanteles) in a similar manner as they infest Pieris
hrassiccB, emerging in clusters, and spinning lemon-yellow
cocoons over the body of the host, after which the latter
gradually dies. Three more larger ones, and another full grown,
produced ichneumons on May 20th. The ichneumon apparently
deposited its eggs in the larvse in the previous autumn, as a few
occasionally crept through the gauze covering the tree, and
rested outside for a time, when undoubtedly they were discovered
by the parasite.
The pupa averages 1 in, in length ; the head is knobbed
in front ; at the base of the antenna is a short sharply-
pointed spike ; the meso-thorax is swollen, and keeled dor-
sally ; the waist sunken, a slight abdominal dorsal keel ; the
base of the wings angular ; on the second, third, and fourth
abdominal segments is a lateral keel ; the tongue-case protrudes
beyond the antennae, and is detached, forming a spike ; the anal
segment terminates in a flattened, slightly-curved horn, bearing
the cremastral hooks, which are firmly attached to an ample'
pad of silk, and a girdle of silk passes round the body at the
waist. The normal ground colour is a pale greenish yellow of
more or less intensity, sorue approaching a greenish whitish ; a
black stripe passes over the crown and thoracic keel, and a broad
black band runs along the ventral surface, including the antennae,
tongue, legs, and costal margins of the wings, only being broken up
at the base of the legs by the ground colour and yellow eye-spots.
The wings are broadly margined with black, and black vandyke
markings on the inner edge of hind margin ; a row of five black
spots form a median band, and usually there are one or two
small discoidal spots ; the spiracles are black, and surrounded
by conspicuous black markings ; on each segment is a dorsal
anterior black spot, and three sub-dorsal smaller ones, and two
ENTOM. — JUNE, 1906. N
138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
super-spiraciilar larger ones, these all form longitudinal rows.
The thorax is also spotted with black ; the frontal knob, dorsal
and lateral keels, as well as two spots on the prothorax and a
spot at the base of the wings and anal extremitj^ are all yellow.
The whole surface is irrorated, and, excepting the wings, it is
sprinkled with very fine extremely minute hairs. The ground
colour is liable to vary as well as the size of black markings.
Those that pupated in coloured boxes (which I put the larvae in
when ready to pupate) were affected by certain colours, as those
in yellow produced decidedly yellow pupas ; blue and green had
the same effect of producing green pupse, those on black and
grey surfaces became greyer, and those on white whiter.
During June, 1906, forty-eight perfect imagines emerged.
NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS.
A New Pkeventive of Gnat-bites. — All those who study natural
history in the field must have felt the want of a good preparation to
repel the attacks of flies, gnats, and midges, which in many localities
often make collecting anything but a pleasure. Two or three seasons
ago the writer discovered a substance which is thoroughly efficacious,
and quite harmless to a sensitive skin, besides possessing an odour
rather pleasant than otherwise. Several medical friends and other
entomologists have used this, and are united in its praise ; sometimes
we have even taken a siesta on a hot afternoon where flies were
swarming, without having been annoyed or even disturbed by them.
In boggy woods, such as the Lancashire mosses, where biting gnats,
&c., abound, it is best to rub a little of the liquid upon the exposed
parts of the skin before going into the wood ; but for day flies, such as
the larger Diptera, it is often sufficient to sprinkle a little upon the cap.
The feeling with which one sees a voracious gadfly or "cleg" come
charging down, only hurriedly to change his course when the aroma
strikes him, is, to say the least, very gratifying. Being of the nature
of a slowly volatile essential oil, the liquid does not damage one's
clothing in any way ; under the registered title, " Terrifly," it is packed
in a bottle convenient for the pocket, and containing about sufficient
for a season. Further particulars will be found on the advertisement
page. — Wm. Mansbkidge ; Liverpool.
Lakv^ of a. contiguaria. — When larvae-hunting in North Wales
at Easter, I was very pleased to find ten larvae of A. contiguaria, feed-
ing ou Cotyledon umbilicus, among heather, in a very sheltered corner
on the rocks. Though I have searched carefully for the past five or
six years for this larva, I have never before been able to discover it
feeding either by day or night ; nor do I remember to have seen any
record of its capture. It has been bred in odd specimens from a mis-
cellaneous lot of larvae, but not identified until the perfect insect
emerged. — Robert Tait, Jr. ; Eoseneath, Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire.
Brief Note on Hawaiian Butterflies. — Meyrick incorrectly writes
the name of our native Vanessid " Vmiessa tammcamea " (1899 Fauna
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 139
Haw.) ; the figure in Kotzebue's 'Reise ' (iii. pi. v. figs. 8 a and h) was,
indeed, so lettered, but the orthography, tameamea, attached to the
Eschscholtz's description (p. 207) ought to stand. The spelling in any
case is unfortunate, as the butterfly is nanaed from Kamehameha I.
the first Hawaiian "Over-lord"; t and /v are local variants, but the
omission of the " h's " completely alters the meaning. Anosia erippns
and Pyrameis atalanta, cardui, and kuntera occur in Oahu, though not re-
corded from there by Meyrick, who omits mention altogether of Pieris
rapes, introduced some years since on cabbages imported from San Fran-
cisco, and now fairly common in Oahu, Hawaii, &c. — G. W. Kirkaldy.
The Entomological Club. — A meeting was held on May 18th last,
at Wellfield, Liugards Road, Lewisham, the residence of Mr. Robert
Adkin, the host and chairman of the evening. Other members present
were Messrs. Donisthorpe, Porritt, and Verrall, and besides these there
were ten visitors.
Erratum. — In the April number of the ' Entomologist ' I recorded,
among other insects taken in Hertfordshire, the capture of Xylophada
scolopacina at Hitchiu, on the authority of Mr. A. H. Foster, of that
town. Mr. Foster's insect has since been identified as a variety of
Apamea didi/ma. — A. E. Gibbs ; St. Alban's.
CAPTUEES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Larv^ in North Wales at Easter, 1906. — Hybernatiug larvre
were very backward, but fairly plentiful, especially Agrotis agathma,
Epunda lichenea, and Boannia repandata. Larvffi of Agrotis ashivorthii
were not so freely obtained as last year, but they pupated more
satisfactorily than they have done for some years, quite ninety per
cent, having gone down successfully. — Robert Tait, Juu.; Roseneath,
Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire.
Dasycampa rubiginea at Light. — I captured a specimen of D. ruhl-
ginea at light on April 11th last. — F. Pope; Weirfield Road, Exeter.
Eupithecia consignata in Hampshire. — On May 24th, 1906, I boxed
a " pug" resting on the bark of a small hawthorn tree, in a hedge by
the roadside at Hayling Island. It proved to be a female Kupithecia
consignata in fine condition, and will, I hope, oblige with a nice batch
of ova, as she has already deposited thirteen eggs. — Alfred E. Tonge ;
Anicroft, Reigate, May 26th, 1906.
Field Work in 1905. — Most of the work done in 1905 consisted
in night collecting in the cultivated fens, and an occasional evening in
the neighbouring Huntingdonshire woods ; as a natural result most of
the insects taken were Nocture. Light and sugar were the means of
capture most employed, except when the flowers of various grasses,
and later of the common reed, proved more attractive.
January. — Five Cncidlia verhasci forced out ; two PhigaUa pilosaria
emerged.
March. — Hybernia marginaria, very common, a large percentage
140 THE ENTOMOI-OGIST.
being dark varieties. A little work was done at sallow-blossoms, but
only common species were seen, viz., Pachnohia ruhricosa, Tanlocampa
stabilis, T. instabilis, T. cruda, T. munda, and Calocampa exoleta — the
only hybernated species seen.
x\pRiL. — Diurnea fagella, on oaks ; several nearly black, and the
majority much darker than Northamptonshire specimens taken during
the same month. At sallows, in addition to the species above named,
Mamestra brassiccB, T. gracilis, and T. rjothica were seen.
June. — Sugar was remarkably successful. The localities worked
were chiefly the dykes intersecting the ordinary cultivated fen fields,
and occasionally the woods mentioned before. Gate-posts and thistle-
heads were sugared ; the latter only because of the scarcity of posts,
for it was very difficult to select the moth required from among the
struggling mass of Agrotis exclamationis, A. segetum, and other common
species. The posts were the best, but even on these it was hard to
make sure of everything wanted, owing to the endeavours of an
attendant host of moths waiting for a chance to force their way on to
the sugar. The species obtained in June and the first few days in
July were ThecLa pruni, very local in Hunts, but common where it
occurred, ill. arundinis, nine specimens were taken by the writer and
a friend one night at Wicken. One of these is noticeable for its large
size in comparison with most of the modern Wicken specimens.
Spilosoma [Arctia) urticcE, three specimens at light at Wicken. Cymato-
phora ocularis, one at sugar on poplars. Leiicania straminea, three
specimens ; a new record for this district. L. ohsoleta, appeared in
fair numbers ; this species, too, we have never noticed here before.
Senta maritima (jdva:), a few among reeds, but none of any marked
variety. Xylophasia polyodou, a positive nuisance ; in the fen many
were of a very dark brown form. Xeiuia reticulata [saponaria), fairly
common. Miana strigilis, common ; nearly all the specimens noticed
during the early part of June were var. mthiops; later the numbers
of type and variety were about equal. Agrotis exclamationis, more
numerous even than X. polyodou, and in great variety, the most
striking form being one having the ground colour rather light, and
the three stigmata an intense black. A. corticea, rare, two specimens
of a smoky black colour. Acidalia evmtaria, plentiful in the fen dykes.
Bapta bimacnlata (taminata), common and variable in size. Cidaria
sagittata, although we see the larva every year in its natural habitat,
this is the first time the imago has been taken in flight, i^'ascia
cilialis, a few at light at Wicken. Dioryctria abietella, one specimen,
the only one ever noticed here. This is a curious occurrence, as it
was taken in the garden, where there are only one or two old fir-trees,
and there is no fir plantation in the district.
August. — Three specimens of Tapinostola ehjmi were taken on the
Norfolk sand-hills. At home, one morning's beating produced two
larv« of Acronycta strigosa, but nothing else. On the whole, August
was the worst month of the year ; nothing came to sugar, nor was
anything of note obtained in any other way.
September and October. — Keed-heads were more productive than
sugar, and the species taken were Calamia lutosa, Agrotis saucia,
Xanthia cerago, X. silago, and X. gilvago, Cirrhcedia xej-ampelina, and
Epunda lutulenta ; of the latter the males were largely in excess at
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 141
sugar, while at reed-heads the sexes were about equal. Calocampa
vetusta was also taken. A few full-grown larvae of L. ohsoleta were
taken hybernating in the reed-stems of the preceding year. One pupa
of Sphinx convolvuli, which, like most of those we have obtained lately,
has not survived.
Among a number of insects kindly collected by a friend in Ireland
may be mentioned X. subiustris, one specimen of an olive instead of
the usual reddish tone, and one of Ino statices taken on a mountain-
side late in August.
The following is a list of the Macros taken ; most of them, except
as noticed above, occurred commonly: — P. machaon, C. edusa, P. cardui,
M. galathea, T. w-album, S. ocellatus, M. porcellus, C. elpenor, G, ligni-
perda, I, statices, Z, JilipendidcE, E. jacobaia;, S. fuliginosa, S. mendica,
S. luhiicepeda, S. vicnthastri, 0. cfonostigma, T. cratctgi, S. carpini,
E. apiciaria, A. prunaria, S. iUimaria, 0. bidentata, E. alniaria,
B. hirtaria, I. vernaria, P. bojidaria, E. omicronaria, H. auroraria,
A. luteata, E. heparata, A. scutulata, A. bisetata, A. immutata, A. emu-
taria, B. taminata, P. petraiia, A. cBscularia, 0. dilutata, L. didymata,
E. alchemillata, E. decolorata, E. centaureata, E. succenturiata, E.
subfulvata, E. pijgnxBata, E. vulgata, E. exiguata, E. rectangtclata,
Y. impluviata, M. albicillata, 21. montanata, M. Jiactuata, A. rubidata,
A.- badiata, A. derivata, C. ferrugata, C. unidentana, C. hilineata,
P. tersata, P. vitalbata, S. dubitata, 8. vetuiata, S. certata, 0. miata,
C. sagittata, C.immanata, C.testata, C. popidata, C.fulvata, C.pyraliata,
C. dotata, P. coinitata, E. mensuraria, P. falcnla, P. unguicida, C. spinula,
T. derasa, B. glandifera var. impar, B. perla, A. im, A. aceris, A. mega-
cepliala, S. venosa, L. conigera, L. lithargyria, L. pudorma, L. comma,
L. impura, L. paliens, C. despecta, T. Julia, N. typha, G, flavago,
H. micacea, A. ptttris, X. lithoxylea, X. polyodon, X. hepatica, D. pinastri,
H. popidaris, L. testacea, M. anceps, M. brassiccB, M. lursicarm, A. gemina,
A. unanimis, A. fibrosa, A. ocxdea, ill. strigiiis, M. fascinncxda, M. literosa,
M. furmicula, M. arcuosa, G. trilinea, C. morpheus, C. alsines, C.
blanda, C, cubicularis, R. tenebrosa, A. siiffasa, A. saucia, A. segeticm,
A. exclamationis, A. corticea, A. nigricans, A.ravida, A.tritici, T.orhona,
T. pronuba, N. augur, N. plecta, N. triangulicm, N. bruimea, N. f estiva,
N. rubi, N. umbrosa, N. xanthographa, P. rubricosa, T. gothica, T. insta-
bilis, T. stabilis, T. gracilis, T. munda, T. cruda, 0. ypsilon, A. jnstacina,
A. lunosa, X. cerago, X. silago, X. gilvagn, X. femiginea, C. xerampelina,
C. dijfinis, D. capsincola, H. serena, P. fiavicincta, E. lutidenta, M.
oxyacanthcB, P. meticulosa, E. lucipara, A. herbida, A. nehulosa, A.
advena, H. adusta, H. piotea, hi. dentina, H. chenopodii, II. suasa,
H. oleracea, H, pisi, H. genista, C. vetusta, C. exoleta, C. verbasci,
C. umbratica, E. fuscula, B. argentula, P. chrysitis, P. festucce, P. iota,
P. gamma, G. libatrix, A. tragopogonis, M. typica, C. nupta, E. mi,
H. rostralis, jR. sericealis, H. grisealis, H. cribraiis, P. fimbrialis, P.
farinalis, P. glaucinalis, A. pinguinalis, A. cuprcalis, P. purpuralis,
H. cespitalis, N. cilialis, C. lemnalis, P. stratiotalis, H. stagnalis, II.
nymphealis, B. fuscaUs, E. crocealis, S. lutealis, S. olivalis, S. pruiialis,
S. hybridalis, 8. pallida, 8. forficellus, M. cribrella, H. saxicola, E.
elutelia, D. abietella, R. advenella, O.ahenella. — J. C. and H. F. Fryer;
Gains College, Cambridge.
142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOCIETIES.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
i¥arc/t8f/i.— Mr. R,Adkin,F.E.S., President, in the chair.— Mr. R.Adkiu
exhibited pupa-cases, in situ, of several species of JllgeridiB (Sesiidae),
including jE. culiciformis, M. scoliifonnis, JE. asiliformis, and /E. ich-
neiimoniformis. — Mr. West (Greenwicli), thirty species of Hemiptera,
which he ^Yas presenting to the Society's collections. — Several mem-
bers remarked on the season. Sallows had been observed in flower as
far buck as Christmas, and were probably fully out by the first week in
March in the south. Hybemia rupicapraria was out early in January ;
Tdniocampa pulverulenta, Asphalia ftavicornis, Plwmlia pedaria, Xyssia
hispidaria, and T. stabilis were already out; the last-named one was worn.
March 22nd. — Mr. E. Adkin, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr.
A. Harrison, for Mr. C. Oldham, fine examples of male Cosmotriche
potatoria, with the pale female coloration. — Mr. F. M. B. Carr, Scotch
and South English A. flaviconds, showing the former to be generally
darker, with more strongly marked bands. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, Erebia
episodea, Physciodes ismeiia and Satijrus nepliele received from M. A. J.
Croker, Eedvers, Assiniboia. — Mr. L. W. Newman, short series of
Leucania vitellina and Xyssia lappona, with beautiful and extreme
melanic forms of Tephrosia consonaria and Boannia yemmaria — Mr. S.
Edward, a large number of exotic Lycaeuidas. — Mr. R. Adkin, a speci-
men of Valeria oleayina, and discussed the reputed occurrence of the
species in Great Britain. — Mr. T. W. Hall, dark form of Crumodes
exulis from Raunock, with a powdered light form from the Shetland
Isles for comparison. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Beport Secretary.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — 202nd Meetiny, March 19th.
— Chairman, Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President. — The meeting was
held in the Society's new rooms at Avebury House, 55, Newhall
Street. — Mr. J. T. Fountain showed a very fine variety of Phiyalia
pedaria. It was practically a black-veined moth, the whole of the
ground being almost equally suflused with grey, and the veins and
costa being very decidedly darker ; it was found at Highbury, near
Birmiugham. — Mr. R. S. Searle, three specimens of Borkhausenia
((Ecophora) pseudo-spretella, found about three inches under ground
when pupffi digging. — Mr. J. T. Fountain, a piece of cork, into which
a larva of Acronycta psi had bored its way and pupated ; he thought it
was a very unusual habit for the species. — Mr. Gilbert Smith, a log of
larch containing Tetropium. crawshayli, and gave details of its life-
history. He said that it feeds only in larch, and only in trees which
had just begun to fail. So few trees were in the right condition, at
the right time, as a rule, that he thought the beetles must possess
some powerful sense to enable them to find them. Mr, C. J. Wainwright
suggested that it was perhaps not the fact that the beetles found the
right trees, but that they laid their eggs broadcast, and those which
were in the right place started new colonies, and the others died away.
Mr. E. C. Rossiter said that he thought it was scent, and that, perhaps,
when the trees began to fail, some chemical change produced a stronger
or different smell. He said that turpentine was very attractive, and
that some years ago he had tried a number of experiments in the open
air, in Exhibition Road, London, upon turpentine, orange and lemon
SOCIETIES. 143
oils, &c., and that they had attracted great numbers of moths, includ-
ing many Zeuzera pyrina, which must have come a long way.
Ajn'il 30th.— The President in the chair. — Mr. R. C. Bradley
exhibited a species of Cheilosia taken at West Run ton in 1900, when
he and Mr. Wainwright found it not uncommonly ; it had remained
unrecognized until now, but Mr. Verrall having sent some of them on
to Becher, it was pronounced by him to be velutina, a species new to
Britain. — Mr. J. T. Fountain, a varied series of local Hybemia margi-
naria, including one remarkably pale specimen, very pale and quite
bleached-looking, and somewhat under-sized, taken at King's Heath
on April 1st last. The majority were dark, tending towards fuscata,
which is a common local form. — Mr. J. Simkins also showed H. mar-
ginaria, including both light and dark forms, from Solihull ; also
specimens of 2IacrothyJacia rubi, which he had succeeded in rearing by
forcing. He fed them on oak, hybernated them in moss out of doors,
kept them out of doors until January, and after waiting until they had
been frozen hard, brought them into a temperature of ninety degrees.
In two days they spun up, and in a fortnight emerged. He regarded
the freezing before forcing to be an important item in the process.
Whilst in the pupal state he teased them with drops of water ; they
would then work themselves from the bottom to the top of their long
cocoons rapidly, but as soon as the annoyance was over would drop
quietly and quickly back, in spite of their recurved spines ; he
wondered how this was managed, whether by chance the spines were
in any way retractile. — Mr. H. W. Ellis showed Amara nitida, from
Knowle, where it is not uncommon, though usually a very rare beetle.
— Mr. Gilbert Smith, a number of working drawers of larvffi, &c., of
Coleoptera ; one showed a very remarkable larva, apparently of a
Lamiid beetle, but whereas Lamiid larvce are quite legless, this showed
remarkable rudimentary legs, which was a new feature altogether.
Unfortunately the larva was unique and died, but as far as he could
tell it appeared to be near to Mesosa nubila. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-
Baker, a collection of Lepidoptera, made in the Lake District last year.
Also two moths which had previously been exhibited by Mr. W. E.
Collinge, and described as seriously destructive to cocoa-nut palms in
Fiji ; they had proved to be nesv, and to belong to a new genus of the
Syntomiidffi. — Colbran J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.
City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
April 3rd. — Mr. L. W. Newman, of Bexley, was elected a member of
the Society. — Mr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited Hybemia leucophccuria , from
Richmond Park, including two melanic specimens ; also very dark
Nyssia hispidaria, from the same locality. — Mr. G. G. C. Hodgson, a
cocoon of Zygana (ilipendnlcji, found on a hawthorn bush two feet
above the ground. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a series of Anticlea badiata, bred
from Surbiton ova, the emergence extending from February 1st
to March 22nd, although the larvae pupated almost simultaneously. —
Mr. A. W. Mera male and female hybrids of Xysaia lappimnria x zonaria ;
several pairings inter se were obtained, but no ova resulted, despite the
fact that the females went through the act^'ons of oviposition. — Mr. A.
Sich read a paper entitled, " A Contribution to the Study of the Micro-
Lepidopterous Fauna of the Loudon District," and laid before the Society
a preliminary list of the Micro-lcpidoptera of South-west London.
144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
April nth. — Mr. C. P, Pickett, Pararge erjeria, third brood, bred
August, 1904, and their descendants, which passed the winter as pupae
and emerged in March and April, 1905. — Mr. T. H. Hamling, larvte of
C. dominula, from Kingsdown, Kent, where he had also found larvse of
Liparis chrijsorrhcea plentiful. — S. T. Bell, Hon. Sec.
EECENT LITEEATUEE.
Proceedinqs of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
1905-6. Pp. i-xvi, 1-123. With Plates, Diagrams, and Map.
The Society's Rooms, Hiberuia Chambers, London Bridge. 1906,
Among the papers of special interest to the entomologist are —
" Our British Plume Moths," by Mr. J. W. Tutt ; " On the Length-
ened Period of the Pupal Stage in sundry Species of Lepidoptera," by
Mr. R. Adkin; " The Genus Euryvms {Colias),'' by Mr. H. J. Turner.
In the Presidential Address, Mr. Hugh Main refers to the increased
attention now given to the early stages of Lepidoptera, and he touches
on the Mendelian hypothesis in regard to insects.
There are also among the papers and other contents of this volume
a resume of a lecture by Mr. D. J. Scourfield on Mendel's Law of
Heredity, and Reports of the Field Meetings held during the year.
Mr. Adkin's account of the Seal meeting is accompanied by a map
of the district, as well as two plates showing some of the "Chart"
scenery ; the latter are from photographs taken by Mr. Step.
The Natural History of Selborne. By the Rev. Gilbert White, M.A.
Rearranged, classified in subjects by Charles Mosley. Crown
8vo, pp. 266. London : Elliot Stock. 1905.
This popular work was first published in the year 1789, and since
that time it has passed through many and various editions. In the
present volume the celebrated letters have been arranged uuder
the different subjects to which they refer. Thus in reference to insects
(Entomology), the few letters in which various species are mentioned
are given in their original sequence, but are arranged uuder the
names of the orders to which the species belong. There is a useful
index, and a facsimile reproduction of the original frontispiece.
We have also received the following : —
A Study of the Aquatic Coleoptera and their'^Surroimdi7}gs in the Norfolk
Broads District. By Frank Balfour Browne. (Reprinted
from the ' Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists'
Society,' vol. viii.)
Lepidoptera from the Edinburtjh {or Forth) District: Further Piecords.
By William Evans. (Reprinted from ' The ' Annals of Scottish
Natural History,' July, 1905.)
Manchester Microscopical Society :§Annual Pieport and Transactions, 1904.
Pp. 86. Plates i-iii. Contains a paper dealing with Forest
Entomology, entitled "Further Notes on Arboreal Insects," by
A. T. Gillanders.
Tlie Cultiration of Silkworms. A Guide to their Bational Treatment, xrith
notes on every species grown in Ceylon. By Percy N. Braine.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.] JULY, 1906. [No. 518.
COMPLETION OF THE LIFE-HISTOEY OF LYC^NA
ARION.
By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.
^^^U:
Lyccena arion larva.
Since July, 1895, I have been endeavouring to complete the
life-history of Lyccena avion, thereby trying to solve the mystery
which has hitherto surrounded the last stages of this remark-
able larva. Notes and descriptions of its earlier stages will be
found in the 'Entomologist,' vol. sxxii. pp. 104-6 (May, 1899) ;
vol. xxxvi. pp. 57-60 (Mar^h, 1903); and in vol. xxxviii. pp. 193-4
(August, 1905), is the description of the pupa which Mr. A. L.
Rayward and I had the pleasure of discovering in Cornwall last
July. This success led to our determination of again visiting
the Cornish coast in the endeavour of finding the larva in its
last stage, and our hopes of making its acquaintance were realized
on the afternoon of June 3rd last. As may be imagined, it was
with no small amount of satisfaction that we then, for the first
time, had before us a natural object which had never been seen
by anyone before, and had been wrapped in mystery and re-
mained one of the greatest of entomological puzzles.
ENTOM. — JULY, 1906. O
146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
By the observations I previously carried out in connection
with the relations existing between this larva and ants (recorded
in vol. xxxvi. pp. 58-9), and not being able to discover any proof
showing that they passed their last stage in ants' nests, also
from the site chosen by the larva for pupation, it appeared likely
that the larva fed on either the blossom or the tender shoots of
the younger furze bushes ; and this idea was strengthened not
only by the position of the pupa, but also by the usual habit of
the butterfly in selecting the flower-heads of thyme growing up
through the young furze, especially those freshly grown after
being burnt down, which are shorter, dense, and of tender
growth, to deposit their eggs upon. Therefore, upon arrival at
the locality where we previously (last July) watched the females
depositing, we set steadily and systematically at work in closely
examining every particle of growth and surface of the ground.
This occupied the whole of the first day and half of the next ;
the intervening night was spent in making a careful search by
lamp- light. As this all proved fruitless, we then determined on
searching all the most likely-looking ants' nests ; first one, then
another, was carefully dug up and searched without any satis-
factory result; but, knowing the object of our investigation must
be somewhere in the immediate vicinity, we continued our task,
when at length, upon shaking part of the crown of the nest over
a cloth, a goodly- sized, plump, cream-coloured, grub-like larva
fell out, which I instantly identified as a full-grown arion larva.
On closer examination, I noticed that the disc on the first
segment appeared exactly of the same size as in the larva after
the third moult and before hybernating, and that its head was
so disproportionately small for the size cf its body, that I at
once concluded it had not passed through another moult, but
could not decide upon this for certain until microscopically
examining all detail later on. To our surprise, in the same
small portion of ants' nest, we found three more arion larvae.
Three were almost similar in size, about j% in., and one a good
•■ deal smaller, measuring only f in. long. These four larvae were
only just beneath the surface among the roots of the little plants
of grass growing with the thyme ; the soil surrounding them was
loose and friable, worked up by the ants. There were, in com-
pany with the arion, ants and their larvae and pupae.
Upon the success of finding four larvee together in the space
of about three inches square, we felt almost sure of finding more;
but although we devoted another hour or two that evening and
part of the next day in examining a great number of ants' nests,
we were unable to find any more, which appears remarkable,
especially after finding four in one nest. Considering the large
quantity of nests examined, I doubt if future searching will prove
a very successful undertaking.
Description of larva : The fully-grown larva, after third and
COMPLETION OF THE LIFE-HISTORY OF LYC^NA ARION. 147
last moult, measures j^^ ^^- loiig- This remarkable caterpillar
passes over ten months of its existence in its last stage, and
that is after its third moult, as upon a careful microscopical
examination of all structural detail, I find every part absolutely
unchanged, which accounts for its extremely small head, which
is out of all i^roportion to the size of the larva, and only propor-
tionate soon after the third moult, when it measures only ^ in.
long. The small black dorsal disc on the first segment now
appears as a mere speck. The head is set on a very flexible
retractile neck which can be readily protruded beyond the first
segment while the larva is in motion ; but when resting, the
head is completely hidden and withdrawn into the ventral sur-
face of the segment. Dorsal view : Both anterior and posterior
segments are rounded, the body gradually increasing in width to
the tenth segment. The segmental divisions are deeply cut,
each segment being laterally convexed. Side view : First
anterior and last three posterior segments somewhat flattened
dorsally and projecting laterally ; second to ninth segments
humped dorsally ; the medio-dorsal furrow usual to Lyccena larvae
is, in avion, only indicated on the posterior half of each segment;
the sides are sloping and convoluted to the spiracles ; the lateral
ridge is dilated, swollen, and prominent, but rounded, and the
ventral surface is full and of a bulbous character ; the rather
small feet are well provided with strongly-curved hooks. All
other structural details are as in the description given of the
larva after third moult in vol. xxxii. p. 105. But on examining
the full-grown specimen, I find that all the long dorsal hairs
have been broken or worn off short, leaving only a series of
basal stumps.
The colour is a pale creamy ochreous, with a pinkish lilac
tinge along the lateral ridge and surrounding both the first and
last segments. When first found, the entire skin had a shining
distended appearance, as if too tight for its obese proportions.
Although I have not yet been able to ascertain its actual food
or manner of feeding, I think there is but little doubt that
it is tendered by the ants (Lasius flavus), in the same way
as their own larvae are fed from mouth to mouth with food the
ants disgorge. This poirt of its life-history I hope to clear up
later on.
The larva described pupated on the surface of the ground,
free of web, on the evening of June 10th. At first the pupa is a
clear pale apricot-yellow, which very gradually deepens to a
dark amber colour, excepting the wings, which remain light
ochreous.
June, 1906.
148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
DESCEIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN
CICADID^.
By W. L. Distant.
The British Museum has just acquired from Queensland a
Cicada of very exceptional interest. It belongs to the genus
Cyclochila, founded by Amyot and Serville in 1843, of which
only one species (C. australasm), figured by Donovan in 1805,
was hitherto known in entomological records.
Cyclochila virens, sp. n.
(? . Body above olivaceous green, the abdomen darker than head
and thorax ; body beneath paler and brighter green, the abdomen
shining brownish green ; transverse striations to front and face, ante-
rior lateral margins of vertex, eyes, lateral margins of prouotum,
narrow posterior margins to dorsal abdominal segments, lateral mar-
gins of clypeus, inner areas of coxae and trochanters and the rostrum,
pale or dark tawny brown ; tarsi, anterior tibise and apex of rostrum
fuscous brown ; ocelli bright shining yellow placed in a small tri-
angular black fascia; basal margins of eyes more or less sanguineous;
opercula distinctly overlapping at inner basal areas ; tegmina and
wings hyaline, the venation green ; tegmina with the costal mem-
brane, post-costal area, and basal cell green, wings with nearly half of
anal area green.
Allied to C. australasicE, Don., but differing by the overlapping
basal areas of the opercula, and the straighter and less sinuate lateral
margins to same, less ampliate and nonangulate lateral margins of the
pronotum, shorter and less produced head, shorter and broader abdo-
men which beneath is obliquely inclined upward, face less prominently
transversely striate, &c. Long. excl. tegm. <? 43 millim. Exp. tegm.
122 millim.
Hab. Queensland (F. P. Dodd, Brit. Mus.).
NEW AMERICAN BEES.— I.
By T. D. a. Cogkerell.
(Concluded from p. 127.)
Perdita bishoppi, n. sp.
$ . Length 4 mm. or slightly over ; male 3^^ or rather more ; in
ray table (Proc. Phila. Acad.) the female runs to P. californica, male ;
the male runs to the same, or, by reason of its paler nervures, would
run as well to P. vespertilio, male.'''- It is also near P. vagans. From
viKjnyis and vespertilio it is readily known (male) by the much shorter
lateral face-marks ; it also differs conspicuously in the face-marks from
californica.
* P. vespertilio was described only from the male. Both sexes were
taken at flowers of A'plopa2}pus (s. lat.) on the sand-hills at Mesilla, New
NEW AMERICAN BEES. 149
2 . Head dark bluish gi-een, thorax a yellower green, quite hairy ;
mandibles with the apical half ferruginous, and the basal with a pallid
patch ; mouth-parts long for so small a species ; face-marks dull pale
yellowish ; clypeus light, except the usual dots ; lateral marks quadrate,
somewhat broader than long, not reaching above level of clypeus ; no
supraclypeal or dog-ear marks ; flagellum brown beneath, extreme tip
almost orange ; wings strongly iridescent ; nervures and margin of
stigma sepia ; marginal cell ordinary, the post-stigmatal part about as
long as substigmatal ; third discoidal distinct ; legs piceous, small
joints of tarsi becoming pallid ; abdomen brown-black, without markinr/s ;
venter dark brown ; apical plate ferruginous.
<y . Smaller, but in general like the female, having the same face-
markings ; base of mandibles and flagellum beneath pale ; anterior
tibife wholly light in front.
Hah. Paris, Texas, August 26th, 1905 ; two females, one
male, on plant not determined (F. C. Bishopp). Sent by Mr.
Crawford. Also allied to P. igiiota.
Perdita hishoppi, var. (or ignota ?).
At Handley, Texas, August 3rd, 1905 ; Mr. J. C. Crawford
collected two males and two females of a Perdita at flowers of
Isopappus divaricatiis (Nuttall). One of the females would pass
very well for P. ignota, CklL, except that the front is minutely
rugulose, and only the second and third abdominal segments
have transverse white marks. This specimen also approaches
P. vespcrtilio, in that the face-marks are white, and the flagellum
is entirely pale beneath. The lateral marks are reduced to
roundish white spots not nearly reaching orbital margin. The
nervures and stigma are wholly pale. The female vespertilio has
a fine broadly interrupted whitish line at the extreme base of
second segment, representing the first white band of ignota and
the insect from Isopappus. Comparing the Isopappus female
more minutely with the type of hishoppi, it is seen that the
thorax is bluish green instead of yellowish green; the labial
palpi seem not to be quite the same — for instance, the second
joint is not over 120 /x long, but 150 in hishoppi ; and, more
especially, the apical plate of the abdomen is narrowly truncate,
the truncation about 45 ft across, and emarginate, whereas in
hishoppi the truncation Is quite 80 fi across, and not at all
emarginate. The pollen-grains collected by the Isopappus female,
and those by type hishoppi, look to me exactly the same; globular,
spinulose, about 25 //. diameter, appearing white when seen singly.
So far, the Isopappus insect seems quite distinct from hishop)pi;
but the other Isopappus female, collected at the same time and
Mexico, June 27tli, 1897. The female vespertilio differs from hishoppi by
the white face-marks, the lateral marks somcwhft larger and trianguhir, the
flagellum entirely pale beneath, and the pallid taisi. They are, however,
very similar. The lateral marks of female vespertilio are shaped as in the
male, but considerably smaller.
150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
place, has no white marks on abdomen, the nervures are partly
darkened (the marginal cell and border of stigma quite as in
hishoppi), and the apical plate of the abdomen is entirely as in
hishoppi. Yet the face-marks are white (the clypeus has two
blackish bars), the mandibles have the base wholly dark, and
the labrum is dark. The mesothorax is coloured exactly as in
bishojjpi.
The males have small lateral face-marks ; not at all the large
marks of P. vespertilio. They have not the white lines on the
abdomen.
It is impossible to reach a perfectly satisfactory interpretation
of these Isopappus specimens, but they appear to be intergrades
(or hybrids ?) between hishoppi and ignota.
Perdita cambarella , n. sp.
$ . Length about or a little over 4 mm. ; maleSf . The female, in
my table (Proc. Phila. Acad.), runs to P. chnmccsaraclut, but differs
conspicuously from that by the much less shiny thorax ; the abdomen
is also a deeper shade of red. The clypeal marking somewhat recalls
P. asteris. The male shows some resemblance to P. vagans and
vespertilio.
? . Head and thorax green, for the most part a rather yellowish
green, but the face strongly bluish green ; thorax above hairy, and
dullish ; mandibles with a large yellow basal patch ; face-markiugs
yellow (reddened by cyanide in type), confined to clypeus and lateral
marks ; clypeus with the upper lateral corners broadly dark, the yellow
sending a large pointed process upwards in the middle line, and a slight
projection at each side, reminding one of the rostrum of certain cray-
fishes [Cambarus) ; lateral face-marks triangular, the upper corner not
reaching level of antennae ; antennae dark above, yellow beneath ; pro-
thorax with two yellow marks on upper margin, and marks on
tubercles ; nervures and broad margin of stigma sepia-brown ; mar-
ginal cell normal, its post-stigmatal part about as long as substigmatal ;
third discoidal distinct ; anterior knees, and tibiro in front, yellow ;
abdomen broad, bright deep apricot colour, without markings, except a
fine longitudinal black line on each extreme side of second segment ;
venter the same colour.
3 . Smaller ; head and thorax bluer ; clypeus all light ; tarsi very
pale yellowish ; nervures colourless, but margin of stigma pale brown ;
abdomen suffused with dusky, so that it is brown rather than red, or
red with a broad dusky band on second segment only.
Maxillary palpi 6-jointed ; labial palpi 4-jointed not especially
elongated ; first joint about 450 /x, second 120, third, 75, fourth 65 ;
claws of female simple, of male cleft.
Hah. Paris, Texas, August 26th, 1905 ; at flowers of plant
not determined (the pollen collected is very light yellow, the
grains spherical) ; two of each sex (F. C. Bishopp). The name
P. camharella has reference to the resemblance of the clypeal
marking of the female to the end of the rostrum of Cambarus.
The specimens were sent by Mr, J. C. Crawford.
University of Colorado : March 15th, 1906.
151
ON SOME NEOTEOPICAL VESPID^.
By p. Cameron.
Eumenes henricus, sp. nov.
Black, the head and thorax densely covered with pale pubescence,
which, on the vertex and mesonotum, has a fulvous tint ; a mark
between the antennae, its upper part distinctly narrower than the
lower, a line on the sides of the upper half of the clypeus, a short
narrow line on the top of outer orbits, yellow ; the apices of the basal
two abdominal segments narrowly, of the others broadly rufous (pro-
bably discoloured) ; the inner apical half of the mandibles and the fore
tibife in front obscure rufous (perhaps a discoloured yellow). Wings
fuscous violaceous. Female. Length to end of second abdominal seg-
ment, 13 mm.
Panama. Belongs to the Division Alpha, h (Syn. Am.
Wasps, 92).
Clypeus smooth, impunctate below, the upper part sparsely, weakly
punctured ; the rest of the head, thorax, and second segment of abdo-
men closely and strongly punctured. Clypeus widened below, its apex
with a shallow rounded incision in the middle. Thorax short, broad,
the sides rounded in front ; the sides of the metanotum broadly
rounded ; the depression is on the apical half only ; it is narrow at the
base, becoming gradually widened towards the apex. Abdominal
petiole long, distinctly longer than the head and thorax united, but
not quite so long as the rest of the abdomen ; its basal third slightly
narrowed, sparsely punctured and shining at the apex, the rest more
strongly and closely punctured ; close to the apex, ni the middle, is a
shallow transverse not very distinct furrow, which becomes transversely
widened and deepened at the apex ; the apex has a raised border ; the
second segment is elongated pyriform, almost twice longer than the
width at the apex ; the base is clearly narrowed, becoming gradually
wider towards the apex, which is smooth and slightly raised ; the
petiole is not much depressed above ; the apex, looked at especially
from the sides, is seen to be transversely furrowed.
The thorax is clearly longer than wide ; it has no longitudinal
furrows. The species looks like a small form of E. centralis,
Gam. ; apart from the latter having the clypeus, base of legs,
and pleuras marked with rufous, it may be known by the much
less strongly punctured head and thorax, by the metanotum
being furrowed throughout, and by the abdomen being perfectly
smooth.
Polyhia tapajosensis, sp. nov.
Black, tinged with brown ; the legs and abdomen rufous brown ;
the apex of the first abdominal segment narrowly yellow; wings fuscous
violaceous, the nervures and stigma black. Prothorax without lateral
angles. Female. Length to end of second abdomiual segment,
13 mm.
Piio Tapajos, Amazons (Prof. J. W. H. Trail).
152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Head and thorax densely covered with silvery pubescence. Ctypeus
smooth and shining, longer than wide ; in the centre of the apex is a
broad flat keel, which becomes gradually widened below, and depressed
at the extreme point ; on either side of this is a narrower keel ; the
sides of the apex are depressed, almost foveate. Mandibular teeth
rufous. The raised lower part of the front is rounded below ; it
becomes gradually raised, then becomes gradually obliquely depressed ;
the upper part is hollowed below in the centre. Base of thorax rounded.
Scutellum large, wide ; the post-scutellum with a slight rounded slope,
its apex broad, transverse. Abdominal petiole slightly longer than the
post-scutellum and metanotum united ; it becomes widened from the
middle, the basal part being distinctly narrowed ; it is slightly longer
than the second segment, which is bell-shaped, roundly narrowed at
the base, without a distinctly narrowed part there. Ocelli •.* . Meso-
pleural furrow single, curved below.
Comes near to P. rejecta, with some of the forms of which it
agrees in coloration ; rejecta may be known from it by the angled
prothorax, by the post-scutellum being dilated behind in the
middle, not transverse, by the metanotum not being furrowed,
and the wings are more hyaline.
Polybia melanocephala, sp. nov.
Head and antenuje black, the second and following segments of the
abdomen fuscous black, the thorax and abdominal petiole dark rufous,
the pleurae darker coloured than the mesonotum, the base of the thick-
ened part of the petiole with a large black mark ; legs coloured like
the thorax, the coxse darker coloured ; wings dark fuscous violaceous ;
the nervures and stigma black. Female. Total length, 12-13 mm.
Eio Purus, Amazons (Prof. J. W. H. Trail). Agrees best with
Saussure's Division M. Y. (4).
Abdominal petiole nearly as long as the metanotum and scutellums
united. Body covered densely with a short pale pubescence, which
appears golden on the mesonotum. There is a distinct malar space,
which is fully as long as the antennal pedicle. Ocelli • . • ; the hinder
separated from the eyes by four times the distance they are from each
other. Clypeus nearly as long as the greatest width. The space
between the antennae is raised, somewhat triangular, the narrowed end
below ; the upper part with a short wide distinct furrow. Temples
roundly narrowed. There is a short furrow or impressed line on the
base of the mesonotum, and a wider one below the tegulse. Scutellum
large, wide, not furrowed. Second abscissa of radius one-fourth of the
length of the third, and slightly more than the length of the space
bounded by the recurrent nervures. Angles of pronotum rounded.
There is no sculpture, the entire body being smooth.
A distinct species. In coloration and size it is very similar
to Apoica cuhitalis, Saus., as figured by Saussure, ' Vespides,' i.
pi. xviii. f. 3.
Polybia sericeibalteata, sp. nov.
Dark ferruginous, the greater part of the post-petiole and the base
of the abdominal segments broadly blackish fuscous ; the base of petiole
ON SOME NEOTROPICAL VESPID^. 153
pale testaceous ; the flagellum of antennae black ; densely covered with
a pale pile, which is white on the pleurae, pale fulvous tinted on the
mesonotum, and on the abdomen it forms broad apical bands, which
have a decided fulvous tinge ; the apex of the second and the following
abdominal segments are black. Wings hyaline, tinged with violaceous ;
the costal cellule dark fulvous ; the stigma dark rufous. Female.
Length (total), 15 mm.
Eio Purus (Prof. J. W. H. Trail).
Body opaque, without punctuation ; the sides of the vertex closely,
obscurely, obliquely striated. Pronotum rounded, not angled. Centre
of mesonotum closely, irregularly, distinctly, transversely striated, the
stride more or less twisted ; on either side is a broad fnscous longi-
tudinal line, with a shorter less distinct one at the base ; a little
behind the middle is a deep clearly defined longitudinal furrow. Post-
scutellum hardly raised above the level of the scutellum ; its apex is
bluntly rounded, almost transverse ; the apical slope is short, rounded,
it only commencing at the apex, not sloping gradually from the base to
the apex, as in jiavicans. Metanotum widely, deeply furrowed in the
middle, the furrow with obliquely sloped sides, i. e. it is deepest in the
middle. Mesopl-eural furrow deep, clearly defined, obhque, curved
below, not reaching to the middle. Ocelli • . •, widely separated from
the eyes. Front at the antennae raised ; this raised part is obliquely
depressed at the base and apex, the basal slope being longer than the
lower, and bears a deep furrow in its middle. Clypeus smooth, longer
than wide, its apex in the middle broadly rounded, ending in the centre
in a blunt black point. Petiole as long as the post-scutellum and
metanotum united ; the base is distinctly narrowed, the apex pyriform,
clearly separated, abruptly dilated, more so than in dhnidiata or rejecta ;
the second segment bell-shaped, broadly narrowed at the base, appear-
ing therefore wide compared with the apex of the petiole ; it is longer
than it is wide at the apex.
The colour is darker than in any species of Polyhia I have
seen, the rufous colour being more tinged with fuscous, some-
what as in dark examples of Polistes ruhiginosus ; it is more
densely pilose than usual, and the post-scutellum is more rounded,
not sloped at the apex ; the metanotal furrow is deeper and more
clearly defined, and the apex of the clypeus more broadly rounded,
not so distinctly brought to a point in the middle as in the typical
species, more, e.g., as in P.JiUformis than in P. rejecta. It is
related to P. viicans, Ducke.
Among other species of Polyhia taken by Prof. Trail are
P. flavicans, F., Eio Jurua ; P. dhnidiata, 01. ; P. liliacea, F. ; P.
train, Cam., and P. occidentalis, 01., type ; and var. pijgimca, F.,
Eio Purus. Three species of Synocca were taken on the Eio
Purus : azurea, Sauss., surinama, L., and testacea, Sauss. Apoica
arborea, Sauss., was taken on the Eio Purus.
154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS
(AQUATIC HEMIPTERA OR RHYNCHOTA).
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 83.)
Plea, Leach.*
Resembles an animated grain of sand. There is a single
British species : —
1. P. LEACHi, McGregor & Kirkaldy (= minutissima, Fabr.,
nee Linn6). Generally distributed. It is probably N. atomaria,
Pallas. It has a funny paddling gait in the water, more like
certain beetles than any of its allies. It probably oviposits in a
similar manner to Notonecta.
This closes the account of the true waterbugs belonging to
the Pagiopodous division. We now have to consider an aquatic
family of the Trochalopoda, viz., the Nepid^, containing two
British forms, NejM cinerea and llanatra linearis.
Fam. Nepid^.
The Nepidse are apparently descended from a protoreduvioid
stock, and have, like the aquatic Pagiopoda, become modified for
existence in their newer habitat. Their most conspicuous dif-
ferential character is the filamentary caudal tube, which is used
for respiratory purposes, and is simply two elongate, modified
spiracles, and which varies in length according to the species.
Fieber, in his anxiety to ally the Nepida3 to the Belostomatidse
(a family of giant, extra-British waterbugs), termed these fila-
ments " aidothecal appendices," although they have been known
certainly to be respiratory, not sexual, for one hundred and
seventy-eight years ; while taking in a fresh supply of air the
end of the tube is simply thrust out of the water. In the
nymphs the tube is shorter and stouter.
The head is porrect ; the rostrum short, stout, and curved,
composed of three (apparent) segments ; the body flat in Nepa,
subcylindric in Ranatra ; the antennae are composed apparently
of three short segments, the second of which is produced later-
ally. In the water the legs are moved alternately, in contrast to
the aquatic Pagiopoda, in which they are moved synchronously ;
the anterior pair are strongly raptorial, the other pair slender,
not ciliate; the tarsi are not segmentate, and terminate in two
claws. Their gait is leisurely, a sort of paddling rather than
swimming. They remain motionless for hours concealed, or
partly concealed, in the mud of the ponds or canals in which
they live, or clinging to the stems of water-plants, lying in wait
for such prey as they can overpower, not sparing their own kin,
=■■ From Greek ^j^eo, I swim.
BRITISH WATERBUGS. 155
though seemingly content with Daphnia or Cyclops, among the
Entomostraca. Although in a " hand-to-hand" fight they would
stand no chance with the fierce Notonecta, yet such is the grip
of their raptorial front legs, that an unlucky water-boatman
venturing heedlessly within range of the stroke of the silent
scorpion will be seized and sucked without being able to struggle
successfully, or use his powerful beak to advantage. The
Nepidse also suck fishes' eggs, and even attack small fish and
tadpoles.
Owing to their remarkable shapes, the Nepidse were favourite
objects of study with the older naturalists, and their structures and
life-histories have often been sketched superficially, though precise
descriptions and figures are still desiderata. Their anatomy and
embryology have been dealt with by such workers as Dufour,
Heymons, Korschelt and Heider, Locy, Lacaze-Duthiers, J.
Martin, Marshall and Severin, Schmidt and Will. Bachmetjer
(1900, Illustr. Zeit. Ent. v. 88) quotes Pouchet that Kanatra,
Nepa, and Notonecta can sustain life for three hours at a tem-
perature of —16° C.
Like the other waterbugs, the Nepidae are subject to the
attentions of larval Hydrachnidse.
There are two genera of Nepidse in Britain, easily recognized
by their shape ; each has a single British species.
1. Flat, broad .... Nepa cinerea, Linne.
2. Elongate, subcylindric . . Ranatra linearis (Fabricius).
Nepa cinerea, Linne.*
This is the Nep)a scorpio-aquaticus of Be Geer. The prevail-
ing colouring is dirty brown, but when the tegmina and wings
are spread the greater part of the tergites is seen to be bright
red.
Handlirsch declares that Swinton's diagrams of the stridular
organs in this genus are false, and that Nepa does not stridulate.
As Ranatra, however, has recently been discovered by my friend
Bueno to stridulate, it is probable that Ncjm does also, though
both Swinton and Handlirsch have overlooked the proper appa-
ratus.
The earliest representation of Nepa known to me is in Moufet's
* Insectorum sive minimorum Animalium Theatrum,' p. 321
(1634), where three recognizable figures of " Scorpio palustris "
are shown ; the third, while representing a nymph, indicates
tegmina, the details having probably been filled in from an
imago. Erisch, in 1728, in his work above mentioned (vii.
* Latin nepa, a scorpion ; it was also used by Cicero to denote the con-
stellation of the same name, but Plautus employed it to denote the con-
stellation " Cancer." Geofifroy, following ychaetfer, arbitrarily altered it
to Hepa.
156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
pp. 22-4, pi. XV. figs. 1-6) gives some reasonably good figures
with the name of the " broad waterbug with the two trap-claws
and the posterior air-tubes." The present name of " water-
scorpion" is that now used, or its equivalent, in almost all
European countries.
Nepa cinerea occurs more or less commonly all over lowland
Britain.
The metamorphoses were partially figured by De Geer in
1773, while figures of nymphs will be found in most "aquarium"
books ; the ova are figured bj Dufour, Sharp, &c. The latter
are oval, terminated by seven filaments, and are inserted in the
stems of water-plants.
PiANATKA LINEARIS.*
The stridulation of an American species has been described
lately by J. R. de la Torre Bueno (1905, ' Canadian Entomologist,'
xxxvii. 85-7, figs. 5-11). " Two opposing rasps, one on coxa near
base with longitudinal striations, the other on inner surface of
cephalic margin of lateral plate of coxal cavity, which plate, by
its thinness, must act somewhat in the nature of a sounding-
board." Both adults and nymphs stridulate, and underwater as
well as out of it.
The earliest representation of Ranatra is also in Moufet
(p. 321) — in a characteristic attitude — where it is termed
" Lociista" ; in 1693 Swammerdam (' Historia Insectorum,'
p. 85) calls it " Scorjnus (/) aquaticus.''' Apparently, however,
Aldrovaudus, in 1602 (' De Auimalibus lusectis,' a huge work I
do not possess), refers to it under the name of " Tipula aquatica" ;
the true Tipida (or rather Tippula) of the ancients was, how-
ever, probably a Gerrid (almost certainly not a dipteron as
Linnaeus thought). Frisch in 1728 (vi. pp. 24-5, pi. xvi. figs.
1-6) terms it the " big narrow waterbug with the trap-claws and
posterior air-tubes"; according to him the Italians called it
" Cavalluccio."t
The metamorphoses of Ranatra were well figured by Geoffroy
■•• The etymology of Ranatra is uncertain, possibly a portmanteau word
from rana and atra, " a frog " and " black." A fish {Lopliius j^iscatoi-ius)
was called " Rana niai-ina" by Cicero.
t The earliest representation of Notonecta is also in Moufet. On p. 320
he says : — " Notonecta we call a certain aquatic insect which swims not on its
belly like the others, but lying on its back, from which men have probably
learnt to hyptionecticate — that is, their skill of swimming supinely " ! Moufet
apparently recognized the remarkable colour variation of N. glauca, for he
says : — " Of these, in some the eyes, scapulae, and body are blackish ; in
others greenish, in others bronzy, in others pitchy ; for rarely seem two of
the same colouring, so varied is the nature of their pattern." Four figtu'es
are shown, three representing more or less typical glauca, with vars. macii-
lata and marginata, the fourth a nymph. In Switzerland the " boatfly,"
according to Frisch, is called " glyssling," from its shining appearance when
covered with air-bubbles (from ''gleissen ").
LBPIDOPTERA OF THE DORKING DISTRICT. 157
in 1762. Later, Enock has detailed the method of oviposition
(1900, Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 161, &c.).
According to Koesel von Eosenhof, the eggs are simply
dropped to the bottom of the water, and hatch in about a fort-
night ; as, however, in Notonecta, this is probably due to the
fact that a female held in captivity could not find a suitable
place for deposition. In nature they are inserted in the stems
of Scirpus, or in the leaves of Potamogeton, only the filaments
being apparent. The ova are more elongate than those of Nepa,
and are terminated by but two filaments. They are figured by
Geoffroy and Dufour. According to Enock they are, like those
of other aquatic bugs, parasitized by the curious hymenopteron,
Prestivichia aquatica. According to Douglas, Ranatra winters as
a nymph.
Ranatra linearis is rarer than Nepa, and apparently does not
occur north of the middle of England.
(To be continued.)
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE DOEKING DISTRICT.
By F. A. Oldaker, M.A,
Having now left Dorking, after a residence there of seven
years, I think it may be of interest if I give a complete record
of my captures. Many of these have already appeared from
time to time in the ' Entomologist,' and my only apology
for repeating them is the additional value that may attach to a
consecutive account of my work. That work has, I fear, been
far from complete, for, owing to my business engagements, I
was unable to give the time and attention I should like to have
devoted to entomology, but I hope that such as it is the record
may be of interest and of some value. The dates attached to the
various species in their different stages are in every case the first
recorded in my diary.
Pieri<i brassicce, P. rapa;, P. napL Always abundant, and the larvfB
usually swarmed on nasturtiums in my garden.
Euchlo'e cardamines. Common on Eanmore and in Polesden. Ova
found on Alliaria officinalis. LarvaB pupated, July 6th. Very little
variation observed in the imagines, except as regards size.
Coiias edusa. Male taken in Dorking, September 13th, 1900. — C.
hyale. Two males taken in Holmwood, August 7th, 1901.
Gonepteryx rhamni. Hybernated specimens common everywhere.
Ova and larvse taken on Eanmore. Imago, July 25th.
Argynnis euphrosyne. Common on Eanmore, 1903 (May 27th),
and in Polesden, 1901. Other years only seen singly.— .-h adippe. A.
aglain. Abundant on Eanmore in July, 1901, but none seen either
before or since.
158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Vcviessa polijchloros. Hybernated specimens very common in
Dorking, Wotton, and Holmbury St. Mary, in 1900 and 1901 (April
1st). Larvae emerged May 13tli, pupated June 11th ; imagines June
29th. A few seen in March, 1902, but none since. — T'. xirticcE. Exceed-
ingly common everywhere. The larvae to be found in great numbers
every year. — Y. io. Uncertain in appearance. Most abundant in
1901. Pupated, July 1st ; imagines, July 12th. — V. atalanta. Never
plentiful, but several seen nearly every year ; imagines, August 26th.
— T'. antiopa. One specimen seen by a gamekeeper on Ranmore in
September, 1903. — F, cardni. One specimen taken in Dorking, June
11th, 1902. (N.B. This species vas very abuudant at Bembridge, Isle
of Wight, during August and September, 1902.)
Melanargia galatea. One specimen taken at Dorking, July 2Gth,
1900.
Pararge eijeria. Always abundant at Polesden, and fairly plentiful
on Ranmore. May 15th. — P. megcBra. Taken on Ranmore, June 4th,
but never common.
Satynis semele. Common on the chalk slopes on the south side of
Ranmore. July 12th.
Epinephele jwt'nia. Swarming everywhere. Larvae taken on Ran-
more pupated June 22ud ; imagines, July 9th. Two bleached speci-
mens taken, September 4th, 1901, and July 27th, 1904. — E. tithonus.
Common on Ranmore. July 26th.
Aphantopus hyperantlms. Common on Ranmore. July 8th.
C(£nonympha pamphilus. Exceedingly common everywhere.
Thecla iv-album. Larvae taken on Boxhill ; pupated, June 10th ;
imagines, June 28th. Fairly abundant, especially in 1902.
Zephyrus quercns. Larvae beaten on Ranmore ; pupated June 4th ;
imagines, June 28th. Always abundant.
Callophrys rubi. Very plentiful in 1902, May 12th. Fairly plenti-
ful in other years. Dorking, Ranmore, and Polesden.
Chrysophanus pJdccas. Always abundant everywhere.
Lyccena astrarche. Taken sparingly on Ranmore and at Polesden.
June 6th. — L. icanis. Very abundant everywhere. April 21st. Two
interesting aberrations taken in 1902 — (1.) Underside with faint mar-
ginal spots, and only one inner spot, June 7th. (2.) Gynandro-
morphous specimen, male on the left side, female on the right, June
14th. {Vide Entom. xxxv. 218). — L. bellanjus. Always plentiful on a
certain patch on the south side of Ranmore. May 28th, August 15th.
— L. cor y don. Very plentiful in 1901, on the south side of Ranmore ;
in other years only a few specimens seen. July 20th. — L. minima.
Common in a chalk-pit in Dorking, and on the south side of Ranmore.
June 10th.
Cyaniris argiolus. Common in 1901. April 30th. Holmwood and
Dorking, one or two specimens seen in 1900, 1902, and 1904 ; but
none at all seen in other years.
yemeobius Incina. Always abundant at Polesden, and getting
more plentiful and more widely distributed on Ranmore every year.
Ova to be found on the under side of cowslip-leaves, sometimes as
many as ten on a leaf, but oftener only one or two on a plant ; ova
deposited, May 23rd ; larvae emerged, June 4th ; pupated, July 8th ;
imagines, May 15th.
LEPIDOPTEEA OF THE DORKING DISTRICT. 159
Hesperia malva. Generally common on Eanmore. May 15th.
Thanaos tages. Very abundant at Polesden, and on Raumore.
May 15th.
Adopcea thaumas. Very abundant at Polesden, on Ranmore, and
in the district generally. July 7th.
Augiades sylvanus. Very abundant at Polesden and on Ranmore.
June 10th. — A. comma. Common on one particular patch on Ran-
more, but none seen elsewhere. July 16th.
Acherontia atropos. One specimen flew indoors in October, 1900.
Sphinx ligustri. Common in Dorking. Larvge emerged, June
10th ; pupated, July 17th ; imagines, June 4th.
Deilephila galii. One taken at rest in 1899. — D. elpenor. Fairly
common in Dorking. Larvae, July 11th; pupated, August 11th;
imagines, June 1st.
Hmerinthus ocellatus. Common at the lamps in Dorking. Larvffi,
June 5th ; pupated, July 12th ; imagines. May 16th and August 9th
(second brood). — S. popiili. Very common at the lamps in Dorking.
Larvse, June 4th and August 5th (second brood) ; pupated July 2nd
and September 11th (second brood) ; imagines. May 12th and July
24th (second brood).
Dilina tilia. Common. Larva, June 4th ; pupated July 7th ;
imagines, April 26th.
Macroglossa stellatarum. Seen sparingly at intervals, especially in
1901.
Hemaris fuciformis. (Broad-bordered). One specimen taken at
Polesden, June 10th, 1901.
Sesia myopiformis. Larvfe found in an apple-tree in my garden ;
imagines, July 2nd. It seems a remarkable fact, that every year
since first observed in 1902, the imagines have first appeared on July
2nd.
Zygana jilipendulcE. In 1900 and 1905 the pupte were in count-
less numbers on the south side of Ranmore ; imagines, July 17th.
In other years some have been seen, but the species was not at all
common.
Hijlopliila bicolorana. Taken at lamps in Dorking, July 22nd.
Nola cucullntella. Larvfe very common on Ranmore in May and
early June ; spun up. May 31st ; imagines, June 26th.
Endrosa irrorella. Taken on the south side of Ranmore, but never
abundant. June 27th. — E. sororcula. Taken on the same ground as
irrorella. June 11th. — E. deplana. Beaten from yews on Ranmore.
July 19th. — E. luridcola. Taken on the same ground as irrorella.
July 10th.
Gnophria rubricollis. Taken at rest on tree-trunks in the Red-
lands, Dorking, June 7th.
Hipocrita jacobacB. Very abundant at Polesden. Larvre swarming
on ragwort, and one observed feeding on greater knapweed ; pupated,
July 22nd ; imagines, May 13th.
Arctia caja. Very common at the lamps in Dorking, and larvce
frequently found; spun up. June 20th; imagines, July 11th. — A.
villica. Very abundant in 1905 ; other years in fair numbers. Ova
deposited, June 10th; larva?, June 23rd; spun up. May 2ud ; ima-
gines, June 9th.
160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Spilosoma Uihricipeda. Very common at the lamps in Dorking.
Larvae, June 27th ; imagines, May 22nd. — S. mentkastri. Very
common at lamps. May 10th.
Hepialus hnmuH. Taken at the lamps and by dusking. June lOtb.
— H. lupulinus. Taken at the lamps. June 7th.
Zeuzera pyrina. Taken at rest, July 6th ; ova deposited, same
day. Larvae, July 23rd, died.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Collecting in France. — I shall be greatly obliged if collectors
visiting French localities other than the Alps will kindly send me a
note of the butterflies captured or observed by them, with dates. — H.
Eowland-Brown ; Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald.
Orthetrum c^rulescens in Essex. — On July 22nd, 1900, we took,
in Epping Forest, near Chingford, a male specimen of this dragonfly,
but we have never obtained another example. We were unable to find
any other record of the occurrence of the species in Essex, and it is
not even included in Doubleday's generous list of 1871. — F. W. & H.
Campion ; 33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow.
Panorpa germanica. — On June 13th last, I took, near Haslemere, an
almost immaculate male of this species. The chief markings are a
black tip to each of the wings, and a black spot at the pterostigma.
This form of the insect looks very different, from the usual one, which
is very much more spotted. — W. J. Lucas.
Food of Monopis rusticella. — In the ' Proceedings ' of the Zoolo-
gical Society for 1896, p. 281, Lord Walsingham observed : " It would
be curious to ascertain whether our common T. tapetzclla has ever been
found feeding in the dry casts of owls." .... I do not know whether
this has yet been recorded, but this year I found some owl's casts
containing larvffi, and bred from them a number of specimens of
]\[onopis rusticella. — (Major) C. G. Nurse ; Timworth Hall, Bury St.
Edmunds.
Tephrosia luridata, aberration. — On May 6th, 1906, I had a nice
variety of T. luridata textersaria) emerge ; it is almost white, the
ground colour is a shining white, and the usual markings are a pale
buff, only just showing out on the white ground. In general appear-
ance it looks very much like a light-coloured example of Cahera exan-
themata, but more delicate. It was bred from a number of pupae I had
from Mr. Newman, of Bexley. All the other specimens are normal. —
William Daws ; Mansfield, Notts.
Note on the Besting Attitudes of some Butterflies. — I have
noticed recently, both near Aldbury (Herts) and in the Wye Valley
(Mon.), cases of heliotropism with Syrichthus malvce and Xisoniades
tages (particularly the latter). When settling on a flower-head they
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 161
almost invariably shift their position until the head is pointing
away from the sun. I have also noticed that N. tages frequently deflects
the wings downwards, so that the tips of the primaries are below the
body. The costa, too, is curved downwards towards the tip, and this
adds to the effect. Concerniug Ccenonympha pamphilus, 1 made observa-
tions on a number of specimens near Aldbury on June 17th, 1906.
This species usually rests with the wings closed, and almost always
sits sideways to, and leans away from, the sun, thus allowing the rays
to strike the wings at right angles. I also noticed Gonepteryx rhamni
behave in the same way at Chepstow, but in the case of this species
only one specimen was observed. — Philip J. Barraud ; Bushey Heath,
Herts.
The Van dk Poll Collections. — We understand that the Van de
Poll collections of Lepidoptera have been purchased and are being
brought to England by Mr. Percy I. Lathy. The collection of
Ehopalocera is considered to be the finest ever formed of the Dutch
East Indian fauna. The series of each species is long, and has been
specially selected from many hundred specimens to show any variation.
The collection contains a great number of rarities and undescribed
species. Among some of the most noteworthy of the former are the
hitherto unknown females of Ornithoptera sumatrana, Papilio insularis,
P. hewitsoni, and P. egialea, and a remarkable hermaphrodite of Onii-
thoptera trojana.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
DicYCLA 00 var. renago in Berkshire, — With reference to the
remarks by Messrs. G. L. Cox and J. Brooke [ante, p. 128), I thought
it would be well to notify that D. oo var. renago occurs in our district. —
W. E. Butler ; Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading, June 19th.
Vanessa antiopa in Hampshire.— In the ' Field,' June 9th, Mr. N.
L. Cripps reports capturing a worn hybernated specimen of V. antiopa
near Lyndhurst on May 19th last.— F. W. Frohawk.
Deilephila (Phryxus) livornica in 1906 : —
Goinwall. — I have to record the capture, by the Rev. W. B. Honey,
on May 30th. of a very fiue specimen of D. livornica at Portbgwarra,
Cornwall. — (Rev.) J. E. Taxibat ; Foxham, Hants.
Devonshire. — I thought it might interest your readers to know that
on June 11th last I had given to me a Hving specimen of D. livornica,
taken in a florist's shop in Exeter (Rush's) on that day. It was un-
fortunately much rubbed, and the red of the under wings was faded.
Curiously, in September, 1901, 1 had sent me a much rubbed specimen
of D. celerio, taken at Wylye, Wilts; so I now have the two " striped
hawks," both taken in England, and both much rubbed. — R. V.
Solly; 40, Southernhay, Exeter, June 21st. 1906.
Hampshire. — I had a specimen of ./>. livornica brought to me to-day
by a farm-labourer, who had found it at rest on grass. I should think
ENTOM. — JULY, 190G. P
162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
it was in fine condition when caught, but, owing to its having been put
into the customary match-box. it is now somewhat rubbed. — Chas. J.
Bellamy ; Eingwood, Hants, June 1st, 1906.
D. livornica has turned up again here this season. I have taken
ten since May 30th, and saw at least ten others. I have also taken
seven Heliothis peltigera, during same period, flying to flower, but at
8.80 of the evening. — W. G. Hooker ; Bournemouth, June 12th, 1906.
Kent. — During the naval manoeuvres here last week a fine D.
livornica was taken at one of the land search-lights, and brought to
me alive the next morning. Unfortunately it is rather rubbed through
being kept in a tin with cleaning gear. It was taken about 10 p.m. on
13th inst. If the nights had not been so cold probably more insects
would have been attracted by the lights, which were running all night.
(Lieut.) J. J. Jacobs ; 63, Marine Parade, Sheerness-on-Sea, June 17th.
I had a specimen of D. livornica brought to me on the 5th inst.,
which had been found by some workmen just outside of Canterbury.
The specimen is in very fair condition, and is now in my collection. —
F. A. Small ; 95, Westgate, Canterbury, June 16tb, 1906.
Surrey, — A good specimen of l>. livornica was taken just outside
the College by one of our boys on June 10th. — H. V. Plum; Epsom
College.
Sussex. — On June 8th I took a fine specimen of the " striped hawk"
(D. livornica) in a ride in a wood near this house. It was taken on the
wing just at dusk, when a lantern was hardly necessary. It would
appear to be an unusually early appearance for this insect, especially
as we are five hundred feet above sea-level, and the season is unusually
backward. Other good captures so far this season include P. leuco-
i/rapha, N. trepida, and N. chaonia. — John Comber ; High Steep, Jarvis
Brook, Sussex, June 14th, 1906.
A good specimen of D. livornica was captured inside a window
yesterday afternoon (June 6th). Recent winds have been from east
and north. — (Rev.) L. H. White ; Christ's Hospital, West Horsham,
June 7th, 1906.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, May 2nd, 1906. —
Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in the chair. — Commander J. J. Walker
showed fourteen examples of both sexes of Hystrichopsylla talpce, Curtis,
the largest of the British fleas, taken in the nest of a field-mouse in a
tuft of grass at Grange, near Gosport, Hants, on March 28th last. —
Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited living specimens of Apate capucina,
Deilus fiirjax, a Cryptocephahis {riigicollis), two species of Anthaxia, &c.,
forwarded by Dr. T. A. Chapman from Ste. Maxime, South France. —
Mr. F. B. Jennings brought for exhibition an example of the weevil
Procas armillatus, F., taken near Dartford, Kent, on April 13th last.
This species appears to be extremely scarce in Britain, and, with the
exception of a single specimen taken near Chatham by Commander
Walker in 1896, and exhibited by him at the meeting of the Society
held March 18th, 1896, has not been recorded from this country for a
SOCIETIES. 163
considerable period. — Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited a box of beetles from
New Guinea, including jEsernia meeki, Jac, A.costata, Jac, A. gestroi,
Jac, and CetouiadjB and Lucanidte from South Africa and Borneo. —
Mr. H, St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited specimens of Hijdrochns nitidicollis,
Muls., a beetle not hitherto recorded in Britain, taken in the river
Meavy at Yelverton, Devon, in April. — The Rev. F. D. Morice ex-
hibited lantern-slide photographs (from nature) of the female calcaria
postica in Hymenoptera belonging to divers groups, mostly Aeuleates,
but including also representatives of the Chrysids, Ichneumonids, and
Sawflies. He submitted that, in all the examples shown, the structure
of the calcaria themselves (and also of the parts adjacent to them)
clearly indicated that their main function was that of an elaborately
constructed instrument for toilet purposes. The calcaria in all cases
seemed to explain satisfactorily all the structural phenomena presented
by them {e.g. serrated inner margins, pectiniform rows of spines and
bristles, brush-like pilose fascicules, &c.). He should be glad to hear
of any observations that might have been made as to the structure and
functions of calcaria in insects of other orders, having examined them
himself only in the Hymenoptera. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited male
and female specimens of the African Pierines Belenois thijsa, Hopff, and
Mylothris agathina, Cram. He drew special attention to the fact that
the resemblance between these two species, which Mr. Trimen speaks
of as " deceptively close in both sexes," applies mainly to the dry-
season phase of the Belenois, and not to the wet. This, he observed,
was well illustrated by the exhibit, which included wet- and dry-season
examples of both sexes of B. thysa ; M. agathina showing no seasonal
change. — Mr. Edward Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., contributed a paper
"On the Genus Inwia, Walk. {=Tortricomorpha, Feld.)." — Mr. H.
Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S., contributed a paper on " The late Pro-
fessor Packard's Paper on the Markings of Organisms." In the
absence of the author. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., explained the
drift of the paper, and expressed his agreement with the main lines of
its argument.
Wednesday, June 6th, — Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in the chair. —
Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited specimens of Lomechusa strwnosa,
F., taken with Formica sanguinea at Woking on May 26th and 29th
last. Only two other British examples are known — one taken by Sir Hans
Sloane on Hampstead Heath in 1710; the other found by Dr. Leach in
the mail-coach between Gloucester and Cheltenham ; and these are
included in the British Museum Collection. — Mr. H. J. Turner showed
a case illustrating a large number of the life-histories of Coleophorids,
notes on which have appeared in the Society's ' Proceedings,' or in the
'Entomological Record.' — Mr. A. H. Jones showed on behalf of Mr.
Henry Lupton a few buttertiies from Majorca, captured between April
8th and April 20th last. Comparing the specimens with those of
similar species from Corsica, also exhibited, they appeared to be smaller ;
the Pararge megara approached the form tigcUus ; the Cmwnympha
pampldlus differed somewhat in the under side being darker. Only
one moth was seen, M. stellatarum. But so far under twenty species
only of butterflies have been recorded from the Balearic Islands. — Mr.
Selwyn Image showed: — (a) A specimen of Cnnubus cricellas, Hb.,
taken at Loughton, Essex, August 8th, 1899— not previously recorded
164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
from further south than Cumberland ; (b) two specimens of Nola
confusalis, H.S., ab. columbina, Image, taken in Epping Forest, May
5th, 1906 (the first examples of this aberration were taken at the
same locality, May 22ud, 1905, and recorded in the Ent. Eeo., July,
1905, p. 188) ; and (c) a specimen of Peronea cristana, F., the ground
colour of upper wings abnormally black, even more intensely black
than in the ab. niyrana, Clark — taken in Epping Forest, August 19th,
1905. — Mr. J. H. Keys sent for exhibition the type of Spathorrhamphus
corsicus, Marshall, from Vizzavona, Corsica. This fine Anthribid was
supposed by some coleopterists to have been an accidental importa-
tion into the mountainous regions of the island, but was no doubt
endemic. — Mr. G. C. Champion remarked that he had taken Platyr-
rhinus latirostris in numbers at the same locality, in the beech and
pine forests {Piniis laricio) along the line of railway, above the tunnel.
— Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited specimens of African Pierin® found by Mr.
C. A. Wiggins on Feb. 2nd, 1906, settled on damp soil near the Ripon
Falls, Victoria Nyanza, and caught, to the number of 153, at a single
sweep of the net. Eight species were represented ; the examples were
all males, and, with one exception, belonged to the dry-season form of
their respective species. — Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., commu-
nicated some notes on Naltal butterflies, which he had received from
Mr. G. H. Burn, of Weenen, and exhibited the four individuals of
Euralia wahlberghi, Wallgr., and E. mima, Trim., captured by G. A. K.
Marshall, near Malvern, Natal. He then explained Mr. Marshall's
latest demonstration of seasonal phases in South African species of
the genus Precis, the proof by actual breeding that P. tukuoa, Wallgr.,
is the dry-season phase of P. cenjne, Boisd. — Professor Poulton
further showed three hundred and twenty-five butterflies captured in
one day by Mr. C. B. Roberts, between the eighth and tenth mile from
the Potaro River, British Guiana, and drew attention to the pre-
ponderance of males ; also specimens of the Halticid beetle Apteropoda
orbiculata, Mar., with its mimic Hemipteron, Haltica apteriis, L.,
from Stone Wood, Oxford ; and of the Staphyiinid Myrmednnia conali-
culata, F., with Formica riifa race ruaoides from South Hinksey, the
beetle looking extremely like the ant — both taken by Mr. W^ Holland.
— The following papers were read : — " Some Bionomic Notes on
Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza Region, with exhibits from the
Oxford University Museum," by S. A. Neave, B.A. ; " On the Habits
of a Species of Ptyelus in British East Africa," by S. L. Hinde, illus-
trated by drawings by Mrs. Hinde, communicated by Professor E. B.
Poulton ; " Mimetic forms of Papilio dardanns [merope) and Acraa
joJmstoni," and "Predaceous Insects and their Prey," by Professor E. B.
Poulton, D.Sc, F.R.S. ; and " Studies on the Orthoptera in the Hope
Department, Oxford University Museum. I. Blattidae," "Notes on a
feeding experiment on the spider Xephita maculata,'" by R. Shelford,
M.A., F.Z.S. — H. Rowland-Beown, M.A., Hon. Secretary.
South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
April 12«/i.— Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— Mr. L. W.
Newman, of Bexley, was elected a member. — Mr. Main exhibited a long
piece of Gum Animi from West Africa, and called attention to the
numerous insects, chiefly Coleoptera, enclosed in it. — Mr. Edwards, a
SOCIETIES. 165
number of species of the Nymphaline genus Mer/alura of South America,
together with Brassolis astyra from Brazil. — Mr. H. Moore, immature
examples of two species of Mantis from South Africa, and read notes
on their habits. Mr. Edwards gave an account of a European Mantis
he had kept alive for some time. — Mr. Adkin, a bred series of Melanippe
Jiuctuata from Wantage, with the female parents. The latter were
large and strongly marked, while the progeny were small and very
ordinary. Mr. Adkin also showed specimens of Crambiis tristellus, [1)
almost albino from Pembroke, (2) dark from Perth, and (3) with two
transverse lines from Orkney ; all from the Barrett collection. — Mr.
Clark, photo-micrographs of bacteria, x 1000. — Mr. Main, a nymph of
Periplaneta aviericana, which was about to change to the perfect stage.
— Mr. Turner read a paper by Mr. A. J. Croker and himself on a num-
ber of species taken by the former in Assiniboia, Canada, and exhibited
among other species Pontia protodice, Anjynnis lais, Brenthis bellona,
Colias eurytheme and vars., C. philodice, Erehia epipsodea, Satynis alope
var. nephele, Lyccena antiacis, L. dcedalus, Ccenonympha pamphilus, Phy-
ciodes isvieiia, &c.
April 26th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. W. Payne, of Clap-
ham, Mr; P. Brown, of Balham, and Mr. D. Peyler, of Clapham, were
elected members. — Mr. Kaye, the living larvae of Orgyia gonostiyma,
and gave notes on their hybernation. — Mr. Moore, a number of species
of Lepidoptera from Natal, including Ikiphnis nerii, Ayriiis convolvuli,
Hippotion celerio, &c. — Mr. Edwards, a box of Lepidoptera from British
North Borneo, and called attention to several species much resembling
those of Great Britain. — Mr. Adkin, a number of series of Aylais urtica,
to point out the lines of variation shown by the species. In doing so
he referred to the broods and series brought by Messrs. Harrison,
Main, Turner, and others. Messrs. Harrison, Adkin, Bellamy, Kaye,
Sich, Edwards, West, and Ashby then made remarlis on the season
to date.
May 10th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Kayward exhibited
series of Hybernia maryinaria [proyemmaria) h-oxD.Ijivev})Ool and Surrey.
The former were all dark, the latter had some of the females equally
dark, but the males were only moderately dark. — Mr. Sich, living
imagines of Lithucolletis sylvella from maple leaves collected at Cook-
ham, in October, 1905, and kept in a fiower-pot in the open. — A large
number of lantern-slides were exhibited, (1) by Mr. Main, larv® of
Agrotis ashworthii, Nisoniades tayes, Apatura iris, Lucanus cervus, and
the pupa of a sawfly ; (2) Mr. Lucas, for Mr. Hamm, illustrative of
protective resemblance in Tephrosia biundularia, T. laridata, Paunia
cratagata, Cidaria miata, Pararye eaeria, &c. ; (3) Mr. Tonge ; (4) Mr.
West (Ashteadj ; (6) Mr. Dennis ; (6) Mr. F. Noad Clark.
May Mtli. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Main, a nymph of
the European Mantis religiosa, sent him by Dr. Chapman from Ste.
Maxime. — Mr. Sich, an aberration of LithocoUetis pomifoiiella, in which
the median streak was connected with the first dorsal spot. — Mr.
Carr, living larva? of Geometra vernaria, some of which were still in
their hybernating skins. — Mr. Kaye, living larva? of Thccla pruni. —
Mr. Tonge, a living specimen of Eupithecia consiynata, just talven on
Hay ling Island. — Mr. Newman, a long bred series of Brephos notha
from Worcester ; Polyommatxis corydon var. foivleri ; an intermediate
166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
form of Colias edusa ; an extremely dark uniform form of Ematurfia
atomaria ; a somewhat streaked Chnjsophanns phlceas; results of inter-
breeding Spilosoma hibricepeda ; and a fine series of bred Xotodojita
trepida. — Dr. Chapman, larvEe of Thecla riibi. — Hy. J. Turner, H071.
Report Secretary.
RECENT LITEEATUEE.
The Butterflies of the British Isles. (Wayside and Woodland Series.)
By Richard South, F.E.S. Loudon : F. Warne & Co.
There seems to be no end to books on butterflies, and especially
on British butterflies. Those we have seen are good, bad, and in-
different, with perhaps some doubt as to the goodness. We are
anxiously expecting to see Mr. Frohawk's, which we have reason to
hope will be very good without any qualification. The one before us
is perhaps the most excellent of its kind we have seen. It does not
pretend to be an exhaustive scientific account of our butterflies, but is
just the book that will supply the enthusiastic tyro with the informa-
tion that he wants in a form he may depend upon.
The introductory matter is necessarily shore, but deals clearly with
the points it is desirable the young collector should know ; and the
account of each species deals similarly with the salient facts of each
stage of the insect. It would be difficult to point out any errors of
fact into which the author has fallen ; and as to matters of opinion,
we have met with nothing to disagree with, though we doubt very
much, for instance, as to Fyrameis atalanta, whether he is right in con-
sidering this to be an immigrant in the same sense that P. cardui and
Colias edusa are, though, assuming a desire to confute him, we cannot
for the moment recollect any definite observation of its hybernating
successfully in Britain, and can only rely on its being a fairly constant
inhabitant of a very large part of our islands, and not varying to the
extent they do between swarming and complete absence. The feature
of the volume is the excellent series of plates. All the species are
figured in both sexes, both surfaces, and often a good selection of
varieties. The reproductions are apparently by a three-colour process,
and are eminently successful. These processes always leave room for
some criticism, but there is here as great a success as in many a more
ambitious and expensive volume. The plain figures of the egg, larva,
and pupa are especially to be noticed ; they are a most valuable part
of the account of each species, and are to be commended for their com-
pleteness, and for the most part for their accuracy and for the natural
effect they produce, though without colour. We should have liked the
source of these all to have been mentioned, as a guide to the young
collector as to which he might thoroughly rely on. So far as we can
guess, those that we find most thoroughly satisfactory are drawn by
the artist from the life, or from good photographs ; whilst those
copied from previous figures vary immensely in merit. The eggs of
the blues are very good, and the differences between the species are
usually determinable. The larva of atalanta strikes us as having been
done from life, but the example was too close to pupation for the pur-
RECENT LITERATURE. 167
pose ; the result is, however, a good representation of the insect at one
stage of its existence.
We , should have liked the proper names of each species to have
been at least as prominent as the English names. Doubtless this is
a feature in which our author has had to conform to the real or sup-
posed requirements of the public he is addressing; and since there
obviously does exist a public that makes such a book possible, we can
only accept with them their admitted prejudices.
Taking the book altogether, and making every allowance for in-
evitable inequalities, we do not know any work — not excepting the
most expensive — yet issued on British butterflies that gives so full and
accurate an account of them in all their stages. Indeed, we wonder
how such a book can be offered at the price. It is excellently got up ;
the beautiful photograph, inside the cover, of Ccenonviypha pmnphilus
at rest is almost worth the money. TAP
Flies and Ticks as Agents in the Distribution of Diseases. (From 'The
Proceedings of the Association of Economic Biologists.') By
F. V. Theobald, M.A. 1905. Pp. 10.
A VERY useful paper, giving a synopsis of diseases having a similar
origin to malaria, and of the small animals — flies, ticks, &c. — con-
cerned in the propagation of such diseases.
W. J. L.
Report of Economic Zoology (1905). (South-eastern Agricultural
College, Wye.) By F. V. Theobald, M.A.
In this particularly interesting and useful report of more than one
hundred and twenty pages, with a very large number of illustrations
contained in no less than forty-four figures, we see the result of a year's
work that falls on the shoulders of Mr. Theobald at the important
centre of agricultural study at Wye in Kent. Many of the very
numerous foes (and friends), considered more or less fully according
to circumstances, are insects ; but we find besides, parasitic worms,
molluscs, mice, and voles. There are also a few answers to extra-
British enquiries. This notice is somewhat late in appearing, and we
are looking forward to a new report of equal interest.
W. J. L.
A Preliminary List of Durham Diptera, with Analytical Tables, By the
Kev. W. G. WiNGATE. Pp. i-vi, 1-416 ; plates i.-vii. Additions
and corrections, 8 pp. London : Williams & Norgate. New-
castle-upon-Tyne : F. & W. Dodsworth. 1906.
This very useful work forms volume ii. (new series) of the ' Trans-
actions' of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham,
and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The title it bears very inadequately con-
veys the actual scope and general value of the book. Practically it is
an excellent guide to British Diptera, with the addition of localities for
the six hundred odd species which the author had so far observed in
Durham, and ciiiefly in the southern half of the county. There are
numerous tables of genera and species, and these, in conjunction with
168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the Fly Chart on plate i., and description thereof on pp. 8-21, also
other stractural details on plates ii.-vii., should be exceedingly helpful
to anyone desirous of taking up the study of this somewhat difficult
Order.
Report of Work of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Smjar Planters'
Association. Bulletin No. 1. Parts v. and vi. Leaf Hoppers and
their Natural Enemies. Honolulu. Nov, 13th, 1905.
Part v. of this interesting Bulletin, of which parts i.-iv. were
noticed Entom. xxxviii. 288, comprises pp. 105-181, with plates ix.
and X., is by Mr. F. W. Terry, and refers to the Forficulidfe, Syrphidae,
and Hemerobiidffi. In part vi. (pp. 187-205, plates xi.-xiii.) the My-
maridse, Platygasteridse are dealt with by Mr. R. C. L. Perkins.
OBITUAEY.
It is with very sincere and deep regret that I announce the death
of my esteemed and valued friend Mr. F. G. Cannon, which occurred
at his residence at West Hampstead, on June 7th last, at the early
age of thirty-seven. He was the youngest son of Major Osborne
Burwell Cannon, late of the 97th Regiment.
During the past few months his failing health gradually became
more serious, which compelled him to give up his business duties as
member of the Stock Exchange, and finally his case was pronounced
hopeless, as rapid consumption set in a few weeks before passing
peacefully away.
For seven years he was connected with the London Scottish
Volunteer Regiment, in which he ranked high as a first-class marks-
man. Latterly, up to the time of his illness, he was in the Hon.
Artillery Company Volunteer Regiment.
The whole of his leisure was given up to his favourite studies of
ornithology and entomology. In both these branches he was a keen
and accurate observer ; also a successful collector, not only with the
net, for he was expert with both shot-gun and rifle alike, being a good
all-round sportsman, and endowed with remarkable perseverance and
ability as a field naturalist. It is not the fortune of all entomologists
at home to possess an almost complete collection of the British butter-
flies captured by their own hands ; with the exception of Lycmia acis,
Vanessa antiopa, Argynnis lathonia, Pieris dauUdice, and Anosia plexippiis,
he had taken all the British species. It was his pleasure to make
distant journeys, if only for a single day's collecting, in some remote
district where a certain species might be met with on the wing ; by so
doing he made the acquaintance of all our rarer resident species in
their native haunts, and many times I shared the pleasure with him.
His many friends found in him companionship of the highest
qualities ; his word, deed, and generosity were of the staunchest and
noblest character. The great loss of his sincere friendship will be
keenly felt by a very large circle of friends.
F. W. F.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.] AUGUST, 1906. [No. 519.
ON A FEW ORTHOPTERA COLLECTED IN SOUTHERN
DALMATIA AND MONTENEGRO IN 1900.
By Malcolm Burr, B.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., E.G.S.
Having recently come across a few notes on some Orthoptera
taken in Dalmatia and Montenegro in the summer of 1900, it
occurred to me that they might be of sufficient interest to repay
publication, if only for the sake of the localities, as little collect-
ing is done in those countries. Want of time prevents me from
working out all the material that I have been able to get to-
gether on the Orthoptera- fauna of the eastern shores of the
Adriatic, but I hope at a later date to be able to make a more
satisfactory contribution to our knowledge of the insects of these
interesting countries.
As the neighbourhood is comparatively little known to
British entomologists, the following notes on the localities may
be of interest.
In Dalmatia, Trau is a small but ancient port in the northern
part of the coast, and Sebenico is an important naval base not
far from it ; these two places were only visited during the brief
call of the Austrian Lloyd steamer bound for Cattaro. The
Bocche di Cattaro is the famous inlet of the sea in southern Dal-
matia, recalling the finest scenery of the Scandinavian coast.
Budua is a small walled town south of the Bocche. Castellastua
is a small village some five hours' ride further south along the
coast ; Spizza is a tiny village at the extreme south of Dalmatia;
it marks the limit of Austrian territory, for a few minutes' walk
further south brings the traveller to the Montenegrin portion of
the coast-line. Prisdan is a collection of cottages on the coast,
which act as the port of Antivari, an important town about two
miles inland ; the latter has gained in importance since its
annexation to Montenegro, and is the chief port of the princi-
pality. The Sutorman is a wooded pass over the Rumija range
of mountains, which separate the Lake of Scutari from the sea.
Podgoritza is an important commercial town on the east of the
ENTOM. — AUGUST, 190G. Q
170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
same lake, ceded by Turkey to Montenegro in consequence of the
Berlin Treaty ; as its name implies, it is situated in the alluvial
plain of the Zeta, at the foot of the savage Albanian Alps.
Spuzh is an ancient stronghold in the valley of the Zeta, a few
hours' journey east of Podgoritza. Dukle is the modern name
for the ancient Dioclea, now a scattered heap of ruins, formerly
the capital of the province of Prevalitana, famous as the birth-
place of Diocletian, and the home of the anonymous priest to
whom we are indebted for our scanty annals of the earliest Slav
settlers. Danilograd is a modern town springing up in the
heart of Montenegro, a few hours' journey north-east of Spuzh,
on the road to Nikshich. Cetinje is the miniature capital of
Montenegro, and Njegush, a little town half-way between Cetinje
and the coast, birthplace of the reigning Prince of Montenegro.
These insects were taken on a trip that was undertaken more
for pure travel than for entomology, which accounts for the
somewhat meagre list of species included in these notes, of which
the PhaneropteridfB and Decticidse are the most interesting. No
prolonged stay was made in any one locality except at Cetinje ;
the various other places were visited in passing on a tramp
through the interior and up the coast.
The following are the dates at which the different localities
were visited : —
Trail and Sebenico, July 27th ; Bocche di Cattaro and
Njegush, July 29th ; Cetinje, July 30th, and various days early
in August; Sutorman Pass, July 31st; Prisdan, August 1st;
Spizza, August 2nd ; Castellastua, August 3rd ; Budua, August
4th ; Spuzh, Dukle, and Danilograd, August 7th and 9th.
Ectobia livida, Fabr. — On the Sutorman Pass ; one male.
E. lajjponica, Linn. — On the Sutorman Pass ; one female.
Acrida nasuta, Linn. — Common throughout the lowland country;
at Trail, Sebenico, Spizza, Spuzh, and Danilograd.
Stenobothrus petraus, Bris. — This tiny grasshopper was abundant
round Cetinje.
Staurodcrus bicolor, Charp. — Abundant round Cetinje.
S. vagayis, Fieb. — At Dukle.
Omocestus rufipes, Zett. — At Cetinje ; not numerous.
Chorthippus dorsatns, Zett. — At Dukle and Spuzh.
C. pulvi7iatus, Fisch. de W. — At Antivari, Prisdan, Dukle, and
Cetiuje, but not very numerous.
C. parallelus, Zett. — Common at Cetinje, Sutorman, and Prisdan.
Arcyptera brevipenne, Br. — A few on the Sutorman Pass.
Epacromia strepens, Fabr. — Common on the low ground, at Trail,
Dukle, Danilograd, and Prisdan.
CFJdipoda candescens, Linn. — Common at lower elevations, at
Spizza, at Cetinje, and on the hills above Antivari.
O. mmiata, Pall. — On the higher ground, as a rule ; at Sebenico
and Danilograd.
(Edaletis nigrofasciatus, De Geer. — A few at Antivari.
OKTHOPTERA OF DALMATIA AND MONTENEGRO. 171
Pachytylus danicm, Linn. — At Trail, Castellastua, and Prisdan.
Sphingonotus ccerulans, Linn. — Abundant on the beach at Prisdan.
Acrotylus patruelis, Strum. — At Prisdan.
Acridium (pyi/ptinm, Linn. — At Prisdan, and near Antivari.
Podisma alpinum, Koll. — Common on the Sutorman Pass.
Flatyphxjma giorncB, Rossi. — Common at Dukle, round Cetinje, and
in the Bocche.
Caloptenus italicus, Linn. — Common enough ; at Danilograd,
Spuzh, Sutorman, and in the Bocche.
Tettix subulatus, Linn. — A few at Prisdan.
T. hlpunctatm, Linn. — Numerous round Cetinje.
T. depressus, Bris. — Numerous round Cetinje.
Pcecilimon ionicus, Koll. — One male and two females at Castel-
lastua, and two males and a female at Prisdan.
P. affinis, Fieb. — A pair on the Sutorman Pass.
Barhitistes ocskayi, Yers. — A few on the Sutorman Pass and at
Prisdan.
Tylopsis liliifolia, Serv. — Common nearly everywhere ; at Prisdan,
Castellastua, Sebenico, Trau, Sutorman, Antivari, and Spuzh ; the
variety mar yine guttata occurred at Spizza.
Conocephalus nitidulus, Scop. — A few at Danilograd and Prisdan.
lihacodeis discrepans, Fieb. — Widely spread, and not rare ; common
on the hillsides round Cetinje ; also at Dukle, Prisdan, and Antivari ;
also at Trail.
Pachytrachehis striolatus, Fieb. — A few on the Sutorman Pass, and
some immature specimens at Njegush.
P. frater, Br.— A pair at Dukle.
Platycleis grisea, Fabr. — A female at Njegush.
P. vittatus, Charp. — A few at Dukle and Prisdan.
P. sepium, Yers. — At Trau, Castellastua, and Prisdan ; it is very
active, and hard to catch ; it seemed to occur most frequently at the
foot of stone walls in the blazing sun ; the great power of its long
hind legs enables it to make tremendous leaps.
Olynthoscelis cimhrieri, Charp. — This magnificent insect was nume-
rous on thick clusters of thorns near Castellastua; it sits on the topmost
twigs, and, being as nimble as it is wary, it is very difficult to capture.
0. fallax, Fisch. — On the hills above Antivari.
0. femoratxis, Fieb. — A few on the Sutorman Pass, at Prisdan,
Castellastua, and Danilograd.
0. dalmaticus, Krauss. — This species is even finer and more active
than O. chahrieri, though less brightly coloured ; it makes terrific
springs, and frequently settles on the bare trunks of trees. I was
never able to catch one with my net, but my Montenegrin servant
succeeded in taking two with his bare fingers ; they require some care
in handling, as they are capable of inflicting a rather severe bite with
their powerful mandibles.
Decticus verrucivorus, Linn. — Fairly numerous at Danilograd, but
in these southern countries generally replaced by the following.
D. albifrons, Fabr. — This is a splendid insect. It is abundant
amongst dry grass and shrubs ; its stridulation is loud and prolonged,
recalling that Of Locusta viridissitna, but even more strident. It is not
difficult to stalk down, with care and patience.
q2
172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
E'phippigera sphacophila, Kraiiss. — Fairly numerous, crawling about
shrubs in hot valleys. In the Bocche di Cattaro, at Castellastua, and
Prisdan.
Q^canthiis pellucens, Scop. — Ou the Sutorman, at Cetinje and
Spuzh.
Jrachnocephalus vestitus, Yers. — One female of this curious little
cricket at Budua.
SOME POINTS IN THE LIFE -HISTORY OF LYCMNA
ARION.
By The Honourable N. Charles Rothschild.
It is with no small interest that entomologists have read
Mr. Frohawk's interesting notes in the July number of this
journal on the life-history of Lyccena avion. There are, however,
several points which seem to require further elucidation, and
which it is hoped Mr. Frohawk will investigate and ultimately
settle.
From Mr. Frohawk's latest notes it would appear that the
larva of L. avion only moults three times. This habit is un-
usual in the genus Lyccena, though present among several species
of the genus Thecla. We do not think that Mr. Frohawk has
completely proved this point, though the evidence he submits
certainly points in this direction.
On a former occasion Mr. Frohawk has recorded that a larva
of Lyccena avion (when in the autumn it refused to eat any more
thyme) fed for many weeks upon a certain food he found appar-
ently suitable to it. This would lead one to believe that the
young larvffi do not hybernate at once after quitting the thyme,
but are fed in the ants' nests ; and in connection with this it
may be mentioned that the larvae of the ant (Lasius flavns) live
through the winter, and are probably fed to some extent during
the winter by the ants in the nests, a fate possibly shared with
them by the young avion larvae.
The larvae of avion, however, may not be fed by the ants, but
may feed on the vegetable refuse, &c., in the nest.
Finally, why is it so difficult to find these larvae ? The
perfect insects are so numerous in North Cornwall that one
would imagine that the larvae must be quite common in their
habitat, and this Mr. Frohawk did not find to be the case.
Has the larva of Lyccena avion some curious method of con-
cealment ?
148, Piccadilly, London, W. : July 17th, 190G.
173
ON THE RECENT ABUNDANCE OF PYRAMEIS
CARDUI, PLUSIA GAMMA, AND NOMOPHILA
NOCTUELLA.
By Robert Adkin, F.E.S.
There can be no doubt as to the abundance of Pyrameis carclui
in England during the spring of this year, but when and where
the species was first seen, or indeed any details of the visitation,
appear to be wanting, and the phenomenon is thus shorn of
much of its interest. My own experience in the matter is but
slight, and at best imperfect, owing to force of circumstances.
I, however, give it for what it is worth ; but many observers who
live in country places, and are thus able to be in constant touch
with what goes on around them, and habitually note the manners
and ways of even our common species, could doubtless throw a
good deal of light on the subject. Up to June 1st I had been
constantly in London, and had therefore little chance of seeing
whether carclui was with us or not ; but on the evening of that
day I arrived in Eastbourne. It was a very wet evening, and
the following morning was cloudy and dull ; the afternoon, how-
ever, came out bright, and while walking home along the parade
I saw an evident Vanessid, which I took to be carclui, fly wildly
up the bank which se'jDarates the parade from the roadway and
disappear over the top.
The 3rd was a brilliant day, and leaving home directly after
breakfast for a morning on the downs, I had to pass the long
slopes that form the front of the cliffs towards the sea. In
places these were a blaze of yellow blossom, owing to the bird's-
foot trefoil {Lotus coriiiculatus), horseshoe vetch {Hippocrepis
comosa), and kidney vetch {Anthyllis vuhicraria), which here
grow in huge masses, being at the height of their flowering.
Crowds of cardui were feeding on the latter, but the Lotus and
Hippocrepis appeared to offer no attraction to them. As the
butterflies sat feeding on the flowers with the full sunshine upon
their extended wings, the majority of them looked as though
they were in the most perfectly fresh condition ; but on capturing
and examining a number of them, this was found to be by no
means the case. Not only were the colours under closer in-
spection seen to be more or less faded, but the fringes showed
very decided signs of wear, suggesting that the insects had been
on the wing for a considerable time, yet very few of them showed
any signs of mutilation.
In the adjacent " hollows " on the downs, Plusia c/amina was
simply swarming among the grass which liere grows to perhaps
a foot in height, and on the rougher ground Nomophila noctuella
darted out of the tufts of scrubby grass in considerable numbers.
174 ^HE EKTOMOLOGIST.
Several gamma also came to light in the house on the evening
of this day.
The morning of the 4th was dull, but the sun came through by
midday. During the afternoon I again visited the flowery slopes,
and found cardiii still feeding on the Anthijllis, but in smaller
numbers than on the previous day, and by the 6th only a stray
one or two could be found there, although the weather continued
gloriously fine. But from this time up to the 21st, when I left
the neighbourhood, wherever I went through the surrounding
country for many miles round the species was seen, but only in
very small numbers, seldom more than one or two at a time.
The disappearance of gamma was even more marked, as,
although I was frequently over the same ground where I had
found it so abundantly on the 3rd, it was rarely that even one
was seen, except on the 17th, when ])erhaps half-a-dozen were
noted during a long morning's collecting, and no more came to
light at night. Noctuella was again seen on two occasions only,
namely, a single individual each on the 10th and 17th.
The slopes where cardui was so abundant face almost due
east. The prevailing wind when I reached Eastbourne was
westerly, therefore blowing off the land, and I understand had
been so for some days previously to my arrival ; but it had not
been stable, often shifting for a few hours or falling calm. On
the morning of the 4th it veered into a light easterly sea breeze,
and remained so for several days. Of the exact conditions of
wind and weather prevalent at the time when the insects first
became so abundant on the slopes facing the sea, I have there-
fore unfortunately no very definite record, but it will be noted
that it was on the wind becoming permanently east that the
dispersal of the insects that had congregated on the coast
commenced.
The foregoing might conveniently be put into tabulated
form, thus : —
Locality. — Eastbourne, Sussex coast.
Period of Observation. — June 2nd to 21st, 1906.
Species. — Pyrameis canhd, June 3rd, locally abundant ; 4th, locally
common ; 5th to 21st, generally distributed sparingly.
Species. — Plusia pamma, June 3rd, locally abundant ; 4th to 17th,
very sparingly.
Species. — Nowo})hila noctucUa, June 3rd, locally very common ;
4th to 17th, rarely.
A number of such brief tables got together would, without
doubt, throw light upon a much discussed but none the less
interesting subject.
Lewisham : July, 1906.
175
NOTES ON THE VEGETABLE CATEKPILLAR OF
NEW ZEALAND.
By Alfred Philpott.
At a meeting of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society, held on Oct. 26th, 1905, there was
exhibited by Mr. Step a larva of the New Zealand vegetable
caterpillar {Hcpialus virescens), and the fungus {Cordiceps
robertsii) which attacked it.
This insect-vegetable combination never fails to arouse in-
terest, whether the beholder be a trained entomologist or an
ordinary observer without any special predilection for the study
of insects. It is unfortunate that but little is known of the
caterpillar and its parasitic foe, still more unfortunate that
several errors have crept into the little we know of its life-history.
In almost every account of this curious abnormality it is stated
that the insect is extremely rare, that it is found only under the
rata-tree {Metrosideros), and that the caterpillar is the larval
stage of the handsome green and white moth {Hepialus virescens).
These three statements are all contrary to fact. The caterpillar
has been found practically throughout New Zealand ; in some
cases — for instance, where alluvial gold- mining has been carried
on — in great numbers. The dead and dry caterpillar is probably
often overlooked, bearing as it does, even with the fungus-spike
attached, a close resemblance to a fragment of a dead root.
With regard to the larva's invariable association with Metro-
sideros, this is so far from being the case that in several districts
where the larva has been commonly met with, the rata-tree is
unknown. As to the moth into which the caterpillar would in
the ordinary course of events develop, Mr. G. V. Hudson has
pointed out ('New Zealand Moths and Butterflies,' p. 132) that
the supposition that H. virescens is the imaginal form is certainly
erroneous, as the larva of that species lives in stems of trees,
and never goes underground, even to pupate, while the larva of
the vegetable caterpillar is subterranean in its habits. Mr.
Hudson suggests Porina inairi in place of H. virescens, but the
extreme rarity of this moth renders it improbable. The type of
P. mairi was discovered by Sir Walter Buller thirty-nine years
ago, and I do not think that a second example has yet been
brought to light. It is, I think, more probable that Porina
dinodes will turn out to be the correct species. No other moth
in this district (Southland) is large enough to warrant the
assumption that its larva may be the host of the fungus. When
full grown the larva of dinodes is nearly four inches long, and
inhabits a tunnel driven in rather an oblique direction to a
depth of fifteen to twenty inches. A comparison of fungus-
176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
attacked larvae with living larvae of P. dlnodes found within a
few yards of each other, shows that the two are very similar, if
not identical. It is of course possible — as Mr. Hudson suggests
in a letter to me — that more than one species is attacked, and
that the same species may not be selected in the North Island
as in the South.
Underwood, Invercargill, New Zealand,
A NEW SPECIES OF PSEUDAGENIA FROM
AUSTRALIA.
By p. Camekon.
Pscudagenia australis, sp. nov.
Black ; the antennfe orange-yellow, the apical two or three joints
infuscated above ; a narrow line ou the lower inner orbits, commencing
opposite the antennas, where it is united to a line of similar width,
which goes round the sides and apex of the clypeus ; mandibles yel-
lowish testaceous from shortly beyond the middle to the teeth. Palpi
black, paler at the apices of the joints, densely covered with short
white pubescence ; the anterior tibiae are brownish in front ; the four
anterior calcaria black, the posterior white, narrowly black at the base;
the longer one extends to shortly beyond the middle ; wings clear
hyaline ; a narrow brownish, not very distinct, cloud along the trans-
verse basal and the transverse median nervures ; there is a cloud in
the base of the radial cellule, in the second cubital, and between the
recurrent nervures in front. <? . Length, 9 mm.
Eyes slightly but distinctly converging above ; the ocelli in a
triangle, the hinder separated from the eyes by about one-half more
than they are from each other. The eyes at the top are separated by
about the length of the pedicle and third antennal joint united. Apex
of clypeus broadly rounded. Face and clypeus densely covered with
silvery pile, the cheeks less densely with long silvery hair. Temples
roundly narrowed. There is a narrow interrupted furrow down the
front. Pronotum roundly narrowed from the apex to the base ; in the
middle it is about two-thirds of the length of the mesonotum. The
third abscissa of the radius is as long as the basal two united ; the
first recurrent nervure is received shortly beyond the middle, the
second near the apex of the basal fourth of the cellule ; the transverse
median shortly beyond the transverse basal ; the accessory in the hind
wings shortly behind the cubitus. The first abdominal segment is
long, becoming gradually wider towards the apex, where it is more
than twice the width of the base ; it is distinctly longer than the
second segment, which is as wide at the apex as it is long ; the seg-
ments in fresh examples are banded with silvery pubescence. Meta-
notum shagreened. The apices of the wings are slightly infuscated.
The labrum appears to be obscure testaceous.
NEW AMERICAN BEES. 177
Allied to p. fusciformis, Saiiss. Judging from Saussure's
figure of that species, the present has both the temples and
pronotum more largely developed than in P. fusciformis or P.
novarce, Sauss. Orange-yellow antennse appear to be not un-
common with Australian Pompilidae.
NEW AMEEICAN BEES.— II.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.
Perdita jonesi, n. sp.
Euns in my tables to P. octomaculata and qffiiiis, and is very
closely allied to them, differing as follows : —
? . Length, 5 J-6 mm. ; head and thorax dark blue-green, abdomen
brown-black, with oblique chrome-yellow marks on sides of first four
segments. It is a little smaller than octomaculata, the abdominal
markings are smaller, the pro thorax is without yellow spots, and the
tubercles are either all dark or with minute yellow dots ; the tegulaj
are smaller, and light reddish brown instead of hyaline with a yellow
spot; the wings are smoky and iridescent, with dark (solid brown)
stigma and nervures ; the outer border of the third discoidal cell is
longer, and the marginal cell seems a little longer ; the yellow of the
front legs is reduced ; the face is narrower, the black bars on the
clypeus are much heavier, and the lateral face-marks are reduced,
being subpyriform, pointed above. From P. ajfinis it is readily known
by the longer and narrower marginal cell, the chrome-yellow abdo-
minal spots, the unspotted prothorax, and the smaller lateral face-
marks.
^ . Length scarcely 5 mm. ; lateral face-marks rounder and less
pointed above ; abdomen spotted only on second and third segments.
Euns in my tables to F. affinis, but the face-marks would agree better
with the female than the male of that species, and even for that sex
the lateral face-marks are much too small, and the black on the clypeus
is much too heavy. The anterior femora, instead of being entirely
yellow in front, are yellow only at the knees, while the middle and hind
femora and tibicTB are not striped with yellow as they are in affinis.
3 , var. a. Similar, but the abdomen has yellow (reddened by
cyanide in type) spots on the first five segments, the tubercles have a
yellow spot, the lateral face-marks are much larger, the clypeus is
yellow without well-defined black bars, and there is a subquadrate
yellow supraclypeal mark. There are even minute dots representing
the dog-ear marks. The knees are all yellow, and the anterior and
middle tibiae have heavy yellow stripes.
Hah. Eosser, Texas, June 7th, 1905; female (=type) and
male taken by Mr. F. C. Bishopp at flowers of Monarda citri-
odora, and female and male, var. a, taken by Mr. C. E. Jones
at flowers of Parosela (?). The male var. a may possibly be a
distinct species, but the female taken with it agrees with the
178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
other female. The species is quite distinct from P. monardce,
Viereck.
Perdita dallasiana, n. sp.
3' . Length just over 4 mm. ; head aud thorax rather yellowish
green, marked with yellow ; thorax, upper part of head, and cheeks
conspicuously though not densely hairy ; head round, cheeks normal ;
face entirely pale dull semipellucid yellow up to level of autennas (this
also including labrum, and mandibles except the extreme tip, which is
reddish), the light colour having a broad but short angular projection
upwards in the middle line, and on each side meeting the orbital mar-
gins at an angle of perhaps 50^, the apical point, however, sending a
line upwards, which diverges a little from the eye ; cheeks, except the
upper part, yellow ; antennse light yellow beneath and dark above ;
front dullish ; prothorax light yellow with a green transverse band,
which reaches the hind margin for a short distance in the middle line ;
mesothorax rather shiny, the median groove very distinct ; pleura with
two yellow marks, one just behind the tubercles, and a larger trans-
verse one lower down ; legs very light yellow, marked with very dark
brown ; all the femora have large marks behind, as also do the tibije ;
tegulfe pellucid ; wings very iridescent, with brown nervures, the
stigma narrowly margined with brown ; marginal cell ordinary ; third
discoidal cell weak ; first five abdominal segments with broad dull
yellow entire bauds on a dark browia ground ; those on segments two
and three bend abruptly backwards at the sides, leaving a brown tri-
angular antero-lateral corner on each side of the segment, and prevent-
ing the brown from reaching the lateral margins posteriorly ; on seg-
ments four and five the lateral backward processes are wanting, and so
the bands end some distance from the lateral margins ; segments six
and seven entirely yellow ; ventral surface of abdomen entirely yellow,
rather incliniug to orange. Runs in my tables to P. hirsuta, Ckll.,
though the hair of the front, while arranged as in hirsuta, is not so
conspicuously abundant. It may be known from hirsuta by the yellow
line extending upwards at the sides of the face, the greater amount
of yellow on cheeks, the marks on pleura, the colour of the hind
legs, &c.
Hab. Dallas, Texas, on Helianthus, July 13th, 1905 (W. W.
Yothers) ; also a specimen with the marking of the abdomen a
little different, from Piosser, Texas, June 7th, 1905 (C. B. Jones).
Perdita xanthismce sideranthi, n. subsp.
? . Runs in my table (Proc. Phila. Acad. 1896) to P. austini, but
is not related to that species. The form with a supraclypeal mark ruus
near P. stolleri, but differs by the higher clypeus, much duller meso-
thorax, &c. It differs from true xanthismcB as follows : dog-ear marks
absent ; supraclypeal mark absent, or rarely represented by a narrow
transverse band ; abdomen dark brown or practically black, with broad
cream-coloured bauds on segments two to five, these bands notched in
the middle posteriorly ; venter darker.
This certainly looks like a distinct species, but the abdomen
is very variable, and the lightest specimens do not differ materi-
NEUROPTERA TAKEN IN FRANCE. 179
ally from the darkest from Goldtbwaite, at flowers of Xanthisma.
The wings, hairy thorax, &c., are the same.
Hah. Ennis, Texas, Sept. 27th, 1905 ; taken by F. C. Bishopp
at flowers of Sideranthus rubiginosus — seven specimens. Also two
taken by J. C. Crawford at Handley, Texas, Aug. 3rd, 1905, at
flowers of Isopappiis divaricatus.
Flowers visited by Perdita.
I have just received from Mr. Crawford the names of some of
the flowers upon which the Texas species of Perdita were caught.
The flowers were identified at the Department of Agriculture in
Washington.
Perdita hishoppi and P. cambarella were at flowers of Hetero-
theca siibaxillaris. P. cambarella is evidently close to P. mellina,
which visits the Heterotheca in Arizona. The ornamentation of
the male abdomen is practically the same in both, but the face-
marks differ conspicuously.
P.jonesi was taken at flowers of Monarda citriodora ; but P.
jonesi, var. a, was from Petalostemon midtifloras.
At Barstow, Texas, July 22nd, Mr. Crawford took a variety of
Perdita verbesince at flowers of Verbesina encelioides.
Boulder, Colorado : April 30th, 1906.
NEUEOPTEKA TAKEN IN FBANCE BY DE. T. A.
CHAPMAN IN 1905 AND 1906.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
Dr. Chapman has given to me two small collections of
Neuroptera, taken casually in France in July-August, 1905,
and April-May, 1906, which contain the following insects : —
Lautaret, Hautes-Alpes, August Ist-lOtb, 1905. — JSschna jiincea,
one male, two females (dragonfly) ; ■'■'Dicti/optenjx alpina, one (Perlid) ;
Hemerobins quadrifasciatus (brown lacewing).
Laeche, Basses-Alpes, July 21st-30tb, 1905. — ■-Bhyacophila vul-
garis, four males ; '■'TJrusus discolor, one female ; ■•' Putamorites biguttatus,
one male (caddis-flies).
Hy^ires, April 2nd-18th, 1906. — '■'Sgmpgcna fusca, four males,
three females ; '■'- Orthetrum bnmneum, one teneral male; Brachgtnm
pratense, two males ; Sgmpetrum striolatum, three males, one female,
all teneral (dragonflies),
Gapeau, April 14th, l^OQ.—Tinodcs wicncri, thirteen (caddis-fly).
S. Maxime, April 20th-May 10th, 1906.— /'//'"' /'"*"""' ngmphula,
one male (dragonfly) ; Nemoura variegata, two (Perlid) ; Mesophylao}
aspersiis, one (caddis-fly).
180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Non-British species are marked with an asterisk (*) ; M.
aspersiis is probably only an accidental introduction into the
British fauna. Mr. K. J. Morton has been good enough to assist
in the identification.
Kingston-on-Thames.
A NEW GENUS AND FIVE NEW SPECIES OF
ICHNEUMONID^ FKOM AUSTEALIA.
By p. Cameron.
CRYPTINiE.
PHYGADEUONINI.
Gavrana, gen. uov.
Areolet 4-angled, the nervures uniting in front ; the cubitus obso-
lete beyond it. Disco-cubital nervure unbroken. Transverse basal
nervure interstitial. Transverse cubital uervure in hind wings broken
far below the middle. Scutellum roundly convex, broader than long ;
its sides stoutly keeled. Metanotum regularly areolated ; the areola
more than twice longer than wide, rounded at the base, transverse at
the apex, which is narrower than the base ; the spiracles small, twice
longer than wide. Apex of clypeus transverse ; labrum projecting.
Mandibles bideutate ; the upper tooth much longer than the lower.
Abdominal petiole long and slender. The basal joints of the antennae
long ; the third is distmctly longer than the fourth. Face not thickly
covered with white pubescence. Parapsidal furrows not extended
to the middle of mesonotum. Metanotum shining, rugosely punc-
tured ; it has five apical are®. There are no dorsal keels on the first
abdominal segment. The radius originates behind the middle of the
stigma. Disco-cubital cellule at base much wider than the second
discoidal cellule at the apex.
Belongs to the Phygadeuonini. In Dr. Ashmead's " System "
(Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxiii. 27) it would come near Isotima, Foer.
It looks more like an Ichneumon than a Cryptid.
Gavrana maculipes, sp. nov.
Eufo-ferruginous ; the front and vertex broadly, occiput except at
the edges ; antennas except for a white ring of three joints beyond the
middle, the sides of mesonotum narrowly, a broad line on the apical
half in the centre, the parts surrounding the base and sides of scutellum,
the space at the sides of post-scutellum, the base of metanotum nar-
rowly, a broad line, dilated at the apex, in the centre of propleurje, the
parts round the tubercles, the sutures at the apex of the mesopleurffi,
and more broadly at the base of mesopleurffi, the apex of the hind
femora, their tibiae more broadly, and the basal, second and apical joints
of hind tarsi, black. The following parts are yellow : the eye-orbits —
the hinder broadly below — face, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, palpi, the
top and bottom of propleurae, scutellar keels, apex of scutellum, post-
scutellum, apex of metanotum laterally, the breasts, the base of meso-
NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONID^ FROM AUSTRALIA. 181
pleurae from the black line, its lower part broadly, apex of metapleurse,
the four anterior coxte, trochanters and their femora, tibife and tarsi in
front, and joints three and four of the hind tarsi. Wings hyaline, the
stigma and nervures fuscous. S • Length, 9 mm.
Face and base of clypeus closely and somewhat strongly punc-
tured ; the apex of the latter smooth ; the front and vertex are more
closely punctured ; there is a short narrow keel below the ocelli. Pro-
and mesothorax closely punctured ; the scutellum is more strongly and
much more sparsely punctured. Metanotum closely, strongly, trans-
versely striated ; the base in the middle smooth ; the areola irregularly,
sparsely wrinkled ; the apical areas are more stoutly transversely stri-
ated ; the posterior median almost smooth above, below sparsely
striated ; the lateral arefe have the striae stout ; the spiracular area is
closely rugosely punctured. Abdominal petiole smooth and shining.
Under side of tarsi spinose ; the apices of the joints more stoutly
spinose.
HEMITELINI.
Otacustes ? rufipcs, sp. nov.
Rufo-ferruginous ; the mesothorax largely suffused with black ; a
narrow pale yellow line on the pronotum ; the vertex, front, and occiput
black, the orbits narrowly yellow ; the red colour on the face and clypeus
is suffused with yellow ; legs coloured like the abdomen ; the antennae
dark testaceous, the scape yellowish below, the flagellum black above.
Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma fuscous, the nervures blacker.
5 . Length, 5 mm.
Front and vertex closely, uniformly punctured ; there is a broad,
short, curved furrow below the anterior ocellus. Face closely punc-
tured, clearly separated from the clypeus ; there is a narrow keel down
the middle. Apex of clypeus broadly rounded, the margin depressed.
Palpi yellowish. The basal two joints of flagellum equal in length.
Thorax closely punctured, the pleurae more strongly than the upper
part. Areola wider than long, rounded at the base, transverse at the
apex. Radial cellule small, the radius roundly curved, not reaching
half-way to the apex. Areolet large ; long, counting along the radius,
wider in front than behind, receiving the recurrent nervure beyond the
middle ; the cubitus is obsolete beyond it; the second transverse cubital
nervure is more distinct than is usual with the Hemitelini ; the radius
issues from beyond the middle ; the stigma is large. Antennas over
20-jointed. Second discoidal cellule closed. Metathoracic spiracles
oval.
This is probably not a true Otacustes ; in the generic tables
given by authors it runs into that genus.
ICHNEUMONINI.
Probolus alhocinctus, sp. nov.
Black ; the legs, except the coxae, trochanters, and the apex of the
hind femora, and the second abdominal segment, red ; the tenth to
fifteenth joints of the antennae, scutellum, except at the base, an inter-
rupted band on the apex of the third abdominal segment and the penul-
timate, white; wings hyaline, the stigma testaceous, the nervures
black. ? . Length, 13 mm.
182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Head strongly punctured, the front and vertex more closely and
regularly than the face. Face and oral region thickly covered with
pale hair. Scutellum shining, weakly punctured, flat. Thorax closely,
somewhat strongly punctured, the median segment more coarsely than
the rest. Areola quadrate, almost twice longer than wide, of equal
width throughout, transverse at the base and apex. Post-petiole
strongly, regularly, longitudinally striated, the central area clearly
defined, Gastrocoeli transverse, stoutly striated, the stria3 mostly
curved, clearly separated. Areolet 5-angled, wide in front, as wide
there as the space bounded by the recurrent and the second transverse
cubital nervures ; the recurrent is received shortly beyond the middle ;
the disco-cubital is broken by a stump ; the transverse median nervure
is received distinctly beyond the transverse basal. Tarsi spinose,
especially at the apices of the joints. Tubercles white. Temples
longer than the eyes above. Occiput roundly incised. The apex of
the hind tibiae may be black.
ANOMALONINI,
Anomalon trichio^omum, sp. nov.
Black ; the first abdominal segment, the sides of the second to
fourth, and the hind legs rufo-testaceous ; the four anterior legs
yellowish testaceous ; all the coxfe and the apex of the hind tibiae
broadly and irregularly black ; the middle joints of the hind tarsi are
tinged with yellow, the last black. There is a large yellowish mark on
the centre of the face, dilated laterally in the middle to the eyes, the
dilated parts gradually narrowed to a point on the outer side ; there is
a similarly coloured transverse mark on the clypeus, which is, laterally,
gradually narrowed to a point. Mandibles with a pale yellowish mark
in front at the base. Palpi pale yellow. Wings hyaline, iridescent,
the costa and nervures black, the stigma testaceous, ? . Length,
22 mm.
Head, thorax, and base of legs densely covered with long grey
pubescence, the rest of the legs and body with a sparser and shorter
whitish pile. Front depressed, the parts bordering the sides of the
ocelli stoutly striated, the striffi oblique and twisted ; the centre of the
front is irreguliirly, stoutly reticulated ; above the antennje is a stout
plate. Sides of face irregularly, coarsely reticulated, the centre irregu-
larly rugose. Mesonotum smooth and shining, the apical slope in the
middle closely, irregularly, longitudinally striated. Scutellum coarsely,
rugosely punctured, with a smooth spot in the centre ; it has an
oblique slope towards the apex. Median segment coarsely, irregularly
reticulated, densely covered with long pale hair. Pro- and mesopleurae
moderately finely but not closely punctured ; the metapleur^ much
more closely, regularly, and strongly punctured. Sheaths of ovipositor
rufo-testaceous, black above ; its basal third narrowed above, clearly
separated from the thicker apical part. Transverse median nervure
received shortly beyond the transverse basal ; the transverse median
nervure in the hind wings is broken shortly above the middle.
Laphyctes ? trilineatus, sp. nov.
Black ; a line on the inner orbits from the antennas to the base of
the mandibles, the line narrowed at the top and bottom, a line in the
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE DORKING DISTRICT. 183
middle of the face, becoming gradually widened below, where it is
united to the clypeus, the clypeus, mandibles, except the teeth, palpi,
and malar space, except in the centre, yellowish testaceous ; the abdo-
men ferruginous, the second segment on the top, and the last two
broadly on the top and on the sides, black. Pour front legs yellowish
testaceous, their femora more rufous in colour, the cox^e black ; the
hind coxte, trochanters, apical half of tibife and metatarsus, except at
apex, black ; the femora and basal half of tibife rufous ; the apex of
metatarsus and the other joints of tarsi yellow. Wings hyaline, the
base of costa testaceous ; the rest of it, the front of stigma, and the
nervures black ; the posterior part of stigma testaceous. ? . Length,
17 mm.
Head and thorax densely covered with white pubescence. Front
and vertex closely, rugosely punctured, the centre weakly, obliquely
striated. Face strongly, closely punctured, more closely on the sides
than on the middle. Thorax closely, distinctly punctured, and densely
covered with short white pubescence. Parapsidal furrows narrow, but
distinct. Scutellum much more strongly punctured than the meso-
notum ; the punctuation on the apical slope running into longitudinal
strife. Median segment coarsely, irregularly, transversely reticulated.
Transverse median nervure interstitial ; the recurrent nervure is re-
ceived very shortly beyond the transverse cubital. Transverse median
nervure in hind wings broken distinctly below the middle. Parallel
nervure broken shortly below the middle.
This is not a typical Lajjhyctes, but there is no other known
genus in which it can be placed. The apex of the clypeus ends
in a distinct point or tooth. The eyes converge slightly below ;
the malar space is very small. The upper tooth of the mandibles
is a little longer than the lower. The short spur of the hinder
tibiae is twice longer than the width of the metatarsus. The
antennse are as long as the head, thorax, and basal two segments
of the abdomen united. The sides of the clypeus above are
bordered by deep oblique furrows ; there is a short not very
distinct furrow in the middle above. The base of the third dis-
eoidal cellule is not so wide as the length of the transverse
median nervure.
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE DORKING DISTRICT.
By F. a. Oldaker, M.A.
(Concluded from p. 160.)
Porthesia similis. Larvas common on whitethorn. May 28th ; spun
up, June 16th. Imagines, July 7th, Also taken freely at the lamps.
Dasxjchira pudibunda. Common at the lamps, June 12th. Larva?
also frequently taken. Imagines, April 23rd.
Orr/yia antiqxia. Larvae very common on all kinds of food-plant,
especially on wistaria in my garden. Larvos, May 27th ; spun up,
July 15th. Imagines, August 80th.
184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
PcecilocamjM popiili. Taken at the lamps, November 10th. Ova
deposited, November 26th. Larvfe, March 31st, died.
Malacosoma neustria. Common at the lamps, July 22nd. Larv»,
April 6th ; spun up, June 30th. Imagines, July 16th.
Lasiocampa qiiercus. Fairly common on Ranmore. Spun up,
May 16th and August 2nd. Imagines, June 5th.
Gastropacha quercifolia. Larvffi found on whitethorn at Polesden ;
spun up May 23rd. Imagines, June 30th.
Drepana lacertinaria. Caught by beating at Polesden, June 6th. —
D. falcula. Common at the lamps in Dorking, May 28th. Larvae,
June 13th ; pupated, July 7th. Imagines, July 17th. — D. cultraria.
Caught by beating at Polesden, May 27th.
Dicranura vmula. Larvas common on sallows, and imagines on
the lamps in Dorking. Ova deposited. May 30th. Larvre, June 25th ;
spun up, July 23rd. Imagines, May 18th.
Fterostoma palpina. Taken at the lamps in Dorking, May 23rd.
Lophopteryx camelina. Taken at rest on palings, June 6th. Larv®
beaten from oak, August 6th. Imagines, September 2nd. — L. car-
melita. One specimen taken at a lamp in Dorking, May 1st.
Pheosia tremula (dictoia). Common at the lamps in Dorking, May
7th. — P. dictcBoides. Taken sparingly at the lamps. May 31st and
September 4th.
Notodonta trepida. Taken in some numbers at the lamps in Dork-
ing. May 3rd. — N. trimacula. One specimen taken at a lamp in
Dorking, May 23rd.
Phalera bucephala. Common at the lamps and at rest. May 23rd.
Habrosyne derasa. Taken at the lamps in Dorking, July 17th.
Cymatophora duplaris. Taken at the lamps in Dorking. July 16th.
Polyploca fiavicornis. Taken at the lamps in Dorking, April 14th.
Bryophila perla. Very common at the lamps in Dorking. June 27th.
Acronycta psi. Larvje common on many trees. Pupated, October
1st, Imagines, May 26th. — A. aceris. — Taken at the lamps. July
18th. — A. meyacephala. Taken at the lamps. July 17th.
Diloba caruleocephala. Very common at the lamps, October 19th.
Leucania conigera. Fairly common at the lamps. July 17th. — L.
Utharyyria. Taken at the lamps, July 11th. — L. comma. Common at
the lamps. June 16th. — L. impura. Taken at the lamps. July 12th.
— L. pallens. Common at the lamps. July 1st.
Nonayria arundinis. One specimen taken at a lamp, October 12th.
Hydreecia micacea. Common at the lamps. September 26th.
Xylophasia rurea. One specimen taken at a lamp, June 20th.
Dipterygia scabriuscida . One specimen flew into the dining-room
to the gas, June 15th.
Neuria reticulata. One specimen taken at a lamp, June 24th.
Epineuronia popularis. Taken freely at the lamps. September 4th.
CharcBas graminis. Taken at the lamps, July 30th.
Cerigo matnra. Common at the lamps. July 22nd.
Luperina testacea. Very common at the lamps. September 4th. —
L. cespitis. One specimen taken at a lamp, July 16th.
Mamestra brassier. Taken at the lamps, July 16th. Imagines
from dug pupffi, June loth. — M. persicaria. Very common at the
lamps. July 17th. Ova deposited, July 18th. Larv®, July 24th.
Imagines, June 2nd.
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE DORKING DISTRICT. 185
Apamea didyma. Common at the lamps. August 2otb.
Miami stivjilis. Taken at the lamps. July 25th. — M. fasciuncula.
Taken at the lamps. June 27th. — M. bicoloria. Taken at the lamps.
June 30th. — M. arcuosa. Taken at the lamps. July 18th.
Grammesia trigrammica. Common at the lamps. May 31st.
Caradrina morpheus. Very common at the lamps. June 4th.
Riisina tenebrosa. Taken at the lamps. June 21st.
Agrotis puta. Common at the lamps. May 18th. — A. segetum.
Common at the lamps. July 1st. — A. exdamationis. Very common at
the lamps, June 11th. — A. corticea. Taken at the lamps. June 28th.
— A. cinerea. Males taken in fair numbers at the lamps ; once I took
five off one lamp, but no females. May 28th. — A, nigricans. Taken at
the lamps. July 1st. — A. tritici. Taken at the lamps. July 20th. —
A. strigida. Taken at the lamps. August 4th.
Noctxia plecta. Tak^n at the lamps. July 4th. — N. c-nigrnm.
Common at the lamps. September 29th. — -Y. xanthographa. Common
at the lamps. July 16th.
TripJmna proiniba. Taken commonly at rest. June 28th. — T.
iaiithina. Taken at the lamps. July 23rd. — T. corbies. Taken at the
lamps. June 25th.
Amphipgra pyramidea. Taken at the lamps. July 24th. — A. trago-
pogonis. Taken at the lamps. July 20th.
Mania typica. Caught beating on Ranmore, July 15th. — M. maura.
Flew into the dining-room, July 10th.
Pachnobia rubricosa. Taken at the lamps, May 8th.
Tccniocampa gothica. Taken at the lamps. March 21st. — T. incerta,
T. stabilis, T. munda. Taken at the lamps. March 26th. — T. pulveru-
lenta. Taken at the lamps. Mai'cli 21st.
Orthosia lota. Taken at the lamps, November 1st. — 0. macHenta.
Taken at ivy-blossom, October 28th.
A?ichocelis pistacina. Taken at the lamps, September 25th ; ivy,
October 29th. — A. lunosa. Common at the lamps. September 12th.
Cerastis spadicea. Taken at ivy-blossom, October 28th.
Scopelosoma satellitia. Taken at the lamps, November 1st.
Xantlda citrago. Taken at the lamps, October 11th.
Calymnia trapezina. Larvse beaten from oak on Ranmore ;
imagines, July 12th.
DiantluBcia carpophaga. Taken at the lamps, June 21st.
Aporophyla lutulenta. Taken at the lamps, September 21st.
Miselia oxyacanthcB. Larvae beaten from whitethorn on Ranmore ;
imagines, October 10th. Taken from ivy-blossom, October 28th
lamps, October 19th.
Phlogophora meticulosa. Taken from lamps, May 80th, November
5th ; ivy-blossom, October 28th.
Aplecta prasina. Flew into dining-room, June 20th.
Hadena protea. Larvae beaten on Ranmore ; imagines, September
10th. — H. dentina. Common at the lamps. June 17th. — H. oleracea.
Common at the lamps. July 1st. Ova deposited, July 2nd. Ijarva3,
July 26th ; pupated, September 17th. Imagines, June 8th. Fed on
geranium. — H. pisi. Taken at the lamps. June 29th.
Gonoptera libatrix. Larvae beaten from oak on Ranmore; imagines,
July 27th.
ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1906. R
186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Habrostola tripartita. Taken at the lamps, June 20tli.
Plusia moneta. Taken at the lamps, July 14th. — P. chrysitis.
Taken at the lamps, July 5th. — P. iota. Taken at the lamps, July
18th. — P. rfamvia. Common at lamps and on Ranmore. June 7th.
Anarta inyrtilli. Taken on Ranmore, July 6th. Larvfe found at
night, August 4th. Imagines, May 19th.
Acontia luctuosa. Taken in fair numbers on the south side of
Ranmore. May 18th.
Phytometra viridaria. Common at Polesden. May 19th.
Euclidia mi. Common at Polesden. May 19th. — E. ylyphica.
Common at Polesden and Dorking. May 18th.
Catocala nupta. Common at Dorking. July 7th.
Laspeyria Jiexula. Two specimens taken at Polesden, July 12th.
Zondognatha grisealis. Taken at the lamps, July 1st. — Z. tarsi-
pennalis. Taken at the lamps, May 28th.
Hyperia proboscidalis. Taken at the lamps in Dorking, July 14th.
Beaten on Ranmore, June 29th.
Urapteryx sambucaria. Quite common at the lamps in Dorking.
July 9th.
Epione apiciaria. Taken at lamps, September 4th ; deposited same
day. Larvse, May 31st; spun up, July 8th. Imagines, July 16th.
Opisthograptis luteolata. Very common everywhere. May 15th.
Venilia macularia. Beaten on Holmwood Common and on Ran-
more. May 25th.
Metrocampa margaritaria. Fairly common at the lamps and at
rest. June 29th. Deposited, July 9th. Larvte, July 19th. Imagines,
June 24th.
Eurymene dolabraria. Beaten on Ranmore, June 18th.
Selenia bilunaria. Common at the lamps. March 26th and July
26th. Larvae, May 20th ; spun up, June 10th. Imagines, June 29th.
— 8. lunaria. Taken at the lamps, May 28th.
Gonodontis bidentata. Common at the lamps. May 18th.
Crocallis elinguaria. Taken at the lamps, July 25th.
Etinomos alniaria. Very common at the lamps. August 31st.
Larvffi, May 9th; pupated, July 5th. Imagines, July 15th. — E.
fuscantaria. Taken at the lamps, August 27th. Larvae, May 19th ;
pupated, June 21st. Imagines, July 19th.
Himera pennaria. Common at the lamps. October 30th. Larvae,
March 19th; pupated, May 3rd. Imagines, November 11th.
Phigalia pedaria. Taken at lamps, February 8th.
Amphidasys strotaria. Common at the lamps. March 20th. De-
posited, April 14th. Larvae, May 20th ; pupated, July 17th. Imagines,
March 7th. — A. betularia. Common at lamps. June 6th. Larvje,
July 6th y pupated, August 20th. Imagines, June 4th.
Hemerophila abruptaria. Taken at the lamps, May 15th.
Boarmia repandata. Beaten on Ranmore, July 4th. — Var. conver-
saria. July 19th. — B. gemmaria. Taken at the lamps, July 7th. —
B. consortaria. Taken at the lamps, June 5th.
Tephrosia crepusculaHa. Taken at the lamps. May 10th.
Pseudoterpna pruinata. Beaten on Holmwood Common, July 15th.
Geometra vernaria. Beaten on Ranmore, July 16th.
Hemithea viridata. Beaten on Ranmore, June 17th. — H. strigata.
LEMDOPTEKA of the DORKING DISTRICT. 187
Beaten on Eanmore, July 6tb. Imagines from beaten larvse, June
18th.
Kphyra punctaria. Beaten in Dorking, June 29th. — E. annulata.
Beaten on Holmwood Common, May 20th. — E. pendularia. Taken at
the lamps, May 31st.
Asthena luteata. Beaten at Polesden, June 4th. — A. candidata.
Beaten on Eanmore, May 24th.
Acidaiia dilutaria, A. virgularia. Taken at the lamps. June 14th.
— A. oniata. Common at Polesden and on the south side of Eanmore.
June 4th and August 10th. — A. suhsericeata. Taken at the lamps,
July 1st. — A. remutaria. Beaten at Polesden, June 3rd. — A. imitaria.
Taken at the lamps, July 16th. — A. aversata. Taken at the lamps,
July 4th.
Deilinia jmsaria. Very common at lamps and by beating. June 11th.
Imagines from beaten larvre, May 31st. — D. exanthemata. Common
on Eanmore. June 10th. Imagines from beaten larvae, June 4th.
Bapta temcrata. Beaten on Eanmore, May 17th. — B. taminata.
Beaten on Eanmore, June 4th.
Macaria liturata. Beaten at Polesden, June 24th.
Thamnonoma vauaria. Taken at the lamps, July 6th.
Strenia dathrata. Taken at the lamps. May 24th.
Panagra petraria. Taken at the lamps. May 20th.
Eviaturga atomaria. Beaten at Polesden, June 3rd.
Bupalus })iniana. Taken on Eanmore, June 1st.
Minoa murinata. Taken at the lamps, July 11th.
Abraxas grossulariata. Very common everywhere. Larvfe on red
currant and Eiionymus ; pupated, June 14th. Imagines, July 5th.
Light variety taken, July 25th.
Ligdia adustata. Taken at the lamps. May 21st.
Lomaspilis marginata. Taken at the lamps and beaten at Polesden,
May 27th.
Hybernia rupicapraria. Taken at the lamps, February 13th. — H.
leucophaaria. Taken at the lamps, March 8th. — H. aurantiaria. Taken
at the lamps, November 13th. — H. marginaria. Taken at the lamps,
February 13th.— /i. defoliaria. Taken at the lamps, October 19th.
Anisojyteryx ascularia. Taken at the lamps, March 8th.
Cheimatobia briimata. Swarming at the lamps. November 1st.
Oporabia dilutata. Common at the lamps. October 19th.
Larentia viridaria. Common on Eanmore. June 2nd.
Emmelesia alchemillata, E. nnifasciata. Taken at the lamps, July 1st.
Tephrochjstia linariata. i'aken at the lamps, July 18th. — T. ob-
longata. Taken at the lamps, May 18th, August 15th. — T. siibfidvata.
Taken at the lamps, July 23rd. — T. scabiosata. Taken at the lamps,
July 18th. — T. saiyrata. Beaten at Polesden, May 24th. — T. cmtigata.
Beaten at Polesden, June 2nd. — T. pusillata. Beaten at Polesden,
May 24th. — T. vulgata. Taken at the lamps, July 10th. — T. absinthiata.
Taken at the lamps, June 16th. — T.minutata, T. assimilata. Taken
at the lamps, July 15th. — T. exigiiata. Taken at the lamps, May 31st.
— T. sobrinata. I3eaten on Eanmore, July 27th. — T. pumilata. Taken
at the lamps, May 23rd.
Lobophora viretntn. Taken at the lamps, May 29th.
Thera variata. Taken at the lamps, June 20th.
188 "THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Hypsijjetes sordidata. Taken at the lamps, June 22ad.
Melanthia bicolorata. Taken at the lamps, July 18th. — M. occllata.
Beaten on Ranmore, June 11th. — M. alhicillata. Taken at the lamps,
July 17th.
Melanippe procellata. Beaten on Eanmore, July 9th. — M. un-
angukita. Beaten on Ranmore, June 17th. — M. rivata. Beaten on
Holmwood Common, June 7th. — M. sociata. Beaten on Holmwood
Common, May 25th. — M. montanata. Beaten on Ranmore, May 31st.
— M. Jiuctuata. Common everywhere, April 27th.
Anticlea cucullata. Beaten on Ranmore, July 27th. — A. badiata.
Taken at the lamps, Mai'ch 25th.
Coremia ferruyata. Taken at the lamps, May 10th. — C. unidentaria.
Taken at the lamps, May 24th.
Camptogramma bilineata. Common everywhere. June 3rd.
Phibalapteryx vitalbata. Taken at lamps. May 8th.
Eucosmia certata. Taken at lamps, May 14th.
Scotosia vetulata. Beaten on Eanmore, June 12th.
Cidaria tnmcata. Taken at the lamps, September 25th. — C. sxifiu-
mata. Beaten on Ranmore, and taken at the lamps. May 31st. —
C. fulvata. "Yeicy common on Ranmore, June 4th. — C. dotata. Taken
at the lamps, July 4th. — C. associata. Taken at light, July 8th.
Pelurga comitata. Taken at lamps, June 21st.
Eubolia cervinata. Taken at lamps, September 24th. — E. limitata.
Beaten in Dorking, July 26th. — E. i^liunbaria. Taken at lamps,
June 15th. — E. bipunctaria. Taken on the south side of Ranmore,
June 30th.
Anaitis plagiata. Beaten at Polesden, May 4th.
Chesias spartiata. Taken at lamps, October 12th.
January 27th, 1906.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
An Entomological Hoax (?). — I think the following facts maybe of
some interest to you. I was on Ranmore Common on June 26th, and
in one spot found several pupae, which appeared to be those of Papilio
machaon, pinned to the tree-trunks. Three of the cases were empty,
and the others had not emerged. I went to the common again on
July 7th, and whilst I was resting, my little niece, who was with me,
took my net to see if she could catch something, and to my surprise
she soon returned with a specimen of Limenitis sibylla. I went to the
spot where she found it, and after waiting for some time I saw another,
but it was flying round a tree just out of reach, and soon went away
out of sight ; although I kept a good look-out I did not see any more.
I exhibited the specimen at the South London Society on Thursday
last, and the general opinion was that whoever had put the Papilio
pupae there had also introduced the Limenitis. I might mention that
the place where L. sibylla was taken was far away from the spot where
I found the P. machaon pupae, and I did not have time to go and look
at the latter again. — Akthur W. Dods ; 97, Darenth Road, Stamford
HilL N., July 16th, 1906.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 189
Joint Cocoons. — In breeding Bomb;/x castrensis this year I have
three times found two pupae in one cocoon, i. e., not merely two
cocoons joining one another, but two pup^ actually touching each
other as they lay side by side in a single large covering of silk.
Evidently the larvfe worked in concert with some degree of intelligence.
Their heads pointed in the same direction, and one opening served for
both to emerge. I have not seen this noticed before. Is it a known
habit ? — W. Claxton ; Navestock Vicarage, Eomford.
Sesia culiciformis, variety. — Last spring I obtained pupje of
S. culiciformis from two woods in Worcestershire, and on May 27th
was surprised to see a fine specimen with no trace of a belt of any
colour, and absolutely without the usual red and golden coloration on
the wings. The palpi, too, are black ; in fact, the insect has no sign
of other colour than purplish black. I should be interested to hear if
there are other specimens of this variety in existence. All my other
specimens so far are of the ordinary type. — H. V. Plum; Epsom
College, May 29th, 1906.
Ephemera lineata. — On July 16th last a young entomological
friend. Master J. Edwards, gave me a specimen of this may-fly, which
he took on the wing the evening before at Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. In previous years I have received one or two odd specimens
from Kingston, Surbiton, Teddington, and Walton-on-Thames. Eaton,
in his Monograph (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871), gives the Thames
and the Kennet near Eeading as its British localities. Possibly this
one spent its early days in the Hogg's Mill Stream, which passes
through Kingston on its way to join the Thames. The species is
distinguished with no great difficulty by means of the linear marks on
the dorsal surface of the abdomen. It is later in emerging and some-
what larger and paler than the common may-fly, Ephemera vulyata.
The remaining British species of the genus, E. danica, apparently
prefers faster cooler streams. — W. J. Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames.
Erratum. — In my note on Orobena straminalis {ante, p. 118), I see
that "Bletch worth" is printed instead of "Betchworth." — H. V. Plum.
CAPTUEES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
Deilephila (Phryxus) livornica, &c., in Dorsetshire. — I note the
report of my captures of Z>. livornica and Heliothis peltigera in your
valuable paper of this month [ante, p. 162), but I forgot to add that
they were taken in the Dorset portion of Bournemouth — i.e. Brank-
some — not Hampshire. Would you kindly notify this for county
references in your next issue ? — W. G. Hooker ; 125, Old Christchurch
Eoad, Bournemouth, July 14th, 1906.
Larva of Deilephila (Phryxus) livornica :n Sussex. — A larva of a
hawk-moth, which I believe to be D. livornica, was found in a sunny
garden in Lewes, and brought to me yesterday. It was reposing for
change into its last (?) skin. Probably others are to be found this year
190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
if searched for. It is said to feed on vine, fuchsia, Galium, and Rumex,
and to be probably polyphagous. — F. Merrifield ; 14, Clifton Terrace,
Brighton, July 21st, 1906.
On July 18th, at 8.30 p.m., I took a fine specimen of D. livornica
flying round Delphinium . I have heard of two others being obtained
in Brighton this summer. — F. S. Pardoe ; Belvedere, Upper Drive,
Brighton, July 21st, 1906.
Deilephila livornica in Co. Cork. — To add to the localities [ante,
p. 161) of the visit of this moth to these islands this year, I send
a notice of the capture of a specimen at Schull, in the west of the
county, on June 8th, hovering at dusk over flowers of honeysuckle.
Another one was seen by me, but not secured, at the same locality on
the 10th of the same month. — (Major, I. M.S.) C. Donovan ; Passage
West, Co. Cork, July 7th, 1906.
Phibalapteryx polygrammata. — I send you notice of the capture of
a specimen of Phibalapteryx j^olygrammata, which I took in a field near
here on tlie evening of July 1st. It was slightly worn. Is not this
rather late for this insect? E. Newman gives March and September
as the months for this moth. — (Captain) B. Tulloch ; Broom Villa,
Strensall, York, July 2nd, 1906.
DicYCLA 00 var. renago in Essex. — "With reference to the distri-
bution of var. renago of Dicijcla oo [ante, pp. 128 and 161), I fancy it is
to be found wherever the type occurs freely. In one of its Essex
localities, where some seasons I take the species commonly, about
ten per cent, are usually of the variety. — Geo. T. Porritt ; Hudders-
field, July 4th, 1906.
DicYCLA 00. — With reference to the remarks that have appeared
about this moth, it may be worth while to note that five or six years
ago both 00 and renago were abundant in this locality, but have not
appeared since until this evening, July 11th, when I have just taken a
specimen oi reriago in my garden. — W. Claxton ; Navestock Vicarage,
Romford, Essex.
Orobena straminalis in Surrey. — On July 24th last Master Norman
Riley kindly brought me a few "Micros" that he had boxed from a
fence in the Carshaltou district. Among them was a fine example of
0. straminalis. — Richard South.
SiREx gigas. — On July 2nd a fine male specimen of Sir ex gigas
was caught by Mr. Thomas Clayton in the waggon shop at the iron-
works, Barrow-in-Furness. Last year one was caught in the ship-
yard, on June 9th, and is in my possession. — C. E. Morgan ; East
Mount, Barrow-in-Furness.
A Unique Experience. — Two nights ago I was sugaring in my
garden, which contains several species of poplar. At 9.45 I saw and
boxed, on a Scotch-fir trunk, a beautiful male specimen of Cymatophora
octogesima. Knowing it to be rather skittish, I rushed indoors and put
it in a cyanide bottle. On my return to the tree I could hardly believe
my eyes when I saw on the same patch of sugar another lovely
SOCIETIES. 191
C. octogesima. This, which turned out to be a female, I also suc-
ceeded in boxing. Although I have occasionally taken it here before,
it is always scarce, as I believe to be the case wherever it occurs. —
(Eev.) Gilbert H. Eaynor ; Hazeleigh Eectory, Maldon, June 27th.
SOCIETIES.
The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
Thursda;/, June Uth, 1906.— Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., President in the
chair. — Mr. Penn-Gaskill exhibited a dark suffused specimen of
Tephrosia binndularia from the Midlands. — Mr. West, exatnples of
Euclidia mi and E. (jluphica, taken in his garden at Ashtead. — Mr.
Sich, an assemblage of thirty-nine pups of Pieris brassiccB, which had
been formed in a tumble^ placed with the larvae in the breeding-cage.
Light and dark specimens were intermixed at random. — Mr. Lucas, a
female example of the snake-fly, Raphidia notata, from the Black
Pond, Esher; and also a very sparsely marked example of the scarce
scorpion-fly. Pernor pa germanica, from Haslemere. — Mr. Carr, pup^e of
Porrittia galactodactylus from Horsley. — Mr. F, Noad Clark, on behalf
of Mr. Griffiths, a plant of the local Potentilla argentea from Chalfont
Eoad, and ova of Hadena pisi. — Mr. Tonge, clusters of ova of Pachetra
leucophcBa, which had been found at night on grass-stems, with the
female sitting just above them. — Mr. Bellamy read a paper entitled
" The Spring in the New Forest, and Whitsuntide Experiences." —
Several members reported that Phryxus livomica had been met with
in a few places, and that Pyrameis cardui and Plusia gamma were
common in some parts of the South of England, and were moving on.
Jime 28th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. McArthur exhibited
specimens of Dicramira furcula and Axylia putris, taken around the
electric lights at Hammersmith. He noted at the same time numbers
of Triphmia pronuba, Agrotis exclamationis, and Noctua plecta. He also
showed the pupa of Thccla pnmi. — Mr. Bellamy, two specimens of
Phryxus livomica taken in June at Eingwood ; an example of Hesperia
malv(B var. taras from Holmsley ; and a partially radiated form of
Abraxas grossulariata. — Mr. Tonge, the ova of Aporia crntcsgi, in situ
on a leaf of hawthorn, sent from Hyeres by Mr. Powell. — Mr. Penn-
Gaskill, living specimens of Harpipteryx xylostella and H. nemorella,
with the elongated cocoons of the species. The larv£B were found on
honeysuckle at Wimbledon. — Mr. West (Greenwich), a series of the
rare Hemipteron, Pcecilocytus vidneratus, from Yarmouth. — Mr. Main,
the egg-case and young of Phyllodromia germanica. He said that the
young emerged almost as soon as the egg-case was deposited. — Mr. E.
Adkin, examples of Notodonta chaonia and Lophopteryx carmelita, which
emerged in April, 1906, from 1904 pupte. — Hy. J. Turner [Hon. Rep.
Secretary).
City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
May 1st. — Eev. C. E. N. Burrows exhibited preserved larvfB, including
Acidalia degeneraria, Sesia chrysidiformis, and Melitaa artemis. — Mr.
J. A. Clark, Mesophleps silacellus taken at Falmer, July, 1905. — Mr.
W. J. Kaye, Orgyia gonostigma, including first brood reared July,
1905, from wild Essex larvse, and a second brood bred in September
192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and October of same year, from ova laid by the first brood—Mr. V. E.
Sliaw, Hyhernia prorfemmaria var. fuscata, and melanic PhicjaHa pilo-
saria, both from Saltaire.— Rev. C. R. N. Burrows reported that he
had bred LijccBua arrjiolus, in the spring of the current year, from
larvsB taken during the spring of 1905.
May ISf/i.— Rev. C. R. N. Burrows exhibited preserved larva of
Leucnnia favicolor.—Mv. W. J. Kaye, Eupithecia helveticaria var. arceu-
thata from Surrey.
June ith.—Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited larvfe of Euvanessa
antiopa in last stadium, from South France.— Mr. E. Harris, a series
of Hemerophila abruptarin darker than the usual Loudon form, bred
from light parents, the offspring of a cross between light and dark
forms. — Mr. C. P. Pickett, a cocoon of Plmia moneta about twice the
normal length and open at both ends ; also Fidonia atomaria with two
extra rudimentary wings. Mr. Pickett reported that he had obtained
fifty ova from a pairing of Smerinthus popiili and S. ocellatus, and five
ova from a cross between S. ocellatus and S. tilia.
June 18«/i.— Mr. A. J.Willsdon was elected a member.— Mr. A.Bacot
exhibited larvae of Pi/rameis cardui reared on burdock, which appa-
rently bore out a suggestion made by Dr. Chapman that the larva of
this species is more densely covered with hair in the last stadium if
fed on this pabulum as compared with thistle-fed larvre. — Mr. A. W.
Mera, Sesia culiciformis from Essex, with the band round the body
white instead of red ; also Taniocampa opima from the Brentwood
district, where the collecting-ground was blackened by fire some years
ago. The specimens were of much lighter coloration than those taken
shortly after the fire, suggesting response to environment by some
more rapid means than selection. — Mr. C. P. Pickett, a rust-red speci-
men of Smerinthus tilia;, S. popuU with a lilac-tinted bloom on the
wings, and Procris geryon from Chiltern Hills. — S. J. Bell, Hon. Sec.
OBITUAEY.
Baron Charles Robert v. d. Osten Sacken. — In the death of Baron
C. R. Osten Sacken, which took place at Heidelberg on May 20th last,
it may truly be said that Dipterology — or, in fact, Entomology — has
lost one of its brightest ornaments. For many years his general
knowledge of the Diptera exceeded that of any other student of the
Order. In many ways he constituted the beau ideal of a scientific
entomologist; absolute master of numerous languages, independence
of means, social rank, retentive memory, accurate observation, possessor
of an almost perfect library of works upon Dipterology, and polished
manners — these qualities all combined enabled him to hold the highest
rank in his special branch of science. The last work he published was
his autobiography, issued when he was seventy-five years old, and
since then (three years ago) nothing has appeared from his pen. In a
short notice it is impossible to do justice to his work, but it is duly
appreciated by all those who have had opportunities to profit from it.
G. H. V.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.] SEPTEMBEE, 1906. [No. 520.
LIFE-HISTOPtY OF PIERIS DAPLIDICE.
By p. W. Fkohawk, F.E.S., M.B.O.U.
On October 3rd, 1901, I received, from Hyeres, four Pieris
daplidice females, but only one reached me alive, and in a very
feeble condition ; therefore, I immediately fed it with sugar and
water. After drinking for about fifteen minutes it considerably
revived. I then placed it on some mignonette (Reseda odorata)
in the sun, when she at once commenced depositing, and in a
short space of time (about half an hour) about three dozen eggs
were deposited on various parts of the plant, but most were on
the under side of the leaves. Those laid upon the bloom exactly
resemble the anthers in size and colour. They are laid singly,
and stand erect.
Again, on October 8th, Mr. F. Raine kindly sent me three
more females from Hyeres. These deposited a few eggs on the
morning they arrived (October 10th), and continued depositing
daily when the sun shone sufficiently.
The egg is ^^y in. high, of an elongated conical shape, widest
at the middle, and slightly concaved directly below the ajDex ; the
extreme summit is flat and finely pitted in the centre ; there are
thirteen or fourteen (usually thirteen) longitudinal keels, all
running the entire length, and about thirty transverse ribs ;
both these and the keels aie of glistening whiteness. When first
laid the colour is a light yellowish green ; it gradually turns
yellower, and on the third day assumes an orange colour, and
finally, on the fourth day, attains a deep orange (not one out of
the large number of eggs I obtained was of the colour described
by Buckler, and quoted by recent authors, as being " bright
pinkish red colour," nor is the newly-hatched larva red, as stated
by Tutt, ' British Butterflies,' p. 241). The egg is wonderfully
similar to that of Euddoe cardamincs, but has not the trans-
parent elongated apex, and all the keels in daplidice run to the
summit, whereas in cardamines some vanish before reaching it.
ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER, 1906. 8
194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Just before hatching the colouring becomes much duller, and
the little larva shows clearly through the glistening shell.
All the three dozen eggs laid October 3rd hatched on October
13th, remaining ten days in the egg state.
The larva directly after emergence is very small, measuring
only J^ in. long ; it is uniformly cylindrical, and very much like
cardammes. The head is shining black, and beset with a number
of fine bristles. The body is of a rich raw-sienna colour, the
segments are bilobed transversely ; on the side of each segment
are five large olive-brown blunt tubercles with pale centres, each
bearing a long, stiff, black, clefted, knobbed spine. These are
situated over the body similar to cardamines ; others are also
placed on the claspers. The spiracles are black. The dorsal
surface is smooth, but granulations gradually develop on the
sides, and the ventral surface is strongly granulated, where they
form small points.
Just previous to the first moult it measures ^ in. long. Several
moulted first time on October 18th, the first stage occupying five
days.
After first moult (ten days old) it measures ^ in. long. The
ground colour is a pale lilac-grey, mottled with dark olive ; a
pale medio-dorsal line formed by the mottlings not uniting in
the centre ; there are four longitudinal lemon-yellow stripes, two
on either side, one being subdorsal, and which is the broadest
and brightest, and the other spiracular. On the side of each
segment are nine large shining olive-black tubercles, six above
and three below the spiracle, and five small ones placed between
the two subdorsal stripes. As in the previous stage, each tubercle
emits a black bristle with a clefted knob, which carries a minute,
globule of clear white liquid. The head and spiracles are similar
to first stage, the legs are black, and the claspers tinged with
lemon-yellow. They rest in a straight attitude. I could not
detect any traces of cannibalism in these larvae, in this respect
differing greatly from cardamines.
Several moulted the second time October 23rd, the second
stage also lasting five days. A large number died just before
and after second moult, owing to the dull and cold weather.
When thirteen days old, after second moult, it measures -^q in.
It is uniformly cylindrical. Excepting the head, which is
ochreous blotched with black, and the brighter colouring and
better defined pattern due to its increased size, it is similar in all
respects to the previous stage.
The third moult occurred on the evening of October 27th, the
third stage occupying only four days. After third moult (nine-
teen days old) it is f in. long. All the colours are brightly and
clearly defined ; the stripes are rich gamboge-yellow ; the medio-
dorsal line is slightly paler than the broad dorsal slate-blue band,
which is chiefly formed by a border of dark mottlings along either
LIFE-HISTORY OF PIERIS DAPLIDICE. 195
side. The larger wart-like tubercles are very conspicuous, black
and shining. All the spines (bristles) are in this stage simple
and finely pointed, and many of the smaller ones are whitish.
The longest are slightly curved, and have the apical half white.
The head is coloured like the body, the yellow spiracular stripe
extending over the face.
A few succeeded in moulting the fourth time during the last
days of October, and one moulted on November 3rd, but on that
day a dense fog set in, and lasted until the evening of the 8th.
This, accompanied by frost at night, proved fatal to all the
larvse. They were in various stages, many were quite small.
After fourth and last moult (fully grown) it measures 1 in. in
length. The body is cylindrical, tapering at the ends ; the seg-
ments are subdivided by six transverse wrinkles, which number
only two in the first stage. The ground colour is a clear lilac ; a
very fine and faint medio-dorsal line, and four rich yellow longi-
tudinal bands, two on each side ; the first is subdorsal and widest,
broken up on the fourth wrinkle with pale grey ; the second band
is spiracular, and extends over the side of the head ; it is also
broken up into a series of markings by the central third portion
on each segment being of a pale greenish grey, which encloses
the very pale inconspicuous spiracle. At the base of each clasper
and leg is an ochreous-yellow blotch, forming a disjointed third
band. The whole surface is densely sprinkled with black shining
warts, varying greatly in size, each bearing a fine simple spine,
the majority being shining black ; those on the ventral surface
are whitish, the head of similar colouring as the body, and like-
wise covered with warts and spines. The legs are mottled black
and whitish ; the lilac ground colour of the body is mottled with
dusky spots, on which are placed the smallest black warts.
Excepting the first stage, the larva is similar in pattern through-
out.
The above description of the full-grown larva is from a speci-
men found by Mr. Eaine at Hyeres feeding on wild mignonette
{Reseda lutea), who very kindly sent it direct to me. It arrived
on November 16th, and, after feeding on that and the following
, day, it spun up for pupation on the 18th, and pupated on the
20th November.
Mr. Eaine also found a pupa at the same time, which he also
sent me, and from which the following description is made : —
The pupa measures | in. long. In shape it exactly resembles
jP. napi, having a pointed beak, a strongly angulated thoracic
dorsal keel, subdorsal abdominal angular projections, and a basal
wing-point. The colour is a very pale lilac-grey, with creamy
bufl" subdorsal and spiracular stripes corresponding with those of
the larva ; a medio-dorsal whitish line doited with black at the
segmental divisions along the abdomen. The entire surface is
sprinkled with minute black dots, black markings on the keel,
s 2
196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and a black streak on either side of the beak. The wings are
huffish, with black speckled nervures. Like other Pieridse pupse.
it is attached by the cremastral hooks to a layer of silk, and a
silken girdle round the waist.
A female imago emerged on December 11th, 1901.
The English climate of late autumn and winter is obviously
quite unsuitable for the existence of P. daplidice, as well as both
species of Colias and Argynnis lathonia. I have always found
that the first spell of cold and damp weather (especially fog and
frost) to be fatal to them ; when in the larval state they im-
mediately cease feeding and rapidly die, and unless protected
against such climatic conditions the pupse likewise perish,
which is the cause of these species being unable to become
established in Britain.
A NEW GENUS OF CRYPTIN^ (ICHNEUMONID^)
FROM SUMATRA.
By p. Cameron.
Ph^draspis, gen. nov.
Scutelliim roundly convex, strongly keeled laterally on the basal
half. Metanotum with two complete keels, the apical laterally
projecting into broad teeth. Spiracles about three times longer
than wide. Antencfe stout, not much thickened towards the apex,
ringed with white ; the third and fourth joints almost equal in
length. Sides and apex of clypeus depressed, margined ; the apex
transverse, broad. Abdominal petiole stout, the post-petiole large,
broad. Radial cellule short ; transverse median nervure received
behind the transverse basal ; disco-cubital unbroken ; areolet large,
five-angled, receiving the recurrent nervure near the apex ; the trans-
verse median nervure in hind wings broken at the middle. Apical
segments of abdomen spotted with white. Temples appearing short
from bemg very obliquely narrowed. Malar space as long as the
antennal scape. Tarsi spinose, the fourth joint deeply incised. Meta-
pleural keel complete. Mesonotum, scutellum, apex of first, and the
whole of the second segment, and the legs, red.
Characteristic of this genus are the raised scutellum, strongly
spined laterally at the base, the metanotum with two transverse
complete keels, with the second broadly toothed laterally, and
the transverse median nervure in hind wings broken in the
middle. The legs longish, somewhat slender, entirely red. Meta-
notum punctured at the base, the rest closely strongly reticu-
lated. The genus, in the arrangement of Schmiedeknecht
(Opus. Ichn. 414), would come in near Lobocrypttis, Schm., from
the form of the scutellum.
LARV^ OF LYC^NA CORYDON AND ANTS. ' 197
Phcsdraspis rufobalteata, sp. nov.
Black ; the mesonotum, with scutellum, the upper edge of the
pleurae narrowly, apical half of post-petiole, the second abdominal seg-
ment entirely, and the legs, red ; the apical two segments white above;
antennfe with the five middle joints white, except below : wings hya-
line, the nervures and stigma black. 5 . Length, 12 mm. ; terebra,
4 mm.
Bindji, Deli, Sumatra ; January (Dr. L. Martin).
Face and clypeus closely, strongly punctured ; the labrum and
mandibles red, the latter black at the apex. Middle of front somewhat
strongly, transversely striated ; the sides and vertex almost smooth.
Pro- and mesothorax closely, strongly punctured, the mesonotum
thickly covered with fulvous pubescence ; the scutellum is more strongly
but not so closely punctured as the mesonotum. Post-scutellum
smooth. Pleura coarsely, closely punctured, more or less striated, and
becoming coarser towards the apex. Petiole smooth, the post-petiole
strongly but not closely punctured ; the sides of the raised central part
of the post-petiole smooth and shining at the base ; the second and
third segments closely punctured ; there is a white narrow line in the
middle of the sixth segment ; the apical entirely white above ; the
second and tliird ventral seorments are red.
LARViE OF LYC.ENA CORYDON AND THEIR
ASSOCIATION WITH ANTS.
By A. L. Ray WARD.
When at Reigate on June 18th last, I was fortunate enough
tO find on the Hippocrepis comosa, which is abundant on some
of the hillsides there, a number of almost full-grown larvae of
L. corydon.
Of some thirty or more larvae thus obtained, most, and in
fact nearly all, had ants — all of the same species, Formica flava —
upon them ; and in one instance where the comosa was growing
on the crown of an ants' nest, two larvae found resting on two
adjacent leaves of the food -plant were literally covered with the
ants, more than twenty being counted on one of them.
Subsequent examination with a lens at home disclosed the
fact that the transverse gland, or sac, present on the dorsal area
of the seventh abdominal segment of the larva of L. avion — as
reported by Mr. F. W. Frohawk (Ent. xxxvi. p. 59), and known
to exist in other species of Lycasnidre, was well developed in
these larvae of corydon, and the following interesting demonstra-
tion of its function was obtained.
An ant was placed in proximity to one of the larvae which
was being examined under a microscope, and it at once began
to run to and fro about the body of the larva, waving its
198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
antennse excitedly. In a few moments it found its way to
the gland on the seventh abdominal segment, and stroked
it with a rapid movement of the antennae and first pair of
legs. This action was repeated several times, when suddenly
the gland was distended, and one or two — and occasionally,
during subsequent experiments, three — tiny beads of a crystal-
clear fluid were slowly expelled, and were greedily sucked up by
the ant.
Several larvae and a number of ants were experimented with
in this way, and there was usually little difficulty in obtaining a
successful demonstration, although it was observed that some
ants found their way to the gland much more quickly than
others, possibly because of their having had previous experience
of the function of this organ.
I also observed that at intervals, while the ants were running
over the body of the larva, two prominent tubercles, situated
near the lateral ridge on the eighth abdominal segment, one on
either side, behind and lower than the ninth spiracle, were
quickly evaginated and withdrawn, sometimes singly, but fre-
quently both together. Though these tubercles are supposed to
be — and very probably are — scent-organs to attract the ant to
the gland, it was noticed during these experiments that they
were most active when the larva appeared to resent the attempts
of the ant to obtain fluid from the gland, as was sometimes the
case. At this time the gland was contracted and withdrawn
below the surrounding surface of the segment, and the rapid
erection and withdrawal of the tubercles generally resulted in
momentarily distracting the ant's attention, causing it to leave
the gland, to which, however, it usually quickly returned.
Wallington, August 4th, 1906.
CUERENT NOTES: 1905-6.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
These notes are intended to present some account, neces-
sarily imperfect, of current literature, particularly in groups and
faunas of special interest to the British entomologist. There
are many papers published, e. g., in America, of great value to
British workers, although dealing exclusively with American
forms. _ Such are those by Nathan Banks, Bueno, Daecke,
MacGillivray, Needham, and Williamson, noticed in the pre-
sent instalment. It is taken for granted that readers of the
' Entomologist ' are familiar with the periodicals of their own
country.
CURRENT NOTES. 199
1. Banks, Nathan : "A Revision of the Nearctic Hemero-
biidae " (Trans. American Ent. See. xxxii. 21-52, pi. iii-v.
(Feb., 1906) [Neuroptera] ).
2. BuenOj J. R. DE LA T. : " Ways of Progression in Water-
bugs " (Entom. News, xvii. 1-i (Jan., 1906) rHemiptera] ).
3. Daecke, E. : "On the Eye-coloration of the Genus Ciiry-
sops" {I.e. 39-42, pi. i. (Feb., 1906) [Diptera]).
4. Del Guercio, G. : " Contribuzione alia Conoscenza delle
forme e della Biologia del Paracletus cimiciformis, Heyden "
(Eedia ii. 90-8, pi. viii. (1905) [Hemiptera] ).
5. Id. : " Contribuzione alia Conoscenza delle Sipha, Pass.,"
&c. {I.e. 127-53, pi. xiii-xiv. (1905) [Hemiptera]).
6. Id.: " Contribuzione alia Conoscenza delle metamorfosi della
Seiara analis, Egg., con notizie intorno alia Sc. analis,
Bezzii v. n. ed. ai loro rapporti con alcuni Sporozoari ed
Entomozoari parassiti " {I.e. 280-305, text-figs. 1-21 (1905)
[Diptera]).
7. Id. : " Sulle differenze esistenti fra la Schizoneura reaumuri,
Kalt. ed il Packypappa vesicalis, Koch," &c. (/. c. 306-15,
text-figs. 1-9 (1905) [Hemiptera]).
8. Felt, E. P., and others : " 20th Report of the State Entomo-
logist on Injurious and other Insects " (Bull. New York
State ]Mus. 97 (Ent. 24), 359-597, pis. 1-19, text-figs. 1-24
(Nov., 1905) ).
9. HiNB, J. S. : "A Preliminary Report on the Horse-flies of •
Louisiana, with a Discussion of Remedies and Natural
Enemies " (Circ. State Crop Pest Comm. Louisiana, 6,
pp. 1-43, text-figs. 1-20 (1906) ).
10. KooRDERS, S. H., and Zehntner, L. : " Over eenige Ziekten
en Plagen van Ficus elastiea, Roxb." (De Cultuurgids, vii.
439-72, pis. i-iv. (1905)). [Reprinted as Bull. Algemeen
proefst. Salatiga, 3, pp. 1-34, pis. i-iv. (1905)] .
11. MacGillivray, a. D. : "A Study of the Wings of the Ten-
thredinoidea, a superfamily of Hymenoptera " (Proc. U. S.
Nat. IVIus. xxix. 569-654, pis. xxi-xliv. (No. 1438) (1906)).
12. ]\Iarlatt, C. L. : " The Annual Loss occasioned by Destruc-
tive Insects in the United States " (Yearb. U. S. Dep. Agr.
1904, 461-74 (1905)).
13. Needham, J. G. ; IVIorton, K. J. ; and Johannsen, 0. A. :
"]\Iayflies and Midges of New York" (Bull. New York
State ]\Ius. 86 (Ent. 23), 1-352, pis. 1-37, text-figs. 1-18
(June, 1905) ).
14. Pictet, a. : L'influence de I'alimentation sur la determina-
tion du sexe chez les Lepidopteres " (Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat.
4, xix. 102-5 (1905) ).
15. Schneider, J. S. : " Sydhero. Et lidei) bidrag til kundskaben
om den arktiske skjsrgaards malakologiske og entomologiske
fauna " (Tromso IMus. Aarsheft. xxvii. 170-205 a906) ).
200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
16. ScHKOEDER, C. : " EiiiG Kritik der Erklarungsversuche der
lebhaften Hinterfliigelfarbung in genus Catocala, Schr."
(Biol. Cent. xxv. 51-63 (1905) [Lepidoptera] ).
17. Slinoerland, M. V.: "Formaldehyde as an Insecticide"
(Ent. News, xvii. 130-3 (Apr., 1906).
18. Stevenson, E. C. : "The External Parasites of Hogs"
(BuH. U. S. Bur. Animal Ind. 69, pp. 1-44, figs. 1-29 (1905)
[Pediculidse and AcarinaJ).
19. VossELER [J.]: " Die Wanderheuschrecken in Usambara im
Jahre 1903-1904," &c. (Ber. Land-und Forstwirtsch. in
Deutsch-Ostafrika, ii. 291-374, pis. xii. and xiii. (col), text-
figs. 1-2 (Oct., 1905) [Orthoptera]).
20. Williamson, E. B. and Calvert, P. P.: "Copulation of
Odonata" (Ent. News, xvii. 143-50, pi. vii. (May, 1906)
[Neuroptera] ).
21. Editorial in Entom. News. xvii. 180 (May, 1906).
22. Bergroth, E. : " Stridulating Hemiptera of the subfamily
Halyinge, with Descriptions of New Genera and New
Species" (P. Zool. S. London, 146-54 (Oct. 17th, 1905)
[Hemiptera] ).
23. Banks, C. S. : " The Principal Insects attacking the Coco-
nut Palm (Part I.)" (Philippine Journ. Sci. i. 143-67,
pis. i.-xi. (Feb., 1906) [Coleoptera] ).
24. Ballou, H. a., and others : " Notes on West Indian Insects "
(West Indian Bull, vii, 40-63).
25. Ballou: "Cotton Stainers " {I.e. 64-85, one map [Hemi-
ptera]).
26. Lameere, a. : " Notes pour la Classification des Dipteres "
(M6m. Soc.-Ent. Belgique xii. 105-40).
27. Plateau, F. : " Le IVIacroglosse (observations et experi-
ences) " {op.c. 141-80, text-tigs. 1-6 [Lepidoptera]).
28. ScHOUTEDEN, H. : " Catalogue des Aphides de Belgique "
{op.c. 189-246 [Hemiptera]).
29. Girault, a. a. : " The Bed-bug," &c. (Psyche, xii. 61-74
(Aug. (?), 1905), and xiii. 42-58 (June (?), 1906) [Hemi-
ptera] ).
30. Mitchell, E.G.: " Mouth Parts of Mosquito Larvse as in-
dicative of Plabits" {op.c. 11-21, text-figs. 1-3 [Diptera]).
31. Washburn, F. L. : " The Diptera of Minnesota " (Bull.
Minn. Agr. Sta. 93, pp. 19-168, pis. i.-ii. (col.), text-figs.
4-163 (dated Dec, 1905, pubhshed 1906) ).
32. KiEFFER, J. J.: "Diptera Fam. Chironomidae " (Gen.
Insect fasc. 42, pp. 1-78, pis. 1-4).
Nathan Banks's revision (1) of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae
will be very useful to the British neuropterist, as it is thirty-
six years since the British forms were discussed by McLachlan,
and the European forms have never been adequately reviewed.
CURRENT NOTES. 201
Vosseler (19) discusses at length certain migratory locusts in
German East Africa, with detailed biological notices.
Koorders and Zehntner (10) give an account of the diseases
and pests of caoutchouk in Java. Among the insects figured in
one or more stages are Oleandrus graiiiger and Gri/llacris sp.
(Orthoptera), and Glyphodes vivitralis (Lepidoptera). C. S.
Banks (23) writes on the pests of the coconut-tree in the
Philippines. Oryctes rhinoceros, Rhynchophoriis ferrugineus,
Cyrtotrachelus sp,, &c. (Coleoptera), are discussed and figured.
Felt's report (8) deals principally with studies in Culicidse by
Dr. Felt, and a comprehensive list of the " Jassidte " of the
State, by H. Osborn. Needham's report (13) is the third of the
valuable series of studies on the aquatic insects of New York
State, directed by Dr. Felt. It treats, in the same comprehen-
sive manner as the previous publications, of Ephemeridae,
Hydroptilid^e, Nematocerous Diptera, &c.
Pictet (14) discusses the influence of food on the development
of sex in Lepidoptera, while Schroeder (16) writes on the inter-
pretation of the bright colouring of the hind wings in Catocala.
Del Guercio (4-7) contributes four valuable biological studies
on Diptera and Hemiptera. Bueno (2) reviews the methods of
progression, both on land and in water, of various genera of
American waterbugs. Bergroth (22) discusses stridulating He-
miptera of the family Cimicidas, subfamily Halyinee, and describes
the organs in certain Cimicids. Williamson and Calvert (20)
query " the accepted statement that in pairing the male dragonfly
grasps the female by the prothorax," and show that in certain
forms the female is grasped by the head.
Daecke's paper (3) is interesting, but as the colour fades when
the fly is dried, and the variation is apparently overlapping to a
large extent in different species, the value of the design for purposes
of specific determination is not yet strongly evident. MacGilli-
vray (11), after briefly noticing the origin of the hymenopterous
type of wing, proceeds with a detailed study of the wing areas,
of the dynamical control of wing-type, of the phylogeny of the
sawflies, and concludes with tables for separating the families
and subfamilies according to the structure of the organs of flight.
Steven's bulletin (18) cont^ans articles on Hceiiiatopimis suis, the
hog-louse, and Sarcoptes scahiei var. suis, and Demodex follicu-
loriim var. suis, two species of mange-mites.
Marlatt (12) estimates conservatively the annual loss from
pests in the United States at over seven hundred million dollars
(say one hundred and forty million sterling). Slingerland (17)
finds that formaldehyde " has little or no insecticidal qualities,
when used in practicable quantities, and especially against
household insects."
The ' Entomological News ' (21) contains a remarkable quota-
tion from a recent American paper (the ' Medical Brief,' p. 282,
202 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
April, 1906) of the seriousness of which there can be, it is said,
no question : — " Take the human seed-germs (spermatozoa), put
them upon a plate, first spreading some alkaline nourishment
upon the plate — for instance, a little soap ; place the plate in a
room of proper temperature, and in sixteen to twenty-four hours
swarms of atits will be running about. In other words, these
living human germs, placed under this different condition other
than the mother-soil, develop into ants. These little fellows can
be watched and be seen to gradually develop and start off on the
run. This would evidentl}^ appear that living germs, when
placed by accident, or otherwise, under very different conditions,
produce very different forms of life. But what relationship do
we owe to the ant ? Perhaps this is why the claim is made that
the ant has more characteristics of the human being than any
other animal." As the 'News' says, this is carrying us back
before the time of Eedi, who lived about 1618.
The "Notes on West Indian Insects" (24) comprise (1) a
reprint of a paper by A. H. Clark in ' Psyche ' (1904) on the
Insects of Barbados and other islands, annotated by G. T.
Carter ; (2) a reprint of Notes on Orthoptera, by J. A. G. Kehn
(in ' Entomological News,' 1905) ; and (3) original notes on a
few insects of general interest, by H. A. Ballou. This is
followed by an extensive systematic and economic article on
" Cotton-stainers" {Astemma or Dijsdercus), bugs of the family
Pyrrhocoridffi, a genus which damages cotton almost all over
the world.
In the 'Entomologist' for 1900 (vol. xxxiii. pp. 361-3), I
reviewed, very briefly, Prof. Lameere's "Notes pour la Classifi-
cation des Coleopteres." In the 12th Memoir of the Entomo-
logical Society of Belgium * Lameere has expounded his views
on the classification of the Diptera (26). The division of this
order into Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha is rejected, and the
following two suborders accepted, viz. : —
(1.) Nemocera, with the eyes (originally) remote and similar
in the two sexes ;
(2.) Brachycera, with the eyes contiguous, at least in the
male, or kainogenetic t and dimorphic.
In the first the antennae are long and dimorphic, and the
maxillary palpi well developed ; in the second the antennse are
shortened and similar in the two sexes, the maxillary palpi are
reduced, but these characters are not absolute as is that fur-
nished by the eyes.
According to Lameere, the Nemocera vera form one group,
the other being formed of the Brachycera and the Nemocera
* To celebrate the Jubilee of the foundation of the Society.
f Or cenogenetic, i.e., "relating to modified evolution, in which the
non-primitive characters make their appearance in consequence of a secon-
dary adaptation of the embryo to the peculiar conditions of its environment."
CURRENT NOTES. '203
anomala, so that the gist of his classification is (1) that the
Nemocera anomala of Osten Sacken (Bibionidse, &c.) are removed
from tlie vicinity of the Nemocera vera and placed near the
Stratiomyidse with the Brachycera, and (2) the merging of
(Estridse, Nycteribiidse, Hippoboscid?e, &c., in Muscidse.
Mitchell (30) deals with the mouth parts of mosquito larvee
as indicative of habits, dividing them into two categories ; (1)
insectivorous, normally preying on small aquatic larvse, and (2)
non-insectivorous, feeding on vegetable matter, protozoa, &c.
Somewhat intermediate are the Urano-tcenia and Anopheles
groups. " That the differences in habits are correlated with
marked differences in the structure of the mouth parts " is
demonstrated by figures and comparative tables. Washburn (31)
has continued the well known Minnesota resumes of our know-
ledge in various orders of American insects, by a useful summary
of the Diptera. The late Otto Lugger dealt with the Ortho-
ptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera. These well-
illustrated bulletins are actually reports on the economic insects
of Minnesota, but they are useful for all workers. The structure
of the Diptera is first discussed (pp. 22-32, figs. 4-15), the
various families being then considered in turn.
The Chironomidae have been revised generically by Kieffer
(32), the known species being listed. Four excellent plates
elucidate the text, in which fifty-four genera are admitted. By
an oversight, Tanytarsiis lacteidavus, Grimsh., and Chironomiis
hawaiiensis, Grimsh., both from the Hawaiian Islands, have been
omitted, and a preoccupied generic name {Ceratoloiihus) has been
used.
Of special interest to British workers will be Schouteden's
" Catalogue of the Belgian Aphidae " (28), a critical list running
to fifty-eight pages. Girault (29) has discussed the bed-bug
{Clinocoris lectidarius) ^t some length, with especial regard to its
food supply, metamorphoses, and pathogenic relations.
Plateau (27) has contributed some extensive observations
and experiments on Macroglossa stellatarum. He refrains from
formulating any conclusions, owing to the incompleteness of his
experiments — lengthy and laborious though these were — as his
fields of observation were destroyed by the creation of a new
railway station, and the Macroglossa thus rendered very rare.
After discussing certain details of the habits of the moth, the
learned Belgian treats of (1) the attraction of Macroglossa and
other insects by coloured cloth and coloured paper ; (2) its flight
in front of flowers painted on these substances ; and (3) Macro-
glossa and artificial flowers. These are followed by a note on
Macroglossa and the bracts of Salvia horminum (a sage not, I
think, found in Britain).
204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ON SOME BRACONID^ FROM THE HIMALAYA.
By p. Cameron.
I AM indebted to Col. C. T. Bingham for the under-noted
species : —
XiPHOZELE, gen. nov.
First abscissa of cubitus long, angled below the middle, its basal
abscissa obliquely sloped to below the middle, where it receives the
recurrent nervnre, the apex obliquely sloped upwards ; the first cubital
cellule is very large, much longer along the costa than it is wide at the
base ; the second cellule long, especially along the cubitus ; transverse
median nervure interstitial, much thinner than the others, angled
outwardly above the middle. First abscissa of radius long, as long as
the first transverse cubital nervure, about one-fourth shorter than the
second ; it is thicker than the second, the latter thicker than the third,
which is roundly curved forwards at the base. Stigma long, lanceo-
late ; the radius issues from behind its middle, but not much. Anal
nervure not interstitial. Eadial cellule in hind wings divided at the
apical third ; from the pr^brachial a longish nervure runs obliquely
downwards from beyond its middle to the probrachial, which it does not
quite reach. Clypeus roundly convex, clearly separated behind ; its apex
transverse, clearly separated, obliquely projecting. Eyes large ; malar
space small, but distinct. Ocelli large, the anterior smaller than the
others. Temples distinct, rounded, oblique. Mesonotum trilobate.
Abdomen strongly compressed, beyond the middle as in Ophion ; the
first segment cyhndrical, narrowed at the base to the spiracles, which
are prominent, and placed shortly but distinctly behind the middle.
Legs long, slender ; the spurs more than half the length of the meta-
tarsus ; claws broadly dilated at the base, narrowed and curved at the
apex ; hind coxae long.
An easily recognized genus from the very large first cubital
cellule, caused by the obliquely sloped basal abscissa of the
cubitus, and by its being so distinctly angled shortly beyond the
middle. As a consequence of this slope, the pnediscoidal cellule
is narrowed at the apex, it being there half the width it is at the
base. Characteristic, too, is the narrowed, angled, transverse
median nervure, which does not reach the prtebrachial, but is
united to a short thickened nervure, which is more developed
beyond than behind it ; a similar but shorter thickened nervure
or cloud runs into the anal nervure. Palpi long, pilose. Meta-
notum transversely striated, without any longitudinal keels ;
the pleurae project beyond it ; spiracles linear. Occiput mar-
gined.
This genus belongs to the Zelini, and from its divided radial
cellule comes near to Homolohus, Foerster ; from Zele, as well as
from the other genera, it should be easily known by the large
first cubital cellule, the angled basal abscissa of radius, the
pecuHar transverse median nervure, narrowed at aj)ex of first dis-
ON SOME BRACONID^ FROM THE HIMALAYA. 205
coidal cellule, by the transverse praebrachial nervure sloping to-
wards the apex, not towards the base of the wing, and by the
compressed abdomen.
Xiphozele compressiventris, sp. nov.
Testaceous ; the fifth and following segments of the abdomen
black ; the legs paler, especially the hind tarsi ; wings clear hyaline,
the parastigma and stigma testaceous, the costa and nervures black. ? .
Length, 21 mm.
Sikkim.
Mesopleurfe closely, distinctly punctured, more or less reticulated
in the middle, almost smooth at the apex above. Metanotum strongly,
but not closely, transversely striated ; the metapleurse at the apex
widely irregularly reticulated. Abdomen about three times longer
than the thorax.
From the coloration of this species, and from its large eyes
and ocelli, I should think that it is of nocturnal habits like
Ophion and Paniscus, to which it has a great resemblance.
Batotkeca leuconielcena, West.
Spinaria leuconielcena, Westwood, Tijd. voor Ent. 1882, 31,
tab. 7, f. 2.
Sikkim.
Described from Cambodia, Siam.
Spinaria flavipennis, sp. nov.
Luteous ; the flagellum of antennae black, the sides of the basal
three abdominal segments, the ventral surface, and the apical segment
white ; wings luteous-hyaline, a triangular, oblique cloud at the base
of the stigma and a broad one round the apex, except in the radial
cellule ; the costa, stigma, and nervures bright luteous. ? . Length,
12 mm.
Sikkim.
Abdomen strongly, closely, longitudinally striated throughout, the
striae becoming weaker towards the apex ; the apex of the third
segment with a blunt, short triangular tooth in the middle, its sides
and the sides of the fourth with a longish spine, broad at the base,
becoming gradually narrowed towards the apex ; the fourth stoutly
keeled down the middle, the k"!el stronger at the apex, projecting and
running down the apical slope of the segment ; its base behind the
furrow is smooth, impunctate ; the furrow before this smooth part is
closely crenulated ; the last segment becomes gradually roundly curved
to a sharp point, or longish tooth. The basal three abdomhial seg-
ments are as long as the head and thorax united. Metanotum keeled
down the middle, the base bordered by a curved irregular keel, forming
a large basal arese ; the rest irregularly reticulated, the basal reticula-
tions more irregular and larger than the apical ; there is a stout,
irregular, curved keel outside and inside tlie spiracles. Propleurte
with two curved keels, united below and with a longish keel behind
them, in the centre. Mesopleural furrow wide, shallow, irregularly
206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
striated. Pronotal spine long, sharp-pointed, roundly curved towards
the head. The spines on the sides of metanotum stout, oblique, short,
rounded and narrowed at the apex.
Spinaria bhotanensis, sp. nov.
Length, 12 mm. ? .
Busa, Bhotan (Dudgeon).
The resemblance of this species to S . flavijjennis in form and
coloration is very great ; the two may be separated thus : —
The radial, the second and third cubital cellules, and the
lower part from the recurrent nervure smoky, the basal
clpud reaching to the apex of the basal abscissa of
cubitus ; the depressed lower part of mesopIeuraB wide
at the base, gradually narrowed towards the apex,
closely reticulated-striated ...... bhotanensis.
The radial, second cubital and base of third, and the base
of discoidal cellules unclouded ; the depressed lower
part of mesopleura? not much narrowed at the apex,
irregularly striated and punctured .... flavijiennis.
The hind wings are clouded from near the middle ; the cloud in
the first cubital cellule is along the cubitus, extends to the apical
fourth, becomes gradually narrowed to a fine point, and extends
slightly into the discoidal cellule. The pronotal spine is long, curved ;
the top of the part in front of it is depressed, narrowed obliquely
towards the spine, the base rounded laterally, the middle with a slight
incision. Centre and base of metanotum irregularly, widely reticu-
lated ; the central keel larger than the others ; the apex with three
arese, of which the central is not so wide, and has a keel down its
middle ; the lateral spines stout, oblique, wide at the base, narrowed
and rounded at the apex. All the abdominal segments are stoutly,
closely, longitudinally striated ; the ventral surface, the sides of the
basal two, and the apical segments are white ; the latter is narrowed
gradually to a long spine. Before the middle of the propleur^e are two
stout, roundly curved keels, close to each other, and with a short
oblique one m front. The keels bordering the scutellums are stout.
Last joint of hind tarsi black, as in flavipennis.
If it were not for the marked difference in the clouding of the
wings, I should have felt inclined to regard this species as a
form oijiavipennis.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Notes on the Occurrence of Pyrameis cardui in the Early
Summer of 1906. — With reference to Mr. Adkin's interesting article
on the abundance of Pyrameis cardui in June of this year {ante, p. 173),
I think perhaps some observations I made on the occurrence of this
insect in the early part of the summer, or perhaps, to be more correct,
in the late spring, may be of further interest to your readers. All
during May I paid frequent visits to the coast between Eastbourne and
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 207
Birling Gap, but T saw nothing of this insect until almost the end of
May, and then only two or three solitary specimens. On the day
(June 3rd) that Air. Adkin saw them in such numbers on the slopes
of these cliffs, I was at Abbott's Wood, near Polegate, some five miles
inland, and was surprised to see scores of P. cardxii hovering over the
flowers in a neighbouring field, most of them in perfect condition. I
captured a number of them, and found in most cases that their fringes
were intact and their colours almost as fresh as in the autumnal speci-
mens. They certainly did not appear to have been very long on the
wing. This, however, does not preclude the supposition that they are
immigrants, as I am convinced that a passage across the sea, even on
a high wind, would do less damage to their wings than a few days
fluttering about amongst herbage. As some evidence of this, the
greater number of those I examined on the 3rd were in good — almost
perfect — condition, whereas in a few days, at the same spot, I was
scarcely able to find a single specimen that was not worn or damaged
in some way. By the 8th and 9th their number was considerably
reduced, but as I left for Norfolk on the evening of the 9th, I was
unable to continue my observations. On my return at the end of the
month they had all disappeared. Particulars of the direction and
velocity of the wind for the last few days in May and the beginning of
June may be of interest in the matter ; I therefore give them in
tabular form : —
Morning. Afternoon.
S.S.W. 4. Calm.
W. 3. Calm.
N.N.E. 4. Calm.
E.N.E. 3. E. 2.
E. 2. S.S.E. 3.
The prevailing winds during May were S.W. and W., and these
continued up to the morning of the 3rd, and would be unfavourable
to the crossing of any insects from the Continent ; but early on the
morning of the 3rd the wind changed to N.N.E., and was moderately
strong, and would have been more favourable for their passage, and
the continuing easterly winds for their dispersal over the country. It
would be of great interest if observers in the Midlands and West of
England would send in reports as to the exact dates of their having
seen this insect, and whether singly or in some number. — J. E.
Campbell- Taylor ; Belmont, Polegate, Sussex.
Dates of Appearance of ZYOiENA filipendul^e and Z. trifolii. —
I should like to raise a question as to the approximate date of their
emergence. I find that nearly all authorities give early June, or at
any rate June, as the time. Now my own experience is that they are
more frequently met with in July. I saw nothing of them this year
until July 1st, on which date I took both Z. JilipendnJtB and Z. trifolii,
freshly emerged, at Polegate. On the 7th I found about thirty cocoons
of the former on the slopes near Beachy Head, and these emerged
''■• The figures following the direction indicate the velocity on the scale
of 0-10.
Morning.
Afternoon.
May 28.
-W. 4.
W. 4.
June 1.
„ 29.
W. 4.
W.N.W. 4.
,. 2.
„ 30.
W. 2.
W. 1.
„ 3.
„ 31.
W.N.W. 1.
W. 2.
,, 4.
„ 5.
208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
between the 24th and 26th. On the 8th I again took both flymg in
the sunshine in a meadow near Hailsham. And it has been ray
experience in past years that July is the month in which they mostly
occur. — J. E. Campbell-Taylor ; Belmont, Polegate, Sussex.
Notes on the Capture of Boletobia fuliginaria. — During the
years 1901-1905, 1 was a student at the Eoyal Staff College, Camberley.
Whilst doing schemes in the evening after dinner in my study I used
to keep the door into the garden and the windows open, in order to
give the local Lepidoptera every opportunity to come in and be caught.
On the evening of July 12th, 1904. several moths came into the study
and flew around the incandescent light. I caught one that I thought
I wanted, and whilst getting it into the killing-bottle I noticed that
there was another moth resting at the bottom of my net. It proved to
be a specimen of Boletohia fuliginaria in good condition. About half an
hour later I chanced to look at the open door leading into my garden,
and there on the woodwork sat another specimen. On July 16th I
found a third on a window of the Staff College itself, and on July 20th
a fourth specimen came into my study. I saw it come in, having been
very much on the qui vive every evening after my first captures. It
flew with a slow, flapping flight, and, as they are so dull-coloured, was
exceedingly hard to see. The same year a brother officer took a
specimen at light at his house, and in 1905 I could not come across any
more specimens, but this same brother officer took two, one at light,
and the other at sugar. The larvs of B. fulirfinaria are supposed to
feed on fungus growing on rotten wood. The house I lived in had
some stables and outbuildings near it, which contained plenty of
rotten wood, but although I searched carefully, I never succeeded
in finding the larvfe. I now possess four specimens of the above-
mentioned insect, three of them being very good specimens, the fourth,
which I captured in the Staff College, being slightly rubbed. —
B. TuLLOCH (Captain) ; Strensall, York, Aug. 4th, 1906.
Sesia andreniformis bred. — The Hon. N. Charles Kothschild
records in the Ent. Mo. Mag. for July that a fine Sesia andreniformis
emerged on June 10th last from a larva he found mining in a stem
of Viburnum latituna.
Meteorological Conditions affecting Lepidoptera. — I have read
with considerable interest the article of Messrs. J. Lissant Cox and
Justin Brooke on the " Noctua? in Huntingdonshire," etc. {ante,
p. 127), as it contains some remarks on a subject which one does not
usually meet in entomological literature — namely, about the influence
of meteorological conditions on the appearance of moths. I find that
the conclusions arrived at by the authors coincide entirely with my
observations made some years ago (a short abstract of them was
published in the ' Entomologist,' vol. xxix. pp. 101-103). Appar-
ently the influence of meteorological conditions of the night on the
frequency in occurence of moths is the same in such different places as
Huntingdonshire and St. Petersburg ; the insignificant number of
observations at present available does not permit of further conclusions.
I should like to draw the attention of entomologists to this subject, as
systematic observations on the influence on meteorological and other
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 209
conditions on the habits of moths, carried out in different localities, are
sure to afford valuable hints for the biology of Lepidoptera. —
B. Menschutkin ; St. Petersburg- Sosnowka, Poly technical Institute,
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Aug. 9th, 1906.
Notes on Pyrameis cardui. — At Dovercourt several worn examples
of this butterfly were noticed daring May. On June 1st I went to
Instow, North Devon, and on the 2nd of the month, which was rather
cold with a fresh north-westerly breeze, and on the 3rd, which was
brighter, warmer, and less windy, a few were seen flying about the
gardens and elsewhere. On the 4th, a delightfully bright hot day,
with a light north-westerly breeze, I went to some high moorland to
look for M. artemis, and here there were numbers of cardui passing
from south-east to north-west, flying at great speed, and scarcely ever
alighting on flowers or on the ground. During the three hours I was
there, there was a constant succession of them, and there were always
two or three in sight at the same time. I must have seen many
hundreds in the course of the morning, and on my way home they still
kept passing, and I saw great numbers again in the afternoon, all
apparently migrating in the same direction. All that passed near
seemed to be bright fresh-looking insects. On the 5th and 6th, which
were very bright warm days, with a gentle breeze from the south-west,
I was collecting on some rough high land, some 750 ft. above the
level of the sea, and situated sixteen or eighteen miles to the south-
west of the ground I was on on the 4th, and here cardui were plentiful,
but seemed to be stationary. On the 7th, another lovely day, I was
working on some slopes above the Kiver Yeo, between Barnstaple and
Lynton, about twenty miles to the north-east of where I was on the
6th and 6th, and here I also found cardui flying in some numbers, and
noticed several females busily engaged depositing their ova upon
various species of thistles. The whole time 1 was in North Devon —
from June 1st until July 19th — I do not think a day passed without
seeing this butterfly, but towards the end of my visit many of them
were in an extremely ragged condition. On July 14th, while looking
for P. lithodactylus among fleabane {Inula dysenterica), I noticed a
small larva of cardui sitting quite exposed on the upper surface of a
leaf, and upon searching the plants I saw that a quantity of larva
must have been feeding, to judge by the number of empty " tents."
I found two or three more small ones and one nearly full grown. The
young larvae appeared to attack the flower-buds first, spinning the
terminal leaves together ovei the bud, which they devour, and then
leave and spin " tents " lower down the stem. This was the first
occasion upon which I had met with larvfe of cardui upon fleabane,
and I do not think that it has been recorded as a food-plant. I have
since seen larvfe and empty tents upon several species of thistle. The
larvje I found produced butterflies on August 3rd-5th, and I have
seen many fresh-looking butterflies in this neighbourhood during the
past week. — Gervase F. Mathew ; The Green, Ferndown, Dorset,
August 20th, 1906.
ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER, 1906.
210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CAPTUKES AND FIELD EEPORTS.
Pachetra leucoph^a near Boxhill. — While sugaring? for Af/rotis
cinerea near Boxliill in early June this year, I was agreeably surprised
to take several fine specimens of P. lexu-ophaa, and later I also found a
few females, with batches of ova, on the grass-stems by searching with
a light. One female also came to sugar. Messrs. Tonge, Grosvenor,
and Hodgson of this district also took this species in the same locality,
obtaining, however, only females and ova. — A. J. Wightman ; Redhill,
August 21st, 1906.
An Entomological Hoax ? — In the August number of this maga-
zine, p. 188, Mr. Arthur Dods records the capture of Limenitis sibylla,
and the finding of pupje of Papilio machaon on Raumore Common. I
may say that I placed about seventy pupje of P. machaon there in June,
but I know nothing of the L. sibylla. The pupae of P. machaon were
of contmental origin, and as this species is anything but a marsh
species there, I saw no reason why it should not breed on Eanmore
Common. — A. J. Wightman ; Redhill, August 21st, 1906.
Hyloicus (Sphinx) pinastri. — Yesterday I noticed an example of
this fine moth at rest on a pine-trunk. The specimen was in bad
condition, as one might suppose considering the date, but I was none
the less pleased to see it, as it shows the species is still maintaining
itself, and has not died out from its old haunt as I had feared. Its
occurrence in the garden of the old Rectory here, extending over a
period of thirty years, may be of interest. The first capture was made
by one of my brothers in 1875, another in 1876 or 1877, and a third
in 1879. Then came a long interval ; no more were noticed until
1893, when I was fortunate in securing three larvfe. In 1894 my
brother captured a fine imago on July 1st ; and in 1899 a larva was
found late in September and given to me by the gardener. Since the
latter date, although careful search has been made, no sign of this
moth has been seen, and I was therefore very delighted to see it again
yesterday. — (Rev.) A. P. Waller; Waldringfield Rectory, Wood-
bridge, August 13th, 1906.
Leucania favicolor in the Isle of Sheppey. — Whilst sugaring
for M. abjecta early last month, I took six specimens of L. favicolor,
both red and yellow varieties, on the salt marshes near Queenborough.
This is, I believe, the first record for L. favicolor in the Isle of
Sheppey. — J. J. Jacobs ; 63, Marine Parade, Sheerness-on-Sea,
August 15th, 1906.
Epione ad\^naria, &c., in Oxfordshire. — On May 28th of this
year I netted a specimen of E. advenaria in good condition on the
slope of the Chiltern Hills, near Watlington. I have also met with
the following insects on the hills not hitherto, I believe, recorded for
the county. Etipithecia pusillata occurred sparingly among spruce in
two localities for the last three years, and at one of these localities
Coccyx pyijmceana was found in some abundance. In June, 1903, I
took two perfect specimens of Ayrotis cinerea at sugar at places a mile
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 211
apart. — John W. B, Bell; Pyrfcon Vicarage, Watlington, Oxon,
August 14th, 1906.
Deilephila (Phryxus) livornica in North Somerset. — A fairly
perfect specimen of the striped hawk moth, which had been taken at
rest inside a room, was brouglit to me on the 3rd inst. — Bernard B.
GouGH ; Compton Martin, near Bristol, August 6th, 1906.
Deilephila (Phryxus) livornica in Kent. — Mr. Sydney Webb, of
Dover, informs me that a living specimen was brought to him on
August 20th last. — Eichard South.
Deilephila (Phryxus) livornica in South Devon. — "We understand
that quite a number of this species were taken at Paignton and Tor-
quay in June and July last.
Heliothis peltiger at Lewes. — I, to-day, captured a fine male
specimen of this insect flying in the sunshine on a slope of the South
Downs. — Philip H. Vinall ; 220, High Street, Lewes, August 24th,
1906.
On July 18th last I found a larva near Lewes, feeding on Ononis,
which I could not determine to my satisfaction. On the 15th inst.
the question was settled by the emergence of a fine specimen of
Heliothis peltiqer. — Hugh J. Vinall ; 3, Priory Terrace, Lewes,
August 24th, 1906.
Heliothis peltiger in South Devon. — During May this species
was frequently taken at flowers of valerian; and larvae were very
plentiful during June and July feeding on rest-harrow. An example
of the second brood was captured at bramble-blossom on August 11th.
Ova were obtained from two females, but the larvae from these died
off before attaining full growth. The smaller larvffi collected from
rest-harrow also failed to mature, and it was found that only those
larvas that were nearly full grown when taken reached the pupal stage.
J. Walker; 3, Goodwin Terrace, Carlton Koad, Torquay.
Argvnnis paphia var. valesina in Gloucestershire. — On Saturday,
August 11th, I spent an hour on the hills above the town of Wotton-
under-Edge in- order to obtain some fresh specimens of Vanessa cardui,
which is now in perfection and very abundant. I was taking these
along a hedgerow on the flowers of Eupatorium cannahinnm, and whilst
in the act of securing one of them, I saw close to me a specimen of
P. valesina feasting on the howers of the same plant. I had my net
over it in a minute, and it is now on my setting-board. Within twenty
yards I saw a second specimen, but in my anxiety to net it I missed,
and it went sailing up over the tops of the beech-trees growing on the
other side of the road, and was lost to sight. I wandered a little way
on to the verge of Westridge Wood, and here A. paphia was in greater
abundance than I had ever seen it before, males and females in all
directions. V. io was everywhere, and I netted one F. atalanta, which
insect is certainly getting much scarcer — I might almost say very
scarce — about here. The chalk hill blues were greatly in evidence on
the hillsides. It is now, according to my notes, some twenty odd
years since P. valesina was captured in Gloucestershire before. It
212 THK ENTOMOLOGIST.
was about that time taken by Mr. W. E. Newstead at Great Witcomb.
V. E. Perkins; Wotton-under-Edge, August 13th, 1906.
Laev^ of certain Species of Lepidoptera abundant. — Has anybody
noticed the large numbers of larvae there are this year ? Snierinthus
ocellatus, S. popidi, Saturnia carpini, Euchelia jacobaa, Orrjyia antiqua,
Dicranura viniila, Cerura fuicula, C. bifida, Notodonta ziczac, Phalera
biicephala, and Clostera reclusa are a few from the many we have taken
in the vicinity of the Long Valley and Eacecourse. — G. Hobbs ;
37, Alexandra Eoad, Aldershot, August, 1906.
SiREx GiGAs. — On August 21st a very fine female specimen of Siiex
ffiffas was caught by Mr. Stephen Eeynolds on the summit of Mis Tor,
Dartmoor. — H. McArthur ; 35, Averill Street, Fulham Palace Eoad,
London, W., August 24th, 1906,
Prionus coriarius in Essex. — I captured a female Priomis coriarius
flying at dusk in my garden here on July 27th. This is the first time
I have met with this conspicuous beetle, though, on referring to the
' Entomologist,' I find that it has been taken not uncommonly in
Eppiug Forest, and Fowler records it from Loughton and Colchester.
W. S. GiLLEs ; The Cottage, Boching, Braintree, Essex, July 28th, 1906.
Plusia ni and Laphygma exigua at Tenby. — "Whilst collecting with
Mr. Spottiswoode Graves at Tenby on June 9th, we secured a worn
Plusia ni, which laid a few eggs in the collecting-box, and which I
succeeded in rearing ; the second brood emerging from 24th to 30tli
July. The larvae fed freely on broccoli and lettuce. I have also taken
at Tenby during August four L. exigua at sugar. I believe both
species are a new record for Tenby. — J. A. Finzi ; 63, Hamilton
Terrace, N.W., August 22nd, 1906.
PmBALAPTERYX POLYGRAMMATA : A CORRECTION. Owiug tO the kind-
ness of Mr. E. E. Bankes, of Corfe Castle, I find that the P. poly-
granuiiata I reported {ante, p. 190) as taken at Strensall is only
P. lignata after all. The mistake arose through my having compared
the moth with the figure in Newman's ' British Moths.' I was not
aware that the figures on pages 174-175 should be transposed. —
(Captain) B. Tullooh; Broom Villa, Strensall, York, August 16th.
Laphygma exigua in Surrey. — On August 27th, 1906, I boxed an
example of LapJu/gma exigua, which was at rest on a fence near an
electric lamp at Kingston Hill, Surrey. The specimen was eventually
found to be a female, and has deposited about a dozen ova. — Ernest
Warne ; The Mount, Liverpool Eoad, Kingston Hill, Surrey, August
28th 1906.
[In addition to the above record Mr. Percy Eichards reports three
specimens from Kingston Hill in August, and one from Oxshott,
August 23rd. — Ed.]
Laphygma exigua in Kent. — I have to report the capture of a grand
male (in bred condition) of L. exigua here last night. I boxed it while
it was fluttering in the grass. Mr. V. E. Shaw was a witness of the
capture. — L. W. Newman ; Bexley, Kent, August 27th, 1906.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 213
Chrysophanus phl(eas ab. schmidtii in Essex. — My friend Mr.
King, who only recently commenced collecting Lepidoptera, this
morning took a very fine specimen of C. phlccas ab. schmidtii at Ching-
ford. — Wm. G. Pether; 24, Wallace Road, Canonbury, N., August
5th, 1906.
Notes from the Wye Valley. — Whitsuntide this year was spent
in the Wye Valley, on the Monmouthshire side of the river, between
Bigsweir and Eedbrook. Favoured with good weather on the whole, I
met with some success. The best place for the sun-loving insects was
the bank between the railway and the river. Here the three common
Pieridae, Euchlo'e cardamines, Argynnis euphrosyne, Syrichthus vialvcc,
Nisoniades tages, and Euclidia (jlyphica, were about in numbers, and
the following less commonly : Gonepteryx rhanini, Vanessa cardid,
Fararge megoEra, Polyommatus phlceas, Lycmia alexis, Euclidia mi ; and
one Anaitis plagiata was found on a post in the full sun. Helioca tene-
hrata appeared in the same locality amongst the long grass towards
evening. From the railway bank a delightful path leads through the
woods back to the village, in a lateral valley where I was staying. By
beating and dusking along this footpath I obtained a lot of Geometrse,
including Epione advenaria, Ephyra punctaria, E. annulata (omicro-
naria), Nivneria pulveraria, Minoa murinata {euphorbiata}, Emmelesia
ajfinitata, E. albidata, E. decolorata, Cidaria corylata, and Henninia
grisealis ; while a few Melanippe hastata were found flying in the sun-
shine. There were not many insects to be found in the higher ground,
but of course Venilia maculata and Ematurya atomaria were common
in suitable localities, and a few Cidaria suffaviata were netted at dusk.
One Ligdia adustata was beaten out of a hedge near Bigsweir. I did
not do any larva-beating, but found a batch of forty Taniocampa
mimosa on a twig of oak. Larvfe of Hybernia defoliaria, and of course
Cheimatobia brumata, swarmed, and a few Abraxas grossulariata were
noticed. From a bed of nettles near Llandogo I took twenty larvfe of
Botys ruralis in about half as many minutes. I was successful in ob-
taining a number of ova from Epione advenaria and Tortrix ministrana,
but could only induce females of Melanippe hastata and Ephyra
punctaria to lay a few each.
Not much work was done with the Diptera, but with the kind
assistance of Mr. H. W. Andrews I have been able to name the
following: — Tipula gigantea (one), Atherix ibis (one), Dioctria (dandica,
Chilosia variabilis, Leucozona leucorum, Rhingia campestris (common),
Volucella bombylans, Eristalis iijmoriDn, E. pertinax, Xylota lenta.
Very few Hymenoptera were noticed, beyond the common bumble-
bees, but I found two localities for Eucera longicornis, in one of which
it was very common.
The following is a full list of the Lepidoptera observed : — Pieris
brassier, P. rapce, P. iiapi, Euchlo'e cardamines, Gonepteryx rhainni,
Argynnis euphrosyne, Vanessa cardui, Fararge megcera, Polyommatus
phlceas, Lyccena icarus (alexis), Syrichthus vialva, Nisoniades tages, Hylo-
phila prasinana, Spilosoma lubricipeda, TcEniocampa miniosa (larvfe),
Heliaca tenebrata, Euclidia mi, E. glyphica, Epione advenaria, Rumia
luteolata, Venilia maculata, Odontopera bidentata, lodis lactearia, Ephyra
punctaria, E. annulata [omicronaria), Asthena candidata, Acidalia remu-
214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
taria, Cabera pusaria, C. exanthemata, Panagra petrarin, Numeria pitl-
veraria, Ematurga atomaria, Minoa murmata (euphorbiata), Abraxas
f/rossulariata (larvae), A. sylvata, Ligdia adustata, Hybernia defoliaria
(larvfe), Cheimatohia brumata (larvffi), Emmelesia ajfinitata. E, albulata,
E. decolorata, Eitpithecia castigata, Melanippe hastata, M. vwntanata,
Coremia designata, C. ferrugata, Cidaria corglata, C. sujf'umata, Anaitis
plagiata, Herminia grisealis, Aglossa jjinguinalis, Botys ruralis (larvfe),
Scoparia ambigualis, Crambus prateiins, Tortrix ministraiia, Pinthina
sorurcidana (^pra;loiigano), Ephippipliora pfingiana, Xeiiwpliora sivamiuer-
danimellu, N. schivarziella, Gelechia ericetella, Harpella gcoff'rella, Ghjphi-
pte7-yx fuscoviridella. — Philip J. Barraud ; Busliey Heath, Herts.
SOCIETIES.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — May 21si, 1900. — Mr. G. T.
Bethuue-Baker, President, iu the chair. — Mr. C. J. Wainwright,
referring to Mr. Bradley's exhibit of Ckeilosia velutina, Locw, at the
last meeting said that on reference he found that he had four males
and three females, taicen at West Rnnton at the same time Mr. Bradley
took his. He said the insects did not tally exactly with Becker's own
description of velutina. — Mr. W. E. Collinge showed Coleoptera from
an old beech at Erdiugton. — Mr. Wainwright, various Lepidoptera. —
Mr. J. Simkins, fine forms of Ttcniocampa inceita, Hufn, and other
Tfeniocampidfe, &c., from Solihull. — Mr. Gr. T. Bethune-Baker, various
new species of LycaeiiidaB from iVfrica, New Guinea, &c., and commu-
nicated a paper in which they were described. — Colbran J. Wain-
wright, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
1. A Text-book of Botany. By J. M. Coulter, A.M., Ph.D. 320 figs.
Sidney Appleton. 1906.
2. British Eloirering Plants. By W. F. Kirby, F.L.S., F.E.S.
120 coloured plates. Sidney Appleton. 1906.
So much do the vegetable and insect worlds interact the one on the
other that no entomologist can afford to be altogether ignorant of
botany. In No. 1 he will find an excellent up-to-date book, which
will give him a real insight into the subject. Besides being treated in
a way that anyone may understand, the subject is elucidated by very
many illustrations, many being photographic. The entomologist may
perhaps like best the chapters on " Flowers and Insects " and '• Plant
Associations." No. 2 does not profess to teach botany, but is intended
to assist in the identification of, and to provide information about
certain British flowers. Written by so well-known an entomologist as
W. F. Kirby, we are not surprised to find many insects referred to.
The notices of the plants are concise and interesting, and should serve
their purpose well. Tlie pictures are often rather crude, both in draw-
RECENT LITERATURE. 215
ing and colouring, but still they will usually enable the user easily to
identify the plants figured. Complaint is made in the preface that the
author cannot notice " every species or even every genus of British
plants," yet space is wasted on some common plants like the cowslip,
and quite a number of non-British species are introduced, which,
besides making tlie title incorrect, gives one the impression (erroneous
no doubt), that the text was written to suit the plates.
3. Annuls of the Natal Government Museum. Vol. i. pt. i. Edited by
E. Warrkn, D.Sc.Lond. London: Adlard and Son. 1906.
The editor is to be congratulated on this production. The plates
are of the very first order. We look forward to some entomological
articles in future numbers.
4. On the Life-histories of the Ox Warble Flies Hypoderma bovis, [De
Geer) and H. lineata ( Villers). By A. D. Imms, B.Sc. Lond.
Pp. 18, including a bibliography of the subject. Journal of
Economic Biology, vol. i. pt. 1, 1906.
5. Diversities among New York Mosquitoes. By Dr. E. P. Felt. New
York, 1906. From Proceedings of Second Anti-Mosquito Con-
vention. 18 pp., with fourteen plates and other illustrations.
Means of distinguishing mosquitoes are discussed.
6. L' Eyiseignement de la Zoologie applique a V Agriculture. By F. V.
Theobald, M. A. 1905. 15 pp. Contains, besides other matter,
suggested courses of study.
7. Ueber der Laich der Trichopteren. Von A. J. Silfvenius, Mag.
Phil. Helsingfors, 1906. '(Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora
Fennica, 28, no. 4.) Pp. 128, including a bibliography and
2 plates.
W. J. L.
Illustrations of British Blood-sticking Flies. With Notes by Ernest
Edward Austen, Assistant, Department of Zoology, British
Museum. Pp. 74, with 34 coloured plates. Natural History
Museum, South Kensington. 1906.
Of the blood-sucking flies known as midges, gnats, horse-flies,
clegs, brimps, &c., most residents in the country, or visitors thereto,
will have at some time had mre or less unpleasant experience. To
some persons the hum of Tabanus hovinus is more disconcerting than
the challenge of an angry bull; such people have had experience
of the insect as a rural phlebotomist, and dread a repetition of the
operation. The silent-winged and ubiquitous Hamatopota pluvialis is
the fly which most frequently draws blood from the entomologist, but
the latter is also well acquainted with the bump-raising powers of
British species of Anopheles, Oulex, &c., which Mr. Austen, in the
volume before us, states "are as much entitled to be called mosquitoes
as are tropical species belonging to the same genera."
It is estimated that there are some seventy-four blood-sucking
flies in Britain, and enlarged portraits of the most important of these
216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
will be found on the thirty-four plates on this most valuable and
exceedingly attractive book. These plates are of exceptional merit,
and have been reproduced from water-colour drawings by Mr. A. J.
Engel Terzi, which are, or will be, on view in the North Hall of the
Natural History Museum at South Kensington. In the notes, fur-
nished by Mr. Austen to accompany the plates, much information of
general interest concerning these insects is given, and technicalities
have been minimised. There are remarks on the life-histories of the
species, and on their distribution both in Britain and abroad.
Transactions of the City of London Entomoloffical and Xatural History
Society for the year 1905. The London Institution, Finsbury
Circus. 1906.
In addition to the usual interesting matter comprised in the
" Reports of Meetings," there are some capital papers in this little
volume of sixty-two pages. Mr. Louis B. Prout's contribution on
"The British Species of Perizoma {Emmelesia)" (20 pp.) is perhaps
the most important. Mr. Pickett's paper refers to the aberration of
LyccBua [Polyommatns) corydon ; and the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has
some informative remarks on Orgyia yonostiqma.
Proceedinqs of the Hawaiian Entomoloqical Society for the i/ear 1905.
"Pp. 36, with Index and 2 Plates. Honolulu, 1906.
Considering that this Society only came into being on December
15th, 1904, the inital volume of its Proceedings is a remarkably good
one. The main object of the Association is "to promote the study
of entomology, and to encourage friendly relations between those in
any way interested in the science." Up to date of publication the
membership was twenty. The President in 1905, and nominated for
1906, is Mr. R. C. L. Perkins ; the Editors of the Proceedings are
Messrs. G. W. Kirkaldy and Otto H. Swezey. The two plates, which
are well executed, represent mouth-parts of Tenthredinidse.
The Agricultural Journal of India. Agricultural Research Institute,
Pusa. Calcutta : Thacker, Spink & Co. 1906.
We have received Parts 1-3 of this Journal, which is published
quarterly, and is the official organ of the Department of Agriculture in
India. The contents, which, in the present numbers, are chiefly of
importance to the agriculturist and economic entomologist, are, some
of them, contributed by others than the officials of the department.
The eighteen plates, one of which is a photographic group of officials,
and another comprises coloured figures of " Moths of Hairy Cater-
pillars," are exceedingly well done, and these, and the contents as a
whole, will be of interest to entomologists generally.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.]
OCTOBEE, 1906
[No. 521.
IMPERFECT MOULT IN A LARVA OF AMORPHA
(SMEIUNTHUS) POPULI.
By T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. &c.
\
Mr. South forwards to me a larva, given to him by Mr.
Norman Riley, of Amorplia (Smerinthus) populi in its last instar,
the victim of an accident at moulting, viz. the retention of the
larval head of the previous skin, the moulting otherwise being
successful. This accident is not very rare, and is more or less
familiar to those who breed many Lepidojjtera. I fancy I have
seen it perhaps fifty times. A short memorandum on the con-
dition of such a larva may be useful, as I do not for the moment
recollect any notice of it in our text-books or magazines.
At moult the new head is much larger than the old one, and
the difficulty of the new head being within the smaller old one
is overcome b}^ its leaving the old one and occupying the pro-
thoracic segment of the old skin. Room is made for it there by
ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1906. U
218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
tbe distension of the membrane uniting the prothorax with the
head on or^e side and the mesothorax on the other, and to some
extent by the compression of the prothorax itself. My command
of terminology is not sufficient to enable me to express myself
briefly, and yet avoid (from a purist point of view) talking
nonsense. Thus, to talk of the old head and the new head is,
strictly speaking, nonsense. There is only one head; what is
old and new is the hard chitinous covering or cuticle — hard on
the mature head, soft at, and for a short time after, each moult.
This hard covering is cast at each moult, and the first stage of
the exuviation is this retreat of the head proper into more
expansible quarters. The mouth-parts only, remain in the old
head, the space in which, that they do not occupy, being filled
with fluid, the same fluid that bathes the larva under the old
skin, I believe that when the skin is actually cast the larva
laps up the remains of this fluid, as the head is full of it just
before, but is quite empty, if not dry, as soon as it has taken
place.
In the moult to pupa the head always splits up, but in larval
moults it remains entire. There is much variation as to one
detail, bearing closely on the accident or malformation under
consideration.
In some species the head remains attached to the east skin,
more or less fixedly. This may be readily seen in the cast skins
of the larvae of the gregarious Vanessas as they remain attached
to the larval webs. In other cases they are so lightly attached
to the skin that they fall away from it almost at once. In the
majority of cases, amongst Noctuse, &c., the head is separately
detached. In the breeding-cage these heads will be found lying
on the floor, whilst the skin proper remains attached to the
larval resting-place, except when the larva eats it, as often is
the rule (the head is never eaten). In this section the old head
is not drawn off by any traction of the old skin when it slips
backwards, but seems to be quite loose, and falls off. Whether
it be the rule in certain species, or only an exception occurring
in some individuals, one often notices the old head has to be
shaken off by the larva, or even rubbed off against the surface
the larva rests on. Whether this is the rule in some species or
not, it is usually, I think, pathological, and is a step in the
direction of Mr. South's specimen. In this instance the old
head remains in the position it occupied, after the new head had
taken up its quarters in the prothoracic skin, the moult in all
other respects being successfully accomplished. This accident
is, in my experience, always fatal ; the larva is effectually
muzzled, but more than this, the muzzle is of a special char-
acter. It can, in nine cases out of ten, be readily removed by a
little force, but the new head has hardened in the muzzle, and
the circular opening has impressed itself round the base of the
LARViE OF LYCiENA BELLARGUS AND ANTS, 219
mouth-parts, pinching in a circular depression, and so deforming
the relations of parts that the mandibles are quite useless and
unable to bite. When the head falls off normally, and the new
head is relieved from the pressure of the old skin and head, it
undergoes some little further expansion before it hardens ; it is
probably this expansion that normally makes the old head fall
off, but when it does not, it results in the strangulation above
the mouth-parts and the accompanying deformity.
When a larva fails in this or any other way to moult
successfully, there is usually some ascertainable cause; often
removal from the silken carpet or cocoon spun for the occasion
has a disastrous eff'ect ; some debility, as by rearing in captivity
under bad conditions, may frequently be suspected. In the
larva of A. populi undor discussion a cause of debility is very
evident ; it has no caudal horn, the site of the horn is occupied
by a vacancy in the yellow stripes. There can be little doubt
that the horn was lost by some accident, bitten probably by one
of its brethren, the larva being one of a brood reared together,
and by this accident, probably in the previous instar, whatever
it was, more or less general damage by bleeding probably
occurred, as well as the local injury.
Betula, Eeigate, September, 1906.
LARV^ OF LYC.ENA BELL ARGUS AND THEIE
ASSOCIATION WITH ANTS.
By A. L. Eayward.
Since finding larvse of Li/ccena corydon in association with
ants — as reported by me in the last number of the ' Entomo-
logist ' — I have been desirous of discovering the larva of L.
bellargus in its natural habitat, as from the fact that it is very
similar in its structure and habits to that of corydon, and feeds
on Hippocrepis comosa, which is one of the food-plants of that
species, I was led to expect that it might be similarly associated
with ants, and be possessea of as highly -developed a secretory
gland as that found on the dorsal surface of the seventh abdo-
minal segment of its ally.
This expectation proved to be well-founded, for of seven full-
grown larvae of bellargus taken by Mr. A. Harrison and myself
at Folkestone on August 11th and 12th last, at least two had
ants upon them when found, and in one instance an ant was
observed to be busy stroking the gland with its antenna? in
the endeavour to excite the llow of the liquid secreted by that
organ, and with the desirable qualities of which it was evidently
familiar.
u2
2'20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The ants found attendant upon these hirvae were black, and
of a different species from those discovered associated with the
larvae of corydon at Eeigate, which were Formica Jiava ; oddly
enough, however, I was unsuccessful in my efforts to obtain a
demonstration of the function of the gland by means of these
black ants, some of which I brought with me on my return from
Folkestone, while complete success attended the first attempt
when an example of F. Jiava — taken from a nest introduced
some time ago into my garden for the purpose of experimenting
with the larvae of L. arion — was made the medium.
Possibly Jiava — which is common on the heUarfiiis-£L&ected
hillslopes at Folkestone — is more generally associated with these
Lyc£enid larvae than are other species of ants, and the instinct
for "nursing" more highly developed than is the case with the
black ants referred to, which have been identified for me as
workers of Lasius niger.
That ants are not essential to the well-being of corydon or
hellargus appears to be certain, as both species have, I believe,
been successfully reared through from the egg without any inter-
vention or assistance from them, and a brood of the latter
species, reared by me last year from ova deposited in captivity,
were kept under conditions which certainly precluded the possi-
bility of their aid. It appears probable, nevertheless, that under
entirely normal conditions ants may protect the larvae in some
measure from the attacks of their natural enemies, and, if that
be so, the relationship would seem to be a mutually advan-
tageous one.
Wallington : Sept. 19tb, 1906.
SOME N0T:ES on SCANDINAVIAN AND LAPLAND
BUTTEKFLIES.
By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
(plate VI.)
My plans for an entomological excursion to Sweden had
been carefully arranged before I left England, and arrived at
Gotenburg in the middle of June last. My original itinerary
comprised an expedition to Narvik, the terminus of the Ofoten
Piailway, crossing thence to Swedish Lapland, and reaching
Abisko on the Tornea Lake about the end of the month. But
advices from Herr J. Sparre- Schneider at Tromso, who kindly
furnished with much local information, decided me to reverse
the order of my going. The season of 1906 in the higher north,
owing to the depth and quantity of the snow, was evidently very
The Entomologist, October, 1906.
Plate VI.
SNOW MOUNTAINS AND BIRCH FOREST, ABISKO.
SWEDISH LAPLAND.
NOTES ON SCANDINAVIAN AND LAPLAND BUTTERFLIES. 221
late, and with this in mind I determined to see what I could of
Southern Sweden first, and so time my arrival in Lapland as I
anticipated with the height of the summer. My forecast —
sanguine in every respect both as to time, occasion, and results
— was, however, doomed to disappointment, and, although in the
five weeks or so I was in Scandinavia I experienced in every
other respect much that was delightful as well as novel, the
Fates were dead against my butterfly hunting from start to
finish ; not because I hit invariably the wrong localities, but
chiefly because the skies were persistently overcast, though the
weather was otherwise fine, and the heat sometimes quite sug-
gestive of the "Midi." My brethren of the net will, I feel sure,
sympathize with me under these entomologically depressing
conditions ; the more sc when I say that hardly a day passed in
Lapland without the sun bursting forth in full splendour at
about 11 p.m., and remaining in a clear sky until 3 or perhaps
4 a.m. Meanwhile, I had equipped myself with all available in-
formation- as to localities, and farther was glad to hear from
Prof. Aurivillius that the headquarters chosen by me north of
the Arctic Circle was largely unexplored ground for insects. For
the benefit of any collector who should chance to follow in my
footsteps — and the enterprise of the Swedish State Kailways,
coupled with the good pioneer work of the Swedish Touring
Club, is rapidly developing these hitherto inaccessible regions —
I venture to suggest one or two works as useful guides, for
the majority of which I am indebted to Herr Sparre- Schneider,
the Conservator of the Tromso Museum and a scientist
thoroughly acquainted with the insect-fauna of Finmark.
But Herr Lampa's Swedish lists are rendered much less use-
ful than they would be otherwise by the omission of dates,
and this under the peculiar conditions of the Scandinavian
climate is, of course, a serious drawback. Nor does there seem
to be any recent Swedish work on the subject to assist the
ordinary collector ; though possibly a better knowledge of the
language would have helped me to discover something of the
kind in the Stockholm Natural History Museum. Prof. Auri-
villius's ' Nordens Fjiirilar' (1888-91), with its excellent letter-
press, and luminous woodcuts in such striking contrast to the
wretched coloured plates which represent any other butterflies
than those of Scandinavia, is therefore the best handbook in
print, so far as I know ; while, save in the environs of the Capital,
there have not been such developments, either of building or of
industries, as to destroy old localities, and I fancy, given the
right conditions, I should have found most of the Lapland
butterflies as plentiful — or otherwise — in the haunts where they
were recorded by Wallengren and by Zetterstedt over half a
century since. It is, therefore, principally with the hope that I
may be able to put dates to the emergences of species actually
2^2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
encountered that I venture to place these few remarks hefore
your readers.
The day I arrived in Gotenburg, after a passage in the
s.s. ' Calypso' from Hull of unruffled calm and consequent com-
fort, was brilliantly hot with a clear sky, and I at once deter-
mined to pay a visit to Trollhattan by rail, since it was rumoured
that all the seats and berths on the Gotha Canal-boat were
booked, and I had no desire to be included among the congested
crews. The season — at all events, in this part of Sweden —
appeared to be well advanced, and I presently discovered that
the southern half of the peninsula was suffering from an unusual
drought. On the railway to Trohhattan I saw a single specimen
of Papilio macliaon, the only example encountered, though I was
informed later by a young collector whom I met that he found
the larvae not uncommon in this neighbourhood. On the hills
surrounding the famous waterfalls, and through the shady pine-
woods, Pararge mcera, a typical form but very dark, was everywhere
in evidence, while I also noted, more or less commonly, Coeno-
nympha paniphilus, G. arcania (one), and Pieris rapce. These
butterflies presented no marked difference from those of their
species encountered elsewhere on the northern continent, and
the same may be said of the little bag I made next day at Jon-
koping, the pretty town which lies at the southern end of Lake
Vettern. Here in the public park — a wide stretch of heath,
marsh, and woodland — I found a pleasing variety, though I
should have worked this single afternoon with considerably more
zeal had I realized that this was the last of the sunshine at
suitable collecting places for many days to come. Indeed, so
misty and threatening was the weather next morning that I had
to abandon altogether my steamer trip to Stockholm by lake
and canal, and to take train direct. I had, however, time to
make the acquaintance of a fine form of Polyonuiiatus liippotlioe,
of which the males were more or less worn, but the females large
and fresh, with a wide tawny suffusion on the upper wings.
They haunted a little ditch at the edge of a copse, by the side of
which the grass grew tall and rank, and divided the honours with
Argi/nnis selene (typical but small), A. euphrosyne, A. ino (males),
in fine condition, and occasional Melitcsa atlialia, while on the
dusty road P. mcera was again conspicuous ; the males with a
supplementary well developed small eye-spot above the customary
ocellation on the upper side of the fore wings.
The neighbourhood of Stockholm is scarcely favourable to
butterfly life, and I saw very few species on the many pleasant
excursions, which for a week or so now occupied my time — these
undertaken mostly by steamer to one or other of the resorts to
which all good Swedes betake themselves when the days lengthen
out into twenty-four hours of sunshine and twilight. I do not
note having met with any butterflies at all actually in the capital,
NOTES ON SCANDINAVIAN AND LAPLAND BUTTERFLIES. 223
where there are several well-planted, flowery public gardens; but
on June 29th, on the island of Vaxholm, where there are fine
fir-woods and heathy commons among the many well-cultivated
enclosures, I observed Pieris brassicce, Vanessa urticce, Argynnis
lathonia (one), a fresh specimen of Grapta c-album — which
puzzled me somewhat, as I cannot now determine to what brood
it belongs, though it must surely have been a hybernator —
Pararge mcera (similar to the Jonkoping form), Coenoiiyinjjha
pamphilm, and Lyccena icarus (males).
July 3rd should have seen me on my way to the far north,
but, having proceeded in the morning by boat to Upsala to visit
the University and the grave of Linnaeus in the beautiful cathe-
dral, there was some mistake about booking my berth on the
Lapland Express ; and, having boarded the train, I discovered that
I could get no further than Bracke. As there would not be
another direct train for three days, I determined to see something
of Jemtland, and proceeded to Ostersund, a charmingly situated
town on the Storsjo, where I awaited the boat which was to '
steam that day to Hallen, in the heart of what promised to be,
entomologically speaking, a fine country. Having some six hours
to spend here, I at once took out my net, and made along the
railway, which is the connecting-link with Throndjem and Central
Norway generally', and presently came upon some likely ground,
where the spring flowers of our English woods were now in full
bloom, the pink campions making a splendid show in all suitable
situations. But once more the sun, which had hitherto shone with
some brilliancy, played truant. I had noted P. hippothoe var.
steiberi, the males not uncommon, and a little coppice produced
Lyc(S7ia argus, L., and L. argyrognomon var. cegidion, Meissner,
with the only Leptidia sinapis I met with in Sweden ; but I had
scarcely entered the outskirts of the woods when down came the
rain, and, though it cleared somewhat for a few moments at a time,
the butterflies refused to fly. On the lower saplings, however,
I discovered not a few Chrysophanus amphidamas, but so worn as
to be wholly useless for cabinet purposes. The day, moreover,
resulted in the loss of my only pair of forceps— a disaster which
travelling collectors will filly appreciate. A cold wet journey
across the lake of some two hours, and I reached Hallen, the
aspect of which at once determined me to accept the proflered
hospitality of a seat on an hotel carriage destined for Bydalen —
yet another three hours' drive, during which it poured inces-
santly. However, the morning of the 5th actually dawned fine,
and I enjoyed, in the fitful intervals of sunshine, which lasted
up to about two o'clock, some novel collecting in lovely country
reminiscent of the lower and warmer valleys of the Alps. But
it was curious to note that almost every butterfly I met with was
outside the flowery meadows, which seemed here to ofl'er little
attraction to insects of all orders. By the river, on a piece of
224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
waste, I found Argynnis pales var. arsilache — a grand form with
heavily marked males, and larger than the type, such as it
appears in the Central Alps ; while .4. euphrosijne yox.fiiujal and
A. selene var. hela were also not uncommon among the raspberry-
bushes and campanulas bordering the road up which I had come
the previous night. Here also I was presently to make my first
acquaintance with the typical Scandinavia A.frigga, not always
easy to distinguish on the wing from the light form of A. thore,
which is the var. horealis of Staudinger, and described somewhat
inadequately, I think, as " multo dilutior." I found also C.
amphidamas, again, but even more battered than at Ostersund,
with quite typical female L. icarus, and few male Pieris napi,
and C. phlosas presenting no special distinction. July 6th was
devoted entirely to journeyings round the Storsjo, upon which
there was no connecting steamer with Ostersund ; but, though
it took me practically the whole day to get back to Briicke
by carriage, ferry, and rail, the road lay for the most part
through splendid marsh and forest, containing I know not
what entomological possibilities in the way of those CEneidi and
Scandinavian Erebias for which ultimately I was doomed to have
travelled some two thousand odd miles in vain !
Picking up the Lapland Express in the early morning of the
7th, I now proceeded direct to Abisko on the Tornetriisk, through
interminable forests, over vast rivers spanned by swinging
bridges, past lonely sidings, where ever and again the thirsty
engine paused for water, and then perhaps through miles of
desert marsh, where the seeded cotton-grass, suggestive of Coeno-
nymplia davus, nodded in the fresh sweet wind like a million
suspended pearls.
A more comfortable and picturesque journey I have never
made. The "express" is a leisurely affair compared with the
" flyers "' of France and England; it is capitally appointed with
restaurant, and the roomiest sleeping berths in which I ever
travelled, while the fare for a journey in distance equal to that
of Stockholm to Eome, costs less than three pounds, second
class; the second class being in every way equal in comfort to
the "first" of other countries. Already the Swedes have made
their " Varldens Nordligaste Jarnvag " the most favoured of
tourist excursions; while the " Svenska Turistforening " — which
I had joined, and advise every traveller in Sweden to join — has
made Lapland easy of access by means of its "huts " planted at
favourable centres for tourists, and naturalists in search of
happy hunting-grounds. The so-called "hut" at Abisko is, in
fact, a small hotel, built of the inevitable birch wood, scrupu-
lously clean (as every inn in Sweden), and managed by a lady
whose command of modern languages is as thorough as her
capacity to keep and maintain in perfect comfort and temper
thirty or so tourists, upon whom the mosquitoes descend in
NOTES ON SCANDINAVIAN AND LAPLAND BUTTERFLIES. 225
overpowering force so soon as they show their noses unveiled
outside the doors over which waves the gay blueaud-yellow flag
of the Fatherland.
Of the Laj^p mosquito there is nothing good to be said, and
woe to the Briton who comes unprovided with a regular veil, and
enough fine muslin at least to fill the windows of his sleeping-
room during the brilliant sunshiny nights. I found nothing
that would keep them at bay. The first three days I was at
Abisko there was no ray of sunshine ; only hot cloudy weather,
and the mosquitoes consequently in tormenting myriads. When
I did start collecting again, on July 12th, I was encased in stout
boots, riding breeches and leather gaiters, buckskin gloves (to
which presently I was compelled to safety-pin my sleeves, as the
brutes settled savagel;y on my wrists), and a long veil, which
effectually jjrevented my spotting any small butterfly at a dis-
tance. This latter I abandoned as the sun grew hotter, for the
mosquitoes then descend into the grass, and are only trouble-
some to the face in the birch-woods, with which even in this
latitude the mountains are plentifully forested — not the little
dwarf shrubs common to less favoured regions until the arctic
creeping variety alone survives — but tall upstanding trees that
take the sense with sweet perfume suggestive of spring woods,
and the fair mythology which lends a charm even to the nomen-
clature of Scandinavian butterflies.
The marshes that lie between the railway and the lake into
which the Abisko river falls with a Niagara-like torrent of cold
green water — at this season, at all events — appeared almost
entirely devoid of butterfly life. Except a single Colias nastes
var. iverdandi, Zett., and sporadic Lyccena optilete var. cijparissus,
Hb. (if variety it really be), I found nothing ; only a few
Geometers kicked up from the ground-growth of moss, or dis-
turbed from the scattered birches. The best collecting-ground —
indeed, the only productive ground — was in a lateral valley on
the left bank of the river inland from the railway, and here, right
up to the snow-line, which was very low in this backward season,
I met with all the butterflies which I have to report. They are few
in species, but, with the exception of Argynnis freija, were indivi-
dually plentiful, A. thore var. horealis notably so, swarming in the
open glades of the woods which abutted on the stream; while Colias
var. iverdandi became commoner with each upward step, though,
to my surprise, it was hopelessly battered in nine individuals
out of ten — a fact all the more remarkable, seeing that spring
insects like the Argynnidi were only just emerging. Werdaiuiiy
then, must be among the first arrivals ; and it was the only
Colias I met with in Lapland. On the high banks facing the
sun, and well flowered, L. icariis and L. var. cyparissus were
very common, though not in such numbers as the little L. var.
cegidion, which has a curious habit of lying flat on a leaf or
226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
flower-head for protection. I took two very fine icarus females
(=zvar. ccsrulea), completely suffused with sky-blue to the wing mar-
gins, with brilliant orange ocellatious on the margin of the fore
and hind wings alike, and in size equal to the largest males.
They seem most to resemble the Sligo specimens described and
figured (PL II. fig. 11) in the 'Entomologist,' vol. xx. p. 74, by
Mr. South, or rather to come between this and the figure of
L. hellargus var. ceronus (PI. II. fig. 12), while the only male
retained is referable to the ab. icarinus, Scriba. Meanwhile, on
the hawkweed, Erebia ligea var. adyte was not uncommon, and
in superb condition ; and flitting restlessly up the river-bed, and
over the rocks, occurred a fine brightly-marked form of E. lap-
pona, of which some were the ab. pollux, Esp., with the central
band on the under side of the hind wings tending to obsolescence;
though in some examples the band is very sharply defined ; while
it is perhaps worth remarking that the ocellations of the lower
wings, where not absolutely obsolete, are in all my six examples
reduced to mere black spots. With them, and higher up, Argynnis
pales var. lapponica was in profusion, but the two or three A.
euphrosyne I captured belong, not as might be expected, to the
smaller and darker var. fingal, but are in every way similar to the
typical form of the English woods. A. selene I did not meet
with at Abisko in any form. But among the fritillaries, I have
since identified one rather worn male A. aphirape var. ossianus,
and a very fresh female, so I must have overlooked this species
on the spot — a matter of some disappointment, as I did not meet
with it elsewhere. Of the skippers, the only species captured was
Augiades comma ab. catena, singly. Pieris napi, just emerged, with
one very tawny ab. hryonicB (female), represented the " whites."
The Vanessidas were entirely absent, as well as the Parnassidse,
of which family the only example I saw in Sweden (where it
occurs commonly enough on the southern and central moun-
tains, I ^believe) was beside the railway near a station named Skor-
ped, in Angermanland. With further occasional Polyommatus var.
steihen, I do not remember to have observed any other butterflies
at Abisko, and must conclude therefore that I was much too
early on the ground, which, being at an elevation of about
1100 ft. above the sea-level, and at rather more than sixty-eight
degrees north, would evidently be better investigated in a late
season like this some weeks later in July. As it was, the country
further north-west along the railway to the frontier, which I
visited in excursions to the beautiful Bjorkhden Fall, and the
Lapp encampments at the head of the Tornetrask, on Palno-
viken Bay, was promising in appearance, with an abundant flora
and much grass ; but save as producing a few more Geometers,
picked up by the lake-side, the days I made these little expedi-
tions were all against collecting other than pleasant recollections
and photographs of the primitive people whom so far contact
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF INDIAN ICHNEUMONID^. 227
with railway civilization has done little to alter. Had I
known hefore I met a tourist at Abisko that Kvickjock is now
to be reached from Lulea and Jockmock without the least diffi-
culty, I think I should have divided my attention in Lapland
between these two places. As it was, I had made arrangements
to return by the Norwegian coast, and on July 15th (the weather
having again reverted to the worst), I determined to try my luck
on the "other side," taking, the same afternoon, a steamer from
Narvik — which in its surroundings promises well for entomo-
logical research — and, after yet another cold and wet day,
arriving at Hammerfest towards the evening of the 16th.
(To be continued.)
ON SOME NEW GENEEA AND SPECIES OF INDIAN
ICHNBUMONID^.
By p. Cameron.
ICHNEUMONINI.
LiSSICHNEUMON, gCll. IIOV.
Metauotum impunctate, shining ; the areola longer than wide, its
apex transverse, the base open, confluent with the lateral arefe, the
lateral two being also confluent ; the spiracular area open at the base
on the outside ; the spiracles linear. Scutellum keeled at the base.
Petiole long, slender ; the base slightly broader than it is high.
Ventral keel distinct to the apex of the fourth segment. Areolet large,
5-aDgled. Transverse median uervure received shortly beyond the
transverse basal ; the disco-cubital broken by a stump.
The body is very smooth and shining ; the first abdominal segment
is longer and more slenderly built than usual, the post-petiole not
being defined, the apical half becoming gi-adually, but not much,
dilated ; there are eight segments. Apices of tarsal joints spiuose.
Apex of clypeus bluntly rounded. Gastracoeli shallow, small, smooth,
the apex widely distant from the base of the segment. Base of meta-
notum with a deep crenulat'^d furrow. Labrum hidden.
The precise affinities of this genus may be left over for dis-
cussion when the female becomes known. It should be known
by the very smooth and shining (including the metanotum)
body, by the confluent areola and lateral areae of metanotum,
and by the long, slender abdominal petiole.
Lissichncumon levis, sp. nov.
Black; smooth and shining, the pleura3, median segment and coxfe
thickly covered with long white pubescence ; the face, clypeus, man-
dibles except at the apex, a line on the inner orbits to opposite the
ocelli, a line, gradually narrowed above, on the lower two-thirds of the
228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
outer, a broad line on the pronotum not extending to the base, an in-
terrupted hue on the apex of the scutellum, dilated into a round spot
at the apex of the keel, yellow ; legs red ; the four front coxte and
trochanters yellow ; the hind coxfe and trochanters black. Under side
of autennal scape yellow ; the flagellum brownish below. Wings
hyaline, the stigma and nervures black. 3- . Length, 12 mm.
May. Simla (Major C. G. Nurse).
Face and clypeus strongly but not closely punctured, the apex of
the latter smooth ; the apical row of punctures on it separated from
the rest ; the upper part of front and vertex sparsely, weakly punc-
tured ; the part between the ocelli more strongly and closely punctured.
Scutellum somewhat densely covered with long white hair. Posterior
median area from near the top stoutly, irregularly, longitudinally
striated ; spiracular area at the base and middle irregularly longitu-
dinally striated ; its apex with a few oblique ones.
HERESIAECHINI.
Stenodontus spilocephalus, sj). nov.
Black ; the eye orbits except for a narrow line on the malar space,
a narrow curved line below the antennse, a mark in the lower part of
the face in the middle, a large, wide, oblique mark on the sides of the
clypeus, a line on the base of pronotum, one on the sides above, two
lines on the middle of mesonotum, on the apical half, the sides and
apex of scutellum, the scutellar keels, post-scutellum, a mark, longer
than wide, on the apex of metanotum on the sides, tubercles, an
oblique mark, dilated at the base above, roundly in the middle below,
a more regular mark, narrowed at the apex, on the apex below and
moderately broad lines on the apices of all the abdominal segments,
pale yellow. Antennal scape dark rufous below ; the tenth to sixteenth
joints white below. Legs red, the four anterior coxse largely yellow,
the posterior black, yellow at the base below, and at the apex above ;
the trochanters marked with black, the apices of the tarsi blackish.
Wings hyaline, the stigma pale testacous, the nervures black. ? .
Length, 9 mm.
Simla. May (Major C. G. Nurse).
Head almost smooth ; finely punctured at the ocelli ; the pubescence
short, white, sparse. Mandibles yellow at the base, the middle rufous,
the apex black. Palpi white. Thorax finely, closely punctured ; the
scutellum more sparsely than the mesonotum ; the latter is keeled
laterally to shortly beyond the middle. Areola longish horseshoe-
shaped ; the round base margined by a narrow furrow, not by a keel ;
the apex is rounded inwardly ; the basal half smooth, the apical
weakly, irregularly striated ; the part behind it is smooth, shining and
confluent with the lateral arete ; the apical slope is more closely
punctured than the rest. The first abdominal segment becomes grad-
ually widened towards the apex, the post-petiole not being defined.
Gastracoeli separated, striated at the base, rufous at the apex ; the
middle segments are closely, minutely punctured ; the apex is nar-
rowed; the ovipositor largely projects. Areolet 4-angled, the nervures
meeting in front, the recurrent nervure received in the middle ; trans-
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF INDIAN ICHNEUMONID^?. 229
verse median nervure interstitial ; disco-cubital broken by a minute
stump.
What I take to be the male has the hind legs almost entirely
black and the four anterior are darker coloured ; the apex of the
scutellum is black. The antennae are black, stout, serrate
towards the apex. The fore coxae are for the greater part pale
yellow ; the middle yellow at the apex ; the four posterior spurs
are blackish, not reddish as in the female.
I should think, from their appearance, that the coloration
of the legs varies a good deal.
This species appears to agree with Stenodontus {Gnathoxys,
WesmO, except that the scutellum is keeled laterally to shortly
beyond the middle : according to the generic definitions Steno-
dontus has it margined only at base.
JOPPINI,
Glyptojoppa, gen. no v.
Scutellum roundly convex, rounded behind ; the sides not mar-
gined. Metanotum deeply, widely depressed at the base, the areola
horseshoe-shaped ; the other are© distinct ; the segment is short and
with the sides broadly rounded. Areolet 5-angled, wide in front ; the
disco-cubital nervure broken by a very long stump ; the transverse
median nervure received distinctly beyond the transverse basal. Post-
petiole wide, clearly separated ; there is a distinct, deep, transverse
furrow at the base of the third segment ; it is closely striated.
The antennae are short, taper towards the apex, and are serrate.
Temples wide, obliquely, roundly narrowed ; the occiput slightly in-
cised. Wings yellowish hyaline, the apex clouded.
The metanotum is more regularly areolated than in typical
Joppini, but in other respects it agrees more with that group
than with the Ichneumonini, e.g., in the form of the scutellum,
and in the deep depression at the base of the metanotum. Its
characteristic features are the roundly convex scutellum, deeply
depressed base of metanotum, horseshoe-shaped areola, and the
deep, striated furrow at the base of the third abdominal segment.
Glyptojoppa sulcata, sp. nov.
Testaceous, the mesonotum more rufous in tint ; the breast, the
antennae towards the apex and the furrows at the base of the third
abdominal segment, black ; wings hyaline, tinged with yellow ; the
apex from the stigma smoky ; the stigma and nervures testaceous.
S- . Length 14 mm.
Middle Tenasserim, Sal ween Valley. July (C. T. Bingham).
Head and thorax closely, distinctly punctured, covered with a short
fulvous pile ; the scutellum has a longer pile ; the median segment
more rugosely punctured and with a longer and denser pile. Abdomen
closely, distinctly punctured, the post-petiole more strongly than the
rest ; the gastracoeli deep, with three oblique keels on the outer side
230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and three straight ones on the inner side ; the furrow on the third seg-
ment is wider iu the middle and is closely striated there ; the sides are
smooth.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Pyrameis cardui and other probably Immigrant Species. — With
reference to Mr. R. Adkin's note in ' Entomologist,' p. 173-174,
Pyrameis cardui, Pliisia gamma, and Nomophila noctueUa were abundant
on the North Cornish coast on the day of my arrival there, June 2nd
last, and during the following week. There seems to have been a great
abundance of these three species in the west and south-west of
Europe this year. During a recent holiday on the Continent in July
and August, I found them wherever I made any observations, including
iu the following districts : Department of Aisne, some fifty miles east
of Paris ; in all districts in the Isle of Corsica ; the Alpes-Maritimes,
a little to the north of Nice ; Beauvezer, in the Verdom Valley ; and
Digne, in the Basses-Alpes. In the neighbourhood of Vizzavoua, in
Corsica, at an altitude of about 3500 feet, P. cardui especially
swarmed, and far outnumbered every other large Diurni occurring
there. On the evening of the 3rd June, I took my net, and walked at
dusk along the top of the cliffs on the North Cornish coast ; there was
a small light-coloured noctna flying about here in some numbers —
probably I saw about two dozen specimens. The ground was difficult,
however, and I only succeeded in netting four examples. My surprise
was gi-eat on getting back to my lodgings to find these were Lapliygma
exirjua, which, so far as I am aware, has not been recorded from this
coast. On the following evening I sugared on the spot, but only
obtained one specimen of L. exigua. I, however, boxed two examples
of Heliothis armiger from the sugar. On subsequent nights I obtained
at sugar one more specimen each of both these species. Although
some of the L. exigua especially were perfect specimens, all the
examples of both species were in a condition that would lead one to
suppose they had flown a long distance, and I have not much doubt
but that they had crossed the sea. I may mention that Heliothis
armiger was common in the neighbourhood of Vizzavona, in Corsica,
where it had much the same habits as Phisia gamma, settling in the
day-time in the grass, and flying off very much after the style of that
species when disturbed.— W. G. Sheldon; Youlgreave, South Croydon,
Sept. 18th, 1906.
Joint Cocoons.— I was much interested to see the note under the
heading, "Joint Cocoons," in the August number of the ' Entomologist,'
as I have had a similar experience in breeding Malacosoma neustria and
Eriogaster lanestris this year. In the case of the former, I imagine
that the use of joint cocoons was more or less due to the exigencies of
pupation within the comparatively narrow limits of a small breeding-
cage. I give the figures, as I thuik them rather interesting. Forty-
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 231
seven full-fed neustria larvae pupated. In three instances four pupated
together, in five instances two, and in another three, i.e., tweuty-seven
pupae in ten cocoons. A curious result was that, in two of the quad-
ruple cocoons, the first imago ready to emerge proved unable to force
an exit, and, consequently, the remaining three were imprisoned, for
there was only one exit, and they could not or would not break through
elsewhere. In every case they were genuine joint cocoons without so
much as the slightest film between the pupae. The same thing
happened with a brood of E. lanestris, but on a much smaller scale.
In about eighty cocoons there are three instances of joint ownership,
three, three, and two respectively. I am not absolutely certain, in this
instance, that there is no partition, as they are not due to emerge till
next year. But they are not merely stuck together (that frequently
happens), but in one lump, so to speak. It maybe worth mentioning
that the lanestris were in a cage three or four times as large as that in
which the nemtria pupated, so, perhaps, there was less likelihood of
joint cocoons. — E. Mannering ; 46, Wickham Road, Beckenham,
August 25th, 1906.
AciDALiA iMMORATA. — After a failure to get larvae of this species
through last winter, I have succeeded in breeding a second generation
from ova laid by some females caught by me in the locality near Lewes
on June 80th last. The ova were laid on July 1st and 2ud, and I got
about forty in all. They hatched on July 17th and 18th, and were at
once placed on leaves of Plantago lanceolata, and as soon as they were
large enough were transferred to a potted plant and kept out of doors.
Two of the larvae at once proceeded to grow at a great pace, and, as
they appeared to me large enough to be full-grown, I removed them
from the growing plant, and took them indoors on August 26th. They
fed for a few days longer, and one spun up on August 28th and the
second on September 1st. The first larva spun against the side of a
glass pot in which it was kept, making a slight silken cocoon, under a
dead leaf, on the surface of the earth covering the bottom of the glass ;
the second also spun up under a dead leaf on the surface of the earth.
The cocoons were both large for the size of the pupa, and, as a matter
of fact, would hold at least six pupa;. The first larva pupated on
September 2nd, and it produced a female imago on September 14th.
The imago from the second pupa has not yet emerged, but will
probably do so in a few days. With regard to the larva, it is very
small and thread-like at first, and is practically unicolorous light
greenish-brown until half grown, when it assumes the full markings
of the adult larva. There is very little to add to the description of the
larva in Barrett's 'Lepidoptera of the British Isles.' It tapers towards
the head, the dorsal lines are continued over the head, the dots on
either side of the dorsal lines as in a small brownish cloud ; the
under surface is putty colour, with traces of wavy lines ; the dark
brown side line is continued along the sides of the head, and there is
a buff stripe below it, in which are the spiracles, which is continued
down the claspers. When full grown it is a little over an inch in
length. The larva feeds in a somewhat peculiar way, as it does not
rest on the leaf on which it is feeding but on a neighbouring leaf or
grass-stem. When young it eats pieces from the margin of the neigh-
232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
bouriug leaf, and when adult it begins feeding at the tip of the
plantain leaf and eats that right down from the point almost to the
bottom before proceeding to the next leaf. I have still about thirty
larvffi, half grown, which will, I presume, hyberuate in the usual
^.ay. — Francis C. Woodbkidge, Northcroft, Uxbridge, September 14th,
1906.
DicRANURA BIFIDA Two Years IN PuPA. — I have this summer bred
two Dicranura hijida from larvfe taken near Market Rasen, Lincoln-
shire, in 1904. Other larvffi taken at the same time emerged as
perfect insects in 1905. — Gr. W. Mason ; Barton-on-Humber.
Autumnal emergence of Lepidopteea. — The hot summer of 1906
seems to have been favourable to the production of what is known as
second broods of Lepidoptera ; and the following instances of this
have come under my notice : —
Arctia caia, of which species I obtained about a dozen ova in the
middle of July. The larvse from these duly hatched, and from the
first evinced their purpose of getting through their metamorphosis in
record time. Nine pupated between August 17th and 28th ; one or
two larvffi died, from injury, in early August, and one continued feeding
until September 1st, when it became sickly and subsequently died.
Nine moths emerged between September 8th and 12th. All were of
average size and of the ordinary form.
Twelve eggs of Parasemia plantaginis were received on June 29th,
and had been laid by a female in Aberdeenshire a few days previously.
The majority of the larvae from these were lost whilst quite young.
Five, however, fed up, and, as regards four of them, pupated, and pro-
duced moths on August 30th and 31st — all females. The fifth larva
is (September 27th) still feeding.
One male example of Cerura bifida emerged on August 21st. This
was from one of five pupae resulting from a few eggs obtained on
June 29th.
A number of larvfe of Spilosoma luhricipeda were fed from the egg
on sallow, and many of these had pupated by August 30th, on which
day a female specimen emerged. Other larvse of the same brood con-
tinued feeding until about the middle of September. So far no more
moths have appeared.
Perhaps the most remarkable instance is that communicated by
Mr. L. W. Newman, of Bexley, who sent me a specimen of Movia orioii
that emerged on September 2nd, and had only been in the pupal stage
about seventeen days. He also reported on September 5th, that
among other things Cerura bifida, C. furcula, and Heinerophila
abniptaria "have all been emerging, two or three each, out doors
in the sleeves." The weather has evidently also had a retarding
influence on some species that more or less regularly attain the
winged state twice in the year. In this connection Mr. Newman
mentions Brepana cultraria, the larvae of which pupated in June, but
only one moth had emerged on September 5th. — Richard South ; 96,
Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
233
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Deilephila (Phryxus) livornica in Dorset. — On September 10th
last I captured a very fine fresh specunen of D. livornica, flying over
petunias, in the public gardens at Weymouth. This is, surely, a very
late date for this insect? — R. A. Jackson, R.N. ; Charity Farm, near
Hollingbourne, Maidstone, September 23rd, 1906.
Deilephila livornica in Hampshire. — On September 2nd I was
given a specimen of D. livornica, in perfect condition, by a friend, who
caught it on a garden wall near Milton, Hants. — R. B. Murray ; Oak
House, Brockenhurst, Hants.
Deilephila livornica and Laphygma exigua in Somersetshire. —
I note, in the ' Entomologist ' for this month tllat D. livornica has
been taken at Compton Martin, near Bristol, August 6th. I took a
specimen in good condition hovering over verbenas on September 5th
here ; I had seen one the evening before at the same spot. LapJujf/ma
exigua came to light July 29th, August 6th, and August 11th, the first
two good specimens, the last much rubbed. — Herbert C. Swayne ;
Ynyswytryn, Glastonbury, September 18th.
Deilephila livornica in Sussex. — On the 12th inst. I had brought
to me a living specimen of D. livornica. It was in perfect condition,
and had been taken in a florist's garden in this neighbourhood. I
have never heard of it being taken in this district before. — C. Hamlin ;
Forest Cottage, Balcombe, Sussex, September 17th, 1906.
Laphygma exigua and Heliothis peltigera in Isle of Wight. —
I spent some weeks in the Isle of Wight this autumn, and was
fortunate enough to secure a few L. exigua and H. peltigera in a
locality not far from Freshwater. — James Douglas ; DunoUy, Sher-
borne, Dorset, September 20th, 1906.
I may, perhaps, mention that I have just bred a specimen of
H. peltigera from larvfe taken at Sandown in July last, and that I took
a few L. exigua at sugar at Shanklin on the 10th inst. — T. Maddison ;
South Bailey, Durham, September 19th, 1906.
Laphygma exigua, &c., in the Isle of Wight. — I was staying at
Freshwater September 8th to 14th, and sugared regularly each
evening. A few examples uf L. exigua appeared on most nights,
the earliest was taken at 7.10 p.m., and the latest at 11.40; about
9 o'clock seemed to be the best time for this species. AporopJigla
australis and Agrotis ohelisca were fairly common. Two specimens
of Heliothis peltigera were obtained, and on the last night of my
stay a grand female of Leucania vitellina was secured. Agrotis
segetum and A. sicffusa -were both in large numbers. — L. W. Newman;
Bexley, Kent.
Laphygma exigua in Somersetshire. — You may be interested to
hear that I have discovered a locality for Laphygma exigua in Somerset-
shire this year. Up to the present I have succeeded in obtaining
fifty-two specimens, and have also a nice batch of larvtB feeding. The
ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1906. X
234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
larvffi I have do not answer to the description given in Newman. —
G. F. Rawlings ; 8, Augusta Place, Bath, September 16th, 1906.
Deilephila livornica in Kent. — Another example of D. livornica
was taken this morning outside the General Post Office on the window-
sill. Condition as good as bred. The one I reported, ((nte p. 211,
was of larger size but much wasted. — Sydney Webb ; Dover, Sep-
tember 8th, 190G.
Laphygma exigua in Essex. — Last night, September 18th, I had
the pleasure of taking a specimen of this rarity at sugar in my garden.
I boxed it carelessly, thinking it was Caradrina cubicidaris, which is
coming rather freely to sugar now ; but when I came to set it this
morning, the orange spots and small size at once told the tale. I am
still holding my breath at the thought of how near I was to leaving it
alone. — Rev. W. Claxton ; Navestock Vicarage, Eomford.
Leucania extranea at Tenby. — On the 29th August I took a rather
worn specimen of L. extranea at Tenby at rest on a twig near to
sugared posts. — J. A. Finzi ; 53, Hamilton Terrace, N.W., Sep-
tember 5th, 1906,
Heliothis peltigera in WiLTsmEE. — On Wednesday, 12th inst., I
was fortunate enough to capture a very fine specimen of Heliothis
peltvjera on sugar at Clarendon Wood, near here. As I believe this to
be the first record of the capture of this insect in Wiltshire, it may be
of interest. — W. A. Boyne ; Wilts and Dorset Bank, Salisbury, Sep-
tember 14th, 1906.
Colzas edusa at Littlehampton. — A specimen of the above was
seen on the river bank at Littlehampton on the 5th September. —
Philip J. Baeeaud ; Bushey Heath.
Colias edusa at Folkestone. — I saw a specimen of C. edusa near
the Warren at Folkestone on August 29th last, and took one on
the Downs over the town on the 30th. — F. Piogees; 58, Grandison
Road, Clapham Common.
Colias edusa in Suffolk. — I noticed a fine male example of this
butterfly, apparently freshly emerged, in my garden on August 31st. I
have not seen any since. — (Rev.) A. C. Waller.
Colias edusa in DoESETsmRE. — Mr. Lucas informs me that this
species was seen at Lulworth, end of August last. — Richaed South.
Sphinx convolvuli in Suffolk. — A very damaged female was
brought to me on September 14th. This is the only instance of its
occurrence about here this year that I know of.— (Rev.) A. C. Wallee ;
Waldringfield Rectory, Woodbridge, September 19th, 1906.
Sphinx convolvuli in Suerey. — I have just received a living
specimen of S. convolvuli, which had been found at rest on a paling at
West Clandon, near Guildford, on September 16th last.— Heebeet C.
Swayne ; Ynyswytryn, Glastonbury.
Polygonia c-album in Surrey. — In your book on ' British Butter-
flies,' in citing the haunts of P. c-album, I see that you have not
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 235
mentioned Surrey as a county in which it has been taken, so I thought
you would be interested to know that one has been captured in that
county this year. My mother, Mrs. H. A. Perkins, of Old Bank House,
East Grinstead, who is an enthusiastic entomologist, while in Dor-
mans Park, on the borders of Surrey near East Grinstead, caught a
splendid specimen of a male of this species on September 11th, 1906.
Personally I consider this a good catch, as for over twelve years I have
collected, and in that time not once have I seen it on the wing south
of London. — Alec W. Perkins; 17, Lime Hill Eoad, Tunbridge
Wells, September 13th, 1906.
CucuLLiA GNAPHALii AT LiGHT. — On June 27th last I took a fine
specimen of C. gnaphalii, Hb., at the electric light over my porch. I
should be glad to know of any recent records of this moth. — John
Comber ; High Steep, Jarvis Brook, Sussex, September 14th, 1906.
LiMENiTis SIBYLLA IN EppiNG FoREST. — On July 22nd last we saw
resting on a bush, but failed to take, the only L. sibyll-a ever noticed
by us in Epping Forest. — F. W. and H. Campion ; 33, Maude Terrace,
Walthamstow, September 10th, 1906.
DiANTHCECIA IRREGULARIS, Hufu., = ECHII, Bork., IN NoRTH LIN-
COLNSHIRE.— Mr. A. Keynolds, of Owston Ferry, has recently presented
to the Lincoln Museum a bred specimen of this local insect. He
states that he took the larva about ten years ago on viper's bugloss
{Echium vulgare) in the neighbourhood of East Ferry. — G. W. Mason;
I3artou-on-Humber.
Chrysophanus phl^as, var. — On the 8th inst. I caught a remark-
ably beautiful variety of this species, combining both the eleiis and
schmidtii forms. The spots are greatly enlarged and much clouded,
whilst the ground colour is a lovely creamy silver. — Martin J.
Harding ; Church Stretton, Salop, September 19th, 1906.
SiREX juvENcus IN Nairnshire. — A Specimen of this hymenopteron
was captured on grass at Nairn, on September 15th last, by Mrs.
Grant, Drumnadrochit, and sent to me. I find that the last previous
capture in the north was at Hopeman, on September 13th, 1899. —
Henry H. Brown ; Cupar-Fife.
NocTu^ AT Sugar in Daylight. — During a visit to the New Forest
in the early part of July, I rue afternoon happened to be passing some
trees which had been sugared the previous evening, and on one of the
patches was surprised to see a specimen of Noctua brunnea. On looking
at my watch, I found it was exactly four o'clock ; the sun was shining
brilliantly, and there was a cloudless sky. One is familiar with the
visits of Catocala sponsa and 0. j^rumissa to sugar while it is yet day-
light ; but I have never come across before a case of such an early
appearance as that mentioned above. — (Rev.) J. E. Tarbat ; Fare-
ham, Hants.
Laphygma exigua and Agrotis agathina IN Dorsetshire. — I have
pleasure in stating that on the 14th inst. I secured, at Branksome
(Dorset), two male specimens of Laphijgma exigua at light. I also took
236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
a fair number of Agrotis agatkina. In regard to the latter, it may be
well to state that, although a large number of lamps were exammed,
it was found that only the brightest lights were selected by the insects.
They also show a marked partiality for the framework of a lamp, and
in one case, where I captured five or/athma on a single lamp, it was
quite impossible to see them until the post had been "swarmed,"
when the insects were discovered in very awkward corners. I imagine
it is a little late for agathina, but those I took were certainly in very
good condition.— Sydney T. Thorne ; 162, Ashley Eoad, Upper Park-
stone, Dorset, September 22nd, 1906.
Lepidoptera of County Cork. — Among the few good captures this
year, the following are of interest: — PencaUia sgringada, L. A female
emerged on June 25th from a pupa reared from a larva feeding on ash
in the garden here. This is the second reliable record for Ireland ;
the first was taken in Co. ^a,ievlov(i.—Acrongcta alni, L. A single
larva, on August 10th, on an elm-trunk in the lawn ; it was unfortu-
nately ichneumoned. It, however, formed a cocoon in dead wood, but
died before pupating ; I possess the shrivelled-up larval skin. Birchall
obtained a specimen in Co. Wicklow, and there is a tradition of its
being taken on the walls of Trinity College, BnhVm.—Catucala 7iupta,
L. A slightly torn miago was secured last night at sugar spread on
an elm in front of this house. This is the first certain record for
Ivelsind.— Dianth(ccia barrettii, Dbl. I find this handsome species
widely distributed along the coast of the county. The insects differ
considerably from the specimens occurring at Howth. I had an
opportunity of comparing mine with a fine series of over thirty,
recently procured at the classical locality near Dublin. The Cork
specimens are large, of a dark slate colour, with very distinct mark-
ings in a light whitish-grey, and no indication of yellow shading. —
C. Donovan, Major. l.M.S. ; Ardmore House, Passage West, Co. Cork,
September 17th, 1906.
Deilephila livornica and Heliothis peltigera in Ireland. — I
have read with interest the notes in the ' Entomologist,' for I am able
to give a further record of the occurrence of this moth in Hampshire
and in Ireland. On each of the evenings of June 2nd, 5th, and 6th,
between 8.30 and 9 o'clock, I saw one specimen flying over rhodo-
dendron blooms in my garden near Christchurch. Each specimen
appeared to be in fine condition, but was too wary to be caught. On
June 7th I went to Ireland to spend a month near Cork. In the drive
leading to the house where I was staying are many rhododendrons of
great height, mixed with large fuchsia trees. On the evening of
June 9th, I went out about 8.30 and walked along this drive for about
100 yards.' At first there was no moth to be seen, but at 8.45 the
rhododendrons were alive with D. livornica, and it was a grand sight
to watch them at the top flowers of every bush, hovering to and fro in
a state of restless activity and, at the least alarm, darting ofi' to a con-
siderable distance. I cannot say how many specimens were seen, but
the motli was flying in large numbers. No specimen was taken on this
evening, for the lower blooms were but seldom favoured with a visit.
From the lOth to the 15th further specimens were seen, but each night
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 237
brought fewer, and the last observed was on the 15th. Three spechnens
only were taken in fair condition. Considering the large number of
specimens seen on the 9th, and that the season for this species was
then well advanced, one can conjecture only the numbers which must
have been flying in County Cork during the last week in May and the
first week in June. The blooms of the fuchsias were not attractive.
I have seen it recorded that fuchsia and dock, both of which were
growing in profusion, are food plants of the larvse of this species.
Search was made for ova, but none were found. The small number
of captures is accounted for by the fact that D. livornica is a most
restless and suspicious insect. It gives the watcher but one stroke at
it with the net, and if it is missed it darts ofl" and does not again return.
The instinct of self-preservation is evidently well-developed. The
period of flight each night lasted about half-an-hour. At 8.30 there
might not be a specimen to be seen, but five or ten minutes later they
would suddenly appear in force as on June 9th, and at 9.15 all would
have disappeared. Some writers describe D. livornica as an immigrant,
but why ? Many species of birds fly north in the spring to find suit-
able places in which to breed. Insects, with their limited powers of
flight and short span of life, cannot be impelled by the same motives.
Nature does not act in a haphazard fashion, and as the food plants
must occur plentifully on the Continent, and at the very spots where
these moths emerge from the pupa, why should this insect — as'suming
it not to be an indigenous British species — pay the British Isles the
compliment of flying across the sea merely as if on a pleasure trip ?
Vanessa cardni is said to cross the English Chamiel to the eastern
counties with a favourable wind behind it. It is, however, a far longer
journey across the Atlantic Ocean to Cork, and it has been observed
that, whatever butterflies may do, moths usually prefer to fly against
rather than with the wind. Another point against the immigration
theory is that those persons who have seen D. livornica flying at dusk
have observed that the period of flight does not last much more than
half-an-hour. Of course no one can tell how this insect spends the
rest of its time, and it may be that after supping it flies a few hundred
miles purely out of exuberance of spirit.
Another insect taken at Cork was Heliothis peltigera — one on the
sea-shore, mid-day, flying over kidney vetcii, and the other in a high
walled-in garden flying at dusk over the flowers of lupin. This insect is
also dubbed an immigrant, but its powers of flight are very considerably
less than those of D. livoniitu. The specimens taken by Mr. Hooker
in Dorset are in much better condition than the two taken in Cork,
but his specimens were taken about a fortnight earlier. Mr. Hooker
also took a specimen on September 4th in the Isle of Sheppey. The
food plants given in ' Larva Collecting and Breeding,' by the Rev.
J. Seymour St. John, grow in England. With great deference I
submit that some more conclusive evidence is required than has yet
been published before D. livornica and H. peltigera can be described
with justice as aliens. — A. Druitt, Willow Lodge, Christchurch, Sep-
tember, 1906.
238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOCIETIES.
The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
—Jnli/ l^th, 1906.— Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—
Mr. Bellans, of Bedford Park, was elected a member.— Mr. Goulton
exhibited the living larvae of Phytometra viridaria [anea) feeding on
Polygnla vulgaris, and also larvfe of Cidaria suffumata. — Mr. Step, ova
and larvsB at different instars of Dlcranura vinula, and a series of
photographs of Lepidoptera at rest, the most interesting of which were
Scoparia amhigualis and Aplecta nebulosa. — Mr. Turner, ova, in situ, of
Coleophora viminetella on willow, C. solitariella on Stellaria Jwlostea, and
an imago of Gouiodoma limoniella bred from Statice limouiuin stems
from Southend.— Mr. West (Greenwich), short series of Cryptocephalus
parvulus and G. punctiger, together with several Balininus cerasorum
from Darenth Wood on July 1st. — Mr. Garrett, living larvae and pnpse
of Euchlo'e cardamvnes. — Mr. F. B. Carr, a cocoon and pupa of
Sarrothripus undulanus (revayana).
July 26^/i.— The President in the Chair.— Mr. West (Ashtead), a
short series of Plusia moneta obtained in his garden. — Mr. Moore, a
varied series of Epinephele ianlra from Boulogne. — Mr. Rayward, pupae
of Polyommatus corydon and Thecla ruhi, the former from larvae reared
on horse-shoe vetch, and the latter from ova laid on flower heads of
dogwood. He also showed ova of LyccEiia arion and Plebius agon, and
referred to the relatively small size of the former. He further reported
that of some thirty larvae of P. corydon taken at Reigate on June 18ih,
nearly all were attended by ants, Formica Jiava, and gave most
interesting details of their interrelations. — Mr F. Noad Clark, a
photograph of the ova of TrochUium crahronlformis, laid by a female
taken by Mr. Edwards at Horsley. — Mr. West and Mr. Ashby, thirteen
species of Longicorns taken in the New Forest from May 26th to June
9th, including Asemum, Callidium violaccum (in numbers), Anoplodera
sexyuttata , Leiopus nebulosus, Ciytus viysticus, Toxotus meridianus, &C. —
Mr. R. Adkin, the beautiful red form, var. furuncula. Hub., of Miana
hicoloria. — Mr. Noad Clark, beautiful micro-photographs of the ova of
four species of Coleophora recently obtained by Mr. Turner, together
with an enlargement of the micropyle of each. — Mr. Tonge, a photo-
graph showing the wonderful protective resemblance of the larva of
Catocala nupta. — Mr. Sich, (1) living specimens showing a case of
Miillerian mimicry between the Gelechiid, Recurvaria [Aphanaula)
nanella, and a Hemipteron, Phytocoris UIue, frequenting elm bark ; (2)
a very aberrant form of a Pyg^ra bred from Chiselhurst ; and (3) the
ova of Li/ccBua alcon on a gentian, with a photograph of the same by
Mr. Clark.
August dth. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Sich, living
examples of the Tineid, Ochsenheimeria vacculella, with a short sum-
mary of the little that is known of the species. — Mr. West and Mr.
Ashioy, a further portion of the Coleoptera collected by them in the
New Forest, including Trachys troqlodytes, Elater sanguinolenta ,
E. lythropterus, &c. — Mr. Adkin, imagines of Fygcera pigra and P.
curtula, with hybrids for comparison with Mr. Sich's Pygara. Finally
SOCIETIES. 239
this last was considered to be a beautiful aberration of P. pirp-a. —
Mr. Adkin also showed full-fed larva of AcidaUa mar [line punctata
[promutata] from Eastbourne ova. Most were ready to pupate, only
about ten would probably hybernate. — Mr. Main, a European Mantis
in the pre-imaginal stage, a larva of Papilio podalirius, and a female
of Pantassius apollo, with ova of tlie same, all from the Rhone Valley. —
Mr. Eayward, living larvfe of Agrophila trahealis {suljjJturalis) from
Cambridge, and of Cupido minima from Horsley. — Mr. Tonga, (1) a
living larva of Phryxus Uvornica from Lewes ; (2) and a preserved
larva from Alberto, Spain ; (3) a larva of Sesia stellatarwn from
Dunwich ; and (4) a series of photographs of Lepidoptera at rest taken
during the Society's Field Meeting at Leith Hill on June 30th,
including Bromolocha fontis {crassalis), Cucullia nnibratica, Larentia
viridaria, &c. — Mr. Edwards, var. cceca of Aphantopus hijperanthus, and
a female Trockilium crahtonifonnis from Horsley on July 14th.
August 2Srd. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Harrison and Mr.
Main, (1) a long bred series of Monia orion from ova from a New
Forest female; and (2) a bred series of Phorodesma smaragdaria from
Essex. One of the latter was of a more intense green and without the
usual white markings. — Mr. Barnett, (1) a short series of Anthrocera
trifolii, from Wanbury, mostly with confluent spots, and one with ill-
developed scales; and (2) several examples of Epinephele ianira
showing pale coloration, and one female with an unusually pale band
on the fore wing. — Mr. Crow, living larvse of Melauthia albicillata, on
bramble. — Mr. Carr, living larvfe of AcidaUa imitaria from ova, on
dandelion. — Mr. Turner, (1) examples of the hemipteron, Carpocoris
{Pentatoma)fuscispinus from Morgeubachthal and Lucerne; .(2) Heliothis
peltigera taken at Brockenhurst on June 4th; (3) a series of
Bromolocha fontis [crassalis] from Leith Hill in early July; (4) Mgeria
culiciformis from Beaconsfield ; (5) Coleophora lirnonieUa bred from
larvae taken at Fobbing in 1905, together with a spray of Statice
limonium showing the larval cases ; (6) specimens oi Polyommatus
escheri, the small form from Gavarnie, in the Pyrenees, with alpine
forms of the same species and of P. icarus for comparison ; (7) on
behalf of Mr. Harrison, specimens of Melitaa dictynna from Meiringen,
with M. athalia? taken at the same place and time ; and (8) on behalf
of Mr. J. W. Tutt, several species of Ascalaphus and Myrnwleon from
the Alps. — Mr. West and Mr. Ashby, some fifty further species of
Coleoptera taken in the New Forest this year, including Calosoma
inquisitor, Notiophilns rufipei,, Pcederus calignatus, Philonthus splendens,
Ips 4-guttata, Helodes marginatus, &c. — Mr. Adkin, a series of Polyom-
matus bellargus, females, from Eastbourne in June, and read notes on
the geographical distribution of the blue race of this sex. — Mr. Sich, a
bunch of poplar twigs, in the leaves of which were the larvre of three
leaf-miners, Gypsonoma aceriana, Phyllocnistis sujfusella, and Xepticula
trimaculella, and pointed out the characters of the mines with
reference to the various details of the different life-histories of the
species. — Mr. Main, (1) a batch of the very beautiful ova of Satyrus
briseis from Switzerland ; and (2) on behalf of Mr. Oldham, a fine Isred
male example of Cosmotriche potatoria with female coloration. — Mr.
Rayward, pupns of Polyommatus bellargus from Folkestone larva), and
240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
gave a most interesting account of the interrelations of ants and the
farvfe of this species. In the discussion, Dr. Chapman said that he
was on one occasion easily able to find larvfe of pLmticns argus by the
groups of ants attendant upon each larva. — Dr. Chapman, (1) Ophiodes
Imiaris ; (2) P. corydon only 28 mm. in expanse ; (8) Colias edusa only
37 mm. in expanse; (4) Fsendophia {Ophiodes) «t;T/ifl?rt, properly of a
North African group ; (5) Mamsmarcha fauna, a rare Plume close to M.
phcBodactijlus, all from St. Maxime, on the Mediterranean Coast of
France. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
City of London Entomological Society. — September Ath, 1906. —
Dr. T. A. Chapman, Vice-President, in the chair. — Mr. A. Bacot
exhibited larvae of P. podalirius in ultimate and penultimate stadii
from Switzerland; also a normal specimen of L. quercus bred from a
larva that had been subjected to a pressure of about forty atmospheres
for several periods of about one hour. — Dr. T. A. Chapman, L. bcctica
and L. idas from N. Spain, the latter having hitherto been recorded
only from Sierra Nevada. — Mr. J. A. Clark, B. faliijinaria taken in St.
Katharine Dock, July, 1906.— Mr. C. P. Pickett, A. sylvata, a long and
variable series from Bucks, including many lead-coloured forms ; also
a hermaphrodite A. prunana. — Mr. V. E. Shaw, N. trepida bred from
New Forest ova.
September 18(/t.— The President in the chair. — Mr. A. Bacot
exhibited larva of B. neril in first stadium, the caudal horn being about
half the length of the body. — Eev. C. R. N. Burrows, A. betularia,
female, intermediate between type and var. dotibledayaria, T. fnlva var.
concolor, L. exigua and M. loianr/idata , the latter having white band
suffused with browu, all from Macking.— Mr. G. G. C. Hodgson,
A. aglaia ab., resembling A. adippe, owing to marginal band being
lightly marked, especially as regards the intramarginal black lines. —
Mr. L. W. Newman, E. antumnaria bred from wild parents, heavily
suffused with dark scales ; a series of L. exigua, Isle of Wight, 1906 ;
melanic E. atomaria from Bury, Lanes, and a long series of B. notha
that had been three years in pupa. — Mr. L. B. Prout, a Eupithecia
which he considered referable to E. satyrata, beaten from juniper near
Dorking, and at first believed to be E. helveticaria var. arceuthata. —
Mr. V. E. Shaw, P. leucopJum taken at sugar in East Kent, June, 1906 ;
also A. grossidariata abs., from Bexley, with central band on hind
wings well defined, but the black marginal spots obsolescent. — Mr.
Newman reported that larv^ of J3. repandata reared on birch had
produced a second brood in September, but others fed on hawthorn
had made very little progress : also that of about one hundred and
twenty pup^e of D. falcnla sixty emerged in April and the remainder in
June. — Piev. C. R. N. Burrrows stated that Eev. G. H. Eaynor had
bred C. argiolus, female, third brood, resembling spring form. — S. J.
Bell, Hon. Sec, Pen-y-bryn, Knight's Hill, W. Norwood.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.] NOVEMBEE, 1906. [No. 522.
A NEW MEGARHINUS.
By F. V. Theobald, M.A.
Megarhinus herrickii, n. sp.
Megarhinus portoricensis. Herrick (non Von Roder) (Entom.
News (1905), p. 281).
Allied to M. portoricensis, Von Roder, but differs in the
following respects : —
(i) The last segment of the male palpus much longer than the
penultimate, at least twice as long ; and (ii) the head iridescent
bluish green instead of brown with a shiny white border around
the eyes, white scales laterally, and azure blue spots in front ;
(iii) the hind tarsi are white except a black ring at the distal
ends, whilst in portoricensis the penultimate tarsal segment only
is white save for a small basal dark spot.
Habitat. — Mississippi State, U.S.A.
Observations. — 'This species is referred to by Professor Glenn
Herrick as portoricensis, but he points out very obvious and
marked differences. This new species has been named after him.
The specimens, he says, were bred from larvae taken " in the
cup-like bottom of a massive iron post supporting one corner of
a large water tank. . . . Here we found five large, dark brown,
very spiny larvae, and also remnants of cast pupal skins, con-
spicuous for their long spines, made" especially prominent by the
colonies of Vorticellse clinging to them. . . . We fed the larvse
entirely on Culex larvae and great numbers of the latter were
devoured. For example, three Megarhinus larvae in four days
ate eighty-three large Culex larvae, besides many small ones just
hatched from eggs.
" The larvae transformed to pupae on September 28tli.
" The pupal stage lasted four days, while that of a third
extended over a period of five days. The anal flaps seem to
have a characteristic shape, and the edges, for the most part,
are beset with short stiff spines." (September 20th, 1906.)
ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1906. Y
242 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOME NOTES ON SCANDINAVIAN AND LAPLAND
BUTTERFLIES.
By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
(plates Vir. AND VIII.)
(Concluded from p. 227.)
Thus, I am afraid the hopes I bad entertained of studying the
effect of the twenty-four hours' dayhght on Lepidoptera generally
came to little or nothing. With regard to butterflies, when the
sun was out, I did not observe any before 7.30 or 8 a.m. ; after
4 p.m., or even earlier, they disappeared, but whether until nest
morning remains to be proved, for, as I said before, the sun
generally retired about the same time, and did not again show
from behind the clouds until close on 11 p.m., or later, during
the days that I was within the Arctic Circle on Swedish soil. I
noticed that the Geometridse, as might be expected, would fly
continuously, however dull the weather, and whatever the hour.
But of true night-flying Noctuas, it is a fact that, until I arrived
at Alten, I did not encounter one single specimen ; so that I must
assume for the study of this particular group also the collector
should defer his investigations until considerably later in the
year. Still, among the day-fliers, I found the pretty yellow-
underwinged Plusia hochenivarthii, Hochenw., and another Pliisia
with whitish lower wings, probably P. parilis, Hb.
July 17th was spent at Hammerfest, waiting for the little
steamer which leaves for Alten at midnight, but, as it rained all
day, I had no opportunity for observations. But the butter-
fly fauna, at all events, of this most northerly and smelly town
is extremely limited, and the vegetation barren compared with
the eastern end of the fiord, up which, in deluges of rain, I
presently proceeded. Entomologically, the 18th was an utter
failure, though no rain fell, and I found some very promising
collecting-ground close to the pretty church at Bossekop — well-
wooded, and with a flora delightful to the eye after the sterile
north Norwegian coast-land. L. var. cegidion was evidently
common among the Vaccinium, and L. var. cyparissus also ;
while I took a single specimen of Chrysophamis var. hypophloeas
{=americana, d'Urban) asleep on a flower. A few Geometers
were also flitting languidly about — nothing else ; the atmosphere
warm and oppressive, with an abundance of mosquitoes, but
still nothing like the pest they were at Abisko. July 20th, when
I made a little expedition to the slopes of Skaaddevarre, was also
destined to be a dies non, though I had hoped to meet with
Argynnis charidea here, as recorded by Staudinger. Meanwhile
the sun broke through the clouds on the afternoon of the 19th,
and the sky cleared as if by magic, with the result that such
The Entomologist, November, 1906.
Plate VII.
NORTH-WEST END OF THE TORN EATRASKE,
SWEDISH LAPLAND.
The Entomologist, Novembep, 1906.
Plate Vill,
H. R.-B.
SOME SPECIES OF THE PALy^ARCTIC GENUS COLIAS.
1. Colias phicomone . g .
(Cauterets, C. Pyrenees).
"2. ColiaA phicomone, 2 •
(Berisal, Switzerland.)
5. Colias edusa, J (Middlesex).
6. Colias edusa, J (Middlesex).
3. Colian naxtes, var. irerda)idi, ^ .
(Abisko, Swedish Lapland.)
4. Ccdias iiastc, var. it\'rd(nidi, J .
(Abisko, Swedish Lapland.)
7. Colias hecla, J (Alien, Finnrark).
8. Colias hecla, o (Alten, Finmark).
NOTES ON SCANDINAVIAN AND LAPLAND BUTTERFLIES. 243
butterflies as were about began to fly in numbers. However, as
I was too soon apparently at Abisko, in the mild and favoured
valley of the Alten I was too late, and most things, with the
exception of Argynnis pales var. lapponica, which occurred in
countless profusion and first-rate condition, was both worn and
torn. Striking the river-bank about two miles from Bossekop
inland, I had the pleasure of nQiimg Erehia medusa* var. polaris,
and on making inquiry at a farmhouse, where I saw signs of a
ferry, the very civil proprietor informed me that at a certain
place somewhat higher up the stream there were a quantity of
butterflies about : and he was good enough also to put his boat at
my disposal. No sooner had I set foot on the further bank — or
rather on a sandy well-wooded spit close in under the hills — than
this piece of welcome news was confirmed. The first insect I
captured was Colias hecla (= var. sulitelma, Auriv.), and it must
be very common here a little earlier, for I took specimen after
specimen hopelessly rubbed and shredded, but still enough fresh
ones to constitute a decent cabinet series. E. var. polaris was also
present in force — hardly ever settling, but flitting restlessly over
the sun-warmed stones very close to the ground. But the most
attractive plant was evidently a sort of artemisium in full aromatic
bloom, on which L. icarus, L. var. agidion, and the inevitable
L. var. cyparissus disputed possession with our northern " Clouded
Yellow," and here and there the fine form of pJiloeaSy to which I
have alluded. A splendid "tiger" was also much in evidence,
to be presently identified as Parasemia plantaginis, while the air
was musical with the harp-strings of a thousand active Diptera.
Such a halcyon day I look back upon with the more pleasure as
contrasted with the entire week of cloud and mist which attended
me on the return journey right down to Molde. As the boat did
not leave Alten until close on midnight on the 21st, I put in
another morning at this favoured spot, and was vouchsafed at
least two hours of sun, during which, if I took nothing new, I
added considerably to my store of the two prevailing butterflies of
the locality. But of the other arctic species to be found here-
abouts I saw nothing, it being a considerable surprise in this
apparently forward season not to encounter Colias palceno var.
* I took this butterfly also in Bossekop village. As to its identity, there
seems to be some doubt. The question is whether it be a good species, or
merely the boreal form ofinedusa, F. Mant. Mr. H. J. Elwes, in his " Eevision
of the Genus iVefom " (Trans. Ent, Soc. 1898, p. 17G), suggests that it may be a
true species — " var. vel boaa bt[>.? polaris, Stgr. Cat. p. 10 (186)" — " subtus
subfasciata, trans, ad var. uralensein." Dr. T. A. Chapman, exhibiting a series
from same locality (Proc. Eut. Soc. 1898, p. xhi), reports, " Some approach-
ing typical medusa, and only a few near jyolaris as described, which is there-
fore an aberration rather than a constant variety. The whole series, how-
ever, with a different facies from tliat of an equal series of Central-European
specimens "—which seems further to support the view adopted also by Ilerr
Schneider, that the ^joZar is of the north is sulliciently far from the type as to
be reckoned a good species.
Y 2
244
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
lapponica, which I missed in Sweden also. As an index of what
other collectors may look for, I fear, therefore, that my list
necessarily remains very incomplete, and under the circum-
Rhopaloceea.
Papilio machaon
Pieris hrassicce
P. rapce
P. napi var. hryonim*
Colias palceno and var. lapponica ....
C. iverdandi
C. hecla"
Thecla ruhi
Chrysophanus hippothoe
G. phlceas var. americana*
P. amphidamas
L. argyrognomon* ( = var. agidion) . .
L. optilete var. cyparissus*
L. aquilo
L. astrarche
L. icarus*
L. minima
Vanessa urticce and var. polaris . . . .
V. antiopa
V. cardui
Melitcea parthenie
M. iduna
Argynnis aphirape and var. ossianus
A. selene and var. hela
A. euphrosyne and var.Jingal
A. pales and var. arsilache*
A. chariclea
A. polaris
A.freya
A.frigga
A. thorc
A. ino (Nordvaranger)
A . aglaia
Erebia polaris*
JE. lappona
E. ligea*
E. emhla
E. disa
(Eneis noma
(E. bore
Pararge mcera
Cosnonympha tiphon
Syrichthus andromedce
S. centaureiB
Hesperia comma*
Carterocephalus silvius
+
stances, so far as Northern Norway is concerned, I take the
liberty to reproduce for the British collector the interesting
catalogue of butterflies, forty-six species in all, compiled by
NOTES ON SCANDINAVIAN AND LAPLAND BUTTERFLIES. 245
Herr J. Sparre- Schneider,* which in a separate form may not
be easily available. The localities, it will be seen, range from
latitude 66° 30' to 70°, and include the famous Sydvaranger, to
reach which the traveller must proceed round the North Cape
to Vadso.
Those with an asterisk I myself met with at Alten.
In conclusion, I may add that the immediate neighbourhood
of Bergen, for butterflies, is unproductive ; though all British
observers I have met this year agree that the season in Norway
generally has been peculiarly poor in butterflies. I spent most of
the 27th at the very pretty suburban resort of Fjosanger, but,
though well-wooded and with heathy tracts, covered with bracken
and heather now coming into bloom, I saw nothing beside the
commonest wayside butterflies — a scarcity already noted by me
thirteen years ago, when in the whole course of a wet August
(1893) I only met with three species of butterflies, two of them —
Erebia ligea and Lyccena argas {=■ cegon, Bergstr.), near the
same locality.
I append the following notes on the principal Arctic species
collected : —
Pieris napi. — The males taken at Abisko are large and strongly
marked on the under side. The females are fine examples of the var.
bryonm, with a deep tawny-primrose wash on the upper side of the
wings. Most examples met with were worn more or less, this being
the case especially with the females.
Colias nastes, var. xcerdandL — Seven at Abisko only, where it must
have been plentiful, and an early arrival. The females on the wing bear
a striking resemblance to those of C. phicomone of the Swiss Alps, but the
discoidal spots on the upper wings are elongated, and seldom approach
the roundness common to the spots on those of Central European and
Pyreneau forms. Staudinger retains this as a var. of the Greenland
nastes ; Lampa and the Swedish entomologists, following Zetterstedt,
maintain it as a separate species.
C.hecia ( = var. sulitelma, Auriv.). — The same relationship suggests
itself with eduscx, but with a similar reduction of the upper wing-spots,
which in some specimens are actually ocellated. The spots also differ
in intensity until I find one very small male in which they have
disappeared altogether ; while, further, the distinguishing features of
C. boothii, Curtis, of which hecla was supposed to be a variety — the
narrow unveined border and greenish tint of the wings generally — are
noticeable. Lampa describes an ab. of the female, which he calls
sandahli, apparently answering somewhat to this male, of which the
colour inclines to pale ochre-gold, with the yellow spots between the
third and fourth nervure wanting ; perhaps this male from Alten is
the correlative of this form.
Lycmui optiiete, var. ci/parissus. — Comparing Lapland and Alten
specimens with those in my collection from the Central Alps, I find
■■'■ (Extract from Tromso Museum Yearbook 15, 1893 ; Sydvarangers
Lepidoptera {ib. 18), Tillseg til Tromso Lepidopt. {ib. 23).
246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
no practical difference. Some of the latter are quite as small as the
Abisko forms, and the markings and coloration of the under side is
equally jjale ; while some Arctic specimens are as large as the largest
optilete from Brenner and elsewhere in that region.
L. icarus. — The males from both localities vary not at all from the
ordinary British type on the upper side, or the under side. The
females, in addition to those mentioned as ab. cccrulea from Abisko,
are much suffused with blue. In the Alten specimens this tendency
is less pronounced ; but one shows an almost black ground colour, the
blue shining lustrously over it, as in the females of cEgidion.
L., var. (Fgidion. — All the Abisko females shot with bright blue, and
resembling those of the type (= callarrja, Stgr.). Alten forms, as with
preceding species, less brilliant.
Argynnis aphirape, var. ossianus (?). — I am in soma doubt whether
this form from Abisko should not properly be referred to the type.
A. euphrosyne. — This, from Abisko, is certainly typical, and I
did not come across the var. fingal there. Kather smaller than
British form.
A. thorevar. boreaUs. — So much lighter, and more distinctly marked,
in both sexes than the type from Central Europe, that it presents
superficially the appearance of a distinct species.
A. pales. — I have two short series from Abisko and Alten, respec-
tively. Of the former, some of the males are clearly referable to
Staudinger's var. lapponica — a connecting-link between the type and
var. arsilache; but, as Sparre-Schneider remarks, this butterfly in
the north does not vary nearly as much as in the Swiss Alps. My
observations there further bear out his statement, that /J^^^s is
monomorphic in these regions ; that is to say, it does not present the
familiar lutpaa form of the female. The Alten specimens, as a whole,
I refer to the var. arsilache. They are much more variable ; the
females very large and splendidly marked on the under side, fore and
hind wings alike. Schneider mentions that the tendency to melanism
is rare; but I took one beautiful male (thought at the time to be
A. chariclea), in which the inner marginal band of upper and lower
wings is much suffused on the upper side, while the under side is also
more sombrely coloured than usual. The females are remarkably fine,
one of them measuring as much as two and a half inches across the
expanded wings. (Specimens from Bydalen also strongly marked
throughout, the males large and brilliant.) As to the separation of
pales and arsilache, as good species respectively, these northern ex-
amples suggest much the same divergence as those from the Alps.
There is a distinct mountain and bog development. Surroundings
and, according to Schneider, different food-plants seem to have given
rise to forms, or species-in-the-making, at least as well pronounced as,
say, Paniassius apollo and P. delius.
A. freija appeared to be rare at Abisko, but probably not out at the
time I was there. Two specimens only.
Erebia. medusa (? var. polaris). — Seen at Alten only. Males with
none, or at most a single ocellation on upper side of fore wings.
Females extremely variable in size, and extent of rusty blotches and
eye-spots.
E. lappona. — Broad rusty blotches of a lively brown, and very
NOTES ON THE EEMIPTEKA. 247
pronounced spots in them on the upper wings. Ahisko specimens
altogether brighter than Swiss and Pyreuean.
E. ligea, var. adyte. — I follow Lampa in classing my series from
Abisko as this form ; but save that they are smaller than the type, I
see little superficial difference.
Augiades comma, var. catena. — Common, but much worn, at Abisko.
From the brighter green of the under side, no doubt referable to this
variety.
The GeometridaB which I brought home have been most kindly
identified for me by Mr. L. B. Prout, and are reported by him as
follows : — From Abisko : xicidalia fumata, Larentia truncata, L. muni-
lata, L. hastata var. subhastata (very common), Zanclognatha sp. ?, and
a Pyralid sp. ?. From Alten : Larentia mmiitata, L. ccBsiata, L. monta-
nata var, lappouica, L. hastata var. subhastata, L. albulata, L. incursata,
and PygmcBna fusca.
Oxhey Grove, Harrow-Weald.
BIBLIOGEAPHICAL AND NOMENCLATOEIAL NOTES
ON THE HEMIPTEEA.— No. 6.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(A.)
My kind friend Mr. Prout has been so good as to send me
brief notes on Gistel's ' Naturgeschichte der Thierreiche ' (1848),
a work scarcely dealt with as yet in hemipterous literature.
Mr. Prout tells me that, owing to Gistel's peculiar views on
nomenclature, it is impossible for one who is not a specialist in
Hemiptera to be certain of indicating accurately the hemipterous
contents of the work. The following few notes, however, will be
of interest to workers in this order, and it is to be hoped that
the hemipterous portion will be made fully known very soon.
The Hemiptera are discussed on pp. 148-51 and in the
Preface : —
(1). II Platycoris, Gistel, p. 149 = Pyrrhocoris, Fallen, 1814,
type apterus.
(2). Eupheno, Gistel, I. c. = \\ Macrophthahnus, Laporte,
1832 ; = |l Macrops, Burm. 1835 =: Caridomma, Bergroth, 1894 ;
= Sorglana, Kirkaldy, 1900.
(3). Cheilocace, Gistel, p. 150, type regince-noctis. Genus
not valid, as it is not described apart from the species.
(4). Mylpha, Gistel, /. c, n. n. for " Poeciloptera,'' the reason
apparently not being stated.
(5). Cyphoma, Gistel, p. 151 = Dorthesia. The latter is
altered because it is a personal name !
(6). Estphonia, Gistel, p. viii = Acrooera (!), Spin. I pre-
sume Gistel means Aroccra, which is apparently not preoccupied
or otherwise invalid.
248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
(7). Tliops, Gistel, p. x = Micropus, Spin. The latter is
not preoccupied in zoology, and is moreover a synonym of
Ischnodemus.
(8). Hoplomus, Gistel, I. c. = Oplomus, Spin.
(9). Amyctus, Gistel, I. c. = \\ Pachymerus, Lep. Serv. 1825
(= Pamera, Say, 1832).
Among new species or specific names are : —
(1). Nepa ingenicula, p. 149.
(2). Naucoris brasiliensis, 1. c.
(3). N. plana, 1. c.
(4). " Cercopis harrisii, Gistel = furcata " [!] , p. 150.
(B.)
The following new names are necessary in the Fulgoroidea : —
Kirhyella (Eutropistidae) = 1| Kirhya, Melichar, 1903.
Synaphana (Fulgoridse) = Penthicus, Stal, 1870, 0. V. A. F.,
xxvii. 742 (uec Blanchard), type variegata (Guer.), and subgen.
Ereosoma {= Aphaua, Stal, op. c, 741 (nee Burm.), type astrcea,
(Stal).
Guerin founded Aphcena in 1833 with discolor, variegata, and
nigromaculata {rosea excluded because compared with discolor).
In 1835 Burmeister referred to the first two only, and in 1839
Spinola cited discolor as the type. The selection of variegata as
the type by Stal and others is therefore incorrect.
Aphrodisias (Fulgoridse) = || Compsoptera, Stal, 1869, Berlin
Ent. Zeit. xiii. 236, *type cflcica (Stal). This fine species has
been omitted from the ' Biologia Centrali-Americana.' It was
recorded from Mexico. Compsoptera is preoccupied by Blanchard,
1845 (Lep.), a name not in Scudder or Waterhouse.
Varcilla (Ricaniinse) = Varcia, Melichar (nee Stal), type.
nigrovittata (Stal). ,
[Varcia, Stal, 1870 = Aphanophrys, Melichar, 1898, type
hilaris (Stiil).]
Bracliyceps (Issidse) — || Brachycephalus, Signoret, 1866,
type lucida (Sign.).
(C.)
The following Fulgoridse have been omitted by Distant and
Fowler from their homopterous contribution to the ' Biologia
Centrali-Americana ' : —
(1). Philatis productiis (Amphiscepini), Stal, 1862. I have
not Still's description of Mycterodus productiis ; but it is probable
that Batusa, Melichar, is a synonym of Philatis, Stal.
(2). Aphrodisias cacica (see above).
(D.)
Copidocephala (Fulgoridse), Stal, 1869 = Coanaco, Distant,
1887 (same type).
NEW GENEKA AND SPECIES OF INDIAN ICHNEUMONIDiE. 249
Prolepta (Fulgoridfe), Walker, 1851 = Cynthila, Stul, 1863,
type, apicalis (Westwood).
Opinus, Lap. 1832 = Tapeinus, Lap. 1832 = Sminthocoris,
Distant, 1904, Faun. Ind. Eh. ii. 275 and 279. As 0. pictits is
the type of Opinus, a not preoccupied name, I do not know
why Mr. Distant has added to the synonymy of this Eeduviid
genus.
Laccifer (Coccidse), Oken, 1815, Lehrb. Nat. i. 430 =
Tachardia, Blanchard, 1886, type lacca (Kerr), Oken.
ON SOME NEW GENEEA AND SPECIES OF INDIAN
ICHNEUMONIDiE.
By p. Cameron.
(Concluded from p. 230.)
OPHIONINiE.
Limnerium himalayense, sp. nov.
Black ; the four anterior cox® except at the apex, the posterior and
the hinder trochanters, black ; the apex of the posterior tibiae and the
hind tarsi of a less deep black colour ; the apices of the four anterior
coxffi, their trochanters, the mandibles, except the teeth, palpi and
tegulae, yellow ; the rest of the legs red ; wings hyaline, the stigma
fuscous, the nervures darker coloured ; the areolet oblique, distinctly
appendiculated ; the recurrent nervure received shortly beyond the
middle ; the space between it and the second transverse cubital
nervure as long as the pedicle. Metanotum with only faint indications
of keels at the base, there being no areae. ? . Length, nearly 5 mm.
Simla. August (Nurse).
Opaque, granular, sparsely covered with white pubescence, which
is longer and denser on the metathorax ; the sculpture is stronger on
the metanotum, the apical slope is obscurely transversely striated;
there is an obscure, oblique, irregularly punctured furrow below the
middle of the mesopleurae. Antennae densely covered with stiff micro-
scopic pubescence. Tibi© distinctly spinose, clearly narrowed at the
base. Spurs white.
Comes close to L. erythropus, described here ; it may be
known by the appendiculated areolet, by the greater part of the
four anterior coxse being black, and by the black hinder tarsi
and apex of tibiae, the hinuer trochanters also being black, not
red. The ovipositor is short, about half a millimetre.
Limnerium erythropus, sp. nov.
Black ; the legs, except the hind coxte, which are black, and the
four anterior trochanters, which are yellow ; the hind tarsi are in-
fuscated ; the mandibles, palpi and tegulae yellow ; wings hyaline, the
nervures and stigma black ; the areolet 4 -angled ; the nervures
250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
meeting in front, the recurrent nervure is received shortly beyond the
middle. ? . Length, 5 mm. ; ovipositor, ^ mm.
Simla. August (Nurse).
Petiolar area longer than wide, of equal width, not very distinct;
the lateral arese large, semicircular ; the other area are obsolete.
Lower two-thirds of the propleurffi at the apex stoutly striated.
Median segment more strongly rugosely punctured than the rest ; the
spiracular area slightly striated.
Neohosmina pilosella, sp. nov.
Black ; the head and thorax densely covered with long silvery
pubescence ; the mandibles, except at apex, palpi and tegulge, whitish
yellow ; the anterior legs testaceous, the femora more rufous in tint,
the coxffi black ; the hind legs black ; the tibiae broadly in the middle
below dark reddish ; the calcaria dark testaceous, the stigma and
nervures black ; the apical four abdominal segments laterally and the
apices of the third and fourth broadly above and of the fifth narrowly
ferruginous. ^ . Length, 8 mm.
Simla. August (Nurse).
Antennal scape testaceous below ; the flagellum densely covered
with short stiff black pubescence. Head opaque, closely, finely punc-
tured, the centre of front finely, closely, irregularly striated. The eyes
have a greenish violaceous tint. Thorax closely, regularly punctured,
the punctures distinct and clearly separated ; the metathorax more
strongly punctured ; the areola smooth at the base, the rest closely,
finely, irregularly, transversely striated-reticulated ; the apical slope
is more strongly transversely striated, the strife more distinct on the
posterior median area ; the spiracular area more finely, irregularly,
closely, obliquely striated beyond the spiracles. Petiolar area with a
stout keel ; it is longer than wide, rounded, not much narrowed at the
apex ; the areola is fully twice longer than wide, transverse at the
base and apex, of almost equal width at top and bottom ; it becomes
gradually, but not much, widened to near the middle, then more
distinctly narrowed to the apex ; the basal keels are stronger than
the apical.
The coloration of the legs probably varies as regards the
amount of black. The middle legs are darker coloured than the
anterior. I unfortunately only know the male. The species
may be separated from N. iiiandibularis, Cam. (which is also
found in Simla), thus: —
Petiolar area triangular, narrowed to a point at the
apex ; the areola narrowed to a point at the base;
the hind legs with the apical half of the femora
and the tibiae, except narrowly at the apex, red . mandihularis.
Petiolar area wide at the apex ; the areola not narrowed
to a point at the base ; the hind femora entirely
and the tibiaa, except broadly in the middle below,
black ......... pilosella.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF INDIAN ICHNEUMONIDiE. 251
PIMPLIN^.
Bathymeris, gen. nov.
Face of equal width. Maudibles of unequal length. Clypeus
bordered laterally by a deep triangular furrow, aud by a narrower one
above. Temples short, sharply dilated behind. Median segment
long, of equal width, closely reticulated. Wings without an areolet.
Transverse median nervure interstitial. Transverse median nervure
in hind wings broken largely above the middle. First abdominal
segment long, at the base half the width of the apex ; the second
segment longer than wide, the third square, the others wider than
long ; the abdomen is long, narrower than the thorax, tapering towards
the apex. Legs long, slender. Mandibles edentate, bluntly rounded
at the apex. The clypeus is broadly impressed at the base. The
antennfe are of moderate length ; the apical joints slightly serrate,
broader than long. There are no transverse or oblique depressions on
the abdominal segments.
Comes close to Xorides, which may be known by the face
being distinctly narrowed in front and by the mandibles being
of equal length.
Bathymeris longipes, sp. nov.
Black ; the face, a line, roundly curved below, on the lower part
of the propleurte, tegulse, the large tubercles, a long curved line,
narrowed below, under the hind wings, the base of the first abdominal
segment and the apices of the others more narrowly, yellow ; the four
front legs pale yellow, the hind femora reddish fulvous, the rest
yellow ; with the apical two-thirds of the coxae, apical joint of
trochanters, a mark of the same length on the apices of the femora
and tibife and the apical joint of the tarsi, black. Wings hyaline, the
nervures and stigma black. ? . Length, 17 mm. ; terebra, 9 mm.
Sikkim (Bingham).
Head smooth, bare, except the cheeks, which are covered with
white pubescence. Mesonotum closely, finely punctured, the furrows
and the apical depression closely striated ; the scutellums are much
more coarsely punctured ; the median segment closely reticulated,
more finely on the sides than on the back. Pro- and mesopleur^e
smooth, striated, finely below and round the tubercles. Basal three
segments of the abdomen closely, finely punctured except at the apex ;
the third less strongly than the others. Flagellum of antenna covered
with a microscopic pile ; the first joint is distinctly shorter than the
second. The hind coxfe are about four times longer than wide and
reach to the middle of the second abdominal segment. The clypeus
is broadly dilated round the edges with a broad depression above.
Ocelli in a triangle placed in front of the hinder edge of the eyes ; the
hinder separated from each other by about the same distance as they
are from the eyes.
CRYPTIN^.
Rothneyia fortispina, sp. nov.
Black ; the four front legs rufo-testaceous, the hind ooxs, tro-
chanters and basal three-fourths of femora of a more reddish testa-
252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ceous colour ; the apex of femora, tibiffi and tarsi black ; flagelhim of
antennfe dark testaceous; the wings hyaline; the nervures and stigma
black. (? . Length, 7 mm.
Haundraw Valley, Middle Tenasserim. August (C. T.
Bingham).
Antennae stout, slightly longer than the body, 26-jointed, tapering
towards the apes ; the scape below densely covered with long white
pubescence ; the fiagellum densely with a short stiff fuscous pile ; the
third joint a little shorter than the fourth. Face closely, distinctly
punctured ; the clypeus distinctly, but more widely punctured ; they
are, as are also the cheeks, densely covered with longish white pube-
scence. MesoDOtum closely, somewhat strongly punctured, densely
covered with white pubescence ; the apex smooth. Scutellum de-
pressed, rugosely reticulated above ; the apex roundly incised, largely
projecting over the post-scutellum ; the lower part bordered, and with
a stout keel down the middle. Base of metanotum with three arete,
the central narrow, of equal width; the large lateral obliquely narrowed
from the outer to the inner side ; the tooth-bearing part depressed,
margined and bearing a few irregular longitudinal stride ; the narrowed
apex closely, transversely rugose; the apical slope transversely, closely
reticulated. Propleurse finely punctured ; the centre below stoutly
striated ; there is a broad punctured band round the top and base of
the mesopleurae, the rest smooth and shining; the mesosternum is
more strongly punctured. Metapleurte at the base above closely,
somewhat rugosely punctured, the rest closely, strongly reticulated.
First abdominal segment rugosely punctured in the middle, the sides
stoutly, irregularly, longitudinally striated; the second is strongly,
longitudinally, rugosely punctured ; the third more finely ; its apex
roundly incised.
There are two known species of llothneyia, both described
from females. When describing the genus (Manchr. Mem. xli.
(1897), No. 4, p. 19) I suggested that it should form the type of
a new tribe — Kothneyini. I am still of that opinion. An
examination of the species here described, as well as of my
genus Acaiithoprymnus, enables me to correctly locate the genus.
It will form a tribe of the Cryptinae, near Phygadeuonini.
In the species here described there are clear indications of
parapsidai furrows at the base of the mesonotum, and there is
a still more distinct, deep mesosternal furrow. The areolated
metanotum is also not unlike what we find in that tribe ; on it
the spiracles are roundish. The transverse median nervure is
received shortly behind the transverse basal ; the disco-cubital
nervure is unbroken ; the areolet has the apical nervure distinct
but bullated ; the discoidal cellule is closed at the apex ; the
transverse median nervure in hind wings is broken below the
middle. Clypeus not separated from the face ; its apex broadly
rounded. Mandibles broad, bidentate. In the male, of the
three dorsal abdominal segments, the third (apical) is the
largest ; in the male there are seven ventral segments.
253
ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE GENERA OF THE
HEMIPTERA.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Part I. 1758-1843, concluded from vol. xxxvi. p. 233.)
The alterations necessitated by finding that the date of
publication of the hemipterous part of the ' Voyage of the
Coquille ' was 1838 instead of 1830 (see * Entomologist,' xxxv.
p. 316), are now made, as well as, a few others caused by further
investigation. To render more complete the generic nomencla-
ture of the Hemiptera as a whole, the genera of the Sternorhynchi
are added ; so that all the genera of the Hemiptera, from 1758-
1843, are, it is believed, now recorded.
(A). Stbrnorhynchous Genera, 1758-1843.
1758. Linne, (j3) Cossus (445), Chermes, Aphis (451).
1762. Geoffroy, 482-513. (^) Psijlla, unnecessary substitu-
tion for Chermes, 1758.
1784. *Bosc, Journ. Phys. xxiv. 171-3. (a) Orthezia t. char-
acias {=u7-ticce).
1785. *d'Orthez, op. cit. xxvi. 207. (^) Dorthesia, unneces-
sary alteration of Orthezia, 1784.
1789. Olivier, Enc. Meth. iv. 24-61. (^) Psilla, 1762.
1796. Latreille, Precis, 93. (/3). Aleyrodes.
1798. *Latreille, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ii. 113. (a) Livia
t. juncorum.
1801. Lamarck, 298-300. (7) Aleyrodes, 1796, type cheli-
donii i=proletella), Psylla, 1762 (thus Chermes, 1758), t. ficus.
(^) Coccus, 1758, t. mexicanus, invalid; Aphis, 1758, t. ulmi, in-
valid.
1802. Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. 264-7. (7) Aphis,
1758, t. samhuci.
1803. *Illiger, Illiger's Mag. ii. 282-98. (a) Diraphia t.
juncorum. f
1815. Oken, Lehrb. Nat. i. 430. (a) Laccifer t. lacca; Leach,
Edin. Enc. ix. pt. 1, 126. (a) Cionops t. characias.l
1818. *Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. iii. 16. (/3) Loxe-
1819. Samouelle, Ent. Useful Comp. 232. (a) Eriosoma t.
mail {^lan'iq era).
1824. *Blot, Mem. Soc. Linn. Calvados, i. 114. (a) Myzo-
xyle t. lanigera.^
1825. Latreille, Fam. Nat. (/3) Monophlebe.
t Homot. Livia, 1798.
I Homot. Orthezia, 1784.
§ Homotypical with Eriosoma, 1819.
254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
[1826. Leach and Kisso in Risso's Hist. Nat. Eiir. Mer. v.
217. (^j Doralis and Pharalis, not descr.]
1827. Latreille, Natiirl. Fam. Thierr. (Berthold), 426-8. i^)
Myzoxijlon, 1824 ; Monophlehm, 1825.
1828. *Boitard, Man. Entom. 171. (/3) Kermes ; *Guilding,
Feoriep Notiz. xx. 120. (a) Margarodes t. formicarum ;\ *Costa,
Prosp. Div. Met. Gen. Coccus, 1-8. (/3) CaUjmmata, Diaspis,
Diaproatecie (?).
1829. Latreille in Cuv. Regne Anim. v. {^) Monophleba,
1825.
1830. *Blot, M6m. Soc. Agr. Caen, ii. 332-4. {^) My-
zoxylus, 1824; *Gray, Spic. Zool. 7. (/3) Ceroplastes.
1833. *Brandt, Mediz Zool. ii. 355. (a) Porphyrophora
[=Margarodes, 1828] t. p)olonicus ; Bouche, Naturg.-Schadl. Ins.
52. {a) Aspidiotus t. nerii {■=hedcrce).
1834. *d'Aveilly, Du Myzosile, 1-35. (^) Myzoxlle, 1824;
Boyer, Ann. S. E. France, iii. 222-4. (a) Philloxera [also
Phylloxera in the text] t. quercus ; Westwood, Zool. Journ. v.
452. (y) Monophleba [-he] , 1825, t. leachii.
1835. Burmeister, Handb. (/3) Rhizohius, Lecanium, Lach-
nus, (J) Aleurodes, 1796 ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. 576. (a) Cinara
t. pini [= Lachnus, 1835]. -Costa, Nuov. Osserv. 22. (^)
Calymmatus, 1828.
1836 (?). Costa, Faun. Regn. Nap. Cocc. (a) Dactylojnus t.
coccus {= mexicanus) . (/3) CaUjpticus. (y) Diaspis, 1828, t.
calyptroides (^echinocacti).
1836. Vallot, C. R. Ac. Dijon, 224. (a) Adelges t. laricis ;
Curtis, Brit. Ent. 625. (o) Livilla t. ulicis.
1837. Heyden, Mus. Senckenb. ii. 287-99. (a) Paracletus t.
cimiciformis, Vacuna t. coccinea, Trama t. troglodytes, Forda t.
1838. Haliday, Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. 189-90. {a) Byrsocrypta
t. bursaria, (j3) Atheroides ,- *Zetterstedt, Lis. Lapp. 625. (a)
Leptopteryx t. nivalis {=? punctipennis).
1838-41. Westwood, lutrod. Mod. Class, ii. 434-50. (a)
Pseudococcus t. cacti {=: mexicanus). I (y) Lecanium, 1835, t.
hesperidum, {^) Ceroplastus, 1830 ; Westwood, Synopsis, 117-8.
(a) Thelaxes t. quercicola \=Vacuna, 1837]; (7) Lach7ius,1835,
t. roboris ; Atheroides, 1838, t. serridatus. (5) Brysocrypta,
1838.
1841. Guerin, Rev. Zool. 129-31. (a) Callipappus t. ?t;es^
woo^ii ; Hartig, Germar's Zeitschr. Ent. iii. 358-76. (a) Tetra-
neura t. rugicornis ; Ehizoterus t. racca (=/ormcarm).§ (/3)
t This is au abstract ; Guilding's paper was apparently not published till
1833, in extenso.
X Homotypical with Dactylopius, 1835.
§ Homotypical with Forda, 1837.
NOMENCLATURE OF THE GENERA OF THE HEMIPTERA. 255
1843. Gurtis, Gardeners' Chron. 444. (a) Trechocorys t.
adonidum (= longispinus) ; Amyot & Serville, 588-676. (a)
Cnaphalodes t. pini. {^) Chermes (nee Linne) t. variegatus
{=roboris) [^Kermes, 1828].
The following notes refer to Part I. (1758-1843), and con-
clude it : —
(B). Deletions. — Vol. xxxiii.
P. 240. The notes relating to Guerin's descriptions in ' Voyage
of the Coquille.'
P. 265. 1829, Latreille, Gonocerus, Syromastes, Anisoscelis,
Neniatopiis, and add (7) Otiocerus, 1819, t. coquebertii ,- and
Fallen, Hem. Svec. 1-186, (a) CUnocoris t. lectularius. Delete
note 7.
Vol. xxxiv.
P. 176. Note 7; Gu6rin's entry (1830), and Herrich-Schaffer's
entry (1830? recte 1836). From Laporte, Mag. Zool. ; Zos-
menus, Megymeniim, and footnotes 40 and 66, Stephens's names
being invalid.
P. 178. First half of footnote 69.
P. 179. Line 6, Xylocoris.
P. 218 Footnote 107, and read "=Phl(Ea, 1825."
P. 219. Line 14, Oncocephalus squalidus ; line 21, Otiocerus
stollii ; line 31, Phyllocephala.
Vol. XXXVI.
P. 213. Footnote 1.
P. 213. (Brulle), Meropachys.
P. 214. Line 22, Dinidor amethystina.
P. 215. 1840 (last line of text), Oxyrachis, and (line 8 from
bottom) Phyllomorphus.
P. 216. 1842, Tectocoris.
P. 231. Line 14, Brachystethus marginatus.
P. 232. (Line 6 from bottom), Saccoderes, and (last line)
Spartocera genicidata.
(C.) Additions, &c. — Vol. xxxiii.
P. 28. See also p. 238.
P. 263. 1802, Latreille, " {^) Tettigonia, 1762 " ; and for
" irroratus " read " irrocatus."
P. 264. Footnote 12 should be 13, 13 should be 14, and 14
should be 12.
P. 265. Line 1, for "1819-21" read "1822"; Otiocerus is
therefore a synonym of Cohax. 1822, Pendidinits is preoccupied
in Aves by Vieillot, 1816, Dasynus superseding. 1823, Podicerus
dates from 1806 (? Zool. Anal.). 1825, line 3, Pachymerus is pre-
occupied in Coleoptera, 1805 ; Pamera (1832) and Aphanus
(1832) were erected to supplant this, and are therefore homo-
typical. The following synonymy will elucidate : —
256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
1. Pamera, Say, 1832 (= |1 Pachymerus, Lep. Serv. 1825 =
Aphanus, Lap. 1832), type pedestris {=^alhoacuminatiis).
2. Orthoea, Dallas = Pamera, auctt.
3. Calyptonotus = Aphanus of my former notes, type rolandri.
P. 265. 1825, line 8, add '' Aste^nme:'
Vol. xxxiv.
P. 176. 1827, add " Latreille, Natiirl. Fam. Thierreichs (Bert-
hold), 414-27. i^). Heteroscelis, 1825 ; Tessaratoma, 1825 ; Gono-
cerus, 1825 ; Syromastus, 1825 ; Pachli/sd (! sic), 1825 ; Anisoscelis,
1825 ; Nematopus, 1825 ; Stejiocephala, 1825 ; Leptocorixa, 1825 ;
Pachymera, 1825 ; Heterotoma, 1825 ; Holoptila, 1825 ; PcEcilloptera,
1796 ; Otiocera, 1822 ; Penthima, 1821." 1831, addDufour, Ann.
Sci. Nat. xxii. 425. (o) Xylocoris t. rufipennis. 1832, Laporte,
Mag. Zool., add (a) Op'mus t. pictus [changed later to Tapeinus],
Zosnanus t. macidatus [changed to Zosinerus later], Ratymeris
[later Platymeris] t. biguttata. (/3) Megymenum, Oncomeris,
Scutiphora, Agapophyta. (y) Syromastes (recte Syromaste, 1825)
t. quadratus. (^j Pelegonus, 1809 ; Syromestes, 1825 ; Holiptilus,
1825 ; Macrophtalmus, 1832.
P. 177. Line 22, to "hcemorrhoidalis," add "(= bipustulatus) " ;
line 26, to '' cinereus'' add " {=laticornis)."
P. 178. Line 7, Platycephala is preoccupied, and is superseded
by Brachvplatys, 1835.
P. 178. 1832-4, line 2, to " eZe^/a^is " add " =hilineatiis."
P. 178. 1833, line 6, to " margmatus " add " =saltitans " ; to
footnote 73 add " also preoccupied " ; line 9, for " 15-90 " read
"159-90."
P. 179. Line 1, add " (a) Selenocephalus t. ohsoletus " ; for
" Dictyophara" read " Dictyophora" ; line 3, Lamproptera is pre-
occupied.
P. 218. Transfer " Guerin, Ins. Voy. Belanger," to 1833
(Aug. 31), add (a) Ugyops t. percheronii ; (/3) Aphczna ; and for
" Zg/)eZefim " read " lepelletierW ; line 13, to " paradoxus'' Sidd
*' = corticalis."
P. 218. For "? 1834 [1832-5] " read " 1834."
P. 219. Boisduval, for "60946 " read "609-46"; add (y) Aga-
pophyta,1832,,t.hipunctata ; Megymenum, 1832. t.dentatiun ; Hahn
(line 7), Stenoqaster is preoccupied; Burmeister, add (/3) Arilns,
{^) Tapinus, 1832 ; Pirates, 1829 ; Copium, 1822 ; line 12,
Hynnis is preoccupied, and is also synonymous with Cohax and
Otiocerus ; line 18, Hypselopus is preoccupied ; line 22, to " iimbi-
licatus" add "=tenebrosus, Fabr."
Vol. XXX vi.
P. 213. Serville, remove Dysdercus to (a) and add " t. decus-
satiis"; line 5 from bottom, for " p)i'oductus " i'ea,d " sardea."
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 257
P. 214. Line 25, for " 1834 " read " 1833." 1837, add
Westwood* in Drury, 111. Exot. Entom. (n. edn,), («) Diaspidius
t. scapha. 1838, add " Guerin, Voy. Coquille, Zool. ii. pt. 2,
165-93." (a) Leptoglossus t. dilaticollis. (^) |] Platycoris. 1839,
line 7, remove " Phylloscelis " to (a) and add " t. pallescens."
P. 215. Last line of 1839, " Philiaiaa, synonym of Calliphara
and Callidea.'"
P. 216. Line 5, for " 1838-42 " read " 1840."
P. 230. Line 14, for " Piezostemum'' read " Piezosternum.''
P. 233. Line 5 from bottom, for " Ugyogs " read " Vgyops,'"
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
British Setting. — In the excellent little butterfly book of the
"Wayside and Woodland'' Series recently published, which will no
doubt become the book for beginners, I was disappointed in one
particular, the instructions for setting. The coutinental setting-board,
and the old English " oval " or sloping side setting-boards, are both
carefully figured and described, but no mention at all is made of the
one that is, I suppose, chiefly used now, i. e., the ordinary English
" flat " board, exactly like the " oval," but with flat instead of sloping
sides. Why encourage the beginner to waste money on boards that
will ultimately have to be got rid of ? The continental one is not yet
adopted by British collectors, and there is no sense in using it unless
wishing to exchange with foreigners. The old " sloping sides " board
is absolutely out of date, and few people would say " thank you " for
insects offered for exchange that have been set on it. Then, too, a
pair of setting-bristles should be used (and not one only), and the
whole insect " placed " before any braces are put on, otherwise the
body is very liable to be drawn to one side, and the insect be crooked.
And tracing linen forms the best brace whatever method of setting be
used, and if placed on the wings before the cotton is wound round
(in Scotch style) prevents the "stripy" appearance caused by the
indenting of the cotton. — K. M. Hinchliff; Instow, N. Devon.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Cymatophoea octogesima, &c. in London. — On July 5th I took a
freshly emerged specimen of C octogesima at light near here, and a
friend of mine, Mr. G. D. Millward, visiting the same spot with me
on the 7th, took another, also in perfect condition. This year I have
taken several species within the west and south-west districts that I
have not seen in London before, such as Calligenia miniata, Gastropacha
quercifolia, and Dicgcla oo (a female, unfortunately much damaged). —
H. G. Place ; 11, Norland Square, W., September 2nd, 1906.
LaPHYGMA EXIGUA and HELIOTmS PELTIGERA AT BOURNEMOUTH.
On September 21st I took a male specimen of Ileliothis peltigera while
ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1906. Z
258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
dusking in my garden. I also took Laphygma eodgua in my light-trap.
The next day I took another male H. peltigei-a. — E. de Geijek ; Bos-
combe Manor, Bournemouth.
Laphygma exigua in Kent. — On September 8th last I took a speci-
men of L. exigua, at rest, in early morning, among the rubbish collected
in the corner of the Salem Chapel, Biggin Street, Dover. — F. P.
Abbott ; 8, Beaconsfield Koad, Dover,
Laphygma exigua in Hampshire. — While staying with my sister at
Fernbank, near Milton, I took two specimens of L. exigtia at light in
my bedroom on July 28th. — H. G. Place ; 11, Norland Square, W.
Laphygma exigua in October at Torquay. — We have taken six
examples of L. exigua at ivy flowers ; one on the 4th, two on the 5th,
and three on the 6th of this month. They are in perfect condition,
and are better than a lot that were taken in August. Heliothis peltigera
is still out; a good specimen was taken at ivy by my brother on October
5th. Plusia gamma is swarming at the ivy here by thousands ; I have
never seen so many before. — J. Walker ; 3, Goodwin Terrace, Carlton
Eoad, Torquay, October 8th, 1906.
Deilephila livornica in Hampshire. — On August 31st I took a
very fine fresh specimen of T). livornica, which came to light in the
drawing-room of the house where I was staying, at Headley, Hants,
about nine p.m. — K. M. Hinchliff ; Worlington House, Instow, North
Devon.
Deilephila livornica in Hants. — A fine specimen of D. livornica,
taken in August in a cottage at Whitmoor Bottom, Grayshott, Hants,
near this place, by A. Alderton, was brought to me yesterday. —
H. T. G. Watkins ; Ridgeways, Hindhead, Haslemere.
NocTu^ AT Sugar in Daylight. — I can beat Mr. Tarbat's record.
One morning in August last I noticed a specimen of Miana bicuhria
on a sugared tree at 9 a.m., which was not there when I passed pre-
viously at 8 a.m., and was gone again at 10. — (Rev.) W. Claxton ;
Navestock Vicarage, Romford.
Nyssia lapponaria emerging in September. — I may mention that
I bred a female specimen of N. lapjwnaria in September ; I believe
that this is a very unusual occurrence. — (Rev.) W. Claxton ; Navestock
Vicarage, Romford.
Xylina semibrunnea in Wiltshire. — On September 27th this year
I took, at sugar, a very fine specimen of A', semibrunnea about 7.15 p.m. ;
night was cold and starlight. — J. C. Moulton ; The Hall, Bradford-
on-Avon, Wiltshire.
Melanthia albicillata Double-brooded. — I find that M. albi-
cillata is double-brooded with us this year. I took about two dozen
specimens on the night of September 29th. — H. D. Kenyon ; Lamorna
Villas, Mt. Charles, St. Austell.
CoLiAs edusa in Cornwall. — On September 27th I saw a female
C. edusa flying over the " towans " (sandbanks, links), near Hayle. It
was apparently a perfectly fresh specimen. Tliis is the only C. edusa
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 259
I have seen this year, if, as I beheve, one I saw next day in the same
place was the same specimen. — Harold Hodge ; 9, Highbury Place,
London, N.
Dragonflies bred in 1906. — I have bred this year Cordulegaster
amiulatus, Jisclina grandis, JE. cyanea, CordiUia cenea, Calopteryjc virgo,
Erythromma naias, Pyrrliosoma nyniphula, Agrion puella, and Enal-
'lagina cyatliigernm. I have found the nymphs as plentiful this year as
last year I found them scarce, collecting in the same localities. —
Harold Hodge ; Highbury Place, London, N.
CiRRHCEDiA xERAMPELiNA IN HERTFORDSHIRE, — In early Spring I
secured, by searching the bark of an old ash-tree, three larvae which
seemed to be those of G. xerampeliua. I put them in a box with a
piece of flannel, which they seemed to welcome in the prevailing cold.
When the buds came out I tempted them and found that they ate
them greedily. They fed up and changed. A week ago I had the
reward in two imagines emerging. I searched at the root of this tree
and have found two pupse. — (Rev.) E. Everett; Markyate, near Dun-
stable, August 29th, 1906.
Deilephila livornica and Sphinx convolvuli in South Wales. —
During the second week in September last my brother captured a
specimen of 1). livornica and eleven examples of 8. convolvuli at one
patch of tobacco in flower. He was also fortunate in obtaining, in the
same garden, a specimen of the first-named moth last spring. — Leslie
F. Burt; Broadley, Coedcanias, Begelly, R.S.O., Pembrokeshire.
Sphinx convolvuli and Colias edusa in Sussex. — A good female
specimen of S. convolvuli was brought me on October 1st, which had
been caught near here, fluttering over some waste ground. I also beg
to report the capture, on the 10th inst., in a garden close here, of a
perfect male C. edusa. — G. E. H. Peskett ; 4, Clermont Eoad, Preston,
Brighton, October 21st, 1906.
SoBiE Entomological Notes from Barnstaple. — Wasps have this
year been quite rare in the district, and I scarcely saw one till the
beginning of September. Now (September 13th) they are growing
more numerous, and in South Devon I am told they have been
common all the summer. A fine specimen of Sirex gigas on August
27th, crawling over a felled larch-tree. It was rather sluggish, and I
could not induce it to fly. At Sauton, on June 5th, I saw and
watched for nearly five minutes a perfect specimen of Deilephila
livornica. It was flying about in the sunlight and pitched on a piece
of sandstone rock, where I was able to observe it closely. Several
others, 1 believe, have been taken in the neighbourhood. Among the
sandhills near Braunton lighthouse the ladybirds Coccinella 7-2nmctata
and 11-punctata have, this summer, been in immense numbers. I
first noticed them at the end of July, when all the herbage was covered
with them and their larvae and pupas. On several occasions 1 detected
a "seven-spot" larva feeding on another larva of the same species.
In each case the grub that was being eaten had a large round hole on
the under side of the abdomen, where its cannibalistic brother was
gnawing. The "eleven-spot" was the less numerous of the two.
260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
That part of the Burrows is very bare of plants except for marram
grass.
In 1902 I took several specimens of CaUimorpha quadripunctaria
{Jura) iu South Devon. They were numerous in the garden of the
house where I was staying, and I couid have taken many more. They
have not occurred there since.
Macroglossa stellatarum was very common this year at Santon. One
which was hovering over a thistle allowed me to gently touch it with-
out the least sign of disturbance. I do not know if this is at all
unusual. From about August 8th to the beginning of September
Satyrus semele was very common on Down End, Santon ; and at the
same spot, and also at Baggy Point, a few miles further along the
coast, Vanessa cardui has been swarming, but they were all faded
specimens. I first observed these on June 4th, and they remained in
undiminished numbers till about July 17th. However, all through
the summer untarnished specimens have been common everywhere.
On June 17th and June 6th in the years 1905 and 1906 respec-
tively, I took a good supply of a local beetle (though quite common
where it occurs), Pachyta octomaculata. They frequented GLnanthe
crocata on the banks of the Eiver Yeo. — Bruce F. Cummings; 14, Cross
Street, Barnstaple, North Devonshire.
An Autumn Night's Sugaring at Strensall. — October 9th had
been a very warm, muggy day for the time of the year, so I thought I
would try sugaring. Just as dusk was coming on a fine drizzling rain
started, The wind was a gentle breeze from the south-east, and the
atmosphere was oppressive and thundery. I was rather late in getting
to my sugaring ground (a row of mixed trees on the edge of an oak
wood), and in the hurry of trying to get everything ready on the
ground before darkness set in I accidentally poured more than my
usual allowance of essence of almouds into the sugar mixture.
Whether this fact, or the weather, had most to do with the result I
cannot say, but the result was the best sugaring night I have ever had
this year. I had about a quart of sugar mixture, and I had acci-
dentally poured half the contents of an essence bottle into it. The
moment I had put the mixture on the rain began to fall heavily, and
the air was as warm as midsummer. When I started round the sugar
patches — about twenty iu number and quite small patches — I was
astonished at the quantity of moths. The smallest number at any
one patch was fifteen, the largest thirty-five. Besides those actually
counted sucking the sugar, others were flying up and alighting on
different parts of the tree-trunks. The species were : — Orthosia
macilenta, O. lota, Anchocelis pistacina, A. litvra, Cerastis vaccinii,
C. spadicea, Scopelosoma satellitia, Xanthia ferruginea, Agriopis aprilina,
Miselia oxyacaiUhce, and Calocampa exoleta, and all of them well distri-
buted. At light that same night I got Scotosia dubitata, Oporabia
dilutata, Chesias spartiata, and Diloba ccBrideocephala. This last is so
common just now at Strensall that I got five in as many minutes just
by putting a lamp in a window overlooking some fields bounded by
hedges of hawthorn and blackthorn. Whether the quantities of
moths at the sugar were due to the weather, or to the oveiMwwering
smell of the almond essence, I cannot say, as the next night was not
SOCIETIES. 261
a good sugaring night from an atmospheric point of view, and I did
not try again. — B. Tulloch (Captain, K.O. Yorkshire L.I. ).
Pyrameis cardui in 1906. — During the late spring and early
summer (end of May and first half of June) great numbers of immi-
grant P. carduL arrived on this coast and steadily pursued their way
inland, so we expected great quantities this autumn ; but so far (Octo-
ber 15th) very few specimens have been seen, nothing to compare with
the numbers in other '^cardui " years. — K. M. Hinchliff; Worling-
ton House, Instow, North Devon.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN ROXBURGHSHIRE. A flUG SpGCimcn of this
moth was taken on the school wall at Newtown St. Boswell's by one
of the schoolboys on October 8th, and brought to me by the school-
master the same day. Though taken by hand and brought in a wedding-
cake box, it was quite fresh and practically perfect, — B. Weddell ;
Selkirk.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, October Srd,
1906.— Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in the chair.— Mr. A. Hall, of
16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon, and Mr. E. E. Bentall, of The Towers,
Heybridge, Essex, were elected Fellows of the Society. — Commander
J. J. Walker exhibited a specimen of Calosoma si/cophanta taken in
Denny Wood, New Forest, June 16th ; Lygmis equestris, L., found in
the Isle of Sheppey on September 22nd ; Sitaris muralis, taken near
Oxford in August by Mr. A. H. Hamm ; two varieties of Vanessa urticce,
with a strong black ligament connecting the second costal and dorsal
spot on the fore wings, from the Isle of Sheppey, August ; a variety of
Argi/nnis adijjpe, male, caught at Tubney, Berks, on July 7th ; a slate-
coloured variety of Lycana icarus, male, taken near Chatham, August
24th ; and examples of an almost black form of Strenia clathrata,
occurring at Streatley, Berks, in August — all taken this year. — Mr.
G. T. Porriit showed a series of Abraxas grossulariata var. varleyata,
bred this year from a pairing of the variety obtained from wild larvae
the previous season at Huddersfield. All the brood were of the variety,
none showing the least tendency to revert to the ordinary form. — Mr.
C. P. Pickett brought for exhibition a gynandromorphous specimen of
Angerona primaria bred by him, and a male specimen of Fidonia
atomaria, caught at Folkestone, with six wings. — Professor Charles
Stewart, F.R.S., exhibited a remarkable unnamed exotic larva, found
in a collection of specimens received at the College of Surgeons. It
displayed a series of iridescent spots about the spiracles. — Mr. W. J.
Lucas exhibited, on behalf of Messrs. F. W. and H. Campion, speci-
mens of the rare dragonfly Sympetrum. fiaveoliim , taken near Eppiug in
August last, and read an account of their capture, in which it was
suggested that these were part of a migration of the species such as
occasionally takes place. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited specimens of
yychitona medusa, Cram., Pseudopontia paradoxa, Feld., Terias sene-
galensis, Boisd., Leiiceronia pharis, Boisd., and L. argia, Fabr., remark-
ing that, although there did not exist, so far as he was aware, anv
262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
direct evidence that the members of the genus Nychitona are distasteful,
their habits are such as to suggest this mode of protection ; and there
is Httle doubt that they have served as models for other insects. — Mr.
H. J. Donisthorpe exhibited examples of Dinarda pygmcBa, Wasm., with
our other three species, D. hagend, Wasm., D. dentata, Gr., and D.
mdrkeli, Kies., with their respective hosts, and read a note on their
occurrence in this country. He also exhibited a larva of D. dentata
sent to him by Father Wasmann, and a larva of D. pijfpnaa taken by
him in Cornwall. — Dr. Norman Joy showed the following species of
Coleoptera first recognized as British in 1906 : — Laccobhis sinuatus,
Mots., from Lundy Island and Cambridgeshire, distinguished by its
smaller size and more parallel form from L. nigricejys, Thorns. ; Homa-
lota paradoxa, Key., taken in moles' nests in Berks and Devon;
Quedius vexans, Epp., and its larva, from moles' nests in Berks ;
Euplectus tomlini. Joy, from a starling's nest at Bradfield, Berks ;
Corticaria crenicollis, Mannh., from under bark at Basildon, Berks,
and at Epping ; Cardiuphorus erichsoni, Buyss, taken on Lundy Island.
He also exhibited: — A variety of Lathrobium elongatnm, L., from South
Devon, with entirely black elytra, and which he proposed to call var.
nigrum ; a curious dull aberration of Apteropeda globosa, 111. ; Heterothops
nigra, Kr., taken in moles' nests from various parts of the country ; a
species of Gnathoncus differing in certain characters from G. rotun-
datus, Kugel, and which occurs almost exclusively in birds' nests. —
Mr. L. B. Prout showed, on behalf of Mr. G. B. Oliver, of Tettenhall,
Wolverhampton, a melanic female of Acidalia mar gin e punctata, Goeze,
and a melanic male of A. subsericeata, Haw., both taken in North
Cornwall this summer, together with the typical forms for comparison ;
also a dark aberration of Ccenonynipha pamphiius, Linn., taken in the
same district in 1903, which, on the whole, is noted for light and
brightly-marked forms. — The President, exhibiting a series of Selenia
hilunaria, drew attention to the curious angulation of the wings in these
examples. — Mr. H. W. Southcombe communicated a note on the for-
mation of a new nest by Lasius niger, the common black ant. — Mr.
W. J. Kaye read " Some Notes on the Dominant Milllerian Group of
Butterflies from the Potaro Kiver District of British Guiana." — Mr.
G. J. Arrow read "A Contribution to the Classification of the
Coleopterous Family Passalidae." — H. Eowland-Brown, M.A., Hon.
Secretary.
The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
—September 13«/i.— Mr. H. Main, B.Sc, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the
chair. — Mr. Goulton exhibited a long series of Calymnia trapezina from
the New Forest, the only species met with in several nights' sugaring
in August. Many were var. rnfa, and a few var. ochrea. He also
showed larvffi of Craniopliora ligustri from ova. — Mr. Bellamy, series
of AdoptBa lineola from Gravesend. — Messrs. Harrison and Main, long
bred series of Hadena contigua and Coremia unidentaria from the New
Forest. — Mr. Barnett (1) very dark bred examples of Abraxas gmssu-
lariata from Greenwich larvse, one of which was rayed on the hind
wings; (2) very pale, dark suffused, and extremely dark forms of
Hybernia marginaria from West Wickham. — Mr. Sich, living larvae of
Pieris daplidice from Geneva, feeding on mignonette. — Dr. Chapman
SOCIETIES. 263
(1) a short series of Lampides telicanus, bred from eggs and larvae
fouud in North- West Spaiu, and discussed the relation between the
marbling of the under surface and the usual Lycasnid spotting ; (2)
specimens of Chrijsophanns phlceas, Polyommatns hellarijiis, L. hcetica,
and L. telicanus, in illustration of his farther remarks on the spotting.
— Messrs. West and Ashby, some seventy species of ChrysomelidfB and
Gurculionida, from the New Forest this year. — Mr. Clark reported
numbers of Catocala nupta, resting on the walls of Paddington In-
firmary, all most conspieuouly situated. Mr. Main had met with
numbers near (7oss!/s-infected trees. — Mr, J. W. Tutt made some inte-
resting remarks on his trip to the French Alps in August. — Mr. Kaye
exhibited very large specimens of Thecla betulcB, bred from Huntingdon
larvffi, which had been kept close in tin boxes.
September 27^/i — Mr. Eobert Adkin, F.E.S., President, in the chair.
— Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited (1) a long series of Bisidcia
ligiistri bred from larvae taken at Box Hill ; (2) a brood of Thyatira
batis from New Forest ova ; and (8) a series of MelitcBa cinxia bred from
the Isle of Wight, several specimens having the white band of the
under side very strongly developed. — Mr. Step, for Mr. Carreras, an
extremely remarkable variety of Polygonia c-album, from the banks of
the River Wye, having the usual dark markings suffused, enlarged,
and confused almost beyond recognition. — Mr. Tonge, a further series
of photographs of Lepidoptera at rest. — Mr. Carr, larvae of Anticlea
nirfrofasciaria, ready to hybernate. — Mr. Colthrup, (1) a specimen of
HeUothis 23eltigera, taken in August on the south coast ; and (2) some
nice forms of MelitcBa cinxia from the Isle of Wight, of which one had
the apical area almost devoid of markings, and the remaining mark-
ings much reduced. — Mr. West (Greenwich), forty-three specimens of
Coleoptera taken at Great Yarmouth in June ; collecting was poor, and
the only species at all common were Donacias in the Caistor marshes.
— Mr. South, (1) a specimen of Amphidasys betularia, intermediate
between the type and var. doubhdayaria ; (2) Orobena straminalis, with
very wide blackish borders on the outer margin of all the wings ; and
(3) Pyramta niyrata, with unusually broad white bands. — Mr. Sich, a
specimen of HeUothis peltigera, bred from an ovum sent him by Mr.
Eustace Bankes, and a drawing of the larva. — Mr. Turner, (1) life-
history of Coleophora obtusella from the Isle of Wight; (2) specimens of
Goniodoma limoyiiella and G. auroguttella for comparison ; (3) species
of Erebia taken by Mr. Harrison and himself in Switzerland, E.
lappona, E. epiphron, E. liyea, E. tyndariis, E. goante, and E. blandina ;
and (4) Enodia hyperanthns, specimens showing great variation in
ground colour of the under sides. — Mr. L. Newman, a very large
number of specimens, mainly bred this season, including Xylomiges
consjncillaris, CiicuUia gnaphalii, yellow males and melanic Ematurga
atomaria, selected forms of MelitiEa aurinin, a yellow CaUimorpha
dominula, an extraordinary suffused dark chocolate Eugonia autum-
naria, varied Chryxophamis phloeas, melanic Macaria liturata, Leucania
sparganii, a very pink Amorpha populi, very varied Alimas tilia, var.
taras of Hesperia malvce, bred Brephos notha, Rannoch forms of Drepana
falcula, a smoky Arctia villica, Agrotis cursoria, A. ripce, and A. prcecox
in numbers. — Hy. J. Turner, Ho7i. Rep. Sec.
264 • THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The opening
meeting of the session was held iu the Society's rooms, at the Koyal
Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, on Monday the 15th inst., Mr.
Eichard Wilding, Vice-President, in the chair. — This being the annual
exhibition meeting of the Society, there was a good muster of members
from other towns. The number and interest of the exhibits was quite
up to the high standard maintained for several years past, and those
present had an opportunity of seeing many rare and noteworthy
insects. In the order Lepidoptera Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., showed a
case of varieties of Abraxas r/rossulariata from Wallasey, some of the
forms being of exceptional interest. Mr. Prince also showed the same
species, together with other insects from Wallasey. — Dr. Edwards, two
drawers of Lepidoptera from Lancashire and Devon, including among
others short series of Limenitis sibylla, Calligenia miniata, Epione
apiciaria, Geometra papilionaria, and Cidaria silaceata. — Mr. B. H.
Crabtree, F.E.S., brought a couple of cases containing beautiful bred
series of Odontopera hidentata ab. nigra, from Manchester ; Heliothis
peltigera, from Sidmouth ; Boarmia repandata, Agrotis ashivorthii, and
Epunda Hchenea from North Wales, and many other interesting species.
— Mr. R. Tait, junr., long series of bred insects, showing variation : —
Agrotis agathina, A. ashxcorthii, Boarmia repandata, and Cleora lichen-
aria, from North Wales ; Thecla quercus, T. hetnlcB, and Angerona pru-
naria, from Hunts ; Aplecta nebulosa var. robsoni, and a beautiful melanic
specimen of Acronycta alni, from Delamere, the last taken as a pupa
from an alder. — Dr. Bell, of New Brighton, showed cases of life-
histories illustrating the early stages of many of our rare as well as
common moths, mounted upon their food-plants ; also the results of
four days' collecting in fenland. — Mr. W. Mansbridge, a series of
Aplecta nebulosa and its black variety robsoni, bred from ova deposited
by a wild black female; a long series of Macaria liturata and var. nigro-
fulvata, both from Delamere ; a series of Cahsra pusaria var. rotundaria
from Knowsley, and a series of Eiimia luteolata from Allerton, showing
seasonal variation between the spring and autumn broods. The last
member also read a communication to the Society upon the general
causes of insect variation. In the Coleoptera section Dr. Corbett, of
Doncaster, showed series of various species of beetles from that dis-
trict, including the very rare Carpophilus sexpustulatns recently taken
in an isolated locality and undoubtedly indigenous British specimens.
— Messrs. J. F. Dutton and George Ellison, interesting varieties of
Cicindela campestris (the common tiger-beetle), Agabus jiebulosus, Ccelam-
bus novevilineatus, Otio7-hync}ms blandus, and many others, from the
Orkney Islands, collected during a visit last summer to that locality.
Mr. George Ellison further exhibited two specimens of the Orkney
vole, Microtiis orcadensis, a new British mammal, together with its
parasitic fleas 0. penicilliger, C. gallince, and T. agyrtes, and stated that
all of these parasites were well known to occur on the domestic fowl.
— H. E. Sweeting and Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. XXXIX.l DECEMBEE, 1906. [No. 523.
NOTES ON REARING TORTRIX PRONUBANA, Hlib.
By Robert Adkin, F.E.S.
While at Eastbourne in September last I was strolling one
morning at about nine o'clock when I noticed a small bright-
looking moth fly across the road, settle for a moment on a gate-
post, and then disappear over a garden. Its appearance seemed
familiar to me ; it was certainly a Tortrix, and I came to the
conclusion that it was more like a specimen of T. promihana that
Lhad seen exhibited at the Entomological Society some months
earlier (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1905, p. Ixiii) than any other member of
the genus that I could call to mind. The specimen there ex-
hibited was taken at Eastbourne, and the only other known
British example was obtained at Bognor (Ent. Mo. Mag. xli.
p. 276). If, therefore, my conclusion was a correct one, it
appeared- probable that these were not merely casual visitors,
but that the species was established on our south coast, and only
wanted working for to be found.
After a week spent in fruitless search, I chanced one morning
upon a euonymus hedge in a private garden, to which I had
managed to gain access, and obtained from it, as the result of
many hours close searching, seven or eight very ordinary-looking
small pupse, and three or four very evident Tortrix larv£e, from
which I eventually reared both sexes of T. pronuhana. The
species did not appear to be by any means common, but it has
evidently obtained a footing in this countr}^ and having regard
to the abundance of what appears to be a suitable food-plant on
many parts of our southern coast, there is good reason to hope
that it may become firmly established as a British species.
The larva is green, of a shade a little lighter than the young
leaves of the euonymus, hairs whitish, and head of a somewhat
paler and yellower shade than the body and glabrous. It spins
together the terminal developed leaves of the euonymus, and
feeds upon the tender shoot enclosed between them.
The pupa is very dark brown, almost black, from 9 mm. to
BNTOM. DECEMBER, 1906. 2 A
266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
10 mm. in length, and enclosed in a dense silken web between
the leaves where the larva had fed.
The imago is easily recognized by the bright orange colour
of its hind wings. The male measures from 15 mm. to 16 mm.
in expanse. Fore wings rich greyish brown, reticulated with
darker brown, with a broad deep red-brown fascia from the
middle of the costa, where it is narrowest, to the inner margin,
where it broadens out, extends to the anal angle, and unites with
an irregular triangular patch of the same colour that occupies
the apical and hind marginal areas. Hind wings bright orange
bordered with black, usually with a few black scales scattered
along the veins ; but in one of the specimens reared, they are so
dense as to almost obscure the orange colour of the wing. Cilia
orange.
The female is a larger and more sombre insect. It measures
18 mm. to 22 mm. in expanse, is slightly paler in colour than
the male, and the reticulations more clearly defined. The brown
fascia is of a duller and less reddish tone, and its central portion
is often indicated only in outline, as is also the triangular patch
of the apical region. The body in both sexes is ringed with
yellow.
The imago emerges during September and October, and its
time of flight appears to be in the morning sunshine between
eight and ten o'clock.
Lewisham : November, 1906.
THE GENERIC NAME SCOPULA.
By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.
When I wrote on the correct names for the genera formed
from the old " Acidalia" (Entom. xxxviii. pp. 7-8), I entirely
ignored Scopula, Schrank (' Fauna Boica,' ii. part 2, p. 162).
Although I have long been acquainted with the (apparently over-
looked) history of the incej)tion of this genus, I " hoped against
hope " that some loophole might be found for escape from its
adoption in a corrected sense. However, on looking into the
matter again, I am convinced that there is no such escape, and
it will therefore be a loss rather than a gain to postpone the
inevitable any longer. The genus was erected for two species
only — (1) paludalis {^^ pahidata, L. ^ ornata, Scop., certo) and
(2) dentalis, Schiff. For those few extremists who take the first
species to be the type, whether it agrees with the diagnosis or
not, this will be decisive in favour of oriiata ; but what will carry
more weight with the majority is that the generic diagnosis fits
only this species. Treitschke, in 1828, was therefore idtra vires
THE OVUM OF LAPHYGMA BXIGUA. 267
in using the name for a large Pyralid genus commencing with
dentalis, while some later restrictions (such as Stephens's, in
1834) and type-citations (as Curtis's, in 1830; Duponchel's,
in 1831 ; and Guenee's, in 1854) are manifestly beside the
mark.
In a word, that long-suffering genus of Acidaliids, in which
veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing are separate, &c., and which has
been variously called Arrhostia (Herrich-Schaeffer), Leptomeris
(Meyrick), Craspedia (Hampson), and Emmiltis (Warren) — not
to mention Dosithea, Dup., "type ornata'' — obtains an inalien-
able right to the older name of Scopula, Schrank.
Nov. 7th, 1906.
THE OVUM OF LAPHYGMA EXIGUA.
By Alfred Sich, F.E.S.
In October last Mr. South kindly sent me some egg-shells of
this species, the eggs having been laid September 8th, 1906, and
larvae hatched out on the 14th of the same month. The eggs
were hidden beneath a tangle of long greyish-brown hairs, which
under an eighth-objective appeared quite smooth. Some of them
measured 1*23 mm. in length. Quite similar hairs occur on the
terminal segments of the abdomen of the female imago of L. exigiia,
and one suspects that in laying her eggs she moves the abdomen
over them, and the easily detachable hairs remain partly adher-
ing to the eggs. Some eggs, however, which Mr. V. Eric Shaw
was kind enough to forward me later (together with the female
parent) were not covered with hairs at all ; but, as this imago
was in a terribly worn condition, she may have already parted
with the hairs which otherwise might have covered the eggs.
My material was too scanty to allow me to hazard an opinion as
to whether the ova of L. exigiia are or are not normally covered
with a tangle of hairs.
In shape this upright egg is a rather depressed sphere, flat-
tened at both poles. The vertical axis measures 0"34 mm., and
the horizontal 0*45 mm. ; though the shape is not regular, these
measurements would suit an average egg. Sculpture : the sur-
face is covered with a network of rather large elongate more or
less quadrangular cells, so disposed as to give the effect of
vertical primary, and horizontal secondary ribs, especially
down the sides of the ovum, where *'the primary ribs become
stronger, and the cells between bear some resemblance to ham-
mer marks on copper. The secondary ribs or walls of the cells
run between, but not over the primary ribs. On the top of the
egg, as the micropylar area is approached, the primary ribs
become weaker and the secondary stronger, so that together they
2 A 2
268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
form a rather open network around the micropyle. The rosette
consists of usually, I believe, nine, but sometimes ten or even
eleven, cells. These are of an elongate pear-shape, and are
arranged in the usual way, with their more pointed apices
meeting together in the centre. These cells are not all of the
same size, but the whole rosette is usually about 0'07 mm. in
diameter. The rather small base of the egg is flattened and
smooth.
From the fair state of the empty egg-shells it may be pre-
sumed that the larva does not eat the shell after leaving the egg.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ODYNERUS
(VESPID^) FROM VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.
By P, Cabieron.
Odynerus mathewi, sp. nov.
Black, with the following pale yellow : the clypeus, mandibles
except the teeth, labrum, a mark more than twice longer than wide
and rounded above on the front, a broad line on tlie lower edge of the
eye incision, a short narrow line on the upper part of the outer orbits,
a line of almost equal width on the sides of the base of pronotum,
tegulse, a conical mark below them, a line on the base of post-
seutellum, the spine on the lower part of metapleurs, lines on the
apices of the abdominal segments (that on first on top only), a small
spot on the sides of first segment near the middle, and a large trans-
verse one — its outer side rounded, widened, the inner smaller and
transverse — pale yellow. Antennal scape pale yellow below, the
flagellum yellow, tinged with fulvous, its hook broad, thick, not much
narrowed towards the apex, reaching to the base of the penultimate
segment. Wings hyaline, tinged with fuscous violaceous, the stigma
and nervures black, S ■ Length, 8 mm.
Vancouver's Island (G. F. Mathew, R.N.).
Clypeus longer than wide, its apex transverse, somewhat broad.
Base of thorax transverse, the sides hardly projecting. Apex of post-
scutellum broadly rounded. Sides of metanotum broad, rounded,
rugosely punctured, not margined. Second abdominal segment if
anything wider than long, the apex more strongly punctured than the
rest, not reflexed, flat ; the yellow band on it is wider than on the
others ; below it is roundly incised on either side of the middle. Legs
pale yellow, the coxae behind, the fore femora to beyond the middle
above, the middle behind and below, the hinder entirely, and the tro-
chanters, black.
Belongs to Saussure's Section B., S}^. Amer. Wasps, 290,
269
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO COTTON PESTS FEOM
WEST AFRICA.
By W. L. Distant,
Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has placed in my hands for determina-
tion some Lyggeids which he found parasitic on Gossi/pium in
West Africa. Tli^y all belong to the genus Oxycareiius, and in-
clude the widely distributed 0. hyalinipennis, Costa,* and two
other species, which are here described. Another specimen,
also found on the same plant, may or may not belong to this
genus, but is in too mutilated a condition for correct identi-
fication.
Mr. Dudgeon is now preparing a report on the cotton pests of
West Africa, and will use the names given in this short com-
munication.
EHYNCHOTA.
HETEEOPTERA.
Fam. Lyg^id.e.
Oxycarenus dudgeoni, sp. n.
Head, prouotum, and scutellum black ; hemelytra hyaline, base
of corium, the whole of clavus, and a spot at apical angle to cerium,
black ; subcostal vein to corium piceously punctate ; abdomen beneath
subflavous ; sternum black, acetabula, and posterior margins of meso-
and metasterna greyish white ; legs piceous, tibiae excluding bases and
apices greyish white ; antennae black, bases of third and fourth joints
white; bead, pronotum, and scutellum coarsely punctate, head about
half as long as prouotum, the anterior lobe of which is much shorter
than the posterior lobe, and is transversely impressed before the
anterior margin ; antennae with the basal joint not quite reaching
apex of head, second joint more than twice as long as first, third and
fourth joints subequal, each much shorter than second ; rostrum
shortly passing the posterior cox». Long. 3|- to i millim.
Ilab. Sierra Leone; Moyamba (G. C. Dudgeon).
Allied to 0. breddini, Bergr., from the Congo region.
Oxycarenus gossipinus, sp. n.
Head, antennae, scutellum, and clavus black ; pronotum testaceous,
its anterior and posterior margins centrally narrowly black ; hemelytra
stramineous, with a small black spot at apical angle, and with a short
basal subcostal black line ; pro- and mesosterna testaceous, their disks
and the metasternum black ; acetabula greyish white ; legs and rostrum
black, tibias broadly centrally annalated with stramineous ; abdomen
beneath ochraceous, stigmatal spots and apex black ; head, pronotum,
and scutellum thickly and somewhat coarsely punctate ; head more than
half as long as pronotum, the anterior and posterior lobes of which are
* Cf. T. Kuhlgatz, Mt. Mua. Berlin, iii. pp. 53 and 88 (1905).
270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
subequal in length, the latter a little paler than the former, which is
slightly globose ; antennte with the third and fourth joints greyish at
base, basal joint not quite reaching apex of head, second joint twice as
long as first, third and fourth joints subequal in length, each shorter
than second joint ; rostrum shortly passing posterior coxae. Long. 3J to
4 millim.
Hah. Sierra Leone; Moyamba (G. C. Dudgeon).
Allied to 0. exitiosus, Dist., from South Africa, but to be dis-
tinguished by the much more elongate pronotum, and different
colour of the same, &c.
ON A FEW TACHINID^ AND THEIR HOSTS.
By Claude Mokley, F.E.S.
It is well known to leiDidopterists that this extensive family
of Diptera prey entomopbagously upon many kinds of moths and
butterflies in almost exactly the same manner as do the Ichneu-
mons, and consequently many correspondents have been so good
as to send me from time to time specimens which have ap-
peared in their breeding-cages. Dr. Meade gives (Entom. 1881,
pp. 285-9) a very interesting account of twelve species of this
family with their hosts, and it may not be out of place " to add
my mite" — as he expresses it — in extension of his own paper,
although I hope that both combined will be but a fraction of that
which we shall, I trust, soon learn from the extensive researches
of Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, to whom, together with Mr.
Albert Pifi'ard, Dr. Meade, and Eev. E. N. Bloomfield, I owe the
determination of the species.
Exorista jucunda, Mg.
This species was bred in March by Mr. Edward Eansom, at
Sudbury, in Suffolk. He writes : — " I bred it from a larva of
Lirparis salicis, but there is no sign, so far as I have observed,
that the larva has been attacked by a parasite until it is full-fed,
when it spins a cocoon in the usual way. In then dies, and the
larval skin breaks, revealing the pupa of its parasite. The para-
sitical larva does not seem to make its way out of the caterpillar
as do the parasites so common on Pieris brassicce [the braconid,
Apanteles glomeratus, L.] , but changes to a pupa in the body of
its host, and its presence is not suspected until the caterpillar is
found to be dead. I think those caterpillars that are affected do
not grow so large as is usual. So far as I have observed, there
is only one parasite to each caterpillar. I do not think jucunda
can be very rare here, as I have often seen the cocoons of salicis
with the parasitical pupa in them. I assume they are all those
ON A FEW TACHINID^ AND THEIR HOSTS. 271
of jucunda, as I do not recollect having bred any other kind
from salicis, nor have I hredjucuiida from any other species."
Blepharidea vidgaris, Fin.
Mr. E. Goodwin, of Wateringbury, in Kent, has bred four
specimens of this common species there from Thecla quercus on
20th June. I have bred it at Epsom from Pieris rapes in 1891.
Mr. J. Wigin sent me five puparia bred at Methley, near Leeds,
from Aci'onycta psi on 15th September. Of these, two died just
before emergence of the imagines; one was eaten of Chalcid flies
— some small green species of Pteromahis, a score of which
emerged from a single hole in its side ; the fourth was out with
its wings fully developed at midnight of 27th May following ;
and the last, whose wings it was quite easy to see stretch and
expand, three days later. It is also a common parasite of
Abraxas gross idariata, from which I possess specimens reared by
the late Mr. E. G. J. Sparke at Tooting in November, and by
Mr. C. T. Gimingham, at Tottenham, Middlesex, on 21st June.
Mr. Hubert Phillips has bred a similar fly, though the species is
doubtful, from Hadena pisi and Mamestra hrassicce. The puparia
is, I believe, never concealed within, though occasionally attached
to, the defunct larva.
Frotitina fugax, End.
On October 7th Mr. Wigin sent me six puparia of this species
from Methley, bred from larvae of Acronycta psi. One of these
emerged en route, and bored through its paper covering, apparently
by wetting it with oral fluid, and then bursting through, since one
wing was crumpled, perhaps through the extra expense of the
fluid. The remainder emerged on, or slightly before, the 18th
June following, though one died with only its head discovered.
Again, the following autumn, he sent me three more from the
same host, which emerged on 26th May, and two on 2nd June of
the next year. One of these emerged between 9 p.m. and mid-
night ; another between midnight and 10 a.m. In the same
parcel was enclosed a Tachiuid, which emerged too crippled for
identification, bred from Plusia gamma {cf. also E.M.M. 1900,
p. 244). F. fugax appears to be solitary in its parasitism; I
possess specimens of the puparia occupying about half, and quite
covered by, the old caterpillar's entirely empty skin.
Phorocera serriventris, End.
Mr. J. C. Haggart, of Galashiels, was so good as to forward,
on 3rd April, three puparia of this species, which he had bred
from Chiswick pupae of Acronycta aceris. The first emerged on the
30th of the same month with fully-developed wings; the other two
followed on 8th May — one at 11 a.m., the other a little before
midnight — but neither managed to expand its wings. At the
272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
end of May, Mr. Alfred Sich also sent me this species, bred from
the same host at Chiswick ; and on 25th a pnparia from Acro-
nyctapsi, which emerged as the same species during June. Ou
16th May, I received another, bred by Mr. F. H. Peachell from
a dug pupa of Tceniocampa gothica, found at High Wycombe,
Bucks, during the preceding April. In the middle of July came
three more (dead, I believe) from Mr. A. Bacot, which had been
bred by Mr. E. M. Dadd from Belgian Liparis chrijsorrhoea.
Mr. Phillips has also bred a Phorocera, probably referable to the
present species, from Spilosoma {Arctia) menthastri.
Sisyropa hortulana, Egg.
Among the B. vulgaris, bred by Mr. Wigin from Acronycta
psi, was one specimen of this species, whose puparium is much
larger and darker ; it was received loth September, and emerged
on 28th of the following May. When first noticed, at 11 a.m.,
it had no visible wings, but while I watched it I saw, in the
course of almost exactly two minutes, the wings fully expand
to their normal size, the body at the same time lose its imma-
ture transparency, and the frontal sac assume its mature pro-
portions.
Sisyropa lucorum, End.
A specimen of this handsome species was bred in a Lepidoptera
breeding-cage in Ipswich in July, 1895.
Tachina larvarum, L.
In March, Mr. Haggart took eight larvse of Macrothylacia
[Bomhyx) rubi about Galashiels, of which five each produced a
single puparium of this fly about 10th May. These he kindly
sent to me, and they all duly emerged during the following
month. I probably kept them too dry, however, for they were all
dead, with only one fully developed, on 1st July. Mr. W. G.
Clutten gave me two dead specimens of this species in August,
which he had bred from Malacosoma {Bomhyx) neustria at Bun-
gay, in Suffolk.
Tachina rustica, Mg.
Examples which Mr. Piffard thought probably referable to
this species have been bred from Acronycta aceris, Hadena
oleracea, and Mamestra hrassicce by Mr. Phillips.
Thelymorpha vertiginosa, Fin.
Four specimens of this handsome species were received, dead,
from Mr. Glutten in August ; they had been reared from Malaco-
soma {Bomhyx) neustria at Bungay, in Suffolk. I have taken
the species on the wing myself in the same county, though it is
certainly uncommon here.
ON A FEW TACHINID^ AND THEIR HOSTS. 273
Baumhaueri gracilis.
A single dead specimen of this species, named by Mr. Piffard,
was sent by Mr. Clutten, who bred it from an unknown species
of Lepidoptera at Burnley, in August.
Myiohia inanis, Fin.
On October 9th Mr. Clutten sent two Tachinid puparia from
Halifax ex Spilosoma {Arctia) lubrici'peda, and two others ex dug
pupae of TcBHiocampa (probably) instabilis, from Burnley. Unfortu-
nately the two former died, and their species was undetermined ;
but of the two latter, one was emerged with very tiny wings at
10.30 a.m. on 22nd June following, and its wings were not fully
developed the same evening, though by the morning of 23rd
they were fully expanded — how different from those of S. hortu-
lana, above !
Erigone radicum, Fab.
From Arctia lubridpecla, Mr. Wigin bred eleven puparia of
this fine species at Methley, near Leeds, in October, and ten of
these emerged between the 5th and 23rd of the following June,
though only two remained alive at the latter date. They were in
all degrees of development — five with perfect wings, one fully
expanded but crumpled, two reaching apex of basal abdominal
segment, one emerged but not at all developed, one attached to
its puparium by a leg, and two with only their heads protruded.
Plag'ta ruralis, Fin.
Mr. Clutten has twice sent me batches of this species, bred in
both cases at Burnley from Plusia iota. The first I received on
3rd August, the second on 16th June. It is a gregarious para-
site, and the two larvse-skins I possess are each a mere bag dis-
tended by six close-packed puparia of the fly, which are placed
somewhat irregularly, transversely, or obliquely.
Plagia ciirviiiervis, Zett.
One specimen of this species was received on 25th May from
Mr. W. M. Christy, who writes that it " emerged from a pot con-
taining pupae of gracilis and one myrtilli from the New Forest,
and Dianthoecice from West Sussex. As the gracilis and their
ichneumons have ceased emerging for more than two weeks,
probably these flies are referable to the Dianthoecice."
Digonochceta spinipennis, Mg.
I bred this species in the winter of 1895-96, in a box contain-
ing, as far as I am aware, only Scolytus intricatiis, at Ipswich
(forTachinids on Coleoptera, cf.' E.M.M. 1894, p. 107, &c.) ; and
again, on 14th May, one emerged from its puparium, which I had
found beneath the pine-bark of a railing at Sproughton, near
Ipswich, on 9l;h of preceding April.
274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Thriptocera crassipennis, Mg.
This species I bred in the spring of 1895 from its puparium,
wliich I found among moss near Ipswich.
From the above it will be at once seen how much lepidopterists
can, by simply preserving the parasites they may happen to
breed, assist in the elucidation of the life-histories of insects of
quite distinct kinds. Is it too much to ask that all such may be
forwarded to me — more especially the hymenopterous species,
since it is upon those that I am especially engaged ?* and our
motto still is, " By mutual confidence and mutual aid " !
Monks' Soham House, Suffolk : Nov. 6tli, 1906.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES
ON THE RHYNCHOTA.
By W. L. Distant.
Mr. Kirkaldy's communication on the above subject {ante,
p. 247) necessitates some comment. He states, ** The following
new names are necessary," in the Fulgoridse, and includes
Kirhyella to take the place of Kirhija, Melich. This unfortu-
nately creates a new synonym.
Genus Kirbyana.
Kirhija, Melich., Hom. Faun. Ceylon, p. 37 (1903), nam.
prceocc.
Kirbyana, Dist., Faun. B. I. Rhynch. iii. p. 262 (1906,
March), n.nom.
Kirhyella, Kirk., Entom. xxxix. p. 248 (1906, November).
There appears to be no necessity for the proposed new name
Synaphana to take the place of Penthicus, nom. praeocc, Penthi-
codes, Blanch., having been already substituted. The type of
Guerin's genus Aphcsna is A.fascata, from New Guinea, which
is structurally distinct from the other species considered con-
generic. I have endeavoured to make the question clearer else-
where (c/. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xviii. p. 24).
I quite agree with Mr. Kirkaldy that Coanaco, Dist. ,:=Copido-
cephala, Stal, having already published that correction elsewhere
[cf. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xviii. p. 23).
It is also stated that Opinus, Lap., = Tapeinus, Lap., =
Sminthocoris, Dist., and that the writer does "not know why
Mr. Distant has added to the synonymy of this Reduviid genus."
* Many hundreds of lepidopterous hosts are recorded in my ' British
Ichneumons,' vols. i. and ii. : Keys, Whimple Street, Plymouth.
A NEW SPECIES OF ADICELLA FROM SPAIN. 275
Opinus is a name only, as Kirkaldy has previous stated in these
pages (Entom. 1900, p. 241). " Opinus is only mentioned in the
analytical tables." That it = Tapeinus is a matter of inference
only, and such names {Opinus has already caused confusion), in
my view, should be discarded.
I am glad to see that Mr. Kirkaldy is still pursuing his
bibliographical investigations.
A NEW SPECIES OF ADICELLA FEOM SPAIN.
By K. J. Morton. F.E.S.
Apex of abdomen of male from side.
Through the kindness of Dr. Chapman and Mr. Lucas, I
have been enabled to examine a number of Trichoptera, taken
by the former in North-western Spain during the past summer.
Amongst other interesting species there are two specimens of an
Adicella which has not been separated hitherto from Adicella
reducta, McLach., but which is certainly a good and distinct
species. The following notes will suffice for its identification : —
Adicella meridionalis, n. sp,
lu general appearance and size much resembling A. reducta, but
differing much in the appendages of the male.
The superior appendages similar to those of A. reducta, and the
median dorsal process also similar, but much shorter. The upper
penis-cover formed of two roof-shaped plates, the angles when viewed
from the side somewhat obtuse. Inferior appendages with a broad
basal part, the apical part being blade-shaped, and apparently narrower
in its' proximal portion. The penis-sheaths forked, the branches
lanceolate, the upper branch long and projecting, the lower shorter and
not always visible. The last ventral segnient with a prominent pro-
cess, broad at the base and gradually tapering.
Two males; Gasayo, July 2nd-8th, 1906 (Chapman).
276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The most essential points of difference are the ventral pro-
cess, which is absent in A. reducta, and the upper cover and
sheaths ; the cover in reducta, in the side aspect, is sickle-shaped,
while, as far as I can see, the sheaths in reducta are simple,
strongly hump-backed before the apices, which are curved down-
wards, and rather inturned when seen from the side.
I possess another male which I refer to A. meridional^ . This
was taken by Father Navas at Moncayo, and was one of several
which I returned to him at the time under the name of reducta.
In referring these examples to reducta, I had before me the
fact that Mr. McLachlan has recorded this species from several
localities in Portugal (Eaton). I have not examined any of Mr.
McLachlan's material, but this should be done in view of the
existence of a new and closely allied species in Spain.
13, Blackford Road, Edinburgh : Oct. 25th, 1906.
NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA TAKEN BY
DR. T. A. CHAPMAN IN SPAIN, 1906.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
A SHORT time ago Dr. Chapman was good enough to hand
over to me his captures of Neuroptera and Trichoptera made in
Spain during the past summer. Some of these specimens, in-
cluding the Trichoptera, were passed on to Mr. K. J. Morton, who
kindly assisted in the identification, especially of these last, of
which one — Adicella meridionalis, n. sp. — turns out to be new.
Dr. Chapman's headquarters were at Vigo, June 18th-27th ;
Casayo, July 2nd-8th ; Branuelas, July 10th-16th ; Pontevedra,
July 19th-22nd.
The insects belonging to the Neuroptera are all included in
the suborders Odonata and Planipennia, except two female Per-
lids of the genus Nemoura, which without males can scarcely be
identified. The remainder belong to the Trichoptera. For
purposes of comparison extra-British species are marked with
an asterisk.
Odonata.
Sympetrum flaveolum, Linn.— Branuelas.
S. sanijuineum, Mlill. — Casayo (one female).
Orthetrum candescens, Fabr. — Vigo (one male beiug in teneral con-
dition) ; Branuelas ; Pontevedra.
'''Onyclioyomphus uncatiLs, Charp. — Vigo.
Corduleijaster anmdatus, Latr. — Vigo ; Casayo ; Branuelas.
Caloptenjiv splendens, Harr. — Brauuelas (one male).
C. virgo, Linn. — Branuelas.
■■•'C hcEtnorrhoidalis, Lind. — Vigo (one male being in teneral con-
dition).
THE DRAGONFLIES OF EPPING FOREST. 277
■•'Lestes virens, Charp. — Casayo (one, a male, in rather teneral con-
dition).
'■•■L. barbara, Fabr. — Vigo (one male).
Pyrrhosoma teiiellum, Vill. — Branuelas.
P. nymplmla, Sulz. — Branuelas.
■'' Platycnemis aciitipennis, Selys. — Vigo.
'^'Ischnara grallsii, Eamb. — Vigo (one male).
'^'Agrion scituhim, Ramb. — Casayo (one female).
A. viercuriale, Charp. — Branuelas.
Planipennia.
^'Panorpa meridionalis, Ramb. — Vigo (one female); Casayo i^two
females). Although no males are present, the identification is no
doubt correct.
'■•'Creagris plumb eus, Oliv. — Vigo; Branuelas.
*Ascalaj)hus bceticus, Ramb. — Casayo ; Branuelas.
■'-A. longicornis, Linn. — Vigo ; Casayo ; Branuelas ; Pontevedra.
*Dilar jneridionalis, Hagen. — Branuelas. The identity of the Spanish
examples of this interesting genus is at present somewhat uncertain.
Father Navas is investigating the genus as far as Spain is concerned.
The three examples in the present collection seem to be D. meri-
dionalis.
Hemerobius 'tuiccms, Oliv. — Casayo (one rather large example).
Chrysopa vulgaris, Schn. — Vigo (one with aberrant neuration, and
in that respect resembling a specimen received from Spain by Mr.
Morton).
Tbichoptera.
*Lim7iophilus subwaculaUis, Ramb. — Branuelas (one female).
■•'Sericostoma bceticum, Ed. Pict. — Casayo (several of both sexes) ;
Branuelas (one female).
■■■Jdelico psyche lusitanica, McL. — Vigo (one male).
■■'Adicella inei-idioiialis,i n. sp. — Casayo (two males).
Hydropsyche pelhicidula, Curt. — Casayo (one male and one female).
H. exocellata, Dufour. — Casayo (two males).
Diplectrona felix, McL. — Casayo (one male).
"^'Tinodes fcedella, McL. — Casayo (one male).
THE DRAGONFLIES OF EPPING FOREST IN 1906.
By F. W. & H. Campion.
The dragonfly season of 1906 proved to be the most interest-
ing one within our recollection. Not only did we re-take most
of the species occurring in our district in previous years, but we
were able to add to our local collection, which now consists of
twenty species, five species not hitherto represented there —
Brachytron iiratense, Cordulia cenea, Sympetrum scoticum, and,
most important of all, S. indgatum and S. jiaveolnm. The genus
t For description, see page 275.
278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Sympetnmi was especially well in evidence, no fewer than five
out of the six British species having fallen to our nets. The
exceptionally fine weather which characterized the summer
extended far into the autumn, and we enjoyed the unusual
experience of taking dragouflies so late in the year as October
21st.
Eepresentatives of seventeen species were obtained, viz. : —
(1) Pi/rrliosoma nipnphula. — The taking of immature females
of this dragonfly — always our earliest — opened the season on
May 13th. It became tolerably common throughout the district,
and was last met with on July 22nd.
(2) Brachytron pratense. — On May 27th we saw at a pond
occupying the site of an old forest gravel-pit what appeared to be
a newly-emerged dragonfly resting on a rush far beyond our
reach. We threw twigs at it, but, instead of causing it to rise,
we only succeeded in covering it up. On the evening of the
following day we found the insect occupying much the same
position, and, by lashing together two or three sticks, we were
able to reach and secure the specimen with the net. It proved
to be a female of B. pratense, a species new to our collection. It
was in good condition save for the undeveloped state of the wings
on the right side, a blemish which remained in spite of our
keeping the insect alive a day or two longer at home. The
circumstances point to the specimen having been bred in the
pond where it was found. The species was not met with again
during the season.
(3) Agrion puella was first found on June 3rd, when some indi-
viduals were in a mature state. On June 24th two males bearing
a close superficial resemblance to A. pidchellum '^exe taken at
one small pond. The U-shaped marking on the second abdo-
minal segment was connected by a slender black line with the
circlet behind. The base of the marking was thicker than in
typical puella, and its posterior margin was not so deeply exca-
vated. In a third specimen, taken at the same time and at the
same pond, the connection with the circlet behind was not com-
plete ; the circlet was crossed transversely by a short median
black line, which anteriorly nearly joined a backward process
from the U-shaped marking. Another male, with the connection
complete, was obtained at a difierent locality on July 15th. That
these specimens must be regarded as A. puella, and not as
A. pulchellum, is clear from the morphological characters which
separate the two species. It is interesting to compare this aber-
ration of puella in the direction oi pulchellum, with the variation
of pulchellum towards puella described by Mr. W. J. Lucas in
1901 (Entom. xxxiv. 215). On July 1st we had an opportunity of
watching at close quarters a pair of A. puella ovipositing; the
female was evidently placing her eggs within the bark of the
floating twig upon which she was resting, while the male.
THE DRAGONFLIES OF EPPING FOREST. 279
which held her per collum, poised himself on his winf^s in an
almost erect position. The species was not met with after
July 22nd.
(4) Ischnura elegans was first taken on June 3rd ; it was
afterwards very abundant, especially at the end of July, and was
collected regularly until September 8th, the latest date which we
have yet recorded for the species. A female with the ground
colour of the thorax purple was obtained on June 10th. On July
15th we took a very curious female in cop. with a normal male.
The proximal two-thirds of segment eight were of a colour ap-
proaching to that seen in the same segment in var. infuscans
(dark orange -brown), but the distal third of the segment was
occupied by a dorsal black spot having a semicircular front
margin. Moreover, there was a thin line of blue at the anterior
margin of the segment, and a strong line of blue at the posterior
margin. The spots behind the eyes were bright blue, the stripes
on the thorax were dull blue, and the sides of the thorax bright
green. The smallest male of which we have any knowledge was
taken on July 22nd ; its measurements were 28 mm. in length,
and 31*5 mm. across the hind wings.
Var. infuscans was procured on July 1st and 15th, one only
on each occasion. In the first specimen, which was taken
in cop. with a typical male, segment eight was of so dark a
hue as to be indistinguishable, so far as colour was concerned,
from the other segments of the abdomen. Such a specimen
might, if seen alone, be easily mistaken for the female of
I. pumilio.
(5) Libellula depressa was, as in former years, found to be
common at the shallower ponds. The earliest specimen was
seen on June 3rd ; it was secured, and proved to be an incom-
pletely coloured male. The latest observation made was on July
22nd. It is a curious fact that, unlike other observers, we have
never seen L. depressa flying except over water.
(6) Cordulia cenea. — Single specimens of this species — then
entirely new to us in the living state — were obtained at ponds near
Loughton, June 5th and 10th. A little later it became quite com-
mon at a locality further to the north, where we took no fewer than
eight examples on June 17th, and four more on July 1st, the last
occasion upon which we saw it. All the specimens taken were
males, and no immature individuals were noticed. Our atten-
tion was drawn by Mr. Lucas to the large size of these insects,
and, upon measuring them, we found the smallest to be 49'5 mm.
in length and 71 mm. across the hind wings, and the largest
to be 535 mm. long and 72 mm. in expanse. Females were
very seldom seen — probably they were actually very scarce — but
on July 1st we had opportunities for watching two of the sex
engaged in the business of oviposition. While so employed they
neither received assistance from the males nor sought support
280 THE KNTOMOLOGIST.
from the water-plants, but they dropped their eggs into the
water, apparently at random, while hovering upon the wing.
G. cenea is a beautiful creature to look at in the hand, but
it is not very attractive when seen hawking for its prey. An
exception must be made, however, in favour of its eyes, the
liquid emerald-green of which immediately arrests attention and
excites admiration. It is not so diflicult to capture as are most
of the other larger dragonflies, for its flight, which is very
characteristic, is not so erratic, and it is not alarmed so
readily. Although it can fly strongly on occasion, it usually
glides over the water at one uniformly low level, and quite
close to the margins of the pond. It seems to avoid alighting
on low herbage, and to prefer resting on bushes surrounding the
pond.
(7) Enallagma cyathigerum was collected pretty frequently
at the particular localities where it occurs from June 10th to
August 26th. On the first-named date a blue female was taken
attached per colliim to a very brilliantly coloured male, and
a female of the tj^pical form was obtained at Walthamstow on
July 8th.
(8) Libellula quadrimacidata is alwa.ys scarce in Epping
Forest, and for the only specimen obtained during 1906 our
thanks are due to a stranger. On June 17th, he, seeing us
engaged with other dragonflies, himself pursued and secured a
male, which he afterwards kindly gave to us.
(9) Anax imperator was much commoner than usual, but a
male taken on July 1st was the only specimen secured. On the
date named we watched two females ovipositing, without any aid
from the males, in a shallow arm of a large pond. It has been
remarked that the sense of hearmg in dragonflies appears to be
in a very rudimentary state, and we have obtained a striking
confirmation of this view. We were watching a male A. imperator
at a pond abutting upon the main road through the forest.
Motor cars and bicycles and other vehicles were passing in an
incessant stream, but, although the pond was a fairly large one
and more retired ponds were near at hand, the insect continued
its flight, without manifesting the slightest alarm or irritation,
parallel with the road, and at a distance of not more than a few
feet from its noise and dust.
(10) JEsclina grandis was first seen and taken on July 22nd,
when it was common ; it afterwards became quite scarce, and
was not observed after the first week in September.
(11) ^. cijanea. — This dragonfly, which is always abundant
with us, was first taken on July 29th. On September 30th we
came across a female so intent on oviposition as to pay little or
no heed to our near approach ; she w^as crawling along a fallen
tree-trunk lying beside a small pond much frequented by the
species, and inserting her ovipositor into the interstices of the
THE DRAGONFLIES OF EPPING FOREST. 281
wood and bark. As late as October 21st a male was captured on
the wing, a date later by a full month than our previous latest
record for the species.
(12) Sympetram striolatum was not taken earlier than July
29th. We did not find it really common until October 14th,
and it was still pretty plentiful a week later (October 21st), when
it was last met with. A female of extraordinary size was
taken on September 9th ; it measured 43 mm. in length, and
65 mm. across the hind wings. On the same date some females
were obtained having a considerable amount of red upon the
abdomen.
(13) Lestes sponsa. — As was the case last year, this pretty
little insect was not found within the limits of Epping Forest, as
strictly defined. On August 8th, however, a visit to Coopersale
Common, one of Doubleday's favourite localities to the north-
east of Epping, revealed an abundance there of both males and
females.
(14) Sympetrum Jiaveolum. — We took this species, which has
not been previously recorded from the British Isles since 1900,
pretty plentifully in Epping Forest from August 8th to Septem-
ber 2nd. On the first -named date a single male was obtained
near Epping. On August 12th, when we revisited the old gravel-
pit which had produced Brachytron p>ratense earlier in the year,
we were fortunate enough to get a female, in addition to four
males. The same pit yielded eight more males a week later.
The last specimen, a solitary male, was taken on September 2nd
at a neighbouring pit, at which not a single example had been
hitherto seen. It seems almost certain that these insects had
not originated at the ponds where they were taken, for they
appeared suddenly, at the principal site at all events, fully
matured ; moreover, several of them presented broken wings or
legs. We found this dragonfly to differ in some of its habits
from the common species of the same genus, for not only did it
seem to be as active on dull days as on bright ones, but it mani-
fested none of the fondness of its congeners for returning again
and again to precisely the same spot. It is worthy of remark
that a search for the species at the larger sheets of water proved
unavailing. Our specimens were got at wet hollows more or
less overgrown with rushes ; and in all cases we found the
insects, when not on the wing, resting about midway down the
stems of the rushes. The general agreement of their coloration
with that of the rush flowers, added to the grasshopper-like
spring with which they commenced their flights, rendered suc-
cessful pursuit a matter of great difficulty. Their flights were
neither very rapid nor very prolonged, but, when an individual
was very closely pressed, it sometimes took refuge in the tops of
tall trees. The large saffron patch at the base of each hind
wing readily distinguished S. jiaveolum from its allies, even on
ENTOM. — DECEMBER, 1906. 2 B
282 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the wing. In the living males the colour of the thorax appeared
to us to be, not deep red, as has been stated, but brownish, in
decided contrast with the red of the abdomen. Females of this
species are seldom met with in Great Britain, and the latest re-
corded capture was that made by Mr. B. Harwood at St. Osj'th,
Essex, on August 21st, 1899. In the wings of our specimen the
small saffron patch at the cubital point is connected by a streak
of the same colour with the large basal patch. The measure-
ments agree with those of the two Continental specimens referred
to in Mr. Lucas's ' British Dragonfiies,' the length being 33 mm.,
and the width across the hind wings 56 mm.
(15) S. vidgatum. — On September 4th we took a Sympetrum
which we at once suspected to be S. vulcfatum, a dragonfly but
thrice recorded, with authority, as a British insect. It was a
male, and appeared to be the sole rej)resentative of its kind then
present, although other Sympetrum dragonfiies, including at least
one S. sanguijieum, were flying in its company. We were led to
distinguish it from S. striolatum, with which the rare species is
frequently confused, by the uniform brownness of the sides of
the thorax, crossed only by black lines, and by the richer colora-
tion and more pronounced posterior expansion of the abdomen.
Closer inspection showed that the vertical black line upon the
frons where it abuts upon the eyes, a character proper to vul-
gatum, was present in our specimen, and that the wings were
more hyaline than the wings of the common species, which are
frequently tinged with brown. The measurements were found
to be: length 40 mm., expanse of hind wings 59 mm. The
specimen was subsequently submitted, for examination, to Mr.
K. J. Morton, of Edinburgh, who determined it to be S. vidga-
tum, "beyond all question," and courteously furnished us with
material for the comparative study of the genitalia, the real test
of distinctness, in the two allied species. The previous British
records for S. vulgatum, for which we are indebted to Mr. Lucas,
relate to single male specimens, all taken south of the Thames,
viz., by Mr. C. A. Briggs, Bookham Common (1891) ; Mr. W. J.
Lucas, Eichmond Park (September 11th, 1898) ; and Mr. A. H.
Hamm, Torquay (August 15th, 1899).
(16) S. sangimieum was met with for the first time since
1903. It occurred very sparingly, only two males being taken,
one on September 4th, and the other on the 8th ; both speci-
mens were flying over ponds some miles to the north of our old
locality for the species.
(17) S. scoticum. — On September 8th we detected at a pond
near Loughton two or three specimens of this species, not
hitherto seen by us in the forest, flying over the horsetails
{Equisetum), which partly filled the pond. After much time
spent in waiting for an opportunit}^ a male was at length
secured, and we were thus enabled to add the species to our
CURRENT NOTES. 283
Epping Forest list. A solitary specimen was seen at another
pond as late as October 14th, but it could not be taken.
Mschna mixta was probably seen on one or two occasions in
October, but a capture was not effected. It is somewhat remark-
able that, notwithstanding the unusual abundance of Isclinura
elegans, not a single female of the orange variety (rufescens) was
met with.
Erratum. — By a misprint in our note on Orthetrum cceru-
lescens in Essex {ante, p. 160), we were made to say that "we
were unable to find any other record of the occurrence of the
species in Essex," instead of "we are unable," &c., which was
what we wrote.
33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow, Essex :
November 13th, 1906.
CURRENT NOTES.
By G. W. Kirkaldy.
(Continued from p. 203.)
33. Reuter, 0. M. : " Hemipterologische Spekulationen. I. Die
Klassification der Capsiden." Festschrift fiir Palmen. No. 1,
pp. 1-58, and a genealogical tree (dated 1905, but probably
published in 1906) [Hemiptera] .
34. Perkins, R. C. L. : "Leaf-hoppers and their Natural Ene-
mies— Introduction." Bull. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Div.
Ent. i. pp. i-xxxii, 8 figs. (May 1st, 1906).
35. Id. : " Ditto, pt. 1, Dryinidse." Op. cit., 1-69 (May 27th,
1905) [Hymenoptera] .
36. Id. : " Ditto, pt. 2, Epipyropidse." Op. cit., 71-85, 3 figs.
(June 3rd, 1905) [Lepidoptera].
37. Id. : "Ditto, pt. 3, StylopidaG." Op. cit., 87-111, plates i.-
iv. (Aug. 8th, 1905) [Coleoptera].
38. Id. : " Ditto, pt. 4, Pipunculidfe." Op. cit., 119-57, plates
v.-vii. (Sept. 9th, 1905) [Diptera].
39. Terry, F. W. : " Ditto, pt. 5, Forficulida?, Syrphidse, and
Hemerobiidse." Op. cit., 159-81, plates viii.-x. (Nov. 13th,
1905) [Orthoptera, Diptera, and Neuroptera].
40. Perkins, R. C. L. : " Ditto, pt. 6, Mymaridse, Platygast-
eridfe." Op. cit., 183-205, plates xi.-xiii. (Nov. 13th, 1905)
[Hymenoptera] .
41. Swezey, 0. H. : " Ditto, pt. 7, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hemi-
ptera" [i. c. HeteropteraJ. Op. cit., 207-38, phxtes xiv.-
xvii. (Dec. 30th, 1905).-
2b2
284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
42. Perkins, R. C. L. : " Ditto, pt. 8, Encyrtidse, Eulophidae,
Trichogrammidae." Op. cit, 239-67, plates xviii.-xx. (Jan.
6th, 1906) [Hymenoptera] .
43. KiRKALDY, G. W. : "Ditto, pt. 9, Leaf-hoppers." Op. cit.,
269-479, plates xxi.-xxxii. (Feb. Brd, 1906) [Hemiptera].
44. Perkins, R. C. L. : " Ditto, pt. 10, Dryinidae, Pipunculidse,
Supplementary." Op. cit., 481-99, plates xxxiii.-xxxviii.
(March 1st, 1906) [Hymenoptera, Diptera].
45. KiRKALDY, G. W. : " Ditto, Index, Errata," &c. Op. cit.,
501-8, and 2 pp. (May 1st, 1906).
46. Friederichs, K. : " Zur Biologie der Embiiden . . ." Mt.
Zool. Mus. Berlin, iii. 213-39, text-figs. 1-19 (April, 1906)
[Neuroptera.]
47. Buttel-Eeepen, H. von: " Apistica. Beitrage zur Syste-
matik, Biologie, sowie zur Geschichtlichen und Geogra-
phischen Verbreitung der Honigbiene {Apis mellifica, L.)
ihrer Varietiiten und der iibrigen Apis-Arten." Op. cit.,
117-201, text-figs. 1-8 (April, 1906) [Hymenoptera].
48. Holmgren, N. : " Studien fiber Siidamerikanische Ter-
miten." Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., xxxiii. 521-676 [Neuro-
ptera] .
49. Perkins, R. C. L. : " Entomological and other Notes on a
Trip to Australia." Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc. i. 8-11 (April
3rd, 1906).
50. Id. : " Notes on a Collection of Butterflies made during a
Recent Trip to Australia." Op. cit., 23-5 [Lepidoptera].
51. Van Dine, D. L. : "Notes on a Comparative Anatomical
Study of the Mouth-Parts of Adult Saw-Flies." Op. cit.,
19-22, plates 1-2 [Hymenoptera].
52. Osburn, R. C. : " Observations and Experiments on Dragon-
flies in Brackish Water." Amer. Nat. xl. 395-9 (June, 1906)
[Neuroptera].
53. Jackson, C. F. : " Key to the Families and Genera of the
Order Thysanura." Ohio Nat. vi. 545-9 (June, 1906).
54. Distant, W. L. : "A Synonymic Catalogue of Homoptera.
Part 1. Cicadidffi." (London, British Museum), 1-207.
55. Pawlowsky, E. : " tJber den Stech- und Saugapparat der
Pediculiden." Zeitschr. Wiss. InsektenbioL, ii. 156-62,
figs. 1-4 (June 18th), and 198-204, figs. 5-13 (July 10th,
1906).
56. DoFLEiN, F. : " Ostasienfahrt. Erlebnisse und Beobach-
tungen eines Naturforschers in China, Japan, und Ceylon."
(Leipzig), i-xiii and 1-512, 18 plates, 5 maps, and numerous
text-figures (1906).
57i GiRAULT, A. A.: " The Present Status of the Bedbug in the
Transmission of Human Diseases," Journ. Amer. Med.
Ass. xlvii. 85-7 (July 14th, 1906) [also sep. 1-8].
CURRENT NOTES. 285
Reuter's memoir (33) on the classification of the Miridge
(Capsidse) is the most important paper on the Heteropterous
Hemiptera issued for some time, and is specially noted here,
since it is practically a separate publication. The learned Fin-
lander resents Distant's allegation (in the ' Fauna of British
India — Rhynchota,' vol. ii.) that the current classification of
Miridge is more for cabinet-arrangement purposes than as ex-
hibiting a philosophical conception, and refutes Distant, showing,
in great detail, that the English author's groups are entirely
artificial, and that his own are based, as far as present knowledge
permits, on philosophical principles.
The first bulletin of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Division
of Entomology (34-45) comprises some 542 pages, with thirty-
eight plates and eleven text-figures, and deals with the Fulgoroid
and Tetigonioid Hemiptera (principally those of Australia), and
their enemies. The main scope of the work is biologic and
classificatory, but there are also described 120 new genera and
subgenera, and 356 new species and varieties, principally in
parasitic Hymenoptera and in Siphonata (Homoptera). The con-
tents of the bulletin may be summarized as follows : —
Parts 1, 6, 8, and 10 deal with the parasitic Hymenoptera.
It is remarkable that the Dryinidae which attack Tetigoniids
(Jassids), while often superficially resembling others parasitic on
Asiracids (Delphacids), " always differ essentially in the struc-
ture of the chelie from the latter. Consequently the same species,
or rather the same genus, does not attack both of these indiscrimi-
nately. The nature of the larval sac is explained, and a similar
sac is shown to exist outside the group in an anomalous insect
(possibly allied to Emholemus) parasitic on Orthoptera. . . This
is also the case with some European Belytidae, which also form
larval sacs on small Jassids. The economic value of Dryinid^e is
discussed, and the effect of hyperparasites on their utility ; some
species reproduce parthenogenetically, though males occur."
Parthenogenesis is shown to be usual in some Mymaridse.
Part 2 deals with the parasitic Lepidoptera of the Epipyropidse.
Their habits are given, and the remarkable form of the young
larva is described. In part 3, some forms of the coleopterous
family " Stylopidae are discussed, their habits, the effect of their
attack on their hosts, the frequent occurrence of a parasitic
fungus in connection with their attack, the structure of larvae
and adults." The habits, .i,nd the form of the larvas and puparia
of the Dipterous family Pipunculidae occupy part 4. The life-
histories of the Forficulid Clielisoches morio, and of the lacewing
Oirysopa microphya, are detailed in part 5. The life-histories of
the Locustid Xiphidion vaiipenne (formerly confused with the
European X.fusca), and of some Coccinellidae and Heteroptera,
are discussed in part 7. Part 9 is devoted to the leaf-hoppers of
the superfamilies Tetigonioidea and Fulgoroidea. A summary
286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of what is known of their life-histories, of their systematic posi-
tion and classification, with criticisms on the latter, is given,
their external structure dealt with at some length, as well as
such topics as polymorphism of the organs of flight. The in-
troduction gives a general account of Koebele and Perkins's
expeditions to Australia, Viti, and the United States ; deals with
the most approved mode of handling beneficial insects, sum-
marizes the previous parts of the bulletin, and lists the parasites
and their hosts.
The biology of certain ** Neuroptera " has been discussed
recently, viz. that of the Embiidae by Friederichs (46), Termites
by Holmgren (48), and Dragonflies by Osburn (52).
Buttel-Keepen (47) deals with the Honey-bee, Apis mellifica
(recte melliferal). First, there is a reprint of Gerstaecker's
scarce work on the geographical distribution and races of the
Honey-bee, published in 1862. The original home of the bee,
its biology, and that of its varieties and allies are then discussed
at considerable length.
Perkins (49) briefly records his impressions of an entomo-
logical trip to Eastern Australia, and subsequently (50) makes
remarks on the typical Rhopalocera of Queensland.
Doflein's (56) work deals with his travels in China, Japan,
and Ceylon, and is fully illustrated. It is of a general character,
treating of anthropology, zoology, botany, pisciculture, and so
forth. But, in the last three chapters especially, there are many
notices on insects — birds hunting butterflies, mimicry, butter-
flies' sense-organs, termites (a whole chapter being devoted to
these', ants, and coccids.
Yan Dine (51) discusses in detail the mouth-parts of the
Tenthredinidoe, illustrating his studies by two excellent plates.
Pawlowsky (55) has published an account of his studies on
the mouth-parts of fleas.
Distant's Catalogue of the Cicadidae of the World (54) sup-
plies a long-felt want, though it is a pity it was not issued as a
part of Lethierry and Severin's well-known series. It would
also have been better to give the geographical distribution in
greater detail. As is often the case with this author, accuracy
of dates seems a minor matter. The work is more than a mere
list, as analytical tables of the genera in each " division " are
provided, and the larger genera are divided into sections of
which the characters are stated ; a synopsis of the divisions
themselves would have been useful, as one has now to refer to
two volumes of a magazine to compare the several divisional
diagnoses. Amyot's mononymics, accepted by Distant, have no
place in binomial nomenclature. They were " species," and
avowedly proposed to replace the Linnean method. Cicadetta,
Kolenati, should then replace Melampsalta, KoL, and the other
" names " of Amyot, attributed to Kolenati.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 287
On p. 146, Cicada angulata, Hagen, is cited as a synonym of
Tihicen annulatus ; on p. 168 it is given by Distant as a synonym
of Cicadetta hageni. On p. 28, Cyclochila australasia var. spreta,
God. & Frogg., 570 has been omitted. The genus Tihicen, Latr.,
has been altogether ignored ! In 1825 (Fam. Nat.) Latreille
mentioned it, giving '' pleheia''' as the type, but not describing
the genus. The same was done in 1827 in the German transla-
tion. I cannot now refer to Cuvier's 'Kegne Animal," vol. v.
p. 215 (1829), but apparently Latreille therein founded Tihicen
with type pleheja {=^h(ematodes, Scop., or perhaps Latreille re-
ferred to the species as hcBinatodes, a matter of no account, how-
ever, in this connection). If not, then Burmeister, in 1835, was
responsible for its erection ; so that in any case it must super-
sede Tihicina, Fieber, used by Distant (who attributes it wrongly
to Amyot).
Girault (57) discusses in an interesting manner the status of
Clinocoris lectularius in the transmission of human diseases.
Nothing has as yet been definitely proved against the bedbug,
but it is now regarded with deep suspicion as being implicated
in the dissemination of syphilis, leprosy, tuberculosis, bubonic
plague, and other diseases.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
PlONEA DECREPITALIS, H.-S., AND HeRMINIA TENTACULARIA, L., VAR.
MODESTALis, Heyo., IN NORTHERN ScANDiNAViA. — Siuce the publicatlou
of my notes on the insects captured and observed by me in Northern
Scandinavia, Mr. L. B. Prout has finally determined the only two un-
identified species as belonging to the above. Neither Henninia var.
modestaUs nor the type occur in Britain, and it is now reported from
the Abisko district of Lapland (? Bossekop also), so far as I know, for
the first time. Pionea decrepitalis is recorded as "very rare" in
Leech's ' British Pyrahdes,' and the British localities given are all in
the highlands of Scotland. From the references in Staudinger's Cata-
logue (ed. 1901) it seems to be generally distributed in the mountains
of Norway and Lapland. These specimens have now been placed in
the British Museum Collection. — H. Rowland-Brown ; Oxhey Grove,
Harrow Weald, Nov. 17th, 1906.
British Setting.— It is to be hoped that no beginner will be misled
by the remarks on this suuject in the November number to imagine
that flat setting-boards are a necessity. In my humble opinion they
are an abomhiatiou, for not only do they give the insect an artificial
appearance, making it look as if cut out of paper, but in a considerable
proportion of insects so set there is an invincible tendency for the
wings to spring up and meet over the thorax. I think the boards now
made with a very slight oval by Watkins and Doncaster (and doubtless
bv others) are just perfect, and, like the tramp with Pears's soap,
288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
since trying them I have used no other. — (Rev.) W. Claxton ; Nave-
stock Vicarage, Eomford.
Early Stages of Limenitis sibylla. — On August 15th last, in the
New Forest, a search was made on the honeysuckle for the eggs of the
" white admiral " butterfly. It was not difficult to find them near the
margin of the leaf, but it was a week or two too late — all found were
empty. A number of little larvse were seen, some of which were pro-
bably a fortnight old, and by their size were nearly ready to go uito
hybernation. They feed from the tip of the leaf downwards, leaving
the midrib, on which some were resting. Usually a bit of the leaf left
uneaten had curled up and turned brown, reminding one of the appear-
ance of the hybernaculum. It almost looked as if this had been
brought about by the foresight of the little brown larvse as a means of
protection ! — W. J. Lucas.
Gnophos obscuraria at rest. — On July 30th last a visit was made to
a locality of this insect near Brockenhurst, in order to obtain photo-
graphs of it in its resting position. Several were found, but only by
disturbing them — not one was discovered in situ. They were resting
on. the grey or brown soil above the sand on the sides of a small pit.
When after being disturbed they were watched down again, they
usually almost defied detection. Often they hid away in a small
chink, but their colouring is so protective that this hiding away
seemed scarcely necessary. — W. J. Lucas.
Potamanthus luteus. — One female specimen of this mayfly, little
known as British, was taken at the River Itchin, near Eastleigh, on
August 14th, 1906. Records for it are chiefly from Weybridge. A
characteristic feature is the process or lobe on each side of the ninth
abdominal segment. I have to thank Mr. C. A. Briggs for identifying
the specimen. — W. J. Lucas.
Resting Habit of Satyrus semele. — Early in the morning of July
30th last I noticed one of these butterflies settle two or three times m
the bright sunshine on a sandy track in the New Forest. It adjusted
itself somewhat after settling, but not so that the shadow thrown was
a line. In fact, it seemed purposely to arrange itself so that a broad
shadow was produced. This, however, did not seem to make it more
conspicuous, for other objects threw shadows. The last time it lay
with its wings nearly fiat on the sand, when of course there was
practically no shadow. — W. J. Lucas.
Cleaning, Relaxing, and Resetting Lepidoptera. — First remove
the data-labels. Should an insect be dull or dusty, brush the wings
lightly with a piece of cotton-wool ; I prefer cotton-wool to a camel-
hair brush. Brush from the base of the wings outwards ; then brush
the body from the thorax downwards. Not a scale will be disturbed,
and the appearance of the insect will be much improved. If the insect
be a clearwing, immerse it wholly in benzine, chloroform, or benzoline
for a week or a fortnight after brushing. Greasy bodies of other species
should be broken off close to the thorax, and steeped in benzine, &c.,
as above. Kefix the bodies with shellac dissolved in spirits of wine ;
add a little Stephens's liquid gum, and stir it up well. Pointed forceps,
CAPTURKS AND FIELD REPORTS. 289
as sold by chemists, will be fouud useful. Take care, iu refixing the
abdomen, to get the natural pose as nearly as possible. Apply the
shellac, &c., with a blunted setting-needle in preference to a brush.
For relaxing purposes get a good-sized shallow meat-dish with cover ;
cheap tin ones can be bought in any market for a few pence. Pill the
dish nearly full with clean sand, add a little water, but only sufficient
to make the sand damp — never ivet. Mix fifteen drops of carbolic
acid with the sand to prevent the formation of mould. Cover the
sand with a piece of clean blotting-paper, and lay the insects on
the blotting-paper ; place a piece of blotting-paper over the insects
to check possible condensation ; lastly, put on the dish-cover. A
couple of days, as a rule, will be sufficient to relax any moth or
butterfly. The wings should not be allowed to get wet, or they
will be spoilt, especially in the case of whites, blues, &c. Before re-
setting it is often desirable to re-pin. The old pin is to be got rid of
without damage to the specimen. Press the nails of the thumb and
forefinger of the left hand close together so as to form a sensitive vice ;
grasp the pin with this vice — underneath the insect, and closely touch-
ing the thorax. Press the pin downwards, using the first finger of the
right hand. Having loosened the pin, press it up again through the
thorax, and see that it is clean. Stick the pin, with the insect, into a
piece of cork ; then, with two setting-needles pressed on the thorax
close to the pin, free the insect entirely. When inserting a fresh pin
use the hole through the thorax made by the old pin. A slight depar-
ture from the angle made by the old pin will render firm the new one.
Resetting now follows, and the wing-surfaces should by this time be
free from damp. In resetting, the front legs should be stretched out
obliquely so as to be well shown. Loose antennte, as well as wings,
are best replaced while the insect is resting in the groove of the setting-
board. The edges of the groove act as supports. Care should be
taken that such antennte or wings are relaxed, or they will easily break,
especially the antennae. As a rule, the insects will be dry in a week.
As a further safeguard against mould, place them a yard in front of a
moderate fire for a quarter of an hour ; then take them off the setting-
boards, refix the data-labels, and they are ready for the cabinet. —
J. Arkle ; Chester.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Manduga (Acherontia) atropos at Chichester. — Several larvae of
Manduca atropos were fouud here in potato-fields during the month of
September, and pupae dug up. — Joseph Anderson ; Chichester.
Notes from Chichester. — Macroglossa stellatanwi, in company with
Pyrameis atalanta, was a frequent visitor this year to the garden, and
one I noticed on the evenmg of October 2nd was hovering over
geranium flowers in the border (with much enjoyment apparently) in
the midst of torrents of rain and high wind. The last date this
season that I saw any of the " whites " was on October 25th — one of
the many beautiful sunny days of that month — when a Fieris rapw was
settled on the blossom of a white cactus dahlia, in which position it
290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SO closely resembled the petals of the flower as almost to escape
detection. — Joseph Anderson ; Chichester.
Late Occurrence of Spilosoma mendica. — Last night Mr. H. J.
Baker, a brother entomologist and colleague of mine, captured a
specimen of this moth, in beautiful condition, on the window of liis
room, which had evidently been attracted by the light. I think this
is rather an exceptional occurrence, is it not ? It must, of course, be
due to the very warm autumn we have had. — W. A. Bogue ; Wood-
spring, Loudon Road, Salisbury, November 4th, 1906.
LiTHosiA caniola AT BOURNEMOUTH. — On August 22nd I took at
light a freshly-emerged specimen of L. caniola of yellowish colour.
The local collectors do not seem familiar with it so far east. — (Rev.)
Archibald Day ; Malvern Link.
Laphygma exigua in Surrey. — I have been fortunate in rearing
two examples of this rare British Nocture from ova obtained from a
female captured on August 27th last {ante, p. 212). The larvae fed up
very rapidly on dock and plantain, and pupated on September 24th
and 27th, forming a slight earthen cocoon, attached to the side of the
breeding-cage, about half an inch below the surface of the soil. The
pupae were kept in a warm room, and the imagines emerged on
October 26th and 27th. — Ernest Warne ; " Mount," Liverpool Road,
Kingston Hill, November 3rd, 1906.
Laphygbia exigua in Wiltshire. — I was fortunate enough to
capture a very good specimen of Laphygma exigua on the inside of
a street gas-lamp on the night of October 21st last. — W. A. Bogue ;
Salisbury.
Heliothis peltigera in South Devon. — Whilst at Sidmouth, South
Devon, in August last, I took about thirty larvae of H. jjeltu/era feeding
on Ononis. From these I obtained eighteen pupEe, four of which dried
up at once. I placed the remaining fourteen pupae in a flower-pot on
the kitchen mantel- shelf. Imagines emerged at dates varying from
September 18th to October 10th, a dozen fine specimens and two
cripples. — B. H. Crabtree ; Cringle Lodge, Levenshulme, Manchester,
October 25th, 1906.
Heliothis peltigera in Dorsetshire. — On August 10th last I took
a fresh example of this species, on heather bloom, near Wimborne. —
Gervase F. Mathew; Dovercourt, November 7th, 1906.
Leucania vitellina in West Cornwall. — When forwarding my
list of captures, dated 23rd inst., I had a moth which I could not
identify. It has since been authenticated as L. vitellina, and is a
grand specimen in perfect condition, undoubtedly freshly emerged from
the pupa. I took it last month on the coast at sugar about 8.30 p.m.
Is not this a record for the county ? — W. A. Rollason ; Lamorna,
Truro, Cornwall, October 27th, 1906.
PiERis DAPLiDicE IN Devon AND CORNWALL. — This year, on August
10th, in Newton Abbott, South Devon, I captured Ficris daplidicr, and
also a very battered specimen at the Lizard on September 13th. —
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 291
M. Lyon; 86, Kensington Park Road, London, W., November 8tb,
1906.
CoLiAs EDUSA IN Hants. — The records of the occurrence of this
species during the past season have been very few, so it may be
interesting to note that on August 13tli, when I was riding between
Wimborne and Eingwood, a fine fresh-looking male crossed the road
in front of me just before I entered the latter town. This is the only
one I have seen. — Gervase F. Mathew ; Dovercourt, November 7th,
1906.
Plusia moneta in Cheshiee. — My friend Mr. H. S. Slade recently
showed me a somewhat worn specimen of P. moneta, which his father
had captured in his house early in September, the moth having been
attracted to the room by light. Another friend also records the finding
of two pupae of this species on monkshood at Bramhall, in the same
county. The imagines appeared early in September. — B. H. Crab-
tree ; Cringle Lodge, Levenshulme, Manchester, October 25th, 1906.
Interesting Planipennia (Neuroptera). — On October 17th last,
Mr. G. C. Champion gave me two specimens each of Micromus varie-
ijatus and Sisi/m fuscata, taken recently at Woking, in Surrey. —
W. J. Lucas.
Dipterygia scABRiusctiLA IN SEPTEMBER. — This species seems to be
rather erratic in its time of appearance. I generally expect to see it
at sugar about the end of the first week in July, but in 1905 I took
rather a worn specimen as early as May 29th, and this year a fine
fresh example as late as September 6th ; the latter no doubt from
June or July parents. I have on several occasions bred large numbers
from the egg. It is an easy species to rear, the larvte feeding up
rapidly on knot-grass; but each time I have bred them, more than
half the moths have emerged the second year.— Gervase F. Mathew ;
Dovercourt, November 7th, 1906.
Deilephila livornica, Sphinx convolvuli, and Laphygma exigua
AT Lewes, Sussex. — A specimen of D. livornica was brought to me
about June 26th, and I took one example of L. exigua at light. Three
records of *S'. convolvuli have come under my notice ; one, which I
possess, being a very large and fine specimen. L. exigua is, I believe,
a new record for Lewes, but a single specimen was taken at Brighton,
by Mr. Vine, in 1884. D. livornica has been captured at Lewes on
several previous occasions, but not recently. Mr. Touge, however,
exhibited a living larva of this species at the meeting of the South
London Entomological and Natural History Society held on August
9th last. — W. Jarvis ; 22, Leicester Road, Lewes, October 29th, 1906.
Deiopeia pulchella in Sussex. — Some time towards the end of
September I noticed a moth in a spider's web, but although passing
the spot almost every day, I did not consider it worth while to climb
up and inspect it. After passing and repassing the insect some forty
times or so, my curiosity was aroused, and climbing up, I secured the
enveloped moth. You may imagine my surprise when I found that
the insect was a specimen of D. pulchella. Luckily I managed to relax
and extricate it from the web, and it now graces my collection. Id is
292 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
in very fair condition, only a portion of one of the antennae and just
a morceau of one of the fore wings spoiling an otherwise perfect speci-
men.—W. Jaevis; 22, Leicester Eoad, Lewes, October 29th, 1906.
Deiopeia pulchella, Deilephila livoknica, Laphygma exigua, &c.,
IN West Coknwall.— I took a beautiful specimen of D. pnlchdla in
my garden on October 3rd last, about 1.45 p.m. My little daughter
first noticed it at rest on a strawberry plant ; it was easily disturbed,
and attempted to fly away, but the costal nervure of the left upper
wing was broken, so that its flight was short, and it was easily boxed.
The day was close and warm, with occasional sunshine — direction of
wind N.W. by W.. but scarcely perceptible; there was a westerly gale
of wind and rain the day before, and two days previously a southerly
gale of wind and rain. Of Polia xanthomista I took twenty-eight
specimens this year (and twenty-seven specimens last year), and have
this year succeeded in obtaining a considerable number of ova. D.
livondca was taken on June 8th inside a kitchen window, and is a
fairly good specimen. Of Eupithecia constrictata 1 bred three imagines,
June 11th to 19th, from larvae obtained last year in August by search-
ing wild thyme at night by the aid of a lantern. Of L. exigua I took
a single specimen at sugar last month. Epunda lichenea, a single
specimen on a gas-lamp on September 26th ; and Xola con/usalis, on
June 8th, at rest on palings. — W. A. Eollason ; Lamorna, Truro,
Cornwall, October 23rd, 1906.
Melanthia albicillata : a Correction. — I very much regret that
through a clerical error Melanthia albiciliata {ante, p. 258) was given as
double-brooded; this should have been Larentia tiridaria. — E.. D.
Kenyon ; Lamorna Villas, Mount Charles, St. Austell, Nov. 13th.
SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, October 17th,
1906. —Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in the chair. — Mr. H. St. J.
Donisthorpe showed living examples of the beetle Mononychus pseud-
acori, and seed-capsules of Iris fcetidissiwa, which contained more
specimens, found at Niton, Isle of Wight, where the species occurred
commonly. — Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited specimens of Pieris napi var.
hryonia, Argynnis thore, Erebia glacialis ab. pluto, a small form of
LyccEua arion from Arosa, Switzerland, at 0000 ft. ; a variety of
Melanargia yalatea, in which the dark patch on the under side of the
hmd wings was much enlarged ; and two varieties of Araymiis niobe
(female), one very pale, the other of a bluish copper colour, taken on
the Splugen Pass in July last ; also specimens from other localities for
comparison.— Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a fine example of the remark-
able moth, Dracenta rusina, Druce, from Trinidad. The species bears
a wonderful resemblance to a decayed dead leaf, the patches on the
wings suggesting the work of some leaf-mining insect.— Mr. E. M.
Dadd showed a number of Noctuids common to the British Isles and
Germany, and, remarking on the insular racial characters of some
British Lepidoptera as compared with the predominant form occurring
SOCIETIES. 293
on the continent of Europe, said that while England was the home of
many dark races, e. g. Polia cJd var. olioacea, Amphidasi/a betularia var.
douhledayaria, the dark forms of H. abraptaria, &c., it was all the more
curious that in the twenty-two species of Noctuae enumerated the ten-
dency was always for the British form to be lighter and the continental
darker. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited specimens of Ixiasbaliensis, Friihst,
and Hxiphina nerissa, Fabr., from the island of Bali, Malay Archipelago.
He said that in this instance the Hupliina had, on the whole, acted as
the model, under whose influence the Ixias had drifted some distance
away from the usual aspect of its genus ; but in the particular case of
the hind wing the process was reversed, the Ixias having been the
model, and in its turn mimicked by the Huphina. If his conclusions
generally were well founded, the associations between the two must
necessarily be Miillerian and not Batesian. — Mr. S. A. Neave exhibited
a number of Lepidoptera selected from the collection made by him in
North-east Rhodesia in 1904 and 1905, comprising the following rare
species : — Melanitis libya, Distant ; Leptena homeyeri, Dewitz ; Pentila
peucetia, Hew. ; Catochrysops cjigantea, Trim. ; Crenis pechueli, Dewitz,
and C. rosa, Hew., which are evidently two distinct species ; and
Crenidomimas concordia, Hopff., the mimic of the last two species.
Also two notable species of the genus Aphnmis — including the female,
so rarely taken in this genus — Acrmi natalica, Boisd., and A. ane-
mosa, Hew., with two remarkable moths showing a close mimetic
resemblance to them. The exhibitor further stated that his collection
should prove interesting as regards seasonal forms, especially in the
Acraein® and Pierinte, of which he showed additional examples. He
suggested that the brilliant dry season phases of A. induna, Trim., had
been evolved, by stress of circumstance at that time of year, from a
duller coloured phase, such as, in this region, we still find in the wet
season, when the struggle is not so keen. — A discussion of seasonal
forms in these species followed, in which the President, Prof. E. B.
Poulton, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, and other Fellows
joined. — H. Eowland-Brown, M.A., Hun. Secretanj.
The South London ENTOMOLoaiCAL and Natural History Society.
—October Uth, 1906. — Mr. Eobert Adkin, F.E.S., President, in the
chair. — Mr. Kaye exhibited a specimen of the extremely rare Thyrid,
Draconia rusina, from Trinidad, resembling an irregularly injured leaf,
the surface of which had been eaten by larvffi. — Mr. Sich, the pupre of
Pieris dapUdice, and a photograph of the larva by Mr. To^ge ; they
were from Geneva ova. — Mr. Step, a larva, probably of Prodenia
littoralis, found feeding inside the skin of a banana. — Mr. Jiiger (1)
fine series of dark green and light yellow forms of Brijophila muralis,
from Starcross ; (2) Heliothis 2)elti(iera, bred from South Devon larvae ;
(3) Aijrutis vestiffialis, witii unusually clear white markings, taken at
sugar at Starcross ; with (4) specimens of Laphi/fpna exigua. — Mr. E.
Adkin, a series of Peronea permutana, reared from larvae feeding in
Piosa spinosissima, from Wallasey. — Mr. South (1) nearly full-grown
larvae of L. exigua, feeding on plantain, dandelion, and groundsel;
they were from ova deposited by a female taken at Kingston by Mr.
Eichards ; (2) Enchlo'e cardamines, from larvfe fed on wallflower ; for
Mr. Hayward (3) a Cabera pusaria, leaden grey in colour, and the
294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
transverse lines obsolete ; (4) a dark form and a red form of Xylofhasia
monoglypha ; (5) an almost black Taniocampa incerta ; (6) a smoky
grey Cymatophora diipJaris ; (7) a grey-brown Grammesia trigramtnic<i,
with only very faint transverse lines; (8) a unicolorous fuscous-brown
Ematurya atomaria ; and (9) several dark powdered and sprinkled
forms of Tephrosia crepuscularia, from near Burton-on-Trent. — Mr.
West (Greenwich), the extremely local hemipteron, Libumia lepida,
from Esher. — Mr. Barnett, varied forms, including v&r. flavescens, of
Xanthia fulvayo, from Wimbledon. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, two extremely
large Aryynnis aylaia females, from Gavarnie, Pyrenees, with two
males from the Alps, extremely small ; also var. eris, with typical
forms of A. niobe. — Messrs. Main, Dennis, and Lucas, a large number
of photographic slides of ova, larvae, and imagines at rest.
October 26^/i. — The President in the chair. — Messrs. Harrison
and Main exhibited bred series of large light forms and small dark
forms of Boarmia cinctaria, from the New Forest ; and of Spilosoma
fiUiyinosa, from Cornwall. — Mr. Newman (1) a Drepana falcula, bred
on Oct. 25th, with others ; (2) long series of Ayrotis obelisca, Aporophila
australis, and Anchocelis liinosa, from the Isle of Wight ; (3) very dark
to very light forms of L. exigua ; (4) very dark A. seyetum and A. saucia ;
(5) B. muralis and Polyomniatus corydun, taken on Sept. 16th in the
Isle of Wight ; (6) full-grown larvae of L. exiyua ; (7) long series of
var. artaxerxes of P. astrarche, from Aberdeen ; (8) fine series of Lobo-
phoni hexapterata, from Bexley ova; and (9) short series of Eupithecia
toyata and E. venosata, from North Wales. — Mr. Touge, a photograph
of a pear-stem, with a ring of ova of Malacosoma neustria. — Mr. South,
for Kev. W. Claxton, an Aylais urtica, with nearly the whole fore wings
whitish in ground colour; and for Mr. Hayward, a Cerasth liynla
(spadicea), with the left antenna duplicated, but both shorter than
that on the right. — Mr. Brown, a living Mantis reliyiosa, from South-
east France. — Mr. McArthur, a Myyale avicidaris, from South America,
and an unusually large Sirex yigas, from Mus Tor, Dartmoor. — Mr.
Barnett, short series of E. rectmigidata, from Welling (all dark forms),
and of Hyria muricata, from Wanborough. — Mr, West (Greenwich),
short series of the until recently very rare Apions, A. astragalis and A.
mnguinea, from Oxford. — Mr. Edwards, pupa of Manduca atropos, from
Shooter's Hill. — Dr. Chapman, specimens of L. argus ((sgon), from
North-west Spain, very large, pale beneath, with fine red borders above.
— Mr. Adkin, a series of somewhat suffused specimens of Acronycta
leporina, bred from Abbot's Wood larva?. — Mr. Kaye, several broods of
Hemerophila abruptaria from dark parents, and gave results of the
breeding. — Mr. Turner read a paper, " Further Notes on the genus
ColeopJiora," and showed life-histories of C. hadiipennella, C. gryphi-
pennella, C. arteviisiella, C aryentxda, and C. yenista. — Hy. J. Turner,
Hon. Rep. Sec.
City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
October 2nd, 1906. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited a series of Leuomia
/rti;ico^or, including a canary- coloured specimen. — Mr. T. H.L. Grosvenor,
Lyccena icarus, from Witherslack, having black dots on fringes, as in
L. adonis. — Mr. E. Harris, a scorpion from the Gold Coast, measuring
about 10^ inches in length. — Mr. A. Harrison, Hadena contiyua,
Diphthera orion and Scotosia undidata bred from New Forest parents ;
RECENT LITERATURE. 295
also Geometra smaragdaria, lacking usual white hair on fore wings, —
Mr. G. H. Heath, ova of Lnphynma exigua. — Mr. A. W. Mera, Cucullia
asteris, bred from larvas found on sea-aster on Essex marshes. — Mr.
L. W. Newman, Papilio machaon, from Wicken, with red coloration in
all the lunules on hind wings, Acronycta rnmicis var. salicis, from
Barnsley, and Macaria liturata var. nigrofulvata, from Delamere. — Mr.
L. B. Prout, on behalf of Mr. Gr. B. Oliver, melanic specimens of
AcidaUa suhsericmta and A. marginepunctnta , from North Cornwall. —
Mr. V. E. Shaw, a series of Scoria dealhata, Wye Downs, June, 1906,
Deilephila Uvornica, Torquay, June 2nd, 1906, and Tapinostola bondii,
Folkestone, July 10th, 1906.— S. J. Bell, Hon. Sec.
Birmingham Entomological Society. — June 25th, 1906. — Mr. G. H.
Kenrick in the chair. — Mr. J. Simkins showed a boxful of forced
SphiugidiB, including Acherontia atropos, L., CJuerocanipa elpenor,'h.,
and C. porcellus, L., from Kent, and various other species of con-
tinental origin. — Mr. A. H. Martineau, a small collection of Hymeno-
ptera formed at Warwick by Mr. E. L. Thompson when a boy at
school there. It included Sapgga clavicornis, L., Agenia hircana, P.,
Odgnerus sinuatus, F., Nomada borealis, Zett,, and other interesting
species. — Mr. Gilbert Smith, a number of specimens of Tetropium,
part of a large number he had reared from one batch in a tree-trunk.
They proved to be 17 per cent. gabrieU. and the rest crawshayi, and as,
moreover, they paired inter se, it would appear that there is but one
species, and not two, as supposed. The species would be called
gabrieU, and craivshayi would be merely a form with darker femora.
His opinion was that the darker femora appeared when the species had
fed in fairly new moist wood, and the lighter femora when it had lived
on older dry wood. — Colbran J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Insect Pests of the Farm and Garden. By F. Martin-Duncan. Pp. 143,
with 44 illustrations. 2s. 6d. net. London : Swan Sonneu-
schein & Co., Ltd. 1906.
After discussing, in Part i., insects and insecticides, the author,
in Part ii., treats seriatim of a considerable number of small crea-
tures injurious to plants of farm and garden. Notwithstanding the
title of the book, mites of various kinds (Arachnida) are included in
both parts. The species selected are mainly those treated in the
pamphlets of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, which, we must
confess to thinking, will better serve the purpose of the farmer or
gardener. No doubt they will find the present book of much use also,
but the author scarcely seems to speak, to our thinking, with sufficient
directness and authority. Of the illustrations, the microscopical ones
and some of those made from drawings are good ; those of the
Lepidoptera are, generally, poor. In the language are a number of
solecisms — for instance, ocelli and tracheae used as singular nouns,
and ovfe for ova more than once. ^^ y y
296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
12^
5-i
'^i>6
Entomology with Special Reference to its Biolor/ical and Economic
Aspects. By Justus Watson FoLSOM, Sc.D. (Harvard). Pp. i-xvi,
1-485. With five plates (one coloured) and 300 figures in the
text. London: Rebman, Limited. 1906.
Classification having been so thoroughly dealt with by Comstock,
Sharp, and others, the author of the present volume on Entomology
has treated his subject chiefly from the biological and economic sides.
The thirteen chapters into which the contents of the book are divided
are arranged as follows: — i. Classification (pp. 1-26); ii. Anatomy
and Physiology (pp. 27-145) ; iii. Development (pp. 146-183) ; iv.
Adaptations of Aquatic Insects (pp. 184-192); v. Colour and Colora-
tion (pp. 193-215); vi. Adaptive Coloration (pp. 216-236); vii.
Origin of Adaptations and of Species (pp. 237-251) ; viii. Insects in
Relation to Plants (pp. 252-275) ; ix. Insects in Relation to Other
Animals (pp. 276-306) ; x. Interrelations of Insects (pp. 307-344) ;
xi. Insect Behavior (pp. 345-365) ; xii. Distribution (pp. 366-392) ;
xiii. Insects in Relation to Man (pp. 393-408). There is also an
important list of entomological literature (pp. 409-466), grouped
under subject headings and chronologically arranged. The author
estimates that there now exist something like 100,000 titles, and he
has selected those that appeared to him to be most generally useful
and accessible.
The book is abundantly illustrated, the figures in the text being
exceedingly good. One of the five plates is coloured, and represents
cases of protective mimicry among butterflies.
The author claims to have incorporated a good many facts that
have not hitherto appeared in text-books, and we think that in this he
is justified. Among other observations that attract our attention are
the following: — " Pictet, by feeding larvfe of Vanessa urtica. on the
lowers instead of the leaves of the nettle, obtained the variety known
as urticuides" (p. 196); and again, on p. 200: "Pictet has recently
found, however, that humidity, acting on the caterpillars of Vanessa
urticcR and V. poliichloros, has a conspicuous effect on the coloration of
the butterflies. Thus, when the caterpillars were fed for ten days with
moist leaves, the resulting butterflies had abnormal black markings on
the wings, and the same results followed when the larvjB were kept in
an atmosphere saturated with moisture."
Unsuitable food certainly causes stunted growth. Where larvae
can manage, under such conditions, to struggle through and finally
attain the imago state, the imagines are usually dwarf and the markings
on the wings are sometimes more or less abnormal. In the case of
V. urticcB, larvae fed on hop produce very small butterflies, often
veritable pigmies.
With regard to classification, we ought, perhaps, to note that the
system adopted is practically that of Brauer. Thysauura and
Collembola, however, rank as separate Orders. The earwigs (Derma-
ptera) are treated as a family of Orthoptera. Platyptera, of Packard
and Carpenter, less the stoneflies (Plecoptera), takes the place of
Corrodentia, Brauer. The Embiidas are here included in Platyptera,
and Packard's Mecaptera is retained for the scorpion flies, but the form
Mecoptera is used. Rhynchota gives place to Hemiptera.
PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, E.C.
BINDING SECT. n^Y 4 1366
P The Entomologist
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