Full text of "The Entomologist"

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

^n llluatratfb lournal

GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

2Jl

^^7 3

EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.

WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF

KOBERT ADKIN, F.E.S.
H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S.
W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c.
F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U.

C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S.
W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S.
Dr. D. sharp, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c.

' By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.'

VOLUME THE FORTY-SEVENTH.

LONDON:

WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN,
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited.

1914.

..A''

'^IST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Anderson, J., 31)1

Arkle, J., 206, 22G

Austen, E. E., 70

Baker, H. W., 324

Barrett, C. G., 277

Barrett, J. Platt, 132, 152, 226

Bethune-Baker, G., 39

BoLAM, George, 71, 251

Boyd, A. W., M.A., 112, 135

Bracken, C. W., B.A., F.E.S., 96, 131

Brindley, H. H., 65

Brock, S. E., 105

Brown, F., 277

BucKHURST, A. S., 225

BuRRAS, A. L., 277

Buss, A., 40

Buxton, P. A., 206

Campion, F. W., 63

Campion, H., 63

Carr, J. W., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. 66, 95

Carr, L. a., 205

Chadwick, L., 152

Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 218

Charles, S. A., 106

Clutterbuck, C. Granville, F.E.S., 40,
106

COCKERELL, Pi'of. T. D, A., 32, 114, 131,
142, 191, 197, 213, 242, 305

Coney, B. A., 105

Corbet, A. S., 151

David, E. U., 39

Daws, W., 224

Distant, W. L., 87

Dolton, H. L., 40, 204

Edelsten, H. M., 71

Exeter, A. J., 41

Felt, E. P., 86

Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., 179,
212, 301

Fryer, J. C. F., M.A., F.E.S., 300

Gahan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S. , 160, 188

GiBBS, A. E., F.L.S., F.E.S., 54

Gieault, a. a., 53, 68, 197

Good, R. D., 300

GuRNEY, Gerard H., F.E.S., 147, 173,
278, 301

Haines, F. H., D.P.H., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P., 129, 146, 224

Hamer, S. H., 151

Harding, M. J., 277
^ Harrison, J. W. H., B.Sc, 92
_::i.HiCKs, John B., 39, 72, 207
7i Hodge, Harold, 39, 252, 279, 325
>,HuGHEs, A. W., 325

Hunt, H. E., 104

Hunter, R. L., 204

Jackson, F. W. J., 300

Jeddere-Fisher, H. C, 277

Kelsali., The Rev. J. E., 40

Kershaw, G. Bertram, 38

Lees, A. H., 225

Lowe, Rev. F. E., M.A., F.E.S., 14, 60

Lucas, \V. J., B.A., F.E.S., 77, 97, 112,

143, 180, 190, 203, 230, 252, 256
LuvoNi, A. B., 99
Lyle, G. T., F.E.S., 73, 105, 119, 257,

287
Macmillan, W. W., 131
Mansbridge, W., 48, 72, 109, 136, 183,

208, 328
Mathew, G. F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 42, 113,

132
Meldola, Prof. R., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S.,

&c., 225
Mellows, C, 131, 180
Metcalfe, Rev. John W., F.E.S.,

244
Morgan, D., 206, 301
MoRLEY, Claude, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 23, 37,

137, 170, 184, 215, 225
Morton, Kenneth J., F.E.S., 1, 19, 209
Neave, B. W., 181
Nevinson, E. B., 299
Oldaker, Rev. F. A., M.A., F.E.S.,

276
Oliver, G. B., 325
Pickakd-Cambridge, a. W., 206
Plum, H. V., 152

Prideaux, R. M., F.E.S., 228, 253, 303
Ramsey, L. N. G., M.A., B.Sc, 20
Reid, p. C, 39, 274, 277
Renshaw, G. B., F.E.S., 299
Richards, Percy, 205
Riley, Norman D., F.E.S., 48
RippoN, C, F.E.S., 251
Robertson, Major R. B., 106
Robinson, A., 253
Rothschild, The Hon. N. C, M.A.,

F.L.S., F.E.S., &c., 7
Routledge, George B., F.E.S., 225
Rowland-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 8,

34, 41, 55, 87, 126, 177, 180, 185, 207,

281, 301, 304, 308
St. John, W. S. A., 324, 326
Sale, G. H., 71, 107
Sharp, E. P., 106
Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., 82, 141, 152,

224, 233, 269, 293, 315
Smith, R. S., 324
South, Richard, F.E.S., 106, 136, 180,

183, 205, 208, 224, 225, 230, 231, 232,

255, 280, 324

INDEX.

Spiller, a. J., 251

Stiff, Rev. T. A., 323, 324

Stowell, E. N. C, 38, 39

Stddd, E.F.. 181

Taylor, W. R., 180

Theobald, F. V., M.A., F.E.S., &c.,

28, 36, 100
Thornall, a., 313
Tdrner, H. J., 47, 109, 135, 159, 182,

208, 229, 280, 303, 327
Tyekman, W. a., 40
Ward, J. D., 40
Whall, C.W., 106

Wheeler, Rev. G.,M.A.. 45, 108, 158, 182

Whicher, S., 251

Whittingham, Rev. W. G., F.E.S.,

297 325
Wileman, a. E., F.E.S., 161, 201, 219,

266, 290, 318
William, B. S., 181
Williams, C. B., B.A., F.E.S., 51, 247,

249, 262
Williams, H. B., 328
Williams, J. W., 252
Winston, St. A. St. J., M.R.C.S.,

M.R.C.P., 326

II.-
III.-

IV.

v.—

VI. f

VII.—

PLATES.

Meteortis albiditarsis, M. nigcr, BI. frai)ilis and cocoons of ) . ,-

six species of Meteonts ) " .'^"^

-Sympetrum striolatum .......

■Erebia ligea, var. adijte, Hb., transition to typical /(V/^a, L.

Wicken Fen as it is. i

1. Reed bed near Wicken Village showing "Jungle "growth

2. A " Load " in the Fen j

■Hemerobiid Wings

Macrocentrus marcjinator, Zele infumator, Z. discolor,

Z. testaceator, and cocoons of four species
At Le Lauteret. A Haunt of P. thersites .

'■:1

PAGE

77
113

185

209
257
305

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

Sympetrum striolatum (lateral thoracic markings) 4

Three figures illustrating oviposition of Rhyssa 21

Rectinasus huxtoni, sp. nov. .......... 29

Forda rotunda, sp. nov. ........... 31

Tyrbula scudderi . . ......... 38

Metancta chapmani I J' ^P^'' "^ abdomen from above )

M- .. 5) ,, side [

Chirothrips frontalis, sp. nov. Head and prothorax 52

Forjicula auricula via 65

Ascalaphus coccajus. Pupa-skin 97

Argynnis selene, aberration 113

Arctia villica, aberration ........... 113

Diestrammena marmorata, female ......... 145

Psephenoides immsi sp. nov 188

Kakothrips robust7is . 247

Podagrion pachymerum 264, 265

INDEX.

GENERAL.

Aberrations of Argynnis selene and
Arctia villica, 113

Acronycta menyanthidis emerging in
November, 40

Acronycta strigosa, &c., in Cambridge-
shire, 313

Aphididffi, Additions to the list of Kent,
100

Araschnia levana in Herefordshire, 325

Arctiadffi, New species of, from Formosa,
161

Atlantic forms of Sympetrum striola-
tum. Some remarks on, 61

Bee resembling a Wasp, A, 142

Bees, Australian Halictme, 242

Bees, Australian, of the Genus Eury-
glossa, 213

Bees, New Australian, 197

Bees, New and little known, 114

Bees, Some Tasmanian, 305

Braconidffi, British, Contribution to our
knowledge of, 73, 119, 257, 287

Butterfly collecting in Sicily and Cala-
bria in 1912 and 1913, 132, 152

Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Un-
explored France, A, 8, 55, 87, 126

Butterflies of Derbyshire, 324

Butterflies of Venice and Neighbour-
hood, 206

Butterflies, Eussian, An Expedition in
search of, 233, 269, 293, 315

Cerura bifida in August, 277

Chalcid Parasite of Mantis eggs, Poda-

grion pachymerum. Notes on, 262
Cicada, Description of a new, from W.

Africa, 87
Coleoptera, Eggs of Prionus coriarius,

252 ; of Norfolk, 180 ; of the Family

Psephenida), a new Genus of, 188
Cordulegaster annulatus in the Nymph

Stage, 325
Courtship of Gomphocerus maculatus at

Craigton (Linlithgowshire), Notes on,

104
Crambi, A successful hunt for some of

our local, 244
Cyaniris argiolus in S. E. Sussex,

Abundance of. 276

Dauphiny, Three weeks in, 281, 308
Delamere Forest, A day in, 226
Dermatobia in Guatemala, 131
"Do houseflies hybernate ? " 69
Dragonflies bred in 1913, 39 ; in 1914,

278
Dragonfly at Sea, A, 39, 72
Dragonfly season of 1913, Notes on

the, 63

Earlier stages of Colias hecla. The, 82

Early pupation of Lasiocampa quercus,
324

Eggs of Prionus coriarius (Coleoptera),
252

Emergence : Acronycta menyanthidis
in November, 40 ; of Conchylis gigan-
tana (alternana), 297 ; Early, of
Smerinthus ocellatus x Amorpha
populi (hybridus), 251; Eetarded, of
Pararge egeria, 106, 131; of Saturnia
pavonia (carpini), Delayed, 104

Entomological jottings from Chichester,

aoi

Entomological trip to Corsica, An

account of an, 147, 173
Entomology of Helianthus, The, 191
Euchloe cardamines. Appearance of,

225 ; Early appearance of, 206 ; Two

years in pupa, 181
Eurois occulta in Essex, 323

Formaldehyde useful in setting insects,
325

Fossil Orthoptera of Florissant, Colo-
rado, The, 32

Garden Notes, 215

Geometridse, New species of, from

Formosa, 201, 290
Grasshoppers, Tropical, in England, 131
Gynandromorphous bred specimens of

Catopsilia (Callidryas) crocale, 204
Gynandrous P. icarus, 277

Hemiptera of Norfolk, 180
Hesperiids, European, Notes on, 141, 177
Hibernation of Pyrameis atalanta, 151,

181 ; of the larvaj of Lycfena argiades,

179

INDEX.

Hymenoptera, Dorset, 129 ; submitted

for determination, 225
Insects, Continental, of various orders

taken by Dr. Chapman in 1913, 97

Larva of Thecla spini. Description of a
full fed, 1.52

Larva3 of Acherontia atropos near Nor-
wich, 277

Larvae of Zygana exulans, Notes on the,
180

Late appearances of Acidalia emutaria
and Toxocampa pastinuni in Lincoln-
shire, 324

Lepidoptera of La Sainte Baume,
S. France, Some notes on the, 14, 60

Life Histories of Hesperia tessellum and
H. cribrellum, 7

Localities : —

Africa, W., 87 ; Algeria, 28 ; Alps,
Basses, 180; America, C, 54; Ame-
rica, S., 51 ; Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 277 ;
Australia, 197,213,242; Australia, N.,
197; Berkshire, 204; Calabria, 132,
152 ; Cambridgeshire, 313 ; Chi-
chester, 301 ; Colorado (Florissant),
32; Cornwall, 224; Corsica, 147,
173, 224; Cumberland, N., 225;
Derbyshire, 324 , Devon, 323 ; Dorset-
shire, 129, 146, 300; Dovedale, 39,
106 ; Eastbourne, 106 ; Epoing
Forest, 104; Essex, 41, 323; Felix-
stowe, 301; Formosa, 161,201, 219,
266, 290, 319 ; Forest of Dean, 325 ;
France, 8, 49, 55, 87, 126 ; France
(La Sainte Baume), 14 ; France
(Vercors, Drome), 13; France (Viilars
de Lans, Isere), 13 ; Glamorganshire,
39 ; Gloucestershire, 40, 105. 106
Guatemala, 131 ; Hants, 39, 40, 277
Herefordshire, 325 ; Kent, 40, 100
205, 224, 301 ; Lanes, 40 ; Lincoln
shire, 324 ; Linlithgowshire (Craig
ton), 104 ; London, N.W., 204
Middlesex, 41 ; Norfolk, 277, 324
Norwich, 277; Nottinghamshire, 63
95, 223 ; Queensland, 53 ; Russia
233,269,293; Salcombe, 70; Samoa
36 ; Shetland, 274 ; Sicily, 132, 152
Skye, Isle of, 106 ; Sussex, S.E., 276
Venice, 206 ; Wicken Fen, 151, 218,
252, 298, 299 ; Worcestershire, 251

Lycffinidffi, The Sleeping attitude of, 212

Melanic female of Biston hirtaria, 180

Metamorphosis of Phasgoneura viridis-
sima. Notes on the, 99

Middlesex Lepidoptera in 1914, Abun-
dance of, 301

Mildness of the past season. Note illus-
trating, 38

Monograph of the Genus Acroricnus,
A, 170 ; Joppidium (Walsh), A, 137 ;
Osprhynchotus (Spinola), A, 23

Mosquito from Samoa, A new, 36

Moths captured by light trap, 227, 253,
302

Moths casually passing more than a
year in the pupal state, 71

Myrmecophilous Aphides from Algeria,
Two new, 28

Neuroptera, British in 1913, 190 ; Con-
tinental, 203 ; of Nottinghamshire,
The, 66

New Central American Syntomidas, 54

New Genus of Miscogasteridte (Hymen-
optera Chalcidoidea), 68

New Species of Chirothrips (Thysan-
optera) from S. America, A, 51

New Species of Eurytoma from Queens-
land which lives in the stems of
Eucalyptus, A, 53

New species of Metancea from France,
A, 49

NoctuidaB, New Species of, from For-
mosa, 161, 219, 226, 319

Obituary : —

Bloomfield, Eev. E. N., 184
Corbin, George, Bentley, 160
Dobson, H. T., 256
Warren, William, 303

Odonata, 96

Odonata, Continental, 203

Odonata, British, in 1913, 77

Orthoptera, British, in 1913, 143

Oviposition of Rhyssa, Note on the, 20

Pairing of Moths, Unusual, 38
Pcecilopsis (Harrison), The Genus,

92
Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum),

Abundance of, 205, 225
Prolonged pupal duration in Eriogaster

lanestris, 152
Psocidffi of Nottinghamshire, The, 95

Rearing Dasypolia templi. Note on, 38
Recent Literature : —

Annals of Tropical Medicine and

Parasitology, 112
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Pha-

IsBiiss in the British Museum, vol.

xiii., by Sir G. F. Hampson, Bt.,

208
Common British Beetles, by Rev. C.

A. Hall, F.R.M.S., 231
Common British Moths, by A. M.

Stewart, 48
Contribution towards a Monograph of

the Homopterous Insects of the

Family Delphacidae of North and

South America, vol xlvii., 232
Descriptions of twenty-three New

Genera and thirty-one New Species

of Ichneumon Flies, by H. L.
, Viereck, 232
Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee,

Fasc. ix. Ire et 2e Parties, 304

INDKX.

Hymenoptera, Superfamilies Apoidea
and Chalcidoidea, of the Yale-
Dominican Expedition, by J. C.
Crawford, 256
Memoirs of the Queensland Museum,

136, 208
Memorias do Institute OswaldoCruz,

vols. 5-6, 280
Monograph of the Jumping Lice or
Psyllida3 of the New World, by D.
L. Crawford, 255
Names applied to the North American
Bees of the Genera Lithurgus,
Authidium, and Allies, by T. D. A.
Cockerell, 256
New Genera and Species of Micro-
Lepidoptera from Panama, by A.
Busck, 256
New Hymenoptera from North

America, by A. B. Gahan, 256
New Species of Noctuid Moths from
Tropical America, by W. Schaus,
232
North American Springtails of the
Subfamily Tomocerinae, by J. W.
Folsum, 232
Pond Problems, by E. E. Unwin,

M.Sc, 255
Proceedings of the South London
Entomological and Natural History
Society for 1913-14, 232
Proceedmgs of the United States
National Museum, vols, xlvi., xlvii.,
232
Revision of the IchneumonidaB, Based
on the Collection in the British
Museum, with descriptions of New
Genera and Species, 230
Studies on the Mecoptera of Japan,

by T. Miyake, 229
The Forty-third Annual Report of the
Entomological Society of Ontario
for 1912, 112
The Journal of the Board of Agri-
culture of British Guiana, vol. vii.
232
The Life of the Fly, by J. H. Fabre, 159
The Life of the Spider, by J. H. Fabre,

159
The Noctuid Moths of the Genera
Palindia and Dyomyx, by H. Dyar,
256

Transactions of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History
Society for 1911, 1912 and 1913, 48,
231

Type Species of the Genera of Ich-
neumon Flies, by H. L. Viereck, 231
Reversion of Arctic Erebia ligea, &c., 34
Rhopalocera taken and observed at

Villars de Lans (Isere), and in the

Vercors (Drome), List of, 13

Scelionid Parasite of Locust's Eggs from
the Northern Territory of Australia,
A new, 197
Societies : —
Derbyshire Entomological, 136
Entomological of London, 43, 107,

156, 181
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo-
gical, 47, 72, 109, 135, 182, 208, 328
London Natural History, 327
Manchester Entomological, 109, 135
South London Entomological, 45, 108,
134, 158, 182, 207, 228, 279, 303, 326
Sphinx convolvuli in Norfolk, 324
Stomoxys at a high altitude, 131
Synpherobius (Hemerobius), Notes on

the British Species of, 209
Synonymy of Ichneumon obliteratus and
I. barbifrons, 37

Thysanoptera, Kakothrips, n. gen., A
Division of the Genus Frankliniella,
247

Varieties : —

Agriades corydon, 180

Chrysophanus phlseas, 277

Gonodontis bidentata, 132

LycfBna corydon, 251 ; icarus, 251

Pyralis costalis, 131

Zygfena transalpina, 205
" Verrall Supper," The, 71
Viviparous British Beetle, Phytodecta

viminalis, 249

Wasps active in December. 39
Wicken Fen, Its Conservation for
Entomology, 185

Xanthorhoe galiata var. unilobata in
Devon, 323

SPECIAL INDEX.

New Genera, Species, Sub-Specles, and Varieties are marked with an asterisk.

Order PKOTUEA.

Acerentemon, 157 Acerentulus, 182

Order ZOEAPTEEA, p. 157.
Order I. COLLEMBOLA, p. 134.

Order VII. OKTHOPTERA.

Agathemera, 32

Anabrus, 32

auricularia (Forficula), 65

auricularia, var. forcipata (Forficula),

66
bicolor (Stauroderus), 144
bipunctatus (Tetrix), 144
brachyptera (Metrioptera), 144
Capnobotes, 32
Carolina (Stagomantis), 265
cinereus (Thamnotrizon), 143
*costalis (Lithophotina), 34
falcata (Phaneroptera), 131
floccosa (Lithophotina), 34
gigantea (Forficula), 300
griseo-aptera (Pholidoptera), 143, 144
grossus (Mecostethus), 143, 144
Gryllacris, 32
Ischnoptera, 32
Labiduromma, 32
lineatus (Stenobothrus), 144
Lithymnetes, 32
maculatus (Gomnhocerus), 104,105, 143,

144

niarmorata (Diestranimena), 144, 145

minor (Labia), 144

multispinosa (Tyrbula), 33, 34

Orchelium, 32

Palasorchnia, 32

parallelus (Chorthippus), 143, 144

Photina, 34

phymateus (yEgrotera), 229

punctatissimus (Leptophyes), 144

quadripunctata (Phaneroptera), 131

religiosa (Mantis), 262, 263, 265

rutipes (Omocestus), 98, 144

rufus (Gomphocerus), 144

*scudderi (Tyrbula), 33

Stagmomantis, 34

sylvestris (Nemobius), 144

Tasniopodites, 32

texana (Stirapleura), 33

Tyrbula, 33

viridissinia (Phasgonura), 99, 143, 301

viridulus (Omocestus), 143, 144

vulgaris (Gryllotalpa), 229

Zetobora, 32

Order VIII. PLECOPTERA.

cinerea (Nemoura), 97
inconspicua (Nemoura), 98
lateralis (Nemoura), 98

marginata (Nemoura), 97
variegata (Nemoura), 98

Order IX. PSOCOPTERA.

abietis (Elipsocus), 95
bifasciata (Amphigerontia), 95
briggsi (Ectopsocus), 96

burmeisteri (Csecilius), 96
cruciatus (Graphopsocus), 95
cyanops (Elipsocus), 95

INDEX.

divinatorius (Troctes), 96
fasciata (Amphigerontia), 95
flavidus (Cfficilius), 96
flaviceps (Philotarsus), 95
guestfalicus (Hyperetes), 96
immaculatus (Stenopsocus), 95

longicornis (Psocus), 9r>
nebulosus (Psocus), 95
pedicularia (Pterodela), 96
unipunctatus (Mesopsocus), 95
variegata (Amphigerontia), 95
westwoodi (Elipsocus), 95

Order X. ISOPTEEA.

lucifugus (Leucotermes), 30

Order XIII. ODONATA. [ = Paraneuroptera.]

aenea (Cordulia), 39, 77, 98

annulatus (Cordulegaster), 39, 64, 78, 79,

•204, 278, 325
brunneum (Orthetrum), 98
caerulescens (Oithetrum), 63, 78, 96, 203
cancellatum (Orthetrum), 78, 96
cyanea (^schna), 79
cyathigerum (Enallagma), 64, 77, 78, 98,

278
depressa (Libellula), 64, 78, 203
dubia (Leucorrhinia), 78, 226
elegans (Ischnura), 39, 64, 77, 78, 98, 278
elegans, var. rufescens (Ischnura), 78
ephippiger (Hemianax), 79
fonscolombii (Sympetnim), 78, 79
fulva (Libellula), 64
grandis (^schna), 39, 79, 278
haemorrhoidalis (Calopteryx), 204
hafniense (Brachytron), 64
hastulatum (Agrion), 78
imperator (Anax), 78, 79
isosceles (iEschna), 79, 98
juncea (^schna), 79, 98, 226
mercuriale (Agrion), 78, 79, 204
meridionale (Sympetrum), 96
metallica (Somatochlora), 63
mixta (iEschna), 79
naias (Erythromma), 39, 64, 78, 278

nvmphula (Pyrrhosoma), 39, 63, 64, 77,
"78, 98, 204, 218, 278

pennipes (Platycnemis), 63, 78, 204

pratense (Brachytron), 278

puella (Agrion), 63, 64, 77, 78, 218, 278

pulchellum (Agrion), 64

pumilio (Ischnura), 78, 79

quadrimaculata (Libellula), 39, 64, 77,
98, 278

ruficoUis (Libellula), 1

scoticum (Sympetrum), 2, 72, 79

splendens (Calopteryx), 64, 203

sponsa (Lestes), 78, "278

striolatum (Sympetrum), 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,
39, 64, 78, 79, 80, 81, 96, 278

striolatum, var. nigrescens (Sym-
petrum), 2

striolatum, var. nigrifemur (Sym-
petrum), 1, 2, 3, 7

tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 6-!, 78

tenellum, var. melanotum (Pyrrhosoma),
78

uncatus (Onychogomphus), 203

virgo (Calopteryx), 39, 63, 64, 78, 79,
203, 278

vulgatissimus (Gomphus), 39, 78

vulgatum (Sympetrum), 3, 81, 96, 98

Order XIV. THYSANOPTEEA.

cephalica (Frankliniella), 248
Chirothrips, 51
crassus (Chirothrips), 52
floridensis (Frankliniella), 248
Frankliniella, 51, 247, 248
♦frontalis (Chirothrips), 51, 52
fusca (Frankliniella), 248
gosypii (Frankliniella), 248
hamatus (Chirothrips), 52
helianthi (Frankliniella), 248
insularis (Frankliniella), 248
intonsa ( = vulgatissimus) (Franklini-
ella), 248
Kakothrips, 247, 248
manicatus (Chirothrips). 53
melanommata (Frankliniella), 248
mexicana (Chirothrips), 53
minuta (Frankliniella), 248

nervo3us (Frankliniella), 248
nobilis (Megathrips), 248
obesus (Chirothrips), 52
occidentalis (Frankliniella), 248
Physopus, 248
Physothrips, 51
pisivora (Thrips), 247
robusta (Euthrips), 247
robusta (Frankliniella), 247, 248
robusta (Pliysopus), 247
robustus (Kakothrips), 248
runneri (Frankliniella), 248
similis (Chirothrips), 53
stylosa (Frankliniella), 248
sulphurea (Frankliniella), 248
tenuicornis (Frankliniella), 248
Thrips, 51

tritici (Frankliniella), 196, 248

INDEX.

Order XV. HEMIPTERA.

affinis (Scolopostethus), 146
agilis (Eulachnus), 103
agilis (Pachnus), 103
agilis (Stenocephalus), 146
albomarginatus (Gnathoconus), 146
ambiguLis (Psallus), 147
ambrosiie (Macrosiphum), 196
angustulus (Isclinocoris), 146
apterus (Halticus), 147
aquilegiie (Macrosiphum), 102
arbustorum (Plagiognathus), 147
ai'undinis (Macrosipliuni), 102
ater (Rhopalotomus), 147
beccabungiB (Aphis), 102
betie (Macrosiphum), 101
betulae (Vacuna), 103
betuleti (Psallus), 147
bidens (Picromerus), 146
bidentata (Pygolarapis), 207
binotatus (Stenotus), 147
bipunctatus (Calocoris), 147
bumeliae (Brysocrypta), 103
*buxtoni (Rectinasus), 29
calcaratus (Miris), 147
campestris (Lyctocoris), 147
cervinus (Lygus), 147
chiragra (Rhyparochromus), 146
cincta (Salda), 147
cinerea (Nepa), 147
citri (Pseudococcus), 207
claviculus (Cymus), 146
cocksi (Salda), 147
coerulea (Zicrona), 146
contractus (Notochilus), 146
coriaceus (Chaitophorus), 103
corticalis (Chermes), 182
coryli (Phylus), 147
cratffigarium (Macrosiphum), 102
currens (Velia), 140
decoratus (Scolopostethus), 146
denticulatus (Coreus), 146
depressus (Aradus), 146
diplantereffi (Macrosiphum), 102
dolobrata (Leptopterna), 147
duffieldii (Macrosiphum), 101
dumosa (Jalla), 158
elegantula (Microphysa), 147
ericetorum (Nabis), 146
ericetorum (Orthotylus), 147
fagi (Phyllaphis), 229
fallenii (Psallus), 147
ferrugata (Leptopterna), 147
fiavomarginatus (Nabis), 146
fiavonotatus (Cyliocoris), 147
fcEniculi (Siphocoryne). 103
fraxini (Phyllopsis), 229
fraxinicola (Phyllopsis), 229
galii (Aphis), 102
geminatus (Ischnorhynchus), 146
geoffroyi (Corixa), 147
gibbifera (Gerris), 218
gigantea (Musoda), 87

glandicolor (Cyraus), 140
glauca (Notonecta), 147
gossypii (Aphis), 102
gothicus (Lopus), 147
graminis (Macrosiphum), 101
griseus (Elasmostetlius), 146
hsemorrhoidale (Acanthosoma), 146
helianthi (Aphis), 196
hieroglyphica (Corixa), 147
histrionicus (Cyliocoris), 147
holsatus (Miris), 147
humuli (Monanthia), 146
infusus (Calocoris), 147
interstinctum (Acanthosoma), 146
inuliB (Phorodon), 103
inuncta (Podops), 146
juniperi (Lachnus), 103
kalnii (Lygus), 147
laeta (Serenthia), 146
laevigatus (Miris), 147
lanarius (Capsus), 216
lanternaria (Fulgoria), 182
lativentris (Nabis), 146
limbatus (Nabis), 146
lineatus (Nysius), 146
lineolatus (Calcoris), 147
littoralis (Salda), 147
lituratus (Piezodorus), 146
locustris (Gerris), 146
longipennis (Macrosiphum), 102
lonicerte (Rhopalosiphum), 103
loti (Macrosiphum), 101
luctuosus (Schirus), 146
maculatus (Corizus), 146
ma-rkeli (Pithanus), 147
msesta (Corixa), 147
major (Nabis), 146
malv;^ (Macrosiphum), 101
marginatus (Syromastes), 146
melanocephalus (Hyalopterus), 103
melanocephalus (Phylus), 147
merioptera (Heterotoma), 147
micropterum (Macrodema), 146
minuta (Triphleps), 147
nasturtii (Aphis), 102
nemoralis (Anthocoris), 147
nemorum (Anthocoris), 147
nymphaeas (Rhopalosiphum), 104
ochromelas (Calocoris), 147
ochrotrichus (Orthotylus), 147
padi (Aphis), 102
palliceps (Phylus), 147
pastinacffi (Lygus), 147
pastinaceffi (Siphocoryne), 103
paykulli (Macrotylus), 147
pedestris (Stygnus), 146
petasitidis (Aphis), 102
picete (Lachnus), 104
piceus (Drymus), 146
pilosella (Salda), 147 «
pini (Aphanus), 146
polygoni (Aphis), 102

INDEX.

populus (Chaitophorus), 103
prietextatus (Rhyparochromus), 146
prasina (Palomena), 146
primulje (Macrosiphuiii), 101
punctatus (Ehacognathus), 146
pyri (Myzus), 102
quercus (Psallus), 147
radicis (Trama), 104
*ilectinasus, 28
ranunculi (Aphis), 102
reuteri (Phytocoris), 147
rosarum (Myzus), 102
roseo-maculatus (Calocoris), 147
roseus (Psallus), 147
rotunda (Forda), 30
rubiellum (Macrosiphum), 101
rufipes (Pentatoma), 146
rugosus (Nabis), 146
sahlbergi (Corixa), 147
salicis (iMelanoxantlierium), 104
saltatona (Salda), 147
scapha (Enoplops), 146
scaraba3oides (Thyreocoris), 146
signata (Lachnus), 103
sileneum (Macrosiphum), 102

stagnorum (Hydrometra), 146
staphyleaa (Ehopalosiphum), 103
stellariffi (Macrosiphum), 101
subapterus (Coranus), 146
sylvaticus (Drymus), 146
sylvestris (Anthocoris), 216
taraxaci (Macrosiphum), 101
tenellus (Orthotylus), 147
thomsoni (Scolopostethus), 146
thoracica (Harpocera), 147
ticinensis (Calocoris), 147
tilias (Pediopsis), 229
tipularius (Neides), 146
tricornis (Dictyonota), 146
trifolii (Macrosiphum), 101
tripustulatus (Liocoris), 147
ulmi (Phytocoris), 147
urticae (Heterogaster), 146
variabilis (Psallus), 147
varians (Psallus), 147
verna (Campylostira), 146
veronicse (Macrosiphum), 102
virgula (Campyloneura), 147
viridis (Cherraes), 182
whitei (Myzus), 103

Order XVI. NEUEOPTERA.

alba (Chrysopha), 67

aleyrodiformis (Semidalis). 67

angulatus (Micromus), 07

arakave (Panorpa), 230

Ascalaphus, 279, 303

atrifrons (Hemerobius), 68, 209

Aulops, 229

bffiticus (Ascalaphus), 204

Bittacus, 229, 230

Boreus, 229

Boriomyia, 209

capitata (Nothochrysa), 68

coccajus (Ascalaphus), 97, 98

cognata (Panorpa), 43, 68, 179, 191

communis (Panorpa), 68, 191, 229

concinnus (Hemerobius), 190, 209

Coniopteryx, 134

conspersus (Synipherobius), 212

elegans (Hemerobius), 67, 209, 210, 211,

212
flava (Chrysopa), 46, 67, 191
fuliginosa (Sialis), 66
fuscata (Sisyra), 67
germanica (Panorpa), 68, 99, 191
hageni (Panorpa), 229
hakusanensis (Panorpa), 230
Hemerobius, 209
hispanicus (Ascalaphus), 204
humuli (Hemerobius), 67, 209
inconspicuus (Hemerobius), 68, 209, 210
klugi (Panorpa), 230
Leptopanorpa, 229
limbatellus (Hemerobius), 209
longicornis (Ascalaphus), 204
lutaria (Sialis), 66,98, 190
lutescens (Hemerobius), 67, 209
maculicollis (llaphidia), 190

marginatus (Bittacus), 230
marshami (Hemerobius), 211, 212
micans (Hemerobius), 67, 191, 209
mortoni (Hemerobius), 210
nervosus (Hemerobius), 67, 191, 209
nitidulus (Hemerobius), 67, 209
notata (Raphidia), 66, 98, 190
orientalis (Corydalis), 43
orotypus (Hemerobius), 67, 209
paganus (Micromus), 67
Panorpa, 43, 229, 230
Panorpodes, 229, 230
parvulus (Hemerobius), 209
pellucidus (Hemerobius), 210
perla (Chrysopa), 67, 98, 191
phyllochroma (Chrysopa), 67
pini (Hemerobius), 210
plumbeus (Creagris), 204
prasina (Chrysopa), 67
psociformis (Coniopteryx), 191
jjsociformis (Conwentzia), 67
pygmaBus (Hemerobius), 212
quadrifasciatus (Hemerobius), 67, 99,

190, 209
septempunctata (Chrysopa), 67
stigma (Hemerobius), 68, 191. 209
striatellus (Synipherobius), 210, 211, 212
subnebulosus (Hemerobius), 67, 209, 212
Sympherobius, 209
takaoensis (Bittacus), 230
tenella (Chrysopa), 67, 191
tineiformis (Coniopteryx), 68
venosus (Sympherobius), 212
ventral is (Chrysopa), 67
vulgaris (Chrysopa), 68, 99, 191
xanthostigma (Raphidia), 67

Xll

INDEX.

Order XVII. TEICHOPTEEA.

albardana (Rhyacophila), 99
centralis (Limnophilus), 78
*chapmani (Metana?a), 49, 50, 51, 99
fimbriata (Apatania), 99
flavipennis (Metanoea), 49, 50, 51
granulatus (I'litocolepus), 98

latipennis (Stenophylax), 99
ludificatus (Philopotamus), 98
pedemontanum (Sericostoma), 99
puUata (Beraa), 99
ucenorum (Stenophylax), 99

Order XVIII. LEPIDOPTEEA.

*abannulata (Erebia), 283

abbreviata (Eupithecia), 111, 120

aboculata (Erebia), 283

abruptaria (Hemerophila), 227

absinthiata (Eupithecia), 110

acaciffi (Thecla), 16, 20, 56, 271

achatinella (Nyctegretes), 245

achillefe (Anthrocera), 311

achillefe (Zygaena), 63

*acronyctoides (Stretchia), 163

action (Thymelicus), 20, 57, 59

acuminitana (Dichrorampha), 106

acuminitana (Hemimene), 106

adippe (Argynnis), 13, 19, 20, 128

adonis (Agriades), 17

adrasta (Pararge), 35

adusta (Hadena), 275

adustata (Ligdia), 110, 302

advena (Philosamia), 110, 111

adyte (Erebia), 34, 35

asgon (Lycseua), 110, 150

segon (Plebeius) , 10, 16, 57, 177, 273, 282

ffigon (Rusticus), 61

aello (CEneis), 303

aestimaria (Semiothisa), 63

ffitheria (Melitiea), 294

afer (Erebia), 236, 296

agathina (Agrotis), 111, 123

aglaia (Argynnis), 19, 20, 45, 46, 57,

89, 128, 285, 312, 313
*albibasis (Macrobarasa), 220
*albibasis (Polyploca), 322
*albicosta (Hyposada), 168
*albidisca (Chytonix), 165
*albidorsalis (Asura), 161
*albigutta (Oruza), 167
'albipuncta (Mecodina), 222
*albirena (Euplexia), 165
albistriana (Peronea), 112
albislriga (Pydna), 323
albouota (Euplexia), 166
albonotata (Chytonix), 165
albula (Nola), 39
albulata (Emmelesia), 275, 276
alcffise (Carcharodus), 175, 177, 316
alcffiffi (Erynnis), 20, 206
alcetas (Everes), 273
alchemillata (Perizoma), 254
alciphron (Chrysophanus), 13

alcon (Lycffina), 127

alcyone (Satyrus), 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 59

alecto (Erebia), 282, 284, 309

alexandri>; (Ornithoptera), 46

alexanor (rapilio), 55

allionia (Tephroclystia), 62

alni (Jochajra), 279, 298

alpina (Ithysia), 92

alpinellus (Crambus), 246

alpinuni (iJaseochfeta), 183

alstromeriella (Depressaria), 259, 289

altheffi (Carcharodus), 126, 313

altheffi (Spilothyrus), 155

alveus (Hesperia), 12, 13, 20, 57, 58, 313,

89, 126, 141, 177, 178, 285, 310, 312
amandus (Polyommatus), 241, 273
amata (Timandra), 302
amataria (Timandra), 54
amathusia (Brenthis), 56, 312, 313
Anacroniata, 183
ancilla (Naclia), 45
anderida (Heliconius), 107
andrei (Philosamia), 111
andromedaB (Hesperia), 285, 286, 310,

312, 313
angelicas (Zygrena). 61, 63
augulifera (Samia), 279
angustalis (Cledeobia), 244
annulata (Ephyra), 43
annulata (Zonosoma), 43, 46
annulatus (Cordulegaster), 325
anthe (Satyrus), 297
Anthrocera, 303, 326
anthyllidis (Anthrocera), 326
anticoobsoleta (Polyommatus), 327
antiopa (Euvanessa), 20, 56, 277
antiopa (Vanessa), 301
antiqua (Orgyia), 225, 283
Apocheima, 92
apollo (Parnassius), 10, 11, 12, 13, 45,

57, 90, 110, 127, 229, 282, 311, 313
apollonius (Parnassius), 229
appendiculata (Brachodes), 318
arcania (Ccenonympha), 11, 14, 19, 20,

316
arenacearia (Eubolia), 318
arge (Melanargia), 134
argentina (Cucullia), 317
argentipcdella (Nepticula), 208

INDEX.

Xlll

argentula (Banksia), 299

argentula (Erastria), 317

argiades (Lycaena), 179

argiolus (Celastrina), 13, 20, 46, 229,

293, 301
argiolus (Cyaniris), 110, 206, 229, 276,

301, 328
argus (Argina), 159
argus (Lycffina), 110, 150
argus (Plebeius), 10, 12, 13, 16, 20, 57,

90, 127, 156, 177, 273, 282, 310, 313
argyrognomon (Plebeius), 56, 57, 59, 89,

127, 273
arion (Lycaana), 10, 12, 13, 56, 57, 241,

293, 313
aristseus (Satyrus), 175, 177
*arizanensis (Thermesia), 320
armoricanus (Hesperia), 12, 142, 178,

316
arsilache (Brenthis), 128
artaxerxes (Lyciena), 110
artemis (Melitffia), 136
arundineta (Nonagria), 253
arundinis (Nonagria), 253
ashworthii (Agrotis), 110, 112, 328
aspersana (Peronea), 245
astrarche (Lyc£ena), 18, 47, 70, 106, 110,

328
astrarche (Plebeius), 39, 149
astrarche (Polyommatus), 155, 273
atalanta (Pyrameis), 13, 19, 35, 41, 70,

105, 150, 151, 174, 177, 181, 193, 226,

276, 284, 296, 301, 303, 313, 324
athalia (MehtBsa), 10, 16, 20, 134, 182,

207, 313
atomaria (Ematurga), 47, 110, 123, 206,

254, 318
atomaria (Fidonia), 135, 136, 208, 226
atricapitana (Eupcecilia), 247
atriplicis (Hadena), 298, 299, 314, 315
atropos (Acherontia), 205, 224, 227,

328
atropos (Manduca), 801
Audela, 183
augusta (Aporia), 154
aurantiaca (Papilio), 269
aurelia (Melitasa), 294
aurinia (Melitrea), 45, 110, 128, 207
ausonia (Anthocharis), 270
ausonia (Euchloij), 19, 133, 154, 155
australis (Acidalia), 62
australis (Aporophylla), 110
Automeris, 44
autonoe (Satyrus), 242
avellanella (Ornix), 208
aversa (Gonanticlea), 292
aversata (Acidalia), 62
*azurica (Polyommatus), 127
badiata (Anticlea), 227
baliodactyla (Aciptilia), 245
Baratha, 183
baroni (Melitnsa), 195
barrettii (Dianthoecia), 45, 327
basalis (Nanaguna), 169

basijuncta (Polyommatus), 327

basilinea (Apamea), 227, 253

baton (Polyommatus), 154, 175, 177

baton (Scolitantides), 273

bavius (Scolitantides), 243

belia (Anthocharis), 270

bella (Eromene), 62, 63

bellargus (Agriades), 17

bellargus (Lycasna), 110

bellargus (Polyommatus), 274

bellidice (Pontia), 269, 270

bellieri (Hesperia), 58, 126, 142, 178

bellieri (Lyc£ena), 151

bellieri (Polyommatus), 177

betulffi (Thecla), 120

betularia (Pachys), 254

betulella (Phycis), 260

biarcuata (Polyommatus), 327

bicolorana (Hylophila), 62, 63, 124

bicoloria (Miana), 302

bidentata (Gonodontis), 76, 132, 227, 290

*bifasciata (Thermesia), 320

bifida (Cerura), 277

*biformata (Phoenicoprocta), 54

bilineata (Camptogramnia), 254

bilineata (Larentia), 62

bilunaria (Selenia), 47, 254, 302

binaria (Drepana), 62

*bipartita (Eustrotia), 168

*bipuncta (Cirphis), 164

bipunctanus (Melissoblaptes), 245

bipunctaria (Eubolia), 109

bipunctaria (Ortholitha), 245

bipupillata (Ccenonympha), 19

biselliella (Tinea), 77

Biston, 92

bistortata (Tephrosia), 110

biundularia (Tephrosia), 109

boetica (Melitasa), 44

bceticus (Lampides), 149, 176, 177

boisduvali (Pseudacrsea), 44

bractea (Plusia), 135

brassicffi (Pieris), 13, 19, 128, 149, 151,

153, 158, 174, 175, 177, 206, 269, 313
breviculata (Tephroclystia), 62
brevilinea (Arenostola), 225
brevilinea (Leucania), 225
broad wayi (Napata), 54
brumata (Cheimatobia), 120, 123
brunnea (Noctua), 254
bryoniffi (Pieris), 90, 313
bucephala (Phalera), 228, 253
cacaliae (Hesperia), 58, 126, 285, 286, 313
CiECUS (Hesperia), 178
*cffirulea (Polyommatus), 277
caerulea-grisea (Cupido), 274
Cffiruleocephala (Diloba), 111
cajruleopunctata (Chrysophanus), 20
Cffisia (DianthcEcia), 111
csesiata (Larentia), 275
calabraria (Rhodostrophia), 62
c-album (Grapta), 325
c-album (Polygonia), 19, 56, 57, 155,

177, 206, 294, 328

XIV

INDEX.

calida (Polyommatus), 17o, 177

caliginea (Anacroniata), 183

callidice (Pontia), 58, 285, 313

Callidryas, 204

calliopsis (Plebeius), 56

Calocasia, 183

Calymnia, 48

camelina (Lophopteryx), 228

Camilla (Limenitis), 11, 17, 19, 56, 812,

313
candidata (Asthena), 110, 111
caniola (Lithosia), 63
canning! (Philosamia), 111
cantaneri (Thais), 43
capsincola (Diantiioecia), 228, 229, 253,

254
capsophila (Dianthoecia), 45, 111, 328
cardamines (Euchloe), 10, 13, 47, 1:?3,

154, 180, 181, 206, 207, 225,251,270,

301, 313, 327
cardui (Pyrameis), 10, 13, 17, 19, 41, 70,

128, 149, 155, 173, 176, 177,276,278,

284, 294, 301, 303, 313, 324
carlinaj (Hesperia). 142, 178, 286, 310,

312, 313
carlota (Phyciodes), 194, 195
cainiolica (Anthrocera), 59, 311
carpini (Saturnia), 104
carpophaga (Dianthoecia), 228, 253
carthami (Hesperia), 20, 57, 89, 126
cassinea (Bombyx), 122
cassioides (Erebia), 57, 59, 129, 284
cassiope (Erebia), 67, 90, 128, 282, 308,

309, 313
casta (Calophasia), 317
castrensis (Malacosoma), 317
Catephia, 183
Cauninda, 183

celerio (Chaerocampa), 40, 135
celerio (Hypotion), 40
eeltis (Libythea), 18, 20, 236, 293
centumnotata (Cidaria), 48, 328
cerri (Thecla), 15
cespitalis (Herbula), 244
cespitis (Luperina), 45
cespitis (Tholera), 302, 303
ceto (Erebia), 108, 128, 282, 308, 313
chamomilliB (Cucullia), 110
chi (Polia), 328
chlorana (Earias), 40
chloridice (Pontia), 242
christiienssoni (Colias), 271
chrysidiformis (Sesia), 260
chrysitis (Plusia), 131, 254
chryson (Plusia), 131
cinerea (Agrotis), 227, 253
cinnus (Agriades), 18, 20
cinxia (Melitiea), 19, 46, 294
circe (Hipparchia), 156
Circe (Satvrus), 20, 59, 176, 177, 296
circellata (Acidalia), 208, 226
circuitaria (Acidalia), 62
cirsii (Hesperia), 57, 126, 142, 177, 178
cleodoxa (Argyunis), 155
clathralis (Phlyctaenodes), 318

Cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 16, 19, 107,

157
clerkella (Lyonetia), 157
clymene (Pararge), 241, 315
clytie (Apatura), 279
c-nigrum (Noctua), 302
Coatlantona, 134
coelata (Pseudomicronia), 202
coelestina (Glaucopsyche), 240, 274
coelibaria (Gnophos), 38
coenia (Junonia), 193
coenia (Lithacodia), 108
coenosa (Lajlia), 315
cceruleopunctata (Chrysophanns), 301
ccerulescens (Polyommatus), 286
Colias, 271

combusta (Xylophasia), 135
comes (Triphffina), 303
comma (Augiades), 313
comma (Hesperia), 156
comma (Leucania), 228, 253
complana (Lithosia), 63
compta (Dianthoecia), 62
concinnata (Cidaria), 47
concolor (Tapinostola), 46
conflua (Noctua), 275
confluens (Parnassius), 111
coniferana (Stigmonota), 247
conigera (Leucania), 254, 302
*conjuncta (Trachea), 29
*connexa (Laphygma), 166
consobrina (Zygtena), 63
consortaria (Boarmia), 318
*conspecta (Eriopyga), 163
'conspersa (Bapta), 201
conspersa (Dianthoecia), 110, 275, 276
contaminei (Anthrocera), 326
contaminellus (Crambus), 244
*contigua (Fodina), 221
contiguaria (Acidalia), 111, 328
conversa (Catocala), 02
conversaria (Boarmia), 46, 48, 327
convolvuli (Sphinx), 72, 324
conyzfe (Hesperia), 178
cordula (Satyrus), 10, 11, 13, 14, 56,

312
corinna (Ccenonympha), 150, 151, 174,

175, 177
coronana (Peronea), 112
Corsica (Lyctena), 151
Corsica (Orgyia), 150, 151, 177
*cortes (Napata), 54
corticea (Agrotis), 254
corydon (Agriades), 11, 13, IS, 20, 46,

127
corydon (Lycsena), 110, 251
corydon (Polyommatus), 311, 313
coryli (Demas), 183
Cosmia, 48
Cosmodesmus, 107
cossoides (Batracharta), 221
costalis (Pyralis), 131
costajuncta (Polyommatus), 327
costana (Tortrix), 135
crabroniformis (Trochilium), 135

INDRX.

Crambus, 61

cratasgi (Aporia), 10, 13, 19, 153, 154,

269, 282, 296, 311, 313
craterellus (Crambus), 61, 63
crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 109, 227
cribrellum (Hesperia), 8, 316
cribrum (Emydia), 160, 245
cribrura (Myelois), 204
cribrum (Myelophila), 204
croatica (Macroglossa), 317
crocale (Callidryas), 204
crocale (Catopsilia), 204
crocealis (Ebulea), 259
cruciferarum (Plutella), 205, 225
cruda (Tajniocampa), 227
cucubali (Dianthoecia), 72, 111, 227, 253,

254
cuculatella (Nola), 120, 123, 124, 135
culiciformis (Sesia), 260
culmellus (Crambus), 61, 63
cuneata (Abraxas), 130
Curetis, 181

cyllarus (Glaucopsyche), 45, 293
cyllarus (Nomiades), 11
cynthia (Melitasa), 128
cynthia (Philosamia), 279
damon (Agriades), 127
damon (Polyomraatus), 89, 286, 313
damone (Euchloe), 133, 134, 154
daphne (Brenthis), 295
daplidice (Pieris), 154, 155
daplidice (Pontia), 175, 177, 269
dardanus (Papilio), 44
darwiniana (CcBnonympha), 57, 128
Daseochffita, 183
dealbata (Scoria), 318
decipiens (Kerala), 220
decorata (Acidalia), 61, 62
defoliaria (Hybernia), 135
degeneraria (Acidalia), 62
deione (Melitea), 286
Delias, 280
deiius (Parnassius), 57, 89, 111, 127, 310,

312, 313
delphius (Parnassius), 229
dentalis (Odontia), 245
dentina (Mamestra), 110, 227, 253
deplana (Lithosia), 47
*derufata (MelitaBa), 56
desfontainii (Melita?a), 44, 46
designata (Coremia), 302
determinata (Acidalia), 60, 61, 62
dia (Brenthis), 16, 19, 20, 295, 313
diana (Colias), 271
dichotoma (Amata), 319
dictsea (Pheosia), 227
dictynna (Melitsa), 10, 313
didyma (Melitaea), 19, 20, 46, 56, 134, 313
dilucida (Apopestes), 62
dilucidana (Conchylis), 245
dilutaria (Acidalia), 62
dilutata (Oporabia), 111
Diphthera. 183
diplaga (Euproctis), 322

dipsaceus (Heliothis), 317
discobolus (Parnassius), 229
*discitincta (Cosmotriche), 321
Dismorpha, 280
dispar (Lymantria), 111
disseverans (Baratha), 183
distributa (Nola), 161
*divisa (Batracharta), 221
divisana (Peronea), 112
dolus (Polyommatus), 18, 20
dominula (Callimorpha), 72
donzelii (Polyommatus), 286, 313
dorilis (Chrysophanus), 10, 13, 272
doris (Heliconius), 44
dorus (Coenonympha), 19, 20
doubledayaria (Pachys), 204
dromus (Erebia), 57, 284
•dubia (Semiothisa), 291
dubitata (Triphosa), 254
duponcheli (Erebia), 58, 59, 128, 129,

283, 313
dysodea (Hecatera), 277
edusa (Colias), 13, 19, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47,

59, 70, 90, 128, 149, 155, 158, 174,

175, 176, 177, 206, 207, 270,271,278,

300, 301, 303, 313
egea (Vanessa), 133, 155
egeria (Pararge), 70, 106, 131, 149, 174,

177, 207
egerides (Pararge), 35, 316
egialea (Amauris), 107
eleus (Chrysophanus), 20, 149, 151, 175,

177
elinguaria (Crocalis), 132, 254, 302
elisa (Argynnis), 173, 174, 176, 177
elongella (Gracilaria), 259
emutaria (Acidalia), 324
eos (Melitsea), 182
epiphron (Erebia), 91, 128, 309
Erebia, 34, 91
eremita (Psilura), 46
eris (Argynnis), 19, 20, 46, 57, 89, 156,

295, 313
eroides (Polyommatus), 273
eros (Polyommatus), 57, 127, 273, 28G,

;i09, 313
erynnys (Erebia), 129
erythrus (Zygsena), 62, 63
escheri (Agriades), 13, 57, 59, 127
eseheri (Polyommatus), 17, 20, 158, 286,

313
esculi (Thecla), 16, 20
Euclidia, 183
Euclidimera, 183
eumedon (Aricia), 303
eumedon (Polyommatus), 285, 313
eupheme (Zegris), 236, 240, 270
euphenoides (Euchloe), 132
euphorbiae (Deilephila), 62, 224
euphorbias (Hyles), 224
euphorbiata (Minoa), 62
euphrosyne (Argynnis), 207
euphrosyne (Brenthis), 10, 20, 47, 295,

313

XVI

INDEX.

Eupithecia, 71

euryades (Heliconius), 158

euryale (Erebia), 57, 129, 282, 286, 312,

313
eurybia (Chrysophanus), 57, 89, 127,

285, 310, 313
eurytheme (Colias), 193
exalbata (Siona), 318
exclamationis (Agrotis), 228, 253, 254
exigua (Caradrina), 62
extrema (Zizera), 327
exulans (Anthrocera), 286, 310
exulans (Zygrena), 180
exulis (Crymodes), 275
fabricana (Sericoris), 76
fagella (Chimabacche), 260
falcataria (Drepana), 110
fascelina (Dasychira), 159
fascelis (Melitasa), 295
*fasciata (Pseudomicronia), 201
fausta (Anthrocera), 59, 311
favicolor (Leucania), 277
favillaceana (Capua), 47
ferrugata (Coremia), 110, 227, 254, 302
festucffi (Phytometra), 183
ficklini (Dianthoecia), 43
filigrammaria (Oporabia), 111
filipenduliB (Anthrocera), 158, 326
fihpendulse (Zygana), 63, 160, 300
fimbria (Agrotis), 122
fimbria (Triphaena), 122, 125
flammea (Meliana), 253
flava (Adopfea), 317
flavipaUiata (Abraxas), 136
flavicincta (Polia), 39, ;i02
flavus (Thymelieus), 10, 13, 20
fluctuata (Xanthorhoe), 227, 253, 302,

303
fluviata (Percnoptilota), 38, 111
formicipennis (Hesia), 260
*formosana (Liparopsis), 323
formosa (Euchromia), 159
foulquieri (Hesperia), 58, 126, 178
foulquieri (Polyommatus), 17
franconica (Clisiocampa), 133
fraxinata (Eupithecia), 110, 135
fraxmi (Catocala), 40, 135
frithi (Antherea), 111
fritillum (Hesperia), 57, 58, 126, 177, 178
frugalis (Pydna), 267
frugalis (Eemigia), 183
fuciformis (Hemaris), 62
fugax (Solenopsis), 43
fulgurita (Eribomorpha), 279
fulvago (Xanthia), 303
fulvana (Catoptria), 245
fulvata (Larentia), 62
fumaria (Biston), 181
fumata (Acidaha), 47, 110
funebris (Pyrausta), 03
furcata (Hydriomena), 254
furva (Mamestra), 275, 328
*fusca (Fodina), 221
*fuscimarginahs (Nola), 161

gabrielis (Papilio), 181

galatea (Melanargia), 11, 12, 14, 155,

156, 296, 313
gaUata (Xanthorhoe), 323
gallii (Celerio), 228, 279
gambrisius (Papilio), 181
gamma (Plusia), 41, 111, 131, 135, 228,

253, 254, 302, 303, 317
gavarnica (Erebia), 283
gemmaria (Boarmia), 254
gemmiferana (Laspeyresia), 328
genista (Mamestra), 227
gentiana (Penthina), 328
geryon (Adscita), 107
geryon (Ino), 107
gigantea (ConchyHs), 245, 297
gilvago (Mellinia), 47
gilvaria (Aspilates), 246
glabra (Orrhodia), 106
glacialis (Erebia), 128
glareosa (Noctua), 276
glariaria (Phasiane), 318
glauca (Hadena), 47
glauca (Mamestra), 110
glaucata (Cilix), 120, 254
glaucinaria (Gnophos), 228
glaucopsis (Ccenonympha), 19
globularias (Ino), 63
globularias (Procris), 317
glyphica (Euclidia), 62
goante (Erebia), 57, 90, 129, 313
Gonospileia, 183

gordius (Chrysophanus), 13, 15, 20, 59
gordius (Lyc£ena), 154
gorge (Erebia), 58, 90, 91, 129,284,285,

313
gorgone (Erebia), 90
gorgophone (Erebia), 90, 91, 128
gothica (Tffiniocampa), 227
gracilis (Tajniocampa), 76, 111, 227
grascaria (Ithysia), 92
graminis (Charasas), 38, 276
griseata (Lithostege), 71
*griseotincta (Albara), 267
grossulariata (Abraxas), 105, 106, 107,

109, 136, 328
gutta (Plusia), 317
gyrata (Ephyra), 62
halterate (Diptilon), 135
hamana (Euxantbis), 318
*hampsoni (Metremene), 319
hardwickii (Parnassius), 229
hartmanniana (Argyrolepia), 47
hastiana (Peronea), 77, 111
haworthii (Cel^ena), 276
hecate (Brenthis), 16, 19, 20
hecatreus (Papilio), 46
hecla (Colias), 82, 83, 84, 85, 270
hecuba (Ornithoptera), 46
helice (Colias), 158, 176, 207, 327
Heliconius, 47
helvola (Lithosia), 47
herbosana (Dichrorhampha), 106
herbosana (Hemimene), 106

INDEX

XVll

hermione (Hipparchia), 156

hermione (Satyrus), 11, 14, 19, 20, 296

hen-ichi (Parnassius), 111

Hesperia, 177

hesperica (Plebeius), 44, 45

hiera (Pararge), 10, 13

hippocrepidis (Anthrocera), 326

hippolyte (Satyrus), 242

hippothoti (Chrysophanus), 310

hirtaria (Biston), 71, 180

hirtaria (Lycia), 92, 93, 94, 327

hispana (Agriades), 180

hispana (Polyommatus), 180

hispidaria (Apocheima), 207

hispuUa (Epinephele), 149, 173, 176, 177

hobleyi (Pseudacrjea), 44

hospita (Parasemia) , 2So

hospiton (Papilio), 148, 176, 224

humili (Hepialus), 275

hutchinsoni (Grapta). 325

hutchinsoni (Polygonia), 294, 328

hyale (Colias), 12, 13, 19, 59, 90, 177,
206, 207, 270. 271, 313

hydara (Heliconius), 158

hylas (Agriades), 127

hylas (Polyommatus), 12, 13, 20, 57,
282, 286, 310, 311,313

hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 11, 14, 45

iacularia (Ehodostiophia), 318

iberica (Melitrea), 46

icarinus (Polyommatus), 16, 46

icarus (Lycajna), 41, 70, 106

icarus (Polyommatus), 10, 13, 17, 20,
39, 46, 127, 149, 153, 158, 173, 174,
175, 177, 207, 212, 228, 251, 273,277,
278, 279, 280, 303, 309, 313, 327, 328

ichnusa (Aglais), 150, 174, 177

ictericana (Spaleroptera), 244

ida (Epinephele), 149, 175, 176, 177

ilia (Apatura), 279

iliades (Apatura), 279

ilicifolia (Gastropacha), 158, 228, 327

ilicifolia (Lasiocampa), 157

ilicis (Thecla), 11, 13, 16, 20, 27, 312,
313

illunaris (Pseudophia), 62

illustris (Automeris), 279

imitata (Acidalia), 62

immaculata (Dryas), 175, 176, 177

immaculata (Scolitantides). 273

imperator (Parnassius), 229

impura (Leucania), 254, 303

insequalis (Agriades), 327

incarnata (Heliothis), 317

inconspicua (Pydna), 267

indica (Pyrameis), 43

indica (Vanessa), 43

infausta (Aglaope), 56

ino (Brenthis), 285, 311, 312, 313

inornata (Acidalia), 62

inquinatellus (Crambus), 247

instabilis (Tjeniocampa), 227

insularis (Antherea), 111

intermedia (Epinephele), 316

intermedia (Mellinia), 47

intermedia (Pararge), 20

intermedia (Polyommatus), 18

io (Vanessa), 13, 41, 70, 174, 177, 206,

207, 276, 324
iochalcea (Abraxas), 136
iphioides (Coenonympha), 316
iphis (Coenonympha), 57, 89, 128, 310,

313
iris (Apatura), 279
•Isabellas (Poecilopsis), 92, 93, 94
ismeria (Phyciodes), 194, 195
isomera (Eustrotia), 169
italica (Ithysia), 92
Ithysia, 92

jacobffi.'B (Hypocrita), 180, 227, 253
jaguarinaria (Aricbanna), 202
japygia (Melanargia), 156
jasius (Charaxes), 133, 177
jucunda (Eublemma), 63
jurtina (Epinephele), 14, 20, 47, 128,

149, 206, 232, 313, 315
*kanshireiensis (Pydna), 322
*kanshireiensis (Thermesia), 320
*kanshireiensis (Semiothisa), 290
kuhlmanni (Argynnis), 295
lacinia (Synchloe), 195
lacticolor (Abraxas), 136, 328
lacunana (Sericoris), 76
lanarius (Microbiston), 92
lanceolata (Ccenonympha), 226
lanestris (Eriogaster), 134, 152, 157
lappona (Erebia), 129, 285, 286, 312, 313
lapponaria (Poecilopsis), 92, 93, 94
lariciaria (Boarmia), 39
lastoursi (Philosamia), 111
lathonia (Issoria), 13. 59. 89, 128, 129,

149, 174, 177, 295, 313
lavandulffi (Zyg^na), 61, 63
lavaterffi (Carcharodus), 313
leander (Coenonympha), 241, 316
lecheana (Ptycholoma), 158
lefebvrei (Erebia), 284
*lentiginosa (Kerala), 220
leonardi (Parnassius), 111
leporina (Acronycta), 110
leucomelanella (Lita), 208
leucophsearia (Hybernia), 120, 183
levana (Araschnia), 325
libythea (Appias), 44
licheana (Tortrix), 259
lichenea (Epunda), 135
ligea (Erebia), 34, 35
ligustri (Craniophora), 164
lilacina (Dryas), 182
limbatus (Teracolus), 44
Limenitis, 232
limitata (Ortholitha), 254
lineago (Mellinia), 47
linearia (Ephyra), 62, 303
hneola (Adopasa), 41, 311, 312, 317
lineola (Thymelicus), 13, 20, 57, 126
literosa (Miana), 111
lithargyria (Leucania). 110, 254. 302

XVlll

INDEX.

lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 254

litigiosaria (Acidalia), 61, 62

littoralis (Leucania), 111, 225

littoralis (Prodenia), 157

liturata (Semiothisa), 76, 110

lobulina (Cosmotriche), 321

lonicerffi (Anthrocera), 286, 311

lonicerffi (Zygtena), 61, 63

lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 253

lucernea (Agrotis), 47, 110, 135, 328

lucida (Acontia), 317

lucilla (Neptis), 241, 293

lucina (Nemeobius), 300

luctuosa (Acontia), 254

lunaria (Selenia), 279

lunigera (Agrotis), 328

lunosa (Anchocelis), 303

lunosa (Omphalocelis), 303

lupulina (Hepialus), 228

lurideola (Lithosia), 63, 254

lutea (Xanthia), 303

lutearia (Lytliiia), 318

luteata (Rumia), 62

luteolata (Opistograptis), 227, 253, 254,

302
lutulenta (Epunda), 105
lycaon (Epinephele), 56, 89, 128, 313, 316
lychnidis (Amathes), 136, 303
lychnidis (Orthosia), 136
Lycia, 92

lycidas (Plebeius), 44
lydia (Polyommatus), 274
lyllus (CcEiionympha), 173, 177
machaon (Papilio), 10, 13, 19, 127, 155,

175, 177, 187, 207, 253, 269, 282, 301,

311, 313
macilentaria (Acidalia), 61, 62
iiiaculata (Agriades), 127
maculata (Percnia), 202
maculipennis (Plutella), 205, 225, 318
maeniata (Ortholitha), 62
ma3ra (Pararge), lU, 13, 20, 313, 316
magdalena (Melitasa), 19
magnifica (Citheronia), 279
magnifica (Parnassius), 110
malvae (Hesperia), 142, 178, 317
malvoides (Hesperia), 58, 142, 178, 285,

313
manni (Pieris), 269
margaritellus (Crambus), 226
marginaria (Hybernia), 135
*marginata (Bapta), 201
marginata (Ligdia), 228, 254
marginata (Lomaspilis), 302
marginepunctata (Acidalia), 62, 108,

318
maritima (Senta), 299
marmorinaria (Hybernia), 183
matura (Cerigo), 254, 302
maura (Mania), 280
mayrana (Peronea), 112
medon (Aricia), 12, 13, 16, 18, 20
medon (Plebeius), 39, 106
medon (Polyommatus), 127, 310, 313

megffira (Pararge), 11, 13, 20, 41, 70, 206,

207, 313, 316
melampus (Erebia), 309, 313
Melanargia, 46
nielanella (Lita), 159
melanotoxa (Polyommatus), 327
meleager (Polyommatus), 18
Melintea, 47
Melitffia, 134
melotis (Hesperia), 178
mendica (Diaphora), 110, 227
menephron (Psilogramma), 279
menthastri (Spilosoma), 110, 227, 253
menyanthidis (Acronycta), 40, 110
merope (Melitaa), 128, 310, 313
Metaporia, 280
meticulosa (Phlogophora), 254, 275, 302,

303
meticulosa (Trigonophora), 254
mi (Euclidia), 110
mi (Euclidimera), 183
micacea (Hydrcecia), 302, 303
microdactylus (Leioptilus), 328
mima (Hypolimnas), 158
miniata (Calligenia), 47
minima (Zizera), 327
minimus (Cupido), 11, 13, 18, 20, 127,

207, 313
minutissimus (Agriades), 327
miniosa (Tasniocampa), 76
misella (Tinea), 318
mnemosyne (Parnassius i, 241, 269
mnestra (Erebia), 58, 90, 91, 128, 284,

313
Mocis, 183

moeschlerij(Hesperia), 316
Monacha, 136

monacha (Lymantria), 71, 251
monacha (Psilura), 46
monocharia (Phigalia), 135
moneta (Plusia), 160, 223
moniliata (Acidalia), 62
monoglypha (Xylophasia), 135, 254,

302
montanata (Xanthorhoe), 47, 228, 253,

275
morpheus (Caradrina), 253, 254, 303
mosara (^Edia), 222
mouffetella (Gelechia), 259
mucidaria (Gnophos), 63
mundana (Nudaria), 39
mundataria (Aspilates), 318
munita (Gonospileia), 183
munitata (Coremia), 275, 276
muricata (Hyria), 47
murinaria (Eubolia), 63, 318
murinata (Minoa), 52
musculana (Cnephasia), 47
myrmidone (Colias), 206, 207
myrtilli (Anarta), 123
nana (DianthcBcia), 72, 328
nanata (Eupithecia), 120
nanatella (Depressaria), 259
napffia (Brenthis), 128

INDEX.

XIX

napi (Pieris), 10, 13, 19, 41, 136, 174,

177, 206, 303, 313
nebalosa (Aplecta), 45, 111, 124, 135,

328
nebulosa (Mamestra), 124
*nebulosa (Parasiccia), 162
*nebulosa (Pydna), 267
neera (Melitaa), 295
neglecta (Noctua), 111
neomiris (Satyrus), 174, 175, 176, 177
nerii (Chaerocampa), 40, 72
nerii (Daphnis), 40
neustria (Malacosoma), 62, 254
ni (Plusia), 317
niavius (Amauris), 107
nictitans (Hydrcecia), 254, 302
nigra (Amporophyla), 303
nigra (Boarmia), 135
nigra (Odontoptera), 136, 328
nigrifoldella (Tinea), 232
*nigrifrons (Amata), 318
nigrofasciaria (Anticlea), 227
nigromaculana (Grapholitha), 245
*nigropunctata (Scolitantides), 273
nigrosparsata (Abraxas), 47, 328
niobe (Argynnis), 128, 295, 310, 312,

313
noctuella (Nomophila), 41
nymphagoga (Catocala), 62
obelisca (Agrotis), 110
obeliscata (Thera), 72, 111, 120, 231
oberthiiri (Philosamia), 111
oblongata (Eupithecia), 228, 253, 302
oblongata (Tephroclystia), 62
*obscura (iEdia), 222
obscura (Erebia), 108
obscura (Harmatelia), 222
obscura (Lycsna), 293
*obscura (Westermannia), 169
*obscurata (Gnophos), 111
obscuraria (Acacis), 292
obso'.eta (Leucania), 300
obsoleta (Zizera), 327
occidentalis (Hesperia), 178
occulta (Eurois), 275, 323
ocellaris (Mellinia), 47, 108
ocellata (Mesoleuca), 228, 254, 302
ocellatus (Smerinthus), 46, 251, 253,

327
ochracea(Ochria), 303
ochrata (Acidalia), 62, 244
•ochreipuncta (Micromonodes), 166
ochroleuca (Eremobia), 246
ochsenheimeri (Zygaena), 63
octogesima (Cymatophora) , 800
octomaculalis (Ennychia), 259
octomaculata (Pyrausta), 63
ocularis (Acronycta), 298
ocularis (Palimpsestes), 314
oleracea (Mamestra), 254
*olivacea (Chytonix), 165
*olivescens (Heterolocha), 291
oraphale (Chrysophanus), 272
ononaria (Aplasta), 62

ononidis (Zygaena), 63

onopordi (Hesperia), 141, 178

00 (Dicycla), 300

opalescens (Albara), 268

opalescens (Thyatira), 268

opima (Tseniocampa), 227, 300

optilete (Polyommatus), 90, 127

orbifer (Pyrgus), 236,316

orbicularis (Polyploca), 322

orbitulus (Plebeius), 57

orbitulus (Polyommatus), 127, 310, 313

orichalcia (Plusia), 131

ormenus (Papilio), 181

ornata (Acidalia), 302

ornata (Polyommatus), 16

ornithopus (Graptolitha), 25

ornithopus (Xylina), 125, 260

ostrina (Thalpochares), 43

palasno (Colias), 90

pales (Brenthis), 37, 128, 285, 312, 313

pallens (Leucania), 109. Ill, 254, 255,

302
pallescens (Apatura), 279
pallescentella (Tinea), 232
pallida (Colias), 19, 270
pallida (Pydna), 267
'pallida (Eivula), 266
palpina (Pterostoma), 302
palumbella (Salebria), 63
palustris (Anthrocera), 326
pamphilus (Coenonympha), 11, 14, 19,

20, 41, 70, 128, 206, 228, 231, 313,

316
pandora (Argynnis), 156
pandora (Dryas), 173, 174, 182, 175,

177
paniscus (Carterocephalus), 328
panoptes (Scolitantides), 273
Panthea, 183
paphia (Anthernea), 279
paphia (Argynnis), 46, 70
paphia (Dryas), 19, 20, 148, 175, 176,

177
papilionaria (Geometra), 47, 109, 111,

122
parallela (Micra), 317
parisiensis (Agriades), 327
parthenias (Brephos), 47
partbenie (Melita3a), 17, 20
parvipuncta (Cyaniris), 174, 176, 177
pasipliae (Epinephele), 20
pastinum (Toxocampa), 325
passetii (Eurois), 323
paula (Micra), 317
paupercula (Dryas), 175, 177
pavonia (Saturnia), 46, 104, 158
pedaria (Phigalia), 135
Pelamia, 183
pelopia (Argynnis), 46
peltigera (Heliothis), 111, 317
pendularia (Zonosoma), 43, 46
penella (Heterogynnis), 63
'pennata (Thyatira), 268
perfumaria (Boarmia), 48

INDEX.

perfusca (Notodonta), 72

Perisamia, 46

perla (Bryophila), 302

perneyi (Antherffia), 279

persona (Callimorpha), 46

petraria (Lozogramma), 228

pfluemeri (Syntomis), 45

phfeodactylus (Mimacocoptilus), 245

Pharmacophagus, 107

pharte (Erebia), 282, 286, 308, 309,

313
phasaianoides (Pelamia), 183
phegea (Syntomis), 45, 279, 303, 317
pheretes (Albulina), 303
pheretes (Polyommatus), 57, 90, 127,

309, 313
pherusa (Melanargia), 154, 229
phicomone (Colias), 12, 13, 57, 58, 59,

90, 128, 285, 311, 313
phla>as (Chrysophanus), 15, 20, 41, 70,

127, 252, 272, 276, 301, 313
phlieas (Rumicia), 327
phoebe (Meliteea), 20, 46, 311, 313
phryne (Triphysa), 242
Phyciodes, 134
Phytometra, 183
*picata (Craniophora), 1G4
Pieris, 44

pinetellus (Crambus), 247
piniperda (Panolis), 76
pisi (Maraestra), 228
plagiata (Anaitis), 228, 253
plantaginis (Nemeophila), 72, 107
plantaginis (Parasemia), 110, 285
Platycerusa, 183
plecta (Noctua), 302
plexippus (Anosia), 134
Plumigera, 136
Plusia, 183

pluto (Erebia), 58, 128, 283
podalirius (Papilio), 11, 13, 19, 155, 177,

207, 269, 282, 313
PcEcilopsis, 92
polerausa (Cirphis), 164
polonus (Agriades), 17, 20
polychloros (Eugonia), 11, 13, 19, 175,

177, 294
polygramma (Thalpochares), 62
polyphffinaria (Dindica), 293
polyxena (Thais), 136, 154
pomonaria (Pcecilopsis), 92, 93, 94
popularis (Epineuronia), 303
populeti (Tffniocampa), 288, 300
populi (Amorpha), 46, 251, 327
populi (Pojcilocampa), 120
populi (Smerinthus), 254, 327
porphyria (Agrotis), 275
*postflava (Arichanna), 282
postico-apicalis (Polyommatus), 327
postimaculata (Fodina), 221
*postvittata (Lithacodia), 168
*primula (Brenthis), 128
primulse (Noctua), 254
procida (Melanargia), 20, 156, 296

Prodromaria, 38

promethea (Samia), 279

pronoe (Erebia), 159

pronuba (Triphrena), 122, 125, 254, 275,

302, 303
pronubana (Tortrix), 76
protea (Eumichtis), 302
proto (Pyrgus), 316
prunaria (Angeronia), 47
pruni (Adscita), 56
pruni (Strymon), 207
pruni (Thecla), 271
pryadvena (Philosamia), 110
pryeri (Philosamia), 111
pseudonomion (Parnassius), 45
pulchella (Deiopeia), 160
pulchellata (Eupithecia), 228
*pulchra (Prionia), 291
pulchrina (Plusia), 254
pulverulenta (Tfeniocampa), 76
pulveraria (Numeria), 110, 327
pumilata (Tephroclystia), 62
puncta (Agriades), 17
puncta (Polyommatus), 274
*punctivena (Archanara), 167
punctularia (Tephrosia), 111
piipillaria (Ephyra), 62
purpuralis (Anthrocera), 286
purpuralis (Pyrausta), 63
purpuraria (Lythria), 205, 318
*purpureofaseiata (Euproctis), 321
purpurina (Micra), 317
purpurina (Thalpochares), 62
pygmffiata (Eupithecia), 228
pygmasola (Lithosia), 244
pylaon (Scolitantides), 240, 273
pyraliata (Cidaria), 254
pyramidea (Amphipyra), 71, 280
pyrenffilla (Oreopsyche), 279, 280
pyri (Saturnia), 279
pyrina (Zeuzera), 254
pyropella (Pleurota), 318
quadrifasciaria (Coremia), 45
*quadrilinealis (Adrapsa), 222
quadripunctata (Caradrina), 254
quercana (Phibalocera), 120, 260
quercifolia (Gastropacha), 324
quercinaria (Ennomos) 47, 120
quercus (Lasiocampa), 110, 111, 133,

324
quercus (Thecla), 120
quercus (Zephyrus), 20, 272
rachelffi (Pcecilopsis), 92, 93
radiata (Abraxas), 136
radiatella (Cerostoma), 119, 120
rapffi (Pieris), 13, 19, 41, 128, 132, 153,

175, 177, 193, 206, 269
raschkiella (Laverna), 208
ravida (Agrotis), 299, 318
Eemigia, 183
renalis (Hcemerosia), 62
repandata (Boarmia), 46, 47, 109, 110,

111, 135, 288, 290, 327, 328
reticulata (Cidaria), 136

INDEX.

XXI

reticulata (Neuria), 253, 279

rhamnata (Scotosia), 318

rhamni (Gonepteryx), 11, 13, 19, 177,

271,280, 313
ribeana (Tortrix), 259
roboris (Lffiosopis), 16, 20
robsoni (Aplecta), 47, 110, 111, 328
romanovi (Parnassius), 229
rosearia (Prionia), 292
rothliebii (Cnenonympha), 47
rubi (Callophrys), 20, 186, 272
rubi (Macrothylacia), 123
rubi (Noctua), 253, 302
rubiginata (Acidalia), 62
rufa (Coenobia), 300
rufaria (Acidalia), 62
rufohinulata (Agriades), 45
rumicis (Acronycta), 62
rumina (Thais), 43
russata (Cidaria), 328
rutilus (Chrysophanus), 186, 187, 272
ryffelensis (Hesperia), 126, 178
sacraria (Sterrhaj, 62
Safia, 183

sagittata (Cidaria), 253, 314
sanguinalis (Pyrausta), 63
sao (Hesperia), 155, 312, 313
sao (Pyrgus), 20, 89, 126, 285
sareptana (Melitsea), 294
sareptensis (Colias), 271
satuniaua (Dichrorampha), 328
satyrion (Coenonympha), 313
sarpedon (Anthrocera), 326
sarpedon (Zygtena), 63
scandanavica (Parnassius), 110
*schamyl (Callophrys), 272
schreibersiana (Commophila), 314
schmidtii (Chrysophanus), 277
scipio (Erebia), 55, 59, 128, 281, 310,

311, 312, 313
scirpi (Leucania), 62
scitula (Thalpochares), 62
scolirt-formis (Mgerisk), 45
scripturosa (Xylina), 318
scutosa (Heliothis), 317
sebrus fCupido), 274, 313
secalis (Apamea), 254, 302
segetum (Agrotis,) 253, 254
selene (Argynnis), 113
semele (Hipparchia), 20, 56, 315
semele (Satyrus), 70, 136
semi-allous (Lycaena), 328
semiargus (Cyaniris), 329
semiargus (Lycsena), 156
semiargus (Nomiades), 18, 20, 127, 282,

313
semisyngrapha (Agriades), 17, 46, 327
semisyngrapha (Lyesena), 110
sepiaria (Trephonia), 62, 63
sequella (Cerostoma), 39
Serena (Hecatera), 47, 254
sericea (Trisuloides), 183
sericealis (Eivula), 62, 266
sericeata (Acidalia), 61, 62, 318

serratulre (Hesperia), 57, 58, 126, 141

174, 177, 178, 285, 309, 312, 313
sidffl (Hesperia), 317
silaceata (Eustroma), 111, 254
similata (Acidalia), 318
simplonia (Anthocharis), 58, 270, 282

303, 308, 310, 312, 313
siuapis (Leptidia), 13, 19, 149, 150, 174
sinapis (Leptosiaj, 174, 177, 270, 313
sinapis (Leucophasia), 133, 206, 328
*sinuata (Eugoa), 161
smaragdaria, (Euchloris), 318
sobrinata (Eupithecia), 110
sodorensium (Boarmia), 46
solieraria (Boarmia), 62, 63
sordida (Hama), 253
*sordida (Nanaguna), 169
*sordida (Pydna), 267
spartiata (Chesias), 110, 111
sphinx (Asteroscopus), 123
sphinx (Brachionycha), 123
spini (Thecla), 11, 13, 15, 20, 56, 152, 271
spinula (Cilix), 228
splendana (Cydia), 318
spumosum (Stibadium), 193
stabilis (Tseniocampa), 76, 125, 227
statices (Procris), 300
statilinus (Argynnis), 156
stellatarum (Macroglossa), 62, 90, 152
sticticalis (Phlyctsnodes), 318
stigmosa (Scotogramma), 318
straminea (Leucania), 300
straminea (Pydna), 268
stratarius (Biston), 92
striata (Lycajna), 251
striata (Polyommatus), 327
strigosa (Acronycta), 218, 251, 298,299,

300, 314
strigosa (Hyboma), 218
strigillaria (Aspilates), 110, 111
strigula (Agrotis), 119, 120, 122, 254
strigula (Lycophotea), 119, 120, 122
stubbendorfii (Parnassius), 229
stygne (Erebia), 10, 11, 13, 14, 47, 57,

59, 128, 282, 283, 284, 285, 312, 313
styriaca (Parnassius), 111
suava (Eublemma) 63
subalpina (Chrysophanus), 10, 13, 57,

127, 207, 313
subapennina (Polyommatus), 17
*subfalcata (Gonanticlea), 292
sublustris (Xylophasia), a54, 300
submutata (Acidalia), 62
subobsoleta (Polyommatus), 327
*subornata (Mecodina), 223
subsequa (Triphasna), 110
subsericeata (Acidalia), 47
substrigilis (Oxyambulyx), 279
subtilata (Acidalia), 318
subtusa (Tethea), 110
suffumata (Cidaria), 157
suffumata (Lampropteryx), 111, 128
*suffusa (Kerala), 220
*suffusa (Percnia), 202

xxn

INDEX.

sulphuralis (Phlycttenodes), 318

superba (Westermannia), 169

suwarovius (Melanargia), 240, 296

sybilla (Limenitis), 17

sylvanus (Augiades), 13, 313, 317

sylvanus (Pamphilus), 20

Syngrapha, 183

syngrapha (Agriades), 17, 46

Synthymia, 183

Syrichtus (Hesperiu), 126

syringaria (Hygrochroa), 120

syringaria (Pericallia), 120

tabidaria (Rhodostrophia), 62

tages (Nisoniades), 47, 206, 317

'taiwana (Anticlea),203

*taiwana (Dindica), 292

*tai\vana (Noctua), 162

*takaocnsis (Parallelia), 319

Tambana, 183

tanaceti (Dichrorampha), 106

tanaceti (Heraimene), 106

taras (Syrichtus), 328

taraxaci (Caradrina), 254

tarpeia (CEneis), 242

tartaricus (Microbiston), 92

telicanus (Tarucus), 149, 156, 177

templi (Dasypolia), 38

tenebrosa (Rusina), 228, 253

Tephroclystia, 61

tessellum (Hesperia), 8, 241, 316

testacea (Luperina), 302, 303

tetralunaria (Selenia), 47

tetrica (Satyrus), 297

thalassina (.Mamestra), 227, 254

tharos (Phyciodes), 195

thaumas (Hesperia), 10

thersamon (Chrysophanus), 272

thersites (Agriades), 13, 45, 46, 59, 157

thersites (Polyomniatus), 273, 286, 309,

311, 313
thersites (Coenonympha), 19
thetis (Agriades), 13, 17, 20, 46, 47, 303,

327
thulei (Noctua), 275
tigelius (Pararge), 149, 151, 175, 177
tiphon (Ccenonympha), 46, 128, 226
tipuliformis (Sesia), 260
titania (Aeontia), 317
tithonus (Epinephele), 14, 70, 149, 175,

177
trabealis (Emmeha), 317
tragopogonis (Amphipyra), 254, 302,

303
transalpina (Anthrocera), 311
transalpina (Zygtena), 63, 205, 286
trajDezina (Calymnia), 43
trapezina (Cosmia), 43
triangulum (Noctua), 260, 262
trifoHi (Anthrocera), 47, 326
trifolii (Zygsena), 160
trigeminata (Acidalia), 62
trigotephras (Orgyia), 62
trigrammica (Grammesia), 253
trilinea (Orammesia), 228

trilinearia (Ephyra), 62

tripartita (Abrostola), 111, 253, 302

triquetra (Euclidia), 318

tristata (Melanippe), 108

Trisuloides, 183

trivia (MelitaBa), 241, 295

truncata (Cidaria), 47, 48, 253, 303

tyndarus (Erebia), 129, 284, 312, 313

typhon (Coenonympha), 47, 110

ultimaria (Tephroclystia), 62

ulula (Dyspessa), 63

ulvas (Senta), 300

umbratica (Cucullia), 228, 254

undata (Cauninda), 183

unicolorata (Ematurga), 251

unicolorata (Fidonia), 251

unilobata (Xanthorhoe), 323

unipunctalis (Pyralis), 132

uralensis (Anthocharis), 270

urticse (Abrostola), 111

urticffi (Aglais), 10, 13, 128, 284,

313
urticffi (Vanessa), 38, 41, 133, 160, 276,

324
vaccinii (Orrhodia), 227
vafra (Scoparia), loo
valesiaca (Erebia), 284
valezina (Dryas), 175, 176, 177
varia (Melita3a), 46, 58, 128, 313
variata (Thera), 72, 111, 120, 231, 253,

303
variegana (Peronea), 135
*variegata (Chytonix), 164
*variegata (Hadena), 162
variegata (Tambana), 183
varleyata (Abraxas), 47, 109, 111
vellida (Hepialus), 276
*venipicta (Acasis), 292
venosa (Chalcosia), 158
venosata (Eupithecia), 253, 275, 276
vernaria (Geometra), 62, 254
vernetensis (Zygana), 63
versicolor (Endromis), 38
verticalis (Botys), 259
verticalis (Phlyctaenodes), 318
vespiformis (Sesia), 260
vibicaria (Rhodostrophia), 62, 318
vibicigella (Coleophora), 318
villica (Arctia), 113, 114
virainalis (Bombycia), 254
vinula (Dicranura), 228
viretata (Lobophora), 47, 110
*virgata (Pydna), 266
virgaure* (Chrysophanus), 10, 13, 57,

89, 127, 312, 313
virgularia (Acidalia), 46, 62
viridana (Tortrix), 241, 259
viridaria (Prothymnia), 62
viridata (Nemoria), 62
vitalbata (Phibalapterys), 254, 302
vittata (Phibalapteryx), 72
vittata (Polyomniatus), 18, 20
vittelina (Leucania), 110
volgaria (Euchloris), 318

INDEX.

XXlll

*volgensis (Euchloe), 270
wahlbergi (Hypolimnas), 157, 158
w-album (Thecla), 271
*wardi (Arctia), 114
weidemeyeri (Basilarchia), 193
werdandi (Colias), 83, 270
xantliographa (Noctua), 38, 122, 302,

303
xanthographa (Segetia), 122
xantholopha (Macrobarasa), 220
seranthemi (Cucullia), 318

xylostella (Cerostoma), 259

Zale, 183

zapatosa (Sagana), 111

zephyrus (Plebeius), 44, 236

zermattensis (Chrysophanus), 312

zetica (Chalcosia), 158

ziczac (Notodonta), 71

zonaria (Ithysia), 92, 94

zonaria (Nyssia), 47, 110, 183, 207, 327

Zygaena, 154, 229

Order XIX. COLEOPTERA.

aeneus (Corymbites), 112
albicincta (Epitoxa), 43
argentatus (Phyllobius), 112
arietus (Clytus), 112
atra (Hispa), 158
betulas (Deporans), 112
Bruchophagus, 53
brunnea (Crioceris), 279
cacaliae (Orina), 249
calcaratus (Phyllobius), 112
campestris (Cicindela). 46
centaurus (Archon), 158
communis (Amara), 112
constrictus (Desmoris), 196
convergens (Hippodamia), 193
coriai'ius (Prionus), 104, 252
coryli (Strophosomus), 112
Crioceris, 228

domesticum (Anobium), 110
exclamationis (Chrysomela), 193, 196
fulvus (Desmoris), 196
gloriosa (Orina), 249
ha;morrhoidalis (Athous), 112
hannorrhoidalis (Megarhinus), 280
*immsi (Psephenides), 189
interrupta (EpiscajDhula), 107
italica (Luciola), 228, 279
lilii (Crioceris), 279
Longicornia, 182
lunatus (Diphyllus), 77
marginatus (Dolopius), 112
melanocephalus (Calathus), 112
merdigera (Crioceris), 279
nubilus (Liophlajus), 217

oblongus (Phyllobius), 112
Orina, 249

pariseta (Thorictus), 107
Phytodecta, 249
picipes (Otiorrhynchus), 112
*picus (Eurytoma), 53
pilula (Byrrhus), 112
populi (Melasoma), 279
Prionus, 110
Psammcechus, 110
*Psephenoides, 189
Psephenus, 188
Bhipiphorus, 188
rubi (Batophila), 217
rufipes (Phytodecta), 250
saxea (Stretchia), 163
schonherri (Barynotus), 112
sikorae (Semiclaviger), 182
speciosa (Orina), 249
spinosus (Dectes), 195
staphylia (Chrysomela), 112
superba (Orina), 249
suturalis (Lochmtea), 182
ulicis (Apion), 112
variabihs (Phytodecta), 249
viminalis (Gonioctena), 249
viminalis (Phytodecta), 249
violaceuni (Apion), 112
virescens (^demera), 157
vittigera (Orina), 249
vorax (Apion), 217
whitei (Eudectus), 157
wisei (Goliathus), 157

Order XXI. DIPTERA.

sestuum (Limnophora), 182
Anthocoris, 217
Banksinella, 112
bimaculata (Dictenidia), 218
calcitrans (Stomoxys), 131
caloptera (Laglasia), 107
chameleon (Stratiomyia), 112
ciliata (Fannia), 182
coccidivora (Diadiplosis), 86
crabroniformis (Asilus), 182
cyaniventris (Dermatobia), 131
Dermatobia, 131

Dioctria, 216

domestica (Musca), 69, 131

fasciata (Stegiomyia), 37

fatigans (Culex), 37

fera (Tachinus), 182

finalis (Tephritis), 195

Glossina, 182

griseola (Macronychia), 182

grossa (Tachinus), 182

guttatus (Syrphus), 45

Hilara, 216

longipennis (Strauzia), 195

XXIV

INDEX.

Mansonia, 37

minuta (Tachydromia), 216

morsitans (Glossina), 182

nobilltatns (Poecilobothrus), 218

obliqua (Allograpta), 131

pallidiventris (Tachydromia), 217

parvicornis (Chirosia), 182

Phormia, 192

potamida (Stratiomyia), 122

pseudoscutellaris (Stegiomyia), 37

pygmssa (Lispe), 182

pyrophila (Sarcopbaga), 280

saliciperda (Cecidomyia), 158, 182

*samoaensis (Pseudota3niorhynchus), 36

Sciara, 216

Sepsis, 192

Styringomyia, 182

Tjeniorhynchus, 37, 112

terrae-novffi (Phormia), 131

vibrans (Seoptera), 218

Order XXII. HYMENOPTERA.

abdominahs (Macrocentrus), 258
aceris (Pliyllotoma), 46
Acroricnus, 23, 137
acuminata (Ccelioxys), 130
aequatus (Branchus), 138
sereus (Panargyrops), 120
affinis (Salius), 129
Ageiiia, 173

albatorius (Cryptus), 25
albiditarsis (Meteorns), 75
*altitudinis (Euryglossa), 213, 214
ambulator (Acroricnus), 170, 178
ambulator (Cryptus), 172
analis (Andrena), 130
angophorsB (Exoneura), 200
annulicorne (Joppidium), 138, 141
annulipes (Mesoleptus), 25
annulipes (Syzeuctus), 25
antipodes (Bingharaiella), 199
apicale (Joppidium), 138, 139
apicata (Andrena), 130
apparitorius (Cryptus), 25
approximator (Ehyssa), 22
ardens (Joppidium), 138
ardescens (Ccelioxys), 115
areator (Hemiteles), 77
arenaria (Cerceris), 252
argentata (Andrena), 130
asperithorax (Halictus), 307
atrator (Meteorus), 77
*atronitens (Parasphecodes), 242
aurantipennis (Megachile), 119
aurulenta (Osmia), 130
azteca (Ccelioxys), 116
barbifrons (Ichneumon), 37
Baryceros, 137
basalis (Ccelioxys), 119
basaiis (Odynerus), 138
bellicosum (Joppidium), 138, 140
bellicosus (Cryptus), 140
bellosus (Cryptus), 140
beroni (Ccelioxys), 117
bibulus (Cryptus), 25
bicarinata (Cunlioxys), 116, 117
bicingulatus (Halictus), 307
bicolor (Exoneura), 200
bicolor (Mimesa), 129
bicolor (Osmia), 130
bifida (Nomada), 130
bimaculata (Andrena), 130

bimaculatus (Meteorus), 122

Binghamiella, 308

birenimaculatus (Odynerus), 173

borealis (Nomada), 130

botanica (Exoneura), 200

*bribiensis (AUodapa), 200

bruneri (Antliophorula), 114

Buathra, 25

Cffiruleipenne (Joppidium), 138, 139, 140

caesar (Lucilius), 130

calcaratus (Panurgus), 130

calliopsella (Euryglossa), 213

calliopsiformis (Kuryglossa), 213

Callomelitta, 308

campestris (Ammophila), 224

campestris (Gorytes), 129

capensis (Osprhynchotus), 24

capitatus (Ccelioxys), 119

capitosus (Crabro), 129

cetii (Andrena), 130

chapmani (Halictus), 243

chichimica (Ccelioxys), 118

chloropthalma (Bracon), 289

chloropthalma (Zele), 287, 288, 289

chloropthalmus (Phylax), 289

chloropthalmus (Rhogas), 288, 289

chrysopthalmus (Meteorus), 76

chrysosceles (Andrena), 130

circumcincta (Megachile), 130

circumdatus (Halictus), 243, 307

Closterocerus, 123

cloutieri (Acroricnus), 171

coarctata (Eumenes), 130

Ccelioxys, 118

coeruleipenne (Joppidium), 138, 139, 140

cognatus (Halictus), 307

coUaris (Bracon), 261

collaris (Macrocentrus), 258, 261, 262,

287
eompactula (Anthophorula), 114
confusa (Prosopis), 130
contracta (Ponera), 131
coquilletti (Anthophorula), 114
corniger (Passaltecus), 129
*costaricensis (Ccelioxys), 117, 118
*crabronica (Euryglossa), 142, 199
crassimanus (Mesochorus), 120
Cryptus, 25, 137
cupulifera (AUodape), 119
deceptor (Meteorus), 76

INDEX.

XXV

decoloratus (Meteorus), 123

depilis (Iridomyrmex), 192

destillatorinm (Sceliphron), 172

Diadasia, 115

*disclusus (Halictus), 243

discolor (Zele), 287, 290

Distantella, 23

donabile (Joppidium), 140

donabilis (Joppidium), 140

dorsata (Andrena), 130

Dorylus, 107

dubiosum (Joppoceras), 137, 138

edwardsi (Acroricnus), 171

elegana (Acroricnus), 170

Entedon, 123

*Epiteropia, 68

equalis (Macrocentrus), 258, 261

equestris (Mimesa), 129

Euceros, 137

Eulophus, 123, 216

Eumenes, 171

europffia (Mutilla), 129

Earyglossa, 308

Euryglossidia, 198

Examolopis, 115

Exoneura, 308

extensor (i^ubadizon), 260

5-fasciata (Cerceris), 129

femorata (Lissonata), 217

filator (Meteorus), 74, 124

filicornis (Hedycryptus), 25

flavipes (Osprliynchotus), 24, 27, 28

flavus (Lasius), 107

fragilis (Meteorus), 124

*frederici (Exomalopsis), 115

fugax (Solsenopsis), 43

fumidicauda (Parasphecodes), 243

furcatus (Podalirins), 130

fusca (Formica), 45

fuscipenne (Joppidium), 138, 139,

140
fuscipennis (Cryptus), 140
fuscipes (Andrena), 130
gallica (Polistes), 228
*geminator (Zele), 287, 289
geniculatus (Certonotus), 230
gigas (Osprliynchotus), 24, 26, 27, 28
gilesi (Halictus), 307
Halictus, 308

*h8ematopus (Halictus), 307
hffimorrhoidalis (Cilissa), 130
hamulata (Exoneura), 200, 308
hattorfiana (Andrena), 130
hedleyi (Halictus), 244
Hedycryptus, 25
*hemichlora (Euryglossa), 214
herrichii (Odynerus), 130
himalayensis (Cryptus), 25
hirtipes (Dasypoda), 251, 252
Homolobus, 257, 287
Hylffioides, 142
Ichneumon, 137

ichneumonides (Euryglossidia), 198
ichneumonides (Methoca), 129

ictericus (Meteorus), 76

inconspicua (Euryglossa), 215

indicus (Cryptus), 25

infirmus (Macrocentrus), 258, 261

*infumator (Zele), 287, 288, 290

insidiator (Cryptus), 25

instabilis (Halictus), 243

*insularis (Binghamiella), 199

*insularis (Exoneura), 200

interruptus (Crabro), 130

interruptus (Nysson), 129

itinerans (Iridomyrmex), 192

jonellus (Bombus), 129

Joppa, 137

Joppidium, 137, 170

Joppoceras, 137 '

junceus (Acroricnus), 170, 174

junceus (Cryptus), 173

klugianus (Podagrion), 263

labiata (Macropis), 130

Labrorychus, 230

lacticinctus (Gorytes), 129

lievipes (Odynerus), 130

lanarius (Halictus), 307

*latissima (Euryglossa), 215

*launcestonensis (Paracolletes), 305

leaiana (Osmia), 218

leporina (Cilissa), 130

leporina (Ccelioxys), 117

leucochrysea (Ccslioxys), 117

leucomelana (Osmia), 180

leviventris (Meteorus), 125

ligniseca (Megachile), 130

linearis (Kogas), 259

Linoceras, 23, 170, 172

Lissonota, 218

*littleri (Callomelitta), 305

*littleri (Halictus), 307

lituratus (Crabro), 130

luctuosa (Melecta), 130

luculentus (Cryptus), 25

luridus (Meteorus), 124, 125

*luzomcus (Coelioxys),118

macrobatus (Acroricnus), 170, 171

macrobatus (Cryptus), 171, 173

Macrocentrus, 257

macrocercus (Ichneumon), 140

maculata (Euryglossa), 214

maculatus (Cer pales), 129

maerens (Nomia), 307

marginata (AUodape), 119

marginator (Macrocentrus), 258, 259,

261
marginatus (Paracolletes), 305
Megachile, 308

melanoleucus (Acroricnus), 170, 173
melanoleucus (Cryptus), 172
melanoleucus (Linocerus), 172
*melanopterus (Halictus), 243
*melanosoma (Euryglossa), 214
melanostictus (Meteorus), 74, 120
mellifer (Apis), 192
Meteorus, 74, 122
*morgani (Anthophorula), 114

XXVI

indp:x.

nebriceps (Joppidium), 138

niger (Meteorus), 120

nigra (Euryglossa), 215

nitidifrons (Euryglossa), 199

nitidipennis (Cryptus), 140

Nomia, 308

nursei (Cryptus), 25

objurgator (Cryptus), 25

objurgator (Ichneumon), 25

objurgator (Osprhynchotus), 24, 25

obliteratus (Ichneumon), 37

obscurus (Cryptus), 25

*occidentalis (Exoneura), 200

Odynerus, 130, 173

Ophion, 287

orientalis (Cryptus), 25

Osmia, 171

Osprhynchotus, 23, 170

otomita (Coelioxys), 115, 116

Oxybelus, 129

pachymerum (Podagrion), 263, 265

pachymerum (Priomerus), 263

Pachitomus, 263

palhpes (Macrocentrus), 259

Paniscus, 287

ParacoUetes, 308

Parasphecodes, 308

Passalfficus, 218

Pemphredon, 218

perhumiUs (Prosopis), 306

Perilampus, 120

peronatus (Acroricnus), 170, 172

peronatus (Osprhynchotus), 23

persuasoria (Ehyssa), 21, 22, 225

phiUppensis (Ccelioxys), 119

Phygadeuon, 137

picta (Callomehtta), 305

pictus (Odynerus), 130

pilapes (Andrena), 130

pilicornis (Osmia), 130

pilosella (Distantella), 25

planiceps (Exomalopsis), 115

plorator (Parasphecodes), 243

Podagrion, 263, 264, 265

porrectorius (Habrocryptus), 172

prtecox (Andrena), 130

prasinus (Halictus), 130

prolongata (Xyphydria), 22

Prosopis, 308

Proteins, 74

pulcher (Acroricnus), 170

pulcherrimus (Cryptus), 27

pulcherrimus (Osprhynchotus), 24, 27

pulchricornis (Meteorus), 74, 76, 119, 121

*purpurascens (Euryglossidia), 197,198

Pyramishyssa, 230

quadridentata (Coehoxys), 130

quadrifasciatus (Gorytes), 129

quercina (Coelioxys), 116

rectangulata (Euryglossidia). 198

religiosus (Palmon), 263

*reticulatithorax (Epiterobia), 68

reticulosus (Sphecodes), 130

retusus (Podalirius), 130

*rhodopterus (Parasphecodes), 306

Rhyssa, 20, 32

ridens (Euryglossa), 214

roberjeotiana (Nomada), 130

Tcosse (Andrena), 130

rubiginosa (Euryglossa), 214, 215

rubriceps (Joppidium), 138, 139

ruficeps (Osprhynchotus), 24, 27

ruficoUe (Joppidium), 139

ruficornis (Xenodocon), 171

ruficrus (Apanteles), 225

rufipes (Epeolus), 130

rufiventris (Buathra), 25

*rufotegularis (Parasphecodes), 306

sabulosa (Ammophila), 225, 251

sanguinea (Formica), 129

sanguinipes (Halictus), 307

sanguinosus (Coelioxys), 116

Sceliphron, 172

schenki (Cremastogaster), 181, 182

scutellator (Meteorus), 121, 122

seductor (Acroricnus), 170, 171

seductor (Ichneumon), 171

*semisanguineus (Scelio), 197

sexfasciata (Nomada), 252

signatus (Crabro), 129

simiatus (Odynerus), 130

similis (Andrena), 130

smaragdina (fficophylla), 157

solidaginis (Nomada), 252

solskyi (Stigmus), 129

*sonorensis (Coelioxys), 116

spinigera (Andrena), 130

spinulosa (Osmia), 30

spirifex (Pelopseus), 171

stuchila (Paraphecodes), 806

subterranea (Aphsenogaster), 107

subulosus (Mellinus), 129

*submserans (Nomia), 307

succinctus (Colletes), 130

sulcinodis (Myrmica), 129

sumatrana (Coelioxys), 119

syriacus (Acroricnus), 23, 170, 172

syriacus (Osprhynchotus), 172

taluchis (Parasphecodes), 306

tarsoleucus (Cryptus), 25

tasmaniae (Halictus), 244

Terobia, 68

testaceator (Zele), 76, 287, 288, 289

tetricus (Mesochorus), 120

texana (Anthophorula), 114

texana (Coelioxys), 116

Thalessa, 22

thoracicus (Macrocentrus), 258, 259, 261

tibialis (Crabro), 129

tptonaca (Coelioxys), 118

Trichiosoma, 157

Trigona, 192

trinotata (Distantella), 24

*triodonta (Coelioxys), 117

tropica (Ceratina), 119

tumorifera (Ccelioxys), 117

*turneri (Exoneura), 199

*undulata (Euryglossa), 198

INDEX.

XXVll

unicolor (Allodape), 201
unieolor (Meteorus), 1'22
unicolor (Pompilus), 129
uniglumis (Oxybelus), 129
ursinus (Panurgus), ISO
vagus (Crabro), 130
variegatus (Spbecodes), 130
versicolor (Mep;achile), 130
versicolor (Meteorus), 74, 122, 123
vexator (Meteorus), 77

viaticus (Myrmecocystus), 107
villosula (Euryglossa), 199
violator (Ichneumon), 24
violator (Osprhynchotus), 24
virescens (fficophylla), 157
Xenodocon, 170
yucatanense (Joppidium), 140
Zele, 76, 257, 287
Zemiotus, 74

ADDENDA.
P. 313, 1. 33, aiter rnegccra add Satyrus cordula.

ERRATA.

P. 303, 1. 25, for pherestes read pheretes.

P. 312, 1. 5, for cordulea read cordula.

V. 313, 1. 38, for eighty-nine read ninety.

P. 315, 1. 20 from bottom, for climene read clijmene.

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ENTOMOLOGIST

lllustrafeb lltontjjljj |ournd

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVII.l JANUARY, 1914. [No. 608

SOME REMAEKS ON THE ATLANTIC FORMS OF
SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM, Charp.

By Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S.

In the * Revue des Odonates ' (1850), p. 43, in discussing the
Libellula ruficollis of Charpentier, de Selys writes as follows : —
'* M. Hagen m'a communique deux des trois exemplaires types
re9us de Portugal par M. de Charpentier ; ce sont de vrais strio-
lata males tres adultes, mais en mauvais etat de conservation.
. . . Les pieds sont comme tournes au gras et les lignes
jaunes sont tres-etroites, surtout sur les cuisses (qui au premier
abord paraissent noiratres), mais elles existent. La taille est
tres grande, mais pas sans exemple en Belgique." Lower down
on the same page we read : " J'ai vu dans la collection de Miss
Ball a Dublin, des exemplaires males adultes qui avaient aussi
les pieds tres-peu lignes de jaune."

In the "Revision des Diplax pal6arctiques " (* Annales de la
Soc. Ent. Belg.,' xxviii. p. 35 (1884), de Selys describes a race
of S. striolatum from Madeira under the name of nigrifemur, of
which he says: — " Les femurs sont noiratres sans ligne jaunatre,
et aux tibias le jaunatre n'occupe qu'une raie externe etroite.
La taille est tres grande : abdomen (3" 27 : ? 26-29. Aile
inferieure S 30-33 ; $ 30-33 ... les parties noiratres des cotes
du thorax sont tres foncees, de sorte que les deux bandes
jaunatres qui les divisent, sont fort tranchees."

These are the first indications of the existence of what may
be termed an Atlantic race of S. striolatum characterized by
darker femora, and usually by more strongly pronounced lateral
thoracic markings than in the more typical forms.

The next occasion on which exceptionally dark S. striolatum
are alluded to, the insects in question came from a somewhat
unexpected and in some respects rather remote point, and the
imagination of those who had to do with them seems to have
been rather exercised concerning them.

Mr. Lucas in 'Entomologist,' May, 1900, p. 139, recorded
the capture at Stornoway by Mr. Fremlin of two females of a
Sympetrum, and wrote of them as follows : — " The conclusion to
which we must come, seeing there are two specimens thus pre-

ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1914. B '

^ THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

eluding an aberration, appears to be that the insects belong to a
form of 8. striolatiim somewhat resembling S. scoticum (probably
a local race), or else that both insects are hybrids between the
two species. Mr. McLachlan, who has examined the insects,
inclines to the latter opinion." A good figure accompanies this
record.

Further, in * Entomologist ' for June, 1912, p. 171, Mr. Lucas
records a pair of dragonflies captured by Colonel Yerbury at
Lochinver, Eoss-shire'(I presume Sutherland is meant), which
are said to be the very counterparts of the Stornoway specimens.
He gives to these examples the name of S. nigrescens, and con-
siders them either a new species or a very distinct race of
striolatum. In his remarks there seems still to be a tendency to
associate the insects in some way with S. scoticum, and one is
tempted to regard his description as a little forced to maintain
this. Unfortunately Mr. Lucas does not compare his specimens
with those from other localities in Scotland, England, Ireland,
or elsewhere. There is accordingly room for some further
observations.

When Mr. Lucas's original remarks appeared in 1900 I was
not greatly interested in the subject. In 1912 his suggestion of
the existence of a species of Sympetrum localized in the extreme
north-west of Scotland seemed inconceivable, and considering
the known powers of Sympetrum as a flier, the idea of a local
race restricted to the same region was almost equally difficult to
accept. After comparing the description with that of the var.
nigrifemur, which it at once recalled, I gave the matter no
further consideration until I received an enquiry from Dr. Eis
asking me what I knew of S. nigrescens, the description of which
had been brought under his notice by Mr. Herbert Campion.
With the ready co-operation of my friend and neighbour Mr.
William Evans, I was able without any delay to send Dr. Eis speci-
mens from the west of Scotland evidently similar to Mr. Lucas's,
and, together with these, series of S. striolatum from the north of
Ireland and the New Forest for comparison. Since then, by the
kind assistance of friends and correspondents, I have examined
quite a number of examples from different localities, and the
conclusion come to is that the form described by Lucas extends
with a certain amount of variation, both individual and local,
over the whole western fringe of Scotland ; while examples from
Ireland, especially from the north and west, although more variable
and in some respects intermediate, still retain some of the same
characters, and in any breaking up of the species into races
would fall to be associated with the Scottish form rather than
with the typical one. Fortunately Dr. Eis visited Brussels in
the autumn, and was able to re-examine the types of nigrifemur.
His conclusions on the whole subject will appear in the additions
to his great work on the Libellulinae, but I believe that I have

ATLANTIC FORMS OF SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM, CHARP.

his sanction to state that our Scottish insect will fall in his
revision of S. striolatum under the subspecies nigrifemur.

Just after sending the material to Dr. Ris, Mr. G. G. Black-
wood, of Edinburgh, brought to me most opportunely a very
nice little series (four males, one female) of S. striolatum, in very
mature condition, which he had taken at Mallaig, Inverness-
shire, on September 4th last ; and having found it useful to
tabulate the principal characters of these and of the more typical
English form, I give here a reproduction of this tabulation in
part, along with two diagrams showing the lateral thoracic
markings, taken respectively from males from Thorney, Cam-
bridgeshire (Fig. 1) and Mallaig (Fig. 2).

English. (Male.)
Line at base of the frons ends at the

eye, without going downwards.
Humeral and second lateral sutures
very narrowly marked with black.
The first lateral suture in its upper
part hardly marked at all (some-
times, however, the narrow median
field (f, g) may be lightly outlined
in fuscous).

Usually five fairly well-defined yel-
lowish spots surrounded by black
on the sides of the thorax above
the legs. These spots are distri-
buted thus on

[mesinfraepisternum.

c : mesepimeron.

[ metinfraepi sternum.

(This field is the metepisternum,
i and in the typical forms is
[ not divided into spots.
The above spots may be more or less
confluent ; thus a, b may be con-
fluent or just separated by a narrow
neck, rarely quite separate ; c may
touch E or may be distinctly sepa-
rate ; D may be partially confluent
with E or narrowly separated.
Sternum mostly yellowish, the
sutures sometimes marked with
blackish.

Western Scottish. (Male.)
Line extends downwards somewhat,

as in vulgatum.
Humeral suture more heavily marked
with blackish. Narrow middle
field usually strongly outlined in
fuscous and divided by a broad
diagonal line, the two enclosed
spots (f, g) varying in size, but
the one nearer the stigma always
smaller and triangular.

Note. — Even in an otherwise
very dark example, the infuscated
outline of the middle field is slight
and the diagonal division hardly
marked.
Spots A, B, c, D, E variable, but all
much reduced in size, and in the
Mallaig examples never confluent.

Sternum mostly blackish posteriorly,
with a yellowish oval marking on
either side of the middle line, these
markings diverging caudad and
having a yellowish tail (the black
condition is no doubt in part the
result of age),

B 2

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

English. (Male.)

Trochanters with a large black spot ;
femora and tibiae externally yel-
lowish, the yellow on femora
divided by a strong black line.

Abdomen beneath marked longitudi-
nally with black.

Hind wings 27-30 mm.

Western Scottish. (Male.)

Legs in the Mallaig specimens prac-
tically all black except distal half
of anterior trochanters and the yel-
low lines on all the tibiae. While
there is no reason to doubt that
the legs are much blacker always
than in the typical forms, there is
here and there just the faintest
ti'ace of yellow on the femora, the
relics of a certain amount of that
colour which has become gradually
obliterated through age (see on
this point the slight discrepancy
in Mr. Lucas's two descriptions).

Very broad black markings occupy
the greater part of each side of the
ventral suture, the red being re-
duced to mere streaks. Rounded
spots near genitalia small.

Black lateral longitudinal mark-
ings much more strongly developed
than in the typical forms.

Hind wings 25*5-27 mm.

Two males (coll. W. Evans), Glen Aros, Mull (August 6th),
and Morvern, Argyllshire (July), agree very well with the Mallaig
examples, that from Mull being especially dark. A female from
Moidart, Inverness-shire, in September (coll. Evans), has the
thoracic spots rather larger, and the femora distinctly lined
with yellow.

A fine male from Talladale, Loch Maree, Eoss-shire (August
11th), which has the sides of thorax very darkly marked, has
distinct narrow yellow lines on the femora, while a female also
from the Loch Maree district is very similar to the Moidart
female (male and female, coll. J. J. F. X. King). Two very
small specimens (male and female, the latter teneral, hind wing,
male, 24 mm.) are also in King's collection, without label, but

ATLANTIC FORMS OF SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM, CHARP. 5

believed to be from the island of Coll. In these the boundaries
of the middle field are heavily shaded, and the legs are narrowly
lined with yellow. Further, Mr. King reports two males from
the island of Islay (July 13th), which are of the true western
Scottish form, the lateral markings of thorax agreeing with
diagram No. 2, excepting that spot g is rather larger, the dark
boundary of the upper part of the field being narrow.

Three examples from Tayvallich, in Kintyre, deserve special
notice (two males and one female, coll. A. M. Stewart, Paisley).
The tendency of the line at the base of the frons to go down-
wards is not so much pronounced, being more strongly marked
downwards in the female than in the males. The narrow
middle field of the thorax is distinctly outlined in fuscous, but
the diagonal line is less clearly developed (partly, I think, a
matter of age). Thoracic spots rather larger than in.the northern
examples, but c, d, e always well separated by broad black
margins ; in one male a and b widely separated ; in the other
two connected by a narrow neck. The yellow spots on the
metasternum long oval, the yellow tails becoming definite long
wedge-shaped markings ; following these is an irregular semi-
circular black marking of varying breadth, the space enclosed
being yellowish, but tending to become fuscescent and probably
becoming blackish with age. In the males the narrow yellow
lines on the femora are distinct ; but in the female they tend to
become infuscated. Ventral surface of abdomen perhaps some-
what discoloured, but apparently not differing from the northern
specimens, and in great part black.

The above are from the northern part of Kintyre, and they
constitute a natural link with the Irish forms. The extreme
southern point of the long peninsula of Kintyre is only a matter
of twelve and a half miles distant from the Irish coast, surely a
mere trifle to a migrating Sympetnim.

From Emyvale, Co. Monaghan, Ireland, I have before me a
series of four males and three females. They are rather young,
but they have much in common with the Scottish forms. The
femora are lined with yellow, but the legs are over all darker
than in the typical forms. The thoracic lateral spots are variable
in size, but in some they are quite as small as in some of the
Scottish specimens ; a, b, c, d, e are completely isolated in all
of them ; the narrow middle field is always outlined in fuscous,
and in three of them (one male and two females) the diagonal
line is clearly marked. Six of these have more or less dark
shading at the side of the eye.

By the very kind assistance of Mr. J. N. Halbert, I have been
able to examine a series of specimens obligingly lent by the
National Museum, Dublin, and originating from many different
points in Ireland. They are from the following localities, viz. : —

Males (one from each locality) : — 1. Eostrevor, Co. Down,

b THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

September 2nd. 2. Dublin. 3. Cappagh, Co. Waterford.
3a. Cappagh, Co. Waterford (coll. J. J. F. X. King). 4. Cappo-
quin, Co. Waterford, August 3rd. 5. Glencar, Co. Kerry.
6. Caragh Lake, Co. Kerry, July 80th. 7. Killarney, Co. Kerry,
July 15th. 7 a. Killarney, Co. Kerry, August 7th (coll. King).
8. Mallaranny, Co. Mayo, July. 9. Westport, Co. Mayo.
10. Clare Island, Co. Mayo, July. 11. Achill Sound, Co. Mayo.
12. Coolmore, Co. Donegal. 13. Derry. 14. Poyntz Pass,
Armagh, September 26th.

Females (one from each locality) : — 1. Cappagh, Co. Water-
ford. 2. Waterville, Co. Kerry, July 27th (teneral). 3. Park-
naskilla, Co. Kerry. 4. Westport, Co. Mayo. 5. Ardara,
Co. Donegal.

Hind wing, male, 26^-28 ; female, 27^-29-

In analysing the above, it may be said, with regard to the
males, that the femora are in the darker condition alluded to
under the Emyvale specimens, any exceptions being unimportant.
The thoracic spots a, b, c, d, e (with one or two exceptions where
A, B are nearly connected) are of variable and usually moderate
size, but they are practically always completely isolated, and in
6, 9, and 11 run rather small, approaching the Scottish form.
The middle field of the thorax, however, is frequently hardly
outlined at all ; this is the case in 1, 2, 3a, 4, 5, 6 ; in the others
it is outlined, although sometimes rather faintly ; in 9 strongly,
with traces of the diagonal line. The sternum, in nearly every
case, is marked with black, sometimes rather strongly ; and the
under side of the abdomen seems much blacker as a rule, especi-
ally in the anterior segments, than in the more typical forms.
The shading at the side of the eyes is more or less marked in
3a, 6, 7, 7a, 9, 12, 13, 14, and in the others hardly or not at all
indicated. The females are less satisfactory in condition. The
thoracic spots a, b, c, d, e are all isolated except a, b in 1, 2, 4,
in which they are narrowly connected ; the middle field is always
outlined.

Further Irish material in Mr. King's collection, examined by
him, seems to be very constant in regard to the generally darker
condition of the legs, and also the usually darker condition of
the under side of the abdomen, but is in other respects variable.
In a male from Wexford ; male, Westport ; male, Killarney, and
two males from Cappoquin, the lateral markings of the thorax
are much as in diagram No. 1 ; while females from Killarney
and Cong, Co. Mayo, are almost similar in that respect. One
female from Athlone is almost a typical striolatum as regards the
thorax ; another from the same locality is an intermediate. One
from West Meath has the middle field outlined in fuscous, while
another from the same county is described as very near to an
example from Islay.

Three males from the Isle of Man, also sent by the Dublin

LIFE-HISTORIES OP HESPERIA TESSELLUM AND H. CRIBRELLUM, 7

Museum, are interesting. They tend towards the intermediate
condition, the spots, especially c, d, e, being smaller and the
legs darker than in the typical form.

Finally, a female taken by myself at Christiansand,. Norway
(June 17th), may be mentioned. Although very young and the
infuscation of the yellow on the femora only slight, the nigri-
femur characters hold good in respect of spots a, b, c, d, e being
all well separated, the fuscous outline of the middle field being
heavily marked, the diagonal line being also broad and well
defined. Hind-wing 27 mm.

The distribution of Sympetrum striolatum in Scotland has
been fully and carefully worked out by Mr. Evans {" Odonata of
the Forth Area," Proc. Koy. Physical Soc, xvi. pp. 87-96,
1905, and 'Annals Scot. Nat. Hist.,' 1911, pp. 14-25). It seems
worthy of notice that, while the species apparently occurs all
along the western seaboard of Scotland, including at least the
larger islands, it is found rarely in the east of Scotland, and
almost certainly does not breed there. Further, I am inclined
to believe that the ordinary northern limit of S. striolatum as a
British breeding species on the east coast must be drawn con-
siderably south of the Scottish border, probably about the
Humber, but further observations are required to verify this.
Mr. Porritt says that he has no doubt that the species breeds
regularly in the low-lying lands at Askern and probably all over
that (the Doncaster) district, but not in the hilly districts of the
county, i. e. north, north-east, east, and most of the south-west,
although it seems to occur sporadically in most parts of the
county. He also thinks it may breed in the Hull and Goole
district, although he has never seen it there.

Ireland and the west of Scotland have in common a com-
paratively mild and moist winter climate, and this condition
may not only render possible the existence of S. striolatum in
the west and north, while it fails on the east coast of our country,
but also account for its melanic tendencies. Very likely these
tendencies vary from season to season, and no doubt the influx
of migrants from other areas has something to do with the
presence of intermediates.

18, Blackford Road, Edinburgh : November, 1913.

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF HESPERIA
TESSELLUM AND H. CRIBRELLUM.

By the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, M.A., F.E.S.

Herrn Hermann Rangnow, when recently collecting in the
Ural Mountains, was fortunate enough to discover the larvae and
food-plants of the above-named insects, and has permitted me to
record his observations in this Journal.

8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Hesperia tessellum.

Caterpillars were found from the middle of May to the 10th
of June on a species of Phlomis (certainly from the description,
P, tuberpsa). The larvae spin the two edges of a leaf together on
the upper surface, and live within this leaf. The colour of the
larva is mouse-grey, with a black head and yellow collar. There
are two black rows of dots on the back, an excellent characteristic
of the species. The imago begins to emerge after the middle
of June, and there is apparently a partial second brood in the
beginning of August.

Hesperia cribrellum.

The larva of this species is indistinguishable from that of
H. carthami var. moeschleri, and lives spun up among the leaves
of a species of Potentilla. The caterpillar is full-fed in May, and
the imago emerges at the beginning of June.

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OP
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.

By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.

(Continued from vol. xlv. p. 17.)
(iv) Isere and Drome. The Vercors.

After a year's silence on the subject of " fresh woods and
pastures new " explored in France, I am again able to take up
my pen to continue the series of short papers published by me in
the 'Entomologist' for 1911-12. And I am the more encouraged
to do so when I hear that my brother naturalists and collectors
not only read these papers, but actually follow in my footsteps ;
and this at other seasons of the year than those of my travel.
So that, as time goes on, we may hope to obtain not only a
fleeting record of the captures and observations of a week or two
spent in the several localities, but a solid contribution to the
knowledge of the lepidoptera occurring there from year's end to
year's end. Most of us are compelled to do our collecting at fixed
times of the year — usually in July and August — in the holiday
season in fact. It has seldom fallen to my lot to get abroad
before the last week of June, when the first flight of most of the
southern species of the plains is over. And this year I did not
leave London before July 1st.

For some time past I had had my entomological eye, so to
speak, fixed on the western Dauphiny, that is to say, the country
west and south of Grenoble, between the Isere and the Drome,
and within the departments bearing the names of the respective
rivers. An application to the Cyclists' Touring Club of France for
information of this region brought me among other fascinating

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OP UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 9

booklets that published by the ** Syndicat d'Initiative de Valence-
sur-Rhone et de la Drome." A glance at its contents decided
me to try the country known collectively as the Vercors, and
a cyclist friend having passed through the Laus valley earlier in
the summer and given satisfactory account, I took the morning
tourist-car from Grenoble on July 2nd, one of the many now
"doing" the Alps and outlying "massifs" in connection with
the P.L.M. and Sud Railways. By these means rapid communi-
cations have been opened up with well-known entomological
centres, and a vast region of new country placed within easy
reach of the main lines. But after five weeks' experience of
them I cannot say that I view the automobile alpine — by the
way the Academy is divided as to whether it is masculine or
feminine — as an unmixed blessing. From the tourist's point of
view the cars travel far too swiftly — it is impossible to enjoy
the scenery ; while at present many of the mountain roads are
wholly unfit for motor traffic, and the shaking amounts to
positive torture of mind as well as of body. For when the setting
boards are full the anxious collector is speculating all the time
how many pins have got loose in the boxes, and trembling for
the fate of his rarities. On several occasions, notably on the
road from Barcelunnette to Prunieres, the railway station on the
Brian9on line, irreparable damage was done in the way of broken
antennae and split wings. Those who do their setting, as I do,
en route will do well, therefore, to examine the boards before and
after any involuntary game of Cup-and-Ball of the kind. Further,
the turns and twists of the mountain roads, bad enough in the
old diligence days, are nerve-shattering at the pace taken by
the French chauffeur ; and, worst of all for the entomologist,
except when going slow uphill, the delight of spotting species by
the roadside is destroyed ; even more so of the occasional walk
ahead with net or pill boxes by footpath short cuts, while
the horses toil round the dusty zigzags. It was really quite
a relief when, on one occasion at least, I found the motor, for
want of passengers, superseded by the decayed and decrepit
diligence, otherwise consigned to indefinite festivation. But
against these drawbacks may be reckoned the rapidity of the
journey. Localities formerly reached in a day's drive are
now but a few hours distant. While the completion of the
Annot tunnel on the Digne-Nice line has at length united by
rail and motor the Basses-Alpes and the Alpes-Maritimes. In
the "fifties " it took Bellier and Guillemot two days and two nights
in the diligence from Grenoble to Larche. The journey, with
intervals, now occupies barely twelve hours.

The Vercors may be reached either from Valence or Grenoble,
the usual starting point being Pont-en-Royans ; but wishing to
explore the Lans valley, as well as to see something on foot of
the Gorges of the Bourne, to which the road leads through

10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Villars, I chose the longer route. From Sassenage the road is
all up-hill, with steep gradients, and, as the motor slowed down,
I was able to see something of the larger butterflies at ail
events on the flowery banks and rocky promontories through
which we wound. The morning was fine ; the sun full on the
slopes below the Gorge d'Engins, and butterflies were in force
with Satyrus cordula (males) in the ascendant, and very soon the
familar Erehia stygne. Occasional Paniassius apollo sailed lazily
down the gullies, and the "blues" were represented by Pleheius
argus (csgon). Aporia cratcegi swung from the ox-eyed-daisy-
heads as we topped the Gorge and entered on the long, green,
highly cultivated valley of the Lans, and there even the
" whites " became scarce until we reached the charming little
country-house Hotel du Pare, where I put up for a couple
of days ; nor should I have pressed on so soon had not the
weather, from warm and sunny, changed suddenly to cool, with
much cloud hanging low upon the hills I had hoped to climb.
Flying down the road on the afternoon of the 2nd I saw one
freshly emerged Papilio machaon — the only one of its kind met
with until the very end of July — while a stroll towards the
Gorges of the Bourne brought me to much promising ground,
the waste places gay with the flowers of a fine red thistle-like
Centaurea, usually most attractive to my game. The next day,
therefore, I walked down the Gorge, which is singularly
beautiful with its forest and rushing stream, as far as the
bridge where the road divides, that to the left towards St.
Martin-en-Vercors, that to the right towards Pont-en-Koyans.

The weather was all against collecting, but before mid-day
there were fitful gleams of sunshine, and at one or two points
by the roadside butterflies were flying, but difficult to reach
owing to the extreme steepness of the slopes, which, by the way,
were rosy with an abundance of ripe alpine strawberries, Erehia
stygne was the commonest insect with A. cratcegi, and on one
small patch, full of wild balsams not yet in flower, Euchloe
cardamines and the spring form of Pieris najn were surprisingly
fresh, in contrast to Brenthis euphrosyne and Pararge hiera, both
of which species had seen their best days ; a small dark race of
P. mcera evidently just emerging. One fresh male, Melitcea
dictynna, was put up among some raspberry bushes, where
M. athalia also occurred singly. Aglais urticce and Pyrameis
cardui showed the hibernators and their progeny overlapping.
The Lyctenids were Polyommatiis icarus and (one) Lycana arion.
But it was now so cold and the wind so high that I had to give
up collecting ; the only other butterflies observed being
Thymelicus flavus (thaumas), Chrysophanus dorilis var. suhalpina,
and one male C. virgaurece picked up crushed on the gravel
path in front of the hotel. July 4th was equally windy and
cool — fine without sun — and the mountains still canopied with

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 11

cloud, SO that I had little hope of achieving much in the way of
a bag on the path to the Col Vert — a mountain walk decidedly
reminiscent of the green unproductive Plombs of Cantal, de-
scribed by me in the 'Entomologist' (vol. slii. p. 266), the
similarity being heightened by the clumps of golden Genista
sagittalis — a food-plant by the way of Nomiades cyllarus, as
M. Rehfous tells us.* The presence of innumerable herds also
warned me of what I might expect, and the few butterflies met
with, chiefly Ccenoriympha j)amphiliis and Cupido minimus, were
actually kicked out of the herbage. Waking next morning to
the same depressing weather conditions, I took advantage of the
motor for Pont-en-Royans, which makes the tour of the Gorges,
and after an interesting and exciting journey found the sun
shining brightly upon the most picturesque of riverside towns.
Thence the road mounts by the Petits Goulets to the Grands
Goulets, and on to Baraques, where I spent the rest of this and
the succeeding day with decidedly better results. Here there is
plenty of excellent collecting ground towards the northern
entrance to the Gorges, as well as between Baraques and La
Chapelle*en-Vercors, whither I was bound ; and 1 only regret
that time prevented my making a longer stay, and that I had
not been able to include Pont-en-Pioyans itself in the plan of
campaign. Agriades corydon males were flying on the dusty road
outside Pont-en-Royans, and Parnassius apollo was soon in
evidence ; S. cordula and E. stygne common at the gates of the
Grands Goulets in the Vall6e d'Echevis on the 5th and
most of the 6th under a hot sun. Both Thecla ilicis and
2\ spini pervaded the low sloe-bushes, with decidedly passees
P. podalirius females evidently ovipositing, and rather worn
occasional Limenitis Camilla. Coenonympha arcania, Aphantopus
hyperanthus, Pararge megcera, and Melanargia galatea, were all
common and fresh ; the first perfect males of Satyrus hermione
basked on the warm rocks and feasted upon the usual dainties !
Brilliant G. rhamni affected the same small coppices by the
roadside, and a large tawny-winged butterfly which flew into my
net proved to be a newly emerged male Eugonia polychloros.

An even better terrain for butterflies, however, lies about a
mile and a half out of Baraques on the road to La Chapelle, my
next objective. At this point the mountains descend in easy
slopes to the road, and there is an abundance of shrub and flora ;
the same red Centaurea, as before mentioned, again proving a
most effective lure for many species. Following a cart track up
the hill I was soon at work on what should have been a most
productive locality if only the sun had obliged. The afternoon
was far advanced before it came out at all strongly, and then
nearly everything had gone to roost. The morning of the 7th

* ' Bull. Soc. Lepid. Geneve,' vol. ii. fasc. 4, p. 241.

12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

did however yield an hour or two of warmth, and whenever the
sun broke through for a minute or two butterflies became
tantalisingly profuse. I was especially anxious to investigate the
Hesperiids of Drome, but though I worked hard at this point
and quartered every acre of the likely-looking ground, I only
succeeded in netting one of the elusive Black-and- White Skippers
which whizzed past me at long intervals, but seemed never to
rest upon the wing and to disappear like magic the moment the
light failed. This one example is of considerable interest all
the same. It is a splendid male Hesperia alveus — a true moun-
tain species as we now know, and entirely different from H.
annoricanus, the " alveus " of the plains as heretofore supposed.
The coloration of the under side is also quite different to that of
my Pyrenean and Swiss Alpine examples, the ground tint being
deep rich green and not yellow- or olive-green, in this respect
resembling a single example of the same species taken by me last
year at Herkulesbad. Another surprise was the first Colias
captured — C. phicomone — a male, the largest I have seen ; and
this at the lowest altitude I ever encountered the species — about
3000 ft. (Mr. Wheeler places the range in the Central Alps from
4000 ft. to 8000 ft., but mentions one even lower record, 2240 ft.,
Oberstalden (Frey) ). Of the Lycsenids, Polyommatus hylas was
the most distinguished — a few males — and Aricia medon
(astrarche) the commonest ; and the latter, if not actually
abundant, at least flying together in some quantity. Plebeius
argus males were also well to the fore, and there were plenty of
Lycana arion males flitting with M. galatea over a little patch of
wheat at the foot of the slopes, the blades swaying in the wind
seeming also to have a peculiar fascination for P. apollo as
it made a regular up-and-down hill flight. C. hyale, very
swift on the wing, was common. But before noon the clouds
were up, and the night at La Chapelle-en-Vercors, in the cleanest
of little inns, so cold and grey, that I was again on the road south
at five in the morning, bound for the Col de Kousset in the
voiture puhlique which here, at all events, has not been snuffed
out by the motor. At this time of day, with a dour sky and
keen wind blowing, the road from La Chapelle to La Britiere
and Rousset at the foot of the Col seemed uninviting. From the
latter village, however, the road becomes decidedly interesting,
and with sun and blue sky later in the day would no doubt be
productive, though it is still quite northern in character —
forest-trees and flora alike.

Finally, plunging into a long tunnel, we emerged at the
Refuge just below the actual summit of the Col de Rousset, and
at a step we had passed from the cool beech forests and
pallid verdure of the north to the true Midi of barren lavender-
haunted mountains, and aromatic wastes presently animated
with the myriad insect-life that moves and has its being under

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 13

the gracious influence of the sun. Above, a mist still hung over
the topmost cairn surmounting the tunnel. Three thousand
feet below lay Die glittering in the sun, and the sound of the
bells of the incoming dihgence, mingling with those of the
herds on the dewy hill-pastures, was borne upwards with
the wind of the morning which is the breath of Provence. An
hour or so, with hot coffee and rolls, in the still chilly
" gazebo " of the Eefuge, and the sun was on the Col itself, and
presently, as we moved downwards, the limestone ravines be-
came alive with Erebia styc/ne, Parnassius apollo, and Satyrus
cordula, Argynnis adippe, Issoria lathonia, S. alcyone ; and in the
lavender region " Blues " battling with the strong wind which
now blew up thick clouds of dust until we were all as white as
any Pierid of them all. Lower down, where the lavender and
wild-thyme were in full blossom, Colias edusa put in an appear-
ance ; and I noted the first Chrysophanus alciphron var. gordius
males, gleaming like jewels on the purple spikes of bloom with
azure A. thetis, P. hylas and A. escheri, the richly-purpled
" Blue " flying with them, being no doubt that latest of
rediscovered Lycaenids, Agriades thersites, though I did not
recognize it at the time. I had hardly reached Die railway
station, however, when a whirlwind of dust, precursor of a
thunder shower, of exceptional violence enveloped me ; and grate-
ful, indeed, was the rain upon the parched Avenue du Chemin
de Fer, as I endured it for a half hour in a fly-haunted, frowsy
restaurant, before the train — the slowest "omnibus" surely
that ever crept — bore me away to Veynes, and late in a warm
night, now " full of stars," to Digne of many pleasant memories,
entomological and otherwise.

List of Rhopalocera taken and observed at Villars-de-
Lans (Isere), and in the Vercors (Drome): — G. G.=Grands
Goulets. G. B. = Gorges de la Bourne. La Ch. = La Chapelle-
en-Vercors. — Hesperia alveus, La Ch. ; Augiades sylvanus ;
Thymelicus lineola, T. jiavus ; Chrysophanus dorilis var. sub-
alpina, G. B. ; C. virgaurece, Villard, C. alciphron var. gordius,
above Die ; Lyccsna arion, La Ch., G. B, ; Cupido minimus,
Villard, La Ch. ; Aricia medon, G. B., La Ch. ; Polyommatus
icarus, P. hylas. La Ch. ; Agriades escheri, above Die; A. corydon,
Pont-en-Royans, A. thetis, and probably A. thersites, south side
Col de Rousset; Plebeius argus, G. B., La Ch. ; Celastrina argiolus,
La Ch. ; Thecla ilic'is, T. spini, G. G., La Ch. ; Papilio poda-
lirius, G. G., P. machaon, Villard ; Parnassius apollo, above
Pont-en-Royans, G. G., LaCh., Col de Rousset; Aporia cratcegi;
Pieris brassica, P. rapes, P. napi, G. B. ; Euchloe cardamines,
G. B. ; Leptidia sinapis, Colias phicomone. La Ch. ; C. hyale,
C. edusa, Col de Rousset ; Gonepteryx rhamni, G. G., La Ch. ;
Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardui ; Vanessa io, La Ch. ; Aglais urticce,
Eugonia polychloros, G. G. ; Pararge mcera, P. hiera, G. B.,

14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

P. megcera ; Satyrus hermione, G. G., La Ch., S. alcyojie, Ccl de
Eousset, S. cordiila, above Grenoble, Pont-en-Eoyans, G. G.,
La Ch., Col de Eousset; Epinephele jurtina, E.tithonus,'La Ch.;
Aphantopus hyperanthus, G. G., La Ch. ; Ccenonympha arcania,
C. pamphilus ; Erebia stygne, Gorge d'Engins, G. G., G. B.,
Col de Eousset ; Melanargia galatea.

(To be continued.)

SOME NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTEEA OF LA SAINTE
BAUME, VAE, S. FEANCE.

By Eev. F. E. Lowe, M.A., F.E.S.

L Butterflies.

We spent part of our two last summers at La Sainte Baume
in Provence, a neighbourhood little explored, I think, by English
collectors. Our experience extended from June 24th to July
2nd in 1912, and from June 21st to July 5th in 1913. As a
hunting-ground it proved a most interesting locality to the
lepidopterist, both for butterflies and, more particularly perhaps,
for moths.

The range of mountains known as La Chaine de la Sainte
Baume attains an average height of 2000 ft., and forms a bow-
shaped ridge running nearly parallel with the Mediterranean.
To the west the range terminates in the bold perpendicular mass
of limestone known as the Pic de Bretagne (3129 ft.), just within
the Department of Bouches-du-Ehone. From thence the moun-
tains, with a slight curve to the north-east, run across the
Department of Var, and come to a fine climax in the Pointe des
Beguines (3362 ft.). After this the ridge rapidly declines in
height, and merges in the generally hilly surface of this part of
Provence. The north part of the chain, on which is the famous
Grotto, from which the mountains take their name, is precipitous,
making almost a straight line against the sky between its two
extreme points. All the lower half of this side is clothed with
what is claimed to be virgin forest. It contains few really fine
trees ; but is exceptional in character for these regions. At the
foot of the mountains extends the tableland known as the Plateau
du Plan d'Aups, some 1800 ft. above sea-level. Here, immedi-
ately under the Grotto, is the Hotellerie de la Sainte Baume, our
headquarters.

The Hotellerie deserves a few words to itself, both on account
of the kindness of our host and hostess and also owing to its
history. The building was originally a religious house in charge
of the Dominicans, who were dispossessed by the Goverument in
1904. It was purchased by its present owners, largely with a

LBPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUMB, VAR, S. FRANCE, 15

motive of preserving its religious uses. And to those to whom
it appeals, there is an extraordinary charm in the devotional
atmosphere surrounding the place. For centuries it has been
a sacred spot to the warm-hearted and highly imaginative
Proven9als. The centre of this feeling is a Grotto three-quarters
of an hour walk above the Hotellerie, in which, according to tradi-
tion, St. Mary Magdalene spent the last thirty-three years of her
life in penitential devotions. This large cave has been transformed
into a spacious church. At the back is a narrow natural plat-
form in the rock, upon which the Saint is said to have performed
her devotions, called Le Rocher de la Penitence. Below is a
reclining figure in marble of the Magdalene, a gift of the famous
Mgr. Dupanloup. The Grotto has for centuries attracted annu-
ally great numbers of pilgrims, among whom have been both
Popes and Kings. It is still in the present day the most highly
esteemed goal of Proven9al devotees.

There is a beautiful little modern chapel in the Hotellerie,
containing some good mural paintings. Here Mass is celebrated
every morning, and all the staff and many of the visitors attend.

The Plateau du Plan d'Aups is reached by carriage and good
roads, ascending in the usual sweeps and zigzags, either from
Aubagne via Gemenos on the west, or via Nans from St. Maxmin
on the east. There is also another way from Auriol, joining the
Gemenos road outside the village of Plan d'Aups.

The plateau itself, of curious geological formation, is a stony,
arid plain, covered with stunted vegetation and a few small
isolated fir trees ; flowers, at least at midsummer, are few. The
mountains of Sainte Baume wall it in on the south side, and
corresponding hills of less altitude, and more irregular, on the
north ; at the east and west are deep valleys, through which
the above roads descend. The north side of the plateau is
curiously seared by irregular ridges of rock running from east to
west, about which is a considerable growth of broom and scrub,
often concealing dangerous holes and fissures between the up-
standing rock. All this is good ground for " Hairstreaks," and
" Blues " especially.

On the first two days the wind rather interfered with collect-
ing, afterwards the weather was perfect. On June 2'2nd, there-
fore, I confined my work to the north side of the plateau where
the shrubs and rocks afforded some shelter, and there were many
warm corners. One of my first captures was an excessively
small female Chrysophanus alciphroti var. gordius. This insect,
I fancy, is very far from common in this neighbourhood. I only
took one other this year ; that also a female. But their condi-
tion did not in the least suggest that the species was over.
Last year I only took one male. C. phlceas, the only other
" Copper " seen, was also quite a rarity. Perhaps later broods
would be more abundant. At this date Thecla spini was just

16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

emerging, but became very common later. The specimens were
not so large as those I have taken at Digne and La Granja ; more
like the Rhone valley (Swiss) examples, but with the white line
and blue spot on the under side more pronounced. Thecla ilicis,
abundant, was generally worn ; and var. esculi perhaps commoner
still, but I did not find T. ilicis var. cert-i. Of T. acacice I was
able to secure a few in fine condition and of large size ; still it
was very scarce, and considerably more alert than its congeners.
One is accustomed to see Plebeius argus (cef/on) very abundant at
times, but never have I seen anything like the multitude of this
little "Blue" extending over so wide an area. They fly in
numbers over the whole plateau, and hang from every grass
stem. The males were all of the form we expect in the south,
with shining silvery white under sides. The females showed
some variety. They were pretty evenly divided between all
brown forms, and others suffused in various degrees with blue,
but in many cases in both forms there is a very fine but strongly
defined white line on the upper side hind wing just before the
fringe. I sent one or two of these to Mr. Wheeler for inspection;
who writes : " The white line on the upper side hind wing is very
remarkable. I have only noticed it hitherto in medon, and it is
hardly so marked in any specimens I have ever seen, even of
that species." Of course, one effect of the white line is to throw
up the orange chevrons into greater prominence. The orange
in most cases (though not always) is continuous on both wings
almost to the costa of the fore wing. In one beautiful brown
specimen there is a series of small, but very distinct, blue spots
on the inner side of the orange marks, on the upper side hind
wing, faintly suggesting the marking of Orion var. ornata. One
other male aberration is destitute of all spots on the under side
of fore wings, including the discoidal, except the outer row,
thereby outdoing Icarus var. icarinus ; and in the lower wings
the three spots nearest the anal-angle are long and elongated.

The next day I turned my steps towards the woods on the
east, especially one protected by a notice " Chasse Gardee " —
which I took not to exclude a butterfly net. Here I saw the first
of a coming shower of Gonepteryx cleopatra, a male. Last year,
by the way, I was rather surprised to see several females two or
three days before a male appeared. Melanargia syllius had been
not uncommon, but was much worn. The best thing was
Leosopis roboris which appeared in increasing numbers during
our stay. I saw no ash at Sainte Baume ; evidently the food-
plant here is oak ; some German authors give also privet, and
even elder. The specimens were finer than those of Digne, and
the species much more abundant. Brenthis hecate also began to
show itself on the edge of the wood, and B. dia was of
exceptionally large size. I also got a very nice banded male
of MeliUea athalia. Ail the athalia were dark, and very strongly

LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME, VAR, S. FRANCE. 17

marked. M. parthenie was in its last stage of tattered garments.
On the 24th Limenitis Camilla was not infrequent on the road
descending to Nans, and G. cleopatra (females) and Satijrus
alcyone first appeared. On June 25th I made across the plateau
in the opposite direction to climb the Col de Bretagne. I
afterwards found that there is a much better path and much
better sport by the forest under the mountains. All the way
insects were most abundant. In one or two openings, or little
meadows, which slope southwards from the edge of the wood to
the plateau, I saw, I think, a greater number of butterflies than
I have ever seen in an equal space — not excepting Swiss locali-
ties. L. Camilla was specially noticeable. I have often seen
L. syhilla in flocks, but never before Camilla, though the latter
is, I should say, a more widely distributed species.

At the top of the Col, just under the perpendicular mass of
the Pic de Bretagne, Polyommatus escheri was well represented
by strikingly fine specimens of both sexes. One female shot
with blue was the first I have seen of this form. I sent it to
Mr. Wheeler, who informs me that " this slightly blue form of
female escheri is stated by Turati to be common in the Alpes
Maritimes." Mr. Wheeler further says that there is another
form about as blue as corydon ab. semisyngrapha ; this has been
named subapennina by Turati, and is not very scarce on the
lower slopes of the Apennines ; and that he himself has taken
one such at Fiesole, which he exhibited before the Entomological
Society, London, in 1909. These, I suppose, are comparatively
newly noted varieties, as I find no allusion to any blue forms of
the female either in Staudinger, Kiihl, Wheeler, or the new
editions of Spuler's or Berge's 'European Butterflies.'* P.
escheri was to be taken all over the district, but it was on the
Col that it evinced the greatest beauty of form. In this walk
Pyrameis cardui was often to be seen, six and eight at a time.
Agriades thetis (bellargus ? adonis?) was also there, both worn and
in good order. The males generally large and of a deep blue,
rather of the lilac tone of colour, and frequent among them
ab. puncta, Tutt. Last year I had taken a very beautiful male
hybrid, polonus, and hoped, but in vain, to renew my good
fortune this year. A few ragged icarus were to be seen, and a

'■'■'• The Polyomviatus escheri of the Bouches du Rhone has a special
form, and, though not so large as Andalusian examples, is generally larger
than tliose found on the Central Alps. M. Oberthiir makes special mention
of the female form (Lepid. Comparee, fasc. iv. p. 214), to which he has given
the name var. foulquierl, after M. Gedeon Foulquier, of Marseilles, who,
with Dr. Siepi, has done so much to introduce lepidopterists to the fauna of
this interesting region. I do not think either of them report the form
analogous to syngrapha ; but the " slightly blue " form is not uncommon in
the hill districts of the south-east. I have myself taken it at Nyons (Drome),
Alios (Basses- Alpes), and St. Martin-Vesubie (Alpes-Maritimes) ; and, in the
words of M. Oberthiir, these, like var. foulquieri, " montrent pres du corps,
des atomes bleus." — (H. R.-B.).

ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1914. C

18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

new brood began to appear before we left, but I should say the
species was not very abundant. The same remarks apply to
Ciipido minimus and Nomiades semiargus ; while of Aricia medon
(astrarche) I saw but one, freshly emerged, near Nans at the end
of my visit.

While writing of the " Blues " I will here make a leap of a
few days. On June 30th we moved down to the Hotel de Lorges,
near old Nans, at the foot of the road ascending to the plateau
of Plan d'Aups. This hotel is some 800 ft. lower down than
the Hotellerie. Late in the afternoon my wife and I, after
having taken rooms and arranged our baggage, went for a short
stroll. She called my attention to what she thought to be a
strange form of corydon at rest. I caught it and pill-boxed it,
but could only see the under side, which looked like a somewhat
unusual P. meleager. When killed it proved to be a typical
male Dolus. Of course on the next day we were on the look-out
for more, but it was not until two days later that it turned up
again, and then not on the same ground. The first specimen
was taken on the rocky sides of the hill upon which the ruined
chateau stands, but the rest were taken in the clearings of the
wood and edges of fields skirting the wood. On July 6th I got
six males and four females, and Mrs. Lowe two of each sex. In
this locality Dolus presents the double interest of affording
specimens both of the type and of var. vittata, usually assigned
solely to the Department of Lozere. I left before the species
was fully out, but my captures show of the type eleven males
and seven females, against five males and one female var. vittata.
It must be noted, however, that some of these reckoned of the
type form have a decided tendency to the streak on the upper
side hind wing which distinguishes the variety. They might be
called var. intermedia. This is particularly true of certain of
the males.

All former specimens in my cabinet came from Florae and
Mende, the gifts of Mr. Jones and Mr. Eowland-Brown, and are
of course var. vittata. On comparing these with this year's
catch at Nans, it is at once evident that the Nans specimens are
on an average considerably larger than those from the Mende
district — a much darker blue, and also have a very much
broader black edge to the wings. It is quite easy to pick out a
Nans specimen if you mix them together.

Agriades corydon began to appear on July 2nd at Nans, and
came out very slowly — the males with rather dark and sharply
defined margin ; the females did not show up before we left. I
took one very beautiful example of var. cinnus.

One fine female, Lihythea celtis, was taken between Nans and
Sainte Baume off flowers of bramble. But I never saw another,
neither could I see any plants of Celtis australis. At Sainte
Baume Satyrus alcyone had appeared on June 24th ; at Nans,

LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUMB, VAR, S. FRANCE. 19

S. hermione came to hand with wings hardly dry on June 30th.
Of the Argynnids Brenthis hecate was fairly common and widely
distributed. B. dia passing, but had been remarkably fine and
very common. Of the big brotherhood, Argynnis niohe var. ei'is,
was the first to be seen, and not common ; next A. adijjpe and
A. aglaia; and, lastly, Dryas paphia ; these wou\d all be
doubtless common later.

The little Coenonympha dorus was very local, and never
abundant ; C. arcania not in great numbers. C. pamphilus
gave me several nice forms, two var. hipupillata, one fine ab.
thersites, and, lastly, a beautiful female, in which the round
spot towards the apex of fore wings is of enormous size, with
white pupil on under side 3 mm. in diameter, or the exact size
of the letter in Queen Victoria's name on a florin of 1890.
This aberration I have decided to call glaucopis, until I hear
that it has been named before.

Before leaving on July 5th I had an hour or so in the
immediate neighbourhood of our hotel, and was lucky enough
to take a very perfect aberration of Melitaa didyma (female).
These things are difficult to describe, and one is very conscious
of M. Oberthiir's reasons for demanding a figure of all named
varieties. The striking feature of this specimen is the wide
expanse of clear colour on the disk of all wings, devoid of the
usual black markings. It is yellow of the lightest occidentalis
forms, and the fore wings have no central markings whatever
between the single sharp zigzag black edge of the fringe and
two basal spots, which are open rings ; above these, next the
costa, are two open marks which form the figure 30. The
lower wings are of the same ground colour as the upper, and all
black marks are gathered together in a central band formed by
wedge-shaped dashes. On the under side the primaries, which
are of a darker reddish tint than on the upper side, are
traversed by a central band of seven black dashes. The
secondaries, of a pale cold yellow, have the central light band
strongly defined between rows of large black spots, after which
the wing is self-coloured up to the black line before the fringe. I
have given to this, in honour of the locality, the name ab.
magdalena. The following is the complete list of butterflies
from Sainte Baume district noted by me, seventy-four in all,
exclusive of varieties.

Papilionid^. — Papilio podalirius, P. machaon.

PiERiD^. — Aporia cratcegi ; Pieris hrassicce, P. rapce, P. napi ;
Euchloe belia var. ausonia (one) ; Leptidia sinapis, scarce ;
Colias edusa Sindvsn. pallida (one), C. hyale, scarce; Gonepteryx
rhamni, G. cleopatra.

Nymphalid^. — Limenitis Camilla; Pyrameis atalanta, P.
cardui ; Eugonia polychloros ; Polygonia c-alhum ; Euvanessa

20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

antiopa ; Melitcea phoebe, M. ci7ixia (one), M. didipna, M. athalia,
M. parthenie ; Argynnis niohe var. eris, A. aglaia, A. adippe ;
Dry as paphia ; Brenthis hecate, B. dia, B. euphrosyne (one
worn).

SkTYRiDM. —Pararge egeria var. intermedia, P. mcera, P.
megcera ; Satyrus hermione, S. alcyone, S. circcs ; Hipparchia
semeU; Epinephele jurtina, E. pasiphcs; Coenonympha pamjjhiliis
and vars. C. dorus, C. arcania ; Melanargia syllius, M. galathea
var. procida.

LiBYTHEiD^. — Libythea celtis.

Lyc^nid^e. — Chrysophanus alciphron var. gordius; C. phlceas
and var. eleus-cceruleopunctata ; Cupido minimus ; Nomiades
semiargus ; Polyommatus dolus and var. vittata, P. hylas, P.
escheri, P. icarus ; Agriades thetis and hyb. polonus, A. corydon
and ab. cinnus ; Ai'icia medon ; Plebeius argus ; Celastrina
argiolus ; Leosopis roboris ; Thecla spini, T. ilicis, T. esculi,
T. acacia ; Callophrys rubi ; Zephyrus quercus.

Hesperid^. — Erynnis alccecR (one) ; Hesperia carthami, H.
alveiis var.?*; Pyrgus sao; Thynielicus actaon common, T.
lineola, T. flavus ; Pamphilus sylvanus.

NOTE ON THE OVIPOSITION OF RHYSSA.
By L. N. G. Ramsay, M.A., B.Sc.

The remarkable insects of the genus Rhyssa have for long
been known to prey on the wood-boring larvae of Siricidae,
introducing their eggs into the tunnels of the latter by means of
their enormously elongated ovipositor. The ovipositor is some-
times even found sticking in a Sirex-infesied log (as, for example,
the specimens exhibited in the insect gallery at South Kensington),
but, I understand, the manner in which the insect contrives to
insert this unwieldy appliance into the tree-trunk has not
hitherto been fully described. I hope, therefore, that the
following account may be of interest to entomologists.

The event described was witnessed in the summer of 1909,
while I was staying in the southern part of the Black Forest, to
the west of the Wehratal. On the afternoon of August 29th,
while skirting a wood — the very finest conifers of the Black
Forest flourish in this locality — I happened to pause beside a pile
of small pine-logs, and as I stood there one of these extraordinary
insects appeared and settled on one of the logs. I will quote
verbatim from my notes written the same day : — " It sat still for
some time, and then began to walk about, feeling every hole and

* Probably H. bellieri var. foulquieri. — (H. E.-B.)

NOTE ON THE OVIPOSITION OF RHYSSA.

corner in the rough bark with its long antennse. After a minute
or two of this it stopped, and drew up its long body, doubling the
long black ovipositor underneath itself; it had to hitch itself up
several times before it got the long needle into position under-
neath, with the tip in a crevice. Then it gripped the bark with
its claws and gradually thrust the ovipositor about half an inch
into the bark, then suddenly flew away, perhaps because it
had completed laying the eggs, perhaps because I had gone too

close "

Immediately after, I made the rough sketches of the beast
which accompany this note. These are probably a little larger
than life, although the insect was a very large one. I noted
that the abdomen was black and white, the legs pale, and the
antenna3 black.

k.N.ft.(|.M!t

Explanation of Figures (diagrammatic). — 1. The insect reconnoitring
the bark with its antennae. 2. Getting the ovipositor into position. 3. The
insect just before flying away ; the ovipositor thrust home in a crevice.
(Sketched from life.)

At the time I was unaware of the insect's identity, but on
seeing the specimens of Rhyssa exhibited at the Natural History
Museum this year, I at once recognised my old acquaintance,
and comparison of the other species of the genus in the cabinet
collections there leaves little, if any, doubt that this was
R. persuasoria.

The figures will help to indicate the manner in which the
insect succeeded in bringing its unwieldy ovipositor to bear on
the log. As mentioned above, these were drawn before I left the
spot (with the exception of the second, which I have added now
to make the action clearer), and they are reproduced without
any change from my original rough drawings. As the insect

22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

had already taken its departure, they are necessarily crude, as
it was the only example of its kind on which I had ever set eyes.
For this and for their obvious artistic defects I shall make no
further apology, as they are merely intended to convey the
manner in which the insect accomplished its object.

Sharp* figures (after Eiley) the allied genus Thalessa in the
act of oviposition, and states that in both these genera the
ovipositor " is brought into use by being bent on itself over the
back of the insect, so as to bring the tip vertically down on to
the wood, through which it is then forced by a series of efforts ;
the sheaths do not enter the wood."

It is evident that this description does not tally with the
foregoing observations on Rhyssa. The insect figured by Sharp
follows his statements in having its long ovipositor bent on itself,
out of its normal and approximately straight form, into an almost
complete circle. From purely physical considerations, is it not
a little difficult to understand how a non-muscular structure
could be curved at will in this way ? The possibility suggests
itself to the present writer that the insect there figured, after
having inserted its ovipositor in the manner described in this
note for Rhyssa, may have pivoted its body through an angle of
180° around the flexible fixed ovipositor, in its efforts to thrust
the latter into an unusually resistant piece of wood. This might
easily happen through the insect's shifting its feet again and
again to oibtain a better purchase, and would explain the whole
matter very simply, as the ovipositor in such a case would
naturally assume the position figured.

[There can be no doubt at all that Mr. Ramsay's notes refer
to R. persuasoria, L., which has an extremely wide distribution
through Europe to Canada and the United States in the West,
and the Himalayas in the East, since it is to the best of my
knowledge the only species attacking pinetophagous larvae. R.
approximator, Fab., is said by Holmgren to attack Xyphydria
jjrolongata, which feeds in oak; and there are several interesting
accounts of the American species' economy (Canad. Entom. xi.
1879, p. 15, &c.) and Harrington has {I. c. xix. p. 206) put on
record " The Nuptials of Thalessa.'" Mr. Ramsay appears to
take it for granted that these insects bore for themselves an egg-
passage through the solid wood ; but it is by no means proved
that they do not oftener introduce them along the tunnel of the
host larva (cf. Mori. Ichn. Brit. iii. p. 25, et Revision Ichn. Brit.
Mus. ii. p. 10). — Claude Morley.]

■'' ' Cambridge Natural History, Insects,' pt. i. p. 554, 1895.

A MONOGRAPH of the Genus OSPRHYNCHOTUS, Spinola.
Family Ichneumonid^ : Subfamily Cryptin^ : Tribe Cryptides.

By Claude Morley, F.Z.S., &c.

This genus has been twice excellently described ; in the
first place, by Spinola (Magaz. de Zool. xi. 1841, p. 45), and
later, in ignorance of any previous knowledge of it, by de
Saussure (Distant's * Naturalist in the Transvaal,' 1892, p. 229,
under the name Distantella) , though neither author assigned it
a very definite classified position. That it is distinct from
Acroricnus, Eatz. (=: Linoceras, Tasch.), I am able to state from
an examination of the typical species of both genera; Dalla
Torre treated Ratzeburg's genus as synonymous, but Schmiedek-
necht in 1904 correctly tabulated the palsearctic kinds under
Acroricnus, which differs from Osprhynchotus in possessing two
strong metanotal transcarinse in place of only a subbasal one,
in having the hind tibiae normal and not incrassate throughout,
in its lack of central setae beneath the hind onychii, in its less
compressed abdomen, posteriorly broader head with less excavate
frons, in its centrally intercepted nervellus ; but most especially
in having the mouth parts but slightly produced, whereas in
true Osprhynchotus species they are rostriform, with both cheeks
and clypeus no shorter than the face, surmounted by strongly
exserted labrum and ligula, extending in all to three and a
half millimetres below the scrobes in the typical species.
*' Osprynchotus " peroiiatus, Cam. (Entom. 1902, p. 182 ; placed in
*' Linnoceras " by its author at * Spolia Zeylanica,' 1905, p. 97) is
an Acroricnus and very common in India, whence I have seen
it from the Khasi Hills, Simla, Labatach, Sikkim, Shillong, and
the Kangra Valley. I may be permitted to here bring forward
the unknown female of Acroricnus syriacus, Mocs. (Magy. Akad.
Term. Ertek. xiii. P. 11, 1883, p. 12, male), which differs from
the male in little but its terebra, and this is as long as the
abdomen, excepting the petiole ; it is a true member of that
genus and was captured by Escalera during 1900 at Kuh Sefid
in south-west Persia.

The large size and nigrescent or brunneous wings of
Osprhynchotus render it one of the most conspicuous genera of
the Ichneumonidge. That considerable confusion has existed
concerning the synonymy of the species is owing to the fact that
Brull6, in my opinion, described an extremely rare one in 1846,
and that Tosquinet mistook it for the commonest in 1896.

W. A. Schulz's remarks upon this genus (Zool. Annalen,
1911, pp. 35-37), all the species of which he there wishes to
regard as synonymous, appear to have been based upon
insufficient material ; he professes to have seen five examples of
my last species, thirteen of my first, and an unrecorded number
united under my second to fourth. Among these he failed to

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

discover any plastic distinctions sufficient to justify specific rank
(though I consider the difference in shape of the areolet and
brachial cell to be constant), and thinks the "distribution of
red-brown colour varies greatly, apparently according to in-
dividual developement " ; to me this variation appears very
slight, and that of the hind tibial colour even less so. The
synonymy of the whole genus is repeated in the same critic's
" Zweihundert alte Hymenopteren " (Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1912,
p. 63), where 0. violator, Thunb., alone is allowed to stand,
though far antedated by O. objurgator, Fab., as I pointed out in
1909.

Table of Species.
(8). 1. Wings, basal abdominal segment and part of thorax black.
(3). 2. Areolet externally subrectangular above ; bra-
chial cell apically less explanate ; anus pale ;
flagellar pale band usually six-jointed . 1. violator, Thunb.
(2). 3. Areolet externally rounded above; brachial
cell apically strongly explanate ; anus black ;
flagellar pale band usually four-jointed.
(5). 4. Propleurge and temples utterly glabrous; hind

tibiaB white only to their centre . . 2. objurgator, Fab.
(4). 5. Propleurae striate and temples pilose ; central

hind tibial flavous band extending far beyond centre.
(7). 6. Hind tibial black band longer than calcaria :

length 27 mm. 3. gigas, Kriech.

(6). 7. Hind tibial black band not longer; length

21 mm 4. ruficeps. Cam.

(1). 8. Wings brown, basal abdominal segment and
nearly whole thorax red.
(10). 9. Wings basally paler ; flagellum and hind legs

red and not pale banded . . 5. pulcherrimus, Kirby.
(9). 10. Wings unicolorous; flagellum and hind legs

black, pale banded . . . .8. flavipes, Brull6.

1. OSPRHYNCHOTUS VIOLATOR, Thunb.

Ichneumon violator, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Sc. Petersb. ix. 1824,
p. 303 ; cf. Koman, Zool. Bidr. Uppsala, i. 1912, p. 288.
Osprhynchotus capensis, Spin. Mag. Zool. xi. 1841, p. 75,
male, female. Distantella trinotata, Sauss. Nat. Trans-
vaal, 1892, p. 230, female.
Maximilien Spinola beautifully figures {loc. cit. pi. Ixxv.)
both sexes with details of the head and of the male abdomen,
which latter is not apically pale ; he regarded the genus as a
" Sous-famille des Ophionides " and derived his generic name
from the rostriform mouth ; only three examples of both sexes
were known to him, from the Cape of Good Hope. I have
examined what Mr. W. L. Distant assures me is the type
specimen of Saussure's elaborately described genus Distantella,
and find it to be entirely synonymous with 0. capensis, Spin.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS OSPRHYNCHOTUS. 25

This genus has smce been emploj-ed by both Cameron* and
Schmiedeknecht, with the erroneous characters ascribed to it
by Ashmead (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1900, p. 41), for very
different insects, whose position is consequently untenable.
Though Saussure records only a single female from Pretoria,
there is a long series of (presumably) cotypes from that locality
in Distant's collection, now in Mus. Brit. ; the former was at a
loss where to place the genus and adds, " Je ne croispas pouvoir
le placer, ailleurs que dans la tribe des Cryptiens." There are a
score of females in Mus. Brit, found by Dr. Smith in 1844 in
South Africa, in 1852 in West Africa, in 1859 at Knysna in
South Africa, later at Sterkfontein, &c., in the Transvaal,
Queenstown in Cape Colony, and in March, 1900, at Slievyra,
in Natal. I have also seen it from Bonnefoi, in the Transvaal,
in the Deutsches Entomologisches Museum of Berlin.

2. OsPRHYNCHOTUS OBJDRGATOR, Fab.

Ichneumon ohjurgator, Fab. S. I. 1781, p. 426; Cryptus ohjur-
gator, Fab. Piez. 1804, p. 79, female. Osprynchotus heros,
Schlet. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1891, p. 33, female ; Tosq.
I. c. 1896, p. 248, male, female.
This species is described : — Head and thorax dull red and
punctate; male face white; antennae black, white -banded;
abdomen black, smooth and shining, apically compressed; legs
black, the front ones dull red with tibiae dull stramineous, the
hind tibiae and sometimes their tarsi pure white-banded ; wings
infuscate-violaceous ; length, male 20 mm. and female 28 mm.
All this, as I have already pointed out (Entom. 1909, p. 135),
exactly agrees with the type of Fabricius's species, which is still
preserved in the Banksian Cabinet in the British Museum. This
species is extremely constant in the coloration of its hind tibiae,
and the score in Mus. Brit, all have pure white hind tibial bands,
extending only to the centre, in both sexes. Schletterer's female
was from the equator in the Congo, Fabricius's from "Africa
aequinoctiali " ; Tosquinet gives it a range through Togoland,
the Cameroons and Senegal, to Sierra Leone; and it appears
pretty constant to that latitude, for I have seen examples only

* Distantella inlosella, Cameron (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1909,
p. 729) is a true Cryphcs, sensu Thorns., male. Of Cameron's other Indian
species of Cryptus, G. luculentus (Entom. 1905, p. 85) — tarsoleucus, Schr. ;
C. liimalayensis (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1904, p. 106) — Hedycryptus — not a good
genus— filicor7iis, Cam. (Zeits. Hym.-Dip. 1903, p. 299) ; C. orientalis
(Manch. Mem. 1897, p. 16) = obscurus, Grav. ; C. nursei (J. Bomb. N. Hist,
Soc. 1906, p. 285) = insidiator, Smith ; Buathra — not a good genus — rufi-
ventris (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1903, p. 234) must be inckided and is probably hardly
distinct from apparitorius, Vill. ; nor is C. bibulus (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1904,
p. 106) from C. albatorius, Vill. Cryptus indicus, Cam. (Manch. Mem.
1897, p. 15) =: Mesoleptus annulipes, Cam. (lib. cit. 1900, p. 103)= Syzeuctus
annulipes, Morley, Fauna of India, Ichn. 1913, p. 236. — C. M.

26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

from Sierra Leone in 1838 (Eev. F. D. Morgan), Sierra Leone
(J. J. Simpson and W. G. Clements in 1893), Shengay in the
north Sherbro District of Sierra Leone in 1910 (W. Addison),
Kokona on March 26th, 1912, Gigbema on August 22nd, 1912,
Bunbumbo on August 15th and 16th, 1912, and Kamagbouse on
April 6th, 193 2; from Nigeria at Ilorin on June 3rd, 1912,
Minna during 1911 (J. W. Scott-Macfie), and on October 18th,
1910 (J. J. Simpson), Oshogbo, in southern Nigeria, in 1910
(Dr. T. F. G. Mayer) ; from the Congo in 1843 (Dr. Richardson)
and 1890 (Miss Sharpe) ; from the East Neave has sent several
females from the Tero Forest, near Buddu, taken at the end
of September, 1911, at 3800 ft., and near Kumi and Lake Kiogo
at 3500 ft. in the Uganda Protectorate during the preceding
August. The Deut. Ent. Museum has it from Togo and the
Cameroons.

3. OsPRHYNCHOTUs GiGAS, Kriech.
Osprynchotus gigas, Kriech. Mem. Accad. Sc. Bologna, iv. 1894,
p. 86, female.

This I believe to be the commonest species of the genus. It
is described : — Black ; head transverse, posteriorly obliquely
constricted and red with the facial orbits paler, fulvescent ;
antennae black with scape red, and the eighth to twelfth joints
pale fulvous; mesonotum rugosely punctate, and not at all red ;
metanotum rugose ; scutellum somewhat convex, punctate,
centrally subglabrous, with the prescutellar lateral laminae red-
marked; abdomen glabrous and nitidulous, with terebra 12 mm.
in length ; front legs red, with infuscate tarsi ; the posterior
black with a band, occupying about two-thirds of the hind tibiae,
pale flavous ; most of the apical half of the hind metatarsi, and
whole of the second to fourth joints, concolorous ; wings dark
violaceous, with their apices broadly black ; a subpellucid mark
beyond the stigmal base, and three hyaline fenestrae in the
disco-cubital, second recurrent and outer areolar nervure;
length, 271^ mm. Kriechbaumer's above account is not very
accessible and was overlooked by Tosquinet ; I, consequently,
give it in extenso from his part of the paper " Rassegna degl'
Imenotteri Raccolti nel Mozambico dal Cav. Fornasini."

I have seen a hundred and forty specimens of both sexes (the
male differs in no way but its paler red capital colour) which
agree exactly with this description from Abyssinia, British East
Africa, Uganda, German East Africa, Nyassaland, Moyambique,
Delagoa Bay, north and north-east Rhodesia, Natal; and a
male in the Rev. T. A. Marshall's collection which is labelled
•' Senegal," but several of his African localities were incorrect,
and the present species seems rare or wanting towards the east
of the Continent. I have seen both sexes in the Deut. Ent.
Museum from Three Sisters, near Barberton, in the Transvaal,
where they occurred during October and December.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS GSPftHYNCHOTUS. 27

4. OsPRHYNCHOTUS RUFiCEPS, Cam.
Osprynchotus rujiceps, Cam. Aun. S. African Mus. 1906, p. 142,
female.
Male and female. A black species, with flagellar band
stramineous ; female with head, under side of scape, and most
of prothorax red ; male with face, under side of scape flavous,
thorax black ; both sexes have the hind tibiae flavous with
extreme base, and a band at their apex not longer than their
calcaria, black ; hind tarsi flavous with a band at their base
shorter than the calcaria, and onychii, black ; wings violaceous;
length, 21 mm., terebra, 10 mm. I greatly doubt if this species
be aught but a small and southern form of the last ; Cameron
did not know 0. glgas, Kriech., and the present species seems
separable from it only in its smaller size and narrower black
hind tibial band. It was described from the Umvoti River in
Natal; and I have seen a dozen examples, agreeing in the above
characters, from East Karoo, in Cape Colony (A. Howarth), Port
Natal, in 1856 (Mr. Plant), Howick, in Natal (J. Cregoe), the
Transvaal on November 29th, 1896 (A. Ross and A. J. Cholmley,
1906), Johannesburg and Sterkfontein (H. P. Thomasset), and
Pretoria (Distant).

5. OsPRHYNCHOTUS PULCHERRIMU8, Kirby.

Cryptus pulcherrimus, Kirby, Bull. Liverpool Museum, iii. 1900,

p. 14, and * The Natural History of Sokotra and Abdelkuri,'

by H. 0. Forbes, 1903, p. 237.

The type was taken at Homhil (one female) at 1500 ft. in

Eastern Sokotra on January 23rd, 1899 ; and cotypes : — One

female at Dahamish at 350 ft., in Sokotra, on December 24th,

1898 ; one female at Goahal Valley, in Eastern Sokotra, on

January 16th, 1899, and one male at Thluteed at 1200 ft., in

Sokotra, on January 15th, 1899. All these are in Mus. Brit.

The lack of all black or red markings renders this species

conspicuously distinct ; its mouth is no less rostriform than in

its congeners, and 1 was in error (Entom. 1911, p. 212) in

ascribing it to the genus Acroricnus croricnus, Ratz.

6. OsPRHYNCHOTUS FLAVIPES, Brulle.

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. 1846, p. 135, female ; (?) Tosq. Mem.
Soc. Ent. Belg. 1896, p. 246, male, female.
This species was originally recorded from Senegal only ;
subsequently, Tosquinet, whose description looks like a com-
pound of Brulle's and that of 0. gigas, Kriech., adds such diverse
localities as Togoland, Angola, the Cape, Tanganyka, the Congo,
and Scioa, but I place no reliance upon his knowledge of the
present genus. In my own experience, which is slender, this
species is extremely rare, and has, I believe, been misunderstood
by all subsequent authors. Schulz professes to recognize it
from both Senegal and Senegambia. I have seen but a single

28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

female, labelled " Gambia" in the British Museum, which would
point to a range nearly as restricted as that of the last species ;
this female exactly agrees with Brulle's description in everyway,
especially in the red basal segment and the terebral length of
twelve millimetres, not only eight as indicated by Tosquinet.
The species referred to under the present name by Col. Bingham,
(Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. 1909, p. 179) from Mount Ruwenzori, is
0. gigas, which was at that time mistaken for it in the National
Collection. The coloration of O.flavipes is quite distinctive : —
Head, thorax, scape and extreme apices of antennae rosy ; the
last with only two joints white ; mesonotum and metanotum
sometimes more or less, but never entirely, nigrescent; abdomen
black, with the basal segment entirely red ; legs ferrugineous
with the hind femora, tibiae and tarsi black, the basal half of
their tibiae and second to fourth tarsal joints very pale flavous ;
wings brownish, not at all nigrescent, but with violaceous
reflection ; length, female, 25 mm.

TWO NEW MYEMECOPHILOUS APHIDES from ALGERIA.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A., F.E.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., &c.

The two new Aphides described here were taken by Mr. P.
A. Buxton and Mr. R. Gurney in ants' nests in Algeria ; one of
them was also found with termites. So far only a single aphid
has been recorded from the nests of white ants, namely, Termit-
aphis circumvallata, Wasmann (Tijdschr. v. Entomol. xlv. 1902,
p. 105, pi. 9, fig. 7, a-c*).

Professor Robert Newstead informs me that he is describing
another peculiar form from termite nests in the West Indies.

One of the two species described here is very marked, and
this I have placed in a new genus for which I propose the name
Eectinasus. The other comes in the genus Forda, although the
adult female presents a somewhat different form to the othpr
known Fordas. The ant hosts are given with the species
described.

Genus Rectinasus, nov. gen.

Antennae of five segments, long, often over half the length of the
body, rather thin, the first and second segments small, of about equal
length, third and fifth long, about equal in length, fourth short,
slightly longer than the second, the first and second have a short
blunt spine, at the apex and base respectively. Eyes small.
Proboscis long, from two-thirds the length of the body to a little
longer than the body, carried at a marked angle to the body, often
nearly at right angles ; acuminate, hairy. Setaceous mandibles and
maxillae long. Body segmented. Cornicles absent. Legs rather
long and thin, but somewhat thicker in young forms.

■'- This insect has since been placed in a new family,

TWO NEW MYRMEC0PHIL0U8 APHIDES FROM ALGERIA.

The marked characters of this genus are the antennae and
the projecting long proboscis.

The viviparous apterous female only known.
Found in company with ants.

Rectinasus buxtoni, nov. sp.
Apterous vivi2)arous female. — Ochreous yellow to pale yellow and
almost pearly white, pubescent ; legs and antennae brown ; proboscis
black at the apex, brown to nearly the base in some, paler in others.
Eyes black. Frons more or less porrected. Vertex convex to flat,
broad, hairy. Antennae of five segments, the two basal ones small,
of nearly equal length, the basal one somewhat the wider, the apex

Rectinasus buxtoni, nov. sp.
A. Head of apterous viviparous female ; a, antennas ; a^, joint of first and
second segments, showing spines a^ ; a*, apex of antennas ; b, eye ; c, labrum ; c^,
maxillffi; c^ and c^, mandibles; d, proboscis. B. Variations in head a, b, and c.
C. Lateral tubercle. D. Labrum, di apex further enlarged.

of the first and base of the second with a^ small dark, blunt, median
projecting process, pointed towards one another, third segment long,
fourth short, but longer than the second, fifth as long as the third,
ending in a short, blunt nail, a small round sensorium at the apex of
the fourth and a peculiar shaped one at the base of the nail on
the fifth ; all the segments hairy, in some the antennae are nearly as
long as the proboscis, in others shorter. Proboscis carried at a
marked angle to the body, bent near the base, acuminate, the apex
of the last segment, which is long and thin, black, hairy ; setaceous
mandibles and maxillae long ; labrum moderately long, porrected, base
with some hairs. The proboscis varies in length, usually about two-
thirds the length of the body, but may be longer. Frons often porrected.

30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pronotum constrictecl from the rest of the body, which is oval.

Abdomen with short hairs on the anterior three-fourths, longer
ones behind with shorter ones between. Cauda rounded to cone-
shaped, very hirsute, hairs long. Pore-like, oval, flat tubercles at
the sides.

Legs rather long and thin, projecting ; femora wider than the
tibiae, tarsi of two segments, the basal one small, all the segments
with fine short hairs.

Length. — 1'5 to 2*3 mm.

Habitat. — Lambepe, Batna, E. Algeria.

Time of Capture.— k])V\\ 5th, 1913.

Notes. — A large number taken in ants' nests {Pheidole palli-
dula, Nyl.), under the same stone as a nest of the termite
{Leucoterines lucifugus, Ross), and three specimens from nest of
Bothryomyrmex meridionalis by Mr. R. Gurney at the same time.
The head varies somewhat in form ; in some it is convex in
front, in others fiat, and some appear to have a median sulcus.
The relative length of the antennae and proboscis also varies ; in
young forms they are about the same length, in older ones the
antennae are considerably shorter than the proboscis. With
regard to the connection with termites there is some doubt, for Mr.
Buxton sends the following from his notebook : — " Ant, Aphis and
Termite all under the same stone. The termites probably not
in association, but ants and aphides actually in the same nest."

The termite has been determined by Holmgren as Leuco-
termes lucifugus, Ross.

Forda rotunda, no v. sp.

Apterous vivip)arous female. — Dull white above, much domed ;
■flattened below, brown, the marked segments darkened apically.

Antennae less than one-fourth the length of the body, thin, of five
segments, the two basal ones short, about the same length, the basal
one wider than the second, third segment the longest, slightly narrow^er
than the second, about as long as the fourth and fifth together, the last
two equal, a single round sensorium near the apex of the fourth and
one large one and one or two small round ones at the base of the very
short, blunt nail on the fifth, the last two segments brown, the rest
yellowish, all the segments with fine short hairs.

Eyes small and black, projecting from the side of the head.
Vertex rounded or curved, nude. Proboscis short and thick,
reaching just past the second coxae, dark at the tip, with two sub-
terminal setse ; setaceous mandibles and maxillae rather short, the
former spirally curled ; proboscis bent under the body and more or
less closely applied to it. A few hairs on the posterior of the body ;
Cauda very hirsute, hairs curved apically ; no trace of segmentation
on the white domed dorsum which has the appearance of white kid ;
markedly segmented on the brown venter.

Legs brown, first and second pairs very short, the femora thick
and nearly as long as the tibiae ; tarsi of two segments, the same
length in the first two pair of legs ; third pair of legs longer, just

TWO NEW MYRMECOPHILOUS APHIDK8 FROM ALGERIA.

projecting beyond the body, femora much thicker and shorter than
the tibige; tarsi longer than in the two front pairs; the basal segment
of the feet, small ; tibiae and tarsi hairy, hairs very fine and short.

Length. — 3 mm.

Ivimature vivi^Mrous female.— Golouv varying from pale yellow
to dull brownish grey. Legs pale yellowish brown. Antennge
with the last two segments pale brown ; two basal segments short,
about equal length, the basal one broader than the second, the third
the longest, about as long as the fourth and fifth, which are equal, a
sensorium on the apex of the fourth and one at the base of the short
blunt nail on the fifth, with two to four smaller ones surrounding

Forda rotunda, nov. sp.
A. Head of mature apterous female ; c, antennae ; ci, further enlarged apex ;
b, proboscis; b^ mandibles; b-, maxillae; a, eye; a^, eye further enlarged. B.
Head and antennae of immature female. D. Front tarsus. E. Proboscis. F.
Lateral view of cauda. G. Hind tarsus.

it, all the segments with small hairs. Eyes small and black, not so
projecting as in the adult. Proboscis reaching just to the third
coxge, of similar form to the adult. Legs longer in proportion than
the adult, well projecting from the body, otherwise similar. Cauda
rounded, hairy, hairs long and curved apically.

Length. — 2 to 2*5 mm.

Habitat. — Hammam Meskoutine, E. Algeria.

Time of Capture.— k^x\\ 3rd, 1913.

Notes. — One mature female and four immature ones taken
in ants' nests {Tapiiioma erraticum) .

There is no doubt that these are all one species, although the
mature form looks very different, its swollen appearance, its white
kid-like upper surface and flat brown venter with marked segmen-
tation is very characteristic, the younger forms are more Forda-
like, whilst the adult approaches a Tycheoides in appearance but
the antennae are Forda-like. The hairy cauda is prominent in all.

The types of both species have been placed in the National
Museum at South Kensington.

32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE FOSSIL OKTHOPTEEA OF FLOEISSANT,
GOLOKADO.

By T. D. a. Cockerell.

Orthoptera are uncommon in the Tertiary rocks, and
usually poorly preserved, although they must have abounded in
former times as now. Probably most of the species were better
able to escape destruction durinpj volcanic eruptions than
smaller and more fragile insects. The Miocene shales of Floris-
sant have yielded no fewer than thirty-three species, and although
this must be but a small fragment of the Orthopterous fauna of
that time, it is sufficient to give us some idea of the types exist-
ing perhaps a million years ago. Two new species have been
recently discovered by Professor Wickham, and are described
below.

The Forficulidae are represented at Florissant by the extinct
genus Lahiduromma, Scudder, with no fewer than ten species.
Earwigs are the only Orthoptera in the shales which can be
called common.

Blattidae are represented by three genera still living in
America, each with a single species. It is possible that the
species referred to Zetobora is really an Ischnopte7-a, and iden-
tical with the described member of that genus.

The Mantidse are represented by three species, referred to
two genera, both believed to be extinct. Scudder has described
one Phasmid, placing it in Agathemera, a neotropical genus still
extant. In the Acridiidse we j5nd the apparently extinct genus
Tceniopodites, Ckll. of the Acridiinse; three species of CEdipodinse;
and three of Tryxalinae. All these Acridians, whenever their
generic characters can be made out, seem to belong to extinct
genera. In the Locustidae we have Palceorehnia, Ckll., a remark-
able extinct genus referred to Phaneropterinse ; a very dubious
member of the Pseudophyllinse ; Lithymnetes, Scudd., an extinct
genus placed in the Oriental and Australian group Phyllo-
pharinae ; a Conocephaline referred to the living genus Orcheli-
mum ; two Decticinae, belonging to the living genera Capnobotes
and Aiiabrus ; and two species of the widely distributed Gryll-
acris, of the subfamily Gryllacridinae (Gryllacrinfe, Kirby,
Scudder).

As the list stands, less than a third of the species seem to
belong to modern genera, and it is quite possible that if we had
complete specimens of these, at least some of them would prove
to be incorrectly assigned. On the other hand, it may be that
some of the genera described as extinct are still living. The
whole matter must stand subject to future revision, should
better materials be brought to light ; but we can at least say
this, that the Miocene Orthoptera of Colorado were, on the

THE FOSSIL ORTHOPTERA OF FLORISSANT, COLORADO. 33

whole, strikingly different from the existing fauna of that region,
and were like those of warmer regions to the south. The appa-
rent resemblances in some cases to the Old World fauna may
possibly be deceptive, but if they are not, they fall in line with
the indisputable occurrence of such Old World genera as Glossina
and Halter.

ACRIDIIDJE.

Tyrhula sciidderi, n. sp.

Hind leg with femur llh mm. long, 3^ wide, superior caringe
strongly marked ; many broad oblique brown bars, broader than the
intervals between them. Tibia of same leg 18-| mm. long, ^ mm.
wide, the hind margin with sixteen large, two medium, and four
small spines, the uppermost (small) one 3f mm. from base of tibia,
the first large spine 7 mm. from base ; the large spines formed as in
T. multisinnosa, but so closely set that their bases almost touch, and
the longest spines are nearly li mm. long ; the longer spine at apex
of tibia is about 1 mm. long. Tarsus 6 mm. long.

Tegmen as preserved about 29 mm. long, but if complete it would
probably be about 32 mm. ; width about 5 mm. A slight indistinct
marbling, but no distinct spots or bands. Venation as indicated in

Tyrbula scudderi, Cockerell. A. Tegmen. b. Tibial spines.

the figure ; the costal region broadly expanded, with oblique, rarely
branching veins, much as in Stirapleura texana as figured by
McNeill ; the first subcostal branch must be very short, as it is not
clearly visible, the base of the costal field being sufi'usedly brown
without well-preserved veins ; the rest of the venation shows a
general resemblance to that of various Tryxalines, with the following
peculiarities : radius branching about middle of tegmen, the branches
continuing close together, joined by numerous cross veins, approach-
ing in apical field, but diverging again, the lower branch giving off
below at least three long oblique veins ; media branching a little
beyond the radius, the branches widely divergent, forming an open
fork, but gradually approaching as they go toward margin ; cubitus
simple, ultimately joining first anal. In the figure the stems of the
media and radius are too close together ; with a good lens they can
be seen to be distinctly separate, joined by numerous small cross-
veins, but the media is only half as far from the radius as it is from
the cubitus.

Miocene shales of Florissant, Wilson Kanch {H. F. Wick-
ham). I make the leg the type, because it shows parts which
can be compared with the descriptions of Scudder's two species
of Tyrhula. The tegmen was on another piece of shale, but I

ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1914. D

34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

feel confident that it belongs to the same species. This is
probably Scudder's supposed T. multispinosa from Florissant ;
but the true T. multispinosa is a different insect, from the
Eocene of Wyoming. The Wyoming species is the type of the
genus, and very possibly better material of it would indicate
that the Florissant insects belong to a different genus.

Mantid^.

Lithophotina costalis, n. sp.
Tegmen, as preserved (base and apex wanting), about 18 mm.
long, actual length probably 25 ; pallid, the veins appearing light
reddish, perhaps green in life ; similar to L. floccosa, but with the
costal field much larger (nearly 2 mm. broad near middle), and the
inferior branches of the media not forked. The first superior branch
of the radius is nearly 2 mm. before the apical fork (or origin of last
inferior branch) of media. The subcostal vein is thin, but quite
distinct, and is joined to the radius by oblique cross-veins, some
having a sigmoid curve. The costal field is finely reticulated, agree-
ing herein with Stagmomantis and not with Photina. The width of
the tegmen in middle is a little over 8 mm.

Miocene shales of Florissant, Wilson Eanch {H. F. Wickham).

EEVERSION OF ARCTIC EREBIA LIGEA var. ADYTE,
Hb., and alpine PARARGE MMRA var. ADRASTA
TO THE TYPE-FORM. HIBERNATION of PYRA-
MEIS AT AL ANT A and PARARGE EGERIA var.
EGERIDES.

By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.

Mr. William Carter, of Hamburg, has been good enough
to furnish me with a copy and translation of a paper communi-
cated by Herr August Selzer to the Entomological Society of
Hamburg, which contains several items of considerable interest
to those of us who study the bionomics of the western palse-
arctic butterflies. For some time in the arrangement of the
genus Erebia considerable doubt appears to have existed as to
the actual species of which Hiibner's adyte is a variety. If
any such doubt remains at the present, it should be finally dis-
pelled by the results of the breeding experiments successfully
carried through by Herr Selzer who, from ova obtained from
Lapland adyte, has derived typical ligea.

Adyte was common enough at Abisko, Swedish Lapland,
when I was collecting there in July, 1906 ('Entomologist,'
xxxix. p. 247), and it was here, also, that Herr Selzer took the
females from which he bred the typical form in Hamburg.

REVERSION OF ARCTIC EREBIA LIGEA, ETC,

They were placed upon grass immediately, and commenced
laying ; the ova were kept out of doors, and the larvae emerged
in the February of 1911, being half-grown at the end of June,
when they proceeded to sestivate. Reappearing at the end of
August, they fed up and pupated, being now kept in a warm
room. The first imago appeared on October 12th, the last on
December 31st.

The larvae differed considerably in appearance from the
ordinary form of Harz ligea, being darker and plainly striped.
In nature ligea ova lie over the winter, and Herr Selzer says
that " the larvae which emerge in the spring hibernate the
winter following," an imago rarely occurring late in the
summer; so that the life-cycle of the typical ligea of the Harz
extends apparently through two years.

A comparison of adyte imagines from the Engadine and from
Zermatt showed them to be identical with the Lapland form.
Those in my own collection do not differ materially from
examples from Cortina, the Brenner, &c., and, as I said before
{loc. cit.) of the Abisko specimens, the superficial differences
from the type are not marked in the male to any great degree.
But those bred from Herr Selzer's Abisko ova were absolutely
identical with the E. ligea from the Harz Mountains. Mr.
Carter kindly sent me also a photograph illustrating in detail
the results of this experiment, but, unfortunately, I am unable
to reproduce it in this Journal, owing to the size of the block.
It would be interesting to discover how far Lapland adyte, bred
under natural conditions in Hamburg, would approximate to the
type. But, as Herr Selzer claims, the contention as regards the
specific identity of adyte and ligea may now be considered settled.

As throwing further light on the subject of type reversion,
Herr Selzer proceeds to record his experiences with Pararge
mcera var. adrasta. From females of this variety captured at
Zermatt, sent to Hamburg for the purpose, ova were obtained,
the larvae still differing slightly from Harz typical form. But
no difference was observable between the resulting imagines and
the typical form. So that it may be inferred that the change
back, due no doubt to altered conditions of climate and tempe-
rature, comes about in the pupal phase principally, as has been
demonstrated, I think, by the experiments of Mr. Merrifield
and others.

Two further notes by the same author, communicated to the
' Internationalen Entomologischen Zeitschrift ' (No. 42, Jan.
18th, 1913, p. 293) on the subject of hibernation are also
exceptionally interesting to British lepidopterists. Herr Selzer
says that he found a freshly emerged Pyrameis atalanta at
Heiligenhafen, on the Baltic, in the early part of June, and
regarding this as an indication that the butterfly passes the
winter in the pupal phase, he searched the same spot later in

D 2

36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the year for larvae, found them, and through the winter of last
year had live pupae in his cages. He further tells us that of the
larvae of Pararge egeria var. egendes^\is.\isi\\y single-brooded in
the Harz) obtained from captured females in June, half fed-up
and emerged in Hamburg in the following September, the rest
pupating at the end of that month and in October, and in this
phase hibernating for a spring emergence.

A NEW MOSQUITO FEOM SAMOA.
By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A., F.E.S., &c.

Pseudotaniorhynchns samncBiisis, n. sp.

Head brown, with narrow pale border around the eyes and pale
line in the middle, a dark patch on each side ; black upright scales
all over the head. Proboscis almost black, with a median creamy
band. Thorax deep brown, with somewhat marked median lines and
two pale spots before the bare space in front of scutellum. Abdo-
men deep blackish-brown, unhanded except for a narrow pale basal
broken band on the last segment, with basal, almost white, lateral
spots ; venter with third and fourth segments with basal pale bands,
the fifth with a line of pale scales at the apex, others with traces of
basal bands. Legs deep brown, narrowly banded, the bands mainly
basal, but traces on the apices. Wings iDrown scaled.

2 . Head shiny blackish, with a few small pale narrow-curved
scales and numerous upright black forked scales all over it, a line of
pale narrow-curved scales around the eyes and small flat grey and
dark lateral scales, a median nude line appearing pale ; proboscis
rather thick, black with a median pale creamy band, black chgetae
ventrally at the base ; palpi moderately long, black-scaled ; clypeus
deep brownish black.

Thorax black, with small, narrow-curved thin brown scales, very
dense, two spots of similar but pale golden scales before the bare
space in front of the scutellum, traces of two median parallel bare
lines showing as dark lines, with two lines of paler hairs in the
middle and others at the sides ; lateral chaet£B black, very dense over
the wing-roots and a number on each side of the bare space passing
back to the scutellum ; scutellum paler, with small narrow-curved
dark scales and long black posterior border-bristles, dense on the
lateral lobes : metanotum brown ; pleurae black and grey with some
small flat whitish scales.

Abdomen black, unhanded, with small basal creamy white lateral
spots, which are prominent on the last segment, nearly forming a band ;
posterior border hairs pallid ; venter with basal pale bands, the fifth
with a white band near or on the apical border ; on the sixth and
seventh segments the basal lateral spots spread out along the sides
of the segments to some extent.

Legs dark brownish black, the fore pair with a small apical yellow
spot on femora and tibiae and on the first four tarsals basal pale

A NEW MOSQUITO FROM SAMOA. 37

bands ; in the mid pair very similar, but slightly more prominent ; in
the hind the banding still more prominent, in all traces of it on the
apices of the segments ; femora and tibige with numerous black
chaBtae ; ungues small, equal and simple.

Wings rather narrow, with dense brown scales, rather broad and
straight with shorter and broader median vein-scales ; first fork-cell
longer but about the same width as the second fork-cell, their bases
about level ; stem of the first not quite half as long as the cell ;
stem of the second about half as long as the cell ; posterior cross-
vein much longer than the mid cross-vein close to it. Halteres with
pale stem and large fuscous knob with pale scales, especially at the
apex.

Length, 4'8 mm.

Habitat. — Apia, Samoa.

Observations. — Described from a single perfect female sent
me by Dr. K. Friederiks, Government Zoologist of Samoa ; two
specimens were taken in a privy.

It forms a very marked species of Pseudotceniorhynchus , easily
told by the brown thorax having no posterior pale spots and by
the abdominal ornamentation. The type I have presented to
the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.

Dr. Friederiks tells me the other mosquitoes found in
Samoa are Stegomyia fasciata, Fab. ; Stegomyia pseudoscutellaris,
Thorp ; Culexfatigans, Wied ; and a species of Mansonia (i.e.,
Taniorhynchus) .

SYNONYMY OF ICHNEUMON OBLITERATUS AND
I. BARBIFRONS.

By Claude Morley, F.E.S.

Some time ago Dr. T. A. Chapman was so good as to present
me with a female of Ichneumon obliteratus, Wesmael (Ichn.
Miscellanea, 1855, p. 18), which emerged on August 21st, 1910,
from the pupa of Brenthis pales, found at Furka, in Switzerland,
on 28th of the previous month. When first describing the
species, Wesmael knew but a single female : " M. le Dr. Kriech-
baumer a pris cette femelle aux environs de Coire, en Suisse."
Giraud (Ann. Soc. France, 1877, p. 398) says Fallou bred it —
evidently still the female only — and adds in a footnote, "L' I.
obliteratus provient de chenilles d'Argynnis pales prises en juillet
1866, autour de I'hospice du Simplon, dans le Valais," Switzer-
land. Berthoumieu in 1894 simply epitomises this (somewhat
incorrectly), and adds " Holstein," in Prussia, apparently on
his own authority. " Male inconnu."

Dr. Chapman has just sent me three more females with a
single male, bred during August, 1912, at Col d'Iseran, in the

38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Graian Alps of Savoie, France, about fifteen miles north of
Mt. Cenis, at 9000 ft., from pupae of Gnophus coelibaria. The
females are cospecific with the above, and the male is quite
certainly its alternate sex, which has not hitherto been associated
with it, though described by Holmgren in 1878 (Verb. z.-b. Ges.
Wien, xxviii. p. 173, in his "Enumeratio Ichneumonidum
exhibens species in alpibus Tirolise captas ") in the male sex
only under the name Ichneumon barbifrons, on account of the
elongate capital pilosity found only in this sex, or to a much
less degree in the female. His description is excellent, but he
indicates no more exact locality, and no one has since recognized
the species.

Monk Soham, Suffolk : October 15th, 1913.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Unusual Pairing op Moths. — I was interested to see in the
•Entomologist' for November, 1918 (vol. xlvi. p. 314), Mr. A. E.
Hodge's note upon the pairing of a male A'', xantliograplia with a
female C. grammis. Some years ago, whilst living in London, I had
a male E. versicolor pair with a female Prodromaria. Many ova
were laid, but these proved infertile and soon shrivelled up. —
G, Bertram Kershaw ; West Wickham, Kent, November 3rd, 1913.

Note Illustrating Mildness of the Past Season. — I cap-
tured a very worn male of Percnoptilota fluviaia on my study
window on September 30th, a perfectly fresh male on October 25th,
and a third male in good condition on November 26th. This seems
to indicate the maturing of two broods after the end of September.
Vanessa urticce appeared in the garden on November 24th. A bat
was hawking round street lamps on November 23th. — E. N. 0.
Stowell ; Laleham, BexhiU-on-Sea, December 12th, 1913.

Note on rearing Dasypolia templi. — In July of last year I
collected a number of larvae of D. templi in the neighbourhood of
Kinloch Eannoch, but from over thirty larvae I only bred two insects,
all the rest being stung. This year, in July, I collected more larvae
in Cornwall, and practically all these attained the imago stage. The
Scotch insects emerged on September 20th and 26th, while the
Cornish insects did not begin to appear until October 28th, and
continued till November 12th. This may have been caused by the
difference in the two seasons, but I think it more probable the
Scotch winter being earlier, insects from there habitually emerge
at an earlier date. The larvae are easy to find in infected plants of
Heracleum sp}iondylium, and very easy to rear, in my experience.
All that I did was to dig up with a trowel infected plants and
replant them in a large tin or rhubarb pot, together with a few
uninfected plants — and this I covered with a perforated zinc cylinder
with a muslin top. The larvae required no attention, and when full

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 89

fed left the plants and pupated in the surrounding earth, without
any cocoon. — Percy C. Eeid; Feering Bury, Kelvedon.

Dragonflies Bred in 1913. — I have bred this year Go^nphus
V2ilgatissimus (one), ^schna grandis, Cordulia anea, Libellula quadri-
maculata, Sympetrum striolatwn, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Ischnura
elegans, Erythromma naias, and Calopteryx virgo. The nymph
of Gompkus vulgatissimus vs^as obtained in the New Forest in May.
It is the first time I have taken one of this species, though I have
for some years collected nymphs (and bred, too) in the same place
in the forest, on one day at any rate, in early summer. I got no
Cordulegaster annulatus this year, though they have generally turned
up there, or, more accurately, have been turned up. A few hours on
the Ouse, near St. Ives, in early June produced many Ischnura
elegans and one nymph— an Anisopterid — which I have not yet been
able to identify. It is growing fast, living mainly on small snails ;
but it is now taking to worms, which it refused for a long time. — •
Harold Hodge ; 9, Highbury Place, London, N.

Plebeius (Lyc^na) medon (astrarche) IN DovEDALE. — Eeferring
to the note of Mr. St. John (vol. xlvi. p. 314), I was in Dovedale
in July, 1908, and found this species quite common and I secured,
as did Mr. St. John, quite a good series of thoroughly typical
specimens. Insects generally were decidedly scarce, though I took
one specially prettily marked blue female of Polyommatus icarus.
Nudaria mundana was not uncommon on the walls of the outbuild-
ings of some of the farmyards, whilst Boannia histortata lariciaria,
Dbld. occurred in the dale. I also took one or two pretty Cerostoma
sequella — and, apart from lepidoptera, Sirex gigas females were seen
several times, though I only took a single specimen. — G. T. Bethune-
Baker.

A Dragonfly at Sea. — On September 6th, somewhere in mid-
sea, between Kevel and Helsingfors, I saw the insect flying about
over the deck. It subsequently settled on a chair, where it was
caught by a fellow-passenger, who gave it to me. The presence of
this dragonfly seemed curious, since there was no land within a good
many miles, neither had we touched land since leaving England.
— John B. Hicks ; Stoneleigh, Elmfield Koad, Bromley, Kent,
November 8th, 1913.

Wasps Active in December. — On December 5th I was much
interested watching wasps, apparently workers, going in and out of
a nest in the ground. This must be unusual. — E. C. Stowell ;
Laleham, Bexhill-on-Sea, December 12th, 1913.

POLIA FLAVICINCTA IN GLAMORGANSHIRE. — I took this moth at

sugar on October 2nd last in my garden. I can find no record of its
being taken in this county before. — E. U.David; Yscallog, Llandaff,
November 21th, 1913.

NoLA albula in Hants. — I have much pleasure in reporting the
capture of Nola albula whilst collecting in Hampshire (about July
18th and 19th). My friend, Mr. Danby, has two specimens, and I

40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

have one. Others were taken, but unfortunately got damaged in
traveUing. Am I right in believing this to be a new record for the
county ? — Arthur Buss ; 43, Gleneldon Koad, Streatham, S. W.

ACRONYCTA MENYANTHIDIS EMERGING IN NOVEMBER. — On looking

in my pupa-cage on November 3rd, I was surprised to find that a
female specimen of Acronycta menyantliiclis had emerged from pupse
sent me from " Barnard Castle," all collected this year. They were
kept in a glass-top bottle in a room with no fire, temperature about
55° to 60°. I thought it would be interesting to record this, because
I can find no record of so late an emergence. — H. L. Dolton ;
27, Brunswick Street, Eeading, November 17th, 1913.

Eaeias chlorana in Gloucestershire. — In August, 1912, the Rev.
G. M. Smith found about a dozen larvae of this species feeding on the
osiers growing on the Severn bank near Gloucester. One or two
imagos emerged in the following September, but the rest hibernated
as pupae and came out at intervals during May, June, and July of
this present year. It is curious that this species has not apparently
been observed in this county hitherto. — C. Granville Clutterbugk,
F.E.S. ; 23, Heathville Road, Gloucester, November 16th, 1913.

Hypotion (Ch^rocampa) celerio IN Hants. — A specimen of
C. celerio was caught by a cat in a house in this parish last
September. The locality is less than a mile from the sea, between
Lymington and Christchurch. — (Rev.) J. E. Kelsall ; Milton
Rectory, New Milton, November 22nd, 1913.

Daphnis (Ch^rocampa) nerii. — One of these very rare visitors
occurred here this season, and was captured on September 16th.
The moth was seen on the wing at about 4.15 p.m. by two small
village boys, who eventually succeeded in their endeavours, with the
aid of their caps, &c. The following day it was brought to my house
(partly for identification), being a pitiable sight but still alive ; it is,
nevertheless, sufficient to serve as a record. My friend Mr. Brown
of Ainsdale kindly lent me the moth for exhibition at the November
meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. —
W. A. Tyerman ; Derby Villa, Ainsdale, Southport, November 19th,
1913.

Catocala fraxini in Langs. — A specimen of Catocala fraxini
(Clifton Nonpareil) was caught at Grange-over-Sands, Lanes,
September 7th, 1913, in the grounds of Yewbarrow Hall, the
residence of Evan A. Leigh, Esq. — J. Davis Ward ; Limehurst,
Grange-over-Sands.

CoLiAs EDUSA REARED IN Kent. — On May 23rd, 1913, my son
brought to me a female Colias edusa he had caught with his cap in
a waste field not fifty yards away from our house. I succeeded in
keeping it alive for three weeks. During that time it kindly obliged
with one hundred and fifty ova; these I placed singly in airtight tins
with a glass top, my intention being to try for a second brood, but
the larvae grew so slowly that I had to abandon the idea. The first
imago emerged on August 15th and the last on September 9th. I

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 41

might add the larvae were kept indoors and out of the sun, so
probably this had something to do with slow growth. i\.ltogether I
bred a nice long series, but with little or no variation. — A. J. Exeter;
WatHng Street, Dartford, Kent, October 17th, 1913.

CoLiAS EDUSA IN MIDDLESEX. — In previous Edusa years I have
usually observed one or two examples here in August or September.
But this season the "clouded yellow" has not put in an appearance.
However, my cousih, Dr. E. P. Cox, of Ealing, informs me that in
August several visited his garden; and he reports it also to have
been not uncommon at Shipley, in Sussex, and at Torquay. — H.
Rowland-Brown ; Harrow Weald, December 15th, 1913.

Notes on Colias edusa, &c., in Essex. — I first noticed G. edusa
here on August 20th. The next day I visited a small field of lucerne
about ten minutes' walk from my house. On the way a bright looking
female edusa passed me in the road, but my net was in my pocket.
On reaching the field not a specimen of edusa was to be seen, but
after waiting for nearly an hour, a male flew by and settled on one
of the lucerne flowers and was captured, and in the course of half an
hour I saw three more, and caught two of them — both males. There
was a fair amount of bloom on the lucerne, and it was a warm bright
afternoon, but butterflies were very scarce. I only noticed single
examples of Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardui, Vanessa io, a few fresh
V. urticce, and one or two each of Ccenonympha pamphilus, Lyccena
icarus, Chrysophanus pJilceas, and Adopcea lineola. Pararge megcera
was the most numerous, and there were a few Pieris rapce and
P. napi which were noticeable on account of their small size. Two
of the napi I caught are, I think, the smallest I ever saw, measur-
ing barely 1^ in. across the wings. A few Plusia gamma were
buzzing about amongst the flowers, and one or two Nomophila
noctueUa {S. hybridalis) were disturbed from the herbage. On
August 25th I saw a large female edusa flying along the high road.
The next day I went to Walton-on-the-Naze, as I thought that might
be a more likely neighbourhood, and I particularly wanted to get a
female C. edusa for eggs. On arriving at Walton I walked out to the
eastward of the town, by the footpath on the top of the cliffs, and
when about half way to the Naze saw a bright-looking female flying
about willow herb some distance below me, but she would not come
within reach, nor could I get down to her. Further on I was pleased
to see, on my left, a large clover field one mass of bloom — indeed, I
smelt it long before I saw it. Here I thought I should surely find
all the edusa in the neighbourhood congregated, but was disappointed,
for when I got into the field, nothing was to be seen but a few rapce,
napi, &c. I stopped there for more than an hour, sat under a hedge,
eat my lunch, and smoked a pipe, but no ediisa would come. It was
gloriously hot and bright — just the day for them. After this I
walked a little further along the coast, beyond the Naze, and then
turned back, as it was time to go to the station for my train home —
and I had hardly done so when a male edusa came dashing along and
was secured. On the 28th I saw another male at Dovercourt, and
this was the last.

42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

On August 27th I received five living females from my friend
Commander Gvvatkin- Williams, E.N., v^ho had taken them the day
before at Broadstairs, where G. eclusa appears to have been rather
plentiful. They were placed under muslin hoods over growing plants
of white clover and birdsfoot trefoil in flower-pots, and put in a warm
place in the garden. Next day I saw a good many eggs had been
laid, and by the time the last female died, two or three hundred ova
had been deposited. The eggs were pearly-white at first, but soon
changed to orange, and by September 2nd some had become lead
colour, and larvae began to hatch out the following day. The young
larvae were dingy-olive, with shining black heads, and their first act
was to devour their egg-shells, then, after they had rested a bit, they
wandered about, and finally settled either in the middle or at one
of the corners of a leaf, and began to nibble at the upper cuticle,
making small blotches. They laid up for their first change on
September 10th, and some had got through by the 12th, and were
then dull green, with minute black dots and short pale hairs. I will
not give any further account of their progress, as that has been done
so many times by other writers. The pots were kept in a window
facing south, and everything went well with the larvae until the
temperature began to fall towards the beginning of October, when
many of the smaller ones began to sicken and die off. Some of the
larger ones by this time were nearly full grown. On October 9th I
noticed one had attached itself to the side of the muslin hood, and
the next day became a pupa. By the 17th there were a dozen pupae,
but scores of larvae had died, and those remaining would not eat,
and eventually they all perished. None of them appeared to make
any attempt to hibernate. By this time it was getting vei'y much
colder, and I had started a fire in my sitting-room. x\ll the pupae
were now pinned to a sheet of cork, and this was placed under a
glass cylinder, with a French Clocke over it, on a table close to the
window, where they got the full benefit of the sun. On the 26th
the first pupa began to change colour, and by the 31st the wing
cases were bright orange, and the black margins of the wings plainly
visible, and on November 2nd, about noon, I observed the butterfly
trying to escape from its chrysalis, and it had evidently been trying
for a little time before I noticed it, as its wings were hanging down
partially developed, so I lifted glass and cylinder and, with a pair of
forceps, managed to free it, but it was then so feeble it could not
grasp anything, and I had to hold it by its front legs, after which I
managed to tie a piece of silk round them, then passed the silk over
a pin in a piece of cork and left it, and eventually the wings grew
to their full size, though one of them was slightly puckered, but I
managed to smooth this out when I set it. Other pupae were
changing colour at this time, but most of the butterflies seemed
to be unable to emerge, and I only bred five altogether, viz :
November 2nd, one male ; November 6th, one female ; November
9th, two males; November 11th, one male. Unfortunately I have
no greenhouse, if I had I should no doubt have bred a larger number
of the butterflies. — Gervase F. Mathew ; Lee House, Dovercourt,
November 17th, 1913.

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday , November 6th,
1913.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the
chair. — Mr. A. P. Semenoff Tian-Shanski was elected an Honorary
Fellow in the place of the late Prof. 0. M. Eeuter. — The following
gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society : — Messrs. Hugh
Warren Bedford, Church Felles, Horley ; Harold S. Cheavin, F.R.M.S.,
F.N.P.S., Clematis House, Somerset Eoad, Huddersfield ; Charles
Alban William Duffield, Stowting Rectory, Hythe, and Wye College,
Kent; W. Bgmont Kirby, M.D., Hilden, 46, Sutton Court Eoad,
Chiswick, W. ; Louis Meaden, Melbourne, Dyke Road, Preston,
Brighton ; F. V. Bruce Miller, Livingston, N. Rhodesia ; Alexander
David Peacock, 137, Wingrove Gardens, and Armstrong College, New-
castle-on-Tyne ; H. Ananthaswamy Rao, Curator of the Government
Museum, Bangalore, India ; Percival Nathan Whitley, New College,
Oxford, and Brankwood, Halifax. — The question of the change of title
of the Society was opened for discussion, but the preponderance of
feeling appeared to be somewhat against any change. — The President
brought before the meeting the necessity of forming a fund for the
care of that portion of Wicken Fen left by the late Mr. G. H. Verrall
to the National Trust, and at his request Mr. Rowland-Brown
expressed his readiness to act as Treasurer for any subscriptions
given by Fellows of the Society. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff exhibited a
series of seventeen Thais rumina, L. (including a female of the var.
canteneri, Feld.), taken in March, 1913, at Ronda, and called atten-
tion to the characters suggestive of a distasteful butterfly. — Mr.
W. J. Lucas, three species of Panorpa, including a female of the scarce
scorpion-fly, Panorpa cognata. — Mr. H. Lupton, a specimen of Thalpo-
chares ostrina, taken in the middle of June, 1913, about four miles from
Ilfracombe. Also two specimens of Dianthoicia luteago var. ficklini,
taken in the middle of the same month on the coast of N. Devon. —
Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter read notes in connection with his exhibit of
Epitoxa albicincta. He also exhibited a case of miscellaneous insects
and communicated notes upon them. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited
males, winged females, and a dealated female and workers of the very
rare ant, Solenopsis fugax, Latr., taken at Blackgang, Isle of Wight, on
August 26th, 1913. — Mr. E. E. Green, an aberrant example of
Pyrameis {Vanessa) indica, Herbst, from Ceylon, — Comm. J. J.
Walker, a female specimen of the gigantic Neuropteron, Corydalis
orientalis, McLach., taken by a native collector at Chuchow. — Mr.
L. W. Newman, the following Heterocera : — (1) Calymnia (Cosmia)
trapezina. A melanic female — a worn specimen taken at sugar in
Bexley Woods. (2) Zonosoma (Ephyra) annulata and pendularia ;
a long and very varied series of both species, showing extreme light,
dark, and intermediate forms and one very pink Z. peiidularia.
(3) A series of hybrid Z. pendularia, female, and annulata, male ;
specimens showing the markings of pendidaria most pronounced
and the coloration of annulata prominent. — The following papers
were read : — " New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar," by
Sir G. H. Kenrick, Bart., F.E.S. " The Culicidas of Australia," by
Frank H. Taylor, F.E.S. " Descriptions of New Species of Staphylinidae

44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

from India," by Malcolm Cameron, M.B., R.N., F.E.S. " Pseudacrcsa
eurytus hohleyi, Neave, and its models on Bugalla Island, Lake
Victoria, with other members of the same combination," by G. D. H.
Carpenter, B.A., M.D., F.E.S. '' Pseudacrcea boisduvali, Doubl., and
its models with special reference to Bugalla Island," by the same.
" The inheritance of small variations in the pattern of Papilio dar-
danus. Brown," by the same.

Wednesday, November 19th, 1913. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker,
F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair. — It was announced that the
Council had decided to make an annual grant of two guineas towards
the maintenance of Wicken Fen. — The following gentlemen were
elected Fellows of the Society : — Messrs. B. G. Adams, 15, Fernshaw
Eoad, Chelsea ; Barnard Ormiston Dickinson, B.A., 57, Castelnau,
Barnes, S.W. ; Alfred Ohver Rowden, 3, Archibald Road, Exeter ;
Oscar Whittaker, Ormidale, Ashlands, Ashton-upon-Mersey, Cheshire.
— The following Fellows were nominated by the Council as Officers
and Council for next year : — President, Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker,
F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Treasurer, Mr. A.H.Jones; Secretaries, Commander
J. J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., and Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S. ;
Librarian, Mr. G. C. Champion, A.L.S., F.Z.S. ; other Members of
the Council: Messrs. B. A. Butler, B.A., B.Sc. ; J. E. Collin; S.
Edwards; Dr. H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S. ; C. J. Gahan,
M.A. ; A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; E. E. Green; G. Meade- Waldo,
M.A. ; Dr. G. W. Nicholson, M.A., M.D. ; Hon. N. C. Rothschild,
M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; H. Rowland-Brown, M.A.; and C. J. Wain-
wright. — Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited specimens of both sexes of
Plebems zephyrus var. hesperica, taken by him in June last, at
Albarracin in Spain ; P. zephyrus, type, and var. lycidas were also
exhibited for comparison. Also from Albarracin, Melitaa desfon-
tainii var. bcetica, Rbr., the Spanish form of M. desfontainii, Godt.,
(an Algerian butterfly) ; both sexes were exhibited. — Mr. E. E. Green,
two Pierid butterflies, of distinct genera, taken in coitil at Aripu,
Ceylon, viz., Appias libythea, Fab., male, and Teracolus limbatus,
Butl., female. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a large and very variable series of
Heliconius doris, L. — Dr. Chapman, some Erebias, showing parallel
variation in several species in different localities. He raised the
question whether this was a case of mimicry, and a considerable
discussion followed. — Dr. F. A. Dixey, a drawer containing specimens
of the genus Pieris, with drawings of their scent-scales, and remarked
upon them. — Mr. A. Bacot, slides showing the development of Plague
bacilli in the alimentary canal of the flea, and the method of infection
through the mouth, and read an important paper on the subject. —
Dr. K. Jordan, some specimens of a lepidopterous larva discovered
by the Rev. A. Miles Moss, F.E.S., who, when collecting near Para,
noticed a Saturniid caterpillar with black intersegmental bands and
long branched spines, a species of Automeris, some of the black bands
of which appeared to be swollen. To his amazement these swellings,
when touched, quickly slid over the back of the caterpillar to the
other side with the hurried motion of a Pyralid larva, and indeed
turned out to be small lepidopterous larvae as black and glossy as
the bands of the Automeris caterpillar. — The following papers were
read : — " Revision of the Mexican and Central American Malachiidae

SOCIETIES. 45

and Melyridae, with descriptions of new genera and species," by
George Charles Champion, F.Z.S. " Four new genera and species of
Hymenoptera from AustraHa," and "Three new species of Austrahan
Hymenoptera," by A. A. Girault, communicated by A. M. Lea, F.E.S.,
Government Entomologist, South Australia. — Geo. Wheelee, M.A.,
Hon. Secretary.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.— October 'dth, 1913.- -Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in
the chair. — Large additions to the Society's reference collection of
British Lepidoptera from Mr. W. G. Dawson were announced.— Mr.
Lucas read a paper: "The Shorthorned Acridians of the British
Isles," and illustrated his remarks with lantern slides of all the
species. — Mr. Ashdown exhibited Lepidoptera taken by him in
Switzerland in June and July last. — Mr. Colthrup, a snail shell from
which he had bred a Dipteron, presumably parasitic in the snail. —
Mr. Andrews, a scarce Dipteron, the Syrphid S. guttatus, taken at
Bexley in August. — Mr. Step, living examples of the ant-nest Isopod
Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii, found in a nest of Formica fusca. — Mr.
West (Ashtead), enlarged photographs of the same rare woodlouse.
— Mr. Curwen, specimens of Syntomis phegea and its var. pfiuemeri,
in which the white spots were reduced in size and number, from
Pallanza and Iselle, together with specimens of the rare Naclia
ancilla. — Mr. Newman, picked series from a large number of bred
Melitaa aurinia, from County Clare and Oban. The variation was
extremely small, although the larvae were samples of many broods. —
Mr. Tonge, a series of Goremia qiiadrifasciaria, bred from a female
taken at Albury, Surrey, showing but little variation.

October 2Srd, 1913.— Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the
chair. — Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.E.S., gave an account of the Mimicry
exhibited by the Nymphalines of North America, illustrating his
remarks by specimens and lantern slides. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited
a collection of the Sphingidse found in the Island of Trinidad. There
were about forty species in all. — Mr. Sheldon, series of species taken
by him near Albarracin, Central Spain, including Pleheius zephyrus
var. hesperica, Agriades thetis ab. rufolunulata, A. ther sites, and
Glaucopsyche cyllartis. Dr. Chapman was of opinion that J^. thersites
only occurred when sainfoin was indigenous. — Mr. L. W. Newman,
Lepidoptera from County Clare, County Cork, and Killarney, in-
cluding very light Aplecta nebulosa, very dark Luperina cespitis,
Aphantopus hyperanthus, with greenish shade on the under side,
^geria scoliceforviis, bred Dianthoecia capsophila, D. luteago var.
harrettii, &c. The weather was very bad from April to the end of
September. — Mr. A. E. Tonge, a specimen of Argynnis aglaia, with
a strongly marked blotch formed by the coalescence of several spots
on the fore wings.

November 13th, 1913.— Mr. A. B. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the
chair. — Prof. W. Bateson, F.E.S., gave an address on the "Problem
of Species which overlap Geographically," illustrating his remarks
with numerous lantern slides. — Mr. Curwen exhibited specimens of
Parnassius apollo from Ecl^pens and the Laquinthal, mostly very
large examples, and including var. pseudonomion from Eclepens. —

46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mr. Newman, long and variable series of Zonosoma annulaia and
Z. pendidaria, with many dark aberrations ; and also a series of the
hybrid between these two species, showing well the characters of
both.

November 21th, 1913. — The President in the chair. — The Annual
Exhibition of Varieties, &c. — Mr. West (Greenwich), the Hon.
Curator, fifteen cabinet drawers of the Society's reference collection,
with which had been incorporated a portion of the Dawson collec-
tion. — Dr. Chapman, a nearly black Argynnis acjlaia from Le Lauteret,
July 13th, 1913, and specimens of Agriades thersites, Polyommatus
icarus, and var. icarinus, with diagrams to show the different align-
ment of spots. — Mr. Edwards, a box of conspicuously coloured
Heterocera from Burmah. — Mr. H. Moore, the rare Papilio hecatceus
from the Solomon Islands. — Mr. Schmassmann, a series of varieties
in the male of Ornithoptera heciiba, and a pair of the gorgeous
0. alexandrce from New Guinea. — The Eev. G. Wheeler, examples of
melanic and xanthic aberrations, including Argynnis niohe i\h. pi&lopia,
Melitcea phoebe ah., M. varia ah., M. cinxia ab., and Melanargia ab.
of the former, and A. niobe v. eris, Callimorpha domimda v. persona,
&c., of the latter, and referred to many species in which yellow was
produced in aberrational forms. — Mr. E. Adkin, a series of third
brood Celastrina argiolus, and discussed the species as to its appear-
ance during the present season. He also showed long series of
Agriades corydon, including ab. syngrapha, ab. semisyngrapha, and
many other fine aberrations and series from many localities. — Mr.
Baumann, a series of Boarmia repandata from several localities,
including var. sodorensiuvi and var. conversaria, and specimens of
the melanic form of Acidalia virgularia, which he was placing in the
Society's collection. — Mr. Bright, a large number of striking aberra-
tions of British Lepidoptera, including long series of under sides of
Agriades tlietis and A. corydon, a white aberration oi Argynnis papliia,
Colias edusa, with wings richly shot with purple, a curious Sakirnia
pavonia of female coloration with male antennae, &c. — Mr. Grosvenor,
his fine collection of Goenonympha tiplion and its local races. — Mr.
Curwen, numerous Lycaenidse taken by him in Italy and Switzerland,
and many aberrations of Melitcea didyma.—M.v. Newman, a varied
series of recently bred Srnerinthus ocellatus ; series of Amorpha piop^ili
from pale cream to almost black colour, with intermediate and rich
pink forms ; and a series of hybrid ocellatus males and populi females,
two being of the rare female form. — Mr. A. Gibbs, a section of his
collection of South American Nymphalids, including many of the
brilliant species in the genus Perisamia. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon, long
series of Melitcea desfontainii, taken by him at Albarracin this year,
and a series of M. aurinia v. iberica, from near Barcelona, for com-
parison. — Mr. T. W. Hall, cabinet drawers of Agriades corydo?i and
A. thetis, showing great aberration with very pronounced blue
females, and some females curiously splashed with blue. — Mr. Main,
frames containing series of photographs of the life-histories of
Cicindela campestris (tiger-beetle), Ghrysopa flava (lace-wing fly),
Phyllotoma aceris (jumping sawfly), &c. — Mr. Tonge, a bred series of
Psilura monacha, including the black form ab. eremita ; a long series
of Tapinostola concolor, &c. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a case of twenty-three

SOCIETIES. 47

pairs of the South American genera Melincea and Heliconiiis, found
flying together and assimilating to eacli other in colour. — Com-
mander Gwatkin-Williams, aberrations of British Lepidoptera from
Ireland, including Epinephele jurtina, with banded hind wings,
females ; several Cidaria, which possibly may be G. concinnata,
Xantliorhoe montanata, with band obsolete, confluent Anthrocera
trifolii, Euchloii cardamines, females with ochreous hind wings, &c. —
Mr. Chas. Oldham, two collections of small chalk stones that he had
collected within a small radius of the openings of two wasps' nests,
and which the wasps had been unable to carry to a greater distance.
— Mr. A. W. Buckstone, for Mr. Archer, a bleached form of Angerona
prunaria, male, from Oxshott ; an almost black Lithosia helvola
{deplana) from Wimbledon; and an Acidalia which was supposed to
be a very aberrant form of A. suhsericeata. — Mr. H. Worsley-Wood,
numerous forms of Mellinia ocellaris, including ah. lineago, ab. inter-
media, with M. gilvago for comparison ; yellow Brep)}ios parthenias
from Wimbledon, and lead-coloured males of Agriades thetis from
Corfe. — Eev. J. Tarbat, black suffused forms of Breiithis euphrosyne
ab. nigro-sparsata of Abraxas grossulariata, and a Cidaria truncata
with a broad-banded fore wing. — Mr. Haynes, a series of hybrid
Selenia tetrahmaria males and S. bilunaria females, with a large
preponderance of gynandromorphous specimens ; melanic and
ochreous varieties of Ennomos quercinaria, &c. — Mr. H. J. Turner,
a series of Erebia stygne from the Continent to show the extreme
local variation in the Alps and Pyrenees. — Messrs. Sharp & C. W.
Colthrup, many Colias edusa from the south-eastern district, re-
presentative of the species in 1913. — H. J. Turner, Hon. Bep. Sec.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — October
20th, 1913. — Meeting held at the Eoyal Institution, Colquit Street,
Liverpool. — The President, Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., in the chair. —
Exhibitions were as follows: — Mr. W. Mansbridge brought a long-
bred series of Hadena glauca from Burnley, some of which showed a
strong melanic tendency ; also from Burnley the melanic variation
of E7naturga atomaria, Hyria muricata, purple form, and Cmionympha
typhon var. rothliebii from Witherslack ; Nyssia zonaria from the
Crosby Sandhills, and the insects captured on the occasion of the
Society's field meeting at Mold on June 7th, 1913, including Lobo-
phora viretata, Cnephasia musculana, Capua favillaceana, Argyrolepia
hartvianniana, and Agriopis aprilina (larva). — Mr. R. Tait showed a
long and variable series of the beautiful melanic form of Boarmia
repandata from Penmaenmawr, also bred Agrotis lucernea from the
same district; varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, including ab.
varleyata, bred from various localities in 1913 ; Aplecta nebulosa var.
robsoni and Geometra papilionaria from Delamere ; Hecatera serena
and Calligenia miniata from Sussex. Mr. Tait also gave an account
of his collecting holiday in Sussex, from which it appeared that
Lepidoptera had been as difficult to obtain in the South of England
as in the North during the past summer. — Mr. Johnson exhibited a
long and fine series of C. typJion, including some very dark forms,
from Witherslack ; also Acidalia fumata, Nissoniades tages, and
Lycana astrarche from the same place. — Dr. P. F. Tinne, various

48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

species of autumn lepidoptera from the North of Ireland, including a
nicely varied series of Gidaria truncata, several being the var. cen-
tumnoiata. All the members present reported a very poor season
from a collector's point of view. — Wm. Mansbeidge, Ho7i. Sec.

EECENT LITERATURE.

Common British Moths. By A. M. Stewart. London : Adam &
Charles Black. 1913. Pp. viii, 1-88. Sixteen plates.

This little book is a worthy companion-volume to the ' British
Butterflies ' by the same author, already noticed in the ' Entomolo-
gist ' for 1912, p. 212. The eight coloured plates are really of most
excellent workmanship, one is inclined to think some of the best ever
produced, certainly in entomological literature. They are splendidly
clear, and marvellously accurate in colour. They contain figures of
some two hundred species, all those mentioned in the text in fact,
and though only three-fourths natural size it should be quite im-
possible to identify wrongly any of the species figured. The black-
and-white plates of preserved larvae, &c., have been well chosen, the
text is obviously the work of a practical entomologist, and the
species described form a very excellent representative collection of
the commoner British moths, amongst them, one is pleased to note,
some of the " Micros " being given a place. Errors of any kind
seem exceedingly few, although it is difficult to understand how the
specimen of Boarmia repandata var. conversaria, figured on Plate 15,
came to be labelled " B. gemmaria y&r. perfumaria," probably by acci-
dent. The book is absolutely ideal for the young beginner.

N. D. R.

Transactions of the City of Londoyi Entomological and Natural
History Society for the year 1911. Pp. 32. Published by the
Society, The London Institution, Pinsbury Circus, 1912.

We have received a copy of the above Society's ' Transactions '
for 1911. Apart from the notes in the President's address upon the
season's collecting and upon the scarcity of some insects formerly so
common in their haunts, there is a short but quite interesting paper
by Mr. Tautz upon the species of the genus Cosmia (Galymnia).
This includes a record of C. pyralina from Middlesex (Pinner), a
species which the author states had not been previously recorded, so
far as he knew, from that county, but here he is in error, as the species
is pretty generally known to inhabit Middlesex, and was recorded
from Mill Hill over thirty years ago.

N. D. R.

<<DATA" LABELS FOR LEPIDOPTERA.

2/6 per 1000. i to 6 sorts, equal numbers, any wording, see specimens below: —

II. Smith, W. Davis, , A Lanftley, F. Roberta,

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19 10 19 19

If unequal aumberg are ordered, 6d. extra will be charged. Miolnium charge for small quantities, 1/6.

Thiese are neatly printed similar to the above. We have supplied these labels to Entomologists in all
irts oi Great Britain and abroad.

We also supply labels (or minute insects printed in the Smallest Tyjje made (see specimens below).

These are 3/6 per 1000.

H Smitli, W n«vi.. .1 I.,,,.-!, ■-. r Kolurli.

D.rei.11. \Vou.l X«w F.,r..t. K..,.. H.„„nol,.

J. 8 W= DAVIS, SS, Museum Works, Dartford.

CALIFORNIA LEPIDOPTERA.

Tj'XPERIENCED Propagator and Collector of California Lepido-
ptera again going to breed and collect in every locality of
California. Gentlemen and Museums wishing large quantities of
all taken, say from 10 to 100 of each species, can have them at a
flat rate of 2hi. each. Parties wanting only certain species should
send for my price list, and save 50 per cent, on retail prices. Still a
few of this season's catch on hand, Lycsena anna, 2s. per pair; this
Lycfena retails at about 8s. pair. Parnassius clodius, 2s. pair.
Argynnis egleis, Is. Sd. pair, &c. Noctuidse and Geometridae, always
'2^d. each for quantity orders of from 5 to 100 of each species. There
are about 350 different species of Noctuidae and about 200 different
species of Geometridae in California. Sent on approval, by my new
system of mailing which insures us both.

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LEONARD TATCHELL & Co.,

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Offer their New Lists of LIVING LARVAE and PUP-ffiJ, Imagines,
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I OCALITY LABELS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS.-

The "Data" label is now considered to be a necessary accompaniment of every entomological
specimen; and a neatly printed label is superior in evei-y way to one handwritten — being more couipact,
always legible, and effecting a great saving of time and labour.

One to five localities, equal quantities; locality, date (= 191 ), and collector's
name (three lines in all)— 1000 for '2s. iid., 2000 for 4s., 3000 for 5a. ; locaJioy and
date only (two lines)— 1000 for 2s., 2000 for 3s. Sd., 3000 for 4s. Unequal num-
bers, or each additional line, Gd. extra.

Special : — MINUTE LABELS, printed in the smallest type madu, essential
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FISTS, for pointing out varieties, 6d. per 100, 300 for Is.

CAREFUL WORK GUARANTEED. CASH WITH ORDER.

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CONTENTS.

Some Eemarks on the Atlantic Forms of Sympetruni striolatum, Charp.
(with illuBti'ations), Kenneih J. Morton, 1. Notes on the Life-histories of
Hesperia tesseUnm and H. cribrellum, Hon. N, Charles Rothschild, 7. A
Butterfly Hnnt in some parts of Unexplored France, H. Rowland- Br oton, 8.
Souie Notes on the Lepidoptera of La Sainte Baume, Var, S. France, [Rev.)
F. E. Lowe, 14. Note on the Oviposition of Khyssa (with illustrations),
L. N. G. Ramsay. 20. A Monograph of the Genus Osprhynchotus, Spinola,
Claude Morley, 2'd. Two New Myrmecophilons Aphides from Algeria (with
illiistrations), Fred. V. Theobald, 28. The Fossil Orthoptera of Florissant,
Colorado (witli illustration), T. D. A. Cocherell, 32. Reversion of Arctic
Ercbia ligea var. adyte, Hb., and Alpine Pararge nijera var. adrasta to the
Type-fomi. Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta and Pararge egeria var.
e.s^ex\diC?i,H, Roiuland-Brown,^i. A New Mosquito from Samoa, Fred. V.
Theobald, 36. Synonymy of Ichneumon obliteratus and I. barbifrons,
Claude Morley, 87.

NoTKS AND Observations. — Unusual Pairing of Moths, G. Bertram Kershatv, 38.
Note Illustrating Mildness of the Past Season, E. N. C. Sfowell, 38. Note
on Bearing Dasypolia templi, Pei'cj/ C. Reid,SS. Dragonflies Bred in 1013,
Harold Hodge, 39. Plebeius (Lyciena) medon (astrarche) in Dovedale, G. T.
Beihune-Balcer, 39. A Dragonfly at Sea, John B. Hichs; 39. Wasps Active
in December, E. C. Stoivell, 39. Polia flavicincta in Glamorganshire, E. U.
David, 39. Nola albula in Hants, Arthur Buss, 39. Acronycta menyanthidis
Emerging in November, H. L. Dolton, 40. Earias ehlorana in Gloucester-
alaire, C. Granville Clutterbuch, 40. Hipotion (Chaerocampa) celerio in Hants,
(Rev.) J. E. Kelsall, 40. Daphnis (Chaerocampa) nerii, W. A. Tyerman, 40.
Catocala fraxini in Lanes., J. Davis Ward, 40. Colias edusa Reared'in Kent,
A. J. Exeter, 40. Colias edusa in Middlesex, if . Ro7vland-Broivn, il. Notes
on Colias edusa, Sic, in Essex, Gervase F. Mathew, 41.

Societies, 43. Recicnt Literature, 48.

DR. STAUDINQER& BANG-HAAS, Blasewitz-Dresden, in their
new Price List No. LVII. for 1914 (IIG pag.), ofl'er more than 20,000
Species of well-named IjEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the
world, in finest condition ; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARV^, &c. Separate
Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (30,000 species. 208 pag.), for HYMENO-
PTERA (3600 species), DIPTERA(2900), HEMIPTERA (2500), ORTHOPTERA
(1200), NEUTERA(630), BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS (300). Discount for Cash-
orders. Prices low. We sell no more living pnpa?.

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'Subscriptions to tiie 'Entomologist' {6s. post free) for 1914 are now due
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Vol. XLVII.l FEBRUARY, 1914. [No. 609.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

IKustrateb P^oiitj)!]) lounial

aRNTEKAL ENTOMOLOGY.

EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.

WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF

ROBEKT ADKIN, F.E.S. 1 C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S.

H.ROWLAND-BKOWN, M.A., F.E.S. ' W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S.. Ac. : CLAUDE MOKLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S.

F. W. FUOHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. , Dr. D. SHAKP, F.K.S., F.E.S., Ac.

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Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2s. 6d. to 11b. Cement for replacing Antennse, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
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SILVER PIN5for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, &c., as well as minute

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L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT.

FOR SALE. — Lang's * Butterflies of Europe,'
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A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVII.] FEBRUARY, 1914. [No. 609

A NEW SPECIES OF METANCEA FROM FRANCE.

By Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S.

In examining a small lot of Trichoptera taken by Dr.
Chapman last summer in the Alps of Dauphine, forwarded by
Mr. Lucas, I found four insects, which at first sight I supposed
to be Metatioea Jlavipennis, Pict. On confronting these, however,
with McLachlan's figures, I was surprised to find that the details
did not agree satisfactorily, and on looking over the material in
my collection it was manifest that there were two species, and
these rather distinct ones, mixed together, examples from
Murgtal (Ris), Silvaplana (Morton), and Carinthia (Klapalek),
pertaining to the species described and figured by McLachlan,
while others from the Val Bedretto (Ris) were evidently the same
as Dr. Chapman's. I asked Dr. Ris to go over his material, and
he confirms my view of the matter. The only explanation of
the oversight that can be offered is the identical general appear-
ance of the two species, and even with regard to the profile view
of the genitalia the similarity is rather remarkable. I propose
to describe this hitherto overlooked species as —

Metanoea chapmani, n. sp.

Very similar in appearance to H. fiavipennis, Pict. Head,
thorax, palpi, legs, and under side of body testaceous, hairs golden ;
abdomen above darker. Basal joint of antennae and between the
posterior ocelli slightly fuscescent. Spines of legs black.

Anterior wings narrow and elongate, pale yellowish, shining
neuration concolorous, pubescence of membrane dense, golden
Discoidal cell about the same length as its footstalk. Posterior
wings whitish, subbyaline with pale veins ; first apical cell variable,
but narrower at the base than second ; second broader, moderately
oblique at the base in the direction opposite to the first ; third
longer than first and second, almost acute at the base ; upper branch
of cubitus furcating about, or a little beyond the level of the
beginning of the discoidal cell.

In the male the apex of the abdomen above is rather deeply
concave, the posterior margin covered with scattered black tubercles,
the side produced into rather long finger-shaped processes whose tips

BNTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1914. E

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

are very slightly curved downwards, these processes also tuberculate,
more densely so towards the apex which thereby becomes black.
Superior appendages pale yellow with rounded outline when seen
from the side, concave internally. Intermediate appendages viewed
from behind, separate, each arising from a narrow stem and spreading
out in broad triangular form with three distal projections, the two side
ones small, the other long, horn-like, slightly inturned with a small
tooth before the apex. Inferior appendages large ; from beneath
they are close together at the base, diverging shghtly, concave
internally, rounded at the apex, which is very slightly inturned and
clothed internally with short spines and spinous hairs.

I am unable satisfactorily to describe the female. Differences
probably exist in the genitalia as compared with H. flavij^ennis, and
these could very likely be defined from Canada-balsam preparations.

Expanse of wings, male, 19-20 mm. ; female, 21 mm.

Metancea chapmani.
1. Apex of abdomen viewed from above. 2. Apex of abdomen viewed from side.

Three males, one female, Lauteret, Alps of Dauphine
(Chapman, July 22nd, August 5th). Also occurs in Val Bed-
retto (Ris, September 6th, 1896 ; July 20th, 1906) : Spliigen
(Ris, July 16th, 1897), uncertain whether from the Swiss or the
Italian side, probably the latter ; Madonna di San Martino
(July 29th and August 1st, 1889, Ntigeli in Ris coll.)-

Differs from H. flavipennis, especially in the direction of the
blackened processes of the last dorsal segment. These in H.
flavipennis are turned to the side almost at right angles to the
long axis of the abdomen, whereas in H. chapmani they are
nearly parallel, only very slightly out-turned.

^i^Lachlan gives the following localities for H. flavipennis:
DisiieyJMs, Grisons (July 25th, Stainton), Bergiin (Zeller), Leuk,
Valais (October 2nd, Frey Gessner) Hospice St. Bernard;
PrJitigau and Pontresina according to Meyer-Diir ; Meyringen
(McLachlan, August 16th), Champery, Valais (Eaton, August
20th), Samoens, Savoy (Eaton, September 5th) ; Carinthia (Sep-

A NEW SPECIES OF CHIROTHRIPS FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 51

tember, Zeller). Hagen stated that he had it from the Harz,
Bavarian Alps, and Stjria (?). Ulmer adds Hessen. Supposing
it to be the tvne Jiavipennis of Pictet, it should occur in the Val
d'llliers, Valais. This list may require revision, as some of
these localities may refer to H. chapmani. I found //. jiavi-
pennis commonly at Silvaplana (July 18th to 25th, 1904) ; Eis
has taken it in the Murgtal (July 27th, 1888), at Cierfs in the
Miiustertal (July 14th, 29th, 1909) ; and Klapalek in Carinthia
(July 31st, 1899).

A NEW SPECIES OF CHIROTHRIPS (Thysanoptera)
FKOM SOUTH AMEEICA.

By C. B. Williams, B.A., F.E.S.

At the beginning of this year I received a small collection of
miscellaneous insects from Mr. W. 0. Backhouse, taken near
Buenos Ayres, in the Argentine Republic, South America. Four
genera of Thysanoptera were represented — Chirothrips, Franklin-
iella, Physothrips, and Thrips ; the Chirothrips, which is a distinct
species, is described below ; notes on the others are reserved for
the present, in the hope of getting further material to elucidate
some doubtful points.

Gen. Chirothrips.
Haliday, Ent. Mag. 1836, iii. p. 444 ; emend. Uzel, Monog. d.

Thysanopt. 1895, p. 79; emend. Hinds, Proc. U.S. Nat.

Mus. 1902, xxvi. p. 133.

Chirothrips fivntalis, sp. nov.

Female (macropterous).

Measurements. — Head, length 0-15 mm., width (behind the eyes)
0-122 mm. ; prothorax, length 0-22 mm., greatest width 0-26 mm. ;
pterothorax, length 0-32 mm., width 0-30 mm. ; abdomen width
0-35 mm. ; wing, length (from basal lobe) 0-80 mm., width (about
halfway along) 0*045 mm.

Antennae : — segment 12 3 4 5

length (/x) 14 36 38 34 34
width (/x) 36 40 24 24 21

Total length, about 1-4 mm., antennae 0-24 mm.

Colour uniform dark grey brown, fore tibiae and all tarsi a little
paler, the third segment of the antennae distinctly lighter.

Head (Fig. 1.) longer than wide, produced beyond the eyes into a
long prominence more than half as long as the remaining portion of
the head. The sides of this at first diverge slightly and then converge
rapidly to a rounded point ; on the converging portion the antennae
are situated. There are no long hairs on the head but several small
ones which vary slightly in position and may not be quite sym-
metrical. In general they conform to the arrangement shown in the

E 2

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Chirothrips frontalis, sp. nov.
Head and prothorax.

figure. Eyes dark and relatively far back. Ocelli distinct, the
posterior ones behind the level of the back of the eyes. Crescents
red-brown, distinct (in mounted specimens). Mouth cone rounded,

reaching about two-fifths across the pro-
sternum. Maxillary palps three seg-
mented, the basal segment shortest, the
apical longest ; four or five sensory hairs
at the tip. Labial palps two segmented,
the basal segment very short and in-
distinct, not much more than a ridge on
the labium. Antenna about two-thirds
longer than the head ; the first segment
short and broad, the second much longer
and narrower except at the apex where
it is produced outv^ards into a blunt
prominence, the third with a distinct
pedicel, the fourth and fifth equally
long, the sixth the longest, the eighth
longer than the seventh. Colour : first
and second dark, third clear, fourth to
eighth darker but not so dark as the
first two. An unforked sense-cone on
the third and fourth segments.

ProtJioraxlono, as wide as the head
in front but much widened posteriorly, the whole surface of the
pronotum finely striated and with a number of minute hairs
scattered unsymmetrically over its surface. No long spines at
the front angles, two at each hind angle and about six smaller
hairs on each side along the hind margin. Pterothorax slightly
wider than the prothorax in front, gradually narrowing behind.
Legs normal for the genus, fore femora thickened and produced
outwards at the base, tibiae also thickened. All tarsi (except for
a small dark spot at the base of the second segment) and fore
tibiae hghter than the rest of the legs. Fore wings pale brown,
clearer at the base. About twenty (eighteen to twenty-one) spines
on the costal vein, the distal ones finer and longer than the proximal;
five or six spines at the base of the fore vein and two on its apical
half ; four, five, or six on the hind vein. The veins are usually very
indistinct except near the base of the wings ; this varies in different
specimens. Hind wings clear, vein indistinguishable.

Abdomen normal, hairs on the ninth and tenth segments pale
and weak. The ninth segment short, about half as long as the
tenth.

Described from eleven macropterous females taken near
Buenos Ayres, Argentine, South America, in January, 1913, by
W. 0. Backhouse, probably from a plant (Compositse) locally
known as *' cepoeaballo."

Type in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.

This species may be easily separated from all others of this
genus by the great prolongation of the head beyond the eyes,
and also from hamatus, Trybom, ohesus, Hinds, crassus, Hinds,

A NEW SPECIES OF EURYTOMA FROM QUEENSLAND. 53

and mexicana, Crawford, by having two spines at the hind angle
of the prothorax, and from both manicatus, Bagnall, and similis,
Bagnali (if these two are really distinct and not forms of
the same variable species), by the more slender antennae and
relatively longer prothorax.

The John Innes Horticultural Institution,
Merton, Surrey : January, 1914.

A NEW SPECIES OF EURYTOMA FEOM QUEENS-
LAND, WHICH LIVES IN THE STEMS OF
EUCALYPTUS.

By a. a. Girault.

The following species seems phytophagous, since I found it
inhabiting short grooves or channels under the bark of young
Eucalyptus trees, somewhat after the manner of Scolytidse.
Where occurring, the stems of the trees were somewhat swollen.
When one thinks of it, this species does not seem to differ greatly
in habit from the other members of its tribe, which seem to live
on galls rather than upon gall-makers. Has the parasitic habit
of the Eurytomini been proved ? The genus Bruchophagus would
incline one to doubt.

Genus Eurytoma, Illiger.
Eurytojna picus, n. sp.

Black, the legs, tegulse and scape rich reddish brown, the hind
coxae black, the wings hyaline; flagellum brownish yellow, knees
and tips of tibiae yellow. Propodeum with a rather broad median
groove. Venation pale ; postmarginal and stigmal veins subequal.
Scape obclavate ; pedicel a little shorter than funicle 1, which is
longest of the funicles, much longer than wide, about twice the
length of funicle 5, which is somewhat wider than long, funicle 4
a little longer than wide, funicle 2 subequal to the pedicel. Club
with three distinct joints, the antennae 11-jointed. Mandibles tri-
dentate. Hind tibige with two spurs. Pronotum with a more
or less distinct, obtuse median carina. Punctuation not quite
as dense as usual, the cephalic part of scutum densely, transversely
lineolated.

Male. — Not known.

Described from two females taken from short grooves under
the bark of young eucalypt trees in the forest, October 16th, 1913.

Habitat. — Nelson (Cairns), Queensland.

Tyjje. — One of the above specimens on a tag, the head and a
hind leg on a slide. In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Magnification §-inch objective, 1-inch optic, Bausch and
Lomb.

54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NEW CENTRAL AMERICAN SYNTOMID^.

By A. E. GiBBS, F.L.S.

Among the Lepidoptera which I have recently received from
British Honduras are two Syntomid moths which appear to be
new to science. They were both captured at a small seaport
called Punta Gorda in the south of the colony, not far from the
frontier of Guatemala. I append descriptions.

Phcenicoprocta hiformata, n. sp.

Head black ; frons bhie ; palpi orange below ; antennae white at
tips ; tegulse orange with blue spots at base ; patigia and thorax
orange ; coxae orange-red ; abdomen, first segment blue with paired
red stripes, remainder brownish black with doi'sal and lateral metallic-
green stripes and bluish-green terminal segment ; fore wings hyaline,
veins broadly black, oval discoidal spot from costa to lower angle of
cell, margins broadly black, widening at apex and on outer mai'gin ;
hind wings hyaline, with dark borders, widening at apex and tornus.

Var. 1. Fore wings scaled, brown-black.

Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat. — Punta Gorda, British Honduras, July, 1913. Types
in British Museum ; co-types of var. 1 in Mus. Gibbs.

Napata cortcs, n. sp.

Black ; tegulae and patigia with paired blue-white spots ; fore
coxae white ; tibiae reddish ; first joints of tarsi white ; metathorax
with blue-green spot ; first segment of abdomen black with a few
blue scales and blue-green lateral spots ; medial segments blue-green
doi'sally, with darker transverse bands ; large white ventral patch on
basal segments ; remainder of abdomen ventrally and the terminal
segments dorsally red ; fore wing with bluish spot at base of costa ;
small hyahne spot extending across cell near base, and a larger one
below it, another in cell near upper angle ; a transverse series of four
spots beyond cell, one above vein 6 and a smaller one below it, a
minute spot above vein 4 and a larger one below it extending almost
to vein 3 ; hind wing with hyaline patch at base ; spot near end of
cell and extending almost across it ; below, fore wing with bluish
costal streak, hind wing with blue basal streak above hyahne patch,
eosta narrowly and apex and outer margin broadly blue.

Expanse, 41 mm.

Habitat. — Punta Gorda, British Honduras, June, 1913.

Napata cortes has a general resemblance to N. broadwayi,
Schaus., a Trinidad species, but it may be readily distinguished
by the large hyaline patch at the base of the hind wing and the
red terminal segments of the abdomen.

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OP
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.

By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 14.)
(v) Basses-Alpes. (a) Alios.

As in the case of a previous paper of the series, some quali-
fication of title is necessary. Donzel * discovered Alios in 1831.
It has received several recent visits from English collectors,
myself included, and I have given a short account of a week
spent here in August, 1908 ('Entomologist, vol. xli. p. 268).
However, as I was in this part of the Basses-Alpes at an earlier
date than on the occasion of my last visit, or that of the late
Mr. J. W. Tutt C Entomologist's Record,' vol. xix. pp. 197-199),
I trust my experiences may be useful to those who wish to
explore the upper valley of the Verdon during the summer
months. Alios remains primitive. The motor services, the
endless procession of touring cars have left it unperturbed ; and
the little Hotel du Midi, where Mdlle. Pascal works so hard for
the comfort of her pensionnaires, is as archaic and roughly com-
fortable as ever.

After a rather disappointing entomological week at Digne —
for the universal drought in the lower lands of Provence had
burnt up all the green herb — I took train for Thorame-Haute
by the familiar narrow-gauge line. Here the alpine motors of
the Sud Company pick up, and they are almost as cheap as the
former rusty diligence. Between St. Andre and the starting-
point there are doubtless many fine butterfly corners as sug-
gested by glimpses caught from the windows of the never-
express train. Such a one there is near the station before
Thorame, and there I bade farewell to Papilio alexanor — so un-
accountably and unusually rare in 1913 in its native haunts at
Digne. The drive is pleasant enough by Beauvezer and Colmars,
with its narrow medieval streets, through which the motor
steers, scraping the stucco from the walls of the overhanging
houses — a veritable threading of the needle's eye. The climb
scarcely begins before Colmars, from the gate of which town it
is practically all uphill, and as dusty a road as ever provoked
the thirst of man and beast. Still, there are several good
stretches of collecting ground by the river en route, as I found
when, on the hottest day of the year, I descended in quest of
Erebia scipio at points indicated by Mr. Powell (' Entomologist,'
vol. xli. p. 298).

I left Digne at eight o'clock, and reached my destination

* 'Notice Entomologique sur les Environs de Digne et quelques Points
des Basses-Alpes,' par M. Hugues Donzel. Lyon, 1851.

56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

about 1.30, and after a late dejeuner at once set off to investi-
gate the first length of the classic " Koute du Lac d'Allos,"
where I hoped to capture in good condition some at least of the
butterflies over or on the wane when I was here in 1908. With
the exception of July 20th and 22ud, the whole of my collecting
at Alios was done between the village and the lake. The mule-
path mounts steeply from the one street and then more gently,
and sometimes between thick hedges, past meadows already
harvested, to the first bridge over the Chadoulin stream. On
the southward slopes butterflies were generally in evidence, but
more distinguished by quantity than by quality. Here on the
lavender tufts — this being about the vertical limit of the plant —
the males of Epinephele lycaon were freshly emerged. Of the
*' Blues," Plebeius argyrognomon predominated, but the beautiful
blue female, var. calliopis, Bsdv., of which I had secured a
specimen or two at Digne, evidently belongs to the lower levels
and the hotter limestone. A few perfect males of Lycana avion
haunted the lavender. Here, also, one warm afternoon towards
sunset I picked up a curious aberrant form of Melitcea didyma
settled to roost. On the under side, while all the black spots
and lines remain, the usual tawny markings, notably those of
the basal and ante-marginal bands of the hind wings, have
almost entirely disappeared, giving a peculiar black-and-white
chequered appearance to the insect as it sat motionless on the
stalk {=:derufata, n. ab.).

Hereabouts, too, a low hedge fencing a new-mown field was
alive with a diminutive race of Aglaope infausta, both sexes in
fine condition, and with them a few Adscita pruni were kicked
up from the grass, though neither " Buruets " nor " Foresters "
were at all frequent, and at this point the same remark applies
to the Hesperiidae, for which I was chiefly on the alert. But,
as everywhere else in the south-east this year, Satyrus cordida
was abundant ; not so Hipparchia semele, though possibly it was
still somewhat early for the latter.

The only Theclid at all common was T. spini, some of the
males extraordinarily small, the high Alpes-Maritimes form, as
a rule, being of quite the average size. But not one single
T. acacia did I encounter along the line of sloe bushes, where
the females were common enough in August, 1908, and where
by all rules the males should now have been disporting them-
selves. Brenthis amathusia, also not rare near the bridge in
that year, was another absentee. Sailing over the willows I
saw not a few superb Euvanessa antiopa, with rarer Limenitis
Camilla and Polygonia c-album.

A recent writer has remarked on the moisture-loving pro-
pensities of the Camberwell Beauty, and I noticed that it would
frequently lie with wings flat and fully extended on the stones
facing the sun ; and also that very occasionally it joined the

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 57

Lycaenid and Hesperiid " drinking clubs " on the surface damp.
They never ahghted on the mule-droppings so much affe3ted by
mountain Lycsenidae, though P. c-alhum is not above such attrac-
tions ; and in the spring on the Eiviera I have observed that
the last-mentioned species is much addicted to the rotten olives
left in the orchards from the previous year's harvest. One
Sunday afternoon I crossed the bridge here to explore the path
through the pine woods, returning along the water channel
which diverts a part of the river to supply the farms above
Alios. But these woods and slopes yielded nothing beyond
swarms of buzzing and biting flies.

The route now ascends sharply on the right bank to the
chalets of Champ Eichard, and then from a narrow gorge of
loose slaty formation debouches on a more open valley, where
again the newly constructed path separates from the old, and
mounts by zigzags through flowery pastures and occasional
larch spinneys. When the sun reaches these upper slopes
rather late in the morning there is plenty to occupy atten-
tion. Coenonympha iphis hardly gives place to C. arcania var.
darwiniana ; Plebeius argus {agon), much less plentiful than
P. argyrognomon, gems with wings of lapis-lazuli the red-gold
arnica daisies. Colias phicomone is everywhere, the females
just now in a majority. Males of Erehia stygne, E. goante, and
E. tyndarus var. cassioides {=-dromus) cross and re-cross the
mule track. The larger Argynnids — A. aglaia and A. niobe (all
var. eris) — are already sucking the sweet juices of the purple
thistles in company with males of Chrysophanus hippothiJe var.
eurybia and Polyommatus eros. A little higher still E. euryale
affects the woods, and the clearings by the roadside are bright
with C. virgaurece, P. pheretes (males and iem.a,\e8), Parnassius
apollo, and occasional E. epiphron var. cassiope. About three-
quarters of an hour from the last-mentioned bridge a spring
empties itself into the torrent ; and here over the saxifrage and
thick wet moss P. delius was flying at a safe distance from the
net. Once more the road crosses the stream, and zigzags-
upward through young forests, the nursery of the Maison
Forestiere, which now comes into view at a sudden turn. Insects
of all orders swarm at this point. The morning is fair and the
air delicious with the scent of the many Papilionacese, which
make a veritable Field of Cloth of Gold, interwoven with
the duller purples of the vetches. A mud-bath hereabouts
invites a swarm of P. eros, P. hylas, and Agriades escheri ;
Lycana arion is rare, even more so P. orbitulus, which, common
in the Swiss Alps, never seems abundant in the Basses-Alpes
and Alpes Maritimes. Hespena alveus, H. fritillum (= cirsii,
Ebr.), H. carthami, and H. serratulce represent the Black-and-
White Skippers ; Thymelicus lineola and T. actaon the Brown.
To the " Coppers " may now be added C. dorilis var. subalpina

58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

of both sexes. High up at the back of the Foresters' House
there is a fine piece of rough ground carpeted with soft seeding
grasses and alpine flowers. The high fresh wind carries a single
Anthocharis simplonia male into my net ; the infrequent Pontia
callidice are in rags ; but, ascending the last long slope, which
ends where the mountains are mirrored in the lake, the Erebias
once more claim attention.

E. gorge, with occasional ab. erinnys and E. mnestra, swell
the catalogue. Within five minutes of the ridge, on the skrees
facing towards Alios, and exactly at the point where the path to
the Lacs de I'Encombrette diverges to the right, I discovered on
my second expedition the headquarters of E. alecto var. dupon-
cheli, Obthr., thus obviating the grind up Mont Pelat, where it
is reported by Mr. Harold Powell. A more harassing insect to
chase and capture I do not know. To begin with, the favoured
ground is always a weary scramble, composed of loose stones
and treacherous for the feet, where the most illusive and blackest
of all the Erebias flits restlessly over the rock, or rarely pauses
to toy a moment with the scanty yellow Doronicum patches (I
cannot find much to differentiate var. duponcheli from ab. pliito).
Added to this, the nature of the locality ensures for every perfect
imago a half-dozen in tatters, while crumpling and failure of
wing-pigment is of frequent occurrence. The females were few
in number ; in vain I watched for one to alight and oviposit
and clear up the still outstanding mystery of the food-plant of
the species.

Below the path and on the rock-strewn '* pelouse " that falls
to the mouth of the subterranean stream draining the still
invisible Lac d'Allos, Melitcea varia is common with C. phico-
mone, as well as the small Erebias. Here, also, I took a couple
of wasted H. cacalicB, and even more j^cisses H. malvoides, Elw.
and Edw. {=fritillum, Rbr.) — the Dromio of H. malvcB — for the
specific confirmation of which I am much indebted to Professor
Reverdin, to whom the three or four examples caught at a single
sweep of the net were submitted. I do not doubt that earlier
in the season this Skipper occurs in most suitable localities
throughout the lower Basses-Alpes. Alios, however, may now
be added authoritatively to Professor Reverdin's list of French
localities published in his masterly treatise on the two species
(Bull. Soc. Lepid. Geneve, vol. ii. fas. 2, p. 73, 1911). Through-
out the valley, from Champ Richard upwards, H. serratulce was
frequent ; and I have from the same region in my collection a
few Hesperiids, which seem to me to be intermediates between
H. bellieri, Obthr., and the var. foidquieri, which M. Oberthiir
retains provisionally under alveus, but will, I think, some day
not far off be found nearer associated with bellieri.

I was surprised to find so few butterflies on the slopes lead-
ing down to the matchless lakelet, where in 1908 insects were

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 59

fairly plentiful. Except a few shabby Cassioides and the
ubiquitous C. phicomone, there was nothing to tempt me from
the rock behind which, and sheltered from the keen wind, I dis-
posed of my lunch. So I devoted the greater part of the time
on each occasion to Alecto-Duponcheli.

July 22nd, the hottest day of the month, I spent working
down the Verdon river-bed, which, in the customary way of
Alpine torrent streams, breaks up into many subsidiary chan-
nels, leaving broad stony islets covered with dwarf willow,
lavender, Epilobiwii angustijiorum, great clumps of Astragalus
alpinus (?), and tangled vetches, with occasional tufts of wild
thyme. The lavender was especially affected by A. escheri,
P. argyrognomon, and females of C. alciphron var. gordius, the
latter in poor condition, while Anthrocera fausta gleamed Ver-
million- winged in equal abundance with A. carniolica. The
steep cliffs of the right bank, however, disclosed no E. scipio, as
I had hoped, after a long search for a ford waded knee-deep
through spring-cold water. A rare pool for trout at all events ;
and trout is the piece de resistance of every meal in these delec-
table mountains. Eeturning to the causeway at the end of the
long poplar avenue, which extends for a mile or so, the valley
once more opens out, and on the left bank, where the old road
follows the course of the rivei", there is a sun-burnt stretch of
waste land with sparse berberis bushes, mullein, and again some
fine lavender in full bloom. T. actceon, A. thersites and Issoria
lathonia were the principal visitors ; on the dusty upper road
Satyrus circe was flying with S. alcyone, but very little besides,
and it was not until I was well in sight of Colmars itself that
I could get a draught of drinking water at a hospitable farm-
house, in the garden of which the ripe red currants hung in
luscious clusters.

The neighbouring lucerne fields were gay with Colias edusa
and C. hyale, but so great was the heat of the afternoon that at
two o'clock I boarded the P.L.M. motor and was quickly rushed
back to Alios. Above the village and right up to the Col there
is very little promising ground. The slopes on this side are
mostly disafforested and grazed close. I tried not to think that
the few Erebias I saw from the car, when on my journey of the
24th to Barcelonnette, were E. scipio. I am now sure they
were not — only stygne.

I have been asked where, in my Continental wanderings, I
have found butterflies in the greatest profusion. It is not an
easy question to answer, for " distance lends enchantment to
the view " of most entomologists when the time arrives to survey
in retrospect the happy hunting grounds of the past. I am
inclined to think that certain stages of the road to the Lac
d'Allos I have attempted to describe come nearest to El Dorado.
Then follow the Eaux Thermales valley at Digne, in June;

60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

St. Martin-Vesubie, or the Ganter Bridge below Berisal, in
raid-July ; with a far-away April vision of Hadrian's Villa at
Tivoli, with its winged legions " fleeting the time carelessly as
in Arcady." In point of numbers only, some secluded spots in
the Chiltern Hills have provided almost as cheerful an abundance.
Last year (1913) the Basses-Alpes were at least blessed with a
summer of sunshine and butterflies in striking contrast to the
melancholy conditions and the meagre bags reported from
Switzerland and Central Europe generally.

(To be continued.)

SOME NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE
BAUME, VAR, S. FRANCE.

By Rev. F. E. Lowe, M.A., F.E.S.

IL The Moths.

Though Switzerland can never be without interest, after
many years' experience of it the collector begins to crave for
new ground. If Norway does not appeal to him, he probably
decides to explore as far south as the limits of his time and
purse permit. This was my case in the summer of 1912 — but
— Where to go ? was the question. I wisely consulted Mr.
Rowland-Brown, to every entomologist a veritable " Baedeker "
for France ; who, after dismissing my suggestion of Thorenc —
of which he had received no reports — proposed La Ste. Baume
as being a centre well spoken of by French, and little known to
English, collectors. Thither I went therefore, and spent such
an interesting ten days that I returned again for a slightly
longer visit this year. I had sent a selection of my 1912 cap-
tures for identification to Mr. Prout, who is always kind enough
to help me out of any difiiculties with geometers. It was an
unexpected pleasure to hear from him that I had fallen upon a
very good thing, viz., Acidalia determinata. He wrote : " You
have some interesting forms, and .4. determinata was quite a
surprise. I had never even seen the species until a few weeks
ago, when Piingler very kindly sent a valuable box of Acidalids
for my inspection . . . and included a pair of this species, one
from Calabria and one from Taurus. Where exactly is Ste.
Baume ? It will surely be a new locality for this insect. If
you ever visit this place again, work for a series." Here was
sufficient incentive, and this year my wife and I returned with
ardour to the search, and were successful in getting together
about thirty specimens. Perhaps it is early days to express an

NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME. 61

opinion, but it appear3 to be very local even where it exists.*
We found it restricted to quite a small space on the edge of the
wood which borders the north-east corner of the plateau before
beginning the descent to Nans. But its allies, A. macilentaria
and A. litigiosaria, are fairly commonly distributed over all the
neighbourhood, more particularly the former. From neither of
these could I pretend to distinguish it in flight ; but A. macilen-
taria^ which is most like it on the upper side, is readily distin-
guished when caught by its dark strongly-marked under side.
A. determinata is not an active insect and is easily overlooked,
as it seems rarely to fly unless disturbed ; but like other
" waves," it is fond of lying spread out on a leaf — not, I think,
in the full sun, but rather close to the ground, and where longer
branches above afford a slight shade. In our experience, it was
always driven out of little stunted oak bushes ; whether it had
any closer connection with these than the fact they provided a
pleasant resting-place I cannot venture to suggest. From the
list of captures appended it will be seen that the Acidalids
proved a strong and interesting family in this region, while the
Larentids were remarkably few and ordinary. The Zygsenids
provided variety, but with the exception of Z. angeliccs and
Z. lonicerce cou)d hardly be considered numerous. That almost
most beautiful "burnet" of all, Z. lavamhdcs, appeared only
separately on the road to Nans ; but on crossing the Col de
Bretagne, I found a large colony feasting on the flowers of
" hemp agrimony," or a plant like it, growing in a hollow by
the side of the Gemenos road. This, I think, is an unusual
occurrence, for at Bondol, where Z. lavandulce was more com-
mon, I always took it singly and generally on the wing.
Z. erytlnis, on the contrary, has the burnet-habit of congregating,
and was seldom seen alone, but had a restricted headquarters
of its own ; and gave its attentions to a tall wiry scabious with
little wizened flowers, which would have been justly despised in
any better watered land. Probably the more active habits of
lavandula; accounted for a difficulty in getting good specimens.
It seems also to be a slightly earlier species. The most remark-
able feature in " moth-land," perhaps, was the extraordinary
quantity of three small species in the herbage of the plain of
Plan d'Aup. I have already remarked in a former paper on the
abundance of Rusticus agon. But even more wonderful — espe-
cially in 1912 — was the enormous number of Acidalia sericeata
and A. decorata, disturbed in walking over the plateau; and
with them almost as many Crambus craterellus — the only
Cr ambus observed, with the exception of two or three C. cumellus.
Among the " pugs," Mr. Prout has praise for Tephroclystia

■■'■ An indirect but suggestive token of the rarity of A. determinata in
collections may be gathered from the fact that it is not offered for sale in
either the Staudinger, Bang-Haas, or Bartel price-lists.

62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

allionia and T. ulthnaria. The handsome OrthoUtha mceniata
was very common in the woods and at light ; and ascending the
wooded path to the Col de Bretagne Minoa murinata, in spite of
its small size, was a prominent feature. The Noctuae and the
Tepliroclystice were all taken at light, the other families nearly
all netted in the daytime, the chief exceptions being Acidalia
virgularia var. australis, A. siihmutata, Ephyra pupillaria,
Boarmia solieraria (one male), Trephonia sepiaria (two), Hylo-
phila bicolorana, Eromene bella, which were attracted by light.

Besides Mr. Prout, I am also under obligations to Dr.
Chapman for naming certain specimens and to Mr. Bethune-
Baker for help with the Zygaenids. It is impossible to foresee
what system of nomenclature this paper may represent after it
has passed the Editor's hands ; but in making my list I have
followed the Staudinger-Kebelschen Catalog. 1901. As Mons.
Culot says in his preface to vol. ii. of ' Noctuelles d'Europe ' :
*' Le catalogue que j'ai pris pour guide, parce qu'il est le plus
repandu." I hesitate to add with him : " Et non parce qu'il
represente une classification rationnelle." Such criticism is for
the ever-conflicting experts.

We spent two or three days at Bondol on the sea coast,
hunting Zygcsna erythus. While there I took a few rather good
moths at light, and as Bondol is not far distant from La Ste.
Baume, I have added these captures as a separate note.

Heterocera of Ste. Baume and Nans.

Sphingid^. — Macroglossa stellatarum, Dcilephila euphorbia^
Hemaris fiiciformis.

Lymantriid^. — Orgyia tiigotephras (var. Corsica?).

Lasiocampid^. — Malacosoma neustria.

Drepanid^. — Drepana binaria (one female).

Noctuid^. — Acronycta rumicis (dark), Dianthoecia compta,
Caradrina exigua, Leucania scirpi, Thalpochares poly gramma,
T. purpurina, T. scitula, Rivula sericealis, Prothymnia viridaria,
Hcemerosia renalis, Catocala conversa, C. nymphagoga, Apopestes
dilucida, Euclidia glyphica.

Geometrid^. — Aplasia ononaria, Geometra vernaria, Neinoria
viridata, Acidalia ochrata, A. macilentaria, A. determinata,
A. rufaria, A. litigiosaria, A. sericeata, A. moniliata, A. virgidaria
var. australis, A. circuitaria (two), A. trigs minata, A. dilutaria,
A. degeneraria, A. inornata, A. aversata, A. rubiginata, A. mar-
ginepunctata, A. submutata, A. imitata, A. decor ata, Ephyra
pupillaria, and var. gyrata,E. linearia {trilinearia, Bkh.), Rhodo-
strophia vibicaria, R. calabraria and ab. tabidaria.

Larentiin^. — Sterrha sacraria, OrthoUtha maniata, Minoa
murinata (euphorbiata) , Larentia fulvata (one), L. bilineata (one),
Tephroclystia {Eupithoecia) alliojiia, T. breviculata, T. idtimaria,
T. oblongata, T. pumilata, Rumia luteata (one).

NOTES ON THE DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1913. 63

BoARMiiNiE. — Boarmia solierana, Trephonia sepiaria, Euholia
murinaria.

Cymbid^. — Hylophila hicolorana.

Hetbrogynid^. — Heterogynis penella.

LiTHOSiiNiE. — Lithosia lurideola, L. complana, L. caniola.

Zyg^nidvE. — ZygcBna scahiosce var. orion, Z. sarpedon and
var. vernetensis, Z. achillea, Z. lonicera and var. ochsenheimeri,
Z. transalpina, Z. angelicce, Z. lavandulce and var. consohrina,
Z. hilaris var. ononidis (one).

Ino (adscita), I. globidari(s, Dyspessa idula.

Pyralidje, &c. — Crambus craterellus, C. cumellus, Eromene
hella, Pyraustra sanguinalis, P. piirpuralis, P. fimehris {octo-
macidata), P. cingidata, Titanio polinalis, Evergestis sophialis^
Salebria palumbella.

At Bondol.

Zygana erythus, Z. filipendulce ; and at light, Semiothisa
{Macaria) cBStimaria, Gnophos mucidaria, Eiiblemma suava,
E. jiicunda, Pseudophia illimaris.

NOTES ON THE DEAGONFLY SEASON OF 1913.
By F. W. & H. Campion.

The most interesting dragonfly seen by us during the present
year was a female of Somatochlora metallica taken in Surrey on
June 8th (H. J. Watts). The capture was made in the same
locality as that which furnished the male obtained by the same
entomologist on June 26th, 1910 (Entom. xliv. p. 238). When
first taken, Mr. Watts tells us, this female was in somewhat
teneral condition, but it was kept alive for a few days and deve-
loped into a very fine specimen. When we saw the insect, after
it had left the setting-board, the wings, including the ptero-
stigmata, were of a beautiful amber, the colour being richest in
the region of the costa. In a fully adult female from Guisachan,
taken in August, 1899, by Mr. 3\ J. F. X. King, with which we
compared the Surrey specimen, the pterostigmata are pinkish-
red, and the wings are only slightly tinged with brown. Well
authenticated records for this species from any part of Great
Britain south of the Grampians are still very few, and its
occurrence in Sussex in 1908 came to Odonatists as quite a
surprise.

During the last week in May Mr. E. South visited the New
Forest, and obtained at Brockenhurst (May 30th) Calopteryx
Virgo, Pyrrhosoma nympJmla, and Agrion puella. From the same
locality we also received, through the kindness of Mr. South,
Platycnemis pennipes, Pyrrhosoma tenellum, Orthetnim cceridescens,

64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and Sympetram striolatum, all dated July 16th, as well as
Enallagma cijathigerum and Erythromma naias, likewise taken in
July. Furthermore, Mr. South was good enough to give us
Enallagma cyathigerum, male, caught by himself at the Black
Pond, Surrey, on August 13th.

From the Eastbourne district Mr. Harold Bosley kindly sent
us A. puella (two teneral males, near Pevensey, May 24th), A.
pulchellam (a teneral pair, near Pevensey, May 24th ; two pairs,
Eastbourne Marshes, June 14th), and Ischnura elegans (two
males, Eastbourne Marshes, June 14th).

At Westcliff, Essex, Mr. A. Luvoni recorded P. nymphula and
Libellula depressa on May 25th, /. elegans on May 31st, and A.
puella on June 1st.

During June we re-visited our old Huntingdonshire localities,
and, among other species, again met with Libellula fulva (near
Huntingdon, June 16th and 18th), L. quadrimaculata and Brachy-
iron hafniense (near Ramsey, June 17th), Calopteryx splendens
(near Huntingdon, June 12th), and Erythromma naias (near
Huntingdon, June 21st).

Finally,. Dr. F. F. Laidlaw has favoured us with a list of the
species observed by him in Devonshire during 1913. His report,
which is in the following terms, relates to Uffculme, except in
the case of those records for which other localities are specially
mentioned : —

" The earliest Odonate met with was Pyrrhosoma nymphida.
I saw a female specimen on May 11th, and the species was
flying in some numbers the next day. Calopteryx virgo put in
an appearance nearly a month later than it did last year, I
observed the first specimen, a teneral male, on May 23rd, but
the species was very abundant by May 28th. On the last-named
date I saw very many specimens, and the insect seemed to me
to be much more numerous than it was last year. Exactly the
opposite was the case with C. splendens, which was first noticed
on June 15th, but which was never so abundant as in 1912 or so
numerous as its congener. Libellida depressa occurred on May
26th at Sheldon. Brachytron hafniense was taken at Burlescombe
by Mr. H. Pearse on May 27th. I received a female of B. hafniense
from near Langport, in Somerset, and a female of Agrion pul-
chellum, also from Langport, through the kindness of Miss
D. Wright (June 4th). Other records are Agrion jmella (Willand,
June 16th), Enallagma cyathigerum (Willsmd, June 20th), Cordule-
gaster anmdatus (September 7th and 19th) and Sympetrum
striolatum, males, (Burlescombe, September 21st and 28th). On
June 27th I saw an ^schnid chased in a playful way by a
sparrow, which, however, it easily evaded."

58, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, W. : Dec. 26th, 1913.

FORFICULA AURICULARIA.
By H. H. Brindley.

Forficula auricularia (slightly magnified).

The individuals in the photograph reproduced are a female
and two males, the latter being as regards length of callipers
** high " and " low," following the terminology of Bateson (Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, Nov. 15, 1892, p. 585). They were obtained
in September, 1913, on the uninhabited islet of Rosevear in the
Scillies, situated about two miles east of the Bishop Rock. This
islet swarms with earwigs which are mostly large bodied, while
the " high " male is much commoner than the " low." Rosevear
was inhabited from 1850 to 1858 by the workmen employed to
build the present Bishop Lighthouse. Is it possible that the
remarkable abundance of earwigs, on an islet whose features are
mainly masses of granite and a vegetation of sea-pink and giant
mallow, is related to this human settlement of half a century
ago? On Round Island, the northernmost islet of the Scilly
group, earwigs are also very numerous and seem to feed chiefly
on the kitchen refuse thrown "over cliff" by the light keepers,
the only human inhabitants.

The specimen illustrated has callipers 12*25 mm. in length,
and thus markedly exceeds that taken by Mr, P. M. Bright at
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, in 1910, and illustrated in the
' Entomologist,' June, 1911, p. 209. In Mr. Bateson's collection
of 1892 in the Farn Islands six specimens had callipers 9'0 mm.
long, and in 1907 and 1908 I obtained four from the same
locality with callipers 8*75 mm. In a collection made on Round
Island in 1911 I found thirty-four males with callipers 10 mm.
or more, among which the highest had the value ll'O mm.

ENTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1914. F

6i5 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,

Till I measured the Rosevear specimen the above was the largest
" high " male or var. forcipata known to me. It is probable
that Mr. Bright's Freshwater specimen, on my method of
measurement, has callipers slightly more than 10 mm., because
they were apparently measured in situ. The latter method
is quite unsatisfactory when a large series is being measured to
ascertain the amount of variation, because the degree to which
the bases of the callipers are telescoped into the last abdominal
segment' differs in a series of individuals. So I always extract
the callipers to expose the small process, a kind of condyle,
which is situated on the external margin of the calliper and is
usually only just hidden by the last abdominal tergum. The
callipers are then laid on squared mm. paper and measured in a
straight line from the "condyle" to the distal extremity, the
curvature being disregarded. This is permissible, because, though
" high " males possess straighter callipers than do the "low," as
the correlation is constant the curve of variation is not vitiated.
Unfortunately the body of the Eosevear "high" male was
damaged either at capture or in subsequent transport in spirit,
so that it could not be set symmetrically for photographing.

I have not yet measured the other Rosevear males, but there
are many which closely approach the example illustrated. Taken
altogether they seem to possess in both body and callipers the
largest average dimensions of any collection from one locality I
have seen.

Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge : December, 1913.

THE NEUROPTERA OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
By J. W. Carr, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.

(Professor of Biology, University College, Nottingham.)

The distribution of these insects in Britain is still so in-
sufficiently worked out that a list of the species recently taken
in Nottinghamshire may be of some use. With few exceptions
all have been collected during 1912-13 by myself, and every
specimen recorded has been identified or confirmed by Mr.
Kenneth J. Morton, to whom I am greatly indebted for much
generous assistance with this and other groups of Neuropteroid
insects.

SiALiD^ (Alder-flies).

Sialis lutaria, Linn. — By rivers, canals, and ponds everywhere.

S. fuliginosa, Pict. — Eaton, near Retford, May 29th, 1901.

Raphidiid^ (Snake-flies).
Baphidia notata, Fab. — Epperstone Park, May 12th and June

THE NEUROPTERA OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 67

20th, 1912 (J. W. Saunt) ; Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, June
12th, 1912.

B. xantJiostigma, Schum. — Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe,
several, June 10th-14th, 1912 ; also at Langford Moor, near Newark,
June, 1904.

Hemerobiidje (Brown Lacewings).

Sisyra fuscata, Fab. — Sherwood Forest, near Ollerton, July, 1912.

Hemerohius elegans, Steph. — Burton Joyce, July 9th, 1904.

H. micans, Oliv. — Thorney, August,' 1913 (L. A. Carr) ; Epper-
stone Park, September 6th, 1913.

H. nitidulus, Fab. — Epperstone Park, September 6th, 1913.

H. humtcU, Linn. — Nether Langwith, August 19th, 1912 ; West
Leake, May 27th, 1913 ; Epperstone Park, September 6th, 1913.

H. lutescens, Fab. — Common. Nottingham ; East and West
Leake ; Kirkby-in-Ashfield ; Epperstone Park ; Thorney ; Sherwood
Forest, &c. ; dates varying from May 17th to September 24th.

H. orotypics, Walleng. Aspley Woods, near Nottingham, August
. 9th, 1912 ; Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, September 25th, 1913.

H. nervosiLs, Fab. — Epperstone Park, September 6th, 1913.

H. suhiehulosus, Steph. — Everywhere common. Taken con-
tinuously from April 24th to September 12th.

H. quadrifasciatits, Kent. — Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe,
June 10th-14th, 1912 (L. A. Carr).

Micromus paganus, Linn. — Aspley Woods, June 28th and July
26th, 1912 ; Kirkby-in-Ashfield, June 28th, 1913.

M. angulatus, Steph. — Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe,
September 25th, 1913.

CHRYSOPiDiE (Green Lacewings).

Chrysopa flava, Scop. — Holme Pierrepont, June 1st, 1912 (F. M.
Eobinson) ; Cay thorpe, September, 1912 ; Kirkby-in-Ashfield, June
28th, 1913.

C. alba, Linn. — Epperstone Park, June 22nd, 1913 (J. W. Saunt),
C. tenella, Schrd.— Bulwell Hall Park, July 8th, 1912.

C. septempunctata, Wesm. — Ollerton, Sherwood Forest, July,
1912 ; Nottingham, common on hawthorn trees in my garden and
elsewhere in the city.

C. prasina, Ramb. — Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, August
1st, 1911.

C. ventralis, Curt. — Nottingham, 1912 (J. W. Saunt).

C. phyllochroma, Wesm. — East Leake, June 13th, 1912.

C.pcrla, Linn. — Budby-carr, Sherwood Forest, several, July 9th,
1913 ; Worksop, 1913 (J. E. Hodding) ; Cotgrave, June 21st, 1913
(Saunt).

CONIOPTERYGIDiB.

Comuentzia psociformis, Curt. — Nottingham, May 27th, 1913 ;
Warsop, July 14th, 1913.

Semidalis aleyrodiformis, Steph. — Nottingham, 1901; East Leake,
July 3rd, 1911 ; Upton, near Southwell, beaten from ash and oak,
June 30th, 1913 ; Fiskerton, from Pyrus malm, July 25th, 1913.

68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Goniopteryx tineiformis, Steph. — Thorney, August 15th-19th,
1913 (L. A. Can-).

PANOEPID.E (Scorpion-flies).

Panorpa communis, Linn. — Common throughout the county, June
12th-August 21th, 1913.

P. cognata, Eamb.— Bulwell, July 6th, 1912 (F. M. Eobinson) ;
Thorney, August 15th-19th, 1913, two specimens (L. A. Carr) ; near
Newbound Mill, Teversall, August 3rd, 1912.

P. gcrmanica, Linn. — Common everywhere in Notts ; taken from
May 11th to September 12th.

[In addition to those above mentioned, the following species
have been recorded for Nottinghamshire : —

Hemerobius inconspicuus, McLach. — Clumber Park, 1908 (Lady
Robinson).

H. stigma, Steph. — Worksop, 1904 (Lady Robinson).

H. atrifrons, McLach. and H. concinnus, Steph. — Worksop, 1908
(Lady Robinson).

Chrysopa vulgaris, Schrd. — South Leverton (Rev. A. Thornley) ;
Shii'eoaks, Worksop (J. T. Houghton).

Nothochrysa capitata. Fab. — Sherwood Forest (H.Donisthorpe).]

A NEW GENUS OF TRYDYMINE MISCOGASTERID^

(HYMENOPTERA CHALCIDOIDEA).

By a. a. Girault.

Trydymini.
Epiterobia, n. gen.

Female. — Agreeing with* Tcroiia, Foerster, but the scutellum with
a distinct cross suture before apex, and the marginal vein is fully
twice the length of the stigmal, which is distinctly shorter than the
postmarginal. Both mandibles flattened, distinctly 4-dentate. Abdo-
men conic-ovate, keeled beneath, the second segment longest, occupy-
ing about a fifth of the surface, its caudal margin with a slight notch
at the meson ; abdomen somewhat longer than the rest of the body.
Antennae with the first ring-joint very short, inserted below the
middle of the face but somewhat above the ventral ends of the eyes.
Lateral margins of propodeum carinated, but true lateral carinas
absent, the median carina distinct, not very long, complete. Spiracle
small, round, central (i. e. midway between cephalic and caudal
margins, far from cephalic margin). Parapsidal furrows deep.

Male. — Not known.

Type. — The following species.

Epiterobia reticulatithorax, n. sp.
Female. — Length, 1-15 mm. Dark coppery green, the wings
hyaline, the thorax finely reticulated, the lines not raised, smooth on
scutellum caudad of cross-suture ; propodeum glabrous. Coxae con-

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 69

colorous, the femora also, the knees, tibiae and tarsi pale. Mandibles
somewhat like an outspread hand with the last finger-joints turned
down and the thumb hidden. Antennas pale yellowish, the pedicel
above at base and the club dusky. Club somewhat enlarged ; funicle
joints subglobular, wider than long, increasing somewhat in size,
distad, but always shorter than the pedicel, which is a little longer
than wide. Club apparently with a minute apical fourth joint
(excluding this, antennae 13-jointed with two ring joints).

Described from one female captured by sweeping in forest,
December 2nd, 1912 (A. P. Dodd).

Habitat. — Nelson (Cairns), Queensland.

Type. — The above specimen on a tag, the head and a hind
leg on a slide. In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

The species was described with a Bausch and Lomb micro-
scope, §-inch objective, 1-inch optic.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Do House-Flies Hybeenate? — It is commonly believed that
the persistence of Miisca domestica from one season to another is
ensured by the survival of a certain number of fertilized females,
which pass through the winter usually in a dormant condition in
nooks and crannies in houses, and become the mothers of the earliest
broods of the following year. In spite, however, of the large amount
of attention bestowed upon the House-fly during the last few years,
owing to the recognition of its importance as a disease-carrier,
definite proof that the insect hybernates in the perfect state is still
wanting ; indeed. Dr. Henry Skinner, as the result of an observation
made by him last March at Philadelphia, U.S.A., has recently an-
swered the question at the head of this note by stating that :
" House-flies pass the winter in the pupal stage and in no other
way" ('Entomological News,' vol. xxiv, No. 7, July, 1913, p. 304).
This conclusion, it should be noted, is directly at variance with
results obtained in this country by both Newstead and Jepson.

Did we possess exact knowledge of what happens to the House-
fly in the interval that elapses between the disappearance of the last
belated stragglers in November and December, and the sporadic
invasion of our dwellings in the following June by the earliest
skirmishers of the season, it is obvious that we might be able to deal
more efi'ectually with an ever-recurring menace to the public health.
This point has not been overlooked in the investigations upon "Flies
as Carriers of Infection," which for several years past have been
carried on by the Local Government Board, under the direction of
Dr. S. Monckton Copeman, F.R.S., but hitherto the results have
been purely negative. Hybernating flies belonging to several species
have been found in attics and elsewhere, but upon careful exami-
nation it was found that these did not include a single House-fly.
In this matter the importance of accurate determination of species
is obvious, and the object of the present note is to enlist during the

70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

present winter the sympathetic aid of readers of this Journal, in
securing and forwarding for identification collections of hybernating
flies. Such flies may be looked for in attics and other unoccupied
rooms, in chinks and crannies in living rooms, such as the space
between a shutter or a loose piece of wall-paper and the wall, and in
stables, barns and other outbuildings close to houses. Every con-
signment of flies so collected, if forwarded (with label stating place
and date of capture) either to Dr. S. Monckton Copeman, F.E.S.,
Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W., or to the writer, will be
gratefully and promptly acknowledged and investigated. The flies
should be placed, just as they are, in a small tin box or wide-mouthed
bottle, well protected by soft wrapping and despatched by parcel
post. Such parcels, if sent to Dr. Copeman at the Local Government
Board, and marked '• O.H.M.S.," need not be stamped. — Ernest E.
Austen ; British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Koad, London,
S.W., January 10th, 1914.

Notes from Salcombe, August, 1913. — Colias edusa was first
seen on the Kingsbridge Eoad on August 10th after church, and was
apparently a freshly emerged male. There was a large clover field a
short distance away, but although the field was visited on all
suitable occasions for several days, and at intervals until the end of
the month, not a single other specimen was seen in tha.t neighbour-
hood. On August 15th a male appeared on the tennis courts and
was promptly acquired with the help of a racquet. The same day my
wife discovered the species flying quite freely in a steep stubby field
on the Portlemouth side of the harbour. A few specimens were
generally to be found there in sunshine for the next ten days, when
they became scarcer. It was a great pleasure to find Vanessa io
commoner than I have seen it for thirty years. It occurred almost
everywhere, but swarmed in some of the ravines on the Bolt, where
at least half a dozen on one occasion were feeding on an inaccessible
clump of valerian, its chief attraction. No doubt these were the
imagines from the larvae noted as common at Salcombe by Mr. E. M.
Prideaux on July 1st. F. io was in the pink of condition, a large
percentage being absolutely perfect and very fine. Pyrameis
cardui were very common in the clover field and in good condition.
P. atalanta appeared frequently towards the end of the month. On
August 19th a number were flying on the sandhills at Hope, where
they were greatly attracted by the Eryngium, then in full bloom,
Argynnis paphia was about over, but a few were seen in the
Courtenay Woods and on the Bolt. Satyriis semele was common on
the barer part of Bolt Head, but was worn, and only four perfect
specimens was taken. Pararge egeria was numerous in all suitable
localities and in all conditions. Pararge megara and Epinephele
titlionus swarmed on the banks at the sides of the high roads, but
both were dilapidated. Ganonympha pamphilus and Chrysopliamis
phlceas were present in some numbers in the edusa field and less
commonly elsewhere. Lyccsna astrarche occurred in one corner of
the same field, but was confined to a space of about fifteen yards
square, and it was met with nowhere else. L. icarus was the only
blue seen, and not a single skipper or hairstreak was noted.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 71

Eupithecia larvae were common on Galium, Artemisia, and Senecio.
Dusking was not very successful, and sugaring on the cliffs was
unproductive during the greater part of the month. By far the
most common insect at sugar in the Courtenay Woods was Amphi-
2)yra p)y'^'0,''nidea, which came freely during the last days of our
visit. On one occasion five were successfully boxed from one patch.
Four Lymantria monaclia came to the lantern one night in a pine
wood. The flowers of Senecio near the sea were not worth working,
although in 1912 at Sutton-on-Sea common species swarmed on it.
— G. Hanson Sale ; Littleover House, Littleover, Derby.

Moths casually passing more than a Year in the Pupal
State. — Mr. Eobert Lawson's note upon some examples of Biston
hirtaria, which spent nearly three years as pupae with him (Entom.
xlvi. p. 332), interests me much, as I have long suspected that to
something of this kind may perhaps be attributed the extra
abundance of certain insects in certain years so often remarked
upon. I have had several species of caterpillars from time to time
in my rearing cages, that have missed the usual time of emergence,
and duly turned to imagines in the following year ; but will, mean-
while, only mention one case which is curiously like that referred to
by Mr. Lawson. In August and September, 1888, larvae of Notodonta
ziczac happened to be unusually numerous round Berwick-on-Tweed,
and a number of them were transferred to the breeding cages.
Most of these duly emerged in the following year, from May 22nd up
to July 14th, but a few pupae remained alive in the cage till 1891,
when one perfect insect emerged from one of them on July 18th,
none of the remainder being then alive. But the point I particularly
wish to emphasize is that, although upon the poplar trees from
which the larvae had been gathered in 1888, no ziczac caterpillars
appeared in either 1889 or 1890, in the autumn of 1891 they were
again numerous. It might, of course, have been no more than a
coincidence, but it strongly suggested some conditions, climatic or
otherwise, especially favourable to the species, and common to the
years 1888 and 1891 ; as well as that certain of the wild insects might
also have passed the intervening two summers in the pupal state. —
George Bolam; Alston, Cumberland.

LiTHOSTEGE GRiSEATA Second Brood. — I had a few larvae of this
species last year which duly pupated, and I was much surprised to
find on looking at the cages in September that five moths had
emerged (two males and three females). They had evidently paired
and laid, as there were some old eggshells about, but the larvae had of
course perished. This may account for the scarcity of the species
some seasons, as if there is a second emergence the resulting larvae
would surely perish, as the Sisymhriiim would be dying and the seeds
fallen before the larvae could feed up. — H. M. Edelsten ; Forty Hill,
Enfield.

" The Verrall Supper." — No entomological event of the year,
as we have before asserted, is of greater social interest or of more
value for founding friendships than the "Verrall" supper, which
annually perpetuates the memory of those given by the late G. H.
Verrall and that of the donor. In 1913 the number of guests was

72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

but little under one hundred, but on January 20th of the present
yeai that record was broken, as one hundred and three then sat
down to supper. Among those present were Adkin, Andrews, Arrow,
Atmore, Black, Bateson, Bethune-Baker, Bouskill, Burr, Bagnell,
Bacot, Bethel, Blair, Butler, Buxton, G. C. and H. G. Champion,
Chapman, Collin, Cameron, Campion, Cockayne, Crawley, Dixey,
Donisthorpe, Druce, Durrant, Stanley and F. W. Edwards, Elliott,
Frohawk, Frisby, Fryer, Gahan, Gibbs, Hall, Harmer, Hodge, Image,
O. E. and J. O. Janson, Jackson, Jenkinson, Jennings, Jones, Joy,
Jordan, Joseph, Lloyd, Lucas, Main, Meade- Waldo, Mitford, Morley,
Morice, Nurse, Nicholson, Porritt, Poulton, Prout, W. Rothschild,
Rowland-Brown, Riley, W. E. Sharp, Sich, Skinner, Smith, Step,
Tomlin, Tonge, Turner, Wainwright, Walker, C. O. Waterhouse, and
Wheeler.

A Dragonfly at Sea. — The dragonfly taken at sea mentioned
on p. 39 has been kindly identified for me by Mr. W. J. Lucas. It
is a fully coloured male of Sympetrum scoticum. It was taken
between Revel and Helsingfors, the former name being previously
misprinted as " Kevel." — John B. Hicks ; Stoneleigh, Elmfield Road,
Bromley, Kent, Jan. 8th, 1914.

Errata. — Page 27, line 13 from bottom, delete " croricnus."
Page 36, line 10, for "samomisis" read "samoaensis." Page 37, line 19,
for " no posterior" read "two posterior " ; line 24, for " Thorp " read
" Theobald."

SOCIETIES.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — November
nth, 1913.— The President in the chair.— Mr. W. Bowater,
B.D.S., F.E.S., Brandon Lodge, Russell Road, Moseley, Birming-
ham, and Arnold W. Hughes, 33, Lacy Road, Bverton, Liverpool,
were elected members of the Society. — Dr. P. F. Tinne read a
paper entitled " Insects concerned in the Pollination of Plants,"
in which he dealt very thoroughly with the part played by
insects in this important process. Dr. Tinne gave many interesting
examples, chiefly drawn from the Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, as
to the methods of the various species ; he described the structure of
the floral organs of plants which facilitated the operations of the
insect principally concerned in the pollination ; and also indicated
how unwelcome or inefficient visitors were repelled and imprisoned
or otherwise prevented from interfering with the process. — The fol-
lowing exhibits were made : — By Mr. W. A. Tyerman — A fine bred
series of Notodonta dromedarius var. perfusca, Dianthoecia nana,
D. aicubali, and Phihalapteryx vittata, from the Southport district ;
also Sj^hinx convolvidi, Ne^neojjJiila plantaginis, and Callimor2)ha
domimda. A specimen of ChcBvocampa nerii, captured by a farmer
near Ainsdale on September 14th, 1913 ; it was in a very dilapidated
condition, but easily recognisable, and it forms a very interesting
addition to our county list. — Mr. W. Mansbridge showed a short
series of Thera variata and pale forms of T. obeliscata for com-
parison, — Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sec.

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FRANK LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL.

CONTENTS.

A >sevv bpecies of j\letan(jea from France (with illustrations), Kenneth J. Morton,
49. A Npw Sppcies of Cliirothrips (Thysanopte).-a) from South America (with
illustration), C. B. Williams, 51. A New Species of Eurytoma fi'om Queensland,
which lives in the stems of Eucalyptus, A. A. Girmilt, 53. New Central
American Syntomidae, A. E. Gibbs, 54. A ButterlSy Hunt in some parts of
Unexplored France, H. Boivland-Browji (continued), 55. Some Notes on the
Lepidoptera of La Sainte Baume, Var, S. France, [Rev.) F. E. Lowe, 60.
Notes on the Dragonfly Season of 1913, F. W. '<(■ H. Cavqnon, 63. Forficula
auricularia (with illustration), H. H. Brindley, 65. The Neuroptera of
Nottinf^hamshire, J. W. Carr, 66. A New Genus of Trydymine Miscogastei-ida;
(Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea), A. A Girault, 68.

iSoTKS AND ObsKRVATIONS, 69. SOCIETIES, 72.

I^R. STAUDINGER&BANQ-HAA5,Blasewitz-Dresden, in their

L^ new Price List No. LVII. for 1914 (116 pag.), offer more than 20,000
Species of well-named LEPIDOPTEllA, set or in papers, from all parts of the
world, in finest condition ; 1600 kinds of PEEPARED LAIlViE, &c. Separate
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orders. Prices low. We sell no more living pupae.

BRITISH AND EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA.

Tuesday, February 10th, at 1 o'clock.
TVl R. J. C. STEVENS will sell by Auction at his xoomsj
^^^ 38. King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.,
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, including about 150 Lots of varieties of
Abraxas grossulariata, reared during the last two seasons by the Eev.
G. H. Raynor. They are in very fine condition, and among them are
some remarkable flavipalliata, together with other generally unobtainable
forms of very distinct types.

The collection formed by the late Mr. B. E. Jupp, of Haslemere,
including many bred specimens. Other collections of BRITISH LEPI-
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EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA, including some scarce specimens.

Catalogues in course of preparation.

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10 ]'J 19 19

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Vol. XLVII.; MARCH, 1914. [No. 610.

THE

ENTOVJOLOGIST

' ■ 1

1 AN

lllustratcb !Hontlj n lourniil

GEIVERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.

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The Entomologist, March, 1914.

Plate I.

Photos G. T. Lyle.

1. Meteorus albiditarsis, female. 2. J\I. nifjer, female.

■6. BI. niger, male. 4t. M. fnu,Uh, iem&\e.

5. Cocoon of M. melanostictus from which the hyperparasite Mesochonts crassimanui,
emerged. .

6 Cocoon of M. pulchricornis showing the cap removed by the imago in emerging.

7 Cocoon of M. albiditarsis. 8. Cocoon of M. ictencus.
9 Cocoons of M. leviventris. 10. Cocoon of M. deceptor.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVIL] MARCH, 1914. [No. 610

CONTEIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
BRITISH BRACONID^. No. I. METEORID^E.

By G. T Lyle, F.E.S.
(Plate I.)

Weiting in 1898, the late George Carter Bignell, to whom
we owe, perhaps, more of our knowledge of the British BraconidfB
than to any other, mentions that the number of British students
of the Ichneumonidas during the nineteenth century would not
amount to a dozen. As regards the Braconidfe, since Bignell
published his South Devon list in 1901,* I am not aware of
any literature having appeared on the subject in this country,
with the exception of a few scattered notes in various periodicals,
and Mr. Claude Morley's papers which were published in the
' Entomologist ' for 1906, 1907, and 1908.

There would seem to be several reasons for this neglect of a
most interesting group, one being the want of a cheap text-book
on the subject to encourage the young student, and another the
fact that several authors have described new species from in-
sufficient material, often from a single specimen, so that where
species run so closely together and individuals vary so much, a
certain amount of confusion has arisen. The Rev. T. A.
Marshall, however, did much to dispel this in his excellent
monograph, published in the Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885-1889, and
even more in his three volumes on the Braconidse comprised in
' Species des Hym6nopteres d'Europe et d'Algerie,' 1888-1901.

During the past ten years I have given a good deal of
attention to the breeding of hymenopterous parasites, and
although the work has been considerable I feel that the results
have repaid me, as in no other way could a knowledge of the life-
histories of the insects be obtained. I am also much indebted
to various gentlemen who have been good enough to present me
with specimens which they have bred, often, I fear, much to
their disgust, and particularly to Mr. Claude Morley who has

* 'The Ichneumonidse of S. Devon,' part 2, Braeonidse, Trans. Devons.
for Advan. Sci., Lit. and Art.

BNTOM. — MARCH, 1914.

74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

very kindly forwarded to me the whole of his collection of
Meteoridae for inspection.

Ashmead, in his classification of the Ichneumonidae,* divides
his subfamily Meteorinse into five genera, restoring Zemiotus
and Proteins (Forster) which had been rejected, apparently for
very good reasons, by Marshall. For convenience sake, however,
I will treat our British representatives as of but one genus,
Meteorus, Hal.,f as did Morley in his notes. I

The British species are comparatively few in number, some
thirty-five or so having been recorded, including two or three
rather doubtful ones. They are distinguished by having three
cubital areolets on the fore wings, and, as in the true ichneumons,
a petiolated abdomen. While usually parasitic on the larvfe of
Lepidoptera, some are known to prey on the larvae of Coleoptera,
and Morley has published a record of M. versicolor having been
bred from the larva of a Tenthredinid.

From April until late autumn they are to be found on the
wing, and although I have no knowledge that they ever hibernate
in the perfect state, it is possible that at least M. filator,
which has often been taken in November, and M. melanostictus
which I have found so late as December 17th, may do so.

Most of the Meteoridas are solitary parasites, though a few
are social; of the former several weave brown shining cocoons
which are suspended by a silken thread from leaves or twigs of
the plant on which the host has fed. This swing rope is
generally from a half to two inches in length, though I have
known it to reach eight inches. Marshall writes of these
cocoons § : " The head of the insect is always turned downwards,
and, as it spins by the mouth, we have to account for the fact
that somehow it is able to reverse its position in the air, since
at the moment of its first suspension the head would naturally
be uppermost ; so far as I know, no observation has yet been
made to explain this circumstance." With regard to this, I
have several times watched the larva of M. pulchricornis emerge
from its host, and the proceeding is somewhat as follows : —
The head of the parasite larva is, of course, protruded first, and
when about half the body is free a pad of silk is spun on the leaf
or twig on which the host rests ; after this the remainder of the
body is withdrawn, and the parasite lowers itself from the pad
by a thread of silk, the head being uppermost, as mentioned by
Marshall. By a severe muscular effort, which is not always
successful at the first attempt, the apical segment is now brought
up until it touches the mouth, and apparently the thread is
grasped between the apical and the adjoining segments, || the

=1* Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxiii. 1900. f Halliday, Ent. Mag. iii. p. 24.

I ' Entomologist,' 1908, p. 125. § Trans. Ent. Soc. 1887, p. 89.

II Berthoumieii describes the pedal processes on the apical segments of
larviE of Ichneumonidse in Ann. Soc. France, 1895.

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDJE. 75

attachment being at once made secure by the addition of a few
twists of silk, after which the head is drawn away leaving the
larva suspended by its anal extremity ; the formation of the
cocoon is then commenced. Some two hours are occupied by
the larva in covering itself with the cocoon, but for many hours
afterwards it may be seen hard at work spinning within.

In all the cases observed by me the parasite larva emerged
from the side of the seventh or eighth segment of the host, I
believe, through a spiracle.

As I mentioned before, I know of no instance of a Meteorid
hibernating in the perfect state, but with several species the
winter is passed within the body of the host, either as an ovum or
young larva, and with a few others as a larva within the cocoon.
My experience is that pupation does not take place until within
a fortnight or so of the emergence of the imago, no matter how
long a period may be spent within the cocoon. On emerging, the
imago removes a neat cap from one end of its cocoon (fig. €) ;
with those species which construct fusiform cocoons the cap is
always removed from the smaller end.

In the following notes, unless otherwise stated, the records
are my own, and the insects mentioned have been captured or
bred in the New Forest.

Meteoriis alhiditarsis (Curtis).* (Fig. 1.) — This, the largest
species we have, may easily be distinguished from all other
, British Meteoridse by having the radial areolet of the under
wing divided by a distinct transverse nervure. It seems
to be generally distributed and is fairly common in May and
June; on those dull cold days which are, as a rule, only too
frequent in the late spring, it may often be beaten from
thorn bushes.

A solitary parasite of the larva3 of Noctuse, the parasite larva
emerging from the host when the latter is about to pupate in its
subterranean earthern cocoon, within which the cocoon of the
parasite is constructed. Marshall well describes this cocoon as
"felted stramineous with some loose flocculence"; it consists of
three layers, outside the "loose flocculence," which easily comes
away when the cocoon is handled, then the cocoon proper, which
is rather similar in colour and texture to that of the "silkworm"
of commerce, and within this a thin transparent, brownish
envelope of a material much resembling goldbeater's skin. On
October 1st, 1913, I exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological
Society of London a skein of silk wound from two of these
cocoons (fig. 7).

At least a period of ten months appears to be spent in the
larva state, in which condition the winter is passed within the
cocoon. I believe that sometimes even a second winter is so

* ' British Entomology,' pi. ccccxv.

G 2

76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

passed, for a cocoon which was spun in June, 1912, was found to
still contain the larva, living and unchanged, in September, 1913.

The female somewhat resembles Zele testaceator (Curtis), with
which species it has frequently been confused in collections ; in
Zele, however, the recurrent nervure is very widely rejected, and
the abdomen does not possess a true petiole, as in Meteorus.

I have bred it from a cocoon dug up at roots of an oak tree,
April 14th, 1904, from larva of Tceniocampa miniosa, May 11th,
1913, and also from larvae of T. gracilis, T. pulverule^ita,
T. stahilis, and Panolis 2nniperda.

M. chrysopthalmus (Nees).* — I possess a male, beaten from
birch, May 5th, 1912, which I must refer to this species, as the
costal cell is slightly longer than the median. Very similar to
the next, though the females differ in the length of the terebra.

M. deceptor (Wesm.).f — Generally bred from larvae of
Geometrae, a solitary parasite. The cocoon is white, felted,
fusiform and without loose ilocculence; it is found within that of
its host, which is usually underground, 9j mm. in length (fig. 10).
I have obtained this parasite from larvae of Gonodontis bidentata
and Semiothisa liturata in May. Single brooded, the winter
being passed in the larva state within the cocoon.

In Morley's collection is a pair bred by Clutten at Burnley,
from larvae of a geometer; in this case the male is testaceous
and not nigropiceous.

M.ictericus (Nees). — Marshall considered this to be "perhaps
the commonest British species." Although fairly plentiful, there
are certainly others that are far more so, at any rate, in the
New Forest.

It would seem that Curtis, Halliday, and other writers con-
fused this species with M. pidchricornia, and even Marshall
cannot have seen the cocoon, for he assumes Curtis's figure to
be correct, and describes it as " pensile, yellowish brown, shining,
and semi-transparent." Bignell, however, is correct in saying
that it is "white and very thin," and so early as 1834 Bouch6 X
described the cocoon as " albus chartaceus " and not pensile.
All that I have seen agree with the descriptions of Bignell and
Bouch6, being cylindrical, not fusiform, and constructed within
rolled leaves. The transformations of the insect are visible
through the cocoon (fig. 8).

Generally bred from larvae of Tortrices, a solitary parasite.
I have obtained it from a cocoon found on oak, June 6th, 1910
(New Forest), and also from larvae of either Sericoris fahricana
or S. lacunana taken at Burgess Hill, Sussex, May, 1911. In
Morley's collection is a female bred by R. Adkin, ()ctober 12th,
1910, from a larva of Tortrix pronubana, and two males bred by

* Nees-ab-Esenbech. Hym. Ich. Affinium Mon. vol. i. 1834.

f Wesmael, Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux. 1835. | Naturgesch. d. Ins.

The Entomologist, March, 1914.

Plate II.

W J. Lucas del.

SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM.

Nymph (x about 4).

BRITISH ODONATA IN 1913. 77

R. South from larvae of Peronea Jiastiana, October 13th, 1904,
and October 21st, 1904, host from St. Anne's, Lancashire.

M. vexator (Hal.). — Is easily known by the size of the
stigma, which is as large or even larger than the first cubital
cell, with a considerable pale spot at the inner angle. We are
indebted to Morley for redescribing this species,* from speci-
mens bred by Keys at Plymouth out of a fungus, together with
the clavicorn beetle Diphyllus lunatus (Fab.). Halliday described
the female from a single insect, while Marshall, who described
its supposititious male, had only a dilapidated specimen before
him. In Morley's insects the antennae of the male are 26-jointed,
of the female 24, and the recurrent nervure is rejected.

M. atrator (Curtis).— In August, 1913, C. W. Colthrup sent
me from Eastbourne two females which he had captured with
three specimens of the hyperparasite Heniiteles areator. The
insects were caught while running about on furniture which was
infested with the moth Tinea biselliella, and were evidently
searching for the larvae of the lepidopteron. Morley has a
female which was also taken indoors. I believe that no specified
host has before been cited for this species, and it appears to
have been but rarely observed, which seems strange in the case
of so beneficial an insect.

(To be continued.)

BRITISH ODONATA IN 1913.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

(Plate II.)

Although the spring was an early one, I did not meet with
a dragonfly till May 18th, when Pyrrhosoma nymphula and
Lihellula quadrimaculata, the latter in teneral condition, were
taken at the Black Pond, near Oxshott, in Surrey ; no other
species was seen — not even Enallagma cyathigerum. On May
25th the same locality was again visited, when a male and a
female of Cordulia cenea were taken, and E. cyathigerum was on
the wing, as well as P. nymphula and L. quadrimaculata ; but, on
the whole, dragonflies were not very evident in a locality where
they are usually so plentiful by this date.

On June 1st a visit was paid to Frensham Ponds and the
swampy ground near them, in the south-west corner of Surrey ;
but the weather was dull. However, E. cyathigerum was found
to be numerous. There were also a few I. elegans, and a female
Agrion puella was taken. One or two teneral examples of

- Entom. p. 4, 1912.

78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Orthetrum cancellatum were met with at the larger pond, and a
nymph-skin was secured. Calopteryx virgo occurred in a wet
field near the smaller pond, most of the females taken being
very dark. On June 8th, another dull day, the canal-side at
Byfleet was visited. Owing to the weather, no doubt, dragonflies
were not numerous, but A.puella, P. nymphula, and Erythromma
naias were captured.

During the first half of June Col. J. W. Yerbury captured for
me a few dragonflies in the north of Scotland. They were —
Leucorrhinia diibia, a male, June 3rd, at Nethy Bridge ;
P. nymphula, a female, June 4th, at Aviemore, grasping its
prey, a caddis-fly named Limnophilus centralis; E. cyathigerum,
three males and a female, at Aviemore, from June 6th-16tb, the
male taken on the 16th holding its prey, a small moth named
Cramhus pratellus ; Agrion hastulatmn, nine males and two
females, at Aviemore, from June 9th-16th. The last-named
species varied much in the development of the lateral marks on
the second segment of the abdomen, and from two they were
nearly or quite absent. Females of this species seem seldom to
be captured. On June 21st Mr. P. Eichards found I. elegans in
swarms at Seabrook, in Kent, and sent me a male for identifica-
tion. On July 29th Col. Yerbury obtained a male P. nymphula
at Mynnyd Eppint, in Wales, at an altitude of about 1500 ft. ;
no other dragonfly was seen.

In the New Forest, from June 27th-29th, dragonflies were
found to be fairly numerous. A. puella, Platycnemis pennipes,
P. nymphula, and Orthetrum ctsrulescens were common, but the
last species was in teneral condition. Calopteryx virgo was out
in fair numbers, and there were a few I. elegans, one being
obtained of the var. rufescens. Of Pyrrhosoma tenellum one
female was taken, but of Cordulegaster annulatus I am not
certain that I saw a single specimen, although, judging by other
records, it should have been on the wing by this date. Neither
Agrion mercuriale nor Ischnura pumilio, nor Gomphus vulgatis-
simus was met with, although a special search was made for the
last two. A week later, July 4th-6th, again the same two
species were not to be seen; but A. mercuriale was taken
plentifully behind Holm Hill, one only, however, being a
female, which was found to be attacked by red acari. On this
occasion P. tenellum was met with again.

From July 27th onwards some time was spent in the New
Forest, and on July 28th a visit was paid to the pond on Beau-
lieu Heath, where Sympetrum fonscolomhii was taken in 1911.
Though I sought for over an hour in the bright, hot sunshine,
the only dragonflies found were Lestes sponsa, P. tenellum (and
its var. melanotum), I. elegans, E. cyathigerum, 0. ccerulescens,
a Lihellula depressa and an Anax imperator somewhat doubtfully,
and Sympetrum striolatum. I feel certain that amongst the last

BRITISH ODONATA IN 1913. 79

was not a single S.fonscolomhii, though offspring of the 1911
specimens, if they had bred there, would probably have been
due in 1913. Mr. F. H. Haines, of Winfrith, Dorset, was a little
more successful with this species. Writing August 3rd, 1913, he
told me that on July 24th he saw several specimens on a pond
at Morden and took a male and female in cop. ; as well as a
second male. They were in nothing like the abundance of 1912,
and their wariness was wonderful. He might have made twenty
captures of S. striolatum for one of S.fonscolombii. On July 25th
he tried West Knighton pond and thinks he saw one of the
latter species, but could not capture it. A friend of his having
reported the species at Creech, south of Wareham, on August
2nd they together visited both Creech and Morden, but found
nothing, though S. striolatum was abundant at Creech, and they
took an uFjSchnki juncea and a worn A. imperator at Morden.
Mr. Haines did not find the pond at Creech such a one as he
would associate with S.fonscolomhii, although his friend knew
the dragonfly. It prefers heathland ponds, fed by swamps
with much decomposing vegetable matter in them all round,
causing the water to be very warm. The Creech pond was deep
and cold. He thought perhaps a swarm might have paid a
visit and passed on. Some days previously he found the species
still well in evidence at Morden and took another male. So
this year he has four specimens, three males and one female —
three taken on one day, one on another.

On August 1st C. annulatus was common at Beaulieu Eiver,
and from this time there appeared to be no dearth of them in
the Forest, so the adverse season of 1912 had not affected the
1913 imagines. On the same date an ^Eschna cyanea, female,
was captured, apparently but recently emerged, as the spots
were whitish-blue. On the next day an M. juncea was captured
at Woodfidley. On August 16th in the central part of the
Forest dragonflies were numerous, almost all being S. striolatum.
On August 25th I could not find A. mercuriale, and presume it
was over. I. pumilio I was not able to find at all during the
season. Towards the end of August C. virgo had disappeared.

Mr. W. H. Harwood tells me that a specimen of Mschna
isosceles was taken at' Wicken Fen on September 28th, which
seems to be a very late date for this species.

After a long absence, a visit was paid to the Black Pond on
September 28th, when 8. striolatum and S. scoticum were found
to be plentiful. There were also a few ^schnas, of which males
oi M. juncea and M. grandis were captured; the former settled
on the front of my coat and was there netted. Judging by size
^. mixta appeared to be present also.

Mr. K. J. Morton is able to record that a female Hemianax
ephippiger was found in Ireland {vide E. M. M. Jan. 1914) in
October, 1913. This is, of course, an accidental occurrence, as

80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

was that of the female of the same species which was taken flying
in a street in Devonport on February 24th, 1903.*

On November 16th the Black Pond was again visited to see
if S. striolatum was still on the wing. The latest date on which
I had previously seen it was November 14th in 1897, and as the
autumn was mild there was a chance of a later date being
recorded. None were seen, however ; but it is quite possible that
they were not over, for the weather was not altogether favourable.

Some very interesting notes have come to hand concerning
this, which is perhaps the commonest of English dragonflies.
Miss D. Molesworth, of Brighton {in litt., Oct. 21st, and again
Nov. 6th, 1913), told me that she had had under inspection a
number of S. striolatum from the deposition of the egg till the
emergence of the imago, the whole life-cycle occupying less than
a year. The female was caught ovipositing on September 18th,
1912, and, after being kept from water, was on September 20th
held over it, when she gave more eggs. These hatched between
October 21st and 25th. The nymphs did not grow at a uniform
rate, and the wing-cases appeared on the largest towards the
end of April, 1913. By June, four of the nymphs had reached
a length of 16 mm. and then became restless. There were
plenty of water- weeds in the aquarium, but they did not attempt
to climb, though earlier in the year many "demoiselles" had
scaled the water-plantain leaves and successfully emerged.
Miss Molesworth then had to leave them for three weeks and on
her return all four were dead. Meanwhile, others had reached
the same stage ; but as each attained a length of 16 mm. it
died. In August a bank was made in one corner of the aquarium,
reaching above water-level, and strips of wood about two feet long
were inserted in it. In September the nymphs began one by
one to climb to various heights — some to the top, some less than
six inches. The first emerged on September 4th and the last on
October 12th, 1913. Before the last had emerged, the boards
were removed and a bank was built round the water-plantain
stems. The nymph climbed and the imago emerged quite
happily. That the earlier ones were ready to emerge was clear,
for they partially did so under water. The female, from which
the eggs were obtained, was depositing them in water not
more than six inches deep, and the nymphs were kept in water
of about that depth. In water of greater depth they left the
bottom and began to crawl on the weeds. In 1913 another
female deposited eggs on August 26th, and the first nymphs
emerged on September 14th, less than three weeks later, but
they were kept in a warm room ! The largest nymph was 4 mm.
long on October 21st ; it was observed demolishing a smaller
companion.

* Figured, natural size, in • Entomologist,' xxxvii. pi. 3.

BRITISH ODONATA IN 1913. 81

It should be stated that the aquarium in which the 1912
nymphs were bred was standing on a brick window-sill, where
the window was open day and night all through the winter. The
weather being mild the water did not freeze, though it did in
former years. In fact a nymph of a larger species was on one
occasion frozen in the middle of a solid piece of ice and
remained so for two days. When the thaw came it revived and
seemed none the worse. These nymphs were not forced, there-
fore, by unusual heat, but probably were by receiving an
unnatural amount of food. As soon as they began to eat
Chironomus larvae, they were fed almost daily and when nearly
full-grown would sometimes eat as many as eight in succession,
though each was as long as the nymph itself. Probably in
confinement space has something to do with the rate of growth.
For a few kept in a very small bottle with abundance of food
scarcely grew at all, and when they were moved into a larger
aquarium, where food must have been more difficult to procure,
because less plentiful, they were found to be scarcely more than
half the size of some which had already been there for six weeks.
All emerged in the early morning, usually on dull days. One
nymph showed a particular aversion to sunshine. Being ready
to emerge, it crawled out of the water on a cloudy morning.
When on the wood the sun came out rather suddenly, and the
nymph immediately scrambled and fell down. As soon as the
sun disappeared it climbed up again ; but on the sun's reappear-
ance it repeated its previous performance. It did this three
times, and the nymph was not contented till the aquarium was
shaded, when it emerged none the worse for what had happened.

Miss Molesworth's interesting notes may suitably be supple-
mented by a description * and figure (Plate II.) of a full-grown
nymph of S. striolatum, which I have therefore prepared : —

Description. — General colour sepia, from very pale to quite dark.
Lengtk, including anal appendages, about 18 mm. ; greatest breadth,
about 7 mm. Head of moderate size ; in outline a flattened pentagon ;
width about 5-5 mm. AntenncB of seven segments, the basal two
short and rather swollen, the rest more slender, with a ringed appear-
ance. Mash (labium) tapering backwards to the middle hinge where
it is narrow; this hinge almost as far back as the insertion of the
midlegs ; extremity spoon-shaped, covering the face ; jpalpi broad,
where they approach one another and there serrated ; teeth reddish ;
movable hooks, long, sharp, slender ; centre of labium produced in
an obtuse angle ; on this lobe, internally, are two semicircles of long
reddish hairs, about fourteen in each, the lateral margin of each
palpus fringed with a similar row of hairs, pointing inwards. Several
pale marks in front of vertex, which also has pale markings. Eyes

-'■' A figure of S. vulgatum (= striolatum) in W. H. Nunny's paper,
'Science Gossip,' July, 1894, does not appear to represent a Symi^etrum at
all, and is certainly not 8. striolatum.

82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

prominent, somewhat hemispherical, situated at the fore-corners of
the head. Occiput rather broad, rough, bearing some long hairs.
Top of head as a whole slightly convex. Prothorax collar-like, a
dark patch in centre, hind-margin convex. Mesothoracic spiracles
dark, very conspicuous. Mesa- and metaJiotuvi variegated with
lighter and darker tints. Legs long, slender, joints darker ; femora
and fore- and mid-tibiae ringed with darker sepia bands ; fore- and
mid-tibisB hairy, hind tibias rather spiny ; fore-legs about 10 mm.
long, mid-legs about 11 mm., hind-legs nearly 16 mm. Wing-cases
about 5 mm. long. Abdomen broad and somewhat flattened ; with
pale, long, slender, recurved mid-dorsal spines on segments six, seven
and eight, and a small one on five hidden by the wing-cases ; a pair of
lateral spines on eight and nine, those on eight being of moderate
length, those on nine conspicuously long, equal in length to the last
two segments ; two or four dark dots on the dorsal part of several of
the hinder segments ; also lines of paler or darker suffusions on the
dorsal surface, which vary considerably according to the depth of
colouring of the specimens ; ventral surface of nymph-skin fairly
uniform in colouring. Anal appendages short, hairy ; upper, tri-
angular, pointed ; laterals, shoi'ter and more slender ; loioer, more
than half as long again as upper, and flat when looked at from the
side. It is somewhat difficult to describe the hairiness of a dried
nymph-skin, consequently it has been little referred to.

[Material. — (i.) A nymph-skin from which a male imago emerged
on July 28th, 1903 ; (ii.) a skin of a nymph, taken in Eichmond Park,
Surrey, from which a male was bred on July 10th, 1903 ; (iii.) other
nymph-skins found under such conditions as to admit no doubt of
their identity. Nos. i. and ii. were, the specimens chiefly employed.
The figure is enlarged a little over four times.]

THE EARLIER STAGES OF COLIAS HECLA.
By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S.

So far as I am aware, the only lepidopterist who has written
anything on the earlier stages of this beautiful Arctic species is
Staudinger, and his brief note is in one important respect
inaccurate,

Staudinger, who passed the summer of 1860 in the north of
Norway, during his sojourn there met with Colias hecla abun-
dantly, near Bossekop, in the Alten Fjord. He states: "the
headquarters of this species was a flat sandy peninsula in the
bed of the River Alten " ; in this place " Phaca lapponica,
De Candolle, the undoubted food-plant, grew very abundantly,
and I noticed the females ova-depositing thereon."

The Phaca lapponica of De Candolle is, according to the
'Conspectus Florae Europae' of Nyman, now known as Oxytropis
lapponica, a plant which, so far as I know, does not occur at
Bossekop ; at any rate, I carefully examined the headquarters of

THE EARLIER STAGES OF COLIAS HECLA. 83

C. hecla described by Staudinger, during my stay there in 1912,
and the only leguminous plant I could find in the district was
the Astragalus alpinus of Linn6, which the ' Index Kewensis '
states is the Phaca astragalina of De CandoUe, and which grew
freely, locally.

Later on, at Laxelv, in the Porsanger Fjord, as noted in
'Entomologist,' xlv. p. 339, I found C. hecla in great numbers,
flying over flat rough meadows and fields in which A. alpinus
grew abundantly ; this plant is undoubtedly its food-plant there,
and almost certainly, for the above reasons, at Bossekop also.

I do not, of course, know in how many localities in Lapland
— a great part of which is entirely unexplored — C. hecla is found,
and if it is always associated with A. alpinus, but it is certainly
a very local species, found only in the above-mentioned localities
of those I have explored, although it is stated to occur also on the
north side of the Tornea Traske in Swedish Lapland. In all of
these localities A. alpinus is an abundant plant; but it is so
local that I do not recollect ever seeing a specimen elsewhere,
though I have explored a great many miles of suitable country
in Arctic Scandinavia.

The only other leguminous plant I could find in the Por-
sanger Fjord was what I think was a species of Vicia, which in
the latter part of July had beautiful trusses of mauve flowers,
and which grew about one foot high, and was plentiful along the
shore*^s of the Fjord at Kistrand. This plant the larvae of
C. hecla refused to feed upon. They also refused white and red
clover, which I offered to them on my journey home, and which
grew freely at Tromso and at various places touched at south of
that town.

It seems probable that the larvae of the two exclusively Arctic
species of Colias occurring in Europe — C. hecla and C. iverdandi
— feed exclusively in nature on A. alpinus. It should, however,
be noted that C. hecla does not occur on the south side of the
Tornea Traske, where A. alpinus is an abundant plant, and
where C. werdandi flies in great numbers.

The ova of C. hecla were to be found plentifully at Laxelv at
the time of my visit, July 11th to July 16th, 1912, almost every
individual food-plant examined having some attached to it; they
are deposited singly.

The ova is of the usual Colias type, upright, the vertical
and horizontal diameters are 1'25 mm. and 0*65 mm. respec-
tively. It has vertical ribs, about twenty-six in number ; the
distance they are apart is "05 mm. ; numerous very shallow
transverse ribs connect the vertical ribs. The diameter of the
apex of the ova is '15 mm. The micropylar area consists of a
number of shallow cells ; it is not noticeably depressed. The
surface of the ova is shining and opalescent. The larva
emerges from the side.

84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The ova from which the foregoing description was made
was deposited by a captive female on a plant of A. alpinus, on
July 12th ; it was then creamy white in colour ; on the 13th it
had changed to light red, and on the 14th to bright coral-red ;
on the 20th it was leaden coloured. The larva emerged on the
22nd. It thus appears that the period of the ova stage is ten days.

It will be seen, on reference to my description of the ova of
Colias iverdandi in ' Entomologist ' xliv. p. 122, that the ova of
these two species are identical in size and in all other respects,
except that in C. iverdandi the colour changes to deep orange
instead of to coral-red, which the ova of C. heda does. The period
of this stage is in the case of C. werdandi two days longer.

Immediately after emergence the larva was 1*50 mm. long.
The head was black, the remainder of the segments were dull
green, transparent and thickly studded with tubercles, each
tubercle having in its centre a spine. The larva at this stage
eats holes in the upper cuticle of a leaflet of its food-plant, and
rests stretched out at full length on the midrib thereof; it
changed into the second stage on July 27th, and was then 2 mm.
long and stout in proportion to its length. Colour dull green,
very spiny, head greenish brown, spiny and shining, the re-
mainder of the segments had a dark medio-dorsal stripe, lighter
subdorsal area bounded below by darker stripes. The spiracular
stripes are lighter than the remainder of the surface of the larva.

The change to the third stage took place on August 22nd.
The larva was then 4 mm. long; head light amber-coloured;
dorsal area dull dark green ; subdorsal areas light green of the
same tint, bordered on the lower edges with dark stripes of the
same tint as the dorsal area. The spiracular stripes were of
lighter green, the ventral area was of the same tint as the sub-
dorsal. All the segments were thickly covered with black
tubercles, each one of which emitted a black spine. The
spiracles were light green with black circumferences. On
August 29th the larva was slowly feeding ; on September 6th it
ceased feeding altogether, and was placed in a cool cellar in a
flower-pot which contained dry sand and Sphagnum.

My stock of ova when I left Laxelv on July 16th was twenty-
two, but by the time I reached England, on August 3rd, they
had been reduced to half a dozen more or less unhealthy larvae.
A. alinnus is a most difficult plant to transplant or to keep fresh
and healthy when it is dug up, and all my plants were yellow
and unhealthy on arrival at home. Of these half dozen larvae
only two reached the hibernating stage, and one of these two
died soon after being placed in winter quarters, reducing my
stock early in October to a single specimen.

This larva remained quiescent and stretched out on the
Sphagnum.

I had intended, upon the first sign of frost appearing, to

THE EARLIER STAGES OF COLIAS HECLA. 85

take it out of doors, so that it might get some approach to its
natural home conditions in winter, and afterwards to force it,
but the winter turned out to be exceptionally mild, and by
January 23th, there not having been any frost, I brought the
larva up and placed it in a warm room. I did not have a plant of
A. alpinus in leaf, and so offered the larva young leaves of Colutea
arborescens, which I had ascertained the previous summer it
would eat. On January 22nd it commenced to feed upon
these, and fed very slowly for several weeks, so slowly, however,
that its daily meal, which was usually taken when the sun was
shining, did not exceed a notch in a leaflet the size of an average
pin's head. In the beginning of March it sickened and died.
During the time it was feeding in the winter the size only in-
creased a very little, not more than a millimeter in length. In all
probability, to successfully rear this larva would entail its being
kept at a temperature below freezing point for several months.

In its natural habitat the snow would probably be gone by
the middle of May. Staudinger mentions that at Bossekop the
first male was taken on June 18th, 1860, but it certainly was not
out there on the da.y I left, June 22nd, 1912. On my arrival at
Laxelv on July 11th, fully one-third of the specimens flying
about were more or less worn. The season was rather a late
one, and I should say that June 20th, as the first date of emer-
gence on an average season, is probably not far wrong.

Astragalus alpinus in Lapland entirely loses all trace of
foliage in the winter, and until the middle of June, or rather
later, it does not develop sufficient new leaves to feed the larva
upon ; this being the case, there seem to be three possible
theories of its behaviour after hibernation : —

(1) That it has an alternative food-plant. I do not think this
probable for, as before stated, I could not find another leguminous
plant in its haunts, and one cannot imagine it feeding upon
anything else.

(2) That it feeds upon the roots of A. alpinus. This is pos-
sible, for this plant has long succulent roots, very much after the
style of Lotus corniculatus.

(3) That it feeds very slowly through the summer on the
leaves of A. alpinus, hibernating a second time, either as a full-
fed larva or as a pupa. I am inclined to think that this latter
theory will prove the correct one. The larva I had in confine-
ment seemed perfectly healthy and satisfied with its daily
minute meal for weeks, which is just what one would expect it
to do in a state of nature if this theory be correct, for the leaves
until the middle of June are very minute and would not suffice
to satisfy a more vigorous appetite. But, of course, my larva
had not been subjected to its natural low winter temperature for
many months, and one does not know what effect the unusual
treatment received might have had upon its appetite.

Youlgreave, South Croydon : January 13th, 1914.

86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

DIADIPLOSIS GOCCIDIVORA, n. sp.

By E. Pokter Felt.

The small midges described below were reared in some
numbers from a species of Pseudococcus by A. Eutberford,
Government Entomologist of tbe Department of Agriculture,
Peradeniya, Ceylon, and forwarded for identification under the
date of November 27tb, 1913. This species appears to be
congeneric with D. cocci, Felt, a species reared earlier by Mr.
William H. Patterson from larvae preying upon the eggs of
black scale, Saissetia nigra, in St. Vincent, West Indies. The
two species are quite different, and further studies may result in
their being referred to different genera.

(? . Length 1 mm. x\ntennse probably half longer than the
body, presumably thickly haired, fuscous yellowish ; fourteen segments,
the fifth binodose, the two portions of the stem each with a length
approximately a quarter greater than the diameter, the distal enlarge-
ment with a length a quarter greater than its diameter, and bearing
two moderately stout circumfili. Palpi : the first segment small,
globose ; the second with a length nearly three times its diameter ;
the third a little longer, more slender. Mesonotum dark yellowish
brown, the submedian lines, scutellum and postscutellum fuscous
yellowish. Abdomen fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, the third
vein uniting with costa at the apex of the wing, the fifth joining the
posterior margin at the distal fourth, its branch at the basal third.
Halteres and legs a nearly uniform fuscous yellowish, tarsi probably
somewhat darker ; claws moderately stout, strongly curved, the
anterior and mid unidentate, the posterior simple, the pulvilli about
half the length of the claws. Genitalia : basal clasp segment
moderately short, stout ; terminal clasp segment short, stout, with a
rather large, strongly curved apical spur ; dorsal plate long, deeply
and triangularly emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded and sparsely
setose ; ventral plate moderately long, tapering to a narrowly rounded
setose apex. Harpes foliate, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex,
laterally with a thick patch of long, stout setae ; style long, slender,
slightly curved.

2 . Length 1-5 mm. Antennae probably nearly as long as the
body, sparsely haired, dark, brown ; fourteen subsessile segments, the
fifth with a stem one-sixth the length of the cylindric basal enlarge-
ment, which latter has a length about thrice its diameter. Palpi :
the first segment subglobose, the second with a length more than
three times its diameter, the third half longer than the second,
and more slender. Mesonotum dark yellowish brown. Abdomen
yellowish orange. Ovipositor short, the terminal lobes narrowly
oval and sparsely setose, otherwise nearly as in the male.

Type Cecid a2486.

State Museum, Albany, N.Y.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CICADA FEOM WEST

AFRICA.

By W. L. Distant.

Musoda gigantea, sp. nov.
(? . Head and pronotum pale testaceous, the latter with the
fissures darker, and the lateral and poste/ior margins ochraceous ;
eyes greyish-white ; mesonotum dark ochraceous with darker mott-
lings and four obconical spots at anterior margin, the two central
spots largest ; abdomen castaneous, the posterior segmental margins,
a narrow central longitudinal fascia, and the anal area more or less
pale ochraceous ; body beneath pale ochraceous, the face and legs
darker and more pale testaceous ; tegmina and wings hyaline,
venation, costal membrane to tegmina, and narrow basal suffusion
to wings pale testaceous ; head with the front conically prominent,
anteriorly more darkly transversely striate ; vertex narrowly longitu-
dinally incised between the ocelli ; face short, broad and convex, a
short, broad, central sulcation on its anterior area, its lateral areas
strongly transversely striate ; rostrum reaching the intermediate
coxae ; opercula not passing base of abdomen, obhquely directed
inwardly, their apices rounded and widely separated ; anterior femora
shortly and finely toothed beneath on apical areas ; pronotum some-
what broadly, centrally, longitudinally sulcate, the fissures profound ;
abdomen broad, robust, above strongly, centrally ridged, the lateral
areas oblique, basal segment strongly, centrally, conically produced,
beneath obliquely depressed towards apex.

Long. excl. tegm. S' . 29 miUim. Exp. tegm. 88 millim.

Hah. West Africa; Cameroons (Conradt). British Museum.
This is the second but larger species of the genus yet described.

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.

By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 60.)

(vi) Bdsses-Alpes. (b) Larche.

To speak of Larche as "unexplored" is less inappropriate, per-
haps, than would appear in view of the recorded visits made in
past years by French entomologists. Donzel, in the " forties,"
collected hereabouts ; but be seems not to have published the
results of his expedition as minutely as he has recorded the
lepidopterous fauna of Digne and the lower Basses-AIpes. It is
to Antoine Guillemot, to Bellier de la Chavignerie, and to Berce
that we owe the first detailed accounts of the numerous Lepi-
doptera met with at this point of the Italian frontier ; and after

88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the lapse of fifty-eight years it may be agreeable to those
interested in the butterflies of a little-known corner of the
Alps to retrace the footsteps of these pioneers.

The published account of their experiences given by Guillemot
is rare. It is to be found neither in the library of the Natural
History Museum, South Kensington, nor of the Entomological
Society of London ; and it is only within the last month, and
after this paper was printed, that I saw a copy included
among the separata of a foreign bookseller. I am indebted,
therefore, to the kindness of M. Charles Oberthiir for a loan of
the work.*

As far as I can see, Larche has changed little in appearance
since Guillemot and Bellier were there in 1855, from July
29th to August 3rd. The hotel accommodation is decidedly
worse, for while they speak of comfortable quarters and good
plain food, I am afraid I cannot endorse their recommendation
of the inn I visited. However, I was lucky enough to find my
bedroom occupied when I came up from Barcelonnette on the
morning of the 25th, and by the courtesy and kindness of the
Commandant of the garrison, whom I chanced to meet in the
road, I was enabled to obtain excellent quarters with M. Mathieu,
the local butcher — quarters usually filled by officers of the
Alpine regiments on the march and on manoeuvres. Both
Monsieur and Madame were extremely kind and attentive, and I
cordially advise any of my readers who may fancy a week or
two at Larche to do as I did — put up in their chalet, lay in a
good supply of tinned foods, biscuits, &c., for lunch in the open,
and which are for sale at the small grocer's shop in the village ;
and after the premier dejeuner of coffee and rolls, return to the
auberge only to dine.

In one respect, it is true, Larche has changed. Man}^ of the
enterprising inhabitants having amassed fortunes, especially in
Mexico, have come back to build large stucco villas and live in
their native place, for the summer months at any rate. It is
possible, therefore, that with the steady increase of motor traffic
into Italy by this route, one of these proud proprietors may
devise a scheme for the reception of boarders, though the summer
at this altitude — 5568 ft. — is short : eight weeks at the most.

I did not know, when I decided to finish my entomological
tour at Larche, that M. Oberthiir's two collectors from Digne
had passed the previous season (1912) there. Nor had I the
report of their experiences to guide me, as partly recorded in
recent published fascicules of ' L^pidopterologie Comparee '
(Rennes, 1913, fasc. vii., * Observations sur les Syrichthus du

•;; ' Vingt-Cinq Jours de Chasses anx Lepidopteres a Barcelonnette, et a
Larche,' par A. Guillemot. Clermont. 1856. Cp., also, ' Observations sur
les Lepidopteres des Basses-Alpes,' par Bellier de la Chavignerie, Ann.
Soc. Ent. France, 1854, p. 29, 1856, p. 5, and 1859, p. 177.

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 89

groupe d'Alveus ')• Also, I had no intention when I left England
of visiting the Basses-Alpes at all, but had planned to turn west
from Le Vercors (vide antea, p. 8) into Ardeche. I had not
provided myself, therefore, with Bellier's notes, which might
have assisted me to the right localities, though a chance meet-
ing at JBarcelonnette with Mr. E. A. Tucker and Mr. Charles
Morris, of Cannes— both ardent lepidopterists — gave me the
clue to a locality in which, as I subsequently discovered, these
French naturalists made their most important captures.

The journey from Barcelonnette is advertised in summer to
be performed by motor omnibus. As a matter of fact, when the
motor reached Condamine — the half-way house — the driver was
seized with a sudden spasm of economy for petrol ; and another
and altogether " ancient piece " was trundled out of the coach-
house to perform the last long uphill climb. After the dizzy
ordeal of the day before on the Col d'Allos the change was
delightful ; and as we jogged peacefully along the road it was
possible to survey the splendid scenery and to note chance
insects on the wayside flowers. But for the greater part of the
journey, the forest gradually disappearing and the flora of the
valley giving place to the veritable mountain kind, there was
little on the wing, as the sun was still hidden behind the ever-
rising barrier of the hills.

When the room difficulty had been settled, I set off for the
Lauzanier valley, the road diverging from that to Italy, and
crossing by pastures to the left bank of the Ubayette. The first
butterfly to attract attention was a remarkably fine brood of
I. lathonia, just emerged and in perfect condition, with males of
Eyinephele lycaon flitting mcera-\ike over and about the stone
walls of the cornfields. On past the bridge, females of A. damon
were in some profusion, with P. argyrognomon, C. vii'gaurece —
all males — some worn G. hippothoe, var. euryhia females, and a
fair sprinkling of Argynnids — aglaia, and niobe, var. eris (very
rarely typical). The season was, however, getting late for the
mountain meadows ; and I quite agree with Bellier, who recom-
mends a visit to Larche before they are cut, as with the hay goes
much of the best collecting. Down by the stream I could see
some small Parnassidae swinging lazily over the Sedum beds ; and
these subsequently proved to be Parnassius delius, rather worn.
The steep grassy banks on the left-hand side of the mule path
were full of butterflies, chiefly of the commoner alpine sorts ;
conspicuous by their numbers and exquisite condition being
Coenonympha iphis, while occasional Black-and-White Skippers
on the track itself were either Hesperia carthami, H. alveus, or
Pyrgus sao. Unfortunately, upon the whole length of the green
valley, which ends with a steep climb to the Kefuge hut, vast
herds of sheep, goats, and horses had been grazing ; and it was

BNTOM. — MARCH, 1914. H

90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

here also that for half an hour I sat and watched the strapping
Chasseurs Alpins of the French Army defile before me — fresh,
merry, and brisk as are all these mountain infantrymen, even
with eight hours' march behind them over these stark moun-
tains. The little herbage left by the shepherds' flocks the army
mules seemed to have finished up ; and for quite an hour's
walking I encountered practically nothing of note — a few scattered
Colias phicomone, a very occasional Erebia epiphron, var. cas-
siope, and rarer Polyommatus pheretes ; even Plebeius argus, the
ubiquitous, had diminished, and, of course, as soon as I attained
a "not bad eminence," in went the sun, down came the mist,
and collecting butterflies in the Lauzanier was over for the day,
though it was barely one o'clock. So after lunch and a welcome
foot-washing in the torrent (strongly recommended for weary
and sore feet), I turned back, seeing nothing more on the wing
until just past the opposite hamlet of Maison-M6ane, where the
last rays of a belated sun woke 'into momentary activity a few
fine male E. goante.

Next day being gloriously fine, I set out for the Lac de la
Madeleine, which lies on tbe Italian side of the Col de Larche
(6545 ft.), a few hundred yards across the frontier, and about an
hour and a half's easy walking from Larche itself. Quite the
commonest insect about was Macroglossum stellatarum, and
wherever the sun touched the little patches of sainfoin and
lucerne, Colias edusa and C. hyale were chasing one another,
with P. apollo and the usual common Pierids. But I did not
come across P. napi, var. bryonice ; and I think that, this being a
single-brooded species in the Alps, it was probably over. Push-
ing on, I did not unfurl until I had reached the " International
House," where the red-white-and-blue and the red-white-and-
green posts upon the roadside denote the meeting of France
and Italy. The Italian Dogana is somewhat further on by the
Lake, and the affable Customs officer in command, who
regarded my net as an excellent piece of fooling, not being able
to direct me to any mountain path which would bring me back
into the Lauzanier, I missed no doubt the best collecting
ground hereabouts. For example, I failed entirely to hit
the right spot for C. palceno, which I suspect occurs only on
the Italian slopes, for nowhere could I discover the indispensable
Vaccinium, upon which, in common with P. optilete, the larva
feeds.

Within a few yards of the Lake itself, however, I did come
across a, to me, new and exceptionally interesting form of Erebia
vmestra, this being the variety named by Bellier gorgophone,
and described by him as a distinct species (Ann. Soc. France,
1863, pp. 419-420), intermediate between E. gorge of the Alps
and E. gorgone of the Pyrenees, but later determined as a
localized form of mnestra. This variety is apparently so little

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 91

known to British collectors that I think it is worth while to re-
produce in brief Bellier's account of it.

" Male, rusty brown ; all four wings traversed as to two-thirds
of their breadth by a ferruginous band which mingles somewhat with
the ground colour, especially on the hind wings.

" Up. s. f. ws. — Band with two black white-pupilled eyes (some-
times absent) ; h. ws. without ocellation.

" Un. s. f. ws. lighter and more reddish brown, reproducing the
pattern of the upper side. H. ws. reddish grey, with a broad median
band of dark brown slightly lunulate ; a marginal band of the same
colour. Fringes unicolorous on both sides.

" Female larger than male, from which it hardly differs on the
upper side, except that the brown is more yellowish and the ferru-
ginous band clearer. Un. s. h. ws. much clearer grey, with two
bands of reddish brown, on which the nervures show somewhat
whitish. Fringes of all the wings plain and unicolorous on both
sides.

" Differs from gorge by the wings being more rounded, and the
fringes simple, not barred. Ground colour of the under side duller
in tint ; band thicker, less festooned, and showing less distinctly from
the ground colour."

In male specimens sent by Dr. Verity, of Florence, to the
Natural History Museum from the Italian Maritime Alps, the
blackish-brown androconia are very strongly marked. Bellier
also notes that it prefers the green pastures like epiphron to the
gorge-hsiunted rocks ; and this is my experience, also, of the
species.

I may add that the plate in the * Annales ' by no means does
justice to the rich coloration of the var. gorgophone, except that
of the figure of the under side of the male ; and it is to be
hoped that in some future number of his beautiful ' L6pido-
pterologie Compar^e,' M. Charles Oberthiir will find a place for
male and female figures of this very striking form of mnestra —
if such it be. Curiously enough, Mr. H. J. Elwes, in his * Re-
vision of the Genus Erehia ' (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1898,
pp. 169-207), makes no mention of it either under mnestra or
gorge. Of the mnestra group, in his previous * Notes on the Genus
Erehia ' {loc.cit. 1889, p. 333), he merely remarks that ** little need
be said, as they are species little subject to variation and of limited
distribution." Of the Pyrenean E. gorgone, with which Bellier
associated it. Dr. Chapman says {loc. cit. 1898, p. 222), " if it is
a variety of anything, it is a variety of mnestra.'' But he, too,
in his exhaustive examination of the male appendages of the
genus, does not appear to have had any material to work out
the affinities of the Basses-Alpes gorgophone.

(To be continued.)

H 2

92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE GENUS PCECILOPSIS (Hakrison).

By J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc.

Part I. — Preliminary Eemarks.
As I have pointed out elsewhere, the " genus " Biston, as
represented in Staudinger's ' Catalogue,' is a very heterogeneous
collection, comprising elements from no fewer than six distinct
genera. These are : —

Biston (Leach); type stratarius.

Lycia (Hiib.); type hirtaria.

Ithysia (Hiib.); type zonaria.

Poecilopsis (Harrison) ; type pomonaria.

Apocheima (H. S.) ; type hispidaria.

Microhiston (Stgr.) ; type lanarius (Ev.) (= tartaricus (Stgr.) ).
It was originally my intention to take these genera in turn,
and to deal with each of the species in all its stages in detail.
The imagines of the genus Ithysia have already been discussed,
and the treatment of the other forms postponed in order to give
time for the completion of the life-histories of Ithysia grcBcaria,
I. alpina, and /. italica, but it has been found impossible to rear
(even in a hothouse) these exclusively Southern forms. In the
meantime, however, I am glad to say that I have been able to
secure, and describe at length, the early stages of all of the species
in the genus Poecilopsis, and therefore propose to complete my
work in that section now. This genus was described in Lepid.
Comp. fasc, vii. p. 344, and I have but little to add to the
description given there, except that one very important observa-
tion has been made which justifies further my separation of
these species from Ithysia. This is the fact that, whilst the
chromosome number in Ithysia is 112, in Poecilopsis it is 56, and
in Lycia 28.

It has become imperative that I should take up this genus
now, because I have discovered in the course of my studies that
the Central European form that passes for P. lapj)onaria is not
that insect at all, although, fortunately, our Scotch insect is so.
Not only is this true, but, in addition, the two forms fall into two
different sections of the genus, which contains four species form-
ing two closely allied groups of two. These groups are : —
The two species Poecilopsis lapponaria and P. rachelce.
The two species P. pomonaria and P. isahellce.

The first group is probably Northern in its origin, for P. lap-
ponaria ranges from Lapland to Livonia, and then reappears in
Scotland ; whilst P. rachela is widely distributed in America,
from Montana and Manitoba along the Mackenzie Valley to
Alaska. The other group is of Central European origin, pomo-
naria having its headquarters in North Central Germany, but
extending, although sparsely, to Eastern France, Scandinavia,

THE GENUS PCECILOPSIS. 93

and Austria. The other species is of more limited distribution,
for it is confined to the Silesian Mountains and to the Alps of
Switzerland, Bavaria and the Tyrol.

It will be seen that I have been compelled to erect a new
species for the so-called lapponaria from the Alps and Silesia.
I have tried hard to avoid this necessary split, and to persuade
myself that the form is but a mountain form of pomonaria, but
it will not do ; there are differences of specific value at every
stage of its existence — differences greater in many instances
than those occurring in the case of two obviously distinct species
like L. hirtaria and P. pomonaria at corresponding points. In
fact, bad one been so inclined, it would have been perfectly
feasible to break this genus on larval differences, such as has
been done in other groups, and then find this separation
justified by imaginal characters. In such a case lapponaria would
fall into one subgenus whilst isahellcs would fall into the other !

After these preliminary remarks, I had intended to take the
species in detail, but I think it better to give a brief description
of the Central European form isabellcs, and then contrast it,
in all the salient points, with its nearest ally pomonaria, on the
one hand, and on the other with lapponaria, with which it has
been so long lumped. There would be no gain in comparing it
with rachelce, for that insect, although perfectly distinct, is
sufficiently close to lapponaria to obviate any such comparison.

Poecilopsis isahellcs, sp. n. {=■ lapponaria, auct. part.).

Male. — Tone of whole insect much blacker than its congeners.
Fore wings subhyaline, with the ground area before the second line
feebly provided with silvery white scales. First, second and median
lines present, undecided, but fairly broad ; median and second lines
tending to fuse toward the lower margin ; second line followed by
feeble white line. A zigzag subterminal line intersects the more or
less dark terminal band. Veins, especially those of the cell, black ;
costal groove black, mixed with orange-yellow scales. Fore wings
fairly long, rounded at the tip. Hind wings hyaline, except for a
few white scales at the base. Fringes narrow, black. Antennas black,
not pectinated to the apex. Head reddish, collar white, thorax and
abdomen black, with fairly, broad red median stripe ; patagia outlined
in white. Genitalia, tip of valve rounded.

Female. — Wings rudimentary, but longer than those of the other
three species, provided with longish, stiff grey hairs. Body black,
sprinkled everywhere, like the wings, with orange-red scales, only
concentrated to form a median line on the thorax ; a few scattered
white scales may be present also ; the whole provided with long
rather coarse hair. Antennee thick, heavily grey scaled, feebly
pectinated when freshly emerged.

Types, one male and one female from Innsbruck, Tyrol.

A table giving the points of difference between this species and
P. pomonaria and P. lapponaria is appended.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pomonaria.

Small translucent

Isabella.

Fairly large ; glaucous
green, more opaque

Lapponaria.

As in pomonaria

Young larva. .

Second instar

Full-grown . .

Food.

Black, with white
spots and bars

Usual form of genus

Short, stout ; pattern
decided ; texture
coarse ; colour yel-
lowish

Oak — most
trees

forest

Greenish ; no spots,
&c.

Green ; striped to
mimic larch needles

Pattern nearly the
same as in pomonaria
Ground purplish.

Larch — refuses other
foods

As in pomonaria, but
with more white spots
on spiracular stripe

As in pomonaria

Longer ; skin texture
fine; stripes degraded
as in zonaria

Birch, Erica, Myrica
gale, many trees and
shrubs

Red brown,
polished

rather

Yellower brown

A.S in pomonaria-
shorter

Antennae .... Tip clear
Collar Broad white

Thorax Pattern as in descrip-
tion of isabellce, but
coarser, and colours
leas decided ; whole
much paler

Fore wings . . [Long — tip rounded

Fringes .... White ; black spots at

ends of veins ; fairly

1 broad

Valvesof geni- Tip rounded

talia 1 hirtaria

as in

Tip clear

Narrow white

Pattern as described.
Red median stripe
and white outlines
of patagia very clear

As in pomonaria

Narrow ; black

As in pomonaria, but
narrower

Pectinations

cated at tip
Black

indi-

Much broader. No
pattern, medio dorsal
red stripe clear ; fur
paler laterally

Shorter and broader ;
tip angular

Broad ; silky dark fus-
cous, like zonaria

Tip with definite
angle as in zonaria

Antennffi ....

Thorax and
abdomen . .

Wings

Whole outline
of insect

Rather thin ; black

Colour black, irregu-
larly speckled with
rusty scales. Hairs
short pale

Rudimentary, very
short, with rusty
scales and few pale
hairs

Long

Thick ; pale

Scales redder, simi-
larly scattered. Few
pale scales. Hairs
much longer and
paler

Much longer; scales
redder, but some
almost white scales
present. Hairs much
longer

As in pomonaria

Thin; black

Red scales definitely
massed in a broad
median stripe down
both thorax & abdo-
men ; hairs pale short

Variable in size, but
never so long as
in isabellce. Hairs
darker and shorter

Shorter and rounder

THE PSOCIDiE OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

By J. W. Carr, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.

While collecting Hemiptera during the last two summers a
good many Psocids were obtained, and as no members of this
family have hitherto been recorded for Nottinghamshire, a list
of the species captured may be of some use as a contribution to
our knowledge of the distribution in Britain of these delicate
and interesting little insects. I am indebted to Mr. Kenneth
J. Morton for his kindness in examining and identifying all my
captures.

Amphigerontia variegata, Latr. — Common on trunk of sycamore
tree in my garden at Sherwood, Nottingham ; Thorney ; both in
August, 1913.

A. fasciata, Fab. — Near Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, June
12th, 1912.

A. bifasciata, Latr. — On hawthorn hedge, and commonly on trunk
of sycamore in garden, Sherwood, Nottingham, July 17th to August
10th, 1913 ; swept from Calluna near Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest,
September 25th, 1913.

Psocus nebulosus, Steph., and P. longicornis, Fab. — Thorney,
August 15th-19th, 1913 (L. A. Carr).

Stenopsocus immaculatus, Steph. — Aspley Woods, near Notting-
ham ; The Bumbles, Kirkby-in-Ashfield ; Upton, near Southwell,
on hawthorn ; Normanton-on-the- Wolds and Plumtree, on Salix ;
Thorney ; taken from June 28th to September 3rd, 1913. Taken also
by F. M. Robinson in Bulcote Wood, October 16th, 1913.

GrapJiopsocus cruciatus, L. — Common. Aspley and Beauvale
Woods, July, 1912 ; Fiskerton ; Kingston Park ; West Leake Hills ;
North Collingham ; Widmerpool ; Sherwood Forest, near Edwin-
stowe: — all in 1913 between July 25th and September 25th. Also
taken by F. M. Robinson in Lambley Dumbles and at Papplewick,
October 3rd-9th, 1913.

Mesopsocus unipunctaUis, Mijll. — Aspley Woods, near Nottingham ;
Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe : both June, 1912. Radcliffe-
on-Trent; The Dumbles, Kirkby-in-Ashfield ; Upton, near Southwell ;
Sherwood, Nottingham, June 21st to August 13th, 1913.

Philotarsus flaviceps, Steph. — West Leake Hills, August 21st,
1913.

Elipsocus luestwoodi, McLach. — On trunk of sycamore tree in my
garden, Sherwood, Nottingham ; Arnold, near Nottingham ; Upton,
near Southwell ; Widmerpool, on Corylus ; Sherwood Forest, near
Edwinstowe. Taken from July 12th to September 25th, 1913.

E. abietis, Kolbe. — Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, June, 1912 ;
Fiskerton, on oak ; Arnold, on oak ; Epperstone Park, on Pteris and
on Gastanea; Kingston Park, on Safe ; NorthCollingham,on Safe;
Thorney. All July to September, 1913.

E. cyanops, Rost. — Arnold, near Nottingham, July 24th, 1913 ;
North Collingham, on hawthorn, August 25th, 1913.

96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pterodela pedicularia, L. — Nottingham, common on windows and
tables in my study, August 15th to 30th, 1913 ; also noticed, less
commonly, throughout September.

Ectopsocus briggsi, McLach. — Widmerpool, on oak, August 18th,
1913.

Ccecilius flavidus, Steph. — West Leake Hills, abundant on oak,
ash, and beech, August 10th, 1912, August 15th-21st, 1913 ; East
Leake, August 11th, 1912 ; Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, August
30th, 1912 ; Thorney, August, 1913 ; Widmerpool, on oak, birch,
and Salix, August 18th, 1913 ; North Collingham, on ash, August
25th, 1913.

G. hurmeisteri, Brauer. — Thorney, August 15th-19th, 1913 (L. A.
Carr).

Hyperetes guestfalicus, Kolbe. — Among papers in room at Univer-
sity College, Nottingham, December 13th, 1912.

Troctes divinatorius, Miill. — Also among papers in same room as
last species, February 10th, 1913.

SYMPETRUM MERIDIONALE, Selys, AND OTHEE

ODONATA.

By C. W. Bracken, B.A., F.E.S.

A FEW cases of insects formerly belonging to the veteran
entomologist, Mr. G. C. Bignell, of Saltash, near Plymouth,
came into my possession after his death. Among them was a
store-box of Neuroptera {sensu lato), collected by the Eev. T. A.
Marshall, of Botus-Fleming, Cornwall, who died in 1903. On
going through this recently I found a Sympetrum labelled vulga-
tum, Swanage, no date. As there were no striolatum in the box,
I concluded that Marshall either intended it for the latter species,
using the older name, or that he bad really taken vulgatum, a
rare occurrence. I sent the insect to Mr. W. J. Lucas, who is
of opinion that it is neither vulgatum nor striolatum but
meridionale. If so, the specimen is of considerable interest,
since Mr. Lucas, in his * British Dragonflies,' says : " The claim
of this insect to a position on the British list rests on two
females of old date." Most of Marshall's specimens were
Corsican, but there were several others from Swanage, including
some fine Orthetrum cancellatum. It may be worth mentioning
that one of the Corsican 0. carulescens has the left anterior
wing much abbreviated. The right wing is 28 mm. long, the
left only 20 mm., the pterostigma being about the same distance
from the body on each side.
Plymouth.

CONTINENTAL INSECTS OF VARIOUS ORDERS
TAKEN BY DR. T. A. CHAPMAN IN 1913.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

Pupa-skin of Ascalaphm coccajus. Magnification a little over 2| nat. size.

One antenna could not be withdrawn, and it is shown broken, or bitten off.
The pupal-jaws are well seen ; and it must be borne in mind that they were
worked by the imaginal jaws that were not then withdrawn from them. The
pupal-skin is very ethereal, as can easily be seen. The head has become detached
from the body.

After each of two entomological excursions to the Continent
in 1913, Dr. Chapman was kind enough to give me a small
collection of insects, which he was able to take, belonging to the
less-known Natural Orders. In April, May, and June, he visited
the Rhone valley in Switzerland and the district of the Italian
Lakes, and this first collection contained insects from Sierre
(1760 ft.) in the Rhone valley, from Locarno (680 ft.) on Lago
Maggiore in Switzerland, and from Pallanza (680 ft.), also on
Lago Maggiore, but in Italy.

In July and August the scene of operations was transferred
to France, and the , second collection contained insects from
Lautaret (6790 ft.) and Bourg d'Oisans (2360 ft.) in Dauphine.
The former is a well-known botanical and entomological locality,
and the latter is in the valley of the Rimauche, on the way up to
Lautaret.

My thanks are due to Mr. K. J. Morton for naming a number
of the specimens.

First Collection.
Plecoptera.

Nemoura niarginata. Locarno, April.

N. cinerea. Locarno, April.

98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

"W. lateralis. Locarno, April.
N. variegata. Pallanza, May 19th-26th.

Odonata ( = Paraneuroptera) .

Libellula quadrimaculata. Two males and three females in more
or less teneral condition ; Locarno, April. One male possessed
strongly developed nodal spots and longitudinal saffron suffu-
sion, but was otherwise normal; the others were of the var.
prcBimbila, some being of a more pronounced type than the
others.
"^'Ortlietrum hrunneum. One male; Sierre, May 27th-June 2nd.

Cordulia anea. One female ; Sierre, May 27th-June 2nd.

^schna isosceles. One male ; Sierre, May 27th-June 2nd.

Pyrrhosoma nymphula. One female; Sierre, May 27th-June 2nd.

Ischnura elegans. One male ; Locarno, April ; one male ; Sierre,
May 27th-June 2nd.

Enallagma cyathigerum. Two males ; Sierre, May 27th-
June 2nd.

Neuroptera.

■'■Ascalaphus coccajus. Four males ; Sierre, May 27th-June 2nd.
One of these was accompanied by the very delicate pupa-skin.
In emerging it appears that one antenna stuck fast in its case
(figure). It is well-developed but is broken off, the knob
and part of the shank remaining in the case. Dr. Chapman
thinks this is not an isolated occurrence, and that the insect,
when confronted with the difficulty, itself bites off the
"antenna.
Sialis lutaria. Three ; Locarno, April. *

Baphidia notata. One female ; Sierre, May 27th-June 2nd.
Chrysopa perla. One ; Locarno, April.

Trichoptera.

■•'Plitocolepus granulatus. Two ; Locarno, April.
'^'Philopotamus ludificatus. One ; Locarno, April ; one ; Pallanza,
May 19th-26th.

Second Collection.
Orthoptera.

Omocestus riifipes. One ; Bourg d'Oisans, August 6th-21st.

Plecoptera.

Nemoura inconspicua. Two females; Lautaret, July 22nd-

August 5th.
N. variegata. One male ; Lautaret, July 22nd-August 5th.

Odonata ( = Paraneuroptera).

Mschna juncea. One female ; Lautaret, July 22nd-August 5th.

Sympetrum vulgatuni. Four males and three females; Bourg
d'Oisans, August 6th-21st. Most of these were teneral in
condition to a greater or less degree, and pale in colour.

METAMORPHOSIS OF PHASGONURA VIRIDISSIMA. 99

Neuroptera.

Hemerobius quadrifasciatus. One; Lautaret, July 22nd-August

5th.
Chnjsopa vulgaris. Two ; Lautaret, July 22nd-August 5th.
Panorpa germanica. One female; Bourg d'Oisans, August

6th-21st.

Trichoptera.

Stcno])}iylax latipennis. One ; Bourg d'Oisans, August 6th-21st.
'^'S. ucenoruvi. One male and two females ; Lautaret, July 22nd-

August 5th.

■■'•Meta7iaia chapmani. Three males and one female ; Lautaret, July

22nd-August 5th. This is a new species, and has been

described by Mr. K. J. Morton (antea, p. 49), where details of

structure are figured.

Apatania fimhriata. One male ; Lautaret, July 22nd- August 5th.

'^^ Sericostoma pedemontanum. One female ; Lautaret, July 22nd-

August 5th.
Bercea pullata. One male ; Lautaret, July 22nd-August 5th.
'^Bhyacophila albardana. One male and one female; Lautaret,
July 22nd-August 5th.

The species marked with an asterisk (*) do not belong to the
British fauna.

Kingston-on-Thames : February, 1914.

NOTES ON THE METAMORPHOSIS OF PHASGONURA
VIRIDISSIMA, L. [Orthoptera.]

By Andrew B. Luvoni.

On June 22nd of last year a female nymph of this species
was obtained while sweeping some long grass in a field at
Westcliff, Essex. Judging by its development after subsequent
moults, it would appear to have been at about the second or
third moult when captured, the ovipositor being about 3 mm.
long, and the wings barely noticeable. It was placed in a cage
together with an assortment of plants likely to be found in its
natural haunts ; such as various species of grass, dandelion,
knapweed, bindweed, and one or two kinds of buttercup. The
following day it was found to have been feeding freely on the
common creeping buttercup {Ranunculus repens), an operation it
apparently performed at night or in the early morning, as I
never succeeded in observing it in the act. On visiting the
locality later, from which this specimen was obtained, I found
the above-mentioned plant growing in profusion, and, therefore,
it seems highly probable that this is its food-plant in a state of
nature. On June 25th it moulted, the ovipositor then measuring

100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

6 mm., and the wings 3 mm. The next moult occurred on
July 10th, the dimensions increasing to — ovipositor 15 mm.,
wings 9 mm., and total length 34 mm. The antennae, which
were damaged and of unequal length before, became normal
after the second moult. It greatly appreciated being placed in
the sun, leaning over on one side and extending the long
jumping legs to expose as much of its body as possible. These
sun-baths appeared necessary after each moult to enable it to
acquire firmness and proper coloration, an operation extending
over a period of about two days. For three days before a moult
the nymph ceased to feed, and became sluggish and whitish in
colour, somewhat after the style of a snake before sloughing
its skin.

The empty nymph skin was always eaten immediately after
being cast, this employing the insect about an hour and a half,
the skin of the large hind legs being eaten last. The final moult
took place on July 31st at about 6.30 a.m. The imago, after
eating the empty skin, clung for some time to the grass stems to
allow the wings to unfold and attain their proper development.
This specimen when taken in the hand would bite fiercely with
the mandibles, occasionally retaining its hold until set at
liberty.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KENT APHIDIDiE.
By Feed. V. Theobald, M.A., F.E.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., &c.

During the past two years I have found or identified from
material previously collected the following Aphides, so far not
recorded from Kent, and some of which are new to the British
fauna. Several new species of Macrosiphum have been described
since the previous list, and these are also included here.

The year 1913 was noticeable for three things: first, the
comparative paucity of the species of Aphides to be found,
secondly, the presence of numbers of sexuparae in the autumn
months, and thirdly, the vast numbers of three or four species.
Most abundant and harmful of all has been Aphis sorhi, which did
untold damage to the apple crop ; next in importance has been
A. abietina, Walker, which has been most harmful to the Sitka
and Norway spruces in Ireland and parts of the South of
England, in many cases causing complete defoliation. This is
one of the species which breeds entirely viviparously, no sexu-
parae having been found, whilst parthenogenetic females occur
right through the winter. So far no sexuparae have been found
of A. gossypii, Glover, the so-called Cotton Aphis, which is
recorded here for the first time in Britain. Only once have I

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KENT APHIDIDiE. 101

found oviparous females, also of the Woolly Aphis {Eriosoma
lanigera, Hausmann), and as far as recent experiments go that I
have carried out, there does not appear to be any migration between
the elm and the apple in this country, as has been shown to occur
in America by Miss Edith Patch. Moreover, I have had one badly
attacked apple tree netted for some three years, and no alatse
whatever have appeared. Eeproduction without sexuparse in
some species may evidently occur for a long time. The list
given here does not include any fresh localities for the Aphides
of Kent so far recorded {vide ' Entomologist,' January, 1911,
pp. 16-21, and November, 1911, and January, 1912), only new
species found in the county.

Genus Macrosiphum, Passerini.

Macrosiphumtaraxaci, Kaltenbach. — On dandelion {Leontodon
taraxacum). Wye, June 17th, 1911, and July 20th, 1912 ;
Blean Wood, July 7th, 1912.

M. duffieldii, Theobald.— On tulips, March 27th, 1913.
Maidstone, many alatas and apterse of this beautifully marked
species brought me by Mr. Adrian Duffield, and others sent by
Mr. Bunyard.

M. primula, Theobald. — On cultivated primulas and on the
wild primrose in gardens. Maidstone, March 27th, 1913 ;
Stouting, near Hythe, April 28th, 1913 (A. Duffield) ; Wye,
June 26th, 1913.

M. betes, Theobald. — On mangolds, beetroots, sugar beet,
and several wild Chenopodiacece. Heme Bay, July 4th, 1911;
Wye, July 2nd-14th, 1911 ; Faversham, July 4th, 1911 ; Dover,
July 4th, 1911; Bromley, July 2nd, 1911, and Thanet generally;
Tonbridge, July 26th, 1913.

M. arundinis, Theobald. — On Arundo phragmitis. Wye,
August, 1912 ; Romney Marsh, July 17th, 1913, in small
colonies.

M. graminis, Theobald. — On meadow foxtail and Timothy
grasses; Wye, August 23th, 1911, evidently very uncommon.

M. rubiellum, Theobald. — On bramble {Rubus fruticosus)
and raspberry (R. idceus), May to June. Wye, Ashford, Paddock
Wood, Tonbridge, Maidstone, Ramsgate, abundant.

M. malvce, Mosley. — On Malva sylvestris and Malva, sp. ?
Wye, June 7th, 1913, two alate females.

M. trifolii, Theobald. — On Trifolium procmnbens. Wye,
August, 1912, in small numbers.

M. loti, Theobald. — On Lotus corniculatus. Wye, July and
August, 1912 and 1913. Alatae and apterae in the last year.

M. stellaricB, Theobald. — On Stellaria, spp. Wye, May, 1912.
I found this species in vast numbers in alate form at Bramley,
in Surrey, in May, 1913. This was erroneously placed under
Schrank's name (Entom. December, 1911).

102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

M. cratceqarium, Walker. — On hawthorn. Wye, June 7th,
1911, and Jiily Ist, 1911.

M. sileneiim, Theobald. — On Silene inflata. Wye, July 10th,
1911, and August 14th, 1912. A few isolated specimens.

M. aqiiilegue, Theobald.— On cultivated columbines. Stout-
ing, near Hythe, April 28th, 1913. Collected by Mr. Adrian
Duffield ; Wye, March 24th, 1912, and June 17th, 1912.

M. veroniccc, Theobald. — On Veronica heccabunga. Wye,
May 22nd, 1912.

M. lojigipennis, Buckton. — On water grass. Romney Marsh,
June, 1910.

M. diplanterece, Koch. — On Malva, sp. ? Wye, June 9th, 1911.

Genus Aphis, Linnaeus.

Aphis gain, Koch. — On bedstraw {Galium, sp. ?). Wye,
June 7th, 1913 ; Crundale, June 14th, 1913 ; Folkestone, June
27th, 1913, alatse and apteras in dense clusters.

A. heccahungcs, Koch. — On Veronica heccabunga. Wye, June
19th, 1911. A few apterse and one alate female scattered about
on the flower stalks and leaves.

A. polygoni, V. d. Goot. — On Polygonum, sp. ? Wye, July
20th, 1911. A single alate female, with a few lice.

A. petositidis, Buckton. — On Tussilago petasites. Heme Bay,
July 14th, 1911. I took two alate females of this species, but
have failed to find it since then.

A. nasturtii, Kaltenbach. — On watercress. Wye, July 20th,
1911 ; August 7th, 1912, and July 7th, 1913, on the flower
heads; numerous apterae in 1913, but only two alatae.

A. padi, Reaumur. — On bird cherry, Bearstead, October 18th,
1913. Large numbers of sexuparae sent me by Mr. E. E. Green.
The oviparous females were depositing their ova on the leaves,
and continued to do so until the end of the month ; the ova
remain firmly attached to the leaves which fall. Males also
present.

A. ranunculi, Kaltenbach. — On dandelion roots, with ants in
attendance. Wye, October 22nd, 1911.

A. gossypii, Glover. — On cucumbers under glass, and on
marrows in the open. Wye, June 7th, 1913, and July 8th,
1913. I have also received this aphis from other localities in
England. It is commonly known as the Cotton and Melon
Aphis, and does much harm to that crop in America, Africa, &c.
It is now well known in Russia, and is probably one of the world-
wide species.

Genus Myzus, Passerini.

Myzus rosarum, Kaltenbach. — On roses. Wve, May 10th,
1912.

M. pyri, Koch. — On pears. Wye, September 7th, 1913. I

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KENT APHIDIDiE. 103

found the oviparous females laying their ova firmly fixed to the
leaves in my garden, but could not find a male.

M. whitei, Theobald.— On currants, Beltring, Paddock Wood,
July 13th, 1912. Alatae only.

Genus Ehopalosiphum, Koch.

Rhopalosiphum staphylece, Koch; — On Malva sp. ? Wye,
June 7th, 1913. One alate female.

R. lonicer(s, Siebold. — On Lapsana communis. Wye, July
4th, 1913.

Genus Siphocoryne, Passerini.

Siphocoryne pastinacecs, Koch. — On various Umbelliferse, with
S. caprece. Wye, July 4th, 1911 ; Faversham, August 2nd,
1912.

S. foeniculi. — On fennel. Abundant at Sevenoaks in June,
1912 and 1913; smothering the plants.

Genus Phorodon, Passerini.

Phorodon inula, Passerini. — On Inula dysenterica. Wye,
October 18th, 1913. The oviparous females laying their ova
firmly fixed on the leaves, and a few on Potentilla acerina.

Genus Hyalopterus, Koch.
Hyalopterus melanocephalus, Buckton. — On Silene inflata.
Whitstable, July 23rd, 1913.

Genus Lachnus, Illiger.

Lachnus (Eulachnus) agilis, Kaltenbach. — On Pinus sylvestris.
Wye, May 20th, 1913.

L. {Lachniella) janiperi signata, Del Guercio. — On junipers.
Wye Downs, June, 1913. Collected by Mr. Duffield ; many
alatae.

Genus Chaitophorus, Koch.

Ghaitophorus coriaceus, Koch. — On sycamore. Wye, May
14th, 1913.

C. populiis, Linnaeus. — On poplars. Wye, July 21st, 1913.

Genus Vacuna, Heyden.
Vacuna hetulce, Kaltenbach. — On birch. The Warren, Ash-
ford, June 12th, 1913 ; and Wye, June 22nd, 1913. Buckton's
Thelaxes hetidina from Guestling is only this species.

Genus Brysocrypta, Haliday.
Brysocrypta bumelice, Schrank. — On ash. Wye, July 3rd,
1912 ; a few apterae on^leaf petioles.

104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Genus Trama, Heyden.

Trama radicis, Kaltenbach. — On roots of artichokes with
ants. Wye, December 14th, 1913. Masses of apterge and
nymphae, one, a late female, hatched on February 7th, 1914.

In addition to these species new to Kent, I may mention
that Rhopalosiplmm nymjjJicEce, Linnseus, occurred in quantity
on Alisma at Wye in July, 1911, and July, 1913, and also
at Norwich in 1912 ; and Melanoxantherium salicis, Linnaeus,
in 1913 near the ponds on Eomney Marsh. I have also found
the large Lachnus incea, Walker, on one spruce in large
numbers at Tunbridge Wells, and these suddenly disappeared
when alatffi, as in previous years when I have found this species.

NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS.

Peionus coriarius in Epping Forest. — The past season seems
to have been very favourable for this beetle, as I captured three fine
specimens during the last week in July. Two of these were males,
and they were found resting upon the boles of a very large oak tree ;
at the base of the trunk were a few holes, three of these being in the
earth, out of which the insects must have emerged, as it is well
known that the larvae feed within the underground roots. The
female, which is very large, was taken at some arc lamps, and is the
second one I have taken this way. Although this insect is so large,
it is fairly inconspicuous during the day when at rest upon trees, as
if seems to have a good protective resemblance. My personal
experience of the insect seems to point to its increase of late years
in the Forest, as I have taken seven during the last three years — four
males and three females. — H. B. Hunt ; 255, Chingford Koad,
Walthamstow, Essex.

Delayed Emergence of Saturnia pavonia (carpini). — From
a few ova, received from a friend at the New Forest, I reared a
few larvae of this species, sixteen in all, during the summer of 1912 ;
all of these spun up as usual, but only four imagines emerged
last April — three males and one female. The rest of the pupae are
laying over and are quite healthy, and I hope to get the moths
out during the coming season. — H. E. Hunt ; 255, Chingford Eoad,
W^althamstow, Essex, January 30th, 1914.

Notes on " Courtship " of Gomphocerus magulatus (Orthop-
tera) at Craigton, Linlithgowshire. — On August 8th, 1913,
many G. maculatus were sti'idulating. Hearing one individual
emitting an occasional single note in addition to the ordinary
" song," I approached cautiously, and witnessed the following little
incident. A male and female G. maculatus were settled side by side
in close proximity, the female almost motionless, and the male

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 105

stridulating at intervals, for the most part in a very low tone, only
just audible at the distance of a few inches. Every now and then he
made a single abrupt movement of the thighs, thus causing the
short, single note which had first attracted my attention ; this sound
was usually made by only one leg. For some minutes the two
maintained their relative positions, only altered slightly by small
movements of the male. Occasionally the latter extended his low
call into the full normal song. Apparently attracted by the last
a second male soon came hurrying up, pausing once or twice to call
by the way. On his approach the first male moved aside somewhat,
later commencing to feed. Number two settled face to face with the
female, and uttered the soft call as the other had done. The female
now began to show symptoms of boredom, and, cutting off a long
stem of grass with her mandibles, proceeded leisurely to munch it
up. When finished, she walked slowly off, and was not followed by
either male, although number two raised his voice to a louder pitch
as the female increased her distance, as if in the vain hope of arrest-
ing her attention. A few yards further on the female was accosted
by a third and more excitable male, and a repetition of the previous
scene took place. For nearly three-quarters of an hour the male did
his utmost to please his prospective partner, singing his soft song
almost incessantly, and frequently swaying his body from side to
side in a most curious manner. The relative positions of the two
varied, the male being sometimes face to face with the other, but as
frequently by her side. He was always cautious not to approach too
closely, as, when he seemed too pressing in his attentions, the
female moved abruptly off, although otherwise quiescent. At
considerable intervals of time the male broke into the loud song,
always prefixing it by the short single note. The incident was at
length terminated by the female suddenly leaping off to some
distance, leaving the disconsolate male alone. Truly courtship in
G. mamdatus requires patience! — S. B. Brock; Kirkliston, Lin-
lithgowshire, January, 1914.

Pyrambis atalanta in February. — When walking along the
edge of Ironshill enclosure this morning I was rather surprised to
see a butterfly which, flying past me, settled on the sandy bank of
the enclosure. A nearer approach proved it to be Pyrameis atalanta.
I watched the insect for some little time at a distance of a couple of
yards or so, and left it still basking in the bright sunshine. — G,
Lyle ; Brockenhurst, February 1st, 1914.

Gloucestershire List of Lepidoptera. — On looking through
Hudd's ' List of Lepidoptera of the Bristol District,' I find no
mention of Epunda lutulenta in Gloucestershire. I captured three
at sugar here in Pucklechurch in September, 1908. I do not know
if this is a new record, as Hudd's list is a little out of date. — B. A.
Coney; Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire, February 12th, 1914.

Abraxas grossulariata in December. — On December 14th,
1913, I took a freshly emerged Abraxas grossulariata at rest on

ENTOM. — MARCH, 1914. I

106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

a wall in Eastbourne. It was not near a greenhouse. — S. A.
Chaeles ; 170, Maytield Place, Eastbourne.

Abraxas grossulariata in December. — I have to record the
capture of a specimen of Abraxas grossulariata, as it was flying
through the arches of Eavenscourt Park Station on December 4th,
1913, about 4 p.m. It was a good specimen, not crippled in any
way, and rather a large one. It was flying perhaps a trifle weakly,
but strongly enough to fly out of reach the moment I let it go. I
regret now that I did not keep the specimen. — C. W. Whall ; 19,
Shaftesbury Eoad, Eavenscourt Park, W.

[A second brood of this species was recorded in 1903 (Entom.
xxxvi. pp. 289, 318).— Ed.]

Lepidopteea of the Isle of Skye. — As I propose to visit the
Isle of Skye next July, I should be glad to know what one might
expect to meet with in the way of moths and butterflies during the
month in that locality. — (Major) E. B. Eobertson ; Hilhngbury
Cottage, Chandler's Eord, Hants.

Eetaeded Emergence op Parage egeria. — At the end of last
June I took a female P. egeria and she laid a few eggs, which hatched
in due course and fed up with the exception of four or five, which
seemed as if they were going to die. I, however, placed them in
another pot with grass, and they fed slowly, pupating at the end of
October and in November, one at a time. I now have four pupa?,
two look as if they were on the point of emergence, nearly black, and
two still quite green ; this being about three months in pupa state.
It looks as if they were waiting for the spring before emerging.
Has it ever been noted that this insect in a wild state passes the
winter in the pupal state ? Imagines from the larvae which fed up
began emerging on September 11th. — (Major) E. B. Eobertson;
Chandler's Ford, Hants, February 6th, 1914.

Orrhodia erythrocephala ab. glabra at Eastbourne. — On
November 30th 0. erythrocephala ab. glabra came to sugar in a wood
in this neighbourhood. This, I believe, is the first recorded capture
in Sussex since the early seventies. Although a steady rain was fall-
ing, quite a number of insects visited my patches. I sugared on
several evenings during the first fortnight of December, but with no
further success. — Edwin P. Sharp.

Hemimene (Dichrorampha) tanaceti (herbosana) not in
Gloucestershire. — Eeferring to my note (Entom. xlv. p. 101) I
find that the specimens therein recorded must be referred to the
second brood of Hemimene [Dichrorampha) acuminitana, and that
we cannot yet claim herbosana as a Gloucestershire insect. — C.
Granville Clutterbuck, F.E.S. ; 23, Heathville Eoad, Gloucester,
January 16th, 1914.

Plebeius (Lyc^na) medon (astrarche) in Dovedale. — With
further reference to the occurrence of this insect in Dovedale noted

SOCIETIES. 107

by Dr. St. John (Entom. xlvi. p. 314) last year, and by Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker (p. 39 in your last issue) in July, 1908, we used to
take it there frequently thirty years ago, and I have heard of it
several times since. The Derbyshire limestone seems to produce
some pretty female examples of Lijccp.na icanis, for I found a very
fine race on difficult ground in the Via Gellia on June 5th, 1911, and
the only female captured was very beautiful. Ino (Adscita) gcryon
was taken at the same time. — G. Hanson Sale ; Littleover House,
Littleover, Derby.

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society op London. — Wednesday, Decemher Srd,
1913.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the
chair. — Mr. Walter Ormiston, of Kalupahani, Haldumille, Ceylon,
was elected a Fellow of the Society. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff presented
to the Society, on behalf of a number of subscribers, a copy of
Hiibner's ' Exotische Schmetterlinge,' original edition. — Mr. G. T.
Porritt exhibited two curious specimens of Abraxas grossulariata. —
Miss Diana R. Wilson, who was present as a visitor, butterflies
caught in Brazil this year, during the last week of January and the
first week of February. — Prof. Poulton, eight examples of Epi-
sca-phula interrupta, Lac, found in one clay cell, and eleven examples
found in another, by Mr. C. O. Farquharson, B.Sc, at Moor Planta-
tion, near Ibadan, S. Nigeria. He also read notes received from Mr.
Lamborn, on the Driver Ants (Dorylus) of Southern Nigeria, and
exhibited the material referred to. — Dr. K. Jordan, a series of species
of the two groups of Papilios called by Haase Gosmodesmus and
Phannaco2)hagus respectively. — Mr. Champion, a specimen of Tho-
rictus parciseta, Wasm., attached to the scape of the left antenna of
a worker of an ant, Myrmecocyshis viaticus, F. — Mr. W. C. Crawley,

(1) Three dealated females of L. niger, L., taken Isle of Wight, July,
1911 ; these, after rearing workers, fought until only one survived.

(2) A female of Aphcenogaster suhterranea, Latr., taken August, 1912,
at Yvorae with Prof. Forel, after marriage-flight, brought up two
workers by September, 1913. (3) Six females of L. flavus, Fabr.,
taken after marriage-flight at Seaton, July 14th, 1912. They built a
cell together and brought up workers, by June 23rd, 1913. — Mr.
O. E. Janson, specimens of Laglasia caloptera, Bigot, one of the
curious forms of Diptera with stalked eyes, from Dutch New Guinea.
— Capt. E. B. Purefoy, two more specimens of Gonepteryx cleopatra
with gynandromorphous colouring. — Mr. E. B. Ashby, a number of
Nearctic butterflies. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a very large series of specimens
of Heliconius anderida, ranging into a number of forms which
tended to become fairly definite subspecies in different geographical
regions. — Dr. H. Eltringham gave a preliminary account of the scent
apparatus in Amauris egialea, comparing the same with that of A.
niavius, illustrated by drawings, and microphotographs of sections of
the brush. — The following paper was read : " New Species of South

108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

American Butterflies," by W. F. H. Eosenberg, F.E.S., and
G. Talbot, F.E.S. Mr. Talbot made exhibits in connection with
this paper.

Wednesday, January 21s^, 1914. — Annual Meeting. — Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S., F.L.S., President, in the chair.— No other
names having been received in addition to those proposed by the
Council as Officers and Council for the ensuing year, the latter were
declared by the President to be elected. — Mr. E. W. Lloyd, one of the
Auditors, read the Auditors' Eeport, which was adopted on the
motion of Mr. H. E. Page, seconded by Mr. J. Piatt Barrett. — The Eev.
G. Wheeler, one of the Secretaries, then read the Eeport of the
Council, which was adopted on the motion of Mr. E. S. Standen,
seconded by Mr. E. W. Lloyd. — The President then deHvered an ad-
dress, after which Prof. Poulton moved a vote of thanks to him, coupled
with the request that he would allow the Address to be printed as a
part of the Society's Proceedings ; this was seconded by Mr. W. J.
Lucas and carried by acclamation. — The President returned thanks
and Mr. 0. E. Janson then proposed a vote of thanks to the other
officers for their services during the past year ; this was seconded by
Mr. T. F. P. Hoar and carried ; the Treasurer and the two Secre-
taries returning thanks in a few words. — George Wheeler, M.A.,
Hon. Secretary.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society. — December 12th, 1913. --Mr. A. E. Tonge, President, in the
chair. — Mr. Tatchell, of Bournemouth, was elected a member. — Mr.
W. J. Kaye read a paper, " The Ithomiinae," and illustrated it with
a fine selection of examples of the different groups of the subfamily.
— Mr. Hall reported a case of the occurrence of the " furniture mite,"
and asked how the pest could be effectively dealt with. — Mr. Step, a
box of Diptera, chiefly Syrphidae, taken at flowers of Michaelmas
Daisy in October and December. — Mr. E. Adkin, a series of Nemeophila
plantaginis bred from ova laid by a Grasmere female in July, 1912.
One larva fed up and pupated in September, and the imago came out
on Oct. 27th. The rest hibernated several together in the debris of
the cage, and emerged in due course the following June.— He also
showed four Mellinia ocellaris, presented to the Society by Mr.
H. Worsloy-Wood. — Mr. Curwen, a series of Erebia ceto near the
form ab. obscura from the Simplon Pass. — Mr. Carr, a collection of
Lepidoptera from Staffordshire and N. Wales, including very strongly
marked forms of Acidalia marg inepimctata, and some nicely banded
examples of Melanippe tristata. — Mr. Adkin read a Eeport of the
Annual Conference of Delegates of Societies affiliated to the British
Association.

January 8th, 1914.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. , Vice-President, in the
chair. — Messrs. D. A. Gotch, of Northampton ; A. Leeds, of Kneb-
worth ; W. H. Jackson, of Wimbledon ; and T. H. Archer, of South-
fields, were elected members. — Mr. Hugh Main gave an interesting
account of his holiday in Switzerland in 1913, entitled " The Brunig
Eoad," and illustrated his address with a large number of lantern

SOCIETIES. 109

slides, made mainly from his own photographs. — Mr. Step, a photo-
graph by Mr. West (Ashtead), of the " furniture mite " Glyciphagus
cursor.

January ^^nd, 1914. — Annual Meeting. —Mv. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S.,
President, in the chair. — The Balance Sheet and Eeport of the
Council were received and adopted, and the Officers and Council for
the coming year were declared elected. — The President read his
Annual Address, and after giving an account of the present status
of the Society, dealt at considerable length with some phases of
his special study of the ova of Lepidoptera, particularly wild-laid
ova. — The usual votes of thanks were accorded, and the new Presi-
dent, Mr. B. H. Smith, took the chair. — Mr. Newman exhibited a
small specimen of Leucania pallens, taken at sugar at Newark, with
three well-developed antennae, of which one was much thicker than
usual, and towards the tip was bifid. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon.
Bep. Secretary.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Annual
Meeting of the Society held at the Eoyal Institution, Colquit Street,
Liverpool, December 15th, 1913, the President, Mr. F. N. Pierce, in
the chair. — Mr. John M. Wilding, 52 a, Orrell Lane, Liverpool, was
elected a member of the Society. — The following members were
elected Officers and Council for next year, viz. : — President, E. Wild-
ing; Vice-Presidents, F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., E. Newstead, F.E.S.,
M.Sc, J. E. le B. Tomlin, M.A., F.E.S., H. E. Sweeting, M.A. ; Hon.
Treasurer, J. Cotton ; Librarian, F. N. Pierce ; Hon. Secretary,
Wm. Mansbridge, F.E.S. ; Council, L. West, H. S. Leigh, F.E.S.,
A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.E.S. ; A. W. Boyd, M.A., F.E.S., C. E. Stott,
P. F. Tinne, M.A., S. P. Doudney, Wm. Webster, E. S. Bagnall,
F.L.S., F.E.S.— Mr. F. N. Pierce delivered the Presidential Address,
taking for his subject " The Hairs and Scales of Lepidoptera." The
President described in detail his original observations upon this
branch of insect morphology, and illustrated the same by many
drawings and microscopic preparations. In the course of his remarks
he described a difference he had found between certain scales in
Tephrosia crepuscularia and hiundularia for exhibition, and stated
that this was the only difference of a structural character he had been
able to discover in these two species. — Mr. E. Wilding brought a
specimen of Euholia hipunctaria for exhibition, and stated that it
was taken by himself so long ago as July, 1880, but he had never
before recorded it. Captured at West Kirby, this is the second
record of this unlikely moth for our two counties. — Dr. J. Cotton
showed a number of colour photographs of Lepidoptera by the Paget
process, and pointed out the advantages of these plates over the
older processes. — Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sec.

The Manchester Entomological Society. — Meetings held in
the Manchester Museum. — October 1st, 1913. — The following exhibits
were made : — Mr. E. Tait, Junr. : a long series of Abraxas grossu-
lariata varieties bred during 1913, including var. varleyata ; a fine
series of the melanic variety of Boarmia repandata from Penmaen-
mawr, bred in 1913 ; a series of Geometra papilionaria bred from

110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Delamere larvte ; Agrotis lucernea, bred from Penmaenmawr ; Cu-
cidlia chamomilloi, bred from Devonshire larvae, and Aplccia nehulosa
var. rohsoni bred from Delamere larvae, 1913.— Mr. W. P. Stocks : a
large number of species, including Lyccena argus (= cegon), Drepana
falcataria, Anarta myrtilli, and Aspilates strigillaria from Delamere;
Lobophora viretata, Ligclia adustata, Diaphora mendica, Asthena
candidata, Leucania lithargyria, Tephrosia bistortata, Euclidia mi,
Mamestra dentina, Eupithecia sobrinata, Numeria pulveraria, &c.,
from Silverdale ; Semiothisa liturata, Acronycta menyanthidis, &c.,
from Witherslack. — Mr. W. Buckley : a series of Agrotis ashiaorthii
from N. Wales, including one that resembled A. lucernea superficially,
and an asymmetrical example ; a series of Dianthcecia conspersa
from N. Wales. These had been two years in pupa and included
tvpo dark forms. — Mr. L. Nathan : Lasiocampa quercus from Ainsdale
larvae ; Phragmatobia fuUginosa bred from the Isle of Man, &c. — Mr.
V. Coryton : A large number of species taken and bred in Cheshire
in 1913, including Acronycta leporina, Tethea subtusa, Eupithecia
fraxinata, E. absinthiata, Chesias spartiata, &c., and a number of
Micro-Lepidoptera. — Mr. J. H. Watson: a new Philosamia hybrid —
P. pryeri, male, x P. cynthia advena, female, this being the reverse
cross to the one named pryadvena in the Trans. Manch. Bnt. Soc.
1912. Also Parnassius apollo apollo ex Gothland Is. and P. apollo
scandinavica for comparison ; also P. apollo alpheraki f. magnifica
of Xsienschopolski. — Mr. J. E. Cope showed the following Coleo-
ptera : Boll weevil from the Mississippi delta, 1913 ; Anobium
domesticum from Ashton-under-Lyne, Lanes, July, 1913 ; Atomaria
atricapilla from Ashton Moss, August, 1913 ; Psammoechus sp. — a
foreign species caught on bananas ; Priomts sp. from Toronto,
Canada, August, 1912.

November 5th, 1913. — The following exhibits were made : — Mr.
W. Mansbridge : a series of Nyssia zonaria, showing variation, from
Crosby, Lancashire ; bred series of Ematurga atomaria, showing
black forms, both male and female, Mamestra glauca and Coremia
ferrugata from Burnley ; Coenonyvipha typhon and Lyccena astrarche
(approaching var. artaxerxes) from Witherslack ; Parasemia planta-
ginis from the South of England ; Boarmia repandata from Delamere,
the Liverpool district and Portsmouth. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree : a
series from Hertfordshire of Lyccena corydon, female, var. semi-
' syngrayha, some females having very light under sides, and others
having the pair of wings on one side smaller than those on the other
side ; a short series of under side varieties of Lyccena bellargus from
Folkestone ; very light yellow forms of Ematurga atomaria from
Wansford ; two under side varieties of Lyccena astrarche var. arta-
xerxes, with very few markings, from Aberdeen ; a short series of
very yellow forms of Spilosoma menthastri from Aberdeen, showing
radiated markings ; three varieties of Melitcea aurinia from Oban and
County Clare. — Mr. C. F. Johnson : a long series of Coe.nonympha
typhon, Lyccena astrarche, and Acidalia fumata from Witherslack; a
long and varied series of Aporophyla australis, Agrotis obelisca and
Anchocelis lunosa, and specimens of Leucania vitellina and Triphcena
subsequco, all taken at Freshwater from September 7th to 16th, 1913.

SOCIETIES.

Ill

— Mr. E. M. Pearce: Lasiocampa quercus, reared from ova to imagines
on ivy in thirteen months, with ova, pupae, and larvae ; bred Lymantria
dispar with larvae and pupae ; fourteen species of butterflies from
Anglesea. — Mr. A. E. Wright : from Witherslack a number of species,
including Cyaniris argiolus, Lampropteryx sujfumata, Triphosa
dubitata, EiipitJwcia ahbreviata, Eustroma silaceata, Tephrosia
punctidaria, Asthena candidata, GnopJios obscurata (bred) ; from St.
Anne's-on-Sea : a specimen of Percnoptilota fluviata, series of
Leucania littoralis, L. jMllens (red form), and Miana literosa, &c. ;
from Burnley : Oporabia filigrammaria and Celcena haivorthii. — Mr.
E. Tait, Junr. ; long series of Agrotis agathina bred from Delamere
and N. Wales larvse ; Noctua castanea var. neglecta bred from Delamere
larvae ; Boarmia repandata bred from Durham larvae. — Mr. V. Coryton :
Chesias spartiata, Dilobia ccendeocephala and Oporabia dilutata from
Delamere ; a dark var. of Plmia gamma from North Cheshire. — Mr.
J. H. Watson: a new sub-species of Antherea frithi from the
Andaman Islands, named insularis by him ; he also showed three
new Philosamia hybrids i Philosamia hybr. andrei = P. cynthia
canningi, male, x P. cyntJiia adven'a, female ; Philosamia hybr.
lastoursi = P. cynthia advena, male, x P. cynthia canningi, female ;
Philosamia hybr. oberthilri = P. pryeri, male, x P. cynthia advena,
female ; together with their parents.

December Srd, 1913. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree exhibited and gave notes
on Abraxas grossulariata var. varleyata. A varleyata female paired
with a type male produced fifty- six types ; from these he bred a second
brood in September, October, and November, including a good
number of var. varleyata, both male and female. Some of these were
splendid forms, showing some little variation inter se. — Mr. Buckley
read some further notes on Acidalia contiguaria. It appears that a
dark female paired with a light male is sterile in the second genera-
tion. — Mr. W. Mansbridge showed series of Thera variata and
T. obeliscata. — Mr. W. B. Lees, an example of Heliothis peltigera,
taken in Piatt Fields Park, Manchester, on June 1st, 1913, and a red
Leucania pallens, from Northenden. — Mr. E. Tait, Jr., autumn Lepi-
doptera from Monkswood. — Mr. A. W. Boyd, a short series of Tcenio-
cavipa gracilis and a pair of Geometra papilionaria, from Eostherne,
Cheshire ; also a few Aspillates strigillaria and Aplecta nebulosa
(both type and var. robsoni), and an example of Acronycta menyan-
thidis, from Delamere. — Mr. J. H. Watson, a series of Sagana zapa-
tosa, a Saturnid from Colombia, S. America, with cocoon and pupa ;
also the following forms of Parnassius delius : — ab. herrichi, leonardi,
subsp. styriaca, from the Stvrian Alps in Austria, and its ab. confluens
(Hoff.).

January 7th, 1914. — Mr. J. H. Watson gave the Annual Presi-
dential Address — " The History of our Entomological Science." He
described the lives and works of many of the earliest zoologists and
entomologists, and in many cases exhibited their original books. He
surveyed entomological science from its origin to the present day. —
Mr. J. E. E. Allen exhibited series of Dianthozcia ccesia, D. cucubali,
and D. capsop)hila, from Donegal larvae, and also Abrostola tripartita
with var. urticce, from Lancashire and Cheshire.

112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Fehniary ith, 1914. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree showed three ichneu-
mons bred from the larvae of Agrotis ashiuorthii. — Mr. W. Mansbridge,
a series of Peronea hastiana, selected from a large number bred from
Ainsdale, on the Lancashire coast ; these included vars. divisana,
mayrana, coronana, albistriana, and unnamed melanic varieties. — Mr.
H. Horsfall, two living larvae taken in the open on February 1st :
Phragmatohia fuliginosa and a small noctuid larva. — Mr. J. E. Cope,
photographs of two Delamere localities and a few of the Goleoptera
taken there : Amara coynmunis, CalatJms melanocephalus, Byrrhtis
pilula, Chrysomela staphylea, Gorymbites cB7ieus, Barynotus schon-
herri, Apion violaceum, and A. ulicis, Phyllohius calcaratus and
P. ohlongus from one locality; from birches in the other: Athous
hcBmorrhoidalis, Dolopius marginatus, Glytus arietus, Deporans betulcs,
Otiorrhynchus picipes, Strophosomus coryli and Phyllobiics argentakts.
— The rest of the evening was occupied by a microscope exhibition.
Several members brought microscopes and slides, and Mr. Buckley
opened with a discussion on the methods of wet and dry mounting. —
Mr. J. B. Garnett showed some remarkable Hymenoptera and Diptera.
—A. W. BoYD, M.A., Hon. Sec.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Series T.M., vol. vii.,
Nos. 3b and 4, November 7th, 1913, and December 30th, 1913.
Liverpool.

No. 3b contains nothing specially relating to Entomology. In
No. 4, however, will be found : — (i) A paper on " Isle of Wight
Disease," in connection with insects other than Hive-bees, by H. B.
Fantham and Annie Porter ; (ii) " Certain Mosquitos of the genera
Banhsinella, Theobald, and Tceniorhynclms, Arribalzaga," by H. F.
Carter (well illustrated) ; (iii) " New Culicidae from the Sudan," by
F. V. Theobald ; and (iv) " Parasite of Stratiomyia chameleon and
S. potamida (Diptera), with remarks on the biology of the hosts," by
H. B. Fantham and Annie Porter.

W. J. L.

The Forty-third Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario for 1912. Toronto. 1913.

Though containing no paper of striking importance, the 144
pages of this Report (with a number of illustrations) are replete
with useful and interesting information touching various sides of
entomology.

W. J. L.

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CONTENTS.

Contributions to oar Knowledge of the British BracouidiP. No. 1. Meteoridac,
(with platf). G. T. Lylc, 73. Britisli Odonata in 1913 (with plate), W. J.
Lucas, 11 . The Earlier Stages of Colias hecla, W. G. Sheldon, 82. Diadi-
plosis coccidivora, n. sp., E. Porter Felt, 86. Description of a New Cicada
from AVest Africa, W. L. Distant, 87. A Butterfly Hnnt in some parts of
Unexplored France, H. Bowland- Brown (continued), 87. The Genus Pceci-
lopsis (Harrison), J. W. H. Harrison, 92. . The Psocidje of Nottinghamshire,
J. W. Carr, 95. Synipetrura meridionale, Selys, and other Odonata, C. W.
Bracken, 96. Continental Insects of Various Orders taken by Dr. T. A.
Chapman in 1913 (with illustration), W. J. Lvcas, 97. Notes on the Meta-
morphosis of Pliasgonura viridissima, L. [Ortlioptera] , Andreto B. Lnvoni,
99. Additions to the List of Kent Aphidida, Fred. V. Theobald, 100.

Notes and Observations, 104. Societies, 107. Recent Literature, 112.

DR. SrAUDINQER&BANQ = HAAS, Blasewitz-Dresden, in their
new Price List No. LVII. fur 1914 (116 pag.). offer more than 20,000
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sell by Auction, on April 28th, the COLLECTION OF LEPIDO-
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Vol. XLVII.l APRIL, 1914, [No. 611.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

lllustratfb |!loitfj)lg |ournaI

GENTERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.

WITH THE ASSISTANCK OK

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•^ o, 3<

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVII.l

APEIL, 1914.

[No. 611

ABERRA.TIONS OF ARGYNNIS SELENE AND ARCTIA

VILLICA.

By Gervase F. Mathew, Paymaster-in-Chief R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S.

The above figures have been photographed from varieties
captured or bred in this neighbourhood. No. 1 is a peculiar
variety oi A. selene, which was taken on June 10th, 1910. Its
chief feature is the remarkable shape of its wings, which are
much shorter, broader, and more rounded than in typical
examples, and which caused it to fly in a very striking manner ;

BNTOM.— APRIL, 1914. K

114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

SO much so that when first seen I thought it was some queer
Geometer, and was surprised, after I had netted it, to find out
what it was. Unfortunately, the photograph is rather blurred,
and does not show the markings very clearly. The submarginal
rows of black spots on both wings are much larger than usual,
and those of the hind wings reach the apex of the marginal
black chevrons. The disc is paler and not so heavily marked as
in ordinary specimens. The markings on the under side are
almost similar.

No. 2 is a beautiful variety of A. villica. The first example
of this striking form was taken here more than twenty years
ago. It was discovered by Colonel A. J. H. Ward, D.L., V.D.,
sitting on a bush in his garden ; and he was so struck by its
beauty that he sent and asked me to come and look at it, as he
thought it might be of use to me. Of course I was delighted
when I saw it, and boxed it at once ! Since then I have bred a
few, and nearly always of the same type ; as it seems to be
peculiar to this neighbourhood, I think it deserves a varietal
name, and I have therefore called it wardi in honour of its finder.
There is no need to give a description as the figure is so clear.
It seems to be a very uncommon variety, for I have not bred
many out of the hundreds of larvae I have reared year after year.
In addition to this form, I have bred one or two nice specimens
having the basal spots of upper wings united.

No. 3 is an extremely beautiful and asymmetrical variety,
and was the only variety bred out of some two hundred larvae I
reared last season.

Lee House, Dovercourt, February 7th, 1914.

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.

Anthophorula bruneri (Crawford).
Dallas, Texas, on Helianthus, September 22nd, 1905, four
males (F. C. Bishopp).

Anthophorula morgani, sp. nov.
5 . Length 6 mm. or slightly over; black, closely related to
A. bruneri, but differing thus : smaller (size of male bruneri) ; wings
greyish, nervures and stigma dull dusky reddish (stigma in bruneri is
clear amber) ; hair on inner side of hind basitarsus dark fuscous ;
abdominal hair-bands whiter. The dusky stigma, dark tegulae and
well punctured nieso thorax readily separate it from A. texana (Friese).
The well punctured mesothorax separates it at once from A. coquilletti
(Ashm.). From A. compactula (Ckll.) it is known by the less brightly
coloured fiagellum, the black or piceous tegulae, and the broad,

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES. 115

shining, hardly punctured hind margin of first abdominal segment.
There are three submarginal cells.

Hah. Falfurrias, Texas, on Helianthus, May 18th, 1907
(A. C. Morgan).

Exomalopsis frederici, sp. nov.

(? . Length about 8| mm., expanse 16 ; black, mandibles dark
■ red except at base, tibiae at apex, and the tarsi ferruginous ; hair of
head and thorax long and abundant, shining white on face, cheeks
and under side of thorax, fulvous on head and thorax above, very
bright on anterior half of mesothorax ; flagellum obscure brown
beneath ; vertex shining ; ocelli large, in a scarcely curved line ;
mesothorax closely and distinctly punctured, except on disc posteriorly,
where it is shining and sparsely punctured ; base of metathorax with
strong punctures and small shining spaces ; tegute bright reddish-
amber ; wings clear, dusky at apex, stigma and nervures clear amber-
colour ; stigma large; b. n. going far basad of t. m. ; second s. m.
broad, receiving first r. n. far beyond middle ; legs with pale hair,
fulvous on inner side of tarsi, middle and hind tibiae with dark fuscous
hair on outer side ; hind tibiae thick, biit legs otherwise ordinary ;
abdomen shining, very finely punctured ; hind margins of second and
following segments with entire pale fulvous hair-bands, that on
second narrow and submarginal ; segments before the bands with fine
short hair, only clearly seen in side view, that on second ochreous,
on the others black ; apex of abdomen broadly rounded, ferruginous.

Hab. Mexico (F. Smith coll., 79, 22). British Museum. In
Friese's table of Exomalopsis this runs to E. planiceps, Sm.,
which differs conspicuously in the colour of the pubescence.

The insect looks rather like a small Diadasia. The hind
spur is strongly curved at end.

Coelioxys ardescens, Cockerell.
Guayaquil, Ecuador, one male, one female (v. Buchwald ;
Alfken coll. 6). These are quite identical with the Brazilian
C. ardescens. The female, not before known, is about 13 mm.
long, and resembles the male except in the usual sexual
characters. The last dorsal segment of abdomen is keeled,
and ends obtusely ; the last ventral is rather broad, and is
narrowed, but not distinctly notched, before the end. The
insect reminds one of C. otomita, Cress., from which it differs
especially as follows : — Kidge between antennae high, extending
down to clypeus, which is obtusely elevated in the middle (the
lower edge of clypeus is shallowly emarginate) ; middle of
mesothorax with sparser and smaller punctures ; middle of
apical margin of clypeus much less angulate; last dorsal
segment much broader apically ; last ventral broader, and
rather abruptly narrowed before the end. In Schrottky's table
of Brazilian species this female runs to C. pygidialis, Schrottky,
but differs from it by the absence of a median tooth on scutellum
and a ventral keel on abdomen.

K 2

116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Coelioxys sanguinosus, Cockerell.
Guacimo, Costa Rica, June 21st, 1903, one female (J. C.
Crawford). U.S. National Museum. The last ventral segment
has a well-defined tooth-like apex, whereas the type has only a
nodule, but the specimens are evidently conspecific.

Coelioxys azteca, Cresson.
San Jose, Costa Rica, May 31st, 1903, "on orquetilla," one
female (J. C. Crawford). U.S. National Museum.

Coelioxys texana sonorensis, subsp. nov.
<? . Length about 8§ mm. ; face densely covered with white
hair ; first two joints of antennaB dark red, the others black ; hair on
eyes shorter than in male texana from Wisconsin ; region surround-
ing middle ocellus strongly elevated ; mandibles with a red subapical
spot ; cheeks thinly covered with white hair, more densely below
{texana from Wisconsin has a large bare space, wholly wanting in
sonorensis) ; mesothorax closely and very coarsely punctured ; two
conspicuous spots of creamy hair on anterior margin, and a thinly
hairy triangle between; scutellum densely punctured, the hind
margin with pale hair, and not tuberculate or angular ; tegula clear
bright ferruginous ; first r. n. joining second s. m. at extreme base ;
legs bright clear ferruginous, the tarsi strongly dusky ; spurs clear
red ; abdomen clouded with red at sides and beneath ; apical segment
deeply excavated, with three teeth on each side, but one of them
more or less bifid, no median tooth ; fourth ventral segment with two
red teeth on apical margin, not extending beyond the fringe of white hair.

Rah. San Jose de Guaymas, Mexico, April 10th (L. 0.
Howard). This insect has caused me some perplexity, because,
except for the smaller size, it agrees fairly well with Cresson's
brief account of male texana. It is certainly quite distinct from
the Wisconsin insect which Dr. Graenicher has sent me as
texana ; but Dr. Graenicher's female, which certainly seems to
belong with the male, appears to be veritable texana as described
by Cresson. Dr. Howard's bee has the appearance of a desert
insect, and should be distinct from the Texan species, which
may well range into Wisconsin. Very possibly the new form
represents a distinct species, C. sonorensis, but until it is com-
pared with the type of texana it may be given only subspecific rank.

In my table of male Coelioxys in Canadian ' Entomologist,'
C. sonorensis runs to C. quercina, Ckll., differing by the absence
of a median process at end of abdomen, the rounded (instead of
squarely truncate) hind margin of scutellum, the red colour at
sides of abdomen beneath, and the smaller size. It is allied,
however.

Coelioxys otomita bicarinata, subsp. nov.

? . Exactly like C. otomita, Cresson, except that the clypeus has
on its lower two-fifths a pair of parallel longitudinal ridges, with a
depression between.

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES. 117

Hab. Guayaquil, Ecuador (v. Buchwald ; Alfken coll. 7).
C. leporina, Sky., has a deeply sulcate clypeus, but is very
different from bicarinata. Our insect is in many respects similar
to C. tumorifera, Ckll., based on a male from Peru. There are,
however, many differences ; thus in tumorifera the occipital mar-
gin is a long way from the ocelli, in bicarinata it is close to them.

Coelioxys triodonta, sp. nov.
(? . Length about 10 mm. ; black, with the tegulae, legs, under
side of abdomen (except bases of segments) and extreme sides of
abdomen more or less, all dark ferruginous ; antennae black, the last
two joints ferruginous basally ; mandibles dark red ; face narrow,
densely covered with pale golden hair ; hair on eyes short ; cheeks
with a smooth bevelled space below ; hair of thorax yellowish, no
distinct spots on mesothorax anteriorly ; mesothorax with very large
punctures, well separated on disc posteriorly ; scutellum short,
strongly punctured, but smooth on each side of the delicate median
keel, which leads to a prominent marginal tooth ; axillar spines long,
and nearly straight seen from above ; wings dilute fuscous ; anterior
C0X8B with large red spines ; spurs ■ red ; abdomen shining, the hair-
bands as usual, but weak ; fifth segment with a red spine on each
side; sixth with six large spines, and a very short and small, but
distinct, median one ; fourth ventral segment with two short dark
spines close together ; fifth with a deep oval depression.

Hab. Guayaquil, Ecuador (v. Buchwald ; Alfken coll. 8).
Very similar to G. leucochrijsea, Ckll., also from Guayaquil,
but leucochrysea has the face broader below, hair on eyes shorter
and white (yellow in triodonta), last two antennal joints wholly
black, median tooth of scutellum much less prominent, and
axillar teeth shorter and more curved, no median apical tooth
on abdomen, lower apical spines longer and more parallel. By
the structure of the scutellum, C. triodonta is related to C. beroni,
Sky., but the latter is much larger, and has no median apical
tooth on abdomen.

Coelioxys costaricensis, sp. nov.
2 . Length about 10| mm. ; black, with the mandibles, apex of
labrum, tegulse, mesothorax (except a large posterior triangular area),
outer face of axillae, tubercles, mesopleura, under side of abdomen
and marks on lateral margins (large areas on first segment), all red ;
hair of eyes very short ; mandibles strongly tridentate ; labrum
nearly twice as long as wide, with a deep basal pit ; clypeus convex,
densely rugosopunctate ; no prominent keel between antennae ;
antennae wholly black ; the large punctures of mesothorax well
separated on disc posteriorly ; scutellum strongly punctured, with
a smooth median keel, the hind margin conspicuously angulate, the
end of the keel projecting as a small tooth ; axillar teeth only
moderately long, distinctly curved ; wings dilute fuscous, the apical
margin darker ; anterior coxae with short spines, densely covered
with white hair beneath ; anterior margin of mesothorax with a
narrow band of yellowish hair, but no patches ; hind tarsi with

118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

orange hair on inner side ; spurs red ; middle of abdomen with the
punctures sparse and small, on the fifth segment minute but close, in
abrupt contrast ; hind margins of segments, and edge of basin of
first, with conspicuous but very narrow white hair-bands, but no
other hair-bands or markings; sixth dorsal segment delicately keeled,
gradually narrowed apically, and turned up at extreme tip ; last
ventral rather narrow, with a very apical part, not extending far
beyond dorsal ; sides of last ventral with long but not dense hairs ;
ventral segments with strong white marginal hair-bands ; last ventral
black or nearly, contrasting with the bright red segment before it.

Hab. Guapiles, Costa Rica, June 18th, 1903 (J. C. Crawford).
U.S. National Museum. This species may be compared with
some of those described by Cresson from Mexico, from which it
is readily separable as follows : —
Last dorsal segment abruptly contracted on each side, the

apical part much narrower than the basal . . . chichimeca, Cress.

Last dorsal gradually tapering to apex 1. *

1. Last dorsal turned upward at tip ; last ventral straight

costaricensis, Ckll.
Last dorsal not turned upward at tip ; last ventral strongly

curved downward totonaca, Cress.

C. costaricensis is in many ways similar to the South
American C. qucerens, Holmbg., to which it runs in Holmberg's
table.

Coelioxys luzo7iicus, sp. nov.

(? . Length about 7 mm. ; black, head and thorax above very
densely punctured ; head broader than thorax ; mandibles entirely
black ; hair on eyes short ; face and front with pale golden hair, and
scape beneath with long hair of the same colour ; antennae entirely
black ; mesothorax with even posterior middle excessively densely
punctured ; cheeks covered with white hair, no hairless area below ;
occiput with white hair ; mesothorax with very thin golden-brown
hair, only distinct anteriorly ; pleura, tubercles and sides of meta-
thorax densely covered with pure white hair ; scutellum dull, very
densely rugosopunctate, short, the margin simple, except when looked
at from in front, when two very small obscure nodules appear ;
axillar teeth short ; tegulae black ; wings dilute fuscous throughout ;
b. n. meeting t. m., first r. n. joining second s. m. very near base ;
legs entirely black, with white hair ; hair on inner side of hind tarsi
orange-fulvous ; spurs fuscous ; abdomen shining, strongly but not
densely punctured, the hair-bands pure white ; marginal hair-bands
confined to sides, where they form broad patches, on first segment
sending a very large lobe basad, and a thin line mesad to near the
middle ; subbasal bands developed as small stripes on sides of third
segment, but nearly meeting in middle on fourth and fifth ; sixth
segment very short and broad, with very small lateral basal teeth
(minute ones also on fifth), and six (three pairs) at apex, four above,
and two (longer) below ; ventral segments with broad white hair-
bands, the first with a median patch of hair extending from base to
hind margin, but the margin otherwise bare.

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID^.. 119

Hah. Los Banos, Luzon, Philippine Islands (Baker, 1800).
Closely related to C. capitatus, Sm., from India, and C. sumatrana,
Enderl., from Sumatra. It is known from capitatus by the
absence of spots on the mesothorax anteriorly and the interrupted
abdominal bands ; from sumatrana by the clear white hair of
sides of thorax, and other details of coloration. The male
of C. philippensis, Bingh., is much larger, and has the sixth
segment of abdomen elongated, with the upper apical teeth
(two pairs) very short. It is related to the Indian C. basalts, Sm.

Ceratina tropica, Crawford.
Los Banos, Philippine Islands (Baker, 1787).

Allodape cupulifera, Vachal.
Los Banos, Philippine Islands (Baker, 1788). The female is
only 5 mm. long, with the base of the mandibles dark, and no
lateral face-marks. It can be distinguished from A. vmrginata,
Sm., by its smaller size.

Megachile aurantipe finis, Cockerell.
Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Par, Guatemala, March 24th,
two males (Schwarz & Barber). U.S. National Museum.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
BRITISH BRA.CONID.E. No. I. METEORIDiE.

By G. T Lyle, F.E.S.

(Concluded from p. 77.)

Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesm.). — Probably the commonest
species we have ; it is easily recognized by the pale anterior margin
of the otherwise fuscous stigma, and by the invariably black first
abdominal segment. The metathorax is also generally black,
though I possess a specimen in which it is entirely testaceous.
A most variable species in size and colour ; quite half my
females may be referred to Marshall's var. a; and although I
have seen no males of this form, I have several approaching vars.
P & y. My largest specimen, a female, bred from a larva
of Agrotis (Lycophotia) strigula, measures 11 mm. in expanse,
while the smallest, also a female, bred from a larva of Cerostoma
radiatella, expands only 6 mm. Marshall describes the second
cubital areolet as " slightly narrowed towards the radius," but
in several of my specimens it is considerably so. The larva is
pale green, with the parts of the mouth black and the spiracles
on segments one and two also outlined in black.

A solitary parasite of larvae of Lepidoptera. There are

120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

certainly three and probably four broods in the year, the first
appearing in April and early May, the second in June and July,
the third in August, and the fourth during September and Octo-
ber; the individuals of this fourth brood no doubt deposit their
ova in larvae which hibernate, such as that of A. (L.) strigula,
which I have known to produce the parasite larva so early in the
year as the second week in March.

The cocoon is brown, shining, and pensile (fig. 5).

Bred on very many occasions from March 31st to May 15th,
from larvae of Agrotis (LycopJiotia) strigula, and from June 12th
to July 4th from larvae of Cheimatohia hrumata ; also from larvte of
Thecla quercus, June 30th, 1909 ; Thecla hetida, June 17th, 1912 ;
Poecilocampa pojmli, June 24th, 1910 ; Cilex glaucata, July 20th,
1911 ; Nola ciiculatella, June 29th, 1911 and July 5th, 1911 ;
Eupithecia abhreviata, July 5th, 1911 ; E. nanata, August 15th,
1913 ; Hybernia leucophaaria, July 3rd, 1913 ; Phibalocera quer-
cana, July 26th, 1911, and Cerostoma radiatella, July 9th, 1913.

On July 27th, 1911, I bred a female specimen of the Ichneu-
monid Panargyrops (ereus, and on July 7th, 1909 and July 4th,
1911, examples of Mesochonis crassimamis (Holmg.) from cocoons
of this species, the host in these cases being Cheimatobia brumata.
I have also obtained Mesochonis tetricus as a hyperparasite (April
13th, 1911), the host being A. (L.)' strigula and a Chalchid {Peri-
lampus), rather commonly from cocoons of the second brood ;
the last-named remains within the cocoon through the winter as
a fully-formed imago, and emerges in the following spring. All
these hyperparasites gnaw irregular jagged holes when leaving
the cocoons (fig. 5).

M. niger (Lyle). (Figs. 2 & 3). — This species was brought
forward by me as new in the ' Entomologist ' * for August, 1913,
and further notes appeared in the number for the following
month. It is a common solitary parasite of the larva of Hygro-
chroa {Pericallia) syringaria. I have recently discovered in my
collection a female which was bred from a larva of Ennomos
quercinaria, June 17th, 1911. This insect is lighter than any of
those bred from H. {P.) syringaria, the disc of the thorax and
stigma being fuscous, the second abdominal segment piceous,
and the antennae basally fulvous ; in all other respects it agrees
with the description.

In both sexes the antennae are 25-27-jointed.

M. melanostictus (Capron). — In Trans. Entom. Soc. 1887,
p. 115, Marshall describes this as a new species from five males,
and mentions that the description of the other sex which he
gives was communicated to him by Capron.

Although my specimens agree with these descriptions in
most particulars, they differ in that the wings are distinctly

* Vol. xlvi. pp. 244, 2G6.

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDiE. 121

smoky, especially in the female, with a light mark under the
stigma, the antennae are 29- to 31-jointed in both sexes, and the
recurrent nervure is interstitial in the female as well as in the
male. In spite of these discrepancies, I believe I am right in
referring my insect to this species. Three of Marshall's types
are now in the National Collection, and I much regret that I am
unable at the present to visit the museum and inspect them ;
Morley, however, has very kindly supplied me with their
particulars.

A solitary parasite of the larvae of Lepidoptera ; fairly com-
mon in April and May, and again in the autumn in the neighbour-
hood of fir-trees. I have beaten it from Douglas fir as late in
the year as December 17th, so that possibly it may sometimes
pass the winter as an imago. That this is not always so I have
proved by " forcing " larvae of the host, which, taken in Novem-
ber when quite small, produced the parasite in the following
January.

Morley was the first to record a host for the species, for in
his notes* he mentions that a correspondent sent him a cocoon,
the maker of which had emerged from a pupa of Thera variata.
In this I think Mr. Morley's correspondent must be in error, for,
as regards the very considerable number of specimens bred by
me, in every case the parasite has emerged from the larva of its
host and spun the usual pendulous cocoon, which seems to be
almost identical with that of M. scutellator, though perhaps
rather lighter in colour (fig. 5).

I have obtained this species many times between April 4th
and May 30th, from larvae of the first brood of Thera variata, and
from September 2nd to 29th from larvae of the second brood of
the same insect. Most of my specimens have, I believe, been
bred from larvae of the true T. variata (Schiff.), though I am
certain that some are from T. obeliscata (Hub.).t One cocoon
of this species produced the hyperparasite Mesochorus crassi-
manus, September 13th, 1913.

M. scutellator i^^ees). — A well-marked species, though variable
in colour, &c. The scutellum would seem to be always rufo-
testaceous, and the metathorax carinated. All my specimens
have the hind tibiae ringed with fuscous near the base. Marshall
mentions that the second cubital cell is scarcely narrowed
towards the radius ; although this is usually so, I possess speci-
mens in which it is distinctly narrowed, and others in which it
is actually wider at the radius.

Fairly common ; a soHtary parasite of the larvae of Lepido-
ptera. The cocoon is similar to that of M. pulchricornis, but
larger. From twenty-four to twenty-seven days elapse between

■■•= ' Entomologist,' vol. xli. p. 149.

f See Prout in ' Entomologist,' vol. xlv. p. 241.

122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the emergence of the parasite larva from its host and the
appearance of the imago, at any rate in the spring brood.

Bred by me from larvae of Tripluena {Agrotis) fimbria, April
29th, 1909, April 23rd, 1912, and other dates; Agrotis .{Lyco-
photia) strigula, April 13th, 1911 ; Noctua (Segetia) xantJio-
graijJui, April 20th, 1911, April 11th, 1911, and other dates;
Triphcena {Agrotis) pronuba, April 7th, 1911, April 13th, 1912;
and from a cocoon beaten from oak, June 16th, 1911.

More than one writer has mentioned that a permanently
testaceous variety exists of some species of Meteorus, and after
examining several specimens, and comparing them with the
original description, I have come to the conclusion that
M. unicolor (Wesm.) is merely a testaceous variety of
M. scutellator.*

M. versicolor (Wesm.). — Considerable confusion seems to
have arisen concerning this species. Wesmael mentions having
bred it gregariously at Charleroy, from a larva of Bombyx
cassinea (Fab.), the cocoons being brown, and connected by a few
threads of silk ; he also states that the terebra is equal in length
to the abdomen. In the specimens since recorded, the length of
the terebra is given as only half the abdomen, so that even allow-
ing for the fact that Wesmael sometimes rather exaggerated
the length of this organ, one can hardly suppose that he would
double it. Again, all recent specimens are mentioned as being
solitary parasites making pendulous cocoons.

It would therefore seem possible that we are wrong in
referring the insects mentioned below to M. versicolor, as I am
convinced we should be wrong in so referring the light forms
mentioned by Marshall (var. bimaculatus) .

On May 7th, 1912, I bred an example of Marshall's var.
j3 from a cocoon which fell into my tray while beating young
birch-trees for larvae of Geometra papilionaria. Bignell records
the breeding of a similar specimen from a larva of G. papilio-
naria, June 7th, 1883.

The cocoon is pendulous, shining, and much darker than
that of any other Meteorus with which I am acquainted.

M. bimaculatus (Wesm.). — Although Marshall considered this
to be merely a variety of M. versicolor, I feel sure, after referring
to the original descriptions and examining a large number of
specimens, that it is a distinct species. M. bimaculatus has the
wings somewhat infumated, especially in the male, and the base
of the petiole and first abdominal segment are never white,
though the former is pale. In Wesmael's description of the
female, the two dark spots on the first abdominal segment are
mentioned as being triangular and elongate ; it would perhaps

=!= Since writing the above I have been much interested to find that
Thomson advanced this view; see ' Opiiscula Entomologica,' ii. p. 112.

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDiE. 123

be more correct to say that the segment is centrally narrowly
testaceous.

As the male does not appear to have been noticed before, I
subjoin the following description from ten specimens in my
collection : —

Mesothorax testaceous, or fuscous, with the disc testaceous,
scutelluin testaceous, metathorax black (fuscous in pale specimens),
rugose ; abdomen piceous with the second segment and base of the
third testaceous, the second often fuscous at the sides, petiole basally
pale, first segment striated, tracheal groves obsolete, tubercles
apparent ; legs testaceous, all the tarsi fuscous, posterior coxae and
femora at apex fuscous, posterior tibae fuscous, basally pale, all the
claws dark ; head scarcely as wide as the thorax, occiput fuscous (in
pale specimens testaceous), orbits, clypeus, and cheeks testaceous, face
fuscous, palpi pale, antennae setaceous, slightly longer than the body,
fuscous, 30-33-jointed, usually 32 ; wings infumated, stigma and
nervures fuscous, recurrent nervure interstitial or subinterstitial,
second cubital areolet slightly narrowed towards the radius ; length
4| mm. to 6 mm., expands 8 mm. to 10 mm.

In the female the antennas are about equal in length to the
body, 30-33 jointed.

Var. female. First abdominal segment dark fulvous without
noticeable dark triangular patches at the sides = M. decoloratus
(Ptuthe).

A solitary parasite of larvse of Lepidoptera ; it varies
greatly in size. I have a female, bred from a larva of
Brachionycha {Asteroscojms) sphinx, June 28th, 1911, which
expands no less than 11|^ mm.

The cocoon is pendulous, shining, and of a rather rich brown
colour, though not nearly so dark as that of M. versicolor. Two
specimens which I must refer to this species, bred from larvae of
Nola ciiculatella, made cocoons of a paler colour, similar to those
of M. pulchricornis. From six to fourteen days in the cocoon.
Among other dates I have bred it from larvae of Macrothylacia
rubi, August 1st, 1911 ; Nola ciiculatella, June 21st, 1911 ;
Anarta myrtilli , August 5th, 1911 ; Ematurga atomaria, July 30th,
1911; Cheimatobia hrumata, June 19th to 27th, 1911, and Agrotis
agathina (Sand banks, Poole), June 23rd to 30th, 1913.

From a single cocoon of this species I bred on August 17th,
1911, some thirty or forty small hyperparasites. Dr. R. C. L.
Perkins, to whom I submitted them, has been most kind in
working them out, and says {in litt. January 15th, 1914) : " The
very minute species is certainly Closteroceriis (Westwood), but
the wings are not marked in black as in all described species
known to me. It is quite likely that species with similar wings
have been wrongly described in Entedon or Eulophus, as the
marked wings have been considered a generic character. The
antenna is that of a true Closterocerns."

124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

M. filator (Hal.). — Appears to be common, though I have
only once taken it in the New Forest, on November 15th, 1910,
when a female was beaten from holly. Generally found in the
autumn, and is said to be a parasite of larvae which feed in the
fungus Polyphorus versicolor.

M.fragilis (Wesm.). Fig. 4. — A delicate species with long,
slender antennae and legs ; the second abdominal segment is flavo-
testaceous, with two black spots on the disc; these spots seem
to be quite constant, and are a great help in identifying the
species.

A solitary parasite of small larvae of Lepidoptera. The
cocoon is pensile, somewhat similar to that of M. pulchricornis,
though rather more elongate and brighter brown in colour,
5-6 mm. in length. From the time the parasite larva leaves
the host to the emergence of the imago from the cocoon, a period
of from eight to thirteen days elapses. Bred frequently from
small larvae of Hylophila hicolorana, September 8th to 12th, and
also once from the same host on May 9th, so that probably both
spring and autumn broods prey on this larva. Also bred from
larvae of Nola cuculatella, June 17th, 1912, and June 19th, 1912.

M. luridus (Wesm.). — This is a gregarious parasite of the
larvae of Lepidoptera. The parasites leave the host and form
their cocoons within the underground chamber constructed by
the host for the purpose of pupation, though sometimes in
captivity the cocoons are to be found scattered on the surface of
the earth, or in bunches connected by a few threads. This may,
of course, happen in a state of nature, but I do not think it
usual. The cocoons are heaped together and are fusiform,
brown, with a lighter spot at the smaller end, not shining, and '
covered with a thin web of filaments, as mentioned by Marshall,
4|^ mm. to 5|- mm. in length. Fourteen days or so generally
elapse between the emergence of the parasite larvae from the
host and the appearance of the imagines.

When courting, the male of this species follows the female
with rapidly vibrating wings, repeatedly tapping the apices of
her wings, which she keeps folded, with his mandibles.

I have obtained many broods, the largest consisting of thirty-
two individuals, the smallest of four, and also once bred it as a
solitary parasite. Females appear to predominate, for in-
stance : — Twenty-six females, six males ; fourteen females, four
males; twenty-three, all females; seven, all females. I have,
however, one brood of ten, all males.

Commonly parasitic on the larvae of Aplecta (Mamcstra)
nehulosa, often quite thirty per cent, of these larvae succumbing,
yet larvae of other Nocture, similar in size, collected at the same
time, often from the same bushes, have not been affected. From
this host I bred it on May 24th, 1908, broods of thirty-two
and twenty-four; May 25th, 1908 (nineteen), June 2nd, 1908

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID^. 125

(twenty-one), and many other times. Clutten has also bred it
from the same host taken at Burnley. Bred from larvae of
Tceniocanipa stabilis, July 7th, 1911 (eight), July 23th, 1911
(eight), July 26th, 1911 (seven), and many other dates, from
larva of Graptolitha (Xylina) ornithopus, July 24th, 1911 (four).
On May 6th, 1909, I bred a single male from a small larva of
TriphcBna fimbria ; in this case the cocoon was suspended by a
thread an inch or so long from the roof of a breeding cage ; the
larva had not reversed its position, as is usual with those
Meteoridse which construct pendulous cocoons, so that the imago
emerged from the uppermost end of the cocoon. I think that
the unusual position of this cocoon was probably merely an
accident, through the host being on the roof of the cage when
the parasite larva emerged, and not at all likely to be of common
occurrence. Like Marshall I have never met with any of the
dark vars. described by Euthe, and am inclined to believe that
they may be referred to M. leviventris. The two species are
certainly very close, though in M. leviventris the first abcissa of
the radius is as long as the second, while in M. luridus it is
considerably shorter. All my specimens of M. luridus are
uniformly pale.

M. leviventris (Wesm.). — Very similar to M. luridus but
differing in colour, being much darker. A gregarious parasite
of the larvse of Lepidoptera, said to be common.

The cocoons are fusiform, brown, rather woolly with a lighter
spot at the smaller extremity, 4|^-5 mm. in length (fig. 9). I
can detect little or no difference between them and those made
by M. luridus, though possibly they may be rather darker and
slightly smaller. Morley described the cocoon as *' cylindrical,
dirty white, much more woolly at the anal half and only
3|- mm. in length." I have seen the cocoon from which he took
this description, and although it is certainly of this species, it is
dilapidated, undersized, much rubbed, and accordingly mis-
leading. The larva is elongate, attenuate at both extremities,
cream coloured, with the parts of the mouth outlined in brown,
also a brown ring on either side of the first segment above ; as
might be supposed, it is very similar to the larva of M. luridus.
The larvse leave their host when the latter has prepared to pupate,
so that the cocoons are to be found underground.

Bred from larvse of Triphcena pronuba, November 3rd, 1913
(twenty-one), November 4th, 1913 (seventeen; ten males and
seven females), and November 9th, 1913 (sixteen; seven males
and six females, three failed to emerge).

I am not aware that a host for this species has been hitherto
recorded.

126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.

By H. Rowland- Bkown, M.A., F.E.S.

(Concluded from p. 91.)

Unquestionably the best collecting ground near Larche is to
be sought in the mountains east of and above the Col ; and it
was here that I took the majority of the butterflies brought
home, and included in the following list : —

Hespeeiid^. — Carcharochis althecs ; not uncommon ; lateral
valleys of the Col de Larche ; quite fresh.

Hesperia carthami. — A few taken ; rather small.

H. alveus. — Flying with others of the group in the higher
valleys ; small as compared with examples from the Pyrenees.
Var. ryjfelensis Obthr. ; not uncommon, and in fine condition,
Val. d'Ornaye, but never below 7000 ft. Distinguished by the small-
ness of the white spots on the fore wing.

H. bellieri, Obthr. — The largest of the Hesperiids met with.''- Flies
at the same altitudes as H. alveus and its var.

With regard to this difficult group of Hesperia, which, thanks to
students of structure and bionomy on both sides of the Channel, is
now less of a tangle even as regards the nomenclature. Guillemot
contents himself {loc. cit. p. 33) with the remark : " Nous avons
pris une certaine quantite d'autres syrichthus, qui viendraient sans
doute se ranger dans les nombreuses 6speces crees il y a pen d'annees
aux depends de fritillum ; mais je ne m'aventurerai pas a donner ici
une liste de noms."

In fact, he only mentions H. serratulcB, common in most of the
localities visited ; a fine bright form, " parce qu'elle est tr6s distincte
a I'etat parfait, et qu'il est impossible de la confondre " — though, I
fancy, some of us find the lowland form of this species none too
easy to deal with.

H. carlincB. — Fairly common at high altitudes ; just emerging.
But I have not detected H. fritillum; Hb. (= cirsii, Embr.), among
my Larche Skippers.

H. cacalicB. — Bellier speaks of this as much rarer, and only
occurring in the mountains about Barcelonnette. I did not come
across it myself, but I saw a recently captured specimen or two from
the Val de Lauzanier in Mr. Morris's boxes.

Pyrgus $ao. — Generally distributed, and with the deep crimson-
lake colouring of the under side usual to high Pyrenean forms.

Thymelicus lineola. — Common in the pastures and on rough her-
bage by the roadsides.

* In the 'Entomologist' (vol. xlvi. p. 11) I stated my belief that this
butterfly would also turn out to be a separate species. I have not had long
to wait for a confirmation of its specific identity by M. Oberthiir and Dr.
Eeverdin. The Hesperiid flying at much the same level near the Lac
d' Alios I should suggest as intermediate between var. foulquieri and the
type, as I conceive it, bellieri.

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 127

Lycjenid^. — Chrysophanus virgaurecs. — Males only out.

C. hippotlwe, var. euryhia. — Males over; isolated females in all
states, from freshly emerged to mere " rags of quality," chiefly the latter.

C. dorilis, var. subalpina. — Kare.

C. phlcBas. — Very rare ; probably between the two generations (?)
at this altitude.

{Lyccena alcon. — Mr. Morris and Mr. Tucker had fine series of
this butterfly from the neighbourhood of Barcelonnette. Not met
with by me.)

Cupido minimus. — Nearly over.

Nomiades semiargus. — Very occasionally.

Agriades damon. — The commonest " Blue" round Larche, and in
pastures by the river on the Lauzanier route ; females predominant,
with several ab. maculata, Eeverdin.

A. corydon. — Scarce; males only here and there.

A. hylas, A. escheri. — Not common.

Polyommatus icarus, P. eros. — Generally common from the village
to the Col, and on both sides of the Ubayette. Females by no means
scarce. A large form compared with the Swiss.

P. medon. — Quite common.

P. orbitulus. — Seemed to be very rare ; one or two only at the
highest levels explored (8000-8500 ft.).

P. pheretes. — Locally common. The females taken by me in the
Ornaye valley, and the mountains generally to the south-east of
Larche, are so distinctive in appearance, when placed side by side
with examples from other alpine localities, as almost to constitute a
variety. The ground colour of all the wings on the upper side is
black ; not dark or cinnamon brown, as in those of my collection
from Switzerland, the Brenner, Stelvio, &c. But the most marked
feature is the discoidal spot on the fore wings, usually obsolescent or
insignificant in size and black in colour. Here it is large, and of the
same lovely azure hue as of the wings of the male ; while the basal
area of all four wings on the upper side is also heavily scaled with
blue of the same depth and brilliancy ; this latter character absent
in many, but not all of the Swiss and Eastern Alps forms of my
acquaintance. I propose, then, for this Larche form, if not already
named, the name azurica, new ab., female. The female Lycaenids,
as in the case of damon cited above, show a regional tendency to
develop blue spots on the upper side of the wings.

(P. optilete, taken by Guillemot on the slopes which reach down
to the Lac de la Madeleine, and one of the rarest of the group in the
French Alps, I did not encounter.)

Pleheius argyrognomon. — Not common. Females of the brown type,

P. argus. — Common, but both sexes getting rather passes.

I observed no Theclids at Larche, and 1 see that Guillemot failed
to do so.

Papilionid^. — Papilio machaon. — A single fresh male in the Val
d'Ornaye at about 8000 ft.

Parnassius apollo. — Not at the higher levels. Fairly common
below Larche.

P. delius. — From the upper Ubayette valley to about 8500 ft., in
the Val d'Ornaye. Fairly common ; males only observed or captured.

128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pieris brassiccB, P. rapcB. — Both rare.

Colias phicomone. — The commonest Colias. — C. edusa, C. hyale.

Nymphalid^. — Argynnis aglaia. — Common.

A. niobe. — Less so. I do not remember seeing A. adippe, nor
does Guillemot record it.

Issoria lathonia. — Common, especially just outside the village
towards the Col.

Brentliis pales. — At sufficient altitudes ; but the commoner was
undoubtedly B. arsilache, of which I took a lovely blanched female
aberration in the Val d'Ornaye, a few minutes' walk from the main
road. In this example the rufous ground of the upper side of the
fore wings has entirely disappeared, and the ground colour is creamy-
white { = prhmda, new ab.). The same peculiarity is observable on
the hind wings, but the failure of colour less pronounced. At a dis-
tance the butterfly rather suggested a female C. phicomone, but the
different flight, sluggish and hesitating, fortunately caused me to
make a closer inspection. A tendency to albinism was decidedly
noticeable in the Larche females of arsilache. Of pales, Guillemot
speaks of the var. napcea — the familiar violet-shot female form — at
Godessart ; and I took two of this variety in the Val d'Ornaye,
among others typical.

[Melitcea cynthia. — Eeported from the Pain de Sucre, and one at
Malmorte by Guillemot, not observed at Larche ; nor M. aurinia
var. merope, which may have been over.)

M. varia. — Occasionally.

Pyrameis cardui. — Eare.

Aglais urticce. — Just emerging, and brightly coloured.

Pararge mcera. — On the wane.

Epinephele jurtina. — Not common.

E. lycaon. — Less rare, and in good order.

Coenonympha iphis. — Common in all the meadows — Val d'Ornaye,
Val de Lauzanier, &c.

C. pamphilus. — Some of the females very large, the size of average
G. tiphon.

C. darwiniana. — Eare.

Erebia epiphron. — -Many of the males and females examined were
much nearer to the type than to var. cassiope ; but none of the
females show white-pupilled ocellation. Not common.

E. mnestra. — Well distributed ; var. gorgophone, Col de Larche.

E. alecto, var. duponcheli, Obthr. { = pluto Esp. ?). — Not un-
common at about 8000 ft. No typical alecto, or var. glacialis observed.

E. ceto. — One female in the grass where the stream crosses the
path up the Val d'Ornaye.

E. stygne. — Over.

E. scipio. — One male only taken, on the 26th, flying with
numerous other Erebias in the Val d'Ornaye below the " alecto "
line. Although I worked this place three or four times subsequently,
I did not meet with another, and I expect the species was only just
coming out. It is stated by Guillemot to occur on the rocky slopes
below the last pastures of Ozglosse, and on the left bank of the
Ubayette above the junction of that river with the Ubaye.

DORSET HYMENOPTERA. 129

E. etiryale. — Here and there flitting over alder bushes, just above
the village.

E. goante. — Common in the same localities, but going much
further up, and even flying over the skrees.

E. gorge, with E. alecto, var. duponcheli, and occasionally of the
ab. eiynnys.

E. tyndarus. — Not so common as usual ; all of the var. cassioides.

E. lappona. — Common, but wasted, even high up.

January, 1914.

DOESET HYMENOPTERA.
By F. H. Haines, D.P.H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

The following are some of the less generally recorded
Aeuleates, noted by me, in this neighbourhood of heath, wood,
and down : —

Formica sanguinea, Latr., Parley heath ; Ponera contracta,
Latr., two workers, May 23rd, 1913, West Lulworth clififs ;
Myrmica sulcinodis, Nyl., one female, September 9th, 1913,
Ringstead. Mutilla europcsa, L., not infrequent on the heaths.
In 1911 I took a fine female as early as May 27tb at Morden,
and in 1908 I took a female at Moreton on May 29th. My
latest date is October 7th, 1912 — a rather large male, on West
Knighton heath. At Arne, on August 25th, 1913, I found a
nest of Bomhus jonellus, Kirb., in a disquieted state, attributed
by me to a high tide having reached it. Noting that only
workers were to be seen, I carried a portion — only 4| in. in
circumference— home. From both larger and smaller cocoons
M. europcea emerged through round, jagged holes : thirteen
females between August 29th and September 5th, four males
between August 29th and September 10th, but no B. jonellus.
I still have the fragment under observation. Methoca ichneii-
monides, Latr., one female, September 11th, 1910, on Godlingston
heath; Pompilus unicolor, Spin., one female, September 3rd
1910, Arne ; Saliiis affinis, V. de Lind., two females, July 27th
1912, on West Knighton heath, and one female, August 3rd
1912, on Studland heath ; Ceropales maculatus, F., common in
August, on Angelica; Stigmus solskyi, Mor. ; Passahecus cor
niger, Shuck. ; Mimesa equestris, F., commoner than M. hicolor
Jur., July, on Heracleum ; Gorytes canipestris, L. ; G. quadri
fasciatus, F. ; G. laticinctus, Lep., one female, Moreton, July 12th
1910, one female June 22nd, 1912, and one female and three
males in July, 1912, on Q^nanthe and Heracleum ; Nysso7i inter
ruptus, F., end of May and June, on Anthriscus and Chcero
phylluin ; Mellinus subulosus, ¥., Cerceris 5-fasciata, h. I have
two specimens of an Oxyhelus, quite similar to the common
0. uniglimiis, L., but with pale mandibles ; I think only a
variety of it. Crabro tibialis, F. ; C. capitosus, Shuck. ; C. sig-

ENTOM. — APRIL, 1914. L

130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

natus, Panz., one specimen ; C. vagus, L., a block of rotten
wood, containing pupse of this very common insect, seen on
November 14th, 1911, produced imagines towards the end of the
following June. The cells appeared, from the debris, to have
been stored with Lucilius casar, L., and two other species of
MuscidcB, but I cannot retrieve my note on the point. C. litura-
tiis, Panz., on Heracleum, common in one spot, in a wood ;
C. \nterruptus, De Geer, one female, July 31st, 1913, Upper
Bockhampton ; Odynerus Icevipes, Shuck., one male, June 11th,
1913, Coombe wood; 0. /lemc/iii, Saussure {hasalis, Sm.), one
female, July 24th, 1912. On July 12th, 1913, I found a large
colony on a limited stretch of sandy hollow on a heath, visiting
Erica, and took both sexes. One female taken was, apparently,
just entering her burrow with a small green lepidopterous larva
(unfortunately lost before full examination) in her mandibles.
I had not time to dig out the cells. The hole was on a flat bare
spot. No other burrows were seen in proximity, despite gregarious
habits common to other species of Odynerus. On July 21st
there were but one or two examples about. I took one female
0. pictus, Curt, ; O. sinuatus, F. ; Eumenes coarctata, L., common
on the heaths ; Colletes succinctus, L. I have a specimen with
only two submarginal cells in its wings, otherwise normal.
Prosnpis confusa, Nyl. ; Sphecodes reticulosus, Thoms., one female,
July 12th, 1910, Moreton ; one female, June 2nd, 1913, East
Stoke; S. variegatus, v. Hag. ; Halictiis praunus, Sm. ; Andrena
pilipes, F. ; A. bimaculata, Kirb., one female, August 1st, 1912;
A. roscB, Panz. (v. spinigera, Sm.) ; A. apicata, Sm., one female,
April 17th, 1911, in a wood; A. prcecox, Scop.; A. fuscipes,
Kirb., common on the heaths; A. hattorfiana, Fab.; A. cetii,
Schr,, common on Scabiosa in July, August, and September;
A. chrysosceles, Kirb. ; A. analis, Panz. ; seems rather peculiarly
liable to abnormal venation. In a short series a male (on one
side) and two females (on both sides) show but two submarginal
cells. A. argentata, Sm., Studland heath; A. dorsata, Kirb.;
A. siynilis, Sm. ; Macropis labiata, F., not uncommon on Lysi-
niachia in July and August ; Cilissa hcemorrhoidalis, F. ; C. lepo-
rina, Panz. ; Panurgus calcaratus, Scop., common ; P. ursinus,
Gmel., very common ; Noinada roberjeotiana, Panz. ; N. bifida,
Thorns., very common; N. borealis, Zett., not uncommon;
Epeolus rufipes, Thoms. ; delioxys quadridentata, L. ; C. acmni-
nata, Nyl. ; Megachile circumcincta, Lep. ; M. ligjiiseca, Kirb. ;
M. versicolor, Sm., four females, earliest June 16th, 1912, latest
August 25th, 1913 ; Osmia pilicornis, Sm. ; 0. aurulenta, Panz.,
common on Ajuga in May; 0. bicolor, Schk. ; 0. leucomelana,
Kirb., one male; 0. spinidosa, Kirb.; Melecta luctuosa, Scop.;
Podalirius retusus, L. ; P. fiircatus, Panz., common, fond of
Stachys sylvatica.

Brookside, Wiufrith, Dorset : February 24th, 1914.

131

NOTES AND OBSEKVATIONS.

Query respecting Plusia chryson (orichalcea). — Does " ori-
chalcea " ever pupate in the autumn ? Last October I beat two
large and unmistakably Plusiid larvse on E. cannahinum in the
locality where I expected to find orichalcea, and to my surprise both
went down in late October. I cannot believe that they are P. gamma
or P. chrysitis. — Charles Mellows; The College, Bishop's Stortford.

Dermatobia in Guatemala. — In February, 1912, at Quirigua,
Guatemala, my wife heard an Indian screaming with pain, and found
that there was a dipterous larva under the skin of his arm. The
larva was extracted, and I find that it agrees exactly with descrip-
tions and figures of Dermatobia, especially fig. 11, a, in ' Insect Life,'
September, 1888, p. 80. Authors have referred to two species of
Dermatobia, but Blanchard (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ixv., 1896) goes
into the matter at great length, and shows that the records all
apparently refer to a single species, D. cyaniventris (Macq.). —

T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Stomoxys at a High Altitude. — On August 28th, 1913, I
collected Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in a cabin at timber-line, 11,200-
11,300 ft., on the Long's Peak trail, Colorado. At same time and
place I also obtained Phormia terrce-novce (Mcq.), Musca clomestica,
L., and Allograpta obliqua, Say. — T. D. A. Cockerell.

Eetarded Emergence of Pararge egeria. — With reference to
Major Robertson's interesting notes in the March number of the
' Entomologist,' I have been looking up my diary, and find that,
whilst pupae digging under an elm on October 9th, 1909, I found a
charming green pupa suspended to a grass stem. Feeling satisfied
that it was rather unusual to find such a pupa during the winter
months, I watched it very carefully through the following months,
and was very surprised to see a fine male specimen of P. egeria had
emerged on May 1st, 1910. — W. W. Macmillan; Woodville, Castle
Gary, Somerset, March 9th, 1914.

Tropical Grasshoppers (Phaneropterid^) in England. — A
pair of grasshoppers taken alive in a hothouse near Felixstowe were
sent me in December by a correspondent. Some orchids from India
had recently been placed there. The insects belong to the Phanero-
pteridae, but ai'e not of the genus Phaneroptera. They lack the spine
on the anterior coxaB, and are larger than either falcata or quadri-
punctata. The male has a beautiful reddish-brown border to the
elytra, wing-tips, and centre of pronotum. The female is much
larger and of a brilliant green, including the wing-tips. I have
requested my correspondent to watch for nymphs later in case the
pair bred. — C. W. Bracken ; 5, Carfax Terrace, Plymouth.

A Variety of Pyralis costalis. — In July, 1906, 1 took, at sugar,
a very remarkable variety of this pretty little species. The bright
rosy grey of the wings is replaced by deep maroon, or plum colour,
there are no signs of any transverse lines across the fore wings, and

132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the large yellow spots upon the costa are represented by a minute
dull yellow spot near the apex ; the fringes are dull orange, tinged
with pink, instead of the clear yellow of typical specimens. I propose
unipunctalis as a varietal name for this striking form. It is a very
common species here, and I have often seen it swarming at sugar on
old pollard willow trees. — Gervase F. Mathew ; Lee House, Dover-
court, Essex, February 24th, 1914.

Some Varieties of Gonodontis bidentata. — In the early
summer of 1911 Commander Gwatkin-Williams, K.N., sent me some
ova of bidentata from County Cork, and I placed them in a large
sleeve over the branch of an ash tree in my garden. In due course
the larvae hatched, fed up, and pupated. The following spring a
number of moths emerged ; these were a very varied lot, hardly one
of them being typical, and there were some very beautiful forms
among them, the following being the most conspicuous : — (1) A pale
straw colour, something the shade of Crocalis elinguaria, with very
faint transverse lines, the discoidal spots very small, and all the wings
sparsely dusted with very minute brownish atoms. A very beautiful
variety. (2) Somewhat similar to the above but slightly darker —
biscuit colour would perhaps best describe it ; the transverse lines
and discoidal spots more distinct, and the irrorations more pro-
nounced. (3) This is much the same colour, but of a slightly richer
tone, and with the transverse lines and discal spots very distinct.
(4) Pale ochreous, transverse lines and discal spots rather faint;
irrorations very distinct, and grouped in patches towards the outer
margin of fore wings. (5) Golden-brown, transverse lines rather
distinct, and in one or two specimens outwardly edged with white ;
irrorations obsolete. (6) Warm brown, transverse lines somewhat
faint, the outer one dotted with white spots ; irrorations indistinct. —
Gervase F. Mathew ; March 9th, 1914.

Butterfly Collecting in Sicily and Calabria in 1912 and
1913. — It is a truism that the weather often makes or mars the
success of an excursion in search of butterflies, and my recollections
of a visit to Sicily in 1912, where I spent the month of April, chiefly
comprise high winds, dust, and torrents of rain. Contrary to my
usual experience I left England bathed in sunshine, and on the
railway banks between Modane and Turin I saw several specimens
of Euchloe euphenoides flying about gently (March 29th), and during
a compulsory stop of six hours at Eome I watched females of Pieris
rapcR depositing their eggs on the herbage in the grounds of the
Villa Borghese (March 30th), but south of Naples clouds hid the'
sun, and in Sicily (March 31st) rain and wind held sway. My
record of the weather for the month of April is nine wet days, nine
showery or dull days, six bright sunny days, and six days with
occasional sunshine. To be detained indoors by rain or wind was
very provoking, at a time too when the newpapers brought news of
sunshine in England. On April 5th I took train via Catania to
Eandazzo at the back of Mount Etna for the week-end, but my visit
was a failure, as clouds hid the summit of the volcano. On former
visits I have found a great scarcity of larvae, the plants showing no
signs of having been eaten, but this season the patches of nettles

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 133

were black with larvae of Vanessa urticce, perhaps the effects of a
migration, and nests of larvae of the Sicilian Lackey Moth. Clisio-
campa franconica were very numerous, there were thousands of
larvae almost ready to scatter. (Is this a biennial? it was common
in 1910 at Messina.) On April 9th the sun succeeded in making its
appearance in the forenoon, and at once butterflies appeared in every
direction, all in lovely condition. They included Thais piolyxena,
Euchloe daynone, and of course cardamines and blues and whites.
Unfortunately the sunshine lasted little over an hour, and was
followed by clouds and a gale of wind, which quickly transformed
the roads into a cloud of dust and ashes. Next day the gale
continued, so I started back to Messina by the Circum-Etna
Eailway. Eight miles from Eandazzo, near the village of Sollichiata,
the eruption of Mount Etna in 1911 had destroyed the i-ailway track
for about half a mile, and passengers had to detrain at Sollichiata,
and walk over the lava stream of still heated ashes, and on to the
next station — Castiglione — a distance of two and a half miles. With
true Sicilian dilatoriness, no provision had then been made to fit in
trains, and ours being an hour late, we found that the forenoon train
had departed, and we had six hours to wait for the next train.
(Later this was remedied.) Fortunately the wind was at our backs,
and the road all down hill, so I decided to walk to the nearest
station on the main line — Fiumefreddo, Sicilia — some ten or a dozen
miles, and was fortunate just to catch a train. What with the
reddish dust of the roads and the black ashes of the lava stream, I
had the appearance of a Eed Indian, and I felt no desire to visit the
Sahara.

Showery weather and the scirocco kept me indoors at Messina
until April 14th, when a sunny morning tempted me up the nearest
torrent-bed to the Cataract (Cattarati), a fine sight after the rain. I
followed the gorge to the top of the hill (3000 ft.) and returned
through the pine wood (the Bosco) and down the adjoining torrent-
bed (Cammari). Butterflies were scarce after the rain, but those
taken were in excellent condition, and included Euchloe ausonia and
cardamines. The lovely views from the hill and in the rocky gorges
made ample amends for the fatigue of the journey.

My favourite short walk near Messina is to Gravitelli, where
there is a rocky gorge that rivals the dripping well at Knares-
borough, and the Emperor butterfly Charaxes jasius is sometimes
common on the slopes in June. On April 16th and 19th I searched
the Arbutus bushes close to a solitary pine tree that dominates the
gorge, and obtained four larvae ; apparently the larva spins a white
silken web on the upper side of a leaf, either for hibernation or at its
last moult. Larvae of Lasiocampa (Bombyx) quercus like to sun
themselves on the same plant, and in the gorge Vanessa egea flies
rapidly ; I caught one good specimen, and Leucophasia sinapis was
very plentiful.

With improved weather, I ventured to repeat my week-end visit
to Eandazzo, stopping during Sunday at Taormina, the most lovely
health resort of Sicily. Once more luck was against me, and the
grand view of Mount Etna from the Greek theatre at Taormina was
denied us, and in its place was nothing but mist. I stopped three

134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

days at Eandazzo, and on April 23rd I had one hour's sunshine and
secured three male and three female davione. Rain followed and I
left on the 25th, with Mount Etna still hidden by clouds.

Still another week-end without any luck. The feast of St. Joseph
provided an opportunity to cross the Straits and visit Scylla in
Calabria with my son. The early morning was promising, and at
6 a.m. we were climbing the steep hill (2000 ft.) leading from Scylla
to a plateau above, where Melanargia arge has its haunts. Before
we reached the top, a quite unexpected cloud covered the hill and
rain fell in bucketfuls. Fortunately we had umbrellas, but our boots
were soaked through and we had much difficulty in negotiating
various seams of clay, sometimes of a brilliant red, that we came
across. Eventually we obtained shelter under a shed and waited.
Later in the day we made a steep descent over slippery limestone
rock to the nearest villago of San Roberto, where the people were
keeping the festa in orthodox fashion, with a band to play dance
music, to which the young men danced, generally two at a time,
followed by the young women by themselves and then the little
girls. The "festa offerings" to be obtained were of the cheapest and
commonest kind, but it was interesting to see how the natives enjoy
themselves at such a trifling cost.

My ill-luck in April stuck to me until the 30th, when I walked
up to Gravitelli, and heavy rain sent me back home at once. — J. Platt
Barrett ; Westcroft, South Road, Forest Hill, S.E.

(To be continued.)

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
SociET^Y.— February 12th, 1914.- -Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., President,
in the chair. — Mr. B. Williams, of East Finchley, and Professor
Meldola, F.R.S., were elected members. — Mr. H. Rowland-Brown dis-
cussed the matter of Nature Reserves, and appealed for further
financial aid and suggestions for the care of these areas. — Rev. G.
"Wheeler read a paper on "The Genus Melitcsa," and exhibited many
European species. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited his collection of the
American species of the genus Melitcsa with species of the allied
genus Phyciodes. — Mr. Curwen, specimens of most European species
of Melitcea. — Mr. J. Platt Barrett, series of Sicilian M. athalia and
M. didyma. — Mr. Edward, species of Phyciodes and Goatlantona,
from South and Central America.

February 26th. — The President in the chair. — There was a special
exhibition of lantern-slides by members. — Mr. Tonge, various details
of lepidopterous life-histories. — Mr. C. W. Williams, organisms
obtained by using the Berlese apparatus, and details of Goniopteryx
and Aleyroides, &c. — Mr. West, various species of Collembola, &c. — ■
Mr. Colthrup, illustrating the resting position of lepidopterous
imagines. — Mr. Frohawk, a series of Anosia plexippus bred from ova
laid by a female sent alive to this country, — Mr. Main, for Mr. Sharp,
of Eastbourne, a bred gynandromorph of Eriogaster lanestris, left

SOCIETIES. 135

side male, right side female. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, the Syntomid DijJtilou
halterate, which is readily taken for a species of Diptera. — Hy. J.
Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary.

The Manchester Entomological Society. — March Uh, 1914. —
Mr. H. Horsfall read a paper by himself and Mr. W. F. Wiudle on
the Macro-Lepidoptera of the Oldham district. He first of all
referred to the geography of the district, which contains moorland,
rocky hillsides, a manufacturing district, and an agricultural plain.
Then he referred to the insects in detail, the records to which he had
access comprising the last fifty years. It seems that there is some evi-
dence to show that Plusia bractea was once not uncommon, though
the actual records are few. A few insects were exhibited, including : —
Xylophasia monoglypha (dark forms), X. rurea and var. combusta,
Hybernia defoliaria, H. viargmaria, Phigalia pedaria and var. mona-
charia, Agrotis lucernea, &c. The tendency towards melanism is
most noticeable in many species. — Mr. J. E. Cope made some intro-
ductory remarks on the Coleoptera, and explained his remarks on
their structure by means of some beautiful dissections. — A. W.
Boyd, M.A., Hon. Sec.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meeting
held at the Eoyal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, Jamtary l^th,
1914. — Mr. E. Wilding, President, in the chair. — A discussion upon
" Varieties and Species recently added to the Local List of Lepido-
ptera " was opened by Mr. W. Mansbridge. Novelties were confined
almost entirely to the Micro-Lepidoptera and to variation. Twenty-
six species new to Lancashire and Cheshire since the last published
list were enumerated, one of them Scoparia vafra, Mey., being new
to science. The increasing tendency to melanism and spread of
melanic forms was commented upon, instances being Boarmia repan-
data becoming more frequent at Delamere in its black form (var.
nigra) ; Fidonia atomaria, from near Burnley and Chat Moss ; Tortrix
costana, from Liverpool and Burnley ; he also mentioned that the
black forms of Aplecta nebulosa did not appear to be increasing in
relative numbers at Delamere ; on the contrary, in 1913 the per-
centage was smaller than usual from wild larvae. — Mr. S. P. Doudney
exhibited a specimen of Charocampa celerio captured at Prescot, and
Mr. W. Mansbridge brought a specimen of Gatocala fraxini having
very dark, almost black, fore wings, bred from a Sussex female.

February IQith. — Mr. E. Wilding, President, in the chair. — This
meeting was a joint one with the Manchester Entomological Society,
who were invited to tea by the Council. A large number of exhibitions
were made, including the following, viz. : — A small collection of
insects from the Amazons, by Mr. C. H. Walker. — Prof. Newstead and
Mr. Watson, of Manchester, made remarks upon this exhibit, de-
scribing the habits and life-history of the more noteworthy species.
Mr. V. Coryton, of Manchester, exhibited a fine melanic specimen of
Plusia gavima, as well as a bronzy form and the typical insect for
comparison ; also Trochilium crabroniformis, Nola cuculatella, Eupi-
thecia fraxinata, and a short series of Peronea variegana, all from the
Brooklands district of Cheshire. — Mr. E. Tait, Jr., full-fed larvge of
Epunda lichenea, found in the open in North Wales, on January

136 THK ENTOMOLOGIST.

10th, many then found had already pupated ; he also made some
remarks upon the early date. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree showed varieties of
Abraxas grossidariata as follows, viz. : — lacticolor-radiata, lacticolor-
cuneata, iochalcea, flavopalliata, and flavopalliata-cuneata. — Mr. W.
Mansbridge, a long series of Fidonia atoniaria from the Burnley
district, bred by forcing in a warm room in January, including many
dark forms ; also a series of Odo7ito2Jera bidentata var. nigra, which
emerged in January in a cold room. — Dr. P. F. Tinne, a series of
Cidaria reticulata from Windermere. — Mr. E. Wilding, Satyrus semele,
English and Irish forms ; Pieris napi from Ireland, Kent, and the
coast sand-hills ; oX^o Melitaa artemis from Ireland. — Mr. F. N. Pierce
had on view the drawings for his forthcoming work " The Genitalia
of the British Geometrae," as well as preparations under the micro-
scope. — Wm. Mansbridge, Ho7i. Sec.

Derbyshire Entomological Society. — The inaugural meeting
of the above Society was held on March 7th, 1914, at Derwent
House, Duffield Eoad, Derby, by the kindness of Dr. St. John. The
Eev. E. C. Bindley (Vicar of Mickleover) was elected President for
the ensuing year, and Dr. St. John, Treasurer. The Secretary is
Mr. G. Hanson Sale, Littleover House, Littleover, Derby, who will
be glad to forward particulars to naturalists interested. The object
of the Society is the study of general entomology, with special
reference to species occurring in Derbyshire. The following exhibits
were made : — Mr. Geo. Pullen, a collection of Hymenoptera. — Dr.
St. John, living larvae of Monacha and Plumigera. — Mr. H. C. Hay-
ward, a number of melanic forms of local species. — Mr. J. Douglas, a
large number of varieties of Aviathes {Orthosia) lychnidis.

EECENT LITEEATUEE.

Memoirs of the Queensland Museiim. Vol. i (Nov. 27, 1912) and
vol. ii (Dec. 10, 1913). Brisbane.

Among papers of interest to entomologists in these volumes is the
series on Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidse, by A. A. Girault,
parts i, ii, and iii of which are published in volume i (pp. 66-189) ;
parts iv-vi, and Supplements to parts i-iii appear in volume ii
(pp. 101-334). A number of new genera are characterised, and very
many species are described as new to science. The families treated
are — Trichogrammatidas, Mymaridae, Elasmidse, Eulophidse, Peri-
lampidae, and Pteromalidae.

In another paper Alan P. Dodd describes some new genera and
species of South Queensland Proctotrypoidae (vol. li, pp. 335-339).

There is also a short article entitled " Some Field Notes on
Queensland Insects," by Henry Hacker (pp. 96-100).

Obituary. — We have to announce, with great regret, that Mr.
G. B. CoRBiN, of Eingwood, died on March 12th last. A further
notice will appear in May.

REMEMBER!

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Note the Address —

H. W. HEAD, CButomologist,
BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH.

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■ Makers of every Description and Size of Cabinets, Cases, Store Boxes, Apparatus,

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Oiler their New Lists of LIVING LARV^ and PUPiE, Imagines
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IMPROVED LABOUR=SAVING DATA LABELS-

* as supplied to leading Lepidopterists and Museums.

The pecuniary and scicntiac value of a collection is enhanced by affixing' to .v ; v
specimen— bred, caught, or received iu exchange— a neatly printed " data" ] ..1.

Usual type, one to five localities, equal quantities; locality, date i=-: liU )
and collector's name (three lines in all)— 1000 for 2*. 6d., 3000 for 5s. Ui equal
numbers, or each additional line, M. extra".

FISTS, for pointing out varieties, Qd. per 100, 300 for Is. •.

Special:— MINUTE LABELS, printed iu the smallest type made, essential
lor Micros., and the lesser Macros., or small insects of other orders ; specimens and
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Write for full range of samples before placing your orders for the season.
FRANK LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL.

CONTENTS.

Aberrations of Argynnis selene and Arctia villica (with illustration), Oervasc F.
Mathcw, 113. New and Little Known Bees, T. D, A. Cockerell, 114. Con-
tributions to our Knowledge of the British Bracouidte. No. 1. Meteoridic,
G. T. Lylc, 119. A Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Unexplored France,
H. lioivland-Brotvn, 126. Dorset Hymenoptera, F. H. Haines, 129.

Notes and Observations, 131. Societies, 134. Recent Literature, 136.

DR. STAUDINQER& BANG-HAA5, Blasewitz- Dresden, in their
new Price List No. LVII. for 1914 (116 pag.), offer more than 20,000
Specie? of well-named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the
world, in finest condition ; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARViE, &c. Separate
Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (80,000 species, 208 pag.), for HYMENO-
PTERA (3600 species), DIPTERA(2900),HEMIPTERA(2560),ORTHOPTERA
(1200), NEUTERA (630), BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS (300). Discount for Cash-
orders. Prices low. We sell no more living pupae.

STEVENS'S AUCTION ROOMS, ESTABLISHED 1760.

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

MR. J. C. STEVENS, of 38, King Street, Covent
Grarden, London, W.C., has received instructions to
sell by Auction, on April 28th and 29th, the COLLECTION OF

LEPIDOPTERA, formed by Gervase F. Mathew, Esq., including
many fine varieties of Villica, Castrensis, Favicolor, Paludis, Irish
Bidentata, &c., &c.

Catalogues free on application one week before the sale.

MANY THOUSANDS OF EXOTIC BUTTER=
FLIES AND MOTHS, and a few BRITISH,

for sale. Several twenty-drawer mahogany British Cabinets,
well seasoned and clean. Also some dozens of book and
plain Entomological boxes, can be seen at The Hill.

Apply A. NOAKES, THE HILL, WITLEY, SURREY.

DR. R. LUCK & B. GEHLEN,

BERLIN-STEGLITZ, SGHLOSSTRASSE 31.

EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA.

Please write for our Price List. Low Prices.

JAMES GARDNER,

MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS

52, HIGH HpLBORN, and

29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road.

PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.

All Articles Guaranteed : exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Cusioniers
are requested to note the Addresses, as mistakes occur daily.

Uibsorlptions {6s. post free) should be sent to West, Newman d Co.,
54, Hatton Garden. London.

Vol. XLVII.l MAY. 1914, TNo. 612.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

lllustrateb lltoutjjljr |ournal

GEN ERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

EDITED BY RICHA.RD SOUTH, F.E.S.

WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF

ROBIQUT ADKIN, F.IS.S. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S.

H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.

W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S.. &c. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S;, F.Z.S.

F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. I Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S. , &o.

" By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Qreat deeds are done and great discoveries made."

LONDON MAY 16 1914

WEST. NEWMA.N & CO., 54, HA^Ok -G^AR.P.E^Nnt?-

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT

Price Sixpence.

VS^ ATKINS & DONCASTER

Naturalists and Manufacturer of Entomological .Apparatus and Cabirets
Plttui liiug Nets, wire or cane, iuoluding Stick. Is. 3d.. 26., '2b. 6d. Folding Nel6,
is. 6d., 4&. Diubrella Nets (fielf-aotins;}, 7s. Pocket Boxes, ()d., 9d., Is., Is .6d.
Zinc lielaxiug Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6a., 26. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen.
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to 86. Sueariue Tin, with brnsh. Is.* 6d., 26. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use,
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BoardH.flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 1^ in., 8d. ; 2 in.,10d.; 2^ in.. Is. ; 3^ in., Is. 4d.;
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Houses, 98. 6d., lis. Od. ; corked back, 14s. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6d.
Breeding Cage, 28. 6d., 4s., os., 7s. Cd. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tnbe,
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Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is, 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,,
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVIL] MAY. 19l'4. fNo. 612

A MONOGKAPH OF THE GENUS JOPPIDIUM, Walsh.
Family Ichneumonid^ : Subfamily Cryptin^ : Tribe Cryptides.

By Claude Morlby, F.Z.S.

*' The species of this genus are slender in form, especially
that of the male, the legs slender, the posterior pair unusually
long; the antennae of the female often thickened before the
apex, somewhat as in Joppa; the wings ample, and in the
Mexican species, so far as known, entirely blackish ; the abdomen
more slender than in Cryptus, the first segment being long and
linear," says Cresson, who places them between Cryptus and
Phygadeuon in 1873. As a matter of fact, it is extremely similar
to Acroricnus in its produced mouth, and I fail to discover any
pertinent structural distinction ; if it be thought expedient to
preserve Walsh's genus, its invariably infumate wings and
western range will serve as sufficient characters. The American
species are easily distinguished, and quite distinct inter se. But
little synonymy has hitherto arisen.

A detailed and fairly good description of the genus is given,
with an excellent figure of the front wing of Ichneumon sp. for
comparison, by Walsh in his erection (Trans. Acad. Sc. St.
Louis, iii. 1873, p. 69) ; but the author obviously had no idea of
its systematic position, for he compares it with such diverse
things as Baryceros, Joppa, Hehvigia and Euceros, with none of
which it is at all closely connected.

From the somewhat irregular method of sexual erection of
his genus Joppoceras by Ashmead (Proc. Nat. Mus. U.S. 1900.
pp. 39-40), one is led to suppose it founded upon a new and
hitherto unpublished species, named in MS. duhiosum by Cresson,
differing from the type of Joppidium — there misprinted raficeps,
Walsh— splely in having the metathorax both strongly striate
and bicarinate in place of unitranscarinate, as in the latter ; for
in both the metathoracic spiracles are elongate with wings black
or mfuscate, and areolet both large and parallel-sided. As a
matter of fact, I believe he simply wished to split off the second
of the following species into a new genus, certainly upon
insufficient characters.

ENTOM.— MAY, 1914. M

138 the entomologist.

Table of Species.
(14). 1. Wings unicolorous infumate, at most with caeruleous
reflection.
(9). 2. Upper basal nervure strongly antefurcal.
(6). 3. Thorax and abdomen entirely black.
(5). 4. Antennae orange with their apices alone

infuscate . . . . . .1. rubriceps, Cress.

(4). 5. Antennae black with no more than a pale

central band . . . . .2. dubiosiim, Cress.

(3). 6. Mesothorax entirely red.
(8). 7. Metathorax black and very strongly sculp-
tured ...... 3. ardens, Cress.

(7). 8. Metathorax also red and discally glabrous

4. ccBJ'uleipenne, Cam.
(2). 9. Upper basal nervure not postf ureal.
(13). 10. Frontal orbits not white ; upper basal nervure continuous.
(12). 11. Thorax discally black ; wings unicolorous 5. apicale, Gvess.
(11). 12. Thorax entirely ferrugineous ; wings unicolorous

6. fuscipenne, Brulle.
(10). 13. Frontal orbits white ; upper basal nervure

strongly postfurcal . . . .7. bellicosiim, Hal.

(1). 14. Wings with flavidous streak at base of stigma

and on hind stigma . . .8. annulicorne, Ashm.

1. JoppiDiuM RUBKiCEPS, Cress.

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 160, male and female ; J. rufi-
ceps, Walsh, Trans. Acad. St. Louis, 1873, p. 70, female.
This is the typical species of the genus, and a single pair
was captured in North America on umbelliferous flowers during
July. I am not aware that it has been noticed since 1873, and
greatly doubt the synonymy, suggested by Walsh, with Banchus
aquatus, Say (Boston, Journ. Nat. Hist. 1836, p. 247 ; Leconte,
Writ. Say, ii. p. 701). The typical male was acquired by the
British Museum in 1873, and the female was possibly destroyed
in the Chicago conflagration of 1871, at which time Cresson tells
us Walsh's MS. was already completed ; this male is from
" Texas (Belfrage)," and was labelled by Fred. -■Smith " Joppidium
nebriceps (sic), Cress." It is at once known from the remainder
of the genus by its entirely black thorax and abdomen, and its
bright orange-coloured antennae with their apices alone slightly
infuscate ; the description of Walsh's name appears to differ
solely in its slightly darker flagellum.

2. JoppiDiUM DUBiosuM, Cress.

Proc. Acad. Philad. 1873, p. 138, male and female.

Sumichrast found both sexes at Cordova in Mexico ; but it

was unknown to Cameron when writing the Ichneumonidse part

of Biologia Centr.-Amer. of 1885. As its author remarks : '* The

female is closely allied to that of rubriceps, Walsh, but distinct

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS JOPPIDIUM. 139

by the very different sculpture of the metathorax. The males of
the two species are very distinct." This is a shining black
insect with all the tibiae and tarsi conspicuously flavous. In
the National Collection are half a dozen examples, comprising
both sexes, from Xucumanatlan in Guerrero at 7000 ft. in July,
Teapa in Tabasco in March, and taken by Schumann about
Atoyac in Vera Cruz.

3. JoppiDiuM ARDENS, Cress.
Proe. Acad. Philad. 1873, p. 139, male and female ; J. riificolle,
Cam. Biologia, p. 210.
First described from Cordova ; Isthmus of Tehauntepec; but
a very common species, and obviously the same as Cameron's
J. ruficolle, figured at Biol. pi. ix. fig. 16, female. Known by
the constantly black meta- and red meso-thorax, the black hind
tibise with their basally pale tarsi. Over sixty examples were
found in Mexico at Chilpancingo at 4600 ft. in July, Atoyac in
April, Xucumanatlan at 7000 ft., Dos Arroyos in Guerrero at
1000 ft. in September, R. Papagaio in Guerrero at 1200 ft. in
October, Amula at 6000 ft. in August, Venta de Zopilote at
2800 ft. in October, Acaguiztla in Guerrero at 3500 ft. in October ;
Temex by Gaumer ; Tierra Colorado ; and by Champion at San
Geronimo, whence is Cameron's type in the British Museum, in
Guatemala, and San Joaquin in Vera Paz.

4. JOPPIDIUM C^RULEIPENNE, Cam.

Biologia Centr.-Amer. 1885, Hym. i. p. 211, pi. ix, fig. 17, male
and female.
Extremely similar to J. fuscipenne, Brulle, but quite certainly
distinct in its larger size, broader wings with strong caerulescent
reflection, black hind tarsi, distinctly antefurcal basal nervure,
and especially in the glabrous and glittering metanotum.
Apparently a rare species ; the male, taken by Champion at
David in Chiriqui (and figured in Biologia), is not in the
National Collection, though the female type, found by Boucard
in Panama, is there along with a male, labelled "Amerique
meridionale," and correctly named by the late Eev. T. A.
Marshall — probably ex coll. Andre — though the abdomen is
mainly ferrugineous.

5. JOPPIDIUM APICALE, CrCSS.

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 160, female.
" Quite distinct from rubriceps by the colour of the legs and
abdomen " ; the former are testaceous with their hind tibias
and tarsi flavidous, the coxae with hind femora and trochanters
black; the latter is ferrugineous, basally nigrescent. One female
in the British Museum was captured by Herbert H. Smith at

M 2

140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Atoyac in Vera Cruz during May, and has the metathorax
transaciculate, not " deeply punctured," as Cresson describes
it ; the basal nervure is continuous. It was originally brought
forward upon a single female collected in Comal Co.

6. JoppiDiuM FusciPENNE, Brull6.
Cryptus fuscipennis, Brull6, Nat. Hist. Ins. Hym. iv. 1846,
p. 189, female ; cf. Cam. Biologia Centr.-Amer. 1885,
Hym. i. p. 211. J. yucatanense, Cam. lib. cit. p. 211,
pi. ix. fig. 18, female, J. donabilis, Cress., Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1873, p. 139, male and female.
No doubt can, I think, be experienced that Brulle's descrip-
tion refers to J. donabile, and it was placed in the present genus
by Cameron in 1885 ; the metathorax is rather transaciculate than
" rugueux," but the "deux chevrons paralleles " are obviously
the two transcarinae, which are often centrally incomplete. It
is an abundant Mexican species, found by Sumichrast at Cordova ;
subsequently described from a single female as new by Cameron
from Valladolid in Yucatan (this type differs from the usual
form of J. donabile only in its paler — by no means whitish, as
figured— flagellar base). I have examined eighty examples,
among which the male much predominates, from Venta de
Zopilote at 2800 ft. in October, Chilpancingo at 4600 ft. in July,
Temex in northern Yucatan, Cuernavaca in Morelos in June,
Acaguizotla at 3500 ft. in October, Guadalajara in Jalisco in
July, and Dos Arroyos in Guerrero at 1000 ft. in September.
This and J. caruleipenne are the only Mexican species with
entirely rufescent thorax and unicolorous wings.

7. JOPPIDIUM BELLICOSUM, Hal.

Cryptus bellicosus, Hal., Trans. Linn. Soc. 1836, xvii. p. 318,

female. C. nitidipennis, Brull6, Nat. Hist. Ins. Hym. iv.

1846, p. 188, female. Ichneumon macrocercus, Spin., Gay's

Hist. fis. Chile Zool. vi. 1851, p. 484, male and female.

The above three authors record their species, which have not

before been synonymised, respectively from the Straits of

Magellan, Chili, and " Se halla en las provincias centrales,

Santiago, &c." Dalla Torre misspells Spinola's specific name;

and incorrectly associates Cryptus bellosus, Curt. {Aritranis signa-

torius, Fab.), noted at Proc. Ent. Soc. iv. 1845, p. Ivii, with

Haliday's species. This insect is very diff'erent from all the

others of the present genus in its narrowly clear white internal

orbits, and is probably worthy of generic rank in its slender and

elongate antennae, short metathorax, small areolet, postfurcal

upper basal nervure, and tremendously elongate terebra ; it is

precluded from the genus Cryptus by the elongate cheeks and

mandibles. The size varies considerably through the whole

NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIDS. 141

structure, and, excepting the density of alar infumescence, the
colours are very constant ; I have seen examples varying from :
body 14 and terebra 35 mm. in length, to others with body,
19 mm. and terebra fully 60 mm. in length. The National
Collection is somewhat rich in this South American species : —
Chili (Bartlett Calvert ; in 1856 by T. Edmonds ; and in 1875
by Edwyn C. Reed) ; Valdivia, Corral or Conal in 1898 (Cameron) ;
South Chili, Maquehue, Temuco, January, 1906 (R. M. Middle-
ton) ; Santiago in 1869 (Reed) ; Patagonia, Volcan del Lago
Xanco, two in 1903 (Chubut) ; Terra del Fuego, Rio McClelland
on December 30th, 1904, and Nose Peak on January 15th and
18th, 1905 (R. Crawshay) ; and Haliday's type, labelled " Cryptiis
bellicosus" by him, presented by the Linnean Society in 1863.

8. JOPPIDIUM ANNULICORNE, Asbm.

Proc. Californ. Acad. v. 1895, p. 549, male.
I have not seen this Californian species.

NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIDS.
By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S.

A YEAR or two ago, until the researches of Dr. Reverdin
threw a flood of light on certain species in this group, those of
us who were interested in the genus labelled our specimens with
doubt and trembling, and described them, if we said anything
about them in print, as examples of species which they almost
invariably had no pretence to belong to. Consequently, reliable
data for these species are at present non-existent, except those
contained in Dr. Reverdin's papers on the subject in the Bulletin
of the Geneva Society.

My friend Mr. A. L. Ray ward has most kindly, recently,
made preparations of all the doubtful specimens of the alveus
group which I have met with in my various wanderings in
different parts of Europe during the past twelve years, and as
the species those specimens belong to can now be with certainty
determined, I append a list of localities in which they were
found, in the case of each species, and the actual dates on which
the specimens were taken : —

Hesperia alveus. — I have specimens from Simplon Kulm,
July 24th and 25th, 1903. Berisal, July 22nd and 23rd, 1903.
The Laquinthal, July 26th, 1903.

H. serratiil(s.— Buds, Pest, May 22nd, 1910. Berisal, July
7th, 1902. Albarracin, June 18th and 19th, 1913.

H. onopordi. — Albarracin, May 26th to June 6th, 1913.
Ronda, April 19th, 1908. Hyeres, April 11th, 1904, and May
13th, 1905. Digne, July 13th, 1904.

142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

H. armoricanus. — Hyeres, May 18th, 1905.

H. carlince. — Abries (Hautes Alpes), July 20th to 22nd, 1904.
Berisal, July 22nd and 23rd, 1903.

H. cirsii. — Albarracin, July 27th to August 2nd, 1905.

H. bellieri. — Beauvezer (Basses Alpes), August 1st and 2nd,
1906.

Mr. Eayward also made preparations of all my Hesperia
malvae and H. malvoides, and these come out as follows : —

Hesperia malvae. — Aigle, June 26th, 1902. Buda Pest,
May 30th, 1909, and May 11th, 1910. Saeterstoen, Norway,
June 4th, 1912.

Hesperia malvoides. — Eiffelalp, Zermatt, July 4th, 1902.
Martigny, June 27th to 29th, 1902. Aigle, July 12th, 1902.
Albarracin, June 6th to 19th, 1913. Guethary, near Biarritz,
May 23rd, 1908, and June 23rd to 26th, 1913. Hyeres, April
13th, 1904, and May 13th to 18th, 1905.

It will be noted that I have specimens of both these species
from Aigle. The examples of //. malvae were taken in the fields
at the back of the Grand Hotel, and those of H. malvoides
somewhere along the Sepey Road. I cannot at this length of
time remember the exact spot where they occurred, but on the
day on which they were taken I walked up as far as Vuargny.

Youlgreave, South Croydon : March 21st, 1914.

A BEE RESEMBLING A WASP.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.

Australia has long been known as the home of the curious
genus Hylaoides, bees presenting the most extraordinary resem-
blance to Eumenid wasps. I have now to record a bee, just
received from the Queensland Museum, which looks at first sight
like some Crabronid wasp ; so much so that I could hardly
believe, until I had examined it with a lens, that it was really
a bee.

Euryglossa crabronica, sp. n.

$ . Length, 11 mm. ; expanse, 14|, the wings unusually short ;
robust, black, marked with yellow, with very scanty greyish-white
pubescence ; head broad, face and front shining ; palpi short ; blade
of maxilla rounded, about as long as wide ; mandibles bidentate, dull
yellowish basally, ferruginous apically ; labrum black ; clypeus bright
lemon-yellow, the lower border narrowly black, the yellow area
depressed in middle above (following clypeal margin) and constricted
at sides, the whole having the outline of a low-crowned soft hat with
the brim turned down ; supraclypeal area shining, with very sparse
strong punctures ; flagellum bright ferruginous beneath ; thorax
wholly black except the tubercles, which are partly yellow ; meso-
thorax and scutellum shining, well punctured ; area of metathorax

BEITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1913. 143

smooth and polished, the extreme base in middle rough ; tegulae
piceous ; wings dusky, nervures and stigma dark fuscous ; lower side
of first s. m. strongly arched ; first r. n. meeting first t. c; legs black
with white hair, the femora polished ; anterior and middle knees
yellow ; anterior tibiae light yellowish-ferruginous in front ; tarsi
ferruginous apically ; abdomen dull black, segments 2 to 4 with very
large transversely elongated yellow triangular or cuneiform patches
basally on each side ; fifth segment with a pair of quadrate chrome
yellow patches, separated by a black band ; apex of fifth segment
with black hair.

Hah. Brisbane, Queensland, October 17th, 1913 (Hacker;
Queensl. Mus., 105). A very remarkable species, quite unlike
any previously known.

BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1913.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

Judging by results, the season of 1913 was a very ordinary
one as regards the British Orthoptera. On June 23rd Mr. P.
Richards sent me from Seabrook, a small village between
Hythe and Sandgate, in Kent, a living female nymph of a large
Locustid, presumably Phasgonura viridissima. It was captured
at Seabrook on June 21 st, and Mr. Richards reports that ther-e
were a good number in the place. He fed it on flies, which it ate
greedily. On the other hand, Mr. C. W. Bracken, writing July
21st, says of another Locustid, Pholidoptera griseo-aptera {= T.
cinereus), that he fed it on lettuce. Many of our Locustid grass-
hoppers are often found to be carnivorous, but how far this habit
is natural to them does not seem to be well ascertained, and
reports on food that they take most readily would be useful, for
it seems likely that some of them at any rate may be good
friends to the gardener or agriculturist.

In the New Forest, on July 5th or 6th, I met with my first
mature grasshopper, a male of the Acridian species Chorthippus
parallelus. On July 30th the large bog-loving Acridian Meco-
stethus grossus was mature in the New Forest, two males being
captured on that date near Holm Hill.

Mr. S. E. Brock has forwarded me a few dates from Linlith-
gowshire. He found Omocestus virididus stridulating at Drum-
shoreland and Riccarton Hills on July 20th, and C. parallelus
was heard at the former locality on July 27th. On the next day
Goinphocerus maculatus was stridulating at Craigton. A small
colony of the last species was found on the south slope of
Cockleroy (altitude about 800 ft.), on September 21st. The
" courtship " of the same species was observed at Craigton, on
August 8th {vide antea, p. 104).

In the New Forest, from July 26th to September 8th, the

144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

following species were met with : — M. grossus, 0. viridulus,
C. parallelus, Stauroderus hicolor, G. macidatus, 0. rufipes, Tetrix
bipunctatus, Nemobius sylvestris, P. griseo-aptei-a, and Metrioptera
brachyptera.

On September 9th a visit was paid to Bookham Common,
Surrey, to get Gomphocerus rufiis, this being the only locality in
which I have found it, A spot of no great extent by the side of
one of the string of ponds near Bookham Station yielded
specimens, and it could be seen nowhere else. We took eighteen
examples. Even at this late date several were still but nymphs,
and two of these, together with three imagines, were brought
home alive. On the morning of September 14th one of the
nymphs was found to have cast its skin, thereby becoming an
imago (female), and, judging by its appearance, the change had
occurred but a short time before the imago was noticed. Those
brought home alive fed on grass, as did others of the British
Truxalidee that I have kept in captivity. Thirteen that were put
in a laurel-bottle, with perhaps a spot or two' of benzine, were of
a brilliant crimson colour when removed a day or two later, and
this tint to some extent they retained when dry. An egg is

illustrated in fig. 1 to a scale ten times

n natural size. Its length is 4 mm., and

. /^~\ width in position drawn about "9 mm.
/ \ If this may be called a lateral view,
the dorsal width is about 1 mm. It is
somewhat rounder at the upper end as
drawn, and the lower end turns very
slightly to the left. The surface is a
little wrinkled transversely. The ex-
amples used were extracted from a dead
female and put in spirit and water, so I
am not able to say anything about the
natural colour.

1. Egg of Goviphocerusmfm ]y[j._ £_ g_ WllHams Sent me a living

2. Egg of Diestrammenamarmorata ir •• i-u

(Both X 10) iemale 01 Leptophyes 2yunctattssi7iia, v/hich.

he took from a fence in a wood at East
Finchley, N., on September 16th,

Somewhat late records are : — The little earwig {Labia minor)^
a male and two females taken by Mr. J. E. le B. Tomlin, on
October 2nd, at Glemsford in Suffolk ; S. bicolor (one very dark)
and M. brachyptera, taken by Mr. E. Step, on the occasion of
the Fungus Foray of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society, at Oxshott, on October 4th ; one
Stenobothrus lineatus, a local species, taken as nymph, by Mr.
T. A. Chapman at Buckland, Surrey, on October 18th, which
became an imago on October 21st ; G. rufus, a female taken by
Mr. Chapman at Buckland on October 31st.

Considerable interest attaclies to the capture, in Kent, of a

BRITISH ORTHOPTBEA IN 1913. 145

large Locustid, Diestrammeim marmorata, de Haan (fig. 3), which
Mr. M. Burr brought up to the Entomological Society for
exhibition on October 1st. It appears that Rev. E. N. Bloom-'
field received three specimens that had been taken on September
23rd, October 19th, and November 12th, in an outhouse at
St. Leonard's. It seems clear that the origin of these insects
was to be found in Relfe's Nursery at St. Leonard's, whence

W. J. Lucas, photo.
Fig. S.—Diestramviena marmorata, de Haan, $ , nat. size.

Mr. Bloomfield received six more specimens, they being not un-
common in a fern-house. D. marmorata is a native of Japan,
but has been taken under conditions very similar to those at
St. Leonard's in several places on the Continent. Nor are these
the only British examples ; for, strange to say, I received on the
same day (October 1st) some decomposing fragments of Lo-
custids from Mr. Harwood, of Colchester. They came from a
wall covered with "virgin cork," at Sir Ernest Cassel's residence
at Ipswich ; but whether the wall was indoors or not was not
mentioned. Though considerably decomposed, there was but little
doubt about their belonging to the species under notice, D. mar-
morata is a large insect with very long appendages of all kinds,
and is very spider-like in appearance and movements. Its
colouring is a mixture of different tints of bright brown. I

146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

possess another female of good size, which was taken in Kew
Gardens four or five years ago. Since this species appears to be
chiefly carnivorous in its habits, it is probably more useful than
otherwise to the gardener (see above). The egg (fig. 2) is small
for so large a grasshopper, its length being about 2*2 mm. and
width about "8 mm. It is nearly, but not quite, a cylinder with
somewhat hemispherical ends, and the surface is slightly, but
regularly, roughened. Of the colour I cannot speak, as the eggs
examined were extracted from the body of a dead female.
Kingston-on-Thames : March, 1914.

SOME DORSET HEMIPTERA-HETEEOPTERA.
By F. H. Haines, D.P.H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

The following list of Hemiptera-Heteroptera found by me
during the last few years in this neighbourhood may be of
interest : — Thyreocoris scarahcsoides, L. Once in numbers.
Podops inuncta, F. West Lulworth, common on the chalk.
Schirus liictuosus, M. & R. On the coast, Gnathoconus albo-
marginatus, Goeze. Two, May, 1913, at West Lulworth. Palo-
niena prasina, L., Piezodoras lituratus, F., Pentatoma rufipes, L.,
Picromeriis hidens, L., Rhacognathus piinctatus, L., Zicrona
coerulea, L. Common on the heathlands. Acanthosoma hamor-
rhoidale, L., A. inter stinctiim, L., Elasmostethus gi'iseiis, L. The
females may be commonly found with their young, in June, on
Betula, near the outskirts of woods. Enoplops scapha, F. Four,
last August and September, at Ringstead. Syromastes marginatus,
L., Coreus denticulatus, Scop., Stenocephalus agilis, Scop. Very
common on the coast. Corizus maculatus, Fieb. One at Tad-
noil on Sept. 10th, 1908. Neides tipularius, L. One in my
garden. May 2nd, 1908. Nysius lineatus, Cost. One at Holme,
near Wareham, on August 29th, 1912. Cymus glandicolor,
Hahn, C. claviculus, Fall., IscJmorhynchus genmiatus, Fieb. Very
common on the heaths. Heterogaster urticce, F., Rhyparochromus
prcetextatus, H. S., R. chiragra, F., IscJinocoris angustulus, Boh.,
Macrodema micropterum, Curt., Stygnus pedestris, Fall., Aphanus
pini, L., Drymus sylvaticus, F., D. piceiis, Flor. One at East
Stoke on Oct. 1st, 1908. Notochilus contractus, H. S., Scolopo-
stethas affinis, Schill., S. tlionisoni, Reut., S. decoratus, Hahn,
Serenthia Iczta, Fall., Campylostira verna, Fall., Dictyonota tri-
cornis, Schr., Monanthia humuli, F., Aradus depressus, F., Hydro-
metra stagaoriim, L., Velia carrens, F., Gerris lacustris, L.,
Goranus subapterus, De G., Nabis lativentris, Boh., N. major,
Cost., N. jiavomarginatm, Scholtz., N. limbatus, Dahlb,, N.
lineitas, Dahlb., N. riigosti^, L., N. ericetoriim, Scholtz., Salda

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 147

littoralis, L., S. saltatoria, L., S. pilosella, Thorns., S. cincta, H. S.
S. cocksi, Curt., Lyctocoris campestris, F., Anthocoris nemoralis
F., A. nemorum, L., Triphleps viinuta, L., Microphysa elegantida
Baer., Pithamis maerkeli, H. S., Miris calcaratiis, Fall., M. Icevi
gatus, L., M. holsatus, F., Leptopterna ferrugata. Fall., L. clolo
brata, L., Lopus gothiciis, L., Phytocoris reuteri, Saund., P. uhni
L., Calocoris ochromelas, Gmel., C. roseo-maculatns, De G., C
bipunctatus, F., C. lineolatus, Goeze, C. ticinensis, Mey., marshy
places, August and September. C. infusus, H. S., Stenotus
hinotaius, F., Lygus cervinus, H. S., L. pastinacce, Fall., L.
kalmii, L., Liocoris tripustulatus, F., Rhopalotonms ater, L.,
Halticus apterus, L., Campyloneura virgula, H. S., Cyllocoris
histrio7iicus, L., Cflavonotatus, Boh., Orthotylus tenellus, Fall.,
0. ochrotrichus, D. & S., 0. ericetorum, Fall., Heterotonia merio-
ptera, Scot^., Macrotylus paykulli, Mey., Harpocera thoracica, Fall.,
common on oaks. Phylus palliceps, Fieb., P. melanocephalus, L.,
P. coryli, L., Psallus ambiguus, Fall., P. betuleti, Fall., P. varia-
bilis, Fall., P. quercus, Kb., P.fallenii, Eeut., P. varians, H. S.,
P. roseus, F., Plagiognathus arbustoruni, F., Nepa cinei-ea, L.,
Notonecta glauca, L., Corixa geoffroyi, Leach, C. hieroglyphica,
Duf., C. sahlbergi, Fieb., C. mcesta, Fieb.

This district is varied in character. The chalk downs and
other formations of the coast are partly replaced inland by
heaths of Bagshot and Reading sands. Sometimes I fancy the
Bagshot more prolific than the Beading beds. Areas of London
Clay occur, on which is wood. Here and there is marshland,
and there are margins of fenland by the Frome. I have not
specially searched for these insects, or, doubtless, many more
would have been met with.

An almost bare list suffices, as most species occurred under
usual conditions.

Brookside, Winfrith, Dorset.

AN ACCOUNT OF AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP
TO CORSICA.

By Gerard H. Gurney, F.E.S.

The following notes of a trip which I made last summer to
Corsica are in no way records of varieties captured or an account
of a profusion of butterflies seen ; for, as a matter of fact, in
many respects the time I spent in that delightful and romantic
island was, entomologically speaking, rather a failure. The
reasons for this were, that in the first place it was an extremely
late season, at any rate in the mountains, many insects not
appearing until a fortnight or more after one had a right to

148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

expect them, and then only in very small numbers. The greater
part of May and early June had been very wet and cold, and at
Vizzavona I was told there had been more ram and snow durmg
the early part of the summer than had been known for at least
ten years. An old French gentleman who lives at Ajaccio told
me that the backwardness of plant life generally (he was some-
thing of a botanist) was phenomenal, and that the excessive cold
and wet which they had been having had done considerable
damage to fruit trees and crops ; and so of course in the same
way insects suffered. Except with one or two exceptions butter-
flies were never plentiful ; and even when we went down from
Vizzavona to Corte, two thousand feet lower, we still found
the same condition of things prevailing and heard the same
story : that never had there been such a wet, cold summer.
Consequently, when we arrived in the island towards the end of
June many of our first days resulted in seeing very little, and
we had literally to wait for the butterflies to come out, which
they chose to do very slowly indeed ; and when we had to leave
on July 17th our " bag " was by no means a large one, though
I am bound to say we were able to see and obtain good series of
the majority of the interesting Corsican specialities. Before
going to Corsica I had spent a few days collecting in the forests
near Laon, in Northern France. Here on June 19th Dryas
paphia was emerging and becoming common ; in Corsica,
hundreds of miles further south, I did not see D. paphia until
July 5th, when at Corte, in the Eestonica Gorge, which is very
warm and sheltered, this species was then only just commencing,
and was not out at Vizzavona a week later, where most collectors
have generally found it abundant in the second week of July.
However, if butterflies were not plentiful, Corsica itself is so
beautiful and full of interest that one must indeed be without
resources if one cannot fill up the time in other ways. We found
the natives charming and always pleasant to talk to ; while with
its splendid mountain scenery every corner is a perfect picture
for an artist ; and of course the flora of Corsica is well known
for its variety and interest. I had as companion my friend
Mr. Eobert Trapper-Lomax, who, although at starting some-
what of a novice in matters entomological, soon became an adept
with the net, and quickly began to talk with the greatest glib-
ness of " elisa" and " hospiton," though his great wish to
secure a specimen of the latter butterfly was never realized.
Leaving Marseilles at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, we slowly
steamed out to sea under a cloudless sky, the statue on the
church of " Notre Dame de la Garde " standing up above the
tower like a figure of living gold, illuminated by the rays
of the hot afternoon sun. Next morning, however, when we
arrived at Ajaccio at 5 a.m. a drizzling rain was falling, and the
hills surrounding one of the most beautiful bays in Europe were

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 149

shrouded in vapour and mist ; but in spite of the wet it was
very hot when we got on shore, with a close, almost tropical
atmosphere. We engaged rooms at the Hotel de France in the
middle of the town, as the much better and more comfortable
Grand Hotel is closed at this time of year. By 10 o'clock the
rain had stopped and the sun was shining brilliantly, quickly
drying up the sopping vegetation, and we were on the war-
path, and once again experiencing that feeling of intense excite-
ment which always fills one when, after perchance a year's
interlude, one starts for one's first walk with a butterfly net in a
perfectly new country, where one imagines one is at once going
to see every sort of rarity, and where every insect that comes
along is eagerly captured and carefully examined before being
either released or consigned to a pill -box.

Quickly walking through the town in a north-westerly
direction, we came out on to some rough ground, partly culti-
vated terraces and small fields ; but everything was frightfully
burnt up and insects were not common. A small form of
Polyommattis icariis was rather frequent, fresh specimens of
probably a second or third brood ; and flying about amongst the
burnt-up herbage was P. astrarche, also of rather small size but
with the red spots large and brilliantly coloured; these might be
referred to as var. calida. Working round by the back of some
villa gardens, a few Pieris hrassiccB were noticed, but further
along, at the foot of some dry hills, we found Epinephele ida to be
rather common ; they were quite fresh, and are, I think, some-
what larger than my Spanish examples. Here also Mr. Lomax
secured a fine specimen of Tarucus telicanus, which with two or
three rather ragged Lampides boeticus were haunting the flowers of
a small wild " pea" (?) which rambled over the dry stony ground,
but which further along, where a tiny spring welled up and
where the vegetation in consequence became a little more
luxurious, grew into quite a fine plant. A good many butterflies
were attracted to this spot — Pararge egeria, fresh Colias edusa,
Issoria lathonia, one or two Leptidia sinapis, and a single lovely
Pyrameis cardui.

The dry hillsides were in many places covered with helio-
crysum in full blossom, making fine patches of golden colour ;
these were attractive to a fair large iorm o( Epinephele j artina
var. hispulla, both sexes being in good order. Here also were
P. icarus, more E. ida, and numerous E. tlthonus, with a few
very darkly-coloured Chrysophanus phlceas var. eleus ; and as we
were walking back to Ajaccio by the roadside, and flying literally
amongst the thick white dust Pararge megcera var. tigeliiis was
not infrequent, though generally shabby individuals.

The following morning, as there did not seem to be anything
to detain us in Ajaccio, we left for Vizzavona, a journey which
takes some four hours or more, but which is always interesting

150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

because of the gradual ascent from the hot low plains and hills,
fragrant with the scent of endless sweet-smelling herbs, through
the dense " maquis," which is the Corsican name for the thick,
in many places almost impenetrable, bush which covers all the
hillsides up to about 2000 ft., and which is composed of arbutus,
Mediterranean heath, and myrtle scrub, leaving which the line
goes through woods of splendid chestnut trees, with picturesque
villages perched on the tops of rocky hills, or lying hidden in
sheltered valleys, till it reaches the pine forests and eventually
stops at the station of Vizzavona.

Here we were very soon comfortably settled in the very clean
and nice Grand Hotel, which in spite of its name is a sufficiently
simple establishment, but perfectly comfortable for a lengthened
stay. Vizzavona is right on the edge of the magnificent pine
and beech forest, and consists of the hotel, post-office, two or
three small villas, and half a dozen cottages ; but it is a con-
venient centre, and most of the Corsican butterfly specialities
may be taken within a short distance. The afternoon we arrived
we went for a short walk in the direction of Tattone, a small
hamlet some three miles further on. It was very cool and dull,
with only occasional gleams of sun, and we did not see a single
insect of any description, which was rather a damper to one's
entomological enthusiasm. The heliocrysum, which was so
conspicuous a feature at Ajaccio, covering the ground with
golden blossom, was at this elevation not in flower.

Next morning was brilliantly fine, and we started off betimes,
through the forest, past the Monte d'Oro hotel, which is forty
minutes' walk from Vizzavona, and on to the Col de Vergio ; on the
way up we saw very little, an occasional L. sinapis and a single
fine Pi/rameis atalanta sitting on a plant in a patch of sunlight
which forced its way through the thick pine trees.

However, when we emerged from the forest on to the moun-
tain side matters mended somewhat, and it was not long before
I had taken one of the Corsican specialities, viz. Cocnonympha
corinna. Near the Monte d'Oro hotel, in the very black-coloured
Corsican nettles, were many larvae of Aglais urticce var. ichnusa
in all stages of growth. I collected a good number of these, but
only took the smallest specimens, as I knew if I took full-fed
ones I should probably breed out about ninety per cent, of
ichneumons; those I kept fed up and emerged nearly a month
later, when I had got back to England, all fine large examples
of this interesting insular form of urticce, not a single one being
ichneumoned. On the " Nek " itself Lyccena argus {agon) var.
Corsica was flying about quite commonly amongst the bracken
and small juniper bushes, which here thickly cover the top of
the Pass on either side of the road ; they were quite fresh, but
the beautifully marked females were rather scarce.

Passing over the " Nek " and descending a little the other

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 151

side, C. corinna turned up frequently ; curiously enough many
were quite worn, giving the appearance of having been on the
wing for some time. Others again in the same locality were
evidently freshly emerged — rich brilliant orange, the males with
intense black tips to the wings ; it is a very pretty little butterfly
when quite fresh. Here also were a few P. brassicce, which
deserve no special mention as they were quite typical. Climbing
up to the old fort, which stands so picturesquely guarding
the Pass, we found a few very dark C. phlcsas var. eleus ; and
worn P. megcera var. tigelius, and L. argus (agon) var. Corsica,
were plentiful, while an interesting object was the Corsican
sharp-headed Lizard, Lacerta oxycephala — a finely-marked black
and green form, which was very common on the rocks round
the Tour.

Undoubtedly much the best ground in the vicinity of
Vizzavona is the meadows and rough land in the direction of,
and beyond, the little village of Tattone ; to reach this one has
a walk of nearly three miles, either by the winding road or,
more quickly, along the railway line. Here, where the very
picturesque village school is built, is some excellent ground, and
our second morning, and very many others as well, were spent
collecting and sketching hereabouts. On the left of the road is
much rough bracken-covered ground, with open spaces covered
with flowers and luxuriant grass, rendered more luxuriant still
by the little streams of water which have been cut to irrigate the
land and which flowed in all directions. Here L. argus {cegon)
var. Corsica was in the greatest profusion, both sexes abundant
and in beautiful condition, and it was pretty to see them sitting
with expanded wings on the bracken. Two specimens of Lxjccsna
argyrognomon var. bellieri were netted here, but I have no note
of taking this species anywhere else

(To be continued.)

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

WiCKBN Fen. — The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest
or Natural Beauty have now made arrangements for the appointment
of a watcher for their property in Sedge Fen, Wicken, Cambridgeshire.
Applications for permission to visit this property should be addressed
to A. H. Jivans, Esq., Secretary of the Local Committee, 9, Harvey
Road, Cambridge, or to S. H. Hamer, Esq., Secretary of the National
Trust, 25, Victoria Street, London, S.W.

Hibernation op Pyrameis atalanta. — As there is a controversy
regarding the hibernation of Pyrameis atalanta, it may be of interest
to know that a specimen was seen at Cripplestyle, near Fording-
bridge, on Thursday, April 16th. — h.. S. Corbet; Bournemouth.

152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Prolonged Pupal Duration in Eriogaster lanestris. — From
larvae taken on June 19th, 1909, I obtained in 1910 seven moths, six
males and one female emerging on February 27th, and one female
on March 8th : no moths appeared in 1911, but in 1912 five males
emerged, two on February 21st and three two days later. There
was no further emergence in 1913, but on the 2nd inst. a perfect
male emerged. I have still three pup® remaining, but whether
living or not I am unable to say, the cocoons being intact. The
date of the last emergence would seem to be unusually late. — Lloyd
Chadwick, 7, Northgate Street, Warwick, April 19th, 1914.

Macroglossa stellatarum. — I saw a specimen of M. stellatarum
this morning flying over a rhododendron which is just bursting into
flower. This seems to be an unusually early appearance, in view of
the rainy and comparatively sunless March which we have experienced.
— H. V. Plum; Kelly College, Tavistock, April 3rd, 1914.

Description op the Full-Fed Larva of Thecla spini. — Whilst
at Albarracin in June last summer I beat sundry Theclid larvae from
two species of Bhammis, one of which was R. licyoides ; these
eventually produced specimens of T. spini, and as descriptions of the
larvae of all Continental European Ehopalocera hardly exist, I am
induced to publish the following details of the full-fed larva: — Length
15 mm. ; breadth 4 mm. Head jet black and shining ; second seg-
ment much narrower than those following, and narrower in front
than in the rear; third segment is the full width of the larva (4 mm.).
Colour of all segments except first (the head) light grass green. On
the front of third segment commence two subdorsal stripes, greenish
white in colour, these stripes are interrupted at the front and rear of
each segment and they extend through ten segments. The spiracular
stripes are the same colour as those on the subdorsal area, and
extend from the third to the anal segment, both inclusive. Between
subdorsal and spiracular stripes is an inconspicuous series of
diagonal stripes. The ventral area is bluish green with claspers of
grass green. The spiracles are inconspicuous and of a somewhat
lighter green than the surroundings. — W. G. Sheldon ; Youlgreave,
South Croydon, April 26th, 1914.

Butterfly Collecting in Sicily and Calabria in 1912 and
1913. — I was persuaded to stay at Messina for the first week in May,
and on the first I climbed Monte Cicci (2000 ft.) ; on the 3rd I walked
up to Gravitelli, and on the 6th I visited the low hills at the extreme
north-east point of Sicily overlooking the Faro, and though the
weather was fine and hot, the rain had evidently retarded the
appearance of the summer butterflies. I reached Forest Hill on
May 10th with a very small " bag," which to my disappointment
did not contain a single fresh species to add to my list. Then
followed the wet summer in England.

In the spring of 1913 circumstances delayed my leaving England
for Sicily until May 14th. Again I started in brilliant sunshine,
again I left the finest weather in England. Crossing the Channel
clouds gathered, and at Dieppe there was a heavy thunderstorm,
and rain fell as I journeyed across France and entered Italy. In

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 153

order to escape arriving at Messina at the inconvenient hour of
2 a.m., I broke my journey on the morning of May 16th at Cajanella
(pronounced Canella), a roadside station fifty miles north of Naples.
The village itself was very picturesque, nestling at the foot of an
isolated hill between higher hills. This hill was crowned with a
ruined castle and a roofless chapel, which reminded me of Corfe
Castle, Dorset, and I found there was a grand view (as at Corfe) from
the top across the plain. On the plain, farmhouses sheltered by
trees and bushes were dotted about, and nightingales were in full
song in broad day at each of them, while near the station hundreds
of house-martins had their nests in the eaves of an immense old
building, probably a former monastery. The main road was good,
but the lanes were very muddy, and in places quite impassable
owing to recent heavy rains, and as a consequence butterflies were
very scarce, icarus and rapes being most in evidence. V/hen I was
nearly stuck in the mud, a youth came to my assistance and acted
as guide until I left, and would take no tip ! He was quite satisfied
with the opportunity to pick up a little English, his ambition being
to emigrate to America shortly. Beaching Messina at 8.30 a.m. on
March 31st, I was in time for a good breakfast and able to spend a
full day enjoying the delightful atmosphere of Sicily, this being, I
was told, the first really nice day for several weeks past.

Next day a picnic was arranged for me at the Campo Inglese,
where Lord Nelson formed his camp over one hundred years ago,
but from experience I recognise that picnics, like field meetings, are
seldom successful from a collector's point of view. Before reaching
the top of the hill I separated from my party to climb a spur of
Monte Cicci, intending to rejoin them at the camp. The only
butterflies on the wing were whites, and while I was on the steep
slope I noticed a cloud of large whites crossing the valley below,
moving towards the west. There must have been thousands of
them, and a few stragglers came up the hill in my direction, males
of Pieris hrassicce, in good condition. I learnt afterwards that a
couple of friends of mine saw the cloud passing over the torrent bed
at La Scala, two or three miles further west, and captured some
specimens. With regard to the migration of butterflies I was told
in 1910 by a native of Cucuraci, the nearest village to the Campo
Inglese, that the people there look for an annual invasion of
white butterflies about May 20th, but he could not say where they
came from. Across the Straits in Calabria, not many miles distant,
there is a very extensive plain formed by the Eiver Messina and its
tributary, the Marepotamo, which is a possible source of origin, and
I should like to explore that district at a future date. When I
joined my friends at the Campo Inglese, I found four thousand
soldiers in camp, many of them being engaged in drill, which was
interesting to watch.

On May 19th I hurried off to spend three or four days at
Eandazzo, the railway communication being so slow that I did not
arrive until sunset. At my hotel I met an entomologist from
Vienna, Herr Carl Hosfer, and he, with his wife, asked to be
allowed to join me next day. The forenoon was bright and sunny,

ENTOM. — MAY, 1914. N

154

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and with our combined three nets we captured fifteen specimens of
Euchloe damone in excellent condition, before rain practically put an
end to collecting for the day. We each took a specimen of Lyccena
alciphron (var. gordms), and amongst other species were Polyovi-
matus baton, Ajyoria cratagi, Pieris daplidice, Thais pohjxena (quite
passd), Euchloe helia (var. ansonia), cardaviines, &c., and a small form
of zygana. We got shelter from the rain and enjoyed a cup of tea
which Frau Hosier was able to make by the aid of a spirit lamp
carried with them, and water obtained at the adjoining farm-
house.

Next day (May 21st) we agreed to take different directions. We
got up early, and before 9 a.m. damone was flying in the sun. Later
on clouds began to gather, and about eleven o'clock specimens of
Aporia cratagi became quite common. Apparently I was in a
swarm, they were on all sides of me, moving steadily in one direction
— westward. I captured about a score — all males — not one female,
in order to get a series of the Sicilian form, which has been named
augusta, and I had to hurry up, for before noon a thunderstorm
broke. Then I had to run for shelter from the downpour, and
fortunately reached a cave excavated by the labourers for that
purpose. The storm lasted about an hour, and then of course
Aporia cratcegi had disappeared, and the herbage being soaked, it
was necessary to keep to a pathway. After lunch I followed a mule
track up the mountain in the endeavour to reach the highest zone of
vegetation, where only Sediwi grows, but after a three hours' climb,
I had to be satisfied with finding out that the various trees which
form a wood, very conspicuous from below, are not pines as I
expected, but beech, oak, white poplar, and a kind of berberry.
Making a hurried return to Eandazzo, I had a narrow escape of a
night out, for at dusk a dense cloud, damp as well, enveloped the
district and hid Eandazzo from view, though I had almost reached
the railway station, where an engine was whistling continuously.
In the dark I missed a sudden turning in the broad cinder path and
got on a dangerous rocky slope, where I thought it prudent to
remain still. Fortunately, after a couple of hours the cloud lifted a
little, and after some careful searching I found a narrow track which
led to some huts. The occupants had retired to bed and at first
refused to open their only door, but at the third hut I found a Good
Samaritan willing to direct me. The following day was nice and
sunny, but we found the heavy rain had apparently diminished the
number of butterflies. Herr Hosfer and myself were both desirous
to visit Palermo, and we agreed to meet there. I returned to
Messina and he contined his tour via Girgenti.

From May 24th until I left Messina on June 14th there was an
entire absence of rain, and a heat-wave gradually increased in
intensity. I found Messina hot and dusty, and Palermo still hotter.
By arrangement I met Herr Hosfer and his wife, on Monte Ciuccio,
near Palermo, on May 26th, early. It is a steep rocky slope without
any shelter. Melanargia pheriisa w^as flying about in abundance, but
we failed to capture a single specimen worth keeping. The heat,
combined with the slippery slope, fairly beat us, and we had to retire
to the valley below for shelter. In the valley I caught a newly

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 155

emerged specimen of galatea flying most erratically, and a few blues
and skippers.

I decided to return to Messina from Palermo by easy stages
along the north coast, and finding that a motor- omnibus runs daily
from Termini Imerese (twenty -three miles from Palermo) inland to
Nicosia, &c., I caught an early train (5.45) with a view to getting a
ride to the foot of one of the Madonie Mountains. The motor was
waiting at the station, filled already with passengers, so my plan
failed. Then I decided to climb the hill at the back of Termini
Imerese, and somehow was wrongly directed, so that I found myself
in a labyrinth of paths in the vineyards, and in consequence of the
intense heat in the middle of the day I never reached the unculti-
vated top region at all. I saw numerous specimens of podalirms,
machaon, edusa, cleopatra (male and female), daplidice, ausonia,
cardamines, and other species common to the vineyard district, but
nothing novel. About five o'clock I struck the mule track which I
ought to have taken going out, and was able to get back to the town
in a very short time. Here there is a magnificent hotel in connec-
tion with the Baths (Hotel de Bagnes), with a grand marble stair-
case, fine bedrooms with ante-rooms for washing, table d'hote, and
every comfort at moderate cost (I made a note of this).

The following morning (May 28th) I caught the early train, and
arrived at San Stefano di Camastra (fifty miles) at 7.30 a.m. I had
planned to take the motor-omnibus to Mistrella, six miles distant,
and return on foot. Again there was not a seat vacant. Again I
never reached the top of the hill owing to the intense heat. The
industry of the town is the manufacture of earthenware jars of all sizes
and shapes ; also bricks and tiles ; while the flowers on the waste
places adjoining the works were very attractive to the butterflies
named yesterday, and I also took Polyoinmatus astrarche, Spilothyrus
altkece and Hesperia sao. Burnet moths were also plentiful. Hotel
accommodation and meals were quite Sicilian, and certainly in-
expensive.

San Stefano lies west of the Forest of Caronia, whence it obtains
brushwood for its kilns ; the next station is Oaronia itself. On
May 29th I reached Caronia station early, hoping to get a glimpse of
the forest. The village (or rather big town of 20,000 inhabitants)
is four miles up the mountain, and on reaching it I found there
was no decent place to sleep at, and the only food I could get was
fried eggs, cold beans, and bread, at a dirty wine-shop, so I gave up
the idea of the forest and returned to the station in time to catch the
evening train to Sant' Agatha, the next town. On my way down in
the afternoon I struck a wide provincial road, where I captured fresh
galatea, several Vanessa c-album, also V. egea, and a fresh specimen
of Argyunis cleodoxa. I reached Sant' Agatha after dark, and there
the sleeping accommodation and food were of a very primitive and
inexpensive character. I returned to Messina on May 30th, and I
have not quite given up the idea of a visit to the Forest of Caronia
and a trip in the Sicilian long-distance motor-omnibuses, which are
not run for profit, but for the convenience of the residents.

I found the heat at Messina very trying, and several picnic
parties we made up in June proved entomological failures, as it was

156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

quite necessary to take shelter in the middle of the day, and generally
butterflies go to rest early. On June 6th I ventured on a long excur-
sion to Scylla in Calabria, and reached the station quite early. The
locality for M. urge being on the plateau 2000 ft. above the station,
when I reached there I could only spare a few minutes to search for
it, and I think I was too late, as its place was occupied by galatea.

Nearer home galatea var. procida was well out at Gravitelli on
June 8th, and on June 9th the Sicilian form of japygia was plentiful
on a particular slope at Cattarati. This species flies later in the
evening than most butterflies, and on this occasion had for its com-
panion the showy MelitcBa didyvia, which, as the sun begins to dis-
appear behind the hill, has the habit of settling on the top of the
long grass with its wings wide open, exactly resembling a crimson
flower. It was sufficiently abundant to create a veritable living
flower garden, a sight never to be forgotten.

Another locality for japygia is at the foot of Monte Scudari
(4000 ft. high), and on June 11th I trained to Scaletta and walked to
Itala, a highly picturesque village. The wind was blowing a gale,
and in the open it was impossible to get any butterflies. By follow-
ing a rocky path up the bed of the stream for a considerable distance
I reached a sheltered spot and there found japygia and some other
species in full force, amongst them being Argynnis pandora and quite
ordinary galatea. The heat in the narrow gorge was terrific.

My last excursion was with an entomological friend to Monte
Cicci on June 13th. On our way up we discovered a fresh locality
at the back of a fort with flowers galore and the common Vanessas
in abundance; also Hipparchia circe, the latter not easy to catch,
owing to the breeze. Subsequently I found a specimen of H. her-
7nione amongst them, and my friend was able afterwards to capture
more. It was rather too late for the early brood of blues, but we
secured several specimens of semiargus, also argots (one) and teli-
canus (one), and amongst the skippers Hesperia comma (one) turned
up. Both galatea and japygia were present, and apparently we were
too early for statilinus and niobe var. eris, which were both seen but
not captured. The heat, however, proved too much for my friend,
and we returned early.

Next day I left for England, and found Naples, Kome, Paris, and
London, alike suffering from the heat-wave. — J. Platt Barrett ;
Westcroft, South Eoad, Forest Hill, S.E.

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday , February 4:th,
1914.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.— Miss
Maude Lina West Cleghorn, 57, Ballygunge, Circular Eoad, Calcutta,
and Mr. Wilham John Eorsham, M.E.C.S., L.E.C.P., The Villa,
Bubwith, Selby, Yorkshire, were elected Fellows of the Society. —
The President announced that he had nominated Dr. H. Eltringham,
the Hon. N. Charles Eothschild, and the Eev. G. Wheeler, as Vice-

SOCIETIES. 157

Presidents for the present Session. — Mr. B. H. Smith exhibited
specimens of Prodcnia littoralis, bred from larvae found feeding on
bananas at Weymouth. — Mr. C. B. Wilhams, a specimen of the
genus Acerentomon of the order Protura, taken from moss in the New
Forest, Hampshire. He also drew the attention of the Society to
the new order Zoraptera just described by Silvestri. — Mr. Donis-
thorpe, specimens of the ants CEcopliylla smaragdina, F., from
Ceylon, and dJ. virescens, F., from North Queensland. These ants
use their larvae to spin threads and fasten the leaves of their nests
together. — Professor Poulton, a collection of Algerian Diptera and
other insects associated with them, made by Dr. Adalbert Seitz,
F.E.S. The specimens were chiefly taken at Batna (about 1300
metres) in July, 1913. — The following papers were read : — " On the
Egg-laying of Trichiosoma," by T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
" A Eemarkable New Genus and Species of Odonata of the Legion
Podagrion, Sel., from North Queensland," by Kenneth J. Morton,
F.E.S. " Lepidoptera-Heterocera from S. E. Brazil," by E. Dukinfield-
Jones, F.Z.S., F.E.S. "The Myrmecophilous Aphides of Britain,"
by Professor F. V. Theobald, M.A., F.E.S.

Wednesday, March Uh.—Kv. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
President, in the chair. — Messrs. Wm. J. von Monte Pendlebury,
Broadlands, Shrewsbury, and Keble College, Oxford ; Robert Veitch,
7, Queen's Crescent, Edinburgh, and Francis Cardew Woodforde, B.A.,
Market Drayton, Salop, were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. H.
Donisthorpe and Mr. W. C. Crawley exhibited a number of polymorphic
forms in ants, illustrated by a chart, and read notes. — Dr.T. A. Chap-
man, a male and female imago of Agriades thersites, alive, bred from the
egg ; also two last-stage larvae. — Mr. H. Main, a gynandromorphic
specimen of Eriogaster lanestris, right side female, left side male, bred
last year at Eastbourne. — Mr. O. E. Janson, a specimen which he
believed to be the female of Goliathiis ivisei, Heath, hitherto unknown ;
also specimens of G. kirki, Gray, in which the white markings were
very perfectly preserved.— Dr. F. A. Dixey, at the desire of Mr. J. C.
Hawkshaw, F.E.S., a cocoon of Lyonetia clerkella, L., spun up on a
cherry leaf. Mr. Hawkshaw suggested that the fine silken web
attached to the leaf on each side of the supporting strands, and guy
lines by means of which the cocoon is slung up like a hammock,
served as a protection against ants. — Mr Champion, on behalf of Mr.
E. W. Morse, of Leeds, the second British specimen of the genus
Eudectus, probably a variety of E. lohitei, Sharp, from Ingleborough,
Yorks., and a pair of QSdemera virescens, L., from Symond's Yat,
Hereford. — Mr. Ernest Green, a Coccid with double anterior limb,
and read notes. — Mr. L. W. Newman, a line female Lasiocampa
ilicifolia taken on the wing at Cannock Chase, by Mr. G. B. Oliver,
on May 25th, 1913. Mr. Newman stated that the larvae in captivity
took readily to aspen. — Mr. A. W. Mera, two specimens of Cidaria
sujfumata, of an unusual form, from East Devon, received from Eev.
J. W. Metcalfe, who takes this form in damp woods and finds it not
entirely confined to one wood. — Professor Poulton stated that he had
just received, from Mr. E. B. Piatt, of Durban, the male and female
parents — both of the ivahlbergi form — caught in coiUt, and with their

158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

large family oi about two hundred mima and wahlbergi in about
equal numbers. These results were quite unexpected. — The following-
paper was read : — " A Eevision of the Central American Chaulio-
gnathinae (Fam. Telephoridse) based on the Genital Armature of the
Males," by G. C. Champion, A.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. — Geo. Wheeler,
M.A., Hon. Sec.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.— i¥arc/i 12^/i.— Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President,
in the chair. — Mr. J. C. Fryer, Northumberland Avenue, was elected
a member. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited two quite distinct species of
Helicomus — H. hydara and H. mnaryllis var. euryades — of almost
exactly the same facies, with microscopic slides of the genitalia. —
Mr. Newman, Gastropacha ilicifolia, male, taken at Cannock Chase,
May 25th, 1913, by Mr. G. B. Oliver.— Mr. Tonge, nest of the North
American hornet, Vespa macidata, from Massachusetts, with several
imagines.— Mr. Step, photographs of Aieurodes {Aleyrodidce), as ia,mi\y
allied to the Coccidce, and gave notes on the habits of the insects.
The rest of the exhibits were microscopical. — Dr. Chapman, the
androconia of Agriades ther sites ; spring brood larger, much like
those of P. escheri ; summer brood much like those of P. icarus. —
Mr. West, imagines of Aieurodes [Aleyrodidce). — Mr. Adkin, arma-
tures of Ptycholoma lecheana, cocoon structur-e of Anthrocera
filipendulce and Saturnia pavonia. — Mr. C. B. Williams, British
species of the order Protura. — Mr. Coxhead, galls, with larvae and
pupae, of Gecidomyia saliciperda. — Mr. Ashdown, small brilliant and
metallic species of Coleoptera and Hemiptera, including Hispa atra,
larva of Jalla dimiosa, &c., with the Swiss Centhorrhynchus horridus.
— Mr. Noad Clark, androconial scales of P. brassicce, Diatoms,
Desmids, and botanical structures.

March 2Qth, 1914.— Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President, in
the chair. — Mr. Edwards exhibited a large coleopteron, Archon cen-
tauries, found dead at Blackheath, and also a number of Lepidoptera
from Burmah, including Chalcosia venosa and C. zetica. — Mr. Tonge,
a long series of Golias edusa taken near Eeigate in 1877-78, the
years of great abundance. — Mr. H. J. Turner, C. edusa from Dawlish,
&c., including female var. helice and bred examples of intermediate
coloration. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs, C. edusa, with local forms from many
European localities, with allied species from the Eastern Palaearctic
area and from the Nearctic region. — Mr. B. Adkin, a large number of
C. edusa, including many specimens of intermediate coloration. —
Mr. Joy, a very long series of bred specimens of G. edusa, all of large
size, many females with small or no spots in the marginal bands.
— Mr. Dunster, G. edusa, taken along the south coast of England
during the past three years. — Mr. Frohawk, very long series of
G. edusa and female var. helice, showing almost complete gradation
in ground from pure white to rich orange, including the rare shades
of lemon colour and aberrations with black suffusion to the discoidal
(fore wing), with black hind wings, with drab marginal borders, and
a female measuring 67 mm. — Mr. B. Adkin, a long series of British
G. edusa, and read a paper entitled " Golias edusa in Britain," deal-

RECENT LITERATURE. 169

ing in turn with Nomenclature, History in Britain, the Theory of its
Occurrence, Probable Lines of Migration and Immigration, Local
Habits, Variation and Aberration, Reasons of Irregular Abundance
beyond the confines of its area of Natural Distribution, &c. A con-
siderable discussion took place.

April 9th. — Mr. R. Adkin in the chair. — Mr. C. P. Emmett was
elected a member. — Mr. R. Adkin exhibited three Dasychira
fascelina, one with the usual black transverse lines lai'gely yellow,
and another with the black markings intensified with absence of the
yellow freckling. — Mr. Edwards, several very conspicuous and beauti-
ful Heterocera from Burmah, including Argina argus, Euchromia
forviosa, &c. — Mr. Sich, specimens of Lita vielanella, first discovered
in England by the late Mr. Boyd in 1858. They were from Wey-
mouth. — Mr. H. J. Turner, a long series of Erehia pronoe from the
Austrian Tyrol and Switzerland, and read notes on the variation,
both local and aberrant, and the distribution of the species. — Mr.
West, Greenwich, several drawers of the Society's collection of
British Lepidoptera, to show the additions made in the Pyrales and
Tortrices by the donations from Mr. Dawson. — Mr. Piatt Barrett, a
series of Coccyx strobilella bred from spruce cones collected at West
Wickham some weeks ago. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Bep. Sec.

RECENT LITERATURE.

1. The Life of the Spider. By J. H. Fabre. London : HodHer &

Stoughton.

2. The Life of the Fly. With which are interspersed some chapters

of Autobiography. By J. H. Fabre. London : Hodder &
Stoughton.

English readers should owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Alexander
Teixeira de Mattos for the admirable translation which he has given
in these two volumes of a number of J. H. Fabre's most delightful
"souvenirs,'' and to the publishers, also, thanks. The books are
light to handle, and so well printed as to be a joy to read. Although
there are no illustrations, this is scarcely a matter for regret. Fabre
is so proficient with the pen, and so perfect an artist in words, that
no descriptive writer could need pictorial illustration less. And yet
we should like to have seen a picture of the author himself in the
second of these volumes, where, under the title of ' The Life of the
Fly,' we can learn almost as much about his own life as we can
about that of the fly. His early struggles ; the enthusiasm, the
patience and perseverance which carried him through all his difficul-
ties ; the nature of his ancestors and the kind of schooling he had,
and how much, or how little, these could account for that passionate
love of the insect, and that spii'it of observation which gained for
him from Darwin the title of "inimitable observer." All these, and
other matters relating to his life, are so modestly and charmingly

160 THK ENTOMOLOGIST.

told in the autobiographical chapters scattered through the volume,
that it is a pity more prominence was not given to the fact in the
title, which, however attractive it may be to the dipterologist, does
not sufficiently make known the delightful field which it covers, or
appeal so strongly to the general reader. Fabre is not an entomo-
logist in the limited sense which that word now implies, and so we
have him writing as intimately about the life-history and habits of
spiders of all sorts in the first of these volumes as he does about
those of flies in the second. To this volume there is a preface by
M. Maurice Maeterlinck, which does full justice to Fabre's qualities
of style and imagination, and conti'ibutes not a little to a proper
appreciation of him as a philosopher and man of science.

C. J. G.

OBITUARY.

George Bentley Corbin.

Eeaders of the ' Entomologist ' will learn with regret of the
death of Mr. George Bentley Corbin, which took place at Kingwood
on March 12th last. Born in Ringwood in 1841, he developed an
early love of Nature, in the study of which he showed considerable
ability. He was a keen and observant entomologist. About 1866 and
for several years he conducted ' The Amateur Naturalist ' — a manu-
script magazine, and his contributions were mainly on insect-life.

He wrote the entomological chapter in the second edition of ' The
New Forest Handbook,' published by Phillips, in 1876, and for many
years contributed articles upon the subject to ' Science Gossip ' and
similar journals. At one time he was a frequent contributor to the
' Entomologist,' and among his later contributions to that journal are
— "■ Deiopea pulchella in Hampshire" (1893); " Emyclia cribriim:
A Reminiscence" (1897); "Aberration of Zygana fili-pendulcB a^ndi
Z. trifolii near Ringwood" (1897); "Early hibernation of Vanessa
urticce" (1905) ; and " Plus la moneta in the New Forest " (1907).

By the tragic death of his wife, who was killed in the railway
accident at Downton, in 1884, he received a severe shock. The
news of her death caused partial paralysis of the left side. This
unfortunately put an end to his active interest in entomology, and
deprived him of the fullest enjoyment of the life with Nature that
had hitherto been his. He was an invalid for the rest of his days,
and yet he lived a full life and overcame his incapacity. His spirit
was uninjured and he was of a sunny disposition, as his writings
show. He had a wide circle of friends and correspondents, including
many eminent entomologists. He was a deeply devout man, and to
those who enjoyed his friendship his memory will remain fragrant
and kindly.

F. V. B.

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FRANK LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL.

CONTENTS.

A Monograph of the Genus Joppidiuni, Walsh. Family Ichneumonidac : Sub-
family' Cryptinae : Tribe Crj'ptiJes, Claude Morley, 137. Notes on European
Hesperids, W. G. Sheldon, 141. A Bee resembling a Wasp, T. D. A.
God'ereU, 142. British Orthoptera in 1913 (with" illustrations), W. J. Ijucaf^.
14;>. Some Dorset Hemiptera-Heteroptera, F. H. Haines, 146. An Accouiii
of an Entomological Trip to Corsica, Gerard H. Gurney, 147.

Notes and Observations. — Wicken Fen, 151. Hibernation of P3'rameis atalanta,
A. 6'. Corbet, 151. Prolonged Pupal Duration in Eriogaster lanestris, Lloyd
Chadw7ck, 152. Mucroglossa stellataruin, H. V. Plum, 152. Description of
the Full-fed Larva of Thecla spini, T^. G. Sheldon, 152. Butterfly Collecting
in Sicily and Calabria in 1912 and 1918, J. Plait Barrett, 152.

Societies, i56. Recent Literature, 159. Obituary, 160.

DATA" LABELS FOR LEPIDOPTERA.

2'6 per 1000. 1 to sorts, equal numbers, any wording, see specimens below :—

H. Smith, W. Davis, A. Lan^Icy, F. Roberts,

Darenth Wood. New Forest. Kent. Kannoch.

19 in lii la

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These are neatly printed similar to the above. We have supplied these labels to Entomologists in all
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We also supply labels for niinuto insects printed in the Smallest Type made (see specimens below).

These are 3/6 per 1000.

II Ki.iill., \V n»vi». A l,.,„fc;. , V Rol.,Tl..

J. S W. DAVIS, ^^fSlV,. MoseuDi Works, Dartford.

NEW AND REVISED EDITION.— Cloth. Price Is. 6d. Postage 2d.

INSECT HUNTER'S COMPANION

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COLLECTING, REARING, SETTING, AND PRESERVING,

ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS.

By the late Rev. JOSEPH GREENE, M.A. Revised and Extended by A. B. EARN,

" So full of practical information that everyone interested in this phase of Ento-
mology ought to have a copy of it by them.'"— Western Mail.

"The little brochure seems to be practical and useful to the youDg collector."—
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M — — ^ ■ - — -.. --

Vol. XLVII] JUNE, 1914. [No. 613.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

Illustrated lltontjjlg lournal

GEN^ERAL ENTOMOLOGY

EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.

WITH THK ASSISTANCE OF

ROBKUT ADKIN, F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S.

H.ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS. B.A., F.E.S.
W. L. DISTANT. F.E.S.. &c. j CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S.

F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. 1 Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S,, cVc.

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Great deeds are done and great discoverie

riea**lfffIRPr'^ /

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PlHin llins; Neis, wire or oaue, luoludiUK titiok. Is. 3d., as., 2b. 6d. Foldiujj ^itit,
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Eiitoinologieal Pins, assorted or mixed, Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket L'auterns, 2s. 6q.
to 86. Sngarine Tin, with brash. Is. 6d., 26. Sugaring Mixture, ready for me,
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Is. 6d., Is, 8d. Botanical Oases, japanned, double tin. Is. 6d., 28. 9d., Ss. 6d.. 48. 6d.
Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVII.l JUNE, 1914. [No. 613

NEW SPECIES OF ARCTIADiE AND NOCTUID^
FROM FORMOSA.

By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

NOLIN^.

Nola fuscimarginalis, sp. n.

Fore wings whitish becoming dark fuscous on outer area beyond
the wavy, double, postmedian hne ; costa edged with brown expand-
ing into a blotch before the postmedial line. Hind wings fuscous.
Under side fuscous.

Expanse, 20 millim.

Collection number, 243.

One male specimen from Garambi, November, 1904.

This species comes near N. distrihuta, Walk.

LiTHOSIANiE.

Asura albidorsalis, sp. n.

(? . Head and thorax whitish grey, abdomen rather darker. Fore
wings blackish with a twice interrupted white patch on dorsal area,
this extends from the base of the wing almost to tornus ; postmedial
band white, narrow, wavy; subterminal band whitish, wavy, diffuse
towards apex and tornus. Hind wings whitish. Under side whitish
clouded with blackish on fore wings ; traces of a blackish transverse
band about middle of costal area on hind wings.

? . Similar to the male but the band on the fore wings is much
broader, and encloses some spots of the ground colour.

Expanse, <? 32 millim., ? 33-36 millim.

Collection number, 1253.

One male from Arizan (7300 ft.), August, 1908; and three
females from Rantaizan (7500 ft.). May, 1909.
Allied to A. umbrosa, Hampson.

Eugoa sinuaia, sp. n.
Fore wings white with blackish lines ; antemedial line not con-
tinued to dorsum, curved, projected inwards on costal area to a dot
representing subbasal line on the costa ; postmedial line commencing
in a black triangle on the costa, sinuous, angled above the dorsum ;
subterminal line undulated, originating in a black costal triangle ;
two black dots at end of cell. Hind wings, and fringes of fore wings,

ENTOM. — JUNE, 1914. O

162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

whitish with faint fuscous tinge. Under side whitish suffused with
fuscous especially on fore wings.
Expanse, 32 millim.

Collection number, 1797.

One female specimen (minus head and abdomen) from
Eantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909.

Parasiccia nebulosa, sp. n.

Fore wings whitish with faint ochreous tinge, finely sprinkled
with black ; a black patch on costal half of basal area, its outer edge
irregular; antemedial line black, wavy, commencing in a black spot
on the costa, interrupted above dorsum ; postmedial line blackish,
wavy, traversing black spots ; subterminal line black, interrupted
widely so below costa ; a terminal series of linear black spots, and
two black spots in the cell, the outer one largest. Hind wings
whitish, fuscous tinged, a blackish lunule at end of cell. Under side
of fore wings fuscous, of hind wings same as on upper side.

Expanse, 30 millim.

Collection number, 1265.

One male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August, 1908.

Seems to come nearest to P. maculifascia, Moore.

Agrotin^.
Noctua taiivana, sp. n.

Head and thorax purplish brown, patagia rather darker ; abdo-
men fuscous, terminal segment fringed with ochreous hairs. Fore
wings dark purplish brown ; antemedial and postmedial lines black,
double, the former deeply indented above dorsum ; subterminal line
ochreous, undulated, inwardly edged with black; terminal area beyond
the line with clusters of bluish scales on the veins and at costal ex-
tremity of subterminal line; orbicular stigma of the ground colour,
ringed with black ; reniform oulined in black and partly filled up with
ochreous. Hind wings fuscous. Under side dark fuscous, all the
wings have a darker discoidal mark and postmedial line.

Expanse, 40 millim.

Collection number, 1602 i.

Two male specimens from Arizan (7300 ft.), August, 1908.

The cotype, not in such perfect condition as the specimen
described, is browner in colour, and the markings on the terminal
area are absent.

HADENINiE.

Hadena varicgata, sp. n.
Head and thorax brown, collar and patagia paler edged ; antennae
ciliated. Fore wings brown clouded and mottled with darker and
lighter brown ; subbasal line black extending only to median nervure
under which it runs to the incurved, black, antemedial line ; post-
medial line black, incurved, angled about middle ; stigmata of the
paler ground colour, outer edges still paler and pinkish tinged,
reniform outlined in black, its upper part extending almost to costa,

AKCTIAD^ AND NOCTUID^ FROM FORMOSA. 163

a black cloud in lower part ; beyond the reniform the veins are
marked with black and there are black streaks between the veins
before termen ; fringes black between the veins, pale brown at ends
of the veins. Hind wings white-brown powdered with darker, vena-
tion and discoidal spot black ; fringes brown, paler tips. Under side
pale brown clouded with blackish on disc of fore wings ; a black
discoidal spot and an indistinct postmedial line (dotted with black
on veins) on hind wings.
Expanse, 40 millim.

Collection number, 1757.

One male specimen from Eantaizan, May, 1909.

Stretchia acronyctoides, sp. n.

S' . Head grey, palpi brown, antennae serrate ; thorax grey,
streaked with grey on the sides ; abdomen brown. Fore wings grey
clouded and suffused with brownish, and powdered with whitish
especially on the dorsal area ; transverse markings not distinct, but
there are traces of a blackish, serrated, postmedial line , a short black
streak from the base under median nervure, another, in line with it,
extends to the termen ; a black linear mark on middle of dorsum, and
black dashes between the veins on terminal area, those between veins
4 and 6 most in evidence ; orbicular and reniform stigmata united,
edged above with black ; some black dots on the costa above the
stigmata. Hind wings brownish grey, discoidal dot black. Under
side brownish, black discoidal dot on all wings.

? . Similar to the male but larger.

Expanse, S- 38 millim., 5 41 millim.

Collection number, 1682.

A male specimen from Arizan, May, 1908, and a female from
Eantaizan, May, 1909.

Allied to Stretchia saxea, Leech.

Eriopyga conspecta, sp. n.

^ . Head and front of thorax brownish grey, rest of thorax
whitish with faint brown tinge ; palpi dark brown, third joint paler ;
abdomen brownish grey, hind segments darker, anal tuft yellowish.
Fore wings white transversely clouded with grey on the outer half ;
a reddish brown mark on costa towards base, and another, also on
the costa, just beyond the middle ; the first mark broadly margined
with black On its inner and lower edges, and, except on costa,
narrowly on its inner edge ; the second mark has a small black spot
on each side of it on the costa, one on its inner edge, and a large one
below the lower outer edge of which is produced ; a black mark on
the costa before apex with a few reddish brown scales before it, and
a row of black dots on the termen, the latter placed between the veins.
Hind wings blackish with traces of darker discoidal mark and trans-
verse line. Fringes of all the wings white. Under side whitish
tinged with brown on the fore wings and on costal area of the hind
wings ; a cluster of blackish clouds beyond middle of the fore wings ;
the hind wings have black discoidal spot and postmedial line, and the
costal area is freckled with black.

Expanse, 30 millim. o 2

164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Collection number, 1441.

A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 18th, 1908.

Cirphis bipuncta, sp. n.

? . Head whitish, palpi and antennae pale brownish ; thorax
whitish mixed with pale brownish ; abdomen whitish. Fore wings
pale brown streaked with darker brown between the veins on the
terminal area ; median nervm'e white ; two black dots in the cell,
and a series of black points on termen ; fringes of the darker brown
shade. Hind wings white, a series of black points on termen. Under
side of fore wings whitish suffused with brown on costal and ter-
minal areas, a dusky shade under median nervure ; hind wings as
on upper side.

Expanse, 15 millim.

Collection number, 135.

One female specimen from Takou (200 ft.), August, 1904.

Near C. polemusa, Swinhoe.

ACRONYCTINiE.

Craniophora picata, sp. n.

(? . Head grey, palpi black, grey at tips : thorax grey with black
line on lower edge, collar marked with black ; abdomen pale grey.
Fore wings blackish with white patches towards the base, around the
orbicular stigma, and on apical third of the wings ; costa marked
with grey, three white dots towards apex ; antemedial and medial
lines black, double, wavy, the medial apparently merged in the ante-
medial below the orbicular stigma ; postmedial line black, double,
wavy, curved round outer edge of the apical white patch, thence
slightly oblique to the dorsum ; subterminal line white, edged with
dark grey, preceded on the costa by a quadrate blackish spot, inter-
sected above middle and again before dorsum by blackish marks ;
orbicular and reniform stigmata fairly distinct, both pretty much of
the ground colour, the latter partly and the former entirely outlined
in white ; a pale patch at base of dorsum with some deep orange
scales on its upper edge; fringes dark grey chequered with white
and marked with black. Hind wings whitish, the termen broadly
suffused with smoky grey, a dusky discoidal spot and traces of a
postmedial band ; fringes chequered with smoky grey. Under side
whitish, clouded with blackish on disc of fore wings ; hind wings
with bar from costa to the cell, a discoidal spot, and a spotted post-
medial line, all blackish.

Expanse, 44 millim.

Collection number, 1764.

A male specimen from Eantaizan, May 14th, 1909.

This species seems closely allied to C. ligustri, Schiff.

Chytonix variegata, sp. n.
^ . Fore wings brownish grey, clouded with darker brown ; sub-
basal line black, oblique, not reaching dorsum; antemedial line black,
oblique, bluntly angled above dorsum ; postmedial line black, ex-

ARCTIADJE AND NOCTUIDJE FROM FORMOSA. 165

curved from costa to vein 4, thence oblique to dorsum: a white dot
adjoining postmedial under vein 2, and a blackish diffuse streak from
white dot to antemedial line ; orbicular and reniform stigmata pale
with dark centres ; two short black streaks between veins 1 and 4 ;
fringes dark grey, paler marked at ends of the veins, a black line at
their base interrupted by the veins. Hind wings whitish powdered
with brownish, densely on terminal fourth ; discoidal lunule and
postmedial line dusky ; fringes pale, traversed by a dark central line.
Under side whitish, sprinkled, and on fore wings clouded, with
brownish ; all the wings have a blackish discoidal mark and a post-
medial line.

Expanse, 34 millim.

Collectioa number, 1742.

One male specimen from Rantaizan, May 9th, 1909.

Chytonix variegata albidisca, ab. n.

Differs from the type in having a large white patch on central
area of fore wings extending from postmedial almost to antemedial
line, it encloses the stigmata and unites with the typical white dot.

Expanse, 85 millim.

Collection number, 1743.

One male specimen from Eantaizan, May 10th, 1909.

C. variegata is closely allied to C. alhonotata, Staud.

Chytonix olivacea, sp. n.

c? . Head and thorax dark grey, black mixed, antennae ciliated ;
abdomen pale grey, whitish at base and on last segments. Fore
wings pale olivaceous grey clouded with darker, costa marked with
black ; subbasal line black inwardly edged with white, nearly straight
but indented below costa and above dorsum ; antemedial and post-
medial lines black, both wavy, the former double and angled above
dorsum, the latter outwardly edged with white; subterminal line
pale, undulated ; reniform stigma outlined in white ; fringes varie-
gated with white, preceded by a series of black lunules. Hind wings
whitish pow^dered with dark grey ; discoidal spot blackish, traces of
a dusky postmedial line ; fringes paler. Under side whitish, disc of
the fore wings suffused with blackish ; discoidal mark and post-
medial line on the hind wings blackish.

Expanse, 38 millim.

Collection number, 1753.

One male specimen from Eantaizan, May, 1909.

Euplexia alhirena, sp. n.
2 . Head pale brown darker mixed, thorax dark brown mixed
with blackish ; abdomen brownish, the sides and crests darker. Fore
wings purpHsh grey ; subbasal line ochreous, indistinct except towards
the costa, where it is inwardly edged with black, some black marks
beyond the indistinct lower half ; antemedial and postmedial hnes
ochreous edged with black, the enclosed space below the cell rather
darker than the ground colour ; subterminal line ochreous, wavy ;
orbicular stigma, which is preceded and followed l)y a black quadrate

166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

spot, is faintly outlined in ochreous and extends to the black outlined
claviform stigma ; reniform stigma white, its outer side straight, some
brownish dots at each extremity ; a white spot on the costa above
the reniform and four white dots nearer the apex ; beyond the reni-
form is a brownish clouded ochreous patch, outwardly limited by
the postmedial line ; on the costal area between the postmedial and
subterminal line is a transverse white streak followed by a black one ;
black lunules alternating with ochreous dots on termen ; fringes
blackish, ochreous at base. Hind wings fuscous with dusky discoidal
spot and two lines beyond, both lines edged externally with white
on vein 2. Under side fuscous ; all the wings have a discoidal mark
and two transverse lines, the mark on fore wings and the outer line
on hind wings are white.
Expanse, 38 millim.

Collection number, 1750.

Two female specimens from Eantaizan, May, 1909.

This species come near E. alhonota, Hampson.

Laphygma connexa, sp. n.

(? . Head brown, palpi brown grey mixed ; thorax grey, edge of
collar paler; antennas ciHated. Fore wings grey clouded with
blackish ; subbasal and antemedial lines indistinct, white edged with
black, the subbasal only traceable on the costa, the antemedial inter-
rupted below the costa and at dorsum ; postmedial line white inwardly
edged with black, sinuous, interrupted at the veins ; subterminal line
white, double, almost parallel with the termen, preceded and followed
by black marks ; orbicular and reniform stigmata white, grey centred,
lower ends united by white streak along median nervure ; fringes
grey marked with white at ends of veins. Hind wings silky white.
Under side silky white, the fore wings suffused with blackish on the
disc ; fringes as on upper side.

? . Similar to the male but larger ; the markings less clearly
defined.

Expanse, c? 22 milHm., ? 30 milHm.

Collection number, 1403.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei ; the male captured
on November 10th, 1909, and the female in the previous month.

Allied to Laphygma apertiira, Walk.

Micromonodes ? ochreiptmcta, sp. n.
5 . Head pale grey, palpi blackish ; thorax and abdomen grey.
Fore wings whitish grey, basal two-thirds suffused and clouded with
darker; subbasal and antemedial lines blackish, not clearly defined ;
postmedial line whitish edged on each side with dark grey, sinuous ;
subterminal line whitish, angled before middle and above dorsum ;
orbicular and reniform stigmata indistinct, connected by a black bar;
claviform stigma represented by a pale ochreous round spot, outhned
in black ; fringes grey mixed with black, preceded by a black line on
termen. Hind wings grey, fringes paler. Under side grey, costal
and terminal areas of fore wings sprinkled with whitish scales ; hind

ARCTIADiE AND NOCTUID^ FROM FORMOSA. 167

wings rather paler than fore wings ; discoidal spot and postmedial
line black but not distinct.

Expanse, 26 millim.

Collection number, 242 c.

A female specimen from Rantaizan, May 14th, 1909.

Archanara 'punctivena, sp. n.

$ . Head and thorax black sparsly mixed with ochreous ;
abdomen brownish, paler at base. Pore wings black-brown, dotted
with white on the veins ; an ochreous streak from the base passes
through the reniform stigma and broadens out beyond it, some
ochreous scales above the streak ; antemedial line indicated by black
dots ; postmedial line black, wavy, inwardly oblique from vein 4 to
dorsum ; reniform stigma of the ground colour, its lower half partly
outlined in white ; fringes rather paler, grey mixed, preceded by a
black line. Hind wings whitish with a faint dusky suffusion, traces
of a dusky postmedial line. Under side of fore wings leaden grey
with dusky discoidal spot and transverse line beyond: of hind wings
whitish powdered with brownish on costal area, discoidal spot and
line beyond blackish.

? , Similar to the male but rather browner in colour and with
more ochreous above the streak ; the white outline of lower half of
reniform stigma less distinct. Hind wings whiter.

Expanse, $ 25 millim., ? 30-32 millim.

Collection number, 620.

A male specimen from Kanshirei, November 13th, 1908, and
two females from the same locality, August 13th and 26th, 1908.

Erastrian^.
Oruza albigutta, sp. n.

<? . Head and palpi black ; thorax brown, paler in front ;
abdomen missing ; fore wings brown, finely irrorated with grey,
ochreous tinged on central area especially on basal half ; antemedial
and postmedial lines foriped of white dots, the antemedial indistinct
towards costa, the postmedial double excurved from costa to middle
thence incurved to dorsum ; medial line black, angled below cell and
near dorsum ; subterminal line pale, irregular, area beyond suffused
with dark brown ; fringes dark mixed with pale brown, preceded by
a series of black outHned white dots. Hind wings brown, pale on
costal area; discoidal mark white, hnear, inwardly edged with
blackish; postmedial hne represented by double series of white dots,
absent on costal area; subterminal line ochreous brown, diffuse
towards costa, maculate towards dorsum : fringes as on fore wings.
Under side white-brown, clouded and suffused with darker ; traces
of transverse lines, a pale spot at costal end of the postmedial line on
fore wings.

Expanse, 20 millim.

Collection number, 1388.

A male specimen from Kanshirei, April 17th, 1908.

168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Hyposada albicosta, sp. n.

2 . Head and thorax cinnamon brown, the latter marked with
white behind collar : abdomen cinnamon brown, edges of segments
white. Fore wings cinnamon brown, costa white with four black
dots before apex ; a black-ringed white spot at outer end of the cell ;
postmedial line blackish, slightly excurved below the costa, thence
oblique to dorsum ; subterminal and terminal lines represented by
series of black dots. Hind wings cinnamon brown, discoidal spot
black ; postmedial line and black dots on terminal area as on fore
wings. Fringes of all the wings pale. Under side whitish suffused
with fuscous.

Expanse, 22-24 milhm.

Collection number, 551.

Two female specimens from Kansbirei, one taken April 29tb,
the other August 16th, 1905.

Lithacodia postvittatd , sp. n.

(? . Head and palpi brown, the latter marked with darker; thorax
brown marked with darker, tips of collar and patagia whitish ; tarsi
pale brown, barred in front with blackish ; antennae ciliated. Fore
wings brown clouded with darker, a white dot at base of costa ;
antemedial line black, inwardly pale edged, curved round orbicular
stigma, angled below ; postmedial line black outwardly pale edged,
obtusely angled below costa; subterminal line pale, undulated,
indistinct towards dorsum ; the space between postmedial and
subterminal lines, except on costal area, pale, suffused with greyish ;
orbicular and reniform stigmata pale, dark outlined ; a black line
from base of the wing to subterminal line passes through the cell ;
fringes brown faintly pale chequered, preceded by pale edged black
lunules. Hind wings fuscous, discoidal mark darker ; fringes rather
paler than those of fore wings, traversed near their base by a dark
line. Under side of fore wings fuscous, paler on costa ; discoidal
mark blackish, postmedial line pale and rather broad on the costa;
hind wings whitish powdered with fuscous except on dorsal area ;
discoidal spot and wavy postmedial line blackish.

? . Similar to the male but the pale edging of transverse lines
rather broader on costa.

Expanse, <? 26 millim., $ 30 millim.

Collection number, 622.

Two male specimens and one female from Kanshirei. The
males were obtained in June, 1906, and April, 1909; the
female in May, 1907.

This species comes near L. ccenia, Swinhoe.

Eustrotia hipartita, sp. n.
(? . Head pale brown mixed with darker, palpi dark brown, the
third joint and part of second paler ; thorax pale brown, front
darker marked ; abdomen pale brown darker mixed. Fore wings
pale brown on basal half, suffused with darker on outer half;
subbasal line dark brown, originating in a linear spot on the costa,
not traceable below middle of the wing ; antemedial line dusky.

ARCTIAD^ AND NOCTUIDif: FROM FORMOSA, 169

double, slightly wavy, elbowed below middle ; postmedial line dusky,
double, irregular ; a dark triangular mark, partly outlined in black,
on costa ; traces of a black medial line set in a brownish cloud below
triangle ; subterminal line blackish, undulated, dentate below costa,
preceded on costa by a conspicuous black mark ; slender black
lunules on termen, fringes dark. Hind wings fuscous with traces of
a darker discoidal mark. Under side whitish powdered with brown
except on the dorsal areas ; a blackish discoidal mark on each wing,
and traces of a dusky postmedial line on the hind wings.
Expanse, 20 millim.

Collection number, 1387.

A male specimen from Kanshirei obtained April 29th, 1908.

Appears to come near E. isomera, Hampson.

Sarrothripin^.
Nanaguna sordida, sp. n.

Head white, palpi pale brown ; thorax pale brown flecked with
paler. Fore wings pale brown clouded with darker on medial and
terminal areas ; antemedial line blackish, indented below costa and
before termen ; postmedial line elbowed beyond end of cell thence
gently incurved to dorsum, white with black inner edge, most distinct
towards dorsum ; reniform stigma pale brown enclosing blackish
lunule ; a black line on termen ; fringes pale brown with darker line
before the tips. Under side fuscous, hind wings and dorsal area of
fore wings paler.

Expanse, 16 millim.

Collection number, 555.

One female specimen, Tainan, June 13th, 1905. Comes near
N. basalis, Moore.

ACONTIAN^.

Westerniannia ohscura, sp. n.

J . Head white, antennae brown, white at base ; thorax and
abdomen brownish grey, the former rufous tinged. Fore wings
purplish grey inclining to brownish on the terminal area ; costa
(narrowly) and dorsal area, from base to postmedial line, pale brown
slightly rufous tinged ; a somewhat conical brown spot in the cell
near its outer extremity, and a larger spot below it, both outlined
in whitish ; postmedial line whitish, excurved from costa to vein 5,
thence onwardly oblique to dorsum ; a brown spot before the tornus
outlined in whitish ; subterminal line blackish, wavy. Hind wings
pale brownish outwardly suffused with dusky. Under side pale
brown suffused with blackish, except on the costal area of the wings ;
two pale dots at end of the cell on fore wings.

Expanse, 34 millim.

Collection number, 174.

Two male specimens from Kanshirei, March, 1908.

This species is very close to W. superha, Hiibn., from which
it is chiefly distinguished by the more slender spot at end of cell,
the gently curved not elbowed, postmedial line, and the general
dingy coloration.

170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A MONOGRAPH of the Genus ACROBICNUS, Eatzeburg.
Family Ichneumonid^ : Subfamily Cryptin/e : Tribe Cryptides.

By Claude Morley, F.Z.S.

This genus has been thrice described under distinct names :
first as above by Eatzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. iii. 1852, p. 92),
secondly as Xenodocon by Forster (Verb. pr. Eheinl. 1855,
p. 237), and Kriechbaumer (Ent. Nachr. 1878, p. 22 ; cf. also
p. 251 et lib. cit. 1879, p. 3), and finally as Linoceras by Dr.
Taschenberg (Zeits. Ges. Naturw. xsv. 1865, p. 105); though
its distinction from the earlier Osprhynchotus — of which I treated
in Entom. 1914, p. 23— was only so recently understood that
Dalla Torre commingled the species of both in 1900. From the
latter it is at once recognised by the possession of two instead
of a single basal, metathoracic transcarinse; and from both that
genus and the closely allied Joppidium, Walsh, in its hyaline or
subhyaline wings, which in both those genera are nearly or
quite nigrescent or infumate throughout. Only six species are
represented in the British Museum and my own collection ; a
profusely ornate form from Persia (var. pulcJie?-) is described by
N. Kokujew in his " Hymenoptera asiatica nova" [' EevueEusse
d'Entomologie,' 1905, p. 208) of A. elegans, Mocs. (Magy. Akad.
Termesz. Ertek. xiii. 1883, p. 11, female), which I do not know.

The genus is of peculiar interest on account of its parasitism
upon bees and wasps, members of its own Order.

Table of Species.

(10). 1. Upper and lower margins of the discoidal cell parallel.
(7). 2. Posterior metanotal transcarina entire throughout.
(6). 3. Mesonotum and most of the abdomen black.
(5). 4. Face, abdomen and scutellum black ; legs

rufescent . . . . .1. macrohatus, Grav.
(4). 5. Face, abdominal bands and scutellum pale ;

legs flavescent 2. seductor, Scop.

(3). 6. Mesonotum and abdomen brick-red, with

flavous markings . . . .3. syriacus, Mocs.
(2). 7. Posterior metanotal transcarina centrally

obsolete

8. Metathorax long, subdeplanate ; face flavous

4. peronatus, Cam.

9. Metathorax short, convex; face centralUy

black 5. ambulator. Smith.

(1). 10. Upper and lower margin of discoidal cell dis-
tinctly divergent apically.

(12), 11. Nervelhis centrally intercepted ; abdomen red-
marked . . . . .6. melanoleucus, Grav.

(11). 12. Nervellus intercepted above centre ; abdomen

all black 7. junccus, Cress.

A MONOGKAPH OF THE GENUS ACRORICNUS. 171

[Of the remaining five species included in this genus, the
three described from Brazil by Taschenberg (Zeits. Ges. Nat.
1876, pp. 71-74) have not been mentioned since first brought
forward ; nor has A. edwardsi, Cress. (Proc. Acad. Philadelphia,
1878, p. 365) ; though the last, A. doutieri, Provancher (Natural.
Canad. 1874, p. 150), has twice been figured {lib. cit. 1879,
p. 110, fig. 2b et Faun. Ent. Canad. Hym. 1883, p. 343,
fig. 35ab).]

1. AcRORicNus MACROBATUs, Grav.
Cryptus macrobatus, Gr. Ichn. Europ. 1829, ii. p. 440 ; Acroricnus
schaumii, Piatz. 1852, p. 92.

The only species with entirely black abdomen and meta-
thorax. Folard sent a pair to the Kev. T. A. Marshall from
Avignon in August and September, 1891-2 ; of two in Euthe's
German collection, one was captured by Bermuth, possibly with
Eatzeburg's type ; Dr. L. W. Sambon found a female in Ostia
during 1901 ; and Bucheker had the species from Lagern on
August 8th in " Alp. That." in the Engadine above St. Moritz,
from Zurich on July 1st, and elsewhere in Switzerland. This is
the only British species of the genus, and has hitherto been
known only from the extreme south— Hampshire, Isle of Wight,
and Devonshire — though there appears to be no reason for
supposing it confined to those counties, since Dr. A. Eoman tells
me that in Sweden it extends "at least as far north as western
Dalecarlia " (latitude 61° — that of the Shetland Islands) — and
that it is there not rare in dry localities. Its known British
range is, however, extending, for I have recently seen specimens
from Eomsey in Hants (Buckell), Milford Haven in Wales on
June 4th, 1910, and Stradbaliy, co. Waterford, in Ireland, at the
end of June, 1907 (Andrews). It is known to parasitise several
species of the wasp genus Eumenes and the bee genus Osmia.

2. Acroricnus seductor. Scop.
Ichneumon seductor^ Scop. Delic. Faun. 1786, p. 57 ; Xenodocon
ruficornis, Forst. 1855.
A large and handsome black and flavous species ; occurring
on both north and south shores of the Mediterranean from
Provence to Algeria, but probably commonest in Italy. The
Eev. T. A. Marshall told me in 1898 that he was then noticing
the species abundantly about the nests of a wasp in stone walls
at Ajaccio in Corsica, but his collection contains but a single
example sent by Folard, who took it at Avignon on October 1st,
1892 ; I possess the species from Oldenberg's collection, taken
in the middle of July, 1899 ; and the British Museum has a
short series, taken in Italy by Birch, as well as in Albania
between 1843 and 1850 by Sir Sydney Saunders, who says of
one particular male there " Parasite on Pelopceus spirifex,"

172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

taken with it. Mocsary has bred it from a second species of
the Sphegid genus Sceliphron, S. destillatorium, lUig.

3. ACRORICNUS SYRIACUS, MoCS.

Osprhynchotus sijriacus, Mocs. Magy. Akad. Term. Ertek, 1883,
p. 12, male ; Acroricnus sijriacus, Mori. Entom. 1914,
p. 23, female.

The unique female of this handsome Syrian species is in the
British Museum.

4. 'Acroricnus peronatus, Cam.
Osprhynchotus peronatus, Cam. Entom. 1902, p. 182 ; cf. Spolia
Zeylanica, 1905, p. 97.
The author of this species, in 1905, pleads ignorance of
Osprhynchotus when first bringing it forward, and then places
it in Linoceras, where it is sufficiently correct, though the
nervellus is intercepted somewhat below and not above its
centre as is usually there the case ; the metathorax is, however,
bicarinate, though the apical transcarina is indistinct and
obscured at the juncture of two colours. It is a common Indian
species, and, besides the type, I have seen it from the Khasi
Hills of Assam, Simla, in May, 1897, one which flew on to a
table in Dehra Dun in the North West Provinces on June 22nd,
1902, Sikkim at 1800 ft. in 1897, the Kangra Valley of the
Punjaub at 4500 ft. in April, May and September, 1899, the
Lushai Hills of Assam at 3600 ft. on July 14th and 17th, 1904,
and Sukna in the Eastern Himalayas at 500 ft. on July 2nd,
1908.

5. Acroricnus ambulator, Smith.
Gryptus ambulator. Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 392, female.
The British Museum type of this species belongs to the
present genus and differs from the last species only in its much
shorter and more convex metathorax, the apical colour of which
is not centrally produced basally, in its centrally black face and
in the black abdomen with apex of basal segment alone pale.
It is from Hiogo in Japan and not, as given by Dalla Torre,
from China.

6. Acroricnus melanoleucus, Grav.
Gryptus melanoleucus, Gr. Ichn. Europ. 1829, ii. p. 489 ;
Linoceras melanoleucus, Tasch. 1865.
Gravenhorst knew a couple of Italian females, which were
revised by Taschenberg, but hardly anything appears to be
otherwise known of this species in Nature ; and I do not vouch
for the correct determination of a male so named by Marshall,
who took it in "Corsica"; this male is very like a small
example of Habrocryptus porrectorius, with no flagellar band.

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 173

7. AcRORicNus JUNCEUs, Cress.
Cryptus junceus, Cress. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. 1864, p. 295,
female.
A pair of this species, which is a true member of the present
genus, though not hitherto placed here, was sent by Professor
Kiley to the Rev. T. A. Marshall through the United States
National Museum in 1888, and is now in the British Museum.
It is similar to A. niacrohatus, though much more slender and a
little smaller with the scutellum, petiolar area of metathorax and
the legs (except hind femora, trochanters and lower side of their
coxae) pale flavous. Dr. Lewis originally took the female in
Illinois ; it is poorly figured in the ' American Entomologist,' i.
1869, p. 137, in the excellent article " Wasps and their Habits "
by Walsh, who had bred this " beautiful Ichneumon fly " from
the "mud dabs" of the Fossorial genus Agenia, and noticed its
*' peculiar and, to us, very agreeable smell of a Humble-bee
(Bombus).'' At lib. cit. iii. 1880, p. 154, the same block is
reproduced with the information that the species had again been
bred from Odynerus, this time from Odynerus birenimaculatus,
Sauss , in New Jersey.

AN ACCOUNT OF AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP
TO CORSICA.

By Gerard H. Gurney, F.E.S.

(Concluded from p. 151.)

Here also E. jurtina var. hlspulla was abundant, and I took
one very curious pale-bleached specimen. Presently a large
bright orange looking butterfly got up at my feet, and dashed off,
only to settle again further on. A careful stalk, and my first
Argynnis elisa was safely netted — a male, and evidently but
newly emerged. Almost directly afterwards I saw Mr. Lomax
wildly pursuing a large butterfly with shouts of " Pandora ! "
and sure enough he presently came up triumphantly with a
magnificent Specimen of Dryas pandora. Further along, in a
bayfield, we saw one of the prettiest entomological sights I have
ever witnessed — masses of purple knapweed and large pink
mallows grew everywhere in the field, and on these were great
numbers of P. cardui, all exquisitely fresh ; and as they flew
from red flower to red flower, their own red wings shining like
garnets in the sun, with occasional glimpses of blue and grey
and brown under sides, I felt one could not see a more exquisite
sight in nature. Butterflies were very numerous hereabouts ;
some fine big P. icarus shared the knapweed with the cardid,
and Coenonympha pamphilus var. lyllus was not uncommon, with

174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

plenty of C. ediisa and odd examples of P. atalanta and Vanessa
io, while C. corinna was generally distributed. Here also two
or three specimens of Hesperia serratulce were taken.

Going on past Tattone station we found more likely looking
ground in a sheltered valley, along the bottom of which a
delightful stream meandered, shaded by immense chestnut trees.
Occasional fine D. pandora were taken off thistles near Tattone
station, but it was still rare, and A. elisa proved to be just
emerging, for we took several more males ; they are a quick
bold flyer, and not easy to catch. By the afore-mentioned
stream we got two specimens of a fine form of Cyaniris argiolus
var. parvipunctata and the first Satynis neomiris, while we
noticed P. egeria and L. sinapis to be not uncommon and a single
Pieris napi, with stray examples of V. io, P. brassiccs, and one
immense female I. lathonia.

A few days later — on June 30th to be exact — we walked over
the Col de Vergio to Bocognano, a large village beautifully
situated amongst groves of large chestnut trees, and at some
2000 ft. lower elevation than Vizzavona. It was very cold when
we started, and there was much fresh snow on Monte d'Oro.
However, when we emerged from the Vizzavona forest the sun
was shining brilliantly, and as we walked along the white
winding road, always downhill, we were soon warmed up ; and
though insects were few and far between, the odd examples of
A. elisa and C. corinna which we picked up served to enliven the
walk. "When we got near to the village I missed a specimen of
A. urticcB var. ichnusa, the first one I had seen. In one or two
of the hayfields surrounding Bocognano, where the hay was still
uncut, a magnificent form of P. icarus was found, the males
extremely large and fine, the females equally large and distinct,
with broad bands of orange spotting on the upper side of the
lower wings. Here also C. corinna was almost common, and
beautifully fresh A. elisa kept turning up, but were always diffi-
cult to catch ; while a single fine D. pandora was added to the
bag. But by one o'clock the weather had hazed in, and with
the departure of the sun a cold wind sprang up with slight rain,
and all collecting was over for that day ; and for the next four
or five days the weather remained most unpropitious and
nothing could be done. Moreover, up at Vizzavona the con-
ditions became quite Alpine, and one was glad of all one's
thickest clothes. On July 4th we went to Corte, hoping to find
at this considerably lower elevation better weather and things
generally more advanced ; but, however, the Fates were again
against us, as although it was considerably warmer than at
Vizzavona, we only had two really good collecting days, the
remainder of the time being absolutely spoilt by the tornadoes of
wind which made it quite impossible to do anything out of
doors whatever.

* AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 175

Corte is certainly one of the most picturesquely situated
towns I have ever seen. It is full of beautiful old eighteenth-
century houses with fine wrought ironwork staircases, and an
interesting church with a well-carved pulpit. Excepting, per-
haps, Tangiers, it is the most malodorous place I have ever
been in, and the Hotel du Nord, where we stayed, is, to say the
least of it, primitive in the extreme ; our bedroom — for we had
to share a room for the first two days — proved indeed to be a
most happy hunting-ground, and quite a collection of various
orders of insects was made here ! All the same, for those who
are not too particular, and do not mind roughing it a bit, Corte
is an enchanting spot, and once outside the town, in the beautiful
gorges of the Restonica and Tavignano, one very soon forgets
the smells and disagreeables, for the romantic valleys are made
quite lovely by the mountains and chestnut trees all round.

Butterflies, though not generally abundant, were certainly
more advanced here than at Vizzavona. On the rough ground
round the town Satyrus semele var. aristaus was not uncommon
— all males and quite fresh. A few Pontia daplidice were noticed,
and odd specimens of Papilio machaon, C. ediisa, Pieris rapcB,
and P. hrassicce, the two latter species rather frequent, haunting
the small vegetable gardens outside the town ; while in one
place some very small P. icarus, Carcharodiis alcece, and
P. astrarche var. calida turned up.

Next day we ascended the Eestonica Gorge. D. pandora
occurred occasionally, and some way up the valley D. paphia,
with var. immacidata and var. valezina, was rather common and
fond of sitting on the leaves of the chestnut trees. Here also,
getting up off the path, S. neomiris occurred not infrequently,
and C. corinna, too, was common and quite fresh. A large dark
butterfly, when captured, proved to be Eugonia polychloros, the
only one I saw in Corsica ; and at one spot by the roadside two
or three specimens of Polyommatus baton were taken, and the
first fresh P. var. tigelius noted. Nearer the town, as we came
home, E. ida and E. titJionus were both rather frequent amongst
some bramble bushes.

The Tavignano Gorge, up which we went on the 7th, and in
which we spent a most delightful day, proved to be the best
place round Corte for butterflies. C. corinna in beautiful con-
dition was very abundant, with plenty of fine, darkly-marked

C. var. eleus and occasional S. var. aristceus, including the first
female. Higher up S. neomiris became quite common, and I was
soon able to take as many as I wanted. Magnificently fresh

D. pandora were constantly seen, always sitting on the tall red
thistle heads. The majority of the specimens which I took here
and at Vizzavona have very little silver on the under side of the
hind wing ; they nearly all tend to ab. paupercula. Most of
the specimens have the silver reduced to a row of pin-pricks,

176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and one small crescent-shaped mark next the costal margin ;
the central and hind marginal streaks are entirely wanting. In
two or three specimens the ground colour of the under side is a
rich golden green, very different from the pale blue green under
sides of my Hungarian specimens, which are all heavily streaked
with silver ; the latter are decidedly larger than the Gorsican
examples, and of course not nearly so dark.

A few days later and we were back again at Vizzavona. Here
things had certainly advanced in our absence. A. elisa of both
sexes was now very common all round Tattone, but not out yet
at Vizzavona itself. Amongst the chestnut trees or in the hay-
fields near Tattone station fine fresh Satyrus circe were quite
common, and S. neomiris was frequent ; while on the yellow
spartium — which looks so much like broom but isn't — L. baticus
was by no means rare, and occurred up to Vizzavona station.
Near here also we frequently took odd specimens of the fine
form of C. argiolus var. parvipimcta. Our beautiful purple
field of knapweed and mallow had been ruthlessly mown, and
the butterflies had disappeared ; but hosts of still fresh
P. cardiii and E. var. hispiilla were abundant amongst the
bracken further up ; and C. edusa, with no var. helice, raced
over the little flowery patches ; and before we left odd examples
of D. paphia were secured, for it was just beginning to come out
on July 18th. These paphia and those which we took at Corte
all incline very considerably to var. immaculata. I took none
that could be considered type, and in many cases there is no
trace whatever of silver on the under side of the hind wings.
One or two specimens of var. valezina also have no sign of silver
markings, but are of a very rich green all over.

We had naturally been always keenly on the look-out for
Papilio hospiton, and had searched miles of country all round
Vizzavona and Tattone for larvae, but we never saw a sign of
anything approaching either the butterfly or the larva, and I
could only suppose that owing to the late season it was not yet
out. There was a good deal of a species of fennel growing
between Vizzavona and Tattone, which I thought very likely
might be the food-plant of P. hospiton, but there were no larvae
on any of these plants. When we returned to Ajaccio, I met a
French entomologist who lived there, and he gave me a lot of
information about P. hospiton. He said it was certainly fully
out, and the previous Sunday he had taken four near a village
between Tattone and Corte, which he considered its headquarters ;
but that it was extremely local, and only to be found where its
food-plant grew, and that the fennel I had seen at Vizzavona
and Tattone was not the one the larva fed on ; in fact it did
not grow in that district at all. When I asked him why other
collectors had found P. hospiton near Tattone, he said he con-
sidered that they were chance examples which had been carried

NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIIDS. 177

there out of their usual beat. He told me that he took Charaxes
jasius in the hills above Ajaccio very commonly in August and
September by means of jars of honey, which attract them. We
stayed a day at Ajaccio, but beyond an apparently fresh brood
of E. ida we found nothing of interest, and everything
was fearfully burnt up. And so ended a trip, which, if not
entomologically a very great success, at any rate gave us a
delightful holiday in a new and particularly attractive country.
Appended is a full list of the Rhopalocera which I identified
during our stay in Corsica : —

Carcharodus alcece, Hesperia serratulce, Chi'ysophanus phlceas
var. eleiis, Polyommatus icariis, P. astrarche var. calida, P. baton,
Plebeius argyrognomon var. bellieri, P. argus {cegon) var. Corsica,
Cyaniris argiolus ab. parvipuncta, Lampides boetictis, Tarucus teli-
canus, Papilio podalirius, P. machaon, Pieris brassiccs, P. rapes,
P. napi, Pontia daplidice, Leptosia sinapis, Colias edusa, C. hyale
(doubtful), Gonepteryx rhamni, Dryas jiaphia, and var. valezina
and var. inimaculata, D. pandora and ab. paupercula, Issoria
lathonia, Argynnis elisa, Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta, Vanessa io,
Aglais urticce var, ichnusa, Eugonia polychloros, Polygonia c-album,
Pararge megcera var. tigelius, P. egeria, Satyrus circe, Hipparchia
semele var. aristcBUS, S. neomiris, Epinephele jurtina var. hispidla,
E. tithonus, E. ida, Ccenonympha corinna, C.pamphilus var. lyllus.

Keswick Hall, Norwich.

NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIIDS.

By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.

On pp. 141-142 of the May 'Entomologist,' Mr. W. G.
Sheldon publishes a list of the more difficult Biack-and-White
Skippers of the genus Hesperia included in his collection. It
may be further helpful to collectors on the Continent if I
supplement this interesting catalogue with a list of the
Hesperiids of this group in my own collection, taken either
by myself or by my friends, and specifically identified either by
examination of the male appendages, or by myself, with the
assistance of those entomologists of whose work I have already
availed myself for previous notes published in this magazine
(Entom. xliii. 306-309 ; xlv. 5-7 and 77-78 ; xliv. 8-11, 25-26,
and 109-110). Mr. Sheldon does not adopt M, Oberthiir's nomen-
clature for cirsii, Rbr., viz. fritillum, Hb. Otherwise he is in
accord with this classification. But I only follow his arrangement
of the genus under review for convenience of reference.

Hesperia alveus. — Unquestionably a mountain species, where it
occurs throughout the western palsearctic region, or, at all events,
never in my experience descending to the plain. Arolla, August
(middle), 1896; Saas Fee, August (middle), 1897; Zinal, August,

ENTOM. — JUNE, 1914. P

178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

1898; Mt. Penegal, Mendel Pass, July, 1904; Mont Canigou,
E. Pyrenees, July 7th, 1905 ; Gavarnie, July 14th-30th, 1911 ;
Herkulesbad, S. Hungary, July 4th, 1912; Alios at the Lac, July
18th-23rd; Larche, July 25th-29th, 1913; Le Vercors, above
Baraques (Drome), July 7th, 1913.

Var. ryffelensis, Obthr. — Simplon, August (beginnmg), 1897;
Saas F6e, August (middle), 1897 ; Franzenshohe, Stelvio, July 13th-
20th, 1900 ; Larche, July 25th-29th, 1913.

Var. foulquieri, Obthr. — Which, I suggest, is a form rather of
H. bellieri, Obthr. ; Cevennes, Balsieges, July 29th, 1901 ; Florae,
Causse M6jean, July 18th; Emp6zou, July 19th, 1901; Digne,
August (beginning), 1903, and August (beginning), 1908; St. Martin-
V6subie, July (middle), 1903.

H. serratulcB. — Chamonix, August, 1894 (Miss Fountaine) ; " Saas
Fee, B^risal, Simplon, August, 1897 ; Zinal, August, 1898 ; Chiesa,
Piedmont, July 8th-10th ; Stelvio, July 12th-19th, 1900 ; Gavarnie,
July (middle), 1905, and July 14th-29th, 1911 ; Lavey, June 6th,
1908; Simplon, June, 1908 (A. S. Tetley) ; Le Lioran, Cantal,
August lst-8th, 1909; Brenner, July (end), 1912; Larche, July
23rd-29th, 1913.

I have no examples in my collection at present of the plain form
from the west of France, &c. ( = var. occidentalis, Lucas).

H. onopordi. — Aix-en-Provence, April, 1894 ; Sebdou, Algeria,
July and August, 1904 ; Albarracin, July, 1905 (Miss Fountaine) ;
Brantes, Vaucluse (under Mont Ventoux), April, 1907 (H. Brown) ;
Digne, April (beginning), 1902 { = conyzai, Guen.).

*H. armoricaniis. — Gibraltar, San Eoque, 1887 (J. J. Walker) ;
Mentone, April, 1894 (Miss Fountaine); St. Malo, "e^c, 1899"
(C. Oberthiir) ; La Foce, Corsica, July (middle), 1903 ; Dunes de
Miel Pot, between St. Malo and Cancale, August 15th-25th, 1910
(0. Oberthiir) ; Cancale, no date (E. Oberthiir) ; Constantinople,
September, 1911, and May, 1912 (P. P. Graves). And to these
localities may now be added probably all the northern and other
lowland " alveus " of the French local catalogues.

H. cartoi^.— Berisal, August, 1897 ; Saas F6e, August, 1894 and
1897; Zinal, August, 1898, Binnenthal, August, 1907 ; Alios, August,
1908, July, 1913 ; Larche, July, 1913.

Var. ccBcus, Frr. Saas Fee, Aug. 1894 and 1897 ; Berisal, Aug. 1897.

H.fritillum, Hb. { = cirsii, Ebr.). — Chamonix, August, 1893 (Miss

Fountaine) ; *Albarracin, July-August, 1901 (T. A. Chapman) ;

Binnenthal, August, 1907 ; Alios, August, 1908 ; Mende, Loz6re,

August, lst-6th, 1909.

H. bellieri. — Larche ; Alios, July, 1913.
H. malvcB. — None from Continental localities.
H. malvoides. — Biarritz, August, 1905, and July, 1911 ; Berisal,
July, 1897 ; Herkulesbad, July, 1900 (H. C. Lang) ; *Digne, April,
1902 ; -Aurunci Mountains, Central Italy, May 25th, 1910 (P. J.
Barraud) ; *April, 1910 (O. Querci) ; -Lac d'Allos, July 21st, 1913.

■■'H. melotis. — Beirut, Syria, April and July, 1911 (P. P. Graves,
from F. Cremona).

'^'- Confirmed bj' special examination of appendages.

179

HIBERNATION OF THE LARVA OF LYCMNA
ARGIADES.

By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.

During July, 1913, I obtained a large number of eggs from
L. argiades females which were captured at Rennes. Also many
eggs of this species from females captured in Hungary ; these
were laid during the first half of August,

The larvffi from both the French and Hungarian parents
entered into hibernation about the end of September.

After the first moult the larvse became striped with brown,
the ground-colour being pale yellowish ; the medio-dorsal and
oblique side stripes brown, and the lateral stripe rust-coloured.

After the second moult the ground-colour is pale ochreous-
green, the medio-dorsal and lateral stripes are rich purple-
brown, and the oblique stripes are paler. The colouring remains
similar until after the fourth and last moult, and when fully
grown the ground-colour is a very pale pinkish-ochreous ; the
medio-dorsal stripe is deep purplish-brown, the lateral stripe
light chocolate-brown, and the oblique side stripes light rust-
colour. They remain so coloured during hibernation.

As the larvae develop, all the green colouring disappears ;
and during the last stage no green form existed in any of the
larvse when they entered into hibernation. Some of the larvae
hibernated in the dead rolled-up leaves of Lotus corniculatus, and
some low down on the stems of the plant. They spin a fine
layer of silk to rest upon during hibernation.

No brown form occurred in the last stage of the larvae reared
from eggs laid July 24th, 1904, by a female argiades captured
in the South of France. Although when young (after the first
moult) two distinct forms of the larvae appeared, one being
striped with brown, the other entirely green, with very slightly
darker green markings. After each subsequent moult the
striped forms gradually lost the markings, and after the last
moult all were entirely green, excepting a few which had the
lateral ridge tinged below with pinkish-brown.

The larvap pupated at the end of August, and the imagines
emerged between September 6th and 18th inclusive.

The complete life-history of this species I published in the
'Entomologist,' vol. xxxvii. pp. 245-9.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Panoepa cognata (Neueoptera). — Mr. H. Scott (University
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge) has been good enough to send me a
few new records of the scarce British scorpion-fly Panorpa cognata.
They are: One male, Henley-on-Tharaes, June, 1906, collected by

180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

H. Scott and determined by K. J. Morton ; one male and one female,
Henley-on-Thames, August 1st, 1910, collected by H. Scott, deter-
mined by K. J. Morton ; two males, Henley-on-Thames, June, 1911,
collected by H. Scott, determined by K. J. Morton ; one male. Wells
(Somerset), 1902, collected by C. G. Lamb, determined by H. Scott;
one male, "Britain; old coll." (without exact data), determined by
H. Scott. — W. J. Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames.

Notes on the Larv.e of Zyg^na exulans. — The recent hot spell
in Scotland proved very favourable for searching for larvae of Z.
exulans at Braemar, and I found them quite abundant on the flowers
of Empetrum iiigrum during the last few days of April. On one tiny
plant I counted eight larvae. In captivity they seem ready to eat
almost any food (some of mine have a keen appetite for petals of
wallflower and others take apple-blossom), but they seemed confined
to crowberry as I found them. They are exceedingly active in the
sunshine, and have a most extraordinay capacity for escaping from
captivity. — C. Mellows ; Bishop's Stortford College.

Callophrys eubi in April. — On April 21st I saw several C. ruhi
flying round broom on the hills at Braemar about the 2000 ft.
contour. Perhaps they were in a sense " forced " by the extra-
ordinary " sun-heat," the maximum reading for the day being 70° F.
— C. Mellows ; Bishop's Stortford College.

[Euchloe cardamines, among other species, has also been seen
on the wing at an unusually early date this year. Records of such
occurrences would be of interest. — Ed.]

x\gEIADES (POLYOMMATUS) CORYDON var. HISPANA IN THE BaSSES-

Alpes. — A few days ago I received from my friend Mr. C. E. Morris,
of Le Cannet, Alpes-Maritimes, a water-colour sketch of a Lycaenid,
with the request that I would identify the same for him. The
butterfly turns out to be Agriades corydon var. hispana, H.-S., and
according to the Rev. George Wheeler, who kindly named it for me,
though by no means rare elsewhere, has never before been reported
from the French Alps. This example, which must be regarded as
an aberration rather than one of a local race, was captured by Mr.
Morris near Barcelonnette, very little higher than the town, flying
over mud, on June 25th, 1913. — H. Rowland-Brown ; Harrow-
Weald, May 12th.

Coleopteea and Hemipteea of Norfolk. — Mr. J. Edwards,
Colesborne, Cheltenham, will be grateful to entomologists who have
collected Coleoptera or Hemiptera in Norfolk during the past five
years for particulars of their captures for present publication.

Hipocrita jacob^^ in early May. — At Tuddenham, Suffolk, I
saw great numbers of Hipocrita jacobcBce on the wing on May 3rd.
Is not this an unusually early date ? Perhaps I might add, as an
interesting parallel, a nest of the wheatear, with young, in the same
district. — W. R. Taylor; Jesus College, Cambridge, May 5th, 1914.

Melanic Female of Biston hirtaria. — I have the good fortune
to report the emergence of a perfectly melanic female of B. hirtaria.
The insect was bred from a pupa dug vip at Finchley. The specimen

SOCIETIES. 181

is slightly larger than normal, and of a unicolorous black, absolutely
devoid of all markings ; the wings are thinly scaled, as is usual witli
the female of this species. Mr. Prout has kindly given me the
following information regarding this uncommon form of hirtaria.
He says : " I find in Oberthur's ' Etudes de Lepidopterologie Com-
paree ' there is a figure of a unicolorous black female hirtaria from
Silesia, and there is one equally unicolorous, but not quite as extreme
(with a brownish tinge), in the British Museum collection from
England. It is called by Oberthiir ab. fumaria, Haw, and is men-
tioned by that name in one or two other books." I might add that
the whole of the insect — body, legs, and antennae — is jet black. —
B. S. William ; 77, Durham Eoad, E. Finchley, N.

HiBEBNATioN (?) OF Pyeameis atalanta. — In view of Mr.
Corbet's note in your last issue (p. 151), it may be of interest to record
that I saw and watched for some time a worn P. atalanta flitting about
in the flower garden here on March 23rd. — E. F. Studd ; Oxton,
Exeter.

EucHLOE CAEDAMINES Two Yeaes IN PuPA. — On October 20th
last (Entom. xlvi. p. 317) I brought to your notice a very late
emergence of E. cardamines. I have now the pleasure to report an
instance of a butterfly, a female, from the same brood of larvse
remaining in the pupal state for two winters. These larvae were
given me by my friend, the Eev. Gilbert H. Raynor, on June 20th,
1912, and the insect referred to emerged yesterday morning, the
20th inst. — B. W. Neave ; Lyndhurst, 95, Queen's Road, Browns-
wood Park, N., May 21st, 191i.

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, April 1st,
1914.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the
chair. — Mrs. Maria Ernestina Walsh, Soekaboemi, Java ; Messrs.
J. P. Ramakrishna Aiyar, B.A., F.Z.S., The Agricultural College,
Coimbatore, South India ; Eugene Bendefitter, 11, Rue St. Jacques,
Le Mans, France ; Rev. Prebendary Edward Grose Hodge, The
Vicarage, Paddington ; A. J. T. Janse, 1st Street, Gezina, Pretoria,
South Africa ; Charles Nicholson, 35, The Avenue, Hale End, Ching-
ford, N.E. ; Frederic de la Mare Norris, B.Sc, The Agricultural
Department, Kuala Lumpur, Malay States, were elected Fellows of
the Society. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited some specimens of the
genus Curetis from the Tring Museum, to illustrate a point in
mimicry, and read notes upon them. — Dr. F. A. Dixey, specimens of
PierinaB from Western China, with drawings of their scent-scales, and
remarked on them. — Mr. 0. E. Janson, both sexes of a new Pajyilio
belonging to the gamhrisius group and apparently most nearly allied
to P. ormenus, Gu6r., also the rare Papilio gabrielis, Roths., both
recently received from the Admiralty Islands. — Mr. Donisthorpe, a
small nest of the ant Gremastog aster schenki, Forel, from Madagascar,

182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

fastened on the stem of a tree. Also a small beetle, Semiclaviger
sikorcB, Wasmann, which came out of this nest, and is a guest of
C. schenhi. — Mr. C. B. Williams, specimens of the genus Acerentulus of
the order Protura. — Mr. E. B. Ashby, a female of Dryas pandora, with
darkly suffused underside hind wing, very near the ab. lilacina,
Obtli., from La Granja ; also an aberration of Melitcea athalia, from
Hinterzarten, belonging to the eos group of aberrations of this
species. — The following papers were read: — " Descriptions of South
American Micro-Lepidoptera," by E. Meyrick, B.A., F.E.S., F.E.S. ;
" A Eevisionof the Tipulid Genus Styringomyia," by E. W. Edwards,
F.E.S.— Geo. Wheelee, M.A., Hon. Sec.

The South London Entomological and Natueal Histoey
Society.— ^p-i^ 23rfZ.— Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President, in
the chair. — ^A special exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera.
— Mr. C. W. Colthrup exhibited a large collection of British land
shells. — Mr. Stanley Edwards, numerous large and conspicuous
species of exotic Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. — Mr. Ashdown, a
collection of Swiss Coleoptera, including forty species of Longicornia
taken by himself. — Mr. Gibbs, the lantern-flies Fulgoria lanternaria
and other conspicuous insects sent to him from British Honduras
among a collection of butterflies and moths. — Mr. Step, male and
female Asilus crabroniforinis, a predaceous Dipteron, with Tachinus
grossa and T. fera, two hairy flies which attack larvae. — -Mr. West
(Greenwich), thirteen drawers of the Society's reference collection
(Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera),
a box of typical examples of Diptera presented to the Society by Mr.
Andrews, and his own collection of British Homoptera. — Mr. C. B.
Williams, the beetle Lochmcea suturalis, on heather from Cheshire,
and willow-stems damaged by larvae of Cecidomyia saliciperda. —
Mr. Andrews, the following very rare Diptera, and contributed
notes : — Lispe pygmaa, Fall., Limnopliora cBstuiim, Vill., Macronychia
griseola, Fall., all from Porthcawl, Pliorhia parva, Ztt., from
Chattenden, Fannia ciliata, Stein., from Milford, and Chirosia
parvicornis, Ztt., from North Kent.- -Mr. Dennis, photograph of
plant-galls. — Mr. E. E. Green, many species of Coccidae, largely from
Ceylon, with coloured drawings of their life-histories. — Mr. B. Adkin,
pieces of bark showing depredations of the Homoptera Chennes
corticalis on larch, and G. viridis on Weymouth pine. — Mr. Moore,
nine hundred and twenty-five mites of the genus Gamisus taken from
a beetle. — Hy. J. Tuener, Hon. Rep. Sec.

Lancashiee and Cheshiee Entomological Society. — Meeting
held at the Eoyal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, March 16th,
1914. — Mr. E. Wilding, President, in the chair. — Professor Eobert
Newstead, M.Sc, F.E.S., gave a lecture entitled " Some Observations
on the Natural History of Nyassaland." The lecture, which dealt
with the Professor's own experiences during an expedition undertaken
to discover the breeding habits of the Glossinidce, was most interesting,
especially the account of the finding of the first pupa of Glossinia
morsitans, and of the connection between this fliy and sleeping sickness
and " ngana." A capital photograph shown on the screen recorded

BECENT LITERATUKB. 183

this historic event. — Mr. A. W. Hughes exhibited Phigalia pilosaria,
including a pale olive unicolorous variety, from Eastham, also
Hyhernia leucophcearia and var. marmorinaria from the same locality ;
he further reported that Nyssia zonaria had been plentiful at Crosby.
— Wm. Mansbeidge, Hon. Sec.

EECENT LITERATURE,

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalcence in the British Museum.
Vol. xiii. By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart. Pp. i-xiv, 1-609.
London : Printed by order of the Trustees. 1913.

In this volume, the tenth dealing with Noctuidse, the genera and
species of CatocalinaB remaining over from vol. xii. receive treatment,
and the subfamilies Mominse and Phytometrinae are considered.

Altogether 70 genera and 679 species are here classified, and of
these. 379 species in 44 genera are assigned to Catocalinse ; 11 genera
and 74 species to Mominse and 15 genera with 226 species to
Phytometrinae.

The largest genera of the Catocalinae now considered are Safia,
Guen. (53 sp.), Zaie, Hb. (49 sp.), and Mods, Hb. (31 sp.).

Sir George Hampson does not accept Hiibner's ' Tentamen '
names for genera, Euclidia, Hb., is therefore rejected. He finds
that fixa, Fab., is the type of Euclidia, Treit., and that the latter
name will therefore supersede Synthymia, Hb. (a genus belonging to
the Acronyctinse, vol. ix., p. 372). The species usually referred to
Euclidia are here placed under Euclidimera, Hamps. (type mi,
Clerck), or Gonospiileia, Hb. (type munita, Hb.). Glyp)hica, Linn., is
included in the latter genus.

In Mods, Hb., are included Pelamia, Guen. (t. phasaianoides,
Guen.), Piemigia, Guen. (t. frugalis, Fabr.), Baratha, Walk, {disse-
verans. Walk.), and Gauninda, Moore (t. undata, Fb.).

" Gatephia " trifasciata, an Australian species described as a
British insect by Stephens (111. Brit. Ent. Haust., vol. iii., p. 128), is
assigned to Mods.

Twenty-one of the species comprised in Mominee belong to
Trisuloides, Butl. (t. sericea, Butl.), which includes Tamhana, Moore
(t. variegata, Moore), and Anacroniata, Warren (t. caliginea, Butl.).

Goenobita, Esp., is the type of Diphthera, Ochs., also of Panthea,
Hb., both of these names, together with Audela, Walk., and Platy-
cerusa. Pack., fall under Diphthera, Treit. (t. ccenobita, Esp.).

In this connection it may be mentioned that alpinum, Osbeck =
orion, Esp., so frequently referred to Dipihthera, Hb., has been ti-ans-
ferred to Daseochata, Warren (Phal., viii., p. 30).

Goryli, Linn., is the type of Demas, Steph. (1829), and also of
Galocasia, Hb. (1827) ; the latter takes precedence.

In Phytometrinae the largest genera are Syngrapha, Hb. (31 sp.),
and Phytometra, Haw. (158 sp.). The majority of the species
hitherto referred to Plusia are here placed under Phytometra, Haw.
(t. festuca, Linn.).

Some 450 species are depicted in colour on the eighteen plates
forming the Atlas issued with this volume.

184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

OBITUAEY.

The Rev. E. N. Bloompield, M.A,

Theee passed away on April 29th, 1914, the most lovable and one
of the most widely known of British entomologists, Edwin Newson
Bloomfield, in his eighty-seventh year. He was laid to rest among
the spring flowers that he loved, and " during the earlier part of the
afternoon old and young, rich and poor, could be seen battling their
way against a stiff breeze to pay honour to one who for over half a
century had laboured for good in their midst." He had been rector
of the village of Guestling, near Hastings, for exactly fifty years, and
before that time he lived with the family at Great Glemham, in
Suffolk, which house is still occupied by his brother. Col. Alfred
Bloomfield, a Justice of Peace for the county in which he owns two
hundred and fifty acres. Our subject was the son of Edwin
Bloomfield, and was born as long ago as 1827 at Wrenthani, near
Lowestoft. So far from devoting himself to entomology, he was to
a greater extent, probably, than any man living in these days of
specialists, all things to all men throughout the gamut of Natural
History. In insects he confined his investigations to the indigenous
species, but in botany he was as familiar with the ornamental
Coniferae of the garden as with the lowliest wayside flower, all of
which he could name at a glance.

His chief hobby was, undoubtedly, the compilation of local
catalogues, and when the project was mooted in the seventies of
publishing an account of the Flora and Fauna of Hastings, he
undertook the flying insects, while Mr. E. A. Butler compiled the
ground Orders. Hence it came about that he was always more aw
fait with Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, than with the
Coleoptera and Hemiptera, of which, however, he was by no means
ignorant ; his range extended to the mammals, birds, fishes, fungi,
and I know not how much further. Ecclesiastical architecture also
received a share of his attention. No great standard work was issued
by him, yet no standard work appeared without due reference to the
author's indebtedness to him for assistance ; and a great many of the
foremost amongst us nowadays owe more than we can say to the
kindly help given so freely and unostentatiously in our young days.
His last labour was a detailed compilation upon the Diptera of
Norfolk and Suffolk, the manuscript of which was sent for completion
and publication to Mr. Atmore and the writer from the London
nursing home, when he felt the task beyond his failing power ; this
will appear in the Trans. Norfolk Nat. Society during the present
year. Last September Mr. Bloomfield wrote to me : " I find I am in
much better health at home. I am in pretty good health and get
about well for my age (eighty-six years), but I find a mile out and
back is quite enough for me"; this I can picture accompanied by
the beneficent and radiant smile which will always live in my
memory — the smile with which he greeted us all in his speech at his
last public appearance during the Verrall supper of 1913.

REMEMBER!

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H. W. HEAD, Entomologist,
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J. BROWN.

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We append a list of healthy wild larvae — '

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Usual type, one to five localities, equal quantities; locality, date (=191 ),
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Write for full range of samples before placing your ord<»rs for the season.
FRANK LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL,

CONTENTS.

New Species of AvctiaJtt and Noctuidas from Formosa, A. E. Wilemaii, IGl. A
Monojrraph of the Genus AcroricnuR, Ratzeburg, Family Ichneumonida- :
Subfamily Cryptinre : Tribe Gryptides, Claude Motley, 170. An Account
of au Entomological Trip to Corsica, Gerard H. Gurney, 173. Notes on
European Hesperiids, H. Eoivland-Brown, 111. Hibernation of the Larva
of liyciena argiades, F. W. Frohawh, 179.

Notes and Observations. — Pauorpa cognata (Neuroptera), W. J. Lucas, ll'.K
Notes on the Larvie of Zj'gsena exuians, C. Mellows, 180. Callophrys rubi in
April, C. Mellows, 183. Agriades (Polyommatus) corydon var. hispana in the
Basses-Alpes, H. Bo ivland- Brown, 180. Coleoptera and Hemiptera of^
Norfolk, 180. Hipocrita jacobteae in early May, Tl'. R. Taylor, 180. Melanic
Female of Biston hirtaria, B. S. William, 180. Hibernation (?) of Pyrameis
atalanta, E. F. Studd, 181. Euchloe cardamiues Two Years in Pupa, B. W.
Neave, 181.

Societies, 181. Recent Liter^tuee, 183. Obituary, 184.

— "^

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Butterfly Nets i/- ; 4-joint Wire Ring 3/- ; cane do. 3/6; Kite Net 4/6 ; Mixed
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Killing Fluid 6d. Collecting Boxes 6d. and i/-. Cork Lining 5d. ft. L.nbel
List of Lepidoptera 6d. Egg ditto 3d. Egg Drills and Blowpipe i/-.
Lepidoptera Collecting i/-. Larvre Collector's Guide i/-.

J. & W. DAVrS, TorkT dartford.

JAMES GARDNER,

M/VNaFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS

52, HIGH HOLBORN, and

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PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.

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Vol. XLVII I JULY, 1914 [No. 614.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

lllustratfi) IHoiitjjlg lournal

GI^^I^ERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.

WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF

ROBBBT ADKIN. F.E.S. ! C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S.

H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. | W. J. LUCAS. B.A., F.E.S.

W. L. DISTANT. F.E.S., Ac. I CLAUDE MORLEY.F.E.S., F.Z.S.

F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. ' Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c.

"By mutual oontideDce and mutual aid
Qreat deeds are done and great discoverieB niade."^

LONDON :
WEST. NEWMAN & 00., 54. H.\TTON GARDEN
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT A CO., Limited.

Price Sixpence.

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PUiu King NelB, wire or cane, iuolndiug Stick. 1b. 3d., 26., 2b. 6d. Folding Met6,
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Entomological Pius, assorted or mixed, Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2b. 6d.
to 86. Sncaring Tin, with brnBh, Is. 6d., 26. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use,
Is. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., os., (56. Setting
BoardH.'flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; li in., 8d. ; 2 in.,10d. ; 2i in.. Is. ; 8^ in.. Is. 4d.;
4 in., Is. 6d. ; 5 in., Is. lOd. ; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, lOs. <)d. Setting
Houses, 98. 6d., lis. 6d. ; corked back, 148. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6d.
Breeding Cage, 26. 6d., 48., os., 7b. 6d. Ooleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube,
Is. 6d., 1b. 8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, Is. 6d., 28. 9d., 3s. 6d., 48. 6d.
Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
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la. 6d., 2a., 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3i, best quality, Is. 6d. per dozen
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 28. 6d. Insect liens, Is. to Ss. Glass-top and
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A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH.

The Entomologist, July, 1914.

Plate IV.

Reed Bed near Wicken Village, showing "Jungle" growth.

A "Load" in the Fen.
WICKEN FEN AS IT IS.

Photos H. A. Storey,
Caius Coll. Cambridge

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVIL] JULY, 1914. [No. 614

WICKEN FEN: ITS CONSERVATION FOR
ENTOMOLOGY.

By H. Rowland -Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
(Plate IV.)

As no doubt many of our readers are aware, a great part
of Wicken Fen has been taken over by the National Trust, and
is now being administered by that body. A guardian has been
appointed on the spot, and the Entomological Society of London
is contributing a not disproportionate share of the necessary
wage fund. As nominated member of the Society upon the
Council of the Trust, I think, therefore, that it may not be out
of place if I offer a few suggestions on the subject from the
entomologist's point of view, and at the same time attempt to
give some idea of the work being done for the preservation and
upkeep of this Mecca of the British collector.

In the first place, it should be remembered that, while the
National Trust property amounts in all to as much as 249 acres
of the entire 300 acres or so of the area comprised in Wicken
Fen, their holding is neither coherent nor coterminous. Within
the area lying nearest to Wicken village there are several
important strips which break up and divide it, and it stands to
reason that this patchwork arrangement is a great hindrance to
the work of the conservators. Visitors this year, provided with
the needful permits, will find that the Trust lands have been
delimited by means of black iron posts marked with the initials
N. T. And here I may remark that the object of the Trust is
not to close the parts of the fen which belong to them against
bona fide naturalists, botanists, and other scientific workers, but
to preserve for future generations, as far as possible, the fauna
and flora characteristic of the locality, while possibly in the
future helping to restore to the fen some at least of those species
which, either by over- collecting, or much more likely by altered
nature conditions, have completely disappeared, or nearly so.

The question then arises how far it is desirable to " garden "

BNTOM. — JULY, 1914. Q

186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

for such purposes, and reduce by cutting and clearing the over-
growths which have sprung up during the last half century, when
the wild part of the fenland all about has become ever smaller
and smaller under cultivation. For when I visited Wicken on
a fair day at the end of May I at once realized how great a
change had come o'er the spirit of the scene. Except on the
plots where the sedge had been cut already, the whole area
presented the appearance of a jungle. A wide grassy drive
divides the fen nearest to Wicken village from east to west.
But on either side of it there is an almost impenetrable tangle
of low shrubby trees, reeds, and coarse grass, by which the
more fragile growths have been superseded. This is well enough
for reed feeders ; for other insects requiring a more delicate
sustenance it may mean starvation. On the largest compact
acreage belonging to the Trust these conditions are exaggerated ;
it is cut off from the rest of the fen on this side by a wide ditch ;
and there is no way of traversing it apparently save by struggling,
often breast-high, through the tangle.

I should suggest, therefore, that so far as this last-mentioned
piece is concerned a ride be cleared in continuation, as it were,
of the one across the stream to which I have drawn attention,
with the Pumping Station as objective in a straight line. Then,
towards the centre, ways of similar breadth might be made,
intersecting the main ride at right angles. This would afford
access to this part without in the least depreciating its uses as a
preserve, while the Committee, whose care it is to look after the
maintenance of the Trust property, might then determine to
what extent the work of clearing on this side also should be
effected.

At present it seems that the dense growths are prejudicial as
well to bird and insect life, and in greater degree to plant life.
All such clearing, of course, requires to be done with discretion
by those employed, and under direct supervision. But the
Cambridge Committee are within easy reach, and skilled fen
labour is available near at hand. A large number of the trees
and bushes which encumber the inner parts might well be
eradicated ; their continued encroachment on the fen as such is
a real menace.

Again, it is obvious that if the aquatic and semi-aquatic
flora is to survive, and with it the special insects that feed
thereon, there must be judicious treatment of the waterways.
To take a single instance, the one in fact of which I am most
competent to speak from experience elsewhere. In my opinion
it is impossible to acclimatise Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus in
Wicken Fen under existing conditions. Rumex hydrolapathum is
not the sole plant on which the species feeds, I am aware, but it
was the Giant Dock upon which the larvae of the long defunct
dispar lived, and it is the same Giant Dock upon which the larvae

"WICKEN FEN : ITS CONSERVATION FOR ENTOMOLOGY. 187

of the double-brooded var. riUilus live in the marshlands
of Bordeaux.

In a paper published by me in the * Entomologist ' (vol. xliv.
pp. 385-389) I gave a very short account of this species in the
Gironde. The fen round Bordeaux is as restricted as at Wicken,
and much more accessible ; but so long as fen it remains, so long
will var. rutilus remain there, judging by the quantity of this
lovely Chrysophanid I saw on the wing the first week of August,
1911. What struck me at once was the favourable nature of the
terrain for the food-plant. The vegetation of the ditches where
I found belated larvse was not too rauk to strangle it ; the banks
of the little river where the butterfly was commonest were
comparatively clear of over-growths, and the hydrolapathum
flourished amazingly. If, then, we are to resuscitate the Large
Copper in Wicken, whether from French, Hungarian, or German
stock, it will be necessary to " garden " the ditches and their banks
to this extent, and, further, I suggest that this treatment would
encourage rather than quench the fertility of the Wicken
specialities affecting other pabulum than reeds. Acclimatisation
and the colonisation of species does not figure in the propaganda
of the National Trust and the Society for Nature Eeserves, but
permission to use their property for such experiments would
no doubt be readily conceded. Papilio machaon apparently
requires no artificial stimulus. But here once more I would
suggest that, if dealers are warned off altogether, amateurs also
should be cautioned and asked to give the captured wasted
females their liberty. Notices to that effect might be posted with
other rules and regulations in conspicuous places at the entrance,
and in the village of Wicken itself where collectors usually stay
during the season. Especially are such precautions advisable so
long as the whole of the collecting fen is not under the control of
the Trust. Finally, I venture to appeal to the several fen
proprietors whose lands are not for sale to give our keeper
jurisdiction over them in their absence. Of these plots there are
not many. One at least is well-defined and segregated from the
rest of the fen by broad and well-kept waterways ; for the others,
I would urge upon their owners the benefit to be derived by
allowing the Trust, through its servants, to supervise and prevent
trespassers ransacking their natural treasures. A small annual
contribution to the Wicken Fund would secure this, and at the
same time the arrangement would materially assist the none too
easy task of the Trust as entomological conservators of one of
the most valuable, if not the most extensive, Nature Keserves
in England.

Harrow Weald : June, 1914.

Q 2

188

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A NEW GENUS OP COLEOPTEEA OF THE FAMILY
PSEPHENID^.

By C. J. Gahan, M.A.

The interesting and remarkable beetles which form the
subject of the present paper were discovered by Dr. A. D.
Imms, who found them in all their stages in rocky, swiftly
running streams — the larvae and pupae adhering to stones, and
the imagines, newly emerged from their pupa-cases, resting
submerged under stones alongside their empty pupa-cases. As
Dr. Imms proposes to describe fully and give figures of the
larvae and pupae, the imagines alone will be dealt with here ; but
in referring tliem to the family Psephenidae I have taken into
account the habits of the insects and the great general re-
semblance which the larvae bear to those of Psephenus.

One or two characters possessed by these beetles suffice to
distinguish them from all other known Psephenidae, and from all
but a few genera of Coleoptera. (1) The elytra do not meet in
the middle line to form a suture in any part of their length.
When first I noticed this character I thought it might possibly
be due to immaturity, as most of the specimens under observa-
tion had apparently only just emerged from the pupa. But Dr.
Imms was able to tell me that two specimens swept from grass
and fully mature were like the rest in having the elytra rather
widely separated from one another. (2) The middle area of the
metanotum, behind the broad scutellum, is not grooved along
the middle (as it is in the great majority of beetles), but is
convex along the middle and marked with a groove along each
side. This character is evidently correlated with the first, and
shows pretty conclusively that the elytra never do meet in the
middle line. We find the metanotum similarly devoid of a
median groove in the heteromerous genus Rhipiphorus, in which
the elytra are small scale-like structures, which do not meet

A NEW GENUS OF COLEOPTEEA. 189

behind the scutellum ; the latter also in this genus being rela-
tively very broad.

PSEPHENOIDES, D. gen.

Head moderately exserted ; subvertical or somewhat backwardly
inclined below ; eyes convex, entire, rather finely facetted ; antennge
not widely separated, nearly as long as body in male, with the joints
from the "third increasing in length, and strongly flabellate, except
the eleventh, which resembles the flabellun of the tenth ; much
shorter in the female, with the joints from the third serrate and
gradually decreasing in length. Mandibles scarcely visible. Palpi
slender and ending in a setiform joint ; the maxillary about twice as
long as the labial. Pronotum slightly convex above, turned down
rather strongly at the sides, especially in front ; basal margin broadly
rounded in the middle, a little sinuate at each side, and making witlr
the lateral margin an angle slightly greater than a right angle.
Scutellum very broad, rounded behind. Elytra separated from one
another, inner margins somewhat sinuate. Metanotum convex along
the middle, marked with two very slightly curved, posteriorly con-
verging grooves. Prosternal process triangular, pointed behind, but
scarcely prolonged beyond the front coxae ; the latter prominent,
strongly transverse, with their acetabula widely open behind. Meso-
sternal process broad, channelled along the middle. Legs long and
slender, with very long tarsi, the first and fifth joint of which are
much longer than either the second, third or fourth, which gradually
diminish in length ; claws long, with a shght " feston " at base.
Abdomen in both sexes with six ventral segments visible, the sixth
being very small and narrow, the fourth strongly arcuate in the
middle behind, the fifth nearly truncate behind.

Type of the genus P. immsi.

Psephenoides immsi, sp. n.

Dull brownish black in colour, covered with a short faint pubes-
cence. Femora yellowish, becoming dusky towards the tips, where
the colour is nearly as dark as that of the tibiae and tarsi. Scutellum
glossy. Wings, visible behind between the elytra, are dusky in
colour. (In the female specimen figured, the wings were bulged out
a little at the sides of the elytra where they show behind, but this
condition is not normal.) In all the specimens seen by me the short,
bead-hke, second joint of the antennas is almost entirely yellowish in
colour ; but it would probably be darker in more matured specimens.

Length, ? 3|-4: mm. Breadth, 2 mm.

Hah. Bhowali, Kumaon. 5700 ft., May 15th, 1912 (A. D.
Imms).

The male antenna figured is from a specimen taken at
Lachiwala, near Dehra Dun, on February 8th, 1913; it is
possible, as Dr. Imms thinks, that the specimens from this
locality represent a distinct species. But I have not been able
to detect any appreciable difference between specimens from the
two localities. The type of the species is a female specimen
from Bhowali.

190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

BRITISH NEUEOPTERA, 1913.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

Alder-flies. — Sialis lutaria was noticed first on May 18tb, at
the Black Pond, Esher Common (Surrey) —probably not the
beginning of its flight, for the species may sometimes be taken
in April. On June 1st it was found at Frensham Pond (Surrey).
Col. J. W. Yerbury gave me three examples, taken at Aviemore
in the Highlands — males on May 25th and 26th, and a female
on May 29th.

Snake-flies.— On April 20th Mr. G- T. Lyle and myself made
a lengthy search for larvae and pupae of Raphidia, at Irons Hill
Inclosure, in the New Forest. We were not at all certain where
they might be found, but as the imagines had been plentiful in
the spot the previous season, it seemed likely that we might
discover where the earlier stages were passed. We at length
found that a favourite habitation for larvae and pupae was the
dead bases whence the lower branches of Scotch fir had been
broken off. Though decayed, these were more or less dry inside, so,
apparently, much moisture is not absolutely necessary for these
insects. Two larvae (by size apparently Raphidia notata) were
obtained under the bark of a dead but standing Scotch fir.
Judging by size alone, we found larvae and pupae of R. notata and
R. macuUcollis — a dozen or more in number. Pupae were some-
times in a distinct chamber, but whether they were occupying
one ready made by some other insect, or whether they had made
it themselves as larvae, was not clear. Usually the pupae seemed
to be nearer the boundary of the Inclosure, while those in the
larval stage were deeper in the wood. Possibly the former deve-
loped earlier, owing to the fact that more sunshine reached them.
On May 25th I captured a male imago of R. macidicollis at the
Black Pond, Esher Common, while an imago of the larger
species {R. notata) was taken on the occasion of the South
London Entomological and Natural History Society's excursion
to Netley Heath (Surrey) on May 31st.

Brown Lace-wings. — In April Mr. Lyle gave me a specimen
of Hemcrohius concinnus, which he had bred from the larva.
This he obtained when beating on April 16th. On the 18th it
spun a very delicate cocoon of yellow silk with rather open
meshes. In form the cocoon was a well-proportioned ellipse
about 6 or 7 mm. long by 3 mm. wide. Pupation took place on
the 30th, and the imago emerged between May 19th and June
9th, but was dead and stiff on the latter date. The pupa had
left the cocoon by an irregular hole at one end. H. quadrifasciatus
was taken on May 31st by Mr. A. Sich, on the occasion of the
excursion of the South London Entomological Society to Netley
Heath already mentioned. At Aviemore Col. Yerbury took

THE ENTOMOLOGY OP HELIANTHUS. I9l

H. nervosus on May 27th and June 9th, and H. stigma on May
31st and June 11th. He also took H. nervosus at Woolhope, in
Herefordshire, on September 7th. H. micans was captured in
the New Forest on July 27th.

Green Lace-wings. — Very few were noted. They were :
Chrysopa perla, on June 8th, in the Wisley district (Surrey) ;
C. tenella, near Bedford, on June 15th ; a large example of
C.Jlava, on July 28th, amongst Scotch fir on Beaulieu Heath in
the New Forest ; C. flava, taken by Col. Yerbury on August
14th at Llangammarch Wells ; C. vulgaris, in the New Forest
on August 31st.

Dusty-wings. — On August 24th Mr. C. B. Williams and
myself spent some time searching the holly leaves in the New
Forest for Coniopterijx psociformis. We found egg, larva,
cocoon, pupa, empty pupa-skin, and imago. The small white
egg was laid on the margin of a holly-leaf, the mottled purplish
brown larva was discovered on the under side of a leaf, in which
situation also a number of white cocoons were found. The
cocoon was double — a small one within a much larger one.
From some the imago had emerged, leaving behind a delicate
pupa-skin ; but others contained the living pupa. The imago
was taken on the wing. Mr. Williams has been breeding the
British species of Coniopteryx, whose life-history was not well
known, and the result of his experiments will be welcome reading.

Scorpion-flies. — On May 25th I met with the first example of
Panorpa, a male P. germanica, at the Black Pond, Esher. In
the Wisley district, on June 8th, P. germanica and a number of
P. communis were taken. Mr. P. Richards sent me four P. ger-
manica, from Seabrook, in Kent — an almost immaculate male
taken May 2nd, another male on May 25th, and two females on
May 20th ; with them was a female P. communis taken on June
9th. Col. Yerbury took a female P. communis at Llangammarch
Wells on July 22nd, and a female of the scarce Panorpa cognata
at the same place on August 23rd.

Kingston-on-Thames : May, 1914.

THE ENTOMOLOGY OF HELIANTHUS.

By T. D. a. Cockerell.

The relations between insects and plants are of interest not
only to the economic entomologist or the collector desiring to
know where he can find rare species, but also to the general
student of evolution, who sees in them an endless series illus-
trating various kinds and degrees of adaptation. In modern
times, when so many plants are being purposely or accidentally

192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

carried far beyond their original territory, exceptionally good
opportunities arise for comparing the insects frequenting them
in their native lands with those in places where they are aliens,
without their normal insect enemies and allies. Work of this
kind requires observers in different countries, as it rarely
happens that a single individual can travel sufficiently to make
the necessary observations. The writer in the course of his
work on Helianthus is collecting all available data regarding the
insects visiting or attacking sunflowers, and the object of the
present discussion is to arouse interest and (it is hoped) secure
some co-operation.

As an illustration of the work which may be done even by
one who is no entomologist, I will describe the collection made
by Mrs. Maybanke Anderson at Pittwater, New South Wales,
during the winter (Australian summer) of 1913-14. Mrs.
Anderson grew some of the new " red " annual sunflowers,
derived from a cross between the red variety of the wild
Helianthus lenticularis and the garden H. annuus. Her material
was heterozygous, and of eight plants raised two were red and
six had yellow rays. When they came into flower, " bees began
to visit the flowers at once, some from our own hive [Apis
mellifera; two sent, neither had collected pollen], and many of
what we call the native bee [Trigona carbonaria, Smith ; tour
sent]. Ants [Iridomyrmex itinerans, Lowne, var. depilis, Forel,
det. Wheeler] from a nest of small black ants are always on
the plants, but seldom, if ever, on the flowers. They are always
busy in the edge (hairy) of the young green leaves or in the
joints. John [assistant in the garden] tells me he has seen
one carrying pollen. I have never seen one on a flower. There
is a small fly [Psilopiis sp.] with iridescent wings, who seems to
stand high on his legs, who is seen there often, many of him.
He is hard to catch. There is a green flying creature [a Ful-
gorid, Siphanta acuta, Walker] , a pretty thing, who squeezes
himself in between the swelling seeds. He also is very clever
at getting away." Several other miscellaneous insects were
captured and sent, including another Fulgorid, Oliarus, probably
0. asaica, Kirk., but perhaps new ; two other flies, one appa-
rently a Phormia, but species new to me ; the other a minute
thing close to Sepsis ; two beetles, a Chrysomelid, and a small
hairy Coccinellid ; also two spiders, one of them an Attid.

Thus we see that even in Australia, where no Helianthus is
native, the plant attracts a considerable series of insects, which
on the whole (especially the bees and ants) behave exactly as do
their representatives in America. The Trigona workers had
collected pollen, and were apparently making full use of the
flowers, although no Trigona exists within the natural range of
the H. annuus group. At Boulder, Colorado, we find Homoptera
{Puhlilia modesta, Uhler, and Ceresa bubalus, Fabr.) on our

THE ENTOMOLOGY OP HELIANTHUS. 193

sunflower plants. We also find Coccinellids (especially Hippo-
damia convergens, Quer.) and Cbrysomelids {Chrysomela excla-
mationis, Fabr.).

Are we then to conclude that the American insect fauna,
which seems to be specially adapted to Helianthiis, is in reality
not so at all ? That all these insects are in a general way
adapted to plants of this type, or even to plants in general, and
special, precise adaptations do not exist ? By no means ; there
are in America numerous special sunflower insects, whose place
cannot be truly occupied by alien species ; but, nevertheless, it
is evident that the majority of the species which may be collected
from Helianthiis are only loosely adapted to it, and could get
along very well were this particular genus to become extinct.

It will be noted that Mrs. Anderson mentions no butterflies.
Until I came to investigate the subject, I supposed that sun-
flowers were freely visited by butterflies, to the needs of which
the long tubular corollas seem specially fitted. Observations on
the red sunflowers in my garden at Boulder did not confirm this
idea. On July 30th I saw one Basilarchia iveidemeyerii, Edw.,
on the flowers. It was especially noticeable that the introduced
species, Pieris rapce, L., which abounded in the garden would
fly among and over the sunflowers, nevei' visiting them, although
it would visit Gaillardia. On September 10th, in Boulder, I saw
a Colias eurytheme, Bdv., visit a wild H. Ie7iticularis for an
instant, and then go to a Grindelia.

Dr. Max Ellis informs me that at Vincennes, Indiana, he
took Junonia coenia, Hb., at flowers of garden H. annuus.

Dr. H. Skinner, of Philadelphia, who has had so much
experience with butterflies, writes me that he cannot recall a
single instance of butterflies visiting sunflowers. Mr. Geo.
Wheeler writes me that H. annuus in English gardens is
frequently visited by Pyrameis atalanta, L., but he has never
seen any other butterfly on it, and it is useless in his experience
as an attraction for moths. (It does attract some moths at
Boulder ; e. g. Stibadium spumosum, Grote.) M. Buysman
writes that he has not seen any insects visiting Helianthus at
the Botanical Garden, Lawang, Java, but " perhaps the almost
incessant rain is the cause." Knuth cites seventeen species of
Lepidoptera, all but three being butterflies, from flowers of
Helianthus in America ; but these are all from the perennial
sunflowers, H. tuberosus, grosseserratus, divaricatus, mollis and
strumosus. Graenicher adds, from Wisconsin, twelve Lepi-
doptera (nine butterflies) at flowers of H. strumosus, and three
butterflies at H. giganteus. Thus it appears that, while the
perennial species are quite freely visited, the annual ones are so
rarely, in America or Europe ; though no doubt careful observa-
tions will bring to light a long list of instances.

When we come to Lepidoptera feeding on the plant as larvae,

194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

there is a very different story to tell. At Boulder, on our red
sunflowers, we have found larvae of different kinds feeding
exposed on the leaves, folding the leaves, mining the leaves,
burrowing inside of receptacles, feeding on the unripe seeds, and
feeding on the disc florets. Are all such absent in Europe ?
Mr. A. G. Scorer, in his ' Entomologist's Log-Book ' (1913),
fails to mention a single species attacking Helianthus.

The following are some of the more important or interesting
insect enemies of Helianthus annuiis (including lenticularis, which
is the wild representative of animus).

Lepidoptera.
Phyciodes ismeria, Bdv. & Lee.

This is identical with P. carlota, Reak. ; Mead (1875) refused
to recognise ismeria^ on account of the rather poor description,
but it really seems to apply to our species. The larvae are
common on the sunflowers at Boulder, and the species extends
eastward across the plains into Nebraska, becoming rare as far
east as Omaha, according to R. A. Leussler.

The larvse exist in two colour varieties as follows : —

(1) A row of large subquadrate dark orange spots down back ;

subdorsal region black, speckled with creamy white ; sides
pallid, with a broad reddish band, the spiracles enclosed in
angular elongated grey-black patches spotted with white ;
under side dark ; dorsal and subdorsal spines black, but
lateral ones pale ; head shining black. Larva about 20 mm.
long, found by my wife August 17th ; pupated about
August 22nd; imago August 31st.

(2) Entirely orange-red with black spines and dusky subdorsal

and lateral bands (the lateral bands just above bases of
legs) ; head shining black. Larva about 21 mm. long,
found by my wife August 22nd; imago September 5th.

The original P. ismeria fed on a perennial sunflower, Heli-
anthus tracheliifolius, and probably came from North Carolina.
It is perhaps probable that the butterfly will be found to have
two distinct subspecific forms, one (true ismeria) of North
Carolina and adjacent regions, feeding on perennial sunflowers ;
the other (subsp. carlota) of the Rocky Mountain region, feeding
on annual sunflowers. The former was said by Boisduval and
Leconte to be very rare in collections, and it appears still to be
so, as I have never seen a specimen, and the Academy of
Natural Sciences at Philadelphia has none. The latter is
abundant along the eastern foothills in Colorado, and goes north
{fide Dr. H. Skinner, in litt.) to Manitoba, where it is taken at
Beulah as early as May 24th, and Stony Mountains, June 11th.
Dr. Skinner also tells me that the Philadelphia Academy has one
from as far east as Minneapolis, Minnesota, taken May 25th.

THE ENTOMOLOGY OF HELIANTHUS. 195

Synchloe lacinia, Geyer.
This polychroic Nymphalid takes the place of P. ismeria in
southern New Mexico and adjacent northern Mexico, where the
larvae abound on sunflowers. A good account was given by
W. H. Edwards in * Canadian Entomologist,' Nov. 1893, pp.
286-291. It chanced that Edwards had at the same time eggs
and larvae of P. ismeria (carlota) from Montana and Colorado.
He found the eggs, and larvae in first two stages, of the two
species " in no way distinguishable," In later stages they are
alike in shape and armature, but differ in coloration. However,
the pupa of S. lacinia is closely like that of Melitcea baroni, and
is not like that of P. ismeria, which is typical of Phyciodes, like
P. tharos. As to the differences in the colours of the larvae, it
will be seen from the above account that P. ismeria presents two
varieties, and these nearly correspond to two varieties of
S. lacinia. S. lacinia, interpreted in the broad sense as a
variable species, goes south to Peru and Bolivia, but I have
no information about its habits in those regions.

DiPTERA.

Tephritis Jinalis, Loew.

This Trypetid, kindly determined for me by Mr. F. Knab,
breeds in numbers in the heads of our red sunflower at Boulder,
Colorado. The species is widely distributed, from Idaho and
South Dakota, west to California, and south to Orizaba, Mexico.
It might by some accident be introduced into Europe (e. g.
Eussia) and there become a formidable pest ; precautions
should be taken to prevent such an occurrence.

Another Trypetid, Strauzia longipennis, "VVied. (det. Knab),
was found in Boulder on the sunflower plants, but it is not as
yet known to feed upon them.

COLEOPTERA.

Dectes alticola, Casey.
In October, 1913, my wife found in a head of the red sun-
flower a creamy white Coleopterous larva with large humps on
the body. It was sent alive to the National Museum in
Washington, and Mr. Craighead placed it in the stem of a
chrysanthemum, and thus very cleverly succeeded in raising the
adult, which was determined as D. spitiosus. Say. Just about
this time, however, Casey published his D. alticola, a segregate
from D. spinosus, readily recognisable by the black humeral
spots. The Boulder species, which I had earlier taken in the
adult state (July 18th), is D. alticola. True D. spinosus is from
the Eastern States, and Mr. Craighead very kindly sent me a
pair of these, which he has bred from stems and roots of
ragweed.

196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Clirysomela exclaniatiunis, Fabr.

This is extremely abundant in all stages on the red sunflowers
at Boulder, and is a great pest. The larvae void their excrement
when touched, and are probably avoided by birds. The beetles
are, however, attacked by the Hemipteron Perilloides claudus,
Say, which resembles them to a certain extent in its colour-
scheme. Fabricius published C. exclamationis in 1801, stating
that it was obtained by D. Smith Barton in North America.
This was evidently Benjamin Smith Barton of Philadelphia;
how he obtained this western insect in 1801 I do not know, but
the description of Fabricius seems clearly applicable. Mr. F.
Knab has very kindly copied out for me all the localities for
C. exclamationis in the U.S. National Museum, the Hubbard and
Schwarz collection, and the Knab collection. The most eastern
localities are in South Dakota (Aberdeen, E. A. Vickery ; Volga,
Truman); Kansas (Riley Co., Popenoe; Topeka, Hubbard and
Schwarz ; Onaga, F. F. Crevecceur) ; Nebraska (Lincoln, H.
Soltau ; West Point) ; and Texas (Dallas, Boll). One specimen
is labelled " Pennsylvania," from the collection of C. V. Riley,
but, as Mr. Knab says, this is surely a mistake.

One specimen is said to come from Arizona (from collection
of J. B. Smith), but there are none from the Pacific coast region,
where I incline to believe that Helianthiis lenticularis is not truly
indigenous.

There are in addition some very characteristic sunflower
weevils (especially Desmoris constrictus, Say, and D. fulvus,
Lee), but my materials have not yet been fully examined.

Hemiptera.

Aphis Jielianthi, Monell, occurred in quantity on leaves of the
red sunflower in my garden at Boulder ; but I also obtained a
species of Macrosiphum, a new genus for Ileliaiithus. Specimens
of this were kindly examined by Professor C. P. Gillette, who
reported that he could not distinguish them from M. ambrosia,
Thomas.

The predatory bug Phymata fasciata, Gray, was found at
Boulder on the red sunflower, preying on the honey bee. Apis
mellifera ligastica, Spin.

Thysanoptera.

A thrips abundant on heads of the red sunflower at Boulder
was carefully examined by Miss Elizabeth Robinson and the
writer. We could not distinguish it in any way from the
common Frankliniella tritici, Fitch.

197

A NEW SCELIONID PARASITE of LOCUST EGGS fkom
THE NOETHERN TERRITORY of AUSTRALIA.*

By a. a. Girault.

The following species was received from Mr. G. F. Hill,
Government Entomologist, Northern Territory, Australia.

Genus Scelio, Latreille.
1. Scelio semisanguineus, n. sp.

Female. — Length 3-20 mm.

Blood red, the head, abdomen and distal six joints of antennal
flagellum, black ; joints 5 and 6 of antennge suffused with blackish ;
segments 2-5 of abdomen suffused more or less with reddish, veatrad
and dorsad. Distal half of fore wings rather deeply infuscated.
Scape long, about equal to the next six joints ; pedicel somewhat
longer than joint 3 which is somewhat longer than wide at apex ;
following joints wider than long, 7 longest of them, 5 and 6 shortest.
Mandibles very long, strongly bidentate at apex, the teeth subequal ;
maxillary palpi 3-jointed. Venation faint. Segment 4 of abdomen
distinctly longer than the two preceding segments ; segments 2 and
3 of abdomen with longitudinal striae more or less anastomosed ;
segments 4 and 5 densely polygonally reticulated, the lines raised ;
6 striated like 8, also the entire venter; segment 5 with the striation
along distal half. Tiiorax umbilicately punctate, the punctures
unequal in size, smallest on propodeum ; the latter also obliquely
longitudinally striate but not densely, two of the strite down the
meson as median carinse which are separated for some distance.
Lateral margin of propodeum and the shoulders fringed with silvery
pubescence. Parapsidal furrows complete, rather distinct. Head
coarsely punctate and with short silvery pubescence.

Male. — Unknown.

Described from five females labelled "No. 31, Botanic Gardens,
Darwin, N. T., Feb. 13, 1914, G. F. Hih," and captured over acridid
egg-beds on sandy soil.

Habitat. — Australia : Port Darwin, Northern Territory.
Associated with Acridiidse.

Types. — Queensland Museum, Brisbane, five females on a tag.

NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES.
By T. D. a. Cockeeell.

Earyglossidia purpurasceyis, sp. n.
(7 . Length about 8J mm. ; black, the abdomen dark rich chest-
nut-red, suffused with purple, the basal segment dark ; antennae
black, extremely long, reaching to third abdominal segment; head

"-•= Contribution No. 24, Entomological Laboratory, Bureau of Sugar
Experiment Stations, Bundaberg, Queensland.

198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

broad ; mandibles black ; clypeus shining, with sparse distinct
punctures; supraclypeal area dullish, appearing minutely granular,
contrasting with clypeus ; hair of head and thorax mainly white, but
there is fuscous or black hair on clypeus, vertex, and discs of meso-
thorax and scutellum ; mesothorax dull, without evident punctures ;
scutellum a little more shining, slightly bigibbous ; area of meta-
thorax large, with only microscopical sculpture ; tegulae piceous, with
a large testaceous spot posteriorly ; wings strongly infuscated,
brownish ; the large stigma dark reddish ; nervures fuscous ; b. n.
falling far short of t. m. ; lower side of first s. m. with a gentle
double curve ; first r. n. joining second s. m. at a distance from base
equal to length of first t. c. ; legs black basally, red apically, the black
ending on femora, near middle on anterior ones, near apex behind,
but at middle or before in front, on the other ones ; middle and hind
tibiae with a dusky suffusion on outer side ; abdomen broad basally,
not clavate, not punctured ; apical plate circular, its margin broadly
translucent.

2 ■ Length about 9 mm., much like the male, but antennae short,
ordinary ; supraclypeal area elevated, smooth and shining ; sides of
second abdominal segment with a large dark spot ; apical fimbria
dark fuscous, not very large.

Hah. Yallingup, S.-W. Australia, September 14th-October
31st, 1913, 1 male (= type), 2 females (R. E. Turner) ; British
Museum. The three species of Euryglossidia now known may
be separated thus : —

Wings hyaline, nervures ferruginous (W. Australia)

ickneumonoides (Ckll.).
Wings brownish ....... . 1.

1. Nervures ferruginous ; second s. m. receiving first
r. n. at a distance from base equal to about half
of first t. c. (Victoria) .... rectangulata, Ckll.

Nervures fuscous ; second s. m. receiving first r. n.
at a distance from base equal to length of first
t. c. (W. Australia) .... ])iirinirascens, Ckll.

All three show more or less purple lustre on abdomen, at
least in the male. The species now described is considerably
larger than the others.

Euryglossa undulata, sp. n.

2 . Length about 10 mm. ; robust, black, the head and thorax
with rather scanty dull white hair, the end of the abdomen with dark
fuscous hair ; head broad ; mandibles black, with a broad bright
ferruginous subapical band ; clypeus shining, with scattered distinct
but not large punctures ; flagellum beneath dark brown with pallid
bands or spots, one to each joint ; mesothorax dull, microscopically
tessellate, with irregular shallow punctures, sparse (^n disc ; scutellum
more shining, with scattered large punctures, and a very fine median
impressed line ; area of metathorax large, shining, with only
microscopical sculpture ; tegulae rufopiceous ; wings smoky-hyaline,
nervures and stigma piceous ; b. n. meeting t. m. ; lower side of first

NEW AUSTRALIAN BF.ES. 199

s. m. very strongly arched or undulated ; legs dark reddish brown
with glittering white hair ; anterior knees and tibiae in front yellow ;
abdomen broad, first segment with a large yellow patch (bidentate
posteriorly) at base ; second to fourth segments with interrupted
yellow bands, which become very broad in the sublateral region ;
second and third segments dull basally, shining apically ; apical
plate small ; greater part of venter yellow.

<y . Length 8 to 9 mm. ; much more slender ; face and front
with much white hair, but not hiding the surface ; flagellum beneath
dark coffee-brown, not spotted ; b. n. not reaching t. m. ; all the
femora yellow at apex ; anterior tibiae yellow with a large black patch
behind ; middle and hind tibiae yellow at apex behind ; first abdominal
segment not yellow at base ; second to fifth with transverse yellow
maculae, successively smaller, at sides, those beyond the third segment
sometimes hidden by the retraction of the segments ; apical plate
circular, orange-fulvous ; venter mainly yellow.

Hah. Yallingup, S.-W. Australia, September 14th-October
31st, 1913, 1 female (= type), 3 males (R. E. Turner) ; British
Museum. The sexes were taken mated on September 30th. The
female is superficially rather like E. crabronica, Ckll., but differs by
the dark face, venation (first r. n. entering second s. m. some
distance from base, second r. n. a short distance from apex), &c.
E. maculata, Sm. (of which E. villosula, Sm., is probably the
male, judging from the descriptions), has yellow legs, while
E. nitid'ifrons, Sm., has yellow mandibles.

Binghamiella insularis, sp. n.

(? . Length about 7 mm. ; rather slender, black ; first abdominal
segment black or nearly, with the apical margin broadly red ; rest of
abdomen bright chestnut-red, with the apical margins of the seg-
ments stained with dusky ; face with white hair, not dense. Com-
pared with female B. antipodes (Smith), from New South Wales,
the following differences are apparent : abdomen a much brighter
red ; wings dusky, not so red (very red in antipodes), with the stigma
and nervures piceous ; third s.m. broader above than second (the
reverse is true of antipodes) ; mesothorax extremely densely punc-
tured. Apical plate of abdomen very small and narrow ; antennae
wholly dark ; flagellum very long, reaching to end of thorax ; lobes
of tongue quite long and slender.

Hah. Eaglehawk Neck, S.-E. Tasmania, February 12th-
March 3rd, 1913 (R. E. Turner). Two males. British Museum.
As we know only the male of B. insularis and the female of
B. antipodes, it is difficult to determine the true specific
characters of the new form, but it seems to be sufficiently
distinct.

Exoneura turneri, sp. n.

$ . Length about 8 mm. ; head and thorax black, wholly with-
out light markings ; abdomen bright chestnut-red, the first segment
with two rather small dusky spots near base ; femora, tibiae, and
tarsi bright chestnut-red, anterior femora black at extreme base;

200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

mandibles with a very obscure reddish spot ; face broad, orbits
practically parallel ; scape with a narrow red stripe in front ;
flagellum dark ; tegulse piceous ; wings strongly reddened ; meso-
thorax very smooth, polished ; hair of hind tibiae and tarsi rufo-
fulvous.

Hah. Eaglehawk Neck, S.-E. Tasmania, February 12th-
March 3rd, 1913 (R. E. Turner). Two females. British Museum.
Allied to E. hamulata, but distinguished by the entirely black
face. It is perhaps not more than a local race of hamulata.

Exoneura angophora occidentalism subsp. n.
$ . Length 6^-7 mm. ; face wholly without light markings ;
face narrowed below ; scape red or yellowish-red in front ; wings
reddish ; anterior and middle femora above, and below apically, and
their tibioB and tarsi entirely, bright ferruginous ; hind legs black,
the femora and tibits narrowly red at apex; hind tibiiB and tarsi
with much fuscous hair ; basal segment of abdomen black except the
apical margin, the hind border of the black obtusely bilobed ; second
segment with a broad biundulate dusky band.

Hah. Yallingup, S.-W. Australia, September 14th-October
31st, 1913 (R. E. Turner). Four females. British Museum.
Mr. Meade- Waldo notes : — " Not E. hicolor ; differs in colour of
hind legs, &c." It is, however, so close to E. angophone that I
treat it as a subspecies.

Exoneura insularis, sp. n.

? . Length about 6 mm. ; black, including the abdomen; orbits
moderately converging below ; clypeal and lateral marks cream-
colour ; clypeus with a very broad median band, which suddenly
broadens above, so as to include all of upper part of clypeus ; lateral
marks rather small, subtriangular ; scape with a red mark near base,
and one at apex ; flagellum thick, very obscure reddish beneath ;
tubercles black, with white hair ; pleura and sides of metathorax
with thin white hair ; tegulse piceous ; wings reddish, nervures and
the large stigma dull ferruginous ; legs black, anterior tibiae obscure
reddish at base and subapically ; hair of hind tibise and tarsi black ;
abdomen very broad.

Hah. Stradbroke Island, Queensland, September 24th, 1906
(W. W. Froggatt, 155). Allied to E. hotauica, but easily sepa-
rated by the lateral face-marks and dark tubercles.

Allodape hrihiensis, sp. n.
2 . Length about 4 mm. ; black, the abdomen dullish, not
shining as in ^. unicolor; eyes greyish-green; clypeus with a broad
white vertical bar, narrowest at top, and gradually widening down-
wards ; scape black ; flagellum ferruginous beneath, except at base ;
mesothorax shining ; tegulae testaceous ; wings moderately dusky ;
nervures and stigma dusky reddish ; tubercles white ; anterior
femora with two white spots at apex, their tibiae brown with a
white line on outer side ; middle tibiie with a white spot at base ;

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDiE FROM FORMOSA. 201

posterior tibiae with more than the basal half broadly white pos-
teriorly ; hind margins of abdominal segments more or less reddish,
but very narrowly and obscurely.

Hah. Bribie Island, Queensland, November 2nd, 1913 (H.
Hacker; Queensland Museum, 112). Nearest to A. unicolor,
but smaller, with different clypeal mark, and white marks on
the legs.

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETKID^ FROM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

Bapta conspersa, sp. n.

^ . Head white, face brown ; antennae brown, white at base ;
thorax and abdomen white, the latter speckled with grey. Fore
wings obtusely pointed at apex, white speckled with grey, costa
narrowly ochreous ; discoidal dot black ; antemedial and postmedial
lines grey, the former slender and only distinct towards dorsum, the
latter diffuse, curved and recurved. Hind wings white speckled with
grey ; discoidal dot minute, black ; postmedial line grey, narrower
than that on fore wings. Fringes and under side of all the wings,
white.

Expanse, (? , 33 millim. ; ? , 35 millim.

Collection number, 778.

One example of each sex. The male fromDaitozan (8500 ft.),
September 17th, 1906, and the female from Arizan, August
21st, 1908.

Bapta marginata, sp. n.

S . Head white, face brown ; antennae brown, white at base ;
thorax and abdomen white powdered with grey. Fore wings white,
thickly powdered with grey on the basal area, which is limited by
the slightly darker and almost straight antemedial line ; postmedial
band grey, fairly parallel with termen ; a broad grey band on terminal
area ; discoidal dot black. Hind wings white, basal two-thirds finely
powdered with grey ; terminal third grey, traversed by a narrow
band of ground colour ; discoidal dot black. Fringes and also the
under side of all the wings, white.

Expanse, 36 millim.

Collection number, 778 ft.

A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 22nd, 1908.

Pseiidomicronia fasciata, sp. n.
(? . Head, thorax, and abdomen white, the latter faintly brownish-
tinged. Fore wings white with nine slightly oblique fuscous grey
transverse lines, the third and fourth bifurcate towards the costa,
the fifth and sixth approximate on dorsum and diverge towards costa,
where they enclose a fuscous grey transverse streak ; all the lines are
blackish on the costa and have short blackish linear marks between
them ; a fuscous grey band just beyond the fourth line ; terminal
ENTOM. — JULY, 1914. R

202 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

line blackish. Hind wings white with four fuscous grey transverse
lines, one before the fuscous grey band (which is broader and more
oblique than on the fore wings), and three, united below middle,
beyond the band ; two black spots at angle ; terminal line blackish.
Under side white.

Expanse, 43 millim.

Collection number, 781.

A male specimen from Kanshirei, June 11th, 1906.

Allied to JP. coelata, Moore.

Arichanna postflava, sp. n,

^. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Fore wings grey with
some blackish clouds at the base and three transverse series of black
spots ; first series of four spots — two on costal area, one below median
nervure, and one just above the dorsum — -represent an irregular ante-
medial band ; second series of seven spots — three on costal area, and
four on dorsal area (5 and 6 confluent) — represent a curved and
recurved postmedial band ; third series of nine spots — 5 faint,
7 and 8 confluent — indicate a band almost parallel with the ter-
men ; discoidal spot black. Hind wings yellow, grey on the basal
area ; discoidal spot black ; postmedial and subterminal bands repre-
sented by black spots of irregular size, the spots of each series
confluent on dorsum. Under side similar to above.

Expanse, 66 millim.

Collection number, 772.

A male specimen from Daitozan (8500 ft.), September 11th,
1906.

Comes near jaguarinaria, Oberthiir.

Percnia suffusa, sp. n.

^ . Head and thorax brownish grey, the latter with two rows of
black dots ; abdomen grey, two black dots on each segment. Antennae
serrate and fasciculate. Fore wings white suffused with brownish
grey on basal third and along the costa ; two black dots at base and
six spots representing subbasal and antemedial lines, all spots placed
on veins ; discoidal spot black, rather large ; postmedial line sinuous,
formed of black dots on the veins, outwardly broadly suffused with dark
grey; subterminal and terminal lines formed of black dots between the
veins, the space enclosed suffused with dark grey. Hind wings white,
finely sprinkled with brownish grey on basal area ; antemedial line
represented by blackish spots on the veins ; discoidal spot black, rather
large ; postmedial, subterminal, and terminal lines as on fore wings.
Fringes of all wings white. Under side white, discoidal spot and
transverse markings beyond as on the fore wings ; apical area of
fore wings darkened.

Expanse, S , 48 millim. ; ? , 50 millim.

Collection number, 812.

A male and a female from Kanshirei, April 29th, 1908, male ;
June 22nd, 1906, female.

This species comes near P. maculata, Moore.

CONTINENTAL ODONATA AND NEUROPTERA. ^03

Anticlea taiivana, sp. n.

Head and thorax blackish ; antennse bipectinated ; abdomen
brown, blackish at base. Fore wings pale brown slightly suffused
with fulvous on the disc; basal fourth blackish, limited by a brownish
line ; antemedial line brownish, preceded by a double dusky line,
which, together with antemedial, terminates in a black mark on the
dorsum ; postmedial line serrate, irregular, indicated by a series of
partly black-edged white dots on the veins which towards the costa
are connected by a slender black line ; some indistinct and irregular
lines before the postmedial, and a series of black dots on the veins
beyond the postmedial ; subterminal line blackish, undulated, only
distinct towards costa where it is inwardly edged with blackish
mixed with brown and outwardly bordered with greyish white and
dark grey, and above tornus where it has a blackish mark on its
inner edge ; discoidal mark blackish linear. Hind wings fuscous.
Fringes of all wings brown, chequered with darker. Under side
fuscous, two darker transverse lines on each wing.

Expanse, 28 millim.

Collection numbers, 817, female, and 1694, male.

One example of each sex from Arizan (7500 ft.), September
13th, 1906, female; August 30th, 1908, male.

The transverse lines are not very distinct in either of the
specimens, but they are rather better defined in the female than
in the male.

CONTINENTAL ODONATA AND NEUEOPTERA, 1913.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

Mr. W. G. Sheldon was kind enough to give me a number
of Odonata and Neuroptera taken in France and Spain in the
summer of 1913. They were : —

Odonata.

Libellula depressa, Linn., Biarritz, June 25th, a nice deep-coloured
male.

Orthetrum ccemlescens, Fab., Biarritz, June 27th, a fi*agmentary
male. Albarracin, June 13th, a female. Another female, with
incomplete data.

*Onychogom])hus uncatus, Charp., Albarracin, June 6th, a male.
Albarracin, June 17th, a male and a female. Biarritz, June 25th, a
female. All four were in somewhat teneral condition.

Galopteryx virgo, Linn., Biarritz, June 25th, a male with broad
wings, blue to the tip.

Calopteryx splcndens, Harr., Albarracin, June 7th, one male with
the blue colouring only just commencing to show its position on the
wing. Albarracin, June 16th, a male in condition similar to the last ;
a male without any sign of blue appearing on its wings ; two females.
They must be referred to the race or variety xantliostoma, Charp.

20J: THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

-•'Calopteryx hceviorrhoidalis, Vanderl., Biarritz, June 24th, a male
with teneral colouring ; June 25th, two males, one fully coloured, the
other teneral, and a female not strongly coloured.

Cordukgaster annulatus, Latr., Biarritz, June 27th, a female.

Platycnemis penni2]es, Pall., Biarritz, June 27th, two females in
poor condition.

Pyrrhosoma nym])kula, Sulz., Albarracin, May 28th, a teneral
female ; June 13th, a male and a female, the latter teneral.

Agrion mercuriale, Charp., Albarracin, June 13th, a male. Biarritz,
June 23rd, a female, June 25th, a male and female in cop., and June
27th, a teneral male.

Neuroptera.

'■'Ascalaphiis longicornis, Linn., Albarracin, about mid-June, a male.

■'' Ascalaphus haticits, Eamb., Albarracin, about mid-June, a male.

■•'Ascalaphus hispanicus, Eamb., Albarracin, about mid-June, a
male — an interesting species less frequently obtained than the
previous two.

*Creagris plmnheus, Oliv. (an ant-lion), Albarracin, June 13th, a
female.

Those species with an asterisk (*) prefixed do not belong to
the British fauna.

Kingston-on-Thames : May, 1914.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Gynandromorphous bred Specimen of Catopsilia (Callidryas)
CROCALE. — I had been breeding a good many specimens of C. crocale,
when I noticed, to my astonishment, that one recently hatched out
to-day had the right wing like a male, while the left wing was like a
female. I showed the butterfly to Miss Fountaine, who at once told
me it was an hermaphrodite and a great prize for me to have secured,
saying that amongst several hundred specimens, including a number
of different species of Callidryas bred by herself in various parts of
the world, such a thing had never occurred. Unfortunately the
butterfly was lying on its back at the bottom of the cage when I
found it, so that at the root of the fore wings it is deformed, but
otherwise well-developed. — R. L. Hunter ; Barron Falls Hotel,
Kuranda, North Queensland, April 29th, 1914.

Pachys (Amphidasys) betularia ah. doubledayaria in Berk-
shire. — On May 22nd I took a female specimen of P. hetularia var.
doubledayaria on a door-post. I think it interesting to record
this, because I believe this form is not very often taken in the
Reading district. — H. L. Dolton ; 36, Chester Street, Reading,
Berks.

Myelophola (Myelois) cribrum in North-West London. —
In 1907 I recorded the occurrence of this species at Upper Tooting

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 205

on July 14th of that year (Entom. xl. p. 213). This was followed by
other records of the species from the same district, also from Thornton
Heath and from Kingston (Entom. xl. p. 237). I have now to put
on record the capture of two specimens at Brondesbury. The
moths, which were captured by Mr. Alec Urquhart, flew to the
electric light in one of the lower rooms here at about 11 p.m. on
June 18th last. — Eichaed South ; 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-
Hill, Brondesbury, N.W.

AcHEEONTiA ATEOPOS IN Kent. — I had a male specimen of
A. atropos brought to me on June 15th ult. It was flying, about
9.40 in the morning, and was knocked down by the captor, conse-
quently it is somewhat rubbed. — Peecy Eichaeds; Seabrook, Hythe.

Plutella maculipennis (ceucipeeaeum) Abundant. — P. cruci-
fcrarum is a veritable nuisance just now. It occurs everywhere in
this district in thousands. I wonder if this abundance of the species
is general throughout the South of England ? — Peecy Eichaeds ;
Seabrook, Hythe, June 17th, 1914.

[When in Scarborough recently I noted P. maculipennis in some
numbers on the clifl"s on June 9th and 10th, but on the moors above
Goathland on June 11th the species was exceedingly common. —
E. S.]

Lytheia puepuearia. — While examining recently a small col-
lection of unnamed Lepidoptera, made by a schoolboy at Meads,
near Eastbourne, in the years 1902-3, I was astonished to find
amongst them a specimen of Lythria purpiiraria. It is not quite
typical, having the dark cross-bars very broad, as well as being under
the normal size. With the exception of the L. pwpuraria, all the
specimens are of very common species ; all are pinned with large
white English pins, and " set " in the usual schoolboy style, and all
are in very bad condition. Under the circumstances, I cannot but
regard the specimen as a genuine British example of this species.
It is now in the possession of a son of Dr. Eowland, of Lichfield, to
whom the collection was given by the captor — a son of Dr. Homan,
also of this city. — L. A. Caee; Lichfield, May 29th, 1914.

Zyg^na teansalpina, Esp., var. — I think it may be worth while to
record the capture, on August 4th last, of a variety — or aberration —
of Zygce7ia transalpina, Esp., to which I can find no parallel noticed
in any works that I have been able to consult. There is no
similar specimen in the collections in South Kensington or in
Oxford. The distinguishing feature consists in the absence of the
lower of the two usual red spots of the central group on the fore
wings. (The absence of one of the outer group of spots appears to
be not very infrequent in allied species, though I do not remember
having seen any such variety of transalpina.) The specimen, which
is a male, was taken on the shores of the Oeschinen-See (about one-
and-a-half hour's walk from Kandersteg) ; and as I did not notice its
peculiarity at the time, and Zygaenas were swarming, I did not
work for more. I was for some time uncertain to which species to
assign it, but inclined towards transalpina, and this identification

206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

has been confirmed by Dr. E. A. Cockayne, who kindly examined the
specimen for me. — A. W. Pickard-Cambridge ; BalHol College,
Oxford.

Early Appearance of Euchloe cardamines. — The first "Orange
Tip " I saw this season was on April 22nd. The specimen was a
male, and it was flying along a hedgerow within a mile of Chester.
The species is unusually common in the district this year. — J. Aekle ;
Chester.

With reference to the early appearance of Euchloe cardamines
this year, it may be of interest to note that I first saw it on April
18th. Last year it appeared on April 23rd, in 1912 on April 19th,
and in 1906 on April 9 ; but the latter was at Chudleigh, S. Devon.
I saw a male Colias edusa at Groombridge on May 16th. — E. D.
Morgan ; 24, Queen's Eoad, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, May 6th, 1914.

I noted E. cardamines at Tonbridge on April 12th last. — P. A.
Buxton ; Trinity College, Cambridge.

Butterflies of Venice and Neighbourhood. — Being at Venice
in the middle of April this year, and my interest in the butterflies of
the neighbouring Lido having been aroused by Mr. Gurney's article
(Entom. xlvi. p. 232), I took my net to this island, anxious to see what
this early time of year might afford in the way of butterflies. On
April 20th, the Pierids rapa, napi and brassicca were common ; also
an exceedingly richly coloured form of Pararge megcera and
CoenonymjjJia ixwipliilus. Erynnis alcea was not rare, beautifully
fresh, and evidently just emerging. I saw one specimen of Vanessa io,
exceedingly large and brilliant. The next day the weather began
to get really hot, and " whites " were frequently seen flying over the
canals of Venice herself. On the 22nd I again went to the Lido.
The extra warmth since my last visit had brought out five more
species, besides trebling the quantity of butterflies previously noted.
Polygonia c-album, EpinejAele jurtina, Cyaniris argiolus and
Nisoniades tages had emerged ; I had feared that I was too early for
Colias edusa, but I at last came across a fine fresh female, which I
took after an exciting chase. The moth Ematurga atomaria was
taken also. A few locusts were flying about, causing a peculiar
metallic-like sound. One settled on a branch within a few yards of
my head, so that I got a good look at it. I think it was Acridium
peregrinum. It is interesting to note that nine out of the twelve
species of butterflies which I came across on the Lido in April were
met with by Mr. Gurney in September. This suggests that there
must be at least three broods of most of these species. All along the
railway line through Venetia and Lombardy, on my way from Venice
to the Italian Lakes, I kept a sharp look-out for insects. Amongst
numerous Pierids, Nymphalids and " blues," the most conspicuous
(beyond the usual " whites ") were Euchloe cardamines, Leucophasia
sinapis and V. io, with C. edusa quite common, and G. hyale almost
everywhere. In the clover fields bordering the line some distance
past Verona, there appeared to be an orange-coloured Colias, like
C. myrmidone; but of this I could not be absolutely certain. Is this

SOCIETIES. 207

insect found in Northern Italy ? It would interest me very much to
know. I broke my journey at Verona, where Papilio podalirius
hovered lazily over the flowers in the Piazza Independenza. This
insect, together with P. macliaon, was quite common at Lugano on
May 2nd, selecting the very top of Monte San Salvatore as its chief
playground. At this same elevation were E. cardamines, P. megara
and Gupido minimus, also a large Argynnis which I failed either to
catch or identify. On the lower slopes of the mountain P. napi,
P. brassiccB, P. rapa, E. cardamines, L. sinapis, C. minimus, P. icarus,
Chrijsophanus dorilis var. suhalpina and V. io were common, with an
occasional il/eZitoa athalia, M. aitrinia(?), Argynnis euphrosyne, worn
P. megcera and P. egeria (the females of this species with the light
spots enormous), and of course P. podalirius. On my homeward
journey I saw nothing of interest except Colias liyale near Lucerne.
— John B. Hicks ; Stoneleigh, Elmfield Koad, Bromley, Kent,
June 16th, 1914.

[There is no authentic record, I believe, of the occurrence of
C. myrmidone in Italy, but it has been reported from Carinthia, and
its area of distribution over S.-E. Hungary is wide. — H. E.-B.]

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.— ilia?/ lUh, 1914.— Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., Presi-
dent, in the chair. — Mr. B. S. Williams, on " The Thysanoptera," and
showed lantern-slides and specimens under the microscope in illus-
tration. — Mr. Hocking exhibited branches of the common furze from
Danbury Common, which had been covered by a dirty white web
and killed by an attack of countless numbers of TetranycJms linteanus,
an extremely small mite which congregated in reddish brown dust
like patches. Mr. Step had seen a similar attack of a mite on lime
at Mickleham. — Mr. B. Adkin, aberrations of Colias edtisa, including
a male with very pale marginal bands one half the usual size, and a
yellowish form of the var. helice.

May 28th. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Buckstone, one
male and three female hybrids of the cross Nyssia zonaria male and
Apocheima hispidaria female. The larva were very like those of the
latter species and were constitutionally weak, only four imagines
resulting from some three hundred fertile ova. — Mr. West (Green-
wich), a specimen of the extremely rare Hemipteron Pygolampis
hidentata, taken by him in the New Forest in May. Only one speci-
men had previously been captured in Britain. — Mr. Newman, a
living pupa of Strymon pruni, which closely resembles bird's excre-
ment. — Mr. Gahan, examples of a mealy-bug, both sexes of which
had occurred two years running on flowering currant in his garden
at Bedford Park. It was supposed to be Pseiidococcus citri, a hot-
house species. — Mr. K. 0. Blair read a paper on " Luminous Insects,"

208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

many examples of which were exhibited by himself, Messrs. Main,
Edwards, and H. Moore. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Bep. Secretary.

April 9th. — Correction, p. 159, 1. 12, for Lita melanella read Lita
leiicomelanella.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — April
20th, 1914. — The President in the chair. — Mr. A. W. Boyd,
M.A., F.E.S., gave an address entitled " The Natural History of
Eostherne Mere." Having described the physical characters of the
mere and the probable causes of its formation, the nature of the
surrounding land and its flora, both arboreal and herbaceous, he
dealt exhaustively with the birds known to frequent the mere, and
finally the insecta of the locality were discussed. Several very
interesting records have been made, viz. : Acidalia circellata, a fine
female specimen in 1913, Ornix avellanella, Laverna raschkiella, this
species being an addition to the Lancashire and Cheshire county list,
and Nepticida argentipedella. Mr. Boyd exhibited the Lepidoptera
catalogued for the locality, and was congratulated upon having made
such good use of the opportunity of collecting upon the private
ground surrounding the mere. At the close of the address Mr. Boyd
was heartily thanked for his kindness in coming from Manchester to
give his experiences. — Mr. W. Mansbridge exhibited several xanthic
varieties of Fidonia atomaria bred among a large number of the
species from Burnley females. The xanthism was confined to the
hind wings, and in most of the specimens it affected only one of the
hind wings, in two instances, however, both the secondaries were
nearly white all over. — Mr. F. N. Pierce exhibited generic types of
the British Geomitridae, arranged according to their affinities as in-
dicated by the genitalia. — Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sec.

EECENT LITERATURE.

Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. Vol. i. (Nov. 27th, 1912), and
vol. ii. (Dec. 10th, 1913.) Brisbane.

Among the papers of interest to entomologists in these volumes
are a series on " Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea," by A. A.
Girault. Parts i., ii. and iii. are published in vol. i. (pp. 66-189).
Parts iv., v. and vi., and Supplement to Parts i.-iii., appear in vol. ii.
(pp. 101-334). A number of new genera are diagnosed, and very
many new species are described. The families treated are : Tricho-
grammatidse, Mymaridee, Elasmidse, Elophidae, Pecilampidse, and
Pteromalid^.

Another paper describing some new genera and species of South
Queensland Proctotrypoidge (vol. ii. pp. 335-339) is by Alan P. Dodd.
There is also a short article entitled " Some Field Notes on Queens-
land Insects," by Henry Hacker (pp. 96-100).

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CONTENTS.

Wkken Fen ; its Conservation foi* Entomology (with plate), H. Rowla/nd-Broion^
185. A New Genus of Coleoptera of the Family Psephenidae (with iUustra-
tion), C. J. Oahan, 188. British Neuroptera, 1913, W. J. Lucas, 190. The
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Neuroptera, 1913, W. J. Lucas, 203.

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and Neighbourhood, /. B. Hicks, 206.

Societies, 207. Hecent Litkratdee, 208.

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Vol. XLVII.l AUGUST, 1914. [No. 615.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

lllustrateb Sloittljlg |ournal

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The Entomologist, August, 1914.

Plate V,

■.g^ssyr^-— rvT^ N \ s V V V V \M I

HEMEROBIID WINGS.

Pholo Dr. Fr. Ris.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVII.T AUGUST, 1914. [No. 615

NOTES ON THE BKITISH SPECIES OF SYM-
PHEROBIUS {HEMEROBIUS), INCLUDING ONE
HITHERTO UNNOTICED.

By Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S.

(Plate V.)

In the Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. xxxii., December, 1905, pp. 28-29,
Banks split up the genus Hemerobius into three, giving the
following synopsis : —

No outer cross-veinlets in hind wings, only four, or
less, in outer gradate series of fore wings ; usually
but two radial sectors ; a cross-veinlet connecting
first radial sector to median ; the median is usually
a little bent toward the cubitus at connecting vein-
let ; in hind wings the median usually forks plainly
beyond forking of radial sector : small species . Sympherobiiis.

Outer cross-veinlets present in hind wings ; more than
four veinlets in outer gradate series in fore wings ;
usually three or four radial sectors.

(a) A cross-veinlet connecting first radial sector
to median some distance out on the former ;
often four radial sectors ; the median is rarely
bent toward the cubitus at connecting veinlet ;
in hind wings the first radial sector forks as

far out as forking of median : larger species . Boriomyia.

(b) The cross-veinlet from median to radius is
before or at origin of radial sector, never out
upon it ; three, rarely four, radial sectors ; the
median is more or less bent toward cubitus at
connecting veinlet ; in hind wings the median
is forked further out than fork of first radial

sector ....... Hemerobius.

The author states that this division will apply to the
European species thus : — Hemerobius (s. str.) : humuli, micans,
atrifrons, nitidulus, stigma, limbatellus, lutescens, orotypus. Borio-
myia : concinnus, 4-fasciatiis, subnebidosiis, nervosus, Symphero-
bius : elegans, parvulas, inconspicuus.

ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1914. S

210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

H. pini remains in the restricted genus Hemerohius. The
species described by McLachlan as H. mortoni is to be referred
to Boriomyia ; and if Banks is right in regarding H. inconspicuus
as a Sympherobius, then H. pelliicidus, Walk., should be placed
in the same genus. But it must be kept in view that both
H. inconspicuus and H. pelluoidus have regularly three radial
sectors, while in all the examples of the former in my collection
there is a cross-veinlet between the radius and branch of the
radial sector at the apex of the hind wing. In the five examples
of H. pellucidiis before me the same cross-veinlet exists in the
left hind wing of one specimen only.

However, the purpose of these notes is not to discuss the
genus or genera as a whole, but rather to bring under notice the
fact that two species have hitherto been mixed in British collec-
tions under the name of S. elegans.

In this country these small insects do not appear to have
been taken usually in numbers, and until I received from Mr.
Martin E. Mosely a male taken by him in Hampshire, I had no
British specimens in my collection. Since then I have seen a
nice series of twelve specimens taken by Mr. Hugh Scott, of the
University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, to which I shall
again allude, and of which he very kindly presented me with
three specimens. All these belong to the smaller species.

Of the other species, to which I shall refer as S. striatellus,
Klapalek, I had seen no British example until recently, when
Professor J. W. Carr, of Nottingham, sent me one in fine
condition in a large collection of Neuropteroid insects forwarded
for determination. I then applied to Mr. Porritt to let me know
what he had of supposed elegans, and he at once very kindly
forwarded all he possessed, not a great deal and nearly all
" carded " specimens, but including both forms, and therefore of
much interest and use to me in helping to a more satisfactory
understanding of the matter.

S. striatellus was described by Klapalek from the Tran-
sylvanian Alps ('Vest. Ceske Akad. Frant. Jos.,' vol. 13, p. 7,
1905). A specimen in a lot of Neuroptera-Planipennia received
from the Zoological Museum, Berlin, for determination called
my attention to another female in my own collection from
Macugnaga, received from McLachlan along with others of the
so-called S. elegans.

The following short diagnosis will, with the aid of the wing
photographs, serve to separate the two : —

Face dark shining piceous ; dorsum of thorax also dark
pitchy brown ; neuration of fore wings entirely
fuscous without pale interruptions, these wings
heavily marked to the wing base, the markings more
or less radiate, especially those proximal to the middle
series of gradate veinlets, those in the distal part

THE BRITISH SPECIES OF SYMPHEROBIUS (hEMEROBIUS) 211

of the wing much broken up into irregular dots ;
gradate veinlets usually heavily shaded. Larger
darker species ....... striatellus.

Face and dorsum of thorax yellowish ; neuration of fore
wings with pale dotted interruptions ; dark markings
on outer half of fore wings mostly placed opposite
each other on either side of the dark portions of the
longitudinal veins. A pale space at the base of these
wings in which the veins are rather indistinct, the
transverse veinlets being hardly visible. Paler smaller
species ......... elegans.

Of S. striatellus, in addition to the specimen sent by Professor
Carr (Nottinghamshire, from ash), I have seen two examples
from Blackheath (July 2nd, 1895, November 9tb, 1895, Beau-
mont), and one from Wells, Lincolnshire (August 3rd, 1888,
Eardley Mason), all in Porritt's collection.

S. elegans is represented in the specimens before me by the
example from Hampshire (by the Test, June 12tli, 1913, Mosely);
two from Blackheath (June"27tb, 1896, June 27th, 1901, Beau-
mont) ; and one from Lewisham (June 6th, 1873), from Porritt's
collection. Mr. Scott's fine series of twelve examples were
taken on June 30th last at Henley-on-Thames. They were
fluttering round the ends of the branches of some oaks in an
isolated clump of trees. The oaks were much blighted and very
sticky. The time was about 7.15, and the evening warm and
fine. Other specimens were seen at the same trees at just the
same time one or two evenings later.

My friend Dr, Piis, to whom I am once more indebted for
the beautiful photographs which illustrate this paper, tells me
that he has of S. striatellus : three females, Katzensee, July 31st,
1892 (1), and July 3rd, 1893 (2) ; one female, Rheinau, September,
1907 — believed to be all from birch. Of the smaller species:
two females, Salgesch, Valais, June 15th, 1889 (the late Moritz
Paul) ; one female, Piheinau, May, 1894.

When McLachlan wrote his " Monograph of the British
Neuroptera-Plauipennia " (Trans. Ent. Soc, 1868, part 2,
p. 176), he may have had both species before him. Both occur
in the Blackheath and Lewisham district, which he certainly at
a later period knew well, and some points in his description
might be considered suggestive of both. Thus with regard to
the colour of the front he says "sometimes yellowish testaceous,"
also " anterior wings closely spotted with darker grey and
varying according to the extent to which the spots coalesce."
On the other hand, his reference to the whitish dotted inter-
ruptions on the longitudinal veins of the disc gives a very
definite bias in the direction of the smaller species which I
believe has been generally accepted as S. elegans. But Stephens's
descriptions of elegans and marshami (for a copy of which I am

s 2

212 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

indebted to Mr. Herbert Campion) refer to something which has
immaculate neuration, and Mr. Campion, who has also very
kindly examined Stephens's supposed types in the British
Museum, is of opinion that the elepans and marshami of Stephens
are conspeciflc with striatellus. If there has been no contusion
about Stephens's types, a change in the nomenclature here used
will be inevitable. I leave the matter as it is in the meantime,
pending further inquiries. I confess that it is a little puzzling
that McLachlan should have failed to notice the immaculate
condition of the neuration of elepans and marshami when he
examined them in 1868, and that he should have distinctly
stated that there existed in elegans an important character at
variance with Stephens's diagnosis and with his type of elegans.
If S. striatellus prove to be the true elegans of Stephens, Eambur's
name pygmceus will require to receive consideration in connection
with the smaller species.

The wing figures here given are both from female examples,
and, as is usual in these insects, the markings are more pro-
nounced than in the average males. A number of closely allied
forms have been described by Father Navas from Spain and
elsewhere. Of two of these the author has generously given me
examples, S. conspersus and S. venosus, and although they
present a certain amount of difference, especially in the coloration
of the body, I am not prepared to say that they are more than
varieties of what is here called S. elegans. A much more
exhaustive examination of all the forms, especially with regard
to the structure of the genitalia, is required before a proper
valuation of these is possible.

Explanation of Plate V. — 1. Wings of Boriomyia siihnebulosus

(nat. length of fore wing, 9 mm.). 2. Wings of Sympherobius striatellus

(nat. length of fore wing, 5 mm.). 3. Wings of S. elegans (nat. length of
fore wing abovit 4 mm.),

13, Blackford Road, Edinburgh : May, 1914.

THE SLEEPING ATTITUDE OF LYCiENIDiE. *

By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.

It is generally supposed that the Lycfenidae sleep throughout
the night, sitting head downwards on the flower-heads and stems
of grasses and other plants, in the characteristic attitude they
assume during evening and twilight. But later, when darkness
supersedes, these butterflies (L. icartis) turn round and sleep
head upwards. I am indebted to Mr. W. Holland for kindly
calling my attention to this interesting fact. In a letter recently
received from him, he alludes to marking down groups of
L. icarus at rest on marram grass in the evening, and states

AUSTRALIAN BEES OF THE GENUS EURYGLOSSA. 213

" they were all head downwards from 4 p.m until darkness.
These groups I stayed to watch, and m every case they reversed
their position to head upwards at dark. In fact, they hardly
waited for it to get quite dark." This habit he has often
previously noticed.

I recently turned down some icariis on large plants of
flowering grasses, upon which they rested each evening in the
usual way, head downwards, and remained so until darkness set
in, when they turned round and rested head upwards, which
position they retained for the night. No doubt other species of
" blues " act in a similar way.

It is considered that these butterflies rest for the night head
downwards so as to defeat the attacks of birds which would be
unlikely to inflict an injury on the vulnerable thorax, and would
only grasp the wings if they attempted to seize a resting butter-
fly, and when darkness has compelled the birds to sleep, the
butterfly can safely resume a normal resting attitude.

Possibly this may be so, but such is mere conjecture, and it
is most unsatisfactory to theorize on natural phenomena. When
butterflies have taken up their resting attitudes, it seems
somewhat improbable that they are attacked by birds to any
appreciable extent, or very seldom. I cannot remember having
seen an instance of such, but have occasionally seen birds pursue
butterflies on the wing, but directly the latter settled with closed
wings the birds were eluded and gave up the chase.

AUSTEALIAN BEES OF THE GENUS EURYGLOSSA.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.

Euryglossa calliopsiformis, Cockerell.

c? . Differs from description of female as follows : clypeus all
yellow except a minute spot on each side ; supraclypeal mark large,
broadly triangular, with a spear-head shaped prolongation from its
apex ; lateral face-marks pointed at end ; yellow band on posterior
orbits rather narrow, its upper end diverging from the orbit ;
antennae long, scape yellow in front ; pleura with additional yellow
markings ; abdominal bands yellow.

Hab. Mackay, Queensland, at flowers of Leptospermum,
October, 1898 (Turner). British Museum. This male is easily
known from that of E. calliopsella by the colour of the scutellum.

Euryglossa altitudinis, sp. n.

S . Length 4 mm. ; black, with the clypeus (but no supraclypeal

or lateral marks), labrum, mandibles (except red apices), scape in

front, and tubercles, all light yellow ; flagellum long, hght ferruginous

beneath ; head broad ; face with long white hair ; front dull ; meso-

214 TfiE ENTOMOLOGIST.

thorax very feebly shining, rather coarsely microscopically tessellate;
tegulas fuscous ; wings hyaline, slightly reddish, stigma and nervures
rather pale dull reddish ; first r. n. entering basal corner of second
s. m. ; legs yellow, with the anterior femora and tibiae mainly black
behind, the middle femora and tibias also dark behind and their
tarsi brown, the hind femora and tibiae black, their tarsi dark reddish
(the hind coxae and trochanters are yellow) ; abdomen rufopiceous,
with yellow bands, usually mostly concealed, at bases of segments ;
venter yellow.

$ . A little larger ; no yellow markings on head ; tubercles
yellow ; legs black ; yellow bands at bases of abdominal segments
2 to 4, very broad at sides, but interrupted in middle ; apical seg-
ment more or less reddish.

Hub. Mt. Lofty, S. Australia, December 31st, 1912 (R. E.
Turner). British Museum. Two of each sex ; the type is a male.
This may be compared with E. ridens, Ckll., but is at once
distinguished by the dull mesothorax and the shape of the head.
Mr. Meade- Waldo notes : " In Euryglossa calliopsella-rubiginosa-
maculata group, but distinct."

Euryglossa hemichlora, ep. n.

<? . Length 4 mm. ; head and thorax dark olive-green, the head
dull, the thorax shining ; mandibles, labrum, the low and broad
clypeus (but no supraclypeal or lateral marks), scape in front, and
tubercles, all yellow ; hair of head and thorax white, thin and rather
long ; flagellum very long, light ferruginous beneath ; tegulae pallid,
reddish ; wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures and the large stigma
light reddish-brown ; second s. m. broader than high, receiving first
r. n. a short distance from base ; legs yellow, the femora and tibiae
dark brown behind, hind femora dark except apex and a stripe above,
hind tibiaj and middle and hind tarsi reddish-brown ; abdomen
reddish-brown, paler at apex, and with pale bands at ends of first
three segments ; venter yellow. The hind trochanters are yellow,
and their coxae yellow at apex.

? . A little larger ; no yellow markings on head ; clypeus and
supraclypeal area piceous, with scattered punctures ; labrum and
mandibles (except at base) reddish ; tubercles yellowish-white ;
abdomen darker, very broad, without evident pallid bands ; venter
dark ; legs piceous, anterior knees and tibiae in front yellow, middle
tibiae with a yellow stripe.

Hab. Yallingup, S.-W. Australia, September 14th-October
31st, 1913 (R. E. Turner). One male (=type), four females.
British Museum. Allied to E. altitiidinis, but easiiy known by
the green colour.

Euryglossa melanosoma , sp. n.

5 . Length about 4|^ mm. ; black, shining, with thin white hair;
head broad ; flagellum short and thick, variably fulvous beneath,
especially pallid apically ; front, mesothorax and scutellum shining ;
tegulae piceous ; wings hyaUne, nervures and stigma dilute sepia ;

GARDEN NOTES. 215

recurrent nervures meeting transverso-cubitals ; apical plate of
abdomen narrow, ferruginous.

Hah. Yallingup, S.-W. Australia, September 14th-October
31st, 1913 (R. E. Turner). Two females. British Museum.
Resembles E. mconspicua, Ckll., but readily distinguished by
the black legs and shining metathorax. Readily known from
E. nigra, Sm., by the normal antennae and the shining, polished
abdomen.

Euryglossa latissima, sp. n.

2 • Length about 4| mm. ; very broad and robust, with thin
white hair ; head and thorax olive-green, shining, the front dull ;
head very broad ; mandibles cream-colour, with bidentate dark
rufous apex ; labrum dark ; clypeus sparsely punctured ; flagellum
ferruginous beneath ; mesothorax microscopically lineolate ; tubercles
densely fringed with white hair ; legs black or slightly chalybeous
basally, but knees, tibise and tarsi ferruginous, the middle and hind
tibiae largely dusky ; tegulae pale testaceous ; wings hyaline, stigma
dark rufous, nervures pallid ; second s. m. very large, quadrate,
receiving first r. n. near base ; second r. n. meeting second t. c. ;
abdomen shining, very broad, honey-colour, the first segment mainly
piceous, the following three with narrow subapical dusky bands and
suffused dusky lateral spots.

Hab. Eaglehawk Neck, S.-E. Tasmania, February 12th-
March 3rd, 1913 (R. E. Turner). British Museum. To be com-
pared with E. ruhiginosa, D. T., but without the dense fulvous
hair of that species.

GARDEN NOTES.
By Claude Morley, F.Z.S.

We constantly find in the English periodicals a multiplicity
of records from moors, fens, marshes, mountains, and all kinds
of wild corners where insects most do congregate, because they
are undisturbed by our civilization ; but how seldom are pub-
lished notes from those spots actually inhabited by entomo-
logists and consequently those where most leisure can be enjoyed
to note details of history and habits ! In treating of a particular
spot, such as one's own garden, it is well to set forth the
geological formation underlying it, since upon this depends the
soil of the district and consequently a large percentage of the
vegetation upon which the great majority of its insects subsist.
The garden of Monk Soham House is about four acres in extent
(including the paddock), and lies almost in the centre of High
Suffolk, a somewhat vague district, which may be said to be a
ridge of somewhat elevated tableland obliquely crossing the
county from north-east to south-west. The surface soil is com-
posed of the Great Chalky Boulder Clay, which at certain points

216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

is fully a hundred feet in depth. It appears to be the moraine
profonde of an ice-sheet formed in the extreme period of the
Glacial Epoch, and consists of grey clay intermixed with frag-
ments of chalk, and is full of boulders of Oolite, Lias, and some
other rocks, which are often polished and grooved by ice-action.
So rich is the surface that little or no land in the neighbour-
hood goes untended, woods are rare and very small, and pasture
at a minimum. Few more unpromising places could be imagined
by the entomologist ; and yet this garden, which was held by
commendation by a freeman of Ely's abbot in Saxon times, by
Kobert Malet in 1086, and has undoubtedly been under cultiva-
tion ever since, produces things of interest, as I trust the
following jottings will show.

1. Dipteron preying upon Hymenopteron. — We all know the
manner in which Hymenoptera take toll of Diptera ; the nume-
rous species stored up as food for their larvae, as well as the
single specimens so often noticed outside the nests of Aculeates,
and the large numbers slain entomophagously by the parasitic
kinds. But I can recall no record of retribution on the part of
the latter, except in the case of the genus Dioctria. To-day
(June 1st, 1914), I saw a small Empid fly sitting upon a
bramble leaf, holding in its fore or its anterior legs a yet smaller
insect. These I tubed, expecting to find that the prey was (as
is most usual in such cases) one of the smaller species of the
Dipterous genus Sciara. What, then, was my surprise upon
discovering that it was a Chalcid of the difficult — and to me
unintelligible — genus Enlophus, Geoff. ! It was quite dead,
though I could not see what part of its anatomy the Empid,
which proved on examination to be Tachydromia minuta, Mg.,
had been sucking.

2. " These Animals Bite." — My wrist was seized by Anthocoris
sylvestris, Lmn,, in no friendly manner, while I was reading
in the garden at 9.30 p.m. on July 7th. His proboscis
was firmly inserted through the skin and effected a small, sharp
pain like the prick of a No. 19 entomological pin. He sucked
my blood at his own sweet will for two minutes, possibly three,
thereinafter I saw his face no more. The result was dis-
appointing ; none of the throb induced by Cimex was expe-
rienced; the small pricking lasted for fifteen minutes and then
ceased ; a slight blush at the point of insertion had faded in
five, and nothing further was seen or felt. I have very rarely
been the victim of Heteropterous onslaughts, and can recall no
specific occasion since Capsns lanarius, Linn., was captured
flying on July 21st, 1896, when it promptly turned upon me and
caused my thumb " sensations similar to those set up by Urtica
dioica," to quote my diary of that date.

3. A Curious Aerial Dance. — Kecords of unspecified insects
are often useless, but the aerial dances of Hilara species form a

GARDEN NOTES. 217

wide subject and the (doubtless specific) evolutions appear to
have received little attention. It may be of interest, therefore,
to note that on the morning of June 26th, at 8.30 a.m.,
members of this genus were forming a somewhat dense hori-
zontal column near the west bank of the moat, and four feet to
the east, on the edge of the sunshine, was a similar column ;
each column was about two and a half feet high, and between
them individual specimens perpetually darted backwards and
forwards at great speed, apparently mingling for a few moments
with each column in turn, and straying away nowhere else.
How long the dance lasted I failed to note, but similar evolutions
were in progress at the same spot upon the two following days,
when the movement seemed to vary in no way.

4. Liophloeiis nuhilus, Fab. — This appears to be a distinctly
uncommon species of weevil in my twenty years' experience in
Britain, occurring only in May (when I took it at Dover during
1896) and the first few days of June. In Suffolk it is both rare
and local ; and, although Garneys found three at Beddinglield
about 1870, Tomlin noticed it at Glemsford in June of 1905, and
Dr. Sharp tells me it occurs freely at Mildenhall, I have never
taken it outside my garden. Here it may be annually seen
sparingly, and on May 15th last we were much diverted by watching
a perfect beetle consuming a leaf of ivy with its nasal mandil)les.
It held the outer edge of the leaf, like a lepidopterous larva does,
and, Hke it, excised the leaf in a semicircular manner, beginning
at the furthest point its rostrum could reach and gradually
biting the edge towards its sternum, thence repeating the
process from the furthest point. Here it is most usually found
among the garden weed locally known as *' ground elder,"
though never far from ivy.

5. A Non-carnivorous Empid Fly. — I have never noticed
members of the Empidse prey upon aught but perfect insects
till May 5th, when a female Tachijdromia pallidiventris, Mg.,
was seen on the disc of a large bramble-leaf, assiduously sucking
the surface with its proboscis. The leaf was examined with a
lens and found to be sparingly covered with minute excreta,
which was not honey-dew, for no Aphids were present, but which
had probably been emitted by either Apion vorax, Herbst.,
Batophila rubi, Payk., or an Anthocoris larva, all of which were
sitting immediately above the leaf in question. I was careful to
note that the Empid carried no prey ; it is a common species
throughout Suffolk, where I have studied its curious mode of
copulation on the coast, Norfolk, Lincoln, and Wiltshire; Mr.
Bedwell once bred it from a small (? Braconid) cocoon.

6. Probable Host of Lissonota femorata, Hlmgr. — Nothing
has hitherto been ascertained respecting the economy of this
Piraplid Ichneumon, and it may consequently be worthy of note
that upon June 29th I saw a female walking over and investi-

218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

gating a dead willow-trunk in my garden. This particular
trunk has been under my observation for ten years, and no
Lepidoptera (the usual hosts of the genus Lissonota) are known
to breed in it. Nothing nests there, as far as I am aware, but
Aculeates and, perhaps, Dictenidia hiinaculata, Linn. ; but the
smaller Fossores — species of Passalceciis, Trypoxylon, and Pemph-
redon — are abundant ; though the only thing of sufficient size to
render it a probable host for this Ichneumonid is the| bee Osmia
leaiana, Kirby, of which numerous specimens were seen about
the same time. The elongate ovipositor renders its parasitism
upon some burrowing insect nearly certain.

7. A Pugnacious Dolichopodid. — Poecilohothrus nobilitatus,
Linn., is common about the moat, and on June 28th I watched
one individual for about an hour. This was undisputed lord of
a group of three overlapping water-lily leaves {Nymplma alba),
about which it briskly walked and occasionally sucked their
surface as though for nutriment. At irregular intervals it would
make short flights to neighbouring leaves, but these appeared
purposeless, and it always returned to its particular three, from
which it drove away by flying point blank at them all other
Diptera — mainly Notiphilae and Dolichopodids — while the
presence of Gerris gibhifera, Sch., larvae was ignored. The only
foes it feared were Pyrrhosoma nymphida, Sulz., and Agrion
puella, Linn. ; from these it fled precipitately. At rest it would
somewhat slowly and at long intervals vibrate its wings, much
in the manner of Seoptera vibrans, Linn.

(To be continued.)

ACRONYCTA (HYBOMA) STRIGOSA in WICKEN FEN.

By T. a. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S.

In the matter of Wicken Fen, Mr. Eowland-Brown's article
in the 'Entomologist' for July, 1914 (p. 185), suggests to me
to say a word for the protection of an old pet of mine, Acronycta
(Hyboma) strigosa, if it still exists. Most probably it does;
though I understand that of late years it is rare or absent.
The expression in Mr. Eowland-Brown's observations that in-
duces me to advance my plea is that in which he condemns,
amongst other things, "low shrubby trees."* Many years ago
I reared .4. strigosa from the egg for several broods, and I care-
fully examined its habitat in the Wicken district, though I did
not capture any specimens. It is long since I was at Wicken,
and do not know what changes have occurred there since ; nor

* I suggest, of course, that these be cut, if at all, only where necessary,
and with the greatest discretion ; I hope other entomologists will assist with
their views. — [H, E.-B.]

NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUID^ FROM FORMOSA. 219

do I recollect or know how far the habitat of A. strigosa was or
is included in the now preserved portion of the Fen. A. strigosa
feeds on hawthorn, and why it should be so localised is not very
obvious. Various reasons may be suggested, climatic and others.
There is one somewhat important one, as to which I feel tolerably
certain. A. strigosa pupates in a cocoon which it forms by
burrowing into rotten wood, and consequently it cannot thrive
unless the trees on which it lives are old and possess some dead
portions that have some fairly rotten wood. No doubt larvse on
other hawthorn trees will find places in which to pupate, but
such places will be unsuitable, and will result in the greater
number of individuals who do so perishing in the winter. Not
impossibly stumps of cut reeds may afiford as good substitutes
as any.

The point, however, on which I desire for the moment to
insist, is that old hawthorn trees should be jealously guarded,
and that sufficient younger trees should be spared in order that
in due time they may replace the older ones as these perish, and
that none of the old ones and not all the younger shall be
included in the sweeping condemnation of " low shrubby trees."

NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUID^ FKOM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

Trachea conjuncta, sp. n.

c? . Head and thorax whitish, the latter marked with dark brown
on edges of collar and patagia ; antennae bipectinate except at tip.
Fore wings whitish, tinged and clouded with ochreous brown ; subbasal
line black, double, wavy, not clearly defined ; antemedial line black,
double, sinuous ; postmedial line black, double, strongly curved from
costa to middle, thence sinuous to dorsum ; a broad oblique blackish
band from costa to about middle of a black bar connecting antemedial
and postmedial lines, and a narrow oblique blackish band from the
connecting bar to dorsum ; orbicular and reniform stigmata whitish,
finely outlined in black and enclosing brownish marks ; a blackish
quadrate mark (extending to costa) between the stigmata ; three
blackish marks on terminal third of the wing — one at costal end of
postmedial line, one (the largest) below middle of postmedial, one
below apex ; fringes chequered with black. Hind wings white with
blackish discoidal dot and two dusky transverse lines beyond; fringes
grey brown. Under side whitish ; fore wings suffused with dusky
except on margins, the blackish postmedial line is preceded by a
blackish cloud on costal area ; hind wings have a black discoidal
lunule and blackish transverse line as above.

Expanse, 34 millim.

Collection number, 1751.

A male specimen from Rantaizan, May 9th, 1909,

220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Kerala lentiginosa, sp. n.

$ . Head and thorax pale brown, the latter marked with black ;
abdomen brown, slightly darker than the thorax. Fore wings pale
brown, thickly freckled with darker brown except on middle of dorsal
area ; subbasal and antemedial lines blackish, originating in black
spots on the costa, the first line indented above dorsum, the second
line diffuse and angled below middle ; reniform stigma represented
by a black lunule ; postmedial line dark brown, double, indented
above dorsum; subterminal line blackish, wavy and interrupted, most
distinct and black from below apex to middle ; fringes pale brown
marked with darker. Hind wings whitish, bordered with blackish
on terminal area ; fringes whitish. Under side whitish, fore wings
suffused with blackish on the disc ; a blackish subterminal line on
all the wings.

Expanse, 32 millim.

Collection number, 934 a.

One female specimen from Arizan (7350 ft.), August 22nd,
1908.

Comes nearest to K. decipiens, Butler.

Kerala lentiginosa suffusa, ab. n.

2 . Fore wings suffused with dark brown except at base and
on the middle of dorsum ; hind wings slightly tinged with brown,
blackish border less distinct.

Expanse, 30 millim.

Collection number, 934.

One female specimen from Arizan (7500ft.), September 16th,
1906.

Macroharasa albibasis, sp. n.

(? . Head whitish -grey ; thorax somewhat darker grey, collar
edged with blackish ; abdomen brownish grey, whitish at base and
anal extremity. Fore wings whitish grey suffused with brownish
except on basal fourth ; subbasal and antemedial lines black, sinuous,
angled below costa ; postmedial line black, angled below costa, slightly
wavy to vein 3 where it is deflected inwards for a short distance,
thence sinuous to dorsum ; other irregular transverse lines between
antemedial and postmedial ; orbicular and reniform stigmata white,
finely outlined in black ; subterminal line black, wavy, edged with
white on costa ; fringes white mixed with brownish at the base, pre-
ceded by a black line. Hind wings whitish, veins and hairs thereon
brownish ; terminal area broadly bordered with blackish ; fringes
whitish mixed with brownish at the base. Under side whitish, all
the wings have dusky discoidal marks and postmedial lines, and are
broadly bordered with fuscous.

Expanse, 36 millim.

Collection number, 1752.

A male specimen from Rantaizan, May 12th, 1909.

Allied to M. xantholoplia, Hampson.

NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDiE FROM FORMOSA. 221

Batracharta divisa, sp. n.

Head and thorax dark brown, the latter powdered with grey and
cross-barred with Hghter brown and black ; abdomen brown above,
paler below. Fore wings brown, clouded and mottled with darker,
the basal portion of the wing limited by the postmedial line is suffused
with greyish ; postmedial line black, curved round cell with an
obtuse angle opposite end of cell, slightly oblique from median nervure
to just above dorsum where it turns inwards, terminating on dorsum
at about one-fifth from base of the wing ; a blackish irregular patch near
the costa is outwardly margined by the postmedial line ; subterminal
line black, slightly wavy, almost parallel with the termen ; fringes
brown traversed by a darker line. Hind wings fuscous inclining to
whitish on costal area ; discoidal mark blackish, diffuse ; fringes pale
brown. Under side whitish buff, the fore wings suffused with blackish
on discal area ; all the wings have a black discoidal mark, that on the
hind wings large and conspicuous.

Expanse, 46 millim.

Collection number, 1508(2.

A male specimen from Kanshirei, November 17th, 1908.

This species comes nearest to B. cossoides, Walk.

Fodina contigua, sp. n.

Head and thorax black, a line between antennae, edges of collar,
patagia and the metathorax, pale ochreous ; abdomen ochreous.
Fore wings black, the costal area from near base to beyond middle,
also a small patch at tornus, flecked with pale ochreous ; subbasal
line pale ochreous, not extending to dorsum ; from outer end of
flecked costal area a pale ochreous band tapers to the tornal patch ;
fringes dark grey, black at the base, preceded by a pale ochreous line.
Hind wings ochreous broadly bordered with black, the border tapered
towards tornal area, which is heavily flecked with black ; fringes
ochreous mixed with black. Under side ochreous ; fore wings
clouded with black ; hind wings with dusky borders.

Expanse, S , 40 millim. ; $ , 44 millim.

Collection number, 1506.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei obtained in 1908 ;
the male on April 22nd, and the female on June 6th.

The sexes are alike in colour and pattern, but as the female
is in better condition than the male, it has been described. The
species comes very near F. postimaculata, Hampson, from which
it differs chiefly in colour.

Fodina contigua fusca, ab. n.

All the typical markings of the fore wings are obscured by fuscous
suffusion ; the hind wings and under side of all wings entirely
fuscous.

Expanse, 44 millim.

Collection number, 1515.

A male example from Kanshirei, April 8th, 1908.

222 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Harmatelia basalis ohscura, ab. n.
$ . Differs from typical basalis (Moore) in the absence of white
postmedial Hne and in the terminal area of fore wings being very-
little paler than the basal two-thirds.
Expanse, 50 millim.

Collection number, 1516.

A female specimen from Kanshirei, April 28th, 1908.

JEdia ohscura, sp. n.
$ . Head and thorax brown, sparsely mixed with grey ; abdomen
paler. Fore wings brown, paler and sprinkled with grey on apical
and terminal areas ; antemedial line darker brown, double, sinuous,
enclosed space paler than the ground colour ; postmedial line darker
brown outwardly edged with paler, excurved from costa to vein 4,
inwardly oblique from vein 4 to dorsum, indented below vein 6 ;
reniform stigma outlined in dark brown but not clearly defined ; sub-
terminal line dark brown, sinuous, indistinct ; fringes brown, a dotted
ochreous line at base. Hind wings white, broadly bordered with
brown ; fringes white at tornus. Under side of fore wings fuscous,
and of hind wings white with broad fuscous border ; all the wings
have a dusky discoidal mark, that on the fore wings is lunular and
that on the hind wings colon-like.
Expanse, 34 millim.

Collection number, 175.

A female specimen from Takow, September 1st, 1904.

Allied to yfi. inosara, Swinhoe.

Adrapsa quadrilinealis, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen brown, some whitish hairs in anal
tuft ; antennae pectinate on one side. Fore wings brown, powdered
with darker ; antemedial and postmedial lines dark brown, the first
sinuous, the second w^avy, excurved and edged with whitish on costal
area ; medial line dark brown, diffuse, almost straight from white
discoidal lunule to dorsum ; subterminal line white towards costa,
where it edges a whitish subapical patch, obscured towards dorsum,
inwardly clouded with dark brown ; fringes marked with whitish
towards apex and preceded by black-edged whitish lunules. Hind
wings slightly paler becoming whitish above tornus ; transverse lines
similar to those on fore wings, except that the medial line is absent.
Under side whitish brown sprinkled with darker ; markings as above
but the transverse lines of fore wings are not distinct.

Expanse, S . 42 millim. ; ? , 40 millim.

Collection number, 1004.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei ; the male obtained
April 22nd, 1908, and the female, April 19th, 1906.

Mecodina (?) alhipuncta , sp. n.
S . Head fuscous brown mixed with paler ; palpi fuscous brown,
paler at the base and the tip of third joint ; thorax and abdomen
fuscous brown mixed with paler ; antennae finely ciliated. Fore

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 223

wings pale brown almost whity-brown on the disc, sprinkled and
clouded with fuscous brown ; two white spots in the cell, the outer
lunular and smaller than the inner ; antemedial line blackish, wavy,
angled below costa ; medial line blackish, sinuous, commencing in a
blackish triangular mark on the costa; postmedial line blackish,
wavy, curved round cell, united with outer edge of triangular mark
on costa; subterminal line blackish, wavy; terminal area fuscous
brown traversed by a diffuse and sinuous band of the ground colour,
short black bars between the veins joining black lunules on the
termen ; fringes fuscous brown marked with paler between the veins.
Hind wings fuscous grey with two dusky transverse lines, the outer
one sinuous and most distinct ; subterminal line whitish outwardly
dentate, inwardly diffuse, not distinct towards costa ; fringes pale
brown marked with darker between the veins, proceeded by a series
of black lunules. Under side pale brown ; markings of fore wings as
on upper side but the terminal area is not darker and the short black
bars are not distinct except between veins 3 and 5 ; the transverse
lines on hind wings are dark brown, the first bluntly angled beyond
the black discoidal mark, the second is serrated and is followed by a
brown band which is clouded with blackish about tlie middle and
before dorsum.

Expanse, 35 millim.

Collection number, 929.

A male specimen from Kanshirei, June 16th, 1908.

Mecodina (?) suhornata, sp. n.

^ . Head and thorax fuscous brown, the latter mixed with
darker in front ; abdomen whitish brown, heavily powdered with
fuscous brown except on the anal tuft. Fore wings fuscous brown,
traces of two whitish dots in the cell ; antemedial line blackish,
indistinct except on costa where it is inwardly edged with white ;
postmedial line blackish, sinuous and wavy, outwardly pale edged,
the edge becoming white and diffuse on the costa ; medial line
blackish, almost parallel with the postmedial from cell to dorsum ;
fringes fuscous brown, variegated with white toward apex and tornus.
Hind wings fuscous brown, traces of a pale transverse line above
tornus. Under side pale brown, variegated with darker brown ; on
the fore wings the costa is paler, and the terminal area from tornus
to a black spot at middle whitish ; on the hind wings, the basal and
terminal thirds are whitish ; all the wings have dark transverse lines.

Expanse 38 millim.

Collection number, 929a.

A male specimen from Kanshirei, April 18th, 1906.

NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS.

Plusia moneta in Nottinghamshire. — I have great pleasure in
reporting the capture in my garden of Plusia moneta ; it was taken
by my son, W. J. Daws, on the evening of July 4th, 1914, and is now
in my collection. It is a fine female, but by the appearance of the

224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

body it had already deposited its ova ; three or four years ago I
planted a few plants of monkshood, but this is the first time we
captured P. moncta. The plants have been searched each season,
but without result until this year. On Wednesday, July 8th, we
made another search, and found one half-grown larva and one fresh
cocoon. Would you kindly tell me if there are any previous records
of P. moneta in Nottinghamshire, or is this the first for the county? —
William Daws ; 39, Wood Street, Mansfield, Notts, July 9th, 1914.
[P. moneta has been noted from most of the counties of England
up to Cheshire, but I do not recall any previous record of this
species from Nottinghamshire.— R. S.]

AcHERONTiA ATROPOs IN Kent. — Mr. Percy Eichards {antea, p.
205) recorded a specimen of A. atropos captured at Hythe on
June 15th last. In a communication dated July 8th he writes : —
" Another specimen was found at rest on a mulberry tree in Hythe.
It is a fine female, measuring 5 in. in expanse. I have no doubt,
judging from its condition, that it had only just emerged from pupa,
although the nearest potato patch is two hundred yards from the
mulberry tree."

Papilio hospiton in Corsica. — Mr. Gurney states on p. 176 of
the ' Entomologist ' that a French entomologist, resident at x\jaccio,
informed him that the food-plant of this species did not grow in the '
Vizzavona district, and that examples taken there were chance
ones. This statement is an error, the food-plant of P. hospiton
does grow at Vizzavona, and the larvae are locally common on it
there. Towards the end of July, 1906, I found twenty-seven larvae
in two days, as recorded in the ' Entomologist,' xl. p. 77. — W. G.
Sheldon.

Note on Ammophila campestris ? — On the intensely hot after-
noon of July 11th I was watching a sandy hillside, on West Knighton
Heath, for Aculeates. My attention was directed to an insect (almost
certainly Ammophila campestris, which is even commoner than A.
sabulosa here, but exact determination seemed of less importance
than leaving the creature undisturbed) which was carrying in its
mandibles a small, round white pebble. This it carefully deposited,
with others, at the mouth of its burrow. It then rapidly fussed
about until it had found another quite similar stone, being very
eclectic, and so intent on its task that I could bend closely over it.
After seeing several additions to the little heap, which at last obscured
the opening, I gently withdrew. Are these last touches of maternal
care protective against some parasite ? Is the habit general ? —
F. H. Haines, D.P.H., &c. ; Winfrith, Dorset, July 12th, 1914.

Deilephila (Hyles) euphorbia in Cornwall. — While staying
at St. Gennys, North Cornwall, during August, 1910, I caught a
large moth, which remained unidentified in my collection until last
Friday, when a friend told me that, in his opinion, it was a Spurge
Hawk {Deilephila (Hyles) euphorhia). I took it up to the South
Kensington Museum yesterday, and they told me that my friend's
surmise was correct. I have a fair collection of butterflies, but know

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 225

little about moths, which accounts for the Spurge Hawk remaining
unnoticed so long. — A. S. Buckhurst ; 9, Souldern Eoad, West
Kensington, July 19th, 1914.

Note on Orgyia antiqua. — I had larvae of Orgyia antiqua this
year in a breeding-cage indoors, feeding them on plum leaves. To
my surprise, after the females resulting from the normal brood had
laid eggs, these latter began to hatch out about July 11th. I can
find no reference to this fact in the text-books. I should be much
interested to know whether a second brood has occurred many
times before. — A. H. Lees ; University of Bristol, July 16th, 1914.

[Larvae of Orgyia antiqua have been observed in August and
September, and occasionally imagines have been seen in October. —
E. S.]

Hymenoptera submitted for Determination. — We have re-
ceived from Mr. F. Dennis, of East Liss, in Hants, a handsome
female of the largest British Ichneumon fly (Bhyssa persuasoria,
Linn.), captured upon a window there ; a ligneous gall, also found
there on oak, is too broken and shrivelled to determine. Mr.
Geoffrey Todd, of Barnet, has sent us a bundle of Braconid cocoons
from which he has bred Apanteles ruficrus, Hal. ; these were first
observed in larvae of Arenostola {Leiicania) brevilinea, Fenn., on
June 24th, and emerged on July 10th. Goureau has given an
interesting account of the earlier stages of this parasite at Soc. Ent.
France, 2" serie, tom. iii. p. 355 ; it has already been bred from
Leucania littoralis, Curt., and L. pallens, L. Neither Mr. Todd nor
we can recall previous records of hymenopterous parasites upon this
Noctuid moth. — Claude Morley; July 22nd, 1914.

Abundance op Plutella maculipennis (crucipeearum). — I
can testify from personal experience as to the abundance of this
species. During Easter it was beginning to emerge on the heaths
about Sidmouth (South Devon), and was swarming in this locality by
April 20th. At Whitsuntide in the neighbourhood of Chelmsford it
was abundant on the wing, in the late afternoon, over every roadside
patch of waste vegetation. — E. Meldola ; 6, Brunswick Square,
W.C, July 3rd, 1914.

Plutella maculipennis (crucipeearum) in North Cumber-
land. — This species is now very abundant in this district. I first
noticed the moth in June; now, scarcely a field of turnips has escaped.
Injury has been principally done amongst the swede turnips, and
many of the fields have assumed a grey appearance. The farmers in
the district say that such a plague has not been experienced for thirty
years. — George B. Eoutledge ; Tarn Lodge, Headsnool, CarUsle,
July 7th, 1914.

Appeaeance of Euchloe cardamines. — May I add my experi-
ence of this species during the present season ? I first met with it
in a clearing in a wood in Kent on April 23rd, at a height of about
200 ft. ; it was quite common, and females predominated. Next I
found it, in an interval of sunshine, between a couple of thunder-
storms, at the Villa Adriana, near Eome, probably at about a similar

ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1914. T

226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

elevation, on May 6th ; and afterwards at Messina, Sicily (2000 ft.).
May 9th ; Palermo (2000 ft.), May 12th ; and Mount Etna (over
3000 ft.), May 16th. During my trip into Calabria I captured speci-
mens at Palmi (1500 ft.). May 22nd; Catanzaro (2500 ft.), May 24th ;
Nicotera, May 30th (1000 ft.) ; and Cape Spartivento (50 ft.), June
3rd. It was flying at Messina (50 ft.) on June 10th, and above and
below B6risal, Switzerland (4500 ft. to 5500 ft.), from June 17th to
22nd, and finally I left the species in excellent condition, both males
and females, at Kandersteg, at an elevation of 4000 ft., on Monday,
June 29th. — J. Platt Barrett ; Westcroft, South Eoad, Forest Hill,
S.E., July 3rd, 1914.

A Day in Delamere Forest. — On July 11th, in Delamere
Forest, and feeding on bramble blossoms, I saw a fine and fresh male
Pyrameis (Vanessa) atalanta. Was this puzzling butterfly locally
bred ? did it pass the winter in the egg, larva, chrysalis, or imago
state, and where did it hibernate ? Or, after it had crossed the
waves of the North Sea, or the waters thereto, why did it fly from
the east to the very west of the country, arriving in speckless
condition ? With these unsolved " problems " as companions I
subsequently captured a fine Cnenonyvipha tiphon with lanceolated
spots (subvariety lanceolata), and two specimens of Acidalia strami-
nata var. circellata. This latter insect appears to be common but
local here. Possibly it escapes detection when on the wing through
being taken for Cramhus marcjaritellus or females of Fidonia atomaria.
At rest, however, on the heather, &c., it cannot well be mistaken.
From a female taken on the same spot in July of last year I obtained
a large number of eggs. These hatched, and the larvae went on so
well that I had reason to think they would survive the winter. They
fed readily on knot-grass (which I think does not grow on or near
their habitat), and they began hibernation on the stems, fastening
themselves by their anal claspers, and branching out at an acute
angle in the form of a note of interrogation. So they remained, until
I discovered at the end of last March that many had dropped from
their perch. All were dead. I had succeeded in giving them food,
and plenty of fresh air, but I had failed in providing the damp
environment of the mosses. One of the C. tiphon (I only saw five
or six altogether) was nearly captured by one of the larger dragonflies
(^scJma juncea), of which there were many about. A movement on
my part scared away the dragonfly, which was only an inch or two
behind the butterfly, and so the tiphon was saved. The mosses were
unusually dry and enabled me to watch the richly-coloured males of
Leucorrhinia dubia, in black and maroon, hoveinng over the pools.
The females, in which the maroon colour is replaced by yellow, were
not so numerous. I found the tiphon ground — the only Delamere
haunt now, I fear, for the butterfly — guarded by two rows of high
iron railings smeai'ed with fresh tar. I thought with regret of the
newspaper I had left behind in the railway carriage. Still, the
obstruction did not prevent an old veteran of seventy summers
clearing the rails and landing safely on the other side, untarred,
excepting the hands, which were soon corrected in the dry sand of
the place. — J. Arkle ; Chester.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 227

Moths Captured by Light-trap. — My friend, Mr. F. Gillett,
who has a house on the North Downs, near Chevening (Kent), has
sent me a hst of the Moths that have been attracted by a large trap
of his own design during the months of March, April, and May. I
think his captures in this manner may prove of interest to readers
of the ' Entomologist.' He writes : —

The following is the result of a moth -trap, made like a cupboard
with three glasses herring-bone fashion in front, which exactly fits
into the window ; inside are three 30 c.-p. electric lamps, the door
at the back being fitted inside with a looking-glass, and the side with
a small window covered by a shutter. The trap is on castors, to be
easily movable. It is run from 10 p.m. to 3 a.m., when the light is
automatically shut off by an alarum clock downstairs. In February
and March it was only run for a few nights, with the result : one
Chestnut (vaccinii) in February, and one Small Quaker (crucla) in
March.

April. — TaniocamiM gothica. 2nd (four) ; 13th (three) ; 14th (two) ;
18th (eight); 19th (two); 20th (eight); 21st (one); 23rd (three);
24th (five); 26th (two); 27th (six); 28th (two); 29th (six); 30th
(six) = 56.— T. instabilis. 3rd (one); 13th (two); 18th (one); 19th
(two) ; 20th (one) = T.—T. opima. 21st (one) ; 26th (one) ; 27th (one) ;
29th (three) = 6.^T. gracilis. 13th (one) ; 19th (one) ; 29th (two) = 4.
—T. crucla. 13th (two).— T. stabilis. 21st (one); 24th (two); 28th
(one) = 4. — Anticlea badiata. 13th (one); 18th (one); 20th (one); 29th
(one) = 4. — A. nigrofasciaria. 26th (one); 28th (one); 29th (one) — 3.
— D. mendica. 28th (one); 29th (one) = 2. — Hemerophila abrwptaria.
29th (one).- — -Xantliorho'd jiuctuata. 29th (one).

May. — Tc&niocampa gothica. 1st (two) ; 2nd (two) ; 4th (one) ;
12th (one) ; 14th (three) ; 15th (three) ; 18th (one) ; 21st (one) ; 22nd
(one); 23rd (one); 30th (three) = 19.— T. gracilis. 2nd (one).—
T. stabilis. 16th (two); 20th (two) = 4. — Spilosoma mentliastri.
14th (two) ; 18th (two) ; 19th (two) ; 20th (eight) ; 21st (one) ; 22nd
(seven); 23rd (two); 28th (three); 29th (four); 30th (ten); 31st
(four) = 45. — Diaphora mendica. 14th (one); 18th (one); 21st
(one)=;3. — Tephrosia crepuscular ia. 14th (one); 22nd (one) = 2. — -
Coremia ferrugata. 14th (one) ; 20th (four) ; 27th (one) ; 30th
{one) = 7.—G. bidentata. 14th (one); 17th (one); 20th (one); 22nd
{one) = 4:.—0. hUeolata. 14th (one); 20th (one); 29th (one); 30th
(one) = 4. — Agrotis cinerea. 15th (one); 17th (two); 18th (seven);
19th (one); 20th (eight); 21st (three); 22nd (one); 23rd (sixteen);
24th (three); 26th (one); 27th (five); 28th (eight); 29th (seven);
30th (thirty-one) =94. — Dlanthmcia cucubali. 16th (one); 20th (one);
21st (one); 22nd (one); 28th (one) = 5.— X fluctuata. 16th (one);
19th (one); 20th (two) = 4. — Apamea basilinea. 16th (one); 23rd
(one) ; 28th (one) ; 29th (two) ; 30th (six) = 11.— P. dictoia. 17th (one).
— Hipiocrita jacobceoi. 18th (three); 20th (six); 21st (four); 22nd
(three); 23rd (one); 28th (eight); 29th (seven); 30th (seven) = 39.
— Hemerophila abruptaria. 18th (one); 20th (one) = 2. — Mamestra
dentina. 18th (one) ; 20th (two) : 22nd (three) ; 23rd (one) ; 27th
(three); 29th (four); 30th (three); 31st (one) = 18.— ill. thalassina.
17th (one); 18th (one); 29th (three); 30th (one) = 6.— M. genista.
19th (one); 21st (two); 22nd (one); 24th (one); 28th (one); 29th

228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

(three) ; 30th (seven) = 16. — Eupithecia oblongata. 19th (two) ; 20th
(one); 27th (one); 30th {one) = b.—Lop}iopteryx camelina. 20th
(one). — Mesoleuca ocellata. 20th (one); 22nd (one) = 2. — Dianthcecia
capsincola. 20th (one); 21st (one) = 2. — D. carpophacja. 20th (one);
21st (one) = 2. — Eupithecia pygmaata. 20th (one). — Dicranura vinula.
21st (one). — Grammecia trilinea. 21st (two); 22nd (four); 23rd
(one); 28th (one); 29th (two); 30th {iomteen) = 'l^. — Anaitis
plagiata. 21st (one); 28th (one) = 2. — Rnsina tenebrosa. 21st (one);
29th (one) = 2. — Lampropteryx sujfiimata. 22nd (one). — Gilix
spinula. 22nd (one). — Lozogramma petraria. 22nd (one). — Hepialus
lupulina. 22nd (one); 28th (one) = 2. — Eupitliecia pulcliellata. 22nd
(one). — Leucania comma. 22nd (one); 28th (three); 29th (two);
30th (one); 31st (one) = 8. — Agrotis puta. 23rd (one); 29th (one) = 2.
—Plusia gamma. 26th (one) ; 27th (foin-) ; 28th (four) ; 29th (six) ;
30th (six); 31st (one) = 22. — Agrotis exclamationis . 28th (one); 30th
(five); 31st (one) = 7. — Phalena bucepliala. 30th (one). — Xantliorlioe
montanata. 29th (one); 30th (one) = 2. — Ligdia marginata. 30th
(one). — Cucullia nmbratica. 30th (one). — Mamestra pisi. 30th
(one). — E. M. Prideaux ; Brasted Chart, Kent, June 16th, 1914.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.— //me 11^/i.— Mr. B. H. Smith, B.Sc, F.E.S., President, in
the chair. — Mr. Dunster exhibited a short series of bhie females of
Polyommatus icants from Horsley. — Mr. Edwards, butterflies from
Costa Kica, New Granada, and Borneo. — Mr. W. West, the various
species of Coleoptera taken by himself in the New Forest in mid-May,
mainly from hawthorn blossom. — Mr. Curwen, about a dozen species
with various forms of Anthroceridce {Zygcenidcs) taken by him in
numerous holidays on the Continent. — Mr. Turner communicated a
note on the species of mite {Acarus) TetranycJms lintoarius which
had recently been exhibited as causing devastation among gorse-
bushes.

June 25th. — Mr. E. Step, F.L.S., in the chair. — Messrs. Blair and
Main, a number of interesting items collected by them during a
recent holiday around Meiringen and Lugano, including (1) living
larvae of a Crioceris sp. on Bryony {Tamils communis) ; (2) a Polistes
gallica (living) on its nest; (3) living fireflies {Luciola italica) which
were "flashing"; (4) a field cricket found by Mr. Ashdown ; (5) a
series of Cetonia stictica ; (6) specimens of Gnophos glaucinaria with
ova, &c. — Mr. Coulson, a long series of many degrees of blue
coloration of the females of Polyommatus icants from Horsley and
several Coinonympha pamp)hilus, one having a bipupillate apical spot,
and another with three well-developed eye-spots on the hind wings
above.

Jidy 9i/i.— Mr. A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-president, in the
chair. — Mr. Newman exhibited living larv» of Gastropacha ilicifolia
and Celerio gallii, with the parent imagines of the former species,
together with a curiously suffused and obscure form of Dianthacia

RECENT LITERATURE. 229

capsincola. — Mr. Newman demonstrated a method of killing x\nthro-
cerids (Zyga3nids) by immersion in petrol for a few moments, which
appeared to be quite successful. — Mr. H. Moore, a living specimen of
ylSgrotera phymateus, a large Orthopteron from the Cape. — Mr.
J. Piatt Barrett, living male crickets, Gryllotalim vulgaris, small
larvae and ova shells of Melanargia pherusa, a large centipede, &c.,
all from Sicily. — Mr. W. West (Ashtead), the Phylloxera of the oak,
P. punctata. — Mr. Step, several Hemipterous pests, including
Phyllaphis fagi in masses under leaves of beech, and Phyllopsis
fraxini in a similar manner under leaves of ash, with P. fraxinicola
and Pediopsis tilicB — Mr. E. i\.dkin, a bred series of Celastrina
(Cyaniris) argiolus, from 1913 autumn larvte on ivy, one or two of
which were of the facies of the autumn emergence. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner,
the whole of the plates of Eosel's Insehten belustigung, 1746 (1)-1761,
with Kleemann's additional volumes of plates, and an autograph
letter re the volume from W. Spence, 1812. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs, a
drawer of species and forms of Parnassius, including P. vmemosyne,
P. apollo, P. stubbendoj-fii, P. delphius, P. apollonius, P. imjjerator,
P. hardwickii, P. discobolus, P. romanovi, &c. — Mr. Step read a
Eeport of the Congress of the S. E. Union of Scientific Societies, held
at Bournemouth, June 10th-13th, and which he and Mr. Hy.
J. Turner attended as the Society's delegates. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon.
Bep. Sec.

EECENT LITERATURE.

Studies on the Mecoptera of Japan. By T. Miyake (Journal of the
College of x\griculture. Imperial University of Tokyo, vol. iv,
No. 6, pp. 265-400). Tokyo: December, 1913.

No Neuropterist can well afford to miss this paper, in which Mr.
Miyake gives a full and interesting account of his studies in connec-
tion with the Scorpion flies and allied insects to be found in Japan.
Though he gives them ordinate rank, as do some other entomologists,
it is probably more usual to consider them as a subdivision of the
Neuroptera. All are placed in one family, Panorpidae, which is
divided into four genera : — Panorpa (including Aulops) with twenty-
seven species, Panorpodes with four, LeptojJanorjxi with two, and
Bittacus with six. Thus there are thirty-nine (or forty with the
doubtful Panorpa hageni) species in all, as compared with four to be
found in Britain and but twenty in either Europe or America. One
species only, Panorpa commwiis, Japan shares with us. We have
no example of the peculiar Tipula-\\kQ genus Bittacus, of which
Japan has six but, on the other hand, Japan does not possess a
Boreus, one species of which peculiar genus of tiny insects is found
with us.

Distinctive wing-markings, prolongation of the mouth-parts into
a beak, and scorpion-like extremity of the male abdomen make,
Panorpa, Panorpodes, and Leptopanorpa very distinctive insects, while
the beak and Tipula-lx^e build differentiate the genus Bittacus. That
the " beak "' is a recent acquisition seems clear, for the head of the
larva of Panorpa is of quite normal form. The beak reaches its

230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

highest development in imagines of that genus. Morphology and
anotomy are closely studied, while wing neuration and markings are
discussed in even greater detail. Miyake concludes that the Japanese
Panorpids may, generally speaking, be grouped in two categories as
regards wing-marking : — (i.) apical dark part incompletely developed
and pterostigmatic fascia rather narrow ; (ii.) apical dark part com-
pletely developed and pterostigmatic fascia rather broad.

Species of Panorpa frequent shady places, often resting on a leaf ;
they are dull insects, easily captured. They live chiefly on animal
n^atter, preferring dead or dying insects or other small animals, and
probably but seldom capturing living prey. Occasionally, at any i-ate,
they will feed on vegetable juices, &c. It seems doubtful if the
weaker and less active insects, comprising the genus Panorpodes, are
carnivorous at all. They are more mountain-loving insects, and are
sometimes attracted by light. Species of Bittacus prefer places
more shady than those afi'ected by Panorpa. They suspend them-
selves from a branch or leaf by the legs (usually the fore ones).
Generally, but not entirely, their food is living insects which they
capture. A life-history given is that of Panorpa klugi, already
noticed in ' Entomologist,' vol. xlvi. p. 271.

Miyake is inclined to reduce the number of genera and species of
Japanese Mecoptera, but he describes four new species : — Panorpa
arakavce, Panorpa liaku&ancnsls, Bittacus takaoensis, and B. viargi-
natiis, and five new subspecies. Besides six figures in the text there
are ten excellent plates. W T T ucas

A Revision of the IchneumonidcB. Based on the Collection in the
British Museum {Natural History). With Descriptions of Neio
Genera and Species. Part II. — Tribes Ehyssides, Echthro-
morphides, Anomalides, and Paniscides. By Claude Morley,
F.Z.S., F.E.S. Pp. i-xii and 1-140. Printed by Order of the
Trustees of the British Museum. 1913.

The two hundred and ninety-eight species here dealt with belong
to the subfamilies (1) Pimplinae and (2) Ophioninae, each of which
comprise two tribes as follows : — (1) Ehyssides, numbering six genera
and seventy-two species (ten new), and Echthromorphides, two
genera and thirty-two species (six new). Pi/raniishyssa, Mocs., is
also mentioned in the table of genera, but is not otherwise referred
to. (2) Anomalides, sixteen genera (five new), and one hundred and
eighteen species (thirty-eight new) ; Paniscides, six genera (one new),
and seventy-six species (seventeen new). Lahrorychus, Forst., and
Erigorgus, Forst., are also given in the table of genera.

In preparing this valuable revision, the author had the advantage
of ready access to Museum types, without which labour of this kind
would have been almost futile.

The plate, which is in colour, represents a male specimen (much
enlarged) of Certonotus geniculatus, Morley, reproduced from a
coloured drawing by Mr. Eupert Stenton, who presented it to the
British Museum.

RECENT LITERATURE. 231

Type Species of the Genera of Ichneumon Flies. By Henry L.
ViERECK. Pp. 1-186. Washington Government Printing
Office. 1914. (Smithsonian Institution, United States National
Museum, Bulletin 83.)

Fixing the type of a genus is often a difficult business, but when
the type of each of some two thousand genera has to be ascertained
the task becomes almost herculean, and the warmest thanks of
entomologists are due to those who devote their time and ability to
such labours.

This catalogue, which is alphabetical in arrangement, deals with
the Ichneumonidse of the world. Genotypes are designated where
this important matter had not been previously made clear by the
founder of the genus, or a type selected by a later writer. A very
large number of genera are monobasic, the term used to express a
genus based on a single species.

Common British Beetles. By Kev. Charles A. Hall, F.E.M.S.
Containing 28 Illustrations, viz. : 8 full-page plates in colour,
15 in black and white from photographs, 5 drawings in the
text. Pp. i-viii and 1-88. London : Adam & Charles Black.
1914.

This is one of a series of very inexpensive volumes entitled
" Peeps at Nature," published by Messrs. Black, and edited by the Eev.
C. A. Hall. It is excellent in every way, and the hope expressed by
the author that it " will be the means of arousing a more general
interest in beetles" is one which we cordially endorse and trust will
be fully realised.

The plates, both coloured and plain, are surprisingly good for this
class of work, and the species selected for figuring just those that
are most likely to come under the notice of the nature student. The
text is admirable, the author having been careful to be not only
accurate but also entertaining.

Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural
History Society for the years 1912 and 1913. Pp.66. Plates
i.-vii. The Society, Hall 20, Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus,
London, E.G. 1914.

In addition to Eeports of Field and Ordinary Meetings, there are
several papers of interest in this volume, among which " Notes on
Coe.nonymp)ha jMViphilus," by Mr. Harold B. Williams; "Notes on
Thera variata (Schiff.) and T. oheliscata (Hb.)," by Mr. L. B. Prout;
and " Some Lycaenid Notes, with a Discussion of the Segmentation of
the Abdomen in Lepidoptera," by Dr. Chapman, may be specially
mentioned. Six of the plates representing genitalia and androconia
are from photographs by Messrs. F. N. Clark and k. E. Tonge.

It may be noted here that this Society will in future be known as
the London Natural History Society, with which the late North
London Natural History Society is also incorporated.

232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The Jo2irnal of the Board of Agriculture of British Guiana. Vol. vii.
No. 3. January, 1914. Demerara: " The Argosy" Company,
Limited, Georgetown.

Among various entomological contributions published in this
number the following is perhaps the most important: "The Scale
Insects of British Guiana. A Preliminary List, with an Account of
their Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and Controlling Agencies," by
G. E. Bodkin, B.A., Dip. Agric. (Cantab.).

Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society for 1913-14. Pp. i-xvii and 1-158. Plates i.-ix.
The Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. 1914.

Entomological papers, seven in number, are as follows : —
"Tinea pallescentella, Stainton { = nigrifoldella, Gregson). Some
Notes on its Life-history and its History," by Mr. Eobert Adkin
(pp. 1-6, plate i.) ; " Spring in the South Tyrol," by Mr. Ebray
Sich and Mr. Alfred Sich (pp. 7-17) ; " One of our Common Butter-
flies, Epinephele jurtina," by Mr. Hy. J. Turner (pp. 18-25) ;
" British Short-horned Grasshoppers," by Mr. W. J. Lucas
(pp. 26-34, plates 2-4) ; " Mimicry in the North American Butter-
flies of the Genus Limenitis," by Prof. B. B. Poulton (pp. 35-37) ;
"The Ithomiinae," by Mr. W. J. Kaye (pp. 38-48, plate 5); " Entomo-
logy with a Camera in Switzerland," by Mr. Hugh Main and Mr.
K. G. Blair (pp. 49-53, plates 6-8). Plates 3 and 4, showing British
Grasshoppers, are reproduced from photographs by Mr. Lucas.
Plates 6 and 7 exhibit the life-history of the Tiger Beetle, and plates
8 and 9 give the life-history of the ant-lion ; all the figures are from
photographs by Mr. Main. Plate 1, representing Tinea pallescentella,
natural size and greatly enlarged, also details of life-history, is from
drawings by Mr. Frohawk.

We have also received the following : —

Reprints from the Proceedings of the United States National Museum.
Vol. 46 (1913) ; Vol. 47 (1914).

North American Spring-tails of the Subfamily Tomocerinae. By

Justus W. Folsom. (Vol. 46, pp. 451-472, with plates 40-41.)
New Hymenoptera from North America. By A. B. Gahan.

(Vol. 46, pp. 431-443, with Plate 39.)
Descriptions of twenty-three New Genera and thirty-one New

Species of Ichneumon-flies. By Henry L. Viereck. (Vol. 46,

pp. 359-386.)
New Species of Noctuid Moths from Tropical America. By

Wilham Schaus. (Vol. 47, pp. 485-549.)
A Contribution towards a Monograph of the Homopterous Insects

of the Family Delphacidae of North and South America. By

David L. Crawford. (Vol. 47, pp. 557-640, with plates 44-49.)

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CONTENTS.

Notes on the British Species of Sjanpherobius (Hemerobius), including one
hitherto unnoticed (with plate), Kenneth J. Morton, 210. The Sleeping
Attitude of L3^c8enid8e, F. W. Frohawk, 212. Australian Bees of the Genus
Jiuryglossa, T. D. A. Cocherell, 213. Garden Notes, Claude Morley, 216.
Acronycla (Hyboma) strigosa in Wicken Fen, T. A. Chapman, 218. New
Species of Noctuidse from Formosa, A. E. Wileman, 219.

NoTJCs AND Observations. — Plusia moneta in Nottinghamshire, William Daws,
22;3. Acronycta atropos in Kent, 224. Papilio hospiton in Corsica, W. G.
Slicldon, 224. Note on Ammophila campestris ? F\ H. Haines, 224. Deile-
piiila (Hj'les) euphorbite in Cornwall, A. S. Bnckhurst, 224. Note on Orgyia
antiqua, A. H. Lees, 225. Hymenoptera submitted for Determination, Claude
Morley, 225. Abundance of Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum), JR. Meldola,
225. Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum) in North Cumberland, George B.
lioutledge, 225. Appearance of Euchloe cardamines, J. Plait Barrett, 225.
A Day in Delamere Forest, /. Arkle, 226. Moths Captured by Light-trap,
JR. M. Prideaux, 227.

Societies, 228. Kecent Literature, 229.

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Vol. XLVII.1 SEPTEMBER, 1914. [No. 616.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

Illustrated 'Mfiuthhi lounial

GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVII.l SEPTEMBEB, 1914. [No. 616

AN EXPEDITION IN SEAECH OF RUSSIAN
BUTTERFLIES.

By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S.

So far as I am aware, out of the hundreds of expeditions
British lepidopterists have made into almost every part of
Europe during the last thirty years, not a single one has had
this great country for its goal, though I believe one or two have
incidentally collected a few specimens there on their way
further east.

Foreigners travelling in Russia at present are not very
numerous, and such as there are consist almost entirely of those
who have business in the country ; and I may say that in my
journey of about two months, during which I travelled about
five thousand miles, I saw only one German, and not a single
American, Frenchman, or Englishman, until Moscow was reached
on my return to England.

The prospect of undergoing the rigid Customs examination
frightens a good many timid ones; the passport regulations
are, perhaps not without reason, the cause why a good many
more possible visitors do not reach Russia, and seriously this
question is always an anxious and it may very easily become a
disastrous one, for an individual in Russia who cannot produce
a passport is looked upon by the authorities as a very suspicious
person ; he must stay in the town where he happens to be until
they are satisfied of his bona fides, which will usually take many
days, possibly some weeks, and if he is a little indiscreet he will
very probably spend the time in prison. Then, apart from the
fact that it is not very difficult to lose a document, a foreign
passport has considerable value to those subjects of the Czar
who wish to leave Holy Russia, but whom the authorities of that
country do not desire to part with ; consequently there are
always people on the lookout to steal your passport, and they do
not by any means lack opportunities. On the frontier it is taken
from you, passed by an official, and then after the luggage has
been examined, which will take a considerable time, another

ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER, 1914. U

234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

bfficial calls out the name on each passport of the whole train-
load of waiting people, and if you do not recognize your name
when it is called out, and someone else claims your precious
document, it disappears, and there you are !

Immediately you have taken a room in a hotel, the proprietor
demands your passport, for which he does not give a receipt. It
is handed over to the police by him, and you get it back before you
leave the town. At your last place of stay it pays an additional
visit to the police to have stamped upon it permission to leave
the country ; and on your return journey it is taken from you
several hours before you get to the frontier, and only returned
at the last Eussian station.

No, travelling in Russia is not likely to be popular with
foreigners so long as the present passport regulations exist ; the
Eussians themselves recognize this, and there is an agitation
going on at the moment to get them done away with.

My thoughts had often been centred on Eussian Lepidoptera,
but I had fancied that it was rather too tough a problem to be
tackled during a summer holiday.

There are certain parts in the west and north-west which
it is quite easy to reach, but the butterflies found there are
generally too western in type to be novel, and one can get nearly
everything with equal facility, and under much more favourable
conditions of sojourn, in eastern Germany, or in Scandinavia.

The interesting parts of the country from a lepidopterist's
point of view are unquestionably those which are the most
remote from England ; and these are by no means easy to
reach, where time is an object, and when one gets there, at the
end of about a week of travel, there are various reasons, as will
be seen hereafter, which make the average family man think
hard before he finally decides to collect Lepidoptera in remoter
Eussia.

One can get very little reliable information in England
respecting Eussia. The ubiquitous Cook knows it not, and
railway tickets from London are only issued to Moscow,
St. Petersburg, and Odessa. Bradshaw, in the Continental
edition, professes to give time-tables of all the trains in every
part. One wonders whence they were obtained, and if such
trains really ever did run, for all I tested turned out to be
hopelessly inaccurate, and there is no reason to suppose they
were in any way exceptional.

Baedeker, until this year, had only a somewhat ancient
edition, in French or German, but within recent months a new
one, in English for the first time, was issued. I was not aware
of this edition until I called upon the British Consul-General at
Odessa. This gentleman gave me this very useful piece of
information, and further very kindly lent me a copy, which was
of immense assistance.

IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 235

On mentioning my project to the companion of my Spanish
expedition of last year, Mr. A. H. Jones, I was very glad to find
that he was able and willing to come with me once more, and
we left London on the evening of April 29th, for Odessa, which
was reached after a most uninteresting journey of seventy-two
hours, during which, after crossing the Channel to Flushing, we
did not pass through a single tunnel.

I wished before the more serious entomological work of the
journey commenced to see something of the beautiful south
coast of the Crimea. On the day following our arrival at Odessa
we therefore got on board the Black Sea steamer, landing the
following morning at the famous fortress of Sebastopol.

We spent a couple of days at Sebastopol, which were
occupied in visiting scenes of the principal events of the siege of
sixty years ago, not doing any actual collecting, but we saw a
good number of butterflies, and the district impressed us as
better ground for Lepidoptera than any we afterwards saw in
the Crimea. The valley leading from Sebastopol to the English
Cemetery appeared particularly promising.

On May 7th we hired a carriage and drove to beautiful lalta,
a drive that will always remain vividly impressed upon my
memory for the loveliness of the scenery en route. Apart from
the interest of the journey, we were much impressed with the
manner in which the three little Tartar horses dragged the four-
wheeled carriage, ourselves, our luggage, and the driver, the
whole distance of sixty- one miles, without turning a hair,
galloping uphill and downhill equally as on the level. The
route is for the first half of the distance inland. Balaclava is
passed on the way, and then one gradually mounts upwards,
between woods — full of wild pseonies at the time of our visit —
until a col named the " Porte de Baidar " is surmounted, then
all at once the beautiful south coast bursts into view from a
height of almost 2000 ft. The day was perfect, and the sea
almost as blue as the Mediterranean can be ; the view itself is
superb, and the conditions we saw it under were the best
possible. Beyond Baidar the road is entirely alongside the sea,
which is never lost sight of, and vistas of surpassing loveliness
continually burst into view. Just before lalta is reached, the
Imperial Palace and Park of Livadia are passed. The Czar was
in residence, and the road, and in fact the whole district, was
patrolled by picked Cossacks, magnificently mounted and armed.
It was an impressive scene !

lalta is in situation and surroundings very similar to
Mentone, but it is even more beautiful. The vegetation is, how-
ever, not so southern ; one sees plenty of cypress trees and
occasional palms, and in the main street I saw several fine
specimens of Jacaranda mimosaefolia, which just then were a
gorgeous mass of purple tubular flowers ; but with few exceptions

u 2

236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the flowers and trees of the Crimean southern coast are those
commonly met with in mid-Europe.

We spent five days at lalta, during which the weather was
favourable, and we were able to explore every day for Lepi-
doptera. I must say I was much surprised and disappointed to
find how western they all were. Scarcely a species was seen
that cannot be found in the Alps. The only butterfly we noticed
that was at all eastern in its distribution was Pyrgus orhifer,_
which was not uncommon. Colias erate, Zec/ris eupheme, and
Pleheius zephyrus, amongst other species, are said to occur, but
we did not see any of them. A plant that is \evy like Astragalus
exsca^ms, the food-plant of P. zephyrus, was, however, abundant
locally by the roadside near Aloupka, some ten miles from lalta.
Most of the ground that seemed promising is enclosed, and a
considerable part is vineyards, and there is very little space to
collect in. Butterflies were by no means common either as
individuals or species, except in one or two instances. Hiber-
nated examples of Libylhea celtis were pretty frequent, although
we did not see any trees of Celtis australis.

On the evening of May 12th we once more boarded the
steamer, landing the following day at Novorossisk, on the east
coast of the Black Sea.

Novorossisk is a seaport of considerable size, and trades in
corn, timber, and other commodities. It is situated at the base
of what I suppose one might call the foothills of the Caucasus
Mountains, which have an altitude here of from 1500 ft. to
2000 ft.

We stayed five days, and during that time explored the
surrounding mountains and valleys as much as possible.

I was again much surprised at the western character of both
vegetation and Lepidoptera. Many of the little dingles seemed
very like those one meets with at home ; the sides were clothed
with elm and ash and oak, and many of the common English
flowers grew beneath.

The only eastern butterfly we came across was Erehia afer,
which was not uncommon some distance up the mountains.
Unfortunately, we were a month too late for it, and nearly all the
specimens captured were more or less passe.

We found some good ground amongst the hills to the north
of the town, but the best was undoubtedly the valleys and
mountains south of the harbour.

In planning an expedition which had for one of its objects the
making acquaintance with as many eastern butterflies as pos-
sible, it seemed to me that there were three districts which
were worthy of consideration.

First, there is the great range of the Caucasus Mountains,
magnificent in scenery, historic in the past ages, and peopled
with some of the most fascinating races in the world. All of

IN SEARCH OF KUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 237

surpassing interest to the tourist ; but when one comes to go
a little closely into the question, it becomes evident that there
is something to be said on the other side of the question.

There is a strip of mountainous coast extending along the
eastern shores of the Black Sea from Novorossisk to Batoum —
beautiful throughout and very tempting ; but, says Baedeker,
reeking with malaria, every bit of it ! and independent testimony,
including the verdict of the British Consul at Novorossisk, con-
firms Baedeker. Even Novorossisk itself is very malarious in
certain parts of its environs.

No less scathing is Baedeker about the sanitary condition
of the whole range, which he describes as malarious throughout,
even in the mountains. And then the people ! Brigands almost
all of them, more or less ! The published returns testify to
many hundreds of cases of highway robbery annually, and even
life is by no means safe. It might be possible to do something
in one or two well-frequented places, but elsewhere, to be in
safety, you must collect your specimens under the guns of an
armed escort, enveloped in a mosquito net, and even Lepi-
doptera lose their charm when studied under such conditions !

Secondly, there are the Ural Mountains. I am not aware that
the objections I have named respecting the Caucasus as a centre
apply to this district ; and I may say that, so far as I am aware,
out of the Caucasus life and property are as safe at the present
moment in Russia as in any other European country. But the
Urals are situated rather too far north to produce the majority
of the eastern species that affect Russia. Further, I gather
that the accommodation is poor and objectionable from many
points of view, and that only Russian is spoken ; and I think
I can go so far as to say that a sojourn there, unless one had a
courier and could spend it under canvas, would be anything
but enjoyable, if not impossible, from our point of view.

There remain the steppes of the south-east in the basins of
the great rivers, the Ural and the Volga. This region, from
all the reports I have seen, contains the greatest number of
desirable Lepidoptera of any district in Russia, and to it 1 felt
strongly drawn. The chief difficulty to be surmounted was one
which applies more or less to all parts of Russia : how to avoid
the uncleanliness and disease which unfortunately are only too
prevalent everywhere. Even in the large towns sanitation is
almost unknown ; in the hotels, with the exception of a very few,
the beds are verminous. Cholera, typhus, and other objection-
able acquaintances are more or less endemic, and often epidemic ;
and, of course, in the small towns and in the villages matters
are very much worse. One would have liked to settle down in
some district which had never been worked, but the objections
to such a course were so manifest that I felt compelled to pause.

In this dilemma an idea came into ray head which seemed

238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

to offer a feasible solution of my difficulties, and this was con-
tained in the blessed word Sarepta. One finds it immediately
the study of European butterflies is commenced enshrined in
the classic pages of Kane, and described as the haunt of almost
everything eastern ; and Staudinger and every other authority
confirm this view, and quote it on innumerable occasions.

The great blessing of Sarepta from my point of view was the
fact, known to me, that its population consisted chiefly of
Germans ; and surely one could obtain with them clean accom-
modation and wholesome food, and, further, the risk of sickness
to be apprehended elsewhere would be avoided, or very much
lessened, in their town.

About one hundred and fifty years ago that extraordinary
woman the Empress Catharine the Second, who then ruled the
fortunes of Russia, was desirous of colonising the country around
the Volga, and her own people not being then sufficiently
civilised to form suitable colonists, she induced great numbers
of Germans to settle there, granting them great tracts of free
land and freedom from military service, and conferring other
important privileges upon them. At the present day there are
dozens of these colonies, the inhabitants of which are still largely
of German extraction, and Sarepta is the most southern of them.
It is situated on the right bank of the Volga some three hundred
miles from its mouth.

I do not know who discovered Sarepta entomologically, but
Edward Eversmann in his ' Fauna Lepidopterologica Volgo-
Uralensis,' published in 1844, and still the standard work on the
Lepidoptera of Eastern Russia, was well acquainted with it. In
his preface he speaks of two brothers of the name of Kindermann
spending the summers of 1838 and 1839 collecting Lepidoptera
there. He also mentions that an entomologist named Zwick had
still earlier collected Coleoptera and Lepidoptera in the same
place. Since the days of Eversmann the best known investigator
has been a German resident, H. Christoph, who collected insects
for Staudinger, and from whom most of the numerous specimens
in our National Collection at South Kensington, which are
labelled Sarepta, came. Christoph undertook several expeditions
into the Caucasus and other parts of Asiatic Russia, and resided at
Sarepta until about twenty-flve years ago ; his son still lives there ;
most of his specimens in the National Collection date back about
fifty years from the present time. Another German resident of
Sarepta, a botanist of the name of Becker, seems to have studied
Lepidoptera as well as botany, and I am informed he made an
extensive collection of the former, which is still in the district.

The town seems from time to time to have been visited by
entomologists from Germany, but I have been unable to find
any results of their investigations in print, though there may be
some in the magazines of that countrv.

IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 239

The left bank of the Volga almost along its whole length is
flat, but the right bank on which Sarepta, as before mentioned,
is situated, is an almost continuous range of hills, in some places
attaining a height of over 1000 ft. ; at Sarepta they are from
200 ft. to 300 ft. in altitude. These hills have apparently
been formed in the long distant past by the prevailing wind
from the east blowing the sand formed in the river bed into
dunes ; these dunes being in the process of time converted
into solid earth by the growth of plants, the roots of which have
bound the soil together. The tops and sides are generally
covered with a growth of low plants ; in the folds and cross
ravines, however, there are woods and bushy slopes full of life
of all kinds, insect and otherwise.

The Volga, which above Sarepta flows for several hundred
miles in a south-west direction, skirting for the whole distance
the base of the hills, has within comparatively recent times
carved out for itself a new course which commences immediately
north of the town ; this course leaves the hills and strikes out
across the steppe in a south-easterly direction. At Sarepta the
distance from the river to the hills is about two miles, and the
town lies on the level plain midway between the two.

Having decided to make a stay of several weeks at Sarepta,
we left Novorossisk on the evening of May 18th, bound thither.
The distance is about 500 miles, across the steppe the whole
distance, in traversing which we did not see a hill or even an
undulation ; it was a weary journey, which the train is timed to
do in twenty-four hours, and which it actually accomplished in
twenty-seven hours. This journey we did on bread, cheese, and
beer, for we were warned at the last moment at Novorossisk, too
late to take a supply of food with us, that the more solid eatables
to be had on route were bad, and that it was dangerous to
partake of them.

At Sarepta I had obtained through a German correspondent
the address of a person who kept an inn, the only one there,
and on arrival, to our great relief, we found airy rooms, clean
beds, and wholesome, if rough, food, and in Herr Georg Enke a
most obliging, intelligent, and helpful host.

I must confess that it was with a feeling of keen disappoint-
ment that I surveyed my surroundings on the morning after our
arrival. I had expected to find Sarepta, which contains some
six thousand people, a model town. I had pictured the steppe,
by some well-thought out scheme of irrigation, made to
blossom like the rose, and the whole district converted into
vineyards, fruit orchards, and gardens. There is some spas-
modic irrigation, but not by any means sufficient to transform
the arid plain into fertility, only just enough to water a few
gardens. There is no evidence of want of prosperity of a kind,
with plenty of good houses, for Eussia, even some fruitful and

240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

shady gardens ; but the whole is hardly what one expected from
a German population ; it was Germany of the eighteenth century,
modified and not improved by the sojourn of its inhabitants for
one hundred and fifty years in Russia. The streets are unpaved,
except for one or two short lengths of cobbles, so rough that
when we drove over them we wished they too had not been
paved; undrained, and unscavenged, full of hollows, in which
the water stands in great pools after every storm ; and the sandy
surface everywhere churns up into seas of mud almost knee
deep during wet weather.

One of the first things I noticed at Sarepta was that the
window openings, outside the glass, had wire gauze shutters to
exclude insect pests ; I inquired if there was any malaria in the
town ; the reply I got was somewhat evasive, and later on I was
told that it was not so bad as in the surrounding country. We
were both provided with mosquito curtains, which we slept
under, and avoided as much as possible going near swamps ;
probably in consequence of these precautions we did not suffer
any inconvenience ; but mosquitoes were not infrequent in our
rooms, and one captured on my curtain has been identified at
the British Museum as the malaria-conveying species, Anoplieles
macuUpeniiis. It appears, therefore, that future visitors should
take precautions against this pest. I suspect that malaria is
pretty universal throughout Eastern Russia.

The flora of the steppe did not come up to the expectations
I had formed of it. I had looked to find a sward of brilliant
flowers, but the growth is almost entirely Artemesia, grey and
fragrant, of several species, and low growing, some six inches
high ; oxen and horses seem fond of it, camels devour it greedily,
and the entire steppe smells of it.

In places on the slopes of the hills there is a good deal of
a fine dry wiry grass, the food of Melanargia var. suwarovius,
and here and there one comes across a certain number of
flowering plants; a brilliant purple sage is one of them, a bright
pink Helichrysum another, there is a blue Linum, and several
species of Phlomis, but the whole are not in sufficient numbers
to produce any broad effect.

The railway passes along the base of the hills, and upon its
banks we found excellent collecting ground; there was here a
luxuriant growth of many species of leguminous and other
plants, and amongst them could be found such desirable butter-
flies as Colias erate, Glaucopsyche coelestina, Scolitantides pylaon,
Zegris eiqjheme, and many others.

The glory of Sarepta is, however, the " Tschapurnik Wald,"
a large wood, the property of the community, and used by it for
picnics and other kinds of recreation ; it occupies a hollow in
the hills some four miles to the south-west of the town. This
wood and the adjacent bushy slopes have glades which are

IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 241

carpeted with a very luxurious growth of flowers, and it is oue of
the most prolific localities for butterflies I have ever seen ; the
nearest approach to it I know is the famous wood at Peszer,
near Budapest, to which it is very similar in many respects.
Amongst the brilliant and interesting flowers growing here were
fine bushes of the common garden plant GijpsopJdla •paniculata,
and the almost equally well known Thalictrum Jiavum ; these
two plants were especially attractive to the Thecladse, four
species of which I, on one occasion, saw on a plant of G. pani-
culata. In the glades, too, Melitaea trivia swarmed, and a little
earlier Coeuonympha leander and Parnassius mnemosyne were
equally abundant. In this wood Pararge clymene, so rare in
Central Europe, was an abundant butterfly ; and many others,
the names of which alone would make the mouth of a lepidop-
terist water, were to be found in profusion.

Perhaps more striking even than the Lepidoptera in this
wood, and in fact in the whole district, were the birds. Golden
orioles fluted in every tree ; brilliant bee-eaters hovered overhead ;
still more brilliant rollers performed their curious aerial antics;
hoopoes in dozens, unmistakable in plumage and in note, were
there; amongst the Eaptores, particularly noticeable were the
buzzards, many scores of pairs of which were breeding in the
" Tschapurnik Wald " ; one small oak copse, crowning a eminence,
which had been defoliated by the larvae of Tortrix viridana, had
the appearance of a rookery, so thickly were the trees crowded
with the old and new nests of this species. Hobbies, kestrels,
goshawks, and at least three species of day-flying owls swarmed
everywhere. The whole formed the most extraordinary assem-
blage of bird life I have ever seen, and one which it would be
difficult to equal anywhere.

Other excellent ground was a series of cross valleys, in the
main face of the range of hills, some few miles to the north-west
of Sarepta, and in the direction of the large town of Tsaritsyn,
which is some twenty miles distant.

These cross valleys had on their lower slopes a good deal of
wood, with which the bottoms were generally filled, and in them
were found much the same species as in the "Tschapurnik
Wald," in addition to which they were the headquarters in the
district of Neptis lucilla, Melanargia var. suwarovms, Hesperia
tesselliim, Lycaena arioii, and Polyommatus amandus.

There are cross valleys in the hills opposite Sarepta also, but
these are much inferior in flora and fauna to those above-
mentioned, and we found them hardly worth investigating.

The magnificent hornet-like parasitic hymenopteron, Scolia
flavifrons, was abundant everywhere on flowers.

Lepidoptera were distinctly local, and it entailed a great deal
of hard work in prospecting to get a fair idea of the district
fauna ; probably this was the reason why we did not see certain

242 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

butterflies that have been reported from Sarepta, and which we
expected to come across. The most notable of these was Pontia
chloridice, which we were much disappointed not to find any-
where, although a sharp look-out was kept for it, and every
swift-winged white that there was the slightest suspicion of was
diligently netted, when this was possible. Other species that
we expected to see, but did not, included Satyrus autonce,
S. hippolyte, Oeneis tarpeia, Trwhysa phryne, and Scolitantides
bavius ; probably we left too early for the first two species, and
arrived too late for the third and fourth ; with respect to the
last-named butterfly, it is, I believe, always rare in Russia, and
possibly it occurred further afield than we were able to work.

We were at Sarepta from May 19th until June 23rd, between
which dates the weather was almost perfect ; bright sun from
morning until evening on almost every day was our fortunate
lot ; and there was always a cool and most invigorating breeze
to temper its rays.

On June 23rd we started on the return journey, travelling
up the Volga as far as Nijni Novgorod, a distance of about 1200
miles, which took the steamer six days to accomplish. The
Volga boats are excellent, well fitted up, and the cuisine
arrangements exceedingly good ; the voyage, apart from being a
little monotonous, is interesting, and after our hard work was
very restful and enjoyable.

I was struck with Nijni Novgorod and its district as an
entomological centre ; it is in the neighbourhood of what looks
like a great deal of promising country, which should repay investi-
gation. From Nijni to Moscow is only ten hours by rail ; after
staying a few days at the latter city I came straight to England,
parting from Mr. Jones at WarsaAV, en route for the Tyrol.

AUSTRALIAN HALICTINE BEES.
By T. D. a. Cockerell.

Paraspliecodes atronitens, sp. n.
5 . Length about 94 mm. ; entirely black, the flagellum obscure
brown beneath ; clypeus shining, strongly but not densely punctured,
and with a short median sulcus ; front appearing granular, more or
less glistening, especially at sides ; hair of lace and front very scanty,
fuscous, but at sides of face appearing pale and glistening in some
lights ; cheeks with shining white hair ; mesothorax dull, extremely
densely punctured, the punctures clearly visible under a lens ;
scutellum dullish, densely very minutely punctate, with a depressed
median line or sulcus ; area of metathorax minutely and obscurely
subplicate basally, and with a raised median line, but otherwise with-
out sculpture ; tubercles with a dense fringe of greyish white hair ;

AUSTRALIAN HALICTINE BEES. 243

mesothorax and scutellum with scanty fuscous hair ; tegulte piceous,
shining dark reddish posteriorly ; wings dusky hyaline, stigma and
nervures sepia, outer nervures weakened ; first r. n. joining second
s. m. at extreme apex ; middle and hind tibiae and tarsi with fuscous
hair on outer side ; first two abdominal segments shining, finely
punctured, the others dull, and without distinct punctures, except
the piliferous ones ; venter with silvery white hair, on the apical
segments with fuscous.

Hah. Calsundra, Queensland, October 30th, 1912 (H. Hacker ;
Queensland Museum, 88). Closely related to P. plorator, Ckll.,
but the wings are not so dark, and the punctured first two
abdominal segments are highly distinctive. P. famidicaiida,
Ckll., is larger, and has a very different metathorax.

Halictus melanopterus, sp. n.

$ . Length nearly 10 mm. ; black, including the legs and
antennae ; head broad, with white hair, which is thin on face, con-
spicuous on cheeks ; long pale golden hairs from a fringe below lower
margin of clypeus ; clypeus and supraclypeal area shining, distinctly
but not densely punctured ; front entirely dull except at sides, where
it is somewhat glistening ; thorax with thin white hair, quite
abundant on pleura, mesothorax and scutellum with inconspicuous
fuscous hair ; tubercles (as seen from in front) ending in a point ;
mesothorax and scutellum shining, very finely and quite closely
punctured ; scutellum sulcate in middle ; area of metathorax large,
bulging at sides, very finely roughened, without distinct sculpture ;
posterior truncation shining ; tegulae rufopiceous ; wings strongly
stained with blackish, stigma rufopiceous, nervures sepia ; outer r. n.
and t. c. weakened ; second s. m. broad, receiving first r. n. a short
distance before end ; hind legs with dark fuscous hair over knees ;
abdomen shining, very finely punctured ; long-triangular patches of
dull white tomentum at basal sides of segments 2 to 4 ; apex wnth
dark fuscous hair ; no ventral scopa.

Hab. Yallingup, near Cape Naturaliste, S.-W. Australia,
September 14th-October 31st, 1913 (R. E. Turner). British
Museum. H. melanopterus is very near H. instahilis, Ckll., but
larger, with darker wings and darker stigma, and the abdominal
bands not entire. The abdomen is much like that of H. circum-
datus, Ckll., but the metathorax is quite different. It is much
larger than H. chapmani, Ckll., and is readily known from
H. convexus, Sm., by its dark wings.

Halictus disclusus, sp. n.
^ . Length about 6 mm. ; black, with the first three abdominal
segments bright chestnut-red, but the first dark basally and with a
large dusky median cloud, second and third segments with a dark
spot at each laterobasal corner ; knees, tibiae and tarsi ferruginous,
the tibisB (the first slightly, the last most) stained with blackish ;
head broad, eyes strongly converging below ; clypeus prominent, with
a broad pale yellow apical band ; labrum black ; mandibles whitish

244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

in middle, red apically ; face and front with dull white hair ; antennie
long (reaching to end of tliorax), entirely hlack; flagellum crenulate
beneath ; mesothorax and scutellum dull, the surface microscopically
tessellate, the very minute punctures not clearly visible under a lens;
area of metathorax finely and weakly plicatulate, the sculpture fading
toward tlie apex ; hair of thorax thin, dull white, wuth a faintly
yellowish tint on scutellum ; tegulae black ; wings dusky hyaline,
stigma and nervures reddish sepia ; second s. m. very narrow; abdo-
men shining.

Hah. Eaglehawk Neck, S.-E. Tasmania, February 12tli-
March 3rd, 1913 (R. E. Turner). British Museum. Eesembles
H. tasmanice (GklL), but easily known by the dull mesothorax.
The black antennas and absence of metallic colour separate it
from 11. hedleyi, Ckll.

A SUCCESSFUL HUNT FOR SOME OF OUR LOCAL

CRAMBL

By the Rev. John W. Metcalfe, F.E.S.

The following notes are put together mainly with a view
to the possible usefulness to others of our experience gained in
collecting certain Crambi, which, if plentiful in their restricted
haunts, are not only very local but may easily be missed owing
to their retiring habits. Incidentally a few other local species
will be mentioned, which are not commonly taken in such
numbers as we were fortunate enough to meet with. My
companions on this expedition, which lasted from July 13th
to 31st, were the Revs. W. G. Whittingham and J. E. Tarbat,
and it is well to mention at once that the weather was as
adverse throughout the whole time as it well could be — wet,
cold, and windy, a fact which made our subsequent success the
more noteworthy.

Our first halting place was a very happily situated boarding
house in the middle of the well-known Deal sandhills. If the
accommodation it afforded was not palatial, the position was all
that the collector could desire. During the ten days we spent there
we were pleased to see Lithosia lutarella var. pygmceola in pro-
fusion ; indeed, whatever the weather was like it appeared on the
wing or sitting on the marram in great numbers. By day M.
lineata, H. cespitalis, C. angustalis, and S. ictericana were common,
but A. ochrata was practically over. However, our special object
of desire was C. contaminellus, and the stirring of an occasional
specimen by day from the marram gave us the cheering
assurance that it was about. Yet not till we discovered that at
night it loves to sit an inch or two above the ground, on the
patches bare of marram, did we secure it in any numbers.
From this discovery onwards we took it in plenty, together

HUNT FOR SOME OF OUR LOCAL CRAMBI. 245

with some beautiful varieties, notably a few very dark, almost
black, with pale nervures, a striking form. Many were taken
paired and in perfect condition. Its first flight is just after
dark, when it keeps close to the ground, and is therefore easily
missed ; while it is again on the wing late at night, when it
flies higher.

Thanks to a chance discovery two other local insects, of very
secretive habits, were taken in profusion. On a cold afternoon
with a strong wind blowing we were searching unavailingly the
lower leaves of Echium vulgaris for pupse of 0. dentalis. As we
in this way disturbed the collection of dead leaves and grasses at
the roots of the EcJiium, first a specimen of N. achatinella
crawled out, and then, to our delight, one of M. bipunctanus
(anellus). Further search produced a good many more of each
species, together with some commoner things, the insects having
evidently retired to the roots for shelter after feeding by night at
the blossoms. This gave us the hint we needed, and the next
night, which was pitch dark and very warm, we visited the
plants with our lanterns. The result was truly amazing !
N. achatinella was about in profusion flying over or sitting upon
the Echium, while far surpassing them in numbers was M.
bipunctanus. Of this strange-looking and not often seen insect
only the males appeared to fly at all, and these but little, both
sexes, many paired, sitting on the Echium and neighbouring
grasses. The males at rest had a curious intermittent vibration
of the wings, resting quiet for a few seconds, then a sudden
dithering of the wings, and then quiet again. Whether the
movement was intended to attract the females or not we failed
to discover. The night was evidently a field one with bipunctanus,
as on no subsequent occasion did we see it in anything like such
numbers, indeed, I question whether the like ever has been seen.
The fact that so sluggish an insect was found so abundantly,
one or two actually in process of expanding their wings, in the
middle of the more settled part of the sandhills, seems to point
to the roots of the marram, or of some other grass, as the food
of the larva rather than to the generally accepted suggestion
that the larva lives in the nests of wasps.

The same night a single insect, not yet identified, was taken.
It is evidently allied to E. cribrum, but has the fore wings pure
white with much fewer markings, and the hind wings consider-
ably darker. It will probably prove to be a wanderer from the
Continent ; at any rate, it does not appear to belong to any
species usually recognised as British. Before leaving Deal
a trip to St. Margaret's Bay produced a number of Tortrices,
the most interesting of which were C.falvana, G.nigromaculana,
C. dilucidana, and P. aspersana, whilst from gathered heads of
Centaurea scabiosa a number of fine C. gigantana {alternana)
subsequently emerged. A, baliodactyla and M. phceodactylus

246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

were on the wing, but A. gilvaria and E. ochroleuca were only
just appearing.

Mr. Tarbat having to leave us, Mr. Whittingham and I next
journeyed to the Norfolk coast. Our first object of ambition was
Crambus fascelinellus, which I had found fairly plentiful two years
ago. In the distressingly cold atmosphere not a specimen could
be induced to fly in the daytime, and not more than two or three
were found at rest in the sandpits. Our hopes were accord-
ingly fixed on what could be done at night, and at first they
seemed doomed to be disappointed. Careful searching, however,
revealed the fact that C.fascelinellus was about. It was found
sitting, like C. contammellus, an inch or two above the ground, but
only on the spots, at the back of the sandhills, where a few
scattered blades of grass struggled up through the sand. It
seldom sat on the marram or on other grasses where these
latter grew thickly, the surface of the sand had to be well in
evidence, and in such spots we took a fine series. There was a
very short and partial flight at dusk, which would probably have
been larger and more general in warmer weather, and the
insect again flew after ten o'clock.

The best part of a day, spent in water up to our knees and
with frequent storms beating down upon our heads, produced
two dozen larvae or pupae of N. cannce, and they were well earned.

Finding that C. fasceUnelliis was beginning to get wasted we
next directed our attention to C. alpinellas, which Mr. Whitting-
ham had turned up two years previously. Our experience was
most interesting. Still dogged by hostile elements our expecta-
tions were not great, and when, at our first essay, ten o'clock
struck without a sign of the Crambid we began to despair. It
was bitterly cold, but we knew that it must be hiding some-
where. Then the happy thought struck us of placing our
lamps on the ground, shining straight into the tangled roots
of the marram. Almost instantly a little moth began jumping
out towards the light, and then another, and our pleasure was
great when we found that alpinellas had been moved at last.
Later on the weather improved, and with it the tale of our
captures of this species. On a fine afternoon there is a very
general flight between six and seven o'clock, the Crambid being
then not only on the wing on its own account, but also easily
induced to fly by tapping the fir trees where it evidently shelters
as frequently as in the marram. On one such afternoon we
must have captured fully seventy specimens in an hour and a
half. The delicate fringes of the hind wings soon get worn, but
many of the captures were freshly emerged and in splendid order.

One other insect seems worthy of note. This is the recently
discovered lietini a purdeyi, which flew round the branches of the
Austrian pines (at least such we took the trees to be) in the
late afternoon. Difficult to capture in a wind, it occurred in

KAKOTHRIPS, N. GEN.

247

great plenty if the sun shone, and on a calm clay it was quite
possible to get five or six in the net at once. C. pinetellus and
C. inquinatellas also sheltered in the fir trees, whilst a few
S. coniferana and E. atricapitana were to be had, the latter
having evidently flown up from the ragwort beneath. Altogether
we brought back some six or seven hundred good insects apiece,
which was excellent work for three weeks of thoroughly bad
weather.

KAKOTHRIPS, n. gen., A DIVISION OF THE GENUS
FRANKLIN lELL A (THYSANOPTERA).

By C. B. Williams, B.A., F.E.S.

During the past two years I have been investigating the
life-history of a species of Thysanoptera which does considerable
damage to peas and beans in this country, with a view to finding

some method of control ; and a full account will be published
shortly (Annals of Applied Biology). The species has been known
up to the present by many different names : — Thrips pisivora,
Physopus robusta, EutJirips rohusta, and Frankliniella robiista,
the latter being at present the most correct terminology. The
species has never been properly described, Uzel's original
description (" Physopus robusta," Monographie der Ordnung
Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 104) being insufficient for modern
demands. In making a careful examination of a number of
specimens for a proper technical description (which will appear
in the above-mentioned paper) I found that this species differs
in several respects from all other known species of the genus
Frankliniella. Uzel (1. c.) had already noted that the male of
this species has a pair of processes on the abdomen, one on

248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

each side of the eighth segment (fig. 1, a). I find that there are
also distinct vestiges of these processes present in the female
(fig. 1, h). They are, in hoth sexes, immediately in front of the
spiracle of the eighth segment. No such organs occur, so far as
I know, in any other species of the suborder Terebrantia, but
something similar is found in some genera of the Tubulifera.
Thus in Megathrips nobilis (Bagnall, Ent. Mon. Mag. xx. 1909,
p. 131) there are lateral processes on the sixth and eighth
abdominal segments. This feature would alone almost justify
the separation of robusta from the genus, but I find further that
in this species the two long ocellar spines are between the two
posterior ocelli (fig. 1, c), whereas in all the other species of
Frankliniella which I have been able to see, or in the descrip-
tions of which these spines are mentioned or figured, they are
between the posterior and anterior ocelli (fig. 1, d).*

Further, the larva of robusta has the last two abdominal
segments dark-coloured, a feature more characteristic of the
larvae of the Tubulifera, and which does not occur in the larvae
of any of the species of Frankliniella that I have observed.

On the above grounds I am removing robusta from the genus
Frankliniella, and propose the name Kakothrips for a new genus
to contain it, characterised as follows : —

Kakothrips, new genus.

= Physopus, Uzel (I. c), in part.

= Frankliniella, Karny (Mitt. Nat. Ver. Univ. Wien, viii.
1910, p. 45), in part.

Antennae eight segmented. One long spine at each front angle,
and two at each hind angle of the prothorax. Ocellar spines between
the two posterior ocelli. Maxillary palps three jointed, labial palps
two jointed. Fore vein of the upper wing set regularly throughout
its whole length with short spines. Lateral pi^'ocesses on each side of
the eighth abdominal segment in the male curving backivards and
upiuards, in the female rudimentary but distinguishable. Larva with
ninth and tenth abdominal segments dark.

Type (and at present only species), K, robustus.
The characters in italics distinguish it from Frankliniella.
Fuller particulars of the species itself will be given as
mentioned above.

'^' They are certainly in this position in the following species : — intonsa
(Trybom) (= vulgatissimus, Uzel) ; tenuicornis (Uzel) ; melanommata,
Williams ; fusca (Hinds) ; stylosa (Hood) ; tritici (Pergande) ; insnlaris
(Franklin) ; helianthi (Moultonj ; occidcntalis (Pergande, teste Hinds) ;
cephalica (Crawford) ; nervosus (Uzel. teste Hinds) ; floridensis (Morgan) ;
runneri (Morgan); gossypii (Morgan). But sulphurea, Schniutz, would
appear from the description to be possibly like robusta, and in minuta
(Moulton) they are small or absent.

The John Innes Horticultural Institution,
Merton, Surrey : July, 1914.

249

PHYTODECTA VIMINALIS, A VIVIPAROUS
BRITISH BEETLE.

By C. B. Williams, B.A., F.E.S.

On May 11th, 1913, adults and larvae of Phytodecta
(Gonioctena) viminaUs were found in numbers on some sallow
bushes in the New Forest. A close search was made for eggs
but none were found, although quite young larvae, apparently
Just hatched, were common. A female was then found which
seemed to be ovipositing, but on the leaf were only a group of
very small orange larvae, nor was there any trace of egg-shells,
though it was indicated from the uneaten condition of the leaf that
they had only just hatched. The latter observation in particular
suggested so strongly the possibility of viviparity that numbers
of the adults were brought back for closer examination. It was
then found that the surmise was correct, and females were
watched in captivity and were seen to lay small orange-coloured
larvae quite free of any shell or enveloping membrane. Further,
on dissection of females about to lay, many similar young larvae
were found quite free of any shell in the lower part of the ovary
and oviduct.

Viviparity has been recorded in the allied genus Orina by
various writers ; in 0. vittigera, 0. cacalice, and 0. gloriosa by
Chapman and Champion (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1901, p. 1-7), in
0. sicperba and 0. speciosa by Perroud (Ann. Soc Linn, de Lyon,
1855, p. 402-8), and in 0. speciosa var. venusta by Bleuze
(Petites Nouvelles Entomol. October 1st, 1874, and Ent. Mo. Mag.
xi. 1874, p. 136), but so far as I am aware it has not been recorded
in the genus Phytodecta or in any British beetle. According to
Perroud 0. superba only lays one larva at a time at intervals of
about twelve hours, so that this species differs slightly from the
one under consideration.

The only account of the life -history of Phytodecta viminalis
is by Cornelius in 1857 (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xviii. p. 165). In the
specimens he observed, however, eggs were laid which hatched
on the first day. He describes the eggs as reddish in colour
and cylindrical, slightly pointed at the ends. It would appear,
then, that the same species can, under different conditions, be
either viviparous or oviparous.

The life-history of the beetle is as follows : —

The adults emerge from hibernation towards the end of
April (three were found on April 19th, 1914). Both sexes are
very active in the sunshine, and in the early part of May pair
many times. They have a habit of sitting at the base of a leaf
with the head pressed right into the axil ; this has also been
observed in the allied South European species P. variabilis by
Bateson (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1895, p. 850). They fall to the
ground if disturbed. They eat readily the leaves of the rough

ENTOM. — SEPTEMBBE, 1914. X

250

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

broad -leaved sallows {Salix caprea, cinerea, &c.), on the upper
side of which they lay their young, but I could get neither the
adults nor the larvae to feed on the willows with long and
smooth leaves {S. alha, &c.).* The young all appear to mature
at the same time, and are laid, if the female is not disturbed, in
one batch. The number in one family varies from twenty-eight
to forty. With one doubtful exception, none of the thirty
females from which I obtained young laid a second batch, as
occurs, for example, in the Coccinellidse.

The young larvae when first laid are orange yellow, but they
rapidly darken and become quite black. The larva, at least
when older, has a pair of dorsal, protrusible vesicles close
together between the seventh and eight abdominal segments.
They are pink in colour and can be extended about one-twelfth
of an inch when the larva is disturbed. The larva is full-fed
in about fifteen days, when it descends to the ground and
becomes quiescent; it is not till four to six days later that the
bright orange pupal stage is assumed. The sexes of the pupae
can be easily distinguished both by the size and by the form of
the ventral surface of the last two abdominal segments. Shortly
before emergence the legs and head, the centre of the prothorax and
the scutellum become quite dark, and the wings darken slightly.

The adults emerge after about twelve days, the total time
from the laying of the young larva beiug about thirty-three
days. Actual dates are as follows : — Larvae laid. May 15th ;
full-fed, June 2nd ; pupated, June 8ih : emerged, June 20th.
The adults then remain for the whole of the rest of the year on
the sallows without producing a second brood ; hibernate,
probably among the dead leaves, &c., on the surface of the
ground, and emerge again in the following spring, when they
pair and lay the young of the next generation.

The original parents, having laid their young in May,
continue feeding and survive for the rest of the year, so that
from the end of June onwards there are adults of two
generations together on the plants. Several females which laid
young in May, 1913, and which therefore emerged from the
pupa in June, 1912, were still alive in November, 1913, giving
an adult life of at least eighteen months. All, however,
perished during the winter.

I hope next year to study the life-history in more detail, and
also recommend to anyone the observation of the method of
reproduction of allied species. I should be much indebted to
any reader who could let me have living adults of P. rufipes in
the spring.

■'- Cornelius {I. c.) makes the interesting remark that larvre which he
found on Salix aurita refused to eat S. cajjrea, although other larvae laid on
the latter took it quite readily.

The John Innes Horticultural Institution, Mertou, Surrey.

251

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Lymanteia monacha, ab. — I have been crossing and breeding a
strain of Lymantria monacha for the past two or three years, with
the object of obtaining dark and banded forms, in which I am
meeting with some success. This year one brood produced several
specimens with the crimson bands on the body replaced with yellow,
a change which is of course most striking in the female, making it
look almost a different moth. None of my entomological friends
hereabouts have ever seen such a variety before, and I cannot find
any mention of yellow bodied L. monacha in any of the books I
possess. I may mention that the strain I am dealing with shows no
sign of deterioration as yet, the imagines I have bred this year being
for the most part much larger than those captured wild, while the
fertility of the ova and the proportion of larvge to feed up vi^ere very
high. — C. RipPON, F.E.S. ; Springfield House, Abingdon-on-Thames,
August 10th, 1914.

Varieties of Lyc^na corydon, L. icarus, &c. — I had the
pleasure of taking in Bucks a very remarkable specimen of Lyccena
corydon var. striata, the spots on the under side being replaced
by beautiful streaks. A very similar form of L. icarus likewise
fell to my net in Oxon. In May I captured two fine speci-
mens of the unicolorous form of Ematurga (Fidonia) atomaria (var.
7micolorata) . They were taken within a few yards of the place
where I obtained two similar forms in 1890, and recorded in the
' Entomologist ' for January, 1891. — A. J. Spillee ; Chinnor, Oxon.

Early Emergence of Smeeinthus ocellatus x Amorpha
POPULI (hybridus, Steph.). — I think it may be of interest to
record the emergence yesterday (August 18th) of a fine specimen
of the above-mentioned hybrid. The larva went down on July 17th —
only a month and a day before the appearance of the imago. I
should much like to know if this is a record for this hybrid. No
forcing was attempted. I might add that from a pairing that I
obtained (by assembling for wild ocellatus males, in preference to
using bred males, and then caging with populi female) on May 30th
of this year, eighty-one ova resulted, forty-seven hatched, and of
these thirty-seven successfully pupated between July 15th and
August 10th. — Sydney Whicher ; Westmead, Liss, Hants.

EucHLOE cardamines IN East Cumbeeland.— The orange tip is
not a common insect in this part of the country. It may therefore
be of interest to note that on June 15th, 1914, 1 saw two males upon
the wing together on the banks of the Tyne close to Alston. The
food-plant [Cardamine 2^>'c<^t^iisis) is common all over the district,
and, incidentally, it may be remarked that the double-flowered form
of it is fairly numerous in the district. — Geoege Bolam ; Alston,
Cumberland.

Ammophila sabulosa, Linn., and Dasypoda hirtipes, Latr., in
Worcestershiee. — I think it may be worth while placing on per-
manent record that I have taken this summer these two species of
Aculeate Hymenoptera in Worcestershire ; the former on August

252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

8th, on Harfclebury Common, and the latter — a male — on July 27th,
when sweeping a field adjoining the same sandy waste. Saunders
(' Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British Islands,' 1896, pp. 88 and
273) of the first states that, saving Lancashire, he has " no other
northern or midland localities for it," and concerning the second that
" it is recorded from very few inland localities." — J. W. Williams ;
M.E.C.S., Stourport, Worcestershire.

Since forwarding the above note I have been fortunate enough to
find a large colony of D. hirtipas on Hartlebury Common. The bank
on which this colony is situated faces 23° E. of S., and slopes at an
angle of 20^. It is interesting to notice that Nomacla solidaginis, Pz.,
is visiting these burrows. I also saw one N. sexfasciata, Pz., enter
a burrow on August 14th (a somewhat late date for this " cuckoo ")
and extracted the intruder. The common fossor, Cerceris arenaria,
Linn., inhabits the same site. — J. W. Williams.

Chrysophanus PHLiEAs IN PICCADILLY. — On July 30th last I saw
a perfectly fresh specimen of Ghrysojjhanus phlceas on the window
sill of the front room of my flat looking out on Piccadilly, near
Burlington House. The butterfly had apparently only just emerged.
May it have been bred in the Park near by ? — Harold Hodge ;
54, Piccadilly, W., August 16th, 1914.

Eggs of Prionus coriarius (Colboptera). — Eecently in the
New Forest I found a fine female of this Longicorn beetle on a piece
of fallen beech, where apparently it was ovipositing. After killing
the beetle I eviscerated it and removed from the abdomen a large
number of eggs (some two hundred perhaps). Each egg was about
4'5 mm. in length, and about 1'6 mm. in greatest width ; it was
granulated in appearance, but with no definite markings ; in shape
it was a very slightly curved cylinder with rounded ends, one being
much more pointed than the other. They were creamy white in
colour, and some put in spirit remained so ; but others exposed to
the air became yellowish. A very large centipede (Lithobius) taken
from the same tree had a number of the eggs given it, and it fed on
them readily. The object of this note is to record the fact, for no
doubt it would eat them in a state of Nature, presuming it could find
them ; and the centipede has its home in the decaying wood in which
apparently the eggs are laid. — W. J. Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames.

WiCKEN Fen. — So few people have any real knowledge of the Fen
Lepidoptera and their life-histories that a word of warning is necessary.
As to Acronycta strigosa, Wicken Fen was never the locality where
these were beaten, and I should say there were few hawthorn bushes
in the Fen. I have beaten the larvis with the late Mr. Albert
Haughton (father of the present collector), but it is much scarcer
now. The Fen itself wants very careful handling, and it is possible
to do a good deal of mischief in a short time. For instance, we were
told last June that a piece of the Fen owned by the National Trust,
which contains particular species of its own, was to be cut. I believe
Mr. Edelston took steps to prevent this, but if it had been carried out
much harm would have been done. In parts of the Fen the sallow
bushes want a great deal of thinning out, but discrimination is
necessary, and the Fen growth cannot be treated as jungle to be

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 253

demolished. The National Trust should appoint an expert Com-
mittee to deal with the matter, and at least one member should be
familiar, from actual field work, with the life-histories of the principal
Fen Lepidoptera, such as Papilio vmchaon, Meliana flammea, Nonagria
avuncUneta, N. arundinis, Cidaria sagittata, &c. It is probable that
a uniform treatment of the Fen is undesirable, and tliat while some
portions are never cut (with the exception of thinning out sallow
bushes, &c.), others should be cut periodically. — A. Robinson ;
Bretaneby, Chislehurst, August 26th, 1914.

Moths Captured by Light-trap [continued from p. 228) : —
June. — Spilosoma luhriciijeda. 2nd (one). — Phalera hucepliala.
5th (one); 11th (one); 13th (one) = 3. — Opistliograptis lutcolata. 5th
(two); 10th (one); 11th (one) = 4. — Busina tenebrosa. 5th (one);
12th (five); 16th (one) = 7. — Diantlicecia cucuhali. 2nd (two); 5th
(one); 10th (two); 12th (one); 16th (one) = 7. — Hi'pocrita Jacob acn.
2nd (one); 11th (one) = 2. — Cidaria truncata. 2nd {one).— Gabera
p2isaria. 2nd (one); 11th (one); 16th (one) = 3. — Thera variata.
2nd (one); 11th (one) = 2. — Neuria reticulata. 2nd (three); 5th
(one); 9th (one); 11th (one); 13th (one); 15th (one); 17th (two);
18th (two) = 12. — Agrotis exclamationis. 1st (one); 2nd (two); 3rd
(two) ; 5th (eight) ; 6th (one) ; 8th (two) ; 9th (four) ; 10th (fourteen) ;
11th (sixty-two) ; 12th (thirty-two) ; 13th (thirty-two) ; 14th (fifteen) ;
15th (twenty- seven); 16th (forty-three); 17th (seventeen); 18th
(nine) = 271. — Hama sordida. 6th (one); 9th (two); 10th (four);
11th (two); 12th (four); 13th (four); 14th (two); 15th (three) ; 16th
(one); 17th (one); 18th (one) = 25. — Agrotis cinerea. 2nd (four);
5th (five); 18th {one) = 10.— Eupithecia oblongata. 2nd (two). —
Diantlicecia capsincola. 2nd (one); 13th (one); 14th (one) = 3. —
Caradrina morpJieus. 5th (one) ; llth(five); 12th (one); 15th (two);
16th (five); 17th (nine); 18th (five) = 28. — E^qnthecia venosata. 5th
(one). — Apamea basilinea. 2nd (five) ; 5th (four) ; 6th (two) ; 9th
(two); 10th (one); 11th (two); 12th (two); 13th (one); 14th (four);
15th (one); 16th (one); 17th (four); 18th (two) = 31.— Z^oc^wa rubi.
6th (one). — Mamestra dentina. 2nd (nine); 3rd (one); 5th (six);
9th (one); 10th (three); 11th (eleven); 12th (seven); 13th (one);
14th (six); 15th (three); 16th (three); 17th (four); 18th (four) = 59.
Lcucania comma. 5th (six); 6th (one); 9th (two); 11th (six); 12th
(ten); 13th (four); 14th (three); 15th (five); 16th (three); 17th
(six); 18th (five) = 51. — XantJiorJioe montanata. 6th (one). — Plusia
gamma. 3rd (one) ; 5th (four) ; 6th (one) ; 10th (one) ; 11th (tw^elve) ;
12th (seventeen) ; 13th (six) ; 14th (three) ; 16th (two) ; 17th (two)
= 49. — Abrostola tripartita. 2nd (one). — Diantlicecia carpopliaga.
2nd (two); 5th (one) = 3. — Anaitis plagiata. 3rd (one); 16th (one)
= 2. — Grammesia trigramviica. 2nd (three); 5th (one); 10th (one);
11th (four); 12th (two); 14th (one) = 12. — Agrotis segetum. 9th
(one); 11th (one); 13th (one); 14th (two); 17th {one) = Q.— Spilo-
soma menthastri. 2nd (seven) ; 5th (three) ; 8th (one) ; 9th (two) ;
10th (two); 11th (five); 12th (seven); 13th (two); 14th (eleven);
15th (two) ; 16th (sixteen) ; 17th (five) ; 18th (two) = Q5.—Xantliorhoe
fiuctuata. 10th (one); 17th (one); 18th (one) = 3. — Smerinthus
occllatus. 11th (one). — Acidalia immiitata. 11th (one). — Mamestra

254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ihalassina. — 11th (three); 12th (one); 16th (two) = 6. — Pachys
hctularia. 11th (two); 13th (one) = 3. — Mcsoleitca ocellata. 11th
(one); 13th (one) ; 16th (one) ; 17th (one); 18th (two) = 6.— Eustroma
silaceata. 11th (one). — Triphcena p-onuha. 11th (one). — Agrotis
■putris. 11th (one); 15th (one) = 2. — Lcucania imIUus. 12th (one);
13th (two); ITth (one); 18th {iv^o) = Q>.—Cucullia umbratica. 12th
(one); 15th (one) = 2. — Trigonopliora {Phlogopliora) meticulosa. 13th
(one). — Mamestra oleracea. 13th (one). — Smerintiius populi. 13th
(one). — Pliisia chrysitis. 15th (one) ; 17th (one) = 2. — Agrotis imta.
15th (one). — Pliihalapteryx vitalbata. 16th (one). — Plusia puldirina.
17th (one). — Noctua primula. 17th (one). — Acontia luctuosa. 18th
(one). — Agrotis corticea. 18th (three). — Timandra amataria. 18th
(one).

July. — Geometra vernaria. 7th (one). — Caradrina morphcus.
7th (two) ; 8th (one) ; 16th (one) ; 17th (one) ; 19th (three) ; 20th
(eight) ; 21st (ten) ; 22nd (three) ; 26th (one) ; 27th (three) ; 28th
(three); 29th (one) ; 30th (one) ; 31st (one) = 39. — Leucania conigcra
8th (one) ; 16th (one) ; 17th (one) ; 19th (two) ; 22nd (one) ; 31st
(one) = 7. — L.pallens. 8th (one); 16th (two). = 3. — Agrotis exclmna-
tionis. 8th (two); 16th (one); 17th (one); 19th (three); 27th
(one) = 8. — Dianthcecia capsincola. 8th (one). — Caradrina taraxaci.
8th (one). — Agrotis strigula. 8th (one). — Plusia chrysitis. 16th
(one). — Ematurga atomaria. 16th (one). — Apamea secalis. 16th
(two) ; 17th (one) ; 18th (one) ; 20th (four) ; 21st (two) ; 22nd
(three); 27th (three); 28th (four); 30th (one) = 21. — TriphcBua
pronuha. 16th (one) ; 22nd (one) ; 28th (one) = 3. — Xylophasia litlio-
xylea. 16th (one). — Plusia gamma. 16th (one) ; 19th (one) ; 20th
(six); 24th (one); 26th (one); 27th (two); 30th (one) = Id. —Agrotis
segetum. 16th (one). — Malacosoma neustria. 17th (one). — Boarmia
gemmaria. 17th (one). — Xylophasia monoglypha. 18th (one) ; 20th
(one); 21st (one); 27th (one); 28th (one); 30th (one) = 6.— X suh-
lustris. 18th (one). — Cidaria piyraliata. 19th (one). — Hecatera
Serena. 19th (one) ; 20th (one) = 2. — Lithosia lurideola. 19th (one) ;
21st (one); 25th (one) = 3. — Leucania impura. 19th (one); 20th
(one) ; 28th (two) ; 30th (two). = 6. Hydroecia nictitans. 19th (one) ;
21st (three) ; 27th (two) ; 28th (one) ; 29th (one) ; 30th (three) = 11.
Pachys betularia. 19th (one). — Mesoleuca ocellata. 19th (one).
— Ortholitha limitata. 19tli (one). — Opts thog rapt is luteolata. 20tli
(one); 28th (one) = 2. — Dianthcecia cucuhali. 20th (two); 27th
(one); 28th (one) = 4. — Cilix glaucata. 20th (two). — Leucania
lithargyria. 20th (one). — Ligdia marginata. 20th (one); 27th
(one) = 2. — Selenia bilunaria. 20th (one) ; 27th (one) ; 31st (one) = 3.
Zeuzera pyrina. 20th (one). — Perizoma alchemillata. 20th (one) ;
27th (one) = 2. — Ccrif/o matura. 20th (two); 27th (one); 29th
(one); 30th (one); 31st (one) = 6. — Camptogramma bilineata. 20th
(one). — Ma^nestra oleracea. 21st (one). — Cabera pusaria. 21st (one).
— Noctiia brunnea. 21st (one). — Acidalia dimidiata. 21st (one). —
Bombycia viminalis. 27th (one). — Coremia ferrugata. 28th (one) ;
29th (one) = 2. — Crocallis elinguaria. 28th (one). — Triphosa dubitata.
28th (one). — Amphipyra tragopogonis. 29th (one); 31st (one) = 2. —
Caradrina quadripunctata. 30th (one). — Hydriomena furcata. 31st
(one). — R. M. Prideaux; Brasted Chart, Kent, June 16th, 1914.

RECENT LITERATURE. 255

RECENT LITERATUEE.

A Monograph of the Jumping Plant-lice or Psyllidce of the Neio
World. By David L. Ckawfoed. Pp. 182 ; plates 30. Smith-
sonian Institution, United States National Museum. Bulletin
85. Washington. 1914.
The author finding that classification of the Psyllidse on wing
venation alone was unsatisfactory, placing as it does closely related
species in different genera and even subfamilies, presents a new
system based largely on a study of structural characters other than
venation.

The one hundred and seventy-five species in twenty-nine genera
here enumerated and described are arranged under six subfamily
headings, in the following sequence : —
Subfamily Liviince.

Tribe Liviini 1 genus (Livia), 5 species.

,, Aphalarini
Subfamily Pauropsyllinse

,, Carsidarinse

,, Ceriacreminse

,, Triozinse

,, Psyllinge.

Tribe Paehypsyllini.
,, Euphyllurini
,, Arytainini
,, Psyllini ...

Among other matters of interest treated in the introductory
pages (1-18), morphology is discussed in considerable detail.
An extensive bibliography is given.

2 genera, 22 species.

3 genera, 15 species.

4 genera, 13 species.
1 genus, 2 species.

8 genera, 44 species.

3 genera, 9 species.

2 genera, 6 species.

3 genera, 18 species.
2 genera, 41 species.

Pond Problems. By E. E. Unwin, M.Sc. Pp. xvi + 119. (Cambridge
Nature Study Series.) Cambridge : University Press. 1914.
This book supplies a series of lessons on Pond Life, intended for the
lower forms of Secondary Schools and upper standards of Elementary
Schools. It is above the average of such books, and we venture
to think that much of the work would be suitable for higher forms
in the Secondary Schools (if time could be found for it), and that any
entomologist, especially one who is given overmuch to collecting
simply, might study it with advantage. The aim of the series of
practical lessons and demonstrations is really to give some ideas
from actual contact with Nature " about environment, natural selec-
tion, and evolution." After showing how material should be obtained,
and making quite clear what an insect is, our author states that
" insects are really land animals," even though now in a compara-
tively few cases they may pass part of their life in the water. The
main object of the remaining lessons is, by practical observation and
experiment, to show how the adaptation to their new surroundings
is managed. The work concludes with useful appendices on material,
apparatus, the microscope and the making of microscope-slides, and
a short bibliography. The book, which is well got up, is illustrated
by forty-seven good figures, all, except two, from the author's draw-

256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ings or photographs. We might say that to us it appears better to
use the term nymph, instead of larva, or larva and nymph, for the
whole of the early stages of insects with incomplete metamorphosis
(hemimetabolic). W T L

We have also received the following Reprints from Proceedings
of the United States National Museum. Vol. 47 (1914) : —

No. 2045. Names applied to the North American Bees of the

Genera Lithurgus, Anthidium, and Allies. By T. D. A. Cockerell.

Pp. 87-94. (May 7th.)
No. 2048. Hymenoptera, Superfamilies Apoidea and Chalcidoidea,

of the Yale-Dominican Expedition of 1913. By J. C. Crawford.

Pp. 131-134. (April 30th.)
No. 2046. The Noctuid Moths of the Genera Palindia and Dyomyx.

By Harrison Dyar. Pp. 95-116. (May 7th.)
No. 2050. Report on the Lepidoptera of the Smithsonian Bio-
logical Survey of the Panama Canal Zone. By Harrison C.

Dyar. Pp. 139-350. (May 20th.)
No. 2043. New Genera and Species of Micro- Lepidoptera from

Panama. By August Busck. Pp. 1-67. (April 30th.)

OBITUARY.
H. T. DoBsoN.

All who knew him will regret to hear that a genial member of
the entomological fraternity has passed away in the person of Mr.
H. T. Dobson, of New Maiden. A somewhat exacting business in
London, municipal work in Maiden and Southwark, as well as affairs
connected with his local Congregational Church, of which he was a
deacon, made large calls on his time ; but Mr. Dobson was a keen
lover of Nature, and this fourth form of activity received its due
share of attention. In his younger days he was a keen fisherman,
and he was also much interested in gardening, but birds and insects
were his chief delight. For more than forty years he had been an
entomologist. Since 1884 he had been a member of the South
London Entomological and Natural History Society. In 1895 he
was elected a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London.
Though notes from his pen have appeared occasionally in entomo-
logical periodicals, he did not add much to the literature of his
subject. For some years he had been in poor health, and as time
went on he was able to do an ever decreasing amount of field work,
but he never lost interest and went on collecting in the limited space
afforded by his garden at New Maiden. As he retained full use of
his arms when walking became impossible, he was able to go on
adding to his collections, and preparing the specimens so kindly sent
him for his valuable and well-kept cases of birds. He finally retired
from business in January last, and died on June 27th at the age of
sixty-one, leaving a widow and three sons to mourn his loss. We
understand that he left directions for his collection to be sold.

W. J. Lucas.

REMEMBER!

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BRITISH ISLES is HEAD'S.

iEsTABLISHKO 1884.)

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Many OOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock.

Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free.
Note the Address —

H. W^. HEAD, (Bntomolo9ist,
BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH.

J. BROWN.

ESTAHLISHEI* 1870.

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET-MAKER.

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CONTENTS.

An Expedition in peareh of Russian Butterflies, W. G. Sheldon, 233. Australian
Halictine Boes. T. D. A. Cockerell, 242. A Successful Hunt for some of our
local Oranibi (liev.) John W. Metcalfe, 2A4. Kakothrips, n. gen., a Division
of the Ge)ius Frankliniella (Thysauoptera), (withillustratiou), C.B. Williams,
247. Phytodecta viminalis, a Viviparous British Beetle, G. B. Williams, 249.

NoTKs AND Observations. — Lymantria uionacha, ab., C. Bippoii, 251. Varieties
of Lycffina corydon, L. icarus, &c., A. J. Spiller, 251. Early Emergence of
Smerinthus ocellatus x Amorpha populi (hybridus, Steph.), Sydney Whicher,
251. Euchloe cardamines in East Ouniberlaiid, George Bolam, 251. Animo-
phila sabulosa, Linn., and Dasyopa hirtipes, Latr., in Worcestershire, /. W.
Williams, 251. Chrysophanus phla-as in Piccadilly, Harold Hodge, 252:
Eggs of Prionus coriarius (Coleoptera), W. J. Lucas, 252. Wicken Fpu.
A. Robinson, 252, Moths captured by Light-trap, B. M. Prideat(,x, 25 J

Recent Literature, 254. Obituary, 256.

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Vol. XLVII.l OCTOBER, 1914. [No. 617.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

Illustrated Poutju lournal

GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

1
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The Entomologist, October, 1914.

Plate VI.

nr M • . , Photos G. T. Lyle.

Macrocentrus inar<iinaU>f, lem&\e, K'i. 2. Zcle infumator, iem&\e, x 2^.

Zcle discolor, female, x 2.|. 4. Upper \vino' Zde to^taceator, x 2.

Metathorax of Zele infitmator. 0. Ball of cocoons of Macrocentni.s equalis, x 2.

yection of the same.

Cocoon of Maeruceiitrii.^ mun/hiator in bunow of Scs'ut culicifhrmix, nat. size.

Cocoon of Zele iiifumator, x 3. 10. Cocoon of Zcle diUwlor, x 3.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVILl OCTOBEE, 1914. TNo. 617

CONTEIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
BRITISH BRACONID^. No. 2.— MACROCENTRID^,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES.

By G. T. Lyle, F.E.S.

(Plate VI.)

The insects of this small family were first separated from
Rhogas by Curtis in 1832 and 1833,* when he brought forward
the genera Macrocentrus and Zcle. Forster proposed two addi-
tional genera, the one, Amicroplus, a division of Macrocentrus,
and the other, Homolohus, a dismemberment of ZeleA Ashmead
has raised the genera of Curtis to the dignity of tribes, t which
is quite necessary if Forster's genera be accepted, for a glance
will show that Amicroplus and Homolohus cannot rank equally
with Macrocentrus and Zele ; indeed, Marshall considered that
Forster's genera were founded on characters purely specific. §
Our few British species may, for convenience, be treated under
the two original genera : —

Abdomen elongate, sessile ; fore wings with three
cubital areolets, radial areolet elongate.

(1) Spurs of hind tibise very considerably shorter than

half the metatarsi ; first abdominal segment
not or scarcely longer than the second ; terebra
at least as long as the abdomen . . Macrocenteus.

(2) Spurs of hind tibise as long as half the metatarsi,

first abdominal segment much longer than
the second ; terebra short . . . Zele.

I must again express my thanks to various entomologists
who have presented me with specimens, to Dr. D. Sharp and
Mr. H. F. Bailey for the loan of books, to Mr. Claude Morley,
who, with his usual kindness, has sent me for inspection several
insects from his collection, to Col. Nurse for a similar courtesy,

■■■■ Ent. Mag., vol. 1.

f Synop. der Fam. und Gatt. der Braconen. 1862.
j " Classification of Ichneumon Flies," Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxiii.
p. 118.

§ ' Species des Hym. d'Europe et d'Algerie,' vol. 5, p. 228.

ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1914. Y

258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

to Mr. Pi. South for confirming the names of hosts, and to Mr.
B. S. Harwood, of Colchester, who has sent me for examination
a considerable number of specimens, most of which have come
to him from the collection of the late E. A. Fitch. Although
the main part of the Fitch collection is now in the Essex
Museum at Stratford, it would seem that the insects v/hich are
at present in the possession of Mr. Harwood were put on one
side in store-boxes, some as duplicates and others as being un-
named, or to await naming, and have so remained for the past
twenty years or more.

In the following notes, unless otherwise stated, the records
are my own, and the insects mentioned have been captured or
bred in the New Forest.

Macrocentrus, Curtis.*
Gregarious or solitary parasites of larvfe of Lepidoptera.
Eatzeburg records one species as having been bred from the
coleopteron Anohium pertinax, but this has never been confirmed.
The general colour of these insects is black with rufous or
testaceous markings. In the few cases where I have noticed the
larv8B, they have been elongate and whitish without any very
noticeable markings. It is possible that in all the species the
larvfe may be partially external parasites, for with M. ahdomi-
nalis and M. equalis I have found that, although internal feeders
when small, the larvae feed for three or four days as external
parasites after emerging from their host, during which time
they rapidly increase in size.

(8) 1. Antennte with forty-five or more joints.

(3) 2. Third abdominal segment (like the two pre-

ceding) entirely striolate . 1. abdomrnaUs (Fab.).

(2) 3. Third aladominal segment smooth, or strio-
late at base only.

(7) 4. Body entirely black.

(6) 5. Stout species, wings clouded . 2. marginator (Nees).

(5) 6. Slender species, wings hyaline . 3. nitidus (Wesm.).

(4) 7. Thorax rnfous .... 4. tlioracicus (Nees).
(1) 8. Antennae with forty or less joints.

(12) 9. Second abscissa of radius as long as the first

intercubital nervure.
(11) 10. Body entirely black, terebra longer than

body ..... 5. infirmus (Nees).
(10) 11. Thorax partly rufo-testaceous, terebra not

longer than the abdomen . 6. equalis (sp. nov.).

(9) 12. Second abscissa of radius much shorter than

first intercubital nervure . 7. collaris (Spin.).

M. ahdominalis, Fab.f — Without doubt the commonest species
in the genus, having now been recorded as bred from nearly

* Ent. Mag., vol, i., p. 187. f Ent. Systematica, 2, 183,

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID.T;. 259

thirty different species of Lepidoptera. A gregarious parasite,
generally of the larvae of Tortricina or Tiueina. This is the
Rogas linearis of Wesmael,* from whose description and that of
Marshall f I have identified my specimens, not having seen the
original description of Fabricus. Marshall describes four distinct
varieties, and although the numerous broods that I have reared
in the New Forest have all been typical, I have captured the
var. pallipes. It is recorded that Van Vallenhoven bred this
variety mixed with typical specimens from the same victim,
which is quite contrary to my own experience, nor is it borne
out by the many broods from the Fitch collection which I have
examined. It has often been stated that the broods invariably
consist of one sex only, and so I had always found them until
July, 1914, when, from a larva of Tortrix riheana, I obtained a
brood composed of a single male and eighteen females ; the male
appeared some thirty-six hours before any of the females.

In some specimens I find that the striolation at the base of
the third abdominal segment is very faint. As a rule, the second
cubital areolet is open outwardly, that is, the second cubital
nervure is obsolete. I have a specimen of the var. pallipes,
however, which has the second cubital areolet distinctly closed.

The cocoons are brown, thin, shining and enveloped in a
thin whitish web ; they are usually found in bunches between
the leaves which have been '* rolled" by the hosts. A period of
from three to four weeks elapses between the emergence of the
parasite larvae from their host and the appearance of the perfect
insects. I have noticed that, after emerging from their host, the
larvae feed as external parasites for two or three days ; in fact,
until the edible parts of the host are entirely consumed.

Bred from Tortrtx riheana, June 23rd, 1911 (eight females),
July 3rd, 1912 (twelve females), July 4th, 1912 (thirteen males) ;
from T. licheana^ (ten females) ; from T. viridana, July 14th,
1912 (six females) ; from Depressaria alstromeriella, July 10th,
1912 (four females). Harwood has two specimens (var. pallipes)
labelled "ex caja, W. Sherston." In Fitch's boxes are broods
obtained by Elisha from Depressaria nanatella and Gelechia
moufetella (both broods var. pallipes) ; from Depressaria alstro-
meriella ; Gracilaria elongella, July 14th, 1885 ; Cerostoma
xylostella, July 31st, 1882, and Ebidea crocealis ; also broods
from Ennychia octomaculalis, September 22nd, 1881, bred by
W. E. Jeffery ; and from Botys verticalis, bred by G. T. Porritt. t

M. marginator, Nees. (Fig. 1.) — This is the enemy of the
Sesidae, having been bred as a solitary parasite from the larvae
of many members of the family. It is the largest and stoutest

'■^'- Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., p. 173.
i Trans. Entom. Soc. 1888, p. 193.

l Some of these broods were recorded by Fitch, Entom. xiv. 143, and
xvi. 68.

y 2

260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

species of the genus to be found in Britain, measuring some-
times as much as 16 mm. across the expanded wings ; the
size, however, varies, specimens often expanding no more than
12 mm.

It would seem that the female is much more frequently met
with than the male ; for instance, in February, 1914, L. W.
Newman sent me twenty-two living specimens which he had
bred (forced, of course) from larvfe of various Sesidae, and all were
females, and Col. Nurse, who has bred the species commonly,
has obtained females only. My own experience is that the
females outnumber the males by ten to one.

The cocoon is brown, thin, and shining, larger, but not so
elongate, nor so dark in colour as that of ill. tlwracicus. It is
always constructed within the burrow of the host (fig. 8). I have
specimens bred by Newman from larvfe of Sesia vespifurmis and
S. cidiciformis, taken at Bexley ; others bred by Tonge from
S. culiciformis, July 17th to 24th, 1911 ; from 5. chri/sidiformis,
May 22nd, 1911 ; and from S. formiciformis, May 11th, 1932 ;
all the hosts taken near Reigate. Harwood has found it
commonly at Colchester, and Nurse in West Suffolk. I have
frequently bred it from New Forest larvae of S. vespiformis in
May, and have found the cocoons in burrows of S. tipuliformis
at Burgess Hill, Sussex, and Sherborne, Dorset.

M. thoracLcus, Nees. — A well-marked species, easily distin-
guished by the rufous thorax ; always a solitary parasite. In
the New Forest it appears to be fairly plentiful, and I have
several times bred it in July and August from larvae of Phihalocera
quercana, also once from larva of Chimahacchc fagella, August,
1913. I have captured it in May.

Among Fitch's insects are three males, bred from Phi/eis
hetulella by H. Bartlett, June 29th, 1880, and June 30th, 1882;
also a specimen labelled " Darenth Wood."

The cocoon is dark brown, narrow, elongate, and constructed
between the leaves, which are spun together by the host. When
bred from P. quercana, the cocoon is found under the flat web
which the larva of the lepidopteron constructs beneath a leaf.

Marshall states * that Bignell bred it from Noctua triangulum
and Xylina ornithopus ; these seem rather uu likely hosts, and
it is strange that Bignell makes no mention of them in his South
Devon list, but merely states that he bred the species from
"larvae feeding on sallows."

This insect is sometimes confused in collections with Euba-
clizon extensor, L., to which it bears a superficial resemblance.

M. nitidiis (Wesm.). — On May 5th, 1910, 1 captured a female,
and on May 15th, 1914, a male which I have no hesitation in
referring to this species, not before recorded as British. My

* Trans. Entom. Soc, 1888, p. 196.

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID^..

261

specimens agree with Wesmael's description, except that the
head, thorax, and stigma are dark fuscous instead of black.
Very similar in shape and size to ill. thoracicus, but differing in
that the thorax and stigma are black or blackish, the antennas
46-jointed, and the second abscissa of the radius not longer than
the first intercubital nervure. From M. infirmiis it differs in
size, in the length and number of joints of the antennae, and in
many other ways ; from M. marginator in size, in the wings
being hyaline and not clouded, and also in the first abscissa of
the radius being considerably shorter than the first intercubital
uervure.

il/. infirmus (Nees). — Somewhat similar to M. collaris, but
differing in having stouter legs, a much longer terebra, and in
the second abscissa of the radius being as long as the first inter-
cubital nervure.

In Fitch's boxes are four, one male and three females; these
were probably once in Marshall's collection, one card being
marked " St. A." (St. Albans) in his writing.*

M. equalis (sp. nov.).
Fuscous, disc of mesothorax rufo-testaceous, third segment of the
abdomen fusco-testaceous ; palpi pale testaceous in both sexes,
mandibles testaceous with fuscous tips ; head fuscous except the
clypeus which is testaceous ; antennae fuscous, basally testaceous,
elongate, S9-40-jointed in both sexes, longer than the body; meta-
thorax shagreened : wings hyaline, stigma and nervures testaceous,
the former with a darker spot of varying size. Second abscissa of the
radius as long as the first intercubital nervure ; legs testaceous, claws
dark : abdominal segments one and two distinctly striolated, first
segment scarcely narrowed from the apex to the tubercles ; terebra
almost as long as the abdomen.

Described from four males and two females.

A gregarious parasite, the cocoons being enclosed in a felt-
like oblong ball which assumes the proportions of the pupal
chamber of the host. Both males and females in the same
brood. This species somewhat resembles M. collaris, but is
most certainly not the M. collaris described by Marshall in
Trans. Entom. Soc. 1888, p. 197, and Species des Hym. vol. 5,
p. 238 ; it agrees more closely with Wesmael's description,! but
as Marshall was acquainted with Wesmael's insects, no doubt he
was right in the synonymy of his M. collaris with Bracon collaris
of Wesmael ; unfortunately, the latter's description lacks any
mention of the length of the first abscissa of the radius or number
of joints of the antennae.

Among Fitch's insects is a card bearing six and a ball of
cocoons to which is attached a label marked " G. C. Bignell,"

""' Mr. Harwood also considers this to be Marshall's writing.
t Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux. 18oj, p. 179.

262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

beneath the card is the number 155. (Figs. 6 & 7.) As
Bigneli's collections and MSS. are now in the Municipal Museum,
Plymouth, I wrote to the Curator, who very kindly supplied me
with a copy of the following note which Bignell had placed
against the number 155 in his diary : '^ M. collaris, hred ivom.
Noctiia tnangulum, July 19th, 1881 '(80), from G. F. Mathew."
No doubt these are the insects recorded by Bignell as M. collaris
in his list of the Braconidse of S. Devon,* and by Fitch (Entom.
xvi. p. 69).

It seems probable that Bignell, suspecting his specimens to be
distinct from M. collaris, sent them to Fitch for advice, and that
for some reason or other they were never returned.

In June, 1908, the larva of an Agrotid was brought to me,
which immediately burrowed on being placed in a tin box with
an inch or two of earth ; this depth of soil was evidently in-
sufficient, for a day or two afterwards I found that the cater-
pillar had come to the surface again, where it was lying in an
apparently comatose state, and a large number of parasite
larvae were feeding upon it. These parasites were arranged in
two irregular rows, one on either side of the unfortunate cater-
pillar. The host had already shrunk in size, and three days
later had entirely disappeared, with the exception of the skin and
the chitinous parts of the head. By this time the parasite larvae,
to the number of seventy or eighty, had more than doubled in
size and commenced spinning an ochreous web round them-
selves, but being in an unnatural position were not successful in
forming the usual ball. Probably owing to this many died,
but a few succeeded in making their cocoons, and duly emerged.
Unfortunately I have not these few specimens before me now,
but I have little hesitation in referring them to this species.

I may mention that during the past few years I have reared
a very considerable number of the larvae of Noctua triangulum,
but have not obtained this parasite.

The types are now in the collection of Mr. B. S. Harwood,
of Colchester.

(To be continued.)

NOTES ON PODAGRION PACHYMERUM, A CHALCID
PARASITE OF MANTIS EGGS.

By C. B. Williams, B.A., F.E.S.

On May 17th, 1913, an ootheca of Mantis relvjiosa was
kindly sent to me by Mr. Hugh Main from Lugano, Italy.
Towards the end of May and the beginning of June a number

■'= Trans. Dev. Ass. for Adv. Science, 1901, xxxiii. pp. 637-692.

NOTES ON PODAGRION PACHYMERUM. 263

of both sexes of a Cbalcid parasite emerged by boring holes
direct to the exterior.

These were identified by Dr. Perkins as a species of Pod-
agrion (Chalcidoidea. Fam. Torymidse). An examination of
the collection of the British Museum showed the specimens to
be identical with the type of Walker's Pnomeriis paclujmerwn
(Ent. Mag. i. 1883, p. 118, figured in ' Entomologist,' i., 1840-42,
plate F.). This is considered as the same as Westwood's
Palmon religiosus (Trans. Ent. Soc. iv., 1847, p. 249, plate x.,
recorded from Mantis rellgiosa), but now belongs to the genus
Podagrion (Spinola), and should therefore be known as Podagrion
pachymerum.

The two genera Podagrion and Pachytomus (Walker) have, up
to the present, been separated on the following characters : —

a. Kadius very short ; tarsal joints 2-5 not short ;

8 teeth on the hind femora .... Podagrion.

b. Eadius longer ; first tarsal joint long, the others

shorter ; 4 teeth on hind femora . . . Pachytomus.
In the specimens which emerged as above, however, all the
females had the characters given above for Podagrion, and the
males those of Pachytomus. The latter genus has therefore
been separated on purely sexual characters, and the single
species, P. Jdugianus, is almost certainly a male of some species
of Podagrion. The name Pachytomus must be considered as a
synonym of Podagrion.

Fig. 1. shows the hind tarsi of both sexes, and also the
arrangement of the teeth in the hind femora of the male and
two forms found in the female. The number and arrangement
of the teeth vary slightly, and the two forms figured for the
female were the right and left femora of a single specimen.
The relative lengths of the tarsal joints has been much used as
a systematic character in the Chalcidse, the above result, how-
ever, shows that some care is required in its application. Males
of other species of the genus Podagrion do not necessarily differ
from the female as in the above case.

The parasites were allowed to remain in the box with the
ootheca from which they had emerged. No pairing was seen,
but on June 2nd a female was observed ovipositing. The
material of the ootheca was pierced quite easily by the long and
slender ovipositor. The abdomen was first raised, then the
ovipositor and its sheath were curled underneath till they
touched the surface of the egg-mass at a point beneath the
middle of the abdomen and, finally, the abdomen was slowly
depressed, the stylets of the ovipositor entering the ootheca,
while the double sheath bent out behind. A rough sketch of the
female, with the ovipositor almost completely buried, is shown
in Fig. 2. A pulsating movement was observed in the semi-
transparent base of the abdomen when, presumably, the egg

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

was laid ; the ovipositor was then partly withdrawn by raising
the abdomen, then inserted fully again and another egg was
laid. Several eggs were laid before the ovipositor was with-
drawn completely. During this process the sheath was usually
released, springing straight out behind, before the stylets were
free.

It is hoped that the above will serve to correct a prevailing
impression that Podagrion is unable to pierce with its ovipositor
the hard mature ootheca of the Mantis. Xambeu (Bull. Soc.
Ent. France, ser. 5, vol. vii. 1877, p. Ixix.) records finding two
specimens of this parasite under the hind wings of a Mantis,

and assumed that they took up this position in order to lay
their eggs in those of the Mantis during the construction of the
ootheca. Giardina (Giorn. della Soc. di Sc. Nat. ed Econ.
Palermo, xxii. 1899, p. 316) suggests that the female parasites
cling to the edge of the wings of the Mantis by means of their
toothed hind femora during the formation of the ootheca, and
are thereby brought into a convenient position for attacking the
Mantis eggs.* Leigh (Trans. Manchester Ent. Soc. 1912,
p. 30) also assumes that Podagrion is unable to pierce the

'■'■'• I hope at a later date to publish some obsorvatious on the construc-
tion of the ootheca, whicli do not support this author's views as to the use
of the wings during the process.

NOTES ON PODAGRION PACHYMERUM.

265

mature ootheca. I am not in a position to confirm or contradict
Xambeu's observations on the finding of the parasites under the
Mantis wings (though there is some doubt as to the identity of
his species ; see Bull. Ent. Soc. France, ser. 5, vol. viii. 1878,
p. clxiii.), but the explanations given are, at least, unnecessary
and improbable.*

Giardina (/. c. p. 317) also states that this parasite usually
infests only one side of the ootheca, and that frequently the
eggs on one side are all parasitized, while those on the other
side were not attacked. In the specimens which I have examined
there were individual parasites on both sides ; sometimes on|y
one or two in a compartment, but more usually all the eggs in
one compartment were attacked. I can, however, confirm this
author's interesting observation that the pupae of the Podarjrion

Fig. 2. — Podagrion pachymerum laying eggs in Mantis ootheca, xl8.

in the Mantis eggs have their head directed to the tail end of
the egg. It is possibly for this reason that they do not make
use of the exit passages already prepared for the use of the
young Mantids, but instead bore their way through the walls of
the ootheca to the exterior.

On June 13th the Mantid larvfe began to hatch in numbers,
all emerging in two or three days. Between July 13th and 20th
about a dozen more Podagrion emerged, all of which were
females. These would appear to be from eggs laid by the first
brood six weeks before. The fact that they were all one sex
may have been due to pairing not having taken place in cap-
tivity, and the eggs having developed parthenogenetically into
females, as is the case with many other insects.

Specimens of Podagrion pachymerum were also bred by P. A.
Buxton from ootheca of Mantis religiosa found in Algeria and

•■= Since writing the above, I find that A. Giraiilt has (Ent. News,
Philadelphia, 1907, xviii., p. 107) described shortly the egg-laying of
Podagrion mantis, a parasite of the American Stagomantis caroliyia. He
also found that the parasite had no difficulty in piercing the ootheca with its
oviuositor.

266 THE ENTOiMOLOGIST.

Tunis. From a much largei' Mantis ootheca, name and locality
at present unknown, I have bred four species of chalcids, three
of which, possibly hyper-parasites, are very small and have no
long ovipositor. The way in which these are able to get to the
eggs in the middle of the ootheca is a problem well worth the
attention of anyone who may have the opportunity of observing it.

The John Innes Horticultural Institution,
Merton, Surrey : Ai^gust, 1914.

SOME NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM

FORMOSA.

By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

NoCTUID^.

liivida pallida, sp. n.

Head and palpi white-brown, the latter ochreous below ; thorax
white-brown mixed with darker brown. Fore wings white-brown
powdered with darker brown chiefly on dorsal portion of basal two-
thirds ; antemedial line represented by three black dots — one on
costa, one below cell, and one on the dorsum ; postmedial line dusky,
double, black dotted ; reniform stigma faintly purplish, brownish
outlined, enclosing two black dots ; termen and fringes brownish ;
terminal dots black, the upper ones white-centred. Hind wings
whitish, brownish-tinged towards margins. Under side of fore
wings brownish with blackish spot at end of the cell representing
the reniform stigma of upper side ; hind wings white-brown, discoidal
lunule dusky.

Expanse, 22 millim.

Collection number, 1367.

One male from Arizan (7350 ft.), August 6th, 1908.

Closely allied to R. sericealis, Schiff.

NOTODONTID^.

Pydna virgata, sp. n.

^ . Antennas ciliated ; head and thorax pale brown mixed with
darker ; abdomen pale brown marked with darker on the back of
each segment. Fore wings pale brown longitudinally streaked with
rufous brown, rather broadly below the cell and narrowly above the
cell ; the dorsum is clouded with darker brown ; postmedial line
represented by black points on the veins, almost parallel with the
termen which is unusually oblique ; terminal dots black. Hind
wings dark brown, fringes pale brown. Under side pale brown, all
wings suffused with fuscous on the disc.

Expanse, 50 milUm.

A male specimen from Kanshirei.

The type of this species is in the British Museum Collection.

NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA FPvOBI FORMOSA. 267

Pydna sordida, sp. n.

Antennae fasciculate ; head pale brown, crown darker ; thorax pale
brown mixed with darker ; abdomen brown. Fore wings pale brown
inclining to whitish on costal area ; a longitudinal brownish streak
from base passing through cell almost to termen, its outer extremity
expanded and united with a brownish streak from apex of the wing ;
dorsum also brownish; postmedial line represented by a slightly
curved series of black points on the nervules ; a terminal series of
black dots between the nervules. Hind wings pale brown, suffused
with fuscous on the disc. Under side pale brown, rather silky.

Expanse, 46-50 millim.

Collection number, 1228 a.

Two male specimens from Fiantaizan, May 11th and 13th,
1909.

Allied to P. pallida, Butl.

Pydna ncbulusa, sp. n.

Antennae fasciculate ; head and thorax whitish, the latter mixed
with brownish in front ; abdomen brown, edges of segments and the
under side whitish. Fore wings whitish brown, suffused with
ochreous brown and clouded with darker brown on the disc ; sub-
basal and antemedial lines indicated by black dots ; postmedial line
represented by black dots on the veins, preceded by less distinct
black dots between the veins ; a brown dash from middle of the base
of the wing extending to a black spot placed just beyond antemedial
dots ; three inwardly oblique brown streaks on terminal area, the
upper one extending from apex of the wing to postmedial dots ; a
series of black dots on termen. Hind wings dark fuscous, costal area
and fringes whitish brown. Under sides whitish brown, clouded
with dark fuscous.

Expanse, 40-43 millim.

Collection number, 1229.

Two male specimens from Arizau (7300 ft.), August 10th and
15th, 1908.

Allied to P.frugalis, Leech.

Pydna inconspicua, sp. n.

Antennae bipectinate ; head, thorax, and abdomen whitish brown,
the latter rather darker above. Fore wings whitish with faint
ochreous tinge, dorsal area clouded with brownish and a longitudinal
dash of the same colour below the cell ; subbasal and antemedial
lines indicated by black dots ; postmedial line fuscous, wavy, dotted
with black on the veins ; black dots on the termen. Hind wings
whitish with traces of a dusky postmedial line on dorsal area. Under
side of fore wings fuscous, costa and fringes pale buff ; hind wings
whitish.

Expanse, 40 millim.

Collection number, 1228.

x\ male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 10th, 1908.

268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

There is a male of this species, from Formosa, in the British
Museum Collection. It is labelled " Kaegi Dist., 7-10,000 ft.,
July."

Allied to P. stmminea, Moore.

CYMATOPHORIDyE.

Tliyatira pennata, sp. n.

c? . Head grey-brown, thorax blackish variegated with white ;
abdomen greyish white, tufts blackish. Fore wings grey-brown,
clouded with white about middle of costal area and below apex ; a
black-edged whitish wing-shaped mark at base, a white sharply
angled line from outer tip of the mark ; a small upright black spot,
inwardly edged with white, on dorsum below the mark ; antemedial
line black, sinuous ; postmedial black, wavy, outwardly edged with
white, almost parallel with termen, commencing in a blackish mark
on the costa, indented at vein 2, whence a white streak runs to
tornus ; subterminal line white, wavy, commencing in whitish apical
cloud, terminating at vein 2 ; orbicular and reniform stigmata
whitish, outlined in blackish, reniform enclosing a grey-brown line ;
terminal lunules black outwardly edged with white ; fringes grey-
brown, pale at the base. Hind wings whitish, fuscous-tinged. Under
side whitish tinged with fuscous ; fore wings clouded with blackish
and marked with white at the base and on the costa, postmedial line
white only distinct on costal area.

Expanse, 37 millim.

Collection number, 928.

A male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 26th,
1906.

Comes near T. opalescens, Alph.

DPtEPANIDiE.

Alhara griseotincta, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Fore wings dark grey thickly
powdered with pale violet grey, costa and fringes purplish brown
mixed with ochreous ; two dusky dots, set obliquely, at end of cell ;
postmedial line brown, oblique, united with the interrupted sub-
terminal brown line below the apex. Hind wings agree with the
fore wings in colour, medial line brown ; fringes purplish brown
mixed with ochreous. Under side grey, without markings.

Expanse, 32 milhm.

Collection number, 1257.

A male specimen from Kanshirei, May 20tb, 1908.

Comes near A. opalescens, Warr., but the tips of the fore
wings are less produced, and there are no ochreous marks on
the disc.

269

AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN
BUTTERFLIES.

By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 242.)

The season at Sarepta was about a fortnight later than the
average, and this fact must be considered in connection with the
dates given below.

I have to thank Mr. A. L. Rayward, who has most kindly
made preparations of the genitalia of all species, the identity of
which I was in doubt.

The number of species of Rhopalocera we saw in the Crimea
was twenty- seven, at Novorossisk twenty-three, and at Sarepta
seventy-six ; and the total number in all three districts combined
was eighty-six species, as follows : —

Pajjilio 2^odalirius. — A rather small, weakly-marked race was not
uncommon at lalta and Novorossisk ; and one or two examples,
exceedingly worn, were seen at Sarepta during the first few days we
were there.

P. macliaon. — A few specimens were seen at all three localities,
but it was only common at the tops of the mountains at Novoros-
sisk ; I saAv, but did not capture, an example of ab. aurantiaca there.

Parnassius mnemosyne. — This species swarmed at Sarepta, in the
"Tschapurnik Wald " on May 22nd, and later we found it almost
equally abundant in the valleys towards Tsaritsyn. The form is a
large one, with the black markings not so suffused, and bolder than
is the case in specimens from the Alps. They are very like some
I have from Herculesbad, except that the black spots are larger.
Both these localities are at low levels, Sarepta being actually below
sea-level, and Herculesbad only about 150 ft. above it.

Aporia crataegi. — Generally distributed in woods, but not abun-
dant : the specimens are large and the veins very pronounced. The
females, when newly emerged, have the yellow shading on the under
side much stronger than in Central European examples. This species
was first noticed on May 22nd.

Pieris brassicae. — Only seen at Sarepta ; a few examples amongst
gardens.

P. rapae. — Common at lalta and Novorossisk.

P. manni. — Specimens of a Pierid which I feel sure is this species
were taken at Sarepta.

P. napi. — I saw a few examples only of this species at lalta and
Sarepta. The only one I brought home is a very ordinary female
from the first-named locality. In all probability our visit occurred
between the period of the first and second broods.

Pontia daplidice. — Frequent at Novorissisk, and there was the
tail end of a brood flying at Sarepta at the time of our arrival.
These were var. hellidice of a very extreme form, with darker under
sides to the hind wings than is the case in Southern French speci-
mens, accounted for no doubt by the amount of cold the pupse had

270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

been subjected to. A second brood was abundant during the last few
days of May ; I should call these intermediate between the type and
var. hellidicc.

Anthocharis belia. — A very pretty form with light grey tips to the
superiors was not infrequent at lalta ; the second brood became
plentiful at Sarepta by June 7th ; the upper sides of these are
similar to South European var. ausonia, but the under sides are
much darker, and closely resemble var. simplonia. I suppose they
should be called var. uralensis, Bartel, but they do not seem quite to
agree with his description of this variety.

Euchloe cardamines. — A remarkable race was abundant in the
" Tschapurnik Wald " at the end of May ; they are much larger than
any I have seen from elsewhere, expanding up to 56 mm. The average
expanse of British and European specimens I make to be about
42 mm., and Mr. Wheeler, in his ' Butterflies of Switzerland,' gives
the same expanse. It will thus be seen how large this steppe form
is. The discoidal spot on the superiors is smaller than in the type,
and the under sides of the inferiors have very much less green. I
propose for this local race the name of var. volgensis, n. var. Typical
specimens were not infrequent at lalta, and in the woods between
there and Sebastopol ; it was also seen at Novorossisk.

Zecjris euplieme. — Not uncommon on the railway banks at Sarepta
during the first day or two we were there ; but, as happens in the
case of the Spanish race, it disappeared all at once, and not a speci-
men was seen afterwards.

Leptosia sinapis. — Frequent at lalta, also at Novorissisk, and
one or two were seen in the " Tschapurnik Wald," at Sarepta. The
examples I brought home are very typical first-brood forms.

Colias hyale. — Fairly numerous at Sebastopol ; abundant at
Novorissisk, and common at Sarepta at the date of our arrival, and
a second brood was flying there in the middle of June.

C. erate. — This beautiful eastern species w'as abundant at Sarepta at
the date of our arrival, and from its condition then it had evidently
been flying some time. There was a series of emergences during the
whole time of our sojourn, and it w'as particularly abundant during our
last few days. The male is a particularly vigorous creature, flying at a
tremendous pace, and very difficult to capture, unless one can intercept
it in its course. The female is much less active, and frequently settles
to suck at flowers. The white form of the female, var. imllida, was
almost as abundant as the type. At Sarepta C. erate frequented
chiefly the railway banks and cuttings, no doubt being influenced
largely in its choice of locality by the luxuriant growth of leguminous
plants on which the larva feeds, which are to be found there ; the
male was, however, to be seen at intervals, wildly scurrying along,
all over the surrounding country. I was successful in breeding an
imago from an ova obtained from a captive female.

G. edusa. — Common in the Crimea and at Novorossisk. At
Sarepta I saw one or two worn examples on May 21st, and there was
a second brood which I saw first on June 9th ; these were not by
any means abundant.

Colias hybrids. — It has long been noted that, when two or more
of certain species of this group are found on common ground, inter-

IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 271

mediate forms occur, and it is beyond reasonable doubt that these are
hybrids. It is known that a number of Asiatic species produce these
intermediate forms or natural hybrids ; and there are certain species
occurring in Europe which there is good reason to suppose hybridize
also ; for instance, in the only locality in which the two Arctic
species C. liecla and C. merdandi are known to frequent the same
ground, an intermediate form, ah. cJiristiienssoni, Lampa, lias been
taken, apparently in numbers, judging from the series of it that we
have in the National Collection. At Sarepta intermediate forms
between C. erate and C. hyale and between G. crate and C. edusa are
well known, and there are examples of both these forms in the
National Collection. The first-named cross is known as C. hyale var.
sareptensis, Stgr., and the second C. erate var. clirysodona, Boisd.
Seitz has muddled the nomenclature of the former hybrid in his
work ; he first, in the description of the different forms of G. hyale,
calls it var. sareptensis, and then, amongst the forms of G. erate,
gives it the new name of var. diana. Obviously, hybrid forms
between two species cannot have more than one name and, therefore,
Staudinger's liyale var. sareptensis must stand. Seitz figures both
hybrids. It seems probable that the vigorous male of C. crate is
responsible for these abnormal pairings, which in the case of erate x
hyale produced offspring at Sarepta more numerous than the typical
G. hyale. The hybrid erate x edusa was not abundant ; I only saw
some half dozen of it in all ; these were very constant and without
variation ; but of the erate x hyale hybrid there is every form, from
almost typical C. erate to almost typical G. hyale. One w^onders if
these hybrids are not fertile inter se, or with one or both of the
parent species. One possible reason why the Golias species hybridize
freely is that the genitalia of many of them are so similar there
seems no physical obstacle to their doing so. The similarity in
these organs prevents them being used as factors to identify the
various hybrids.

Goncpteryx rhamni. — Hibernated specimens were seen at lalta
and Sarepta, and in the latter locality freshly emerged examples
were frequent from June 16th ; they are rather smaller than those I
have from Britain and Central Europe ; the males are a little more
richly yellow, and the females rather whiter.

Thecla w-album. — Common in clearings in the " Tschapurnik
Wald " from June 16th ; they were very partial to the flowers of
Ciyjysophila paniculata and other plants.

T. ilicis. — In the same locality as the last, apparently not abun-
dant ; the only example I brought away is a typical female. First
seen on June 16th.

T. spini. — Abundant and generally distributed from June 12th
onwards ; they were the type form without any approach to ab.
lynceus.

T.pruni. — I saw three or four fresh specimens in the "Tscha-
purnik Wald " on May 22nd, flying over blackthorn bushes, but did
not come across it afterwards ; the only one captured, a male, does
not differ from those I have from Central Europe.

T. acaciae. — First seen on June 4th ; not uncommon, and
generally distributed amongst blackthorn. The only difference I can

272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

see in the Russian specimens from those I have from Hungary is,
that on the under sides of the former the ground colour is grey, and
of the latter grey-brown.

Gallophrys rubi. — The most remarkable race of this species that
I have seen was common at Novorossisk. It is a small form with
an average wing expanse of 30 mm. ; the under side is typical, but
the upper sides of the wings in both sexes are black, without the
slightest tinge of brown, and the whole surface has a grey-blue
sheen, similar to that which is found in male examples of Zcphyrus
quercils, but of course the sheen is not the same colour as in that
species. I propose for this remarkable race, which so far as I am
aware is confined to the Caucasus, the name of var. schamyl n. var.
I saw, but did not capture, a few examples of C. rubi at lalta; these,
as far as I could see, were very typical. A few examples were seen
at Sarepta on the outskirts of the " Tschapurnik Wald"; they are
rather darker brown in colour than the type, and have an expanse
of about 34 mm.

Chrysophanus plilaeas. — A few very typical cold-form examples
were seen at lalta and Novorossisk.

G. dorilis. — A very typical male was taken by me at Sarepta on
May 22nd.

C. tliersamon. — Abundant at Sarepta, but somewhat local, chiefly
frequenting the railway banks and the adjacent slopes ; a bright
form, especially on the under side, on which the grey ground colour
of the hind wings is much lighter, and the copper ground of the fore
wings much brighter than in Hungarian examples. I suppose they
would all come under King's var. omphale, but it is difficult to know
where the type ends and this variety commences. The chief distinction
that Klug makes is that his var. ompliale has tails on the inferiors ;
and he figures the males and females with tails approximately 2 mm.
and 4 mm. long, respectively ; but all C. tliersamon that I have seen
have tails in both sexes, if only rudimentary ones. My Sarepta
specimens have tails, in the males about three quarters of a
millimetre in length, and in the females 2 mm. in length, whereas
Hungarian first brood examples, which I understand to be the type,
have only very rudimentary tails, of not more than a quarter of a
millimetre in length. Individuals were continually emerging at Sarepta
during the whole period of our stay.

C. dispar var. rutilus. — I was much delighted to see this grand
species once more. Years ago I formed the opinion that it was the
most beautiful European butterfly when seen on the wing ; and now
that I have observed all the European species, with the exception of
about sixty, I can fully confirm this opinion. One can imagine what
our British type, the finest form of all, must have looked like. I first
saw var. rutilus at Sarepta in a small swamp in the railway cutting,
a mile or so to the south-east of the town, on May 26th. Afterwards
we found that it was generally distributed in the small swamps that
are to be found in certain valleys which lie towards Tsaritsyn ; it
was not very common there, but I expect it was abundant in the
large marshes between the arms of the Volga, had one cared to work
them, which I did not. The form is a very similar one to that
found near Budapest, and quite as large.

IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 273

Everes alcetas. — A large form of this species, expanding about
33 mm., -svas not uncommon on the outskirts of the " Tschapurnik
Wald," and also on the railway banks, from May 20th.

ScoUtantides baton. — Common at lalta, less so at Novorossisk,
and widely distributed at Sarepta; in all cases the exainples are the
type form, without any approach to var. pano23tes.

S. pijlaon. — This Eastern species was fairly common on the banks
and in the cuttings of the railway, but at first I experienced con-
siderable difficulty in distinguishing it, especially on the wing, from
the much more abundant Plcbeius argyrognomon, with which it flew.
It had probably been out a week or ten days before we arrived at
Sarepta ; after the first two days it got rare, and the examples
seen were all more or less defective, although odd ones were picked
up whenever we collected in its localities until May 27th. In
the series I obtained there is not any noticeable variation in the
females, but there is a good deal in the males. S. injlaon was first
described by Fischer de Waldheim (the female only). Herrich-Schaffer,
who next dealt with it in ' Schmetterlinge von Europa,' figures both
sexes ; of the male, fig. 333 illustrates a form without black spots on
the hind margins of the inferiors, upper side, but with two red
lunules at the anal angle of each ; this form, therefore, which was not
uncommon at Sarepta, it would appear, in accordance with the law
of priority, is the type. The other forms obtained include one
figured by Herrich-Schaffer (fig. 339), which shows a row of black
spots on the upper side of the inferiors on the outer margin ; this
form I propose to call ab. nigro-pwicta, n. ab. The other form I
obtained is entirely without black spots or red lunules on the upper
side of the inferiors, for this I propose the name of ab. immacu-
lata, n. ab.

Plebeius argyrognomon. — Abundant at Sarepta and in good
condition at the date of our arrival. An interesting form ; the males
of a deeper blue than the Western specimens which I possess ; both
sexes have the orange bands on the under side very prominent, in
this respect resembling the Hungarian form ; the species continued
in good condition for several days.

P. argus {cegon). — The most abundant Lycsenid seen at Sarepta —
swarming everywhere. The first examples which were flying at the
date of our arrival were small and dull-coloured, but those that
emerged in June were much larger, with whiter under sides.

Polyommatus astrarche. — Only seen at Novorossisk where I
captured a few very typical specimens of the southern low level race.
P. icarns. — Common everywhere we collected, especially at
Sarepta. A large form; the females entirely without blue on the
upper side. I kept a very careful look-out for P. thersites, without
success, and I am convinced that this recently recognised species does
not occur in any locality in which we collected, although its food-
plant, sainfoin, grows freely at Sarepta.

P. eroides. — One example, a very fresh male of this beautiful
species, or form of P. eros, was taken by me on June 12th at the top
of a cross valley in the hills which are opposite to Sarepta. It was
a very windy day, and I feel sure that the butterfly had been blown

ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1914, Z

274 THK ENTOMOLOGIST.

from its true locality, but a, long and wide search for further
specimens was fruitless.

P. hellargus. — Only seen at lalta ; the males which were just
coming out were large examples of ab. puncta.

P. amandns var. lydia. — This form of P. aviandua was not
uncommon on bushy slopes, botli at the " Tschapurnik Wald " and
in the valleys in the direction of Tsaritsyn. The first specimens were
seen on May 23rd, and the species continued in good condition for
about a month, after which it became worn.

Cupido scbrus. — A short series was taken at an altitude of about
1000 ft. at lalta, where the species frequented flowery clearings in
the pine-covered slopes of the mountains. The males are of a
deeper and purer blue than the type ; the females are remarkable in
that nearly the whole of the superiors and the bases of the inferiors
are suffused with grey-blue scales. I propose for this form the name
of ab. caerulea-grisea n. ab.

Glaucopsyche ccelestina. — This Eastern species had evidently been
common a short time previous to our arrival at Sarepta ; but the
examples we took were almost all worn to shreds, and it took my
best efforts to obtain half-a-dozen fair specimens, which were picked
up singly wherever there was a considerable growth of leguminous
plants.

(To be continued.)

A FOETNIGHT IN SHETLAND.

By Percy C. Reid.

At 9 a.m. on July 14th, my friends Messrs. J. Peed and
G, D. Hancock and myself left Aberdeen on the s.s. ' St. Sunniva,'
bomid for Baltasound in the Island of Unst. After a calm
passage we found ourselves when we awoke next morning at
Lerwick, where we changed on to the s.s. 'Zetland,' and reached
Baltasound that night at 10 p.m., some three hours behind time,
owing to fog. We had engaged rooms at the Queen's Hotel,
which lies about a mile from the landing stage, so that it was
not far from midnight before we had had some supper and were
settled in. The next day was spent in surveying the country
and deciding on our plans.

The Island of Unst lies practically due north and south, and
is some twelve miles long by about five miles wide, with Balta-
sound at the head of a deep inlet just about halfway up the east
coast. The island is composed of round-topped hills, covered
with grass and short heather, with the highest hills, Saxaford
and Hermaness, at the northern end, and is traversed longi-
tudinally by a deep depression, which from the latitude of Balta-
sound is occupied northwards, first by Loch of Cliffe, a fresh-
water loch, and then, separated from it only by a sand bar, by a
sea loch called Burrafirth-

A FORTNIGHT IN SHETLAND. 275

Our main object was of course the capture of Crymodes exulis,
and for this we were told the high ground between Loch of
Cliffe and the western coast was the best locahty.

There is not a tree nor even a bush on the island except a
few planted in gardens, so we were fortunate in finding several
wire fences with wooden posts, which ran east and west right
across the exulis ground. Two of these fences were about on a
level with Baltasound, near the head of Loch of Cliffe, while two
more were at the far end of that loch. The former were within
a mile or so of the hotel — to get to the latter necessitated a
bicycle ride of at least five miles, as a long detour via Harolds-
wick had Co be made. Eventually we fixed on the most
northerly fence of all, which started from where the lighthouse
keepers lived, at a place called Fiskna Wick on the west side of
Burrafirth, and to this fence we practically confined our
sugaring work.

Night after night we visited it, with more or less success, but
with never a blank, and in the end found we all three had a full
complement of C. exults, with some to spare for our friends.
Athough on the whole in excellent condition, we took several,
even on the first night, which were somewhat torn and chipped,
and no doubt we might have done even better had we been a
week earlier.

From the same fence we took plenty of Mamestra farva,
Agrotis porphyrea (dark), and swarms of Noctua /estiva var.
conflua [thulei, Stand.] in endless variety. One or two H. adasta,
one Envois occulta, one Phlogophova meticulosa, one Dianthoscia
conspersa, and several Tviphcena pronnha completed the bag at
sugar. But M. montanata and L. ccesiata (both in the Shetland
form) were common all over the hills. At the date of our arrival
there was practically no real night, and indeed it was not dusk
enough till about 10.45 p.m. to be worth going round the sugar.
But this state of things soon altered, and during our fortnight's
stay the days had drawn in by certainly half an hour. Just as
a week earlier would perhaps have been better for C. exulis, so
it would certainly have suited better for Hepialus Jiumuli, Dian-
thoscia conspevsa, Emmclesia alhulata and Coremia munitata. Of
H. humuli I saw but three, all females, which were on the wing
at 10 p.m. on July 19th, close to Haroldswick. Of D. conspersa
I took only one worn specimen on the same evening, but by
searching Silene maritima persistently we were able to make a
fair bag of larvjie, which were still very small.

Silene maritima occurs sparsely round Baltasound inlet and
at a few other spots, but at Haroldswick, chiefly on the south side
and at the head of the bay, it grows in immense profusion. Here
we found the larvae of EupitJiecia venosata in swarms — indeed, so
plentiful were they that often every seed-head of the Silene was
cleared out, and it looked as if the larvae of D. conspersa would

276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

be bard put to it to find food wbeu they became larger. The
E. venosata larvae had nearly all pupated by August 1st, and the

D. conspcrsa larvae pupated after my arrival home, about
August 25th.

I only saw one specimen of H. vellcda, although it is said
sometimes to be very common. As there is practically no brake
fern, so far as I could see, it is evident that in Unst the larvse
must use some other food — probably dock, which is very common
round the walled-in fields.

Corcmia munitata we found in fair numbers only. As always
with this insect the females were hard to find, and all I secured
were taken at rest on rushes which grew in the sand between
Loch of Cllffe and Burrafirth. Males, however, I took not un-
commonly at Haroldswick and in the marshy meadows that line
the burn which flows into the top end of Loch of Cliffe.

E. albulata occurred almost everywhere with its food-plant.
Both it and C. munitata were, of course, of the Shetland form, and
very different from those found further south.

We had intended to stay in Shetland for a month, but
unfortunately the outbreak of the war robbed us of half our stay.
When we left, Charceas graminis was just beginning to come out,
but it was still too early for Noctiia glareosa or Celcena haworthii,
both of which insects we wanted.

The worst of Shetland is the long journey there. Once
arrived, the Queen's Hotel affords very good accommodation, the
insects are most interesting — with hard work a good bag is
practically a certainty — while to anyone fond of ornithology, the
wealth of bird life is something entrancing. Even now I can
hear in fancy the wild cry of the Richardson's Skuas, and of the
Great Skuas who were our nightly companions on our sugaring
rounds.

Feeringbury, Kelvedon : September 13th, 1914.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Abundance of Cyanieis akgiolus in South-East Sussex. —
I was staying in Winchelsea during the latter part of August and
the first part of September, and during my walks in the neighbour-
hood I noticed that larvae of Cyaniris argiolus were especially
abundant. There is much ivy in the hedges along most of the roads
there, and the blossoms are particularly luxuriant this year ; and
scarcely a patch of any size could be found which did not contain
many larvae. Pyramcis aialanta was also present in considerable
numbers, and in places P. cardui was to be found ; but I did not see
a single specimen of Vanessa io, and very few V. urticce. It is also
worth recording that, during the whole five weeks of my stay, there
was only one wet day. — F. A. Oldaker ; The Red House, Haslemere,
September 15th, 1914.

notes and observations. 277

Variety of Cheysophanus phl-eas near x\shby-de-la-Zouch. —
A friend has just brought to me a recently caught specimen of G.
phlceas schmidtii. It is the first I have seen taken in this district,
where C. jMceas is somewhat common. Both hind wings are shghtly
damaged, otherwise it is in good condition — pearly white, as distinct
from the cream-tinted variety. — Frank Brown; Bath Street, Ashby-
de-la-Zouch, September 17th, 1914.

Gynandrous p. ICARUS. — Whilst on the look-out for female vars.
of P. icarus here on the 4th inst., I took a fine example of the
gynandrous form, in which the left pair of wings are male and the
other pair female. The latter have only a few blue scales, although
at this spot most females are of the lovely ab. coiridea form. Except-
ing the upper male wing, the under sides have the usual female
coloration. — Martin J. Harding; Oakdene, Church Stretton, Septem-
ber 21st, 1914.

Leucania pavicolor in Hants. — I should like to record the
capture at sugar on our local marram-grass, of three specimens
of L. favicolor — two on June 29th (one fair and one good), and one
on July 4th (poor). — A. L. Burras; 3, Connaught Eoad, North End,
Portsmouth.

Cerura bifida in August. — A larva of C. bifida pupated July
17th, 1914, and the moth emerged to-day, August 13th. — H. C.
Jeddere-Fisher ; Apsleytown, East Grinstead.

Note on Hecatera dysodea. — I shall be glad if any of your
readers will say if they ever come across H. dysodea now. A few
years ago the larvae were to be found regularly every year about
here, in greater or lesser numbers. But since, I think, the year 1905
I have never been able to find a larva, and I believe the same thing
has been noticed at Wicken, where also they used to be common.
Has this insect unaccountably become extinct ? — Percy C. Eeid ;
Feeringbury, Kelvedon, September 10th, 1914.

Euvanessa antiopa in Norfolk. — I think it will interest you to
know that on Tuesday morning last my little girl of six years
captured a specimen of E. antioiM in Gaywood. She has a net, but
on that occasion she did not have it, so she got a big-necked bottle
from a friend's house and put it over the butterfly which was sitting
upon some wood. I am afraid it got a bit mauled, because she
transferred it to other receptacles once or twice ; but Mr. Atmore, to
whom I showed it, says it is a fine big specimen. — C. G. Barrett ;
Pleasant House, Gaywood, near King's Lynn, September 17th, 1914.

Larvs; of Acherontia atropos near Norwich. — During the
last two weeks of August larvte of Acherontia atropos have been
found, not infrequently, in this district ; and I have heard of at least
three other specimens from the neighbourhood of Wymondham,
which brings the number I have come across up to ten examples.
They were apparently all found on rather large fields of potatoes, and
I have heard of none from small patches of the food-plant. The
Norfolk yokel is usually terrified of anything out of the ordinary,
and immediately destroys it, and one larva was cut in half by the

278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

spade of the man who found it. Those I saw were all full fed or
nearly so. One was found walking across a large tennis lawn. I
have seen no Colitis ediisa here this year, but during the hot days a
fortnight ago Pijrameis carditi was rather in evidence in the clover
fields and also in gardens, where it was attracted by standard helio-
tropes ; all those I saw appeared to be rather worn. P. atalaiita has
been unusually abundant, and is still (September 23rd) in beautiful
condition ; it is always a common species in gardens here during the
first weeks of September, and is also often plentiful nearer the coast.
Last week we had three or four extremely cold days, and I found
many torpid Atalanta sitting on the dahlia flowers, always choosing
the red, or red and orange blossoms. Perfectly fresh Polyoviviatus
icarns were seen when out partridge driving on the 19th. —
Gerard H.Gurney ; Keswick Hall, Norwich.

Dragonflies bred in 1914. — This year I have bred Bracliytron
inatensc (one female) from a nymph found early in June, 1913, in
the Ouse, near St. Ives, Huntingdon. The dragonfly emerged on (or
about) May 12th. jEsclina grandis, from nymphs taken in the
canal at Byfleet last year, and from one taken in the canal, near
Purton, Wiltshire, early this summer; Libellula quadrimaculata,
from nymph taken at Byfleet this summer ; Sympetrum striolatum,
from nymphs taken in canal near Purton ; Caloptcryx virgo (Ober-
water stream. New Forest) ; Lestes sponsa, male (Bylieet Canal) ;
Enallagina cyathigerum ; Agrion puella ; Pyrrhosoma nymphula. I
found imagines of P. nymphula in one of my aquaria (they are
fitted with a kind of gauze case) on my return to town after a week-
end away in the last week of April. They were not from nymphs
collected this year, for at that time I had not yet been out for
nymphs this season, and I was not aware that I had put any
P. nymphula in that aquarium last year. But I had put in a good
many Zygopterid nymphs (mainly Erythromma naias and Ischnura
elegans) in early summer, 1913. Some of them must have been
only partly grown P. nymp)hula ; I have found the same thing
happen before with this species, but with no other Zygopterid ; the
nymphs of every other Zygopterid dragonfly I have ever taken have
always emerged in the year in which they were taken (in May or
June). Only P. nymphula have remained in the nymph stage over
the following winter. None of the nymphs could have been hatched
in the year that I took them (mostly in May) ; for that year's
nymphs would either not have been hatched at all by then or would
be very small. They must presumably all have been already nearly
a year in the nymph stage ; when taken, so that the P. nymphula
that came out in the summer after must have been about two years
in that stage. There seems to be great uncertainty as to the average
duration of that phase of a dragonfly's life. With Gonlulcgastcr
annulatua it is a long stage ; I doubt if it is ever less than two years.
I have a nymph of that species now, taken in May last. The egg
can hardly have been laid later than August, 1913 ; and the imago will
not emerge until Jun«, 1915. This would be a little under two years.
But from the size of the nymph when taken, it may well have been
hatched early in July, 1913, and even not in 1913 at all, but in 1912.
I should like to ask if others have found Caloptevyx virgo as diflicult

SOCIETIES. 279

to breed as I have. The nymphs mostly thrive nntil the thiie comes
for emergence, then, after several days' waiting for the great event,
they disappear. They die, of course, but I can seldom, in fact
hardly ever, find the dead bodies. Do they descend into the mud
bottom and die there? I have got a few of these most beautiful of
all British insects to come out ; but only a very small percentage of
the nymphs I have taken. So much so that I begin to doubt whether
it is justifiable to take the nymphs. It seems idle to take them if
they are only going to die in the nymph stage. One point occurs.
I have taken these nymphs only in running water. Is it possible
that they can live but with difficulty in still water? — Harold
Hodge ; 9, Highbury Place, London, N., August 16th, 1914.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society. — July 23;y?.— The President in the chair. — Mr. Newman
exhibited larvae of Celerio gallii reared from ova, and a larva of
Jocliecsra aim. — Mr. West, a weevil found in papers from South
Africa.— Mr. Curwen, a dwarf Pohjommatus icarus measuring 20 mm.
in expanse, from Piggott's Hole. — Mr. Morford, a bred series of
Syntomis pliegea from ova laid by a female taken at Iselle. — Mr.
Main, small Psychid larvae, in their little cases, which had emerged
from a large case (cocoon) from Lugano, with some larvas of the fire-
fly Luciola italica. — Mr. Blair, bred specimens of the beetles Crioceris
lilii {merdigcra, F.) and of C. merdigcra {brunnea, E.), the larvae of
the former on hlies, of the latter on black bryony. — Mr. Priske, living
larvae and pup® of the beetle Melasoma po}yuli. — Mr. Morford, the
large Saturniids rhilosamia cynthia and Antherrea perneyi. — Mr.
Step, on behalf of Mr. West (Greenwich), a large mass of aberrant
growth of twigs of willow, apparently caused by a species of gall.

August IStJi.—The President in the chair.— Mr. Edwards, the
large Saturniids Anthercea paphia, Automeris illustris, Citheronia
magnifica, Samia angulifera, S.promethea, the Sphingids Oxyamhtdyx
suhstrigilis and Psilogramma menephron, and Erihomorphafulgurita. —
Mr. Newman, the pink form of Neuria reticulata from the coast of
County Cork, and two forms of the pupa of Selenia lunaria, the
chocolate-coloured hibernating one and the bvight green second brood
one. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs, a large Psychid larva, which fed on sea grape
and sweet lemon. — Mr. Curwen, fine series of Apatura iris, A. ilia
with ab. clytie, ah. iliades, ab. pallescens, kc, from Samoussy, near
Laon. — Mr. C. B. Williams, living larvae of Saturnia pyri from Syria,
and reported finding a mite, Eriopliyes, in the willow galls exhibited
at the last meeting.— Mr. Main, a living pupa of S. piyri from Lugano,
and eggs of Asccdaphus from South France. — Mr. Dennis, Gentaurea
solstitialis, a rare alien plant from Cobham, Kent. — Dr. Chapman,
the cases of a Psychid, Oreopsyche ptyrencclla, from Gavarnie, Pyrenees,
and gave notes on the life-history of the species. The male moults
twice at pupation, the female only once.

August 27th. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs, Vice-President, in the chair. —
Mr. F. W. Hall, aberrations of Polyommatus icarus from Hertford

280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and Folkestone, including radiated under side, dwarf, brilliant blue
female, bleached male, &c., specimens.— Di". Chapman, imagines and
parasites of Oreopsyche pyrencBlla, with examples of the larval skins
moulted at pupation. — -Mr. Main, insects found in baskets of cane
sugar from Java, including Coleoptera, Blattidas, a cricket, &c. —
Mr. Neave, blue female alDerrations of Pohjommatiis icarus from
Otford first brood, and Chipstead second brood. — Mr. Edwards,
examples of the genera of Khopalocera, Delias, Metaporia, and
Dismorphia. — A discussion took place as to the habit of some
species of Lepidoptera to return again and again to the same spot.
Mania maura, Gonepteryx rhamni, Amphipyra pyramidea, &c., being
instanced. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report. Sec,

EECENT LITERATUEE.

Memorias do Institnto Oswaldo Cruz. Vol. v. and vol. vi., pt. i.
Rio de Janeiro-Manguinhos. 1913, 1914.

The following are titles of some of the papers in volume v. : —

Sobre o ciclo evolutivo de Schizocystis spinigeri, n. sp. Gregarina
do intestino de uma especie de Spiniger, por Astrogildo Machado.
(Pp. 1-15 ; plates 1-3.)

Notas sobre um caso de Milase humana ocasionada por larvas de
Sarcopliaga pyophila, n. sp., pelo Drs. Arthur Neiva e Gomes de
Faria. (Pp. 16-23.)

Informacoes sobre a biolojia da Vinchuca, Triatoma infestans,
Klug, pelo Dr. Arthur Neira. (Pp. 24-31.)

Citolojia ciclo evolutivo da Chagasella alydi. Novo coccidio
pasazito dum hemiptero do genero " Alydus," pelo Dr. Astrogildo
Machado. (Pp. 32-44 ; plates 4, 5.)

Contribui^ao para o estudo das Ceratopogoninas hematofagas do
Brasil, pelo Dr. Adolpho Lutz, Parte Sistematica. Segunda Memoria.
(Pp. 45-73 ; plates 6-8.)

Notas hemipterolojicas, pelo Dr. A. Neiva. (Pp. 74-77.)

Contribuicao para a biolojia das megarinias com descricoes de
duas especies novas, pelo Drs. Adolpho Lutz e Arthur Neiva.
(Pp. 129-141.)

Tabanidas do Brazil e de alguns Estados visinhos, pelo Dr.
Adolpho Lutz. (Pp. 142-191 ; plates 12, 13.)

Titles of papers in vol. vi., part i. (1914) : —

Contribuicao para o estudo da biolojia dos Culicideos. Observacoes
sobre a respiragao nas larvas, pelo Dr. A. da Costa Lima. (Pp. 18-34 ;
plate 4.)

Contribuicao para o estudo dos reduvidas hematofagos, pelo Dr.
Arthur Neiva! 1. Notas sobre os reduvidas hematofagos da Bahia
com a descricao da nova especie. (Pp. 35-39.)

Notas dipterolojicas, pelo Dr. Adolpho Lutz. Contribui9ao para
o conhecimento dos primeiros estados de tabanideos brazileiros.
(Pp. 43-49.)

1. Contribuigao para o estudo das Megarhininae. 11. Do Mcga-
rhinus hcemorrhoidalis, Fabrioius, 1794 (Pp. 50-57 ; plates 5, 6.)

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C N T E N T S.

Oontribiitions to our Knowledge of the British Braconida?. No. 2.— Macro-
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Notes on Podai^rion pacliymeruni, a Chalcid Parasite of Mantis Egpjs (with
illustrations), C. B. WilUarns, 262. Some New Species of Lepidoptera from
Formosa, A. E. Wileman, 266. An Expedition in search of liussian Butter-
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Reid. 274.

NoTKs AND Observations, 276. Societies, 279. Recent Literature, 280.

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLVII.] NOVEMBER, 1914. [No. 618

THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY.

By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.

(i.) La Grave.

When I left London on a blazing July day, the promise of
a successful entomological tour in the mountains south of
Grenoble seemed assured. Letters from French correspondents
beginning in the spring had prepared me for a great butterfly
year : an absence of late frosts, prevalence of sunny skies, and
only just the requisite rainfall to encourage the crops from
north to south. The factors of success were established — at
least, I thought so ; and when I stepped into the P. L. M. motor
outside Grenoble station on the morning of the 11th, there was
not a cloud even the size of a man's hand in the sky of the
Midi or on the visible political horizon. In April, when I had had
the privilege of addressing the Entomological Society of France
at their annual banquet, and at a moment when Paris was
celebrating the visit of our King and Queen, I ventured to suggest,
" heureusement pour nous autres, les chevaliers de la Nature,
la politique n'existe pas." I little thought how soon and in
how sudden fashion the welter of European politics was to engulf
the comity of nations, and how the waves of a great war were
to sweep over the quiet haunts where in former years I had
wandered in search of butterflies. To-day, after three months
of storm and stress, the calm Alpine valleys, thick with corn ;
the mountain pastures, a wonder of flowers ; the restful villages —
all are as a dream to the reality of which the little harvest of
my cabinets alone may testify.

This part of the Dauphiny Alps has been worked for many
years by English lepidopterists ; less systematically by the
French, though, needless to say, the indefatigable M. Charles
Oberthiir has taken toll of the district ; while it was one of Dr.
Reverdin's observations {in litt.) on the occurrence of Erehia
scipio at Monetier-les-Bains, on the southern side of the Col
de Lauteret, which tempted me to include a week there in my
programme. In the ' Entomologist's Record ' (vol. viii. 1896 ;
ix. 1897) the late Mr. Tutt gives an exhaustive account of a visit
to Le Lauteret and La Grave during the first weeks of August.

ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1914. 2 A

282 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

To later volumes the Kev. F. E. Lowe {loc. cit. xxii. 1910), Mr.
A. S. Tetley, and Mr. Douglas Pearson contribute their experi-
ences of that charming country. For this paper, therefore, my
only excuse is that hitherto nothing has been written on the
subject in the 'Entomologist,' and that I visited one locality at
least to which most of these autborities paid but slight attention.
To Dr. Chapman's suggestive note on the local " grass " Erebias
(Proc. Ent. Soc. 1913, cvii.-cx.) I shall refer later on.

There are two hotels at La Grave equally comfortable and
well kept — the Hotel des Alpes and the Hotel de la Meije. I
stayed at the former for ten days. And here I should like to
point out how helpful it is when lepidopterists, who have visited
foreign localities and write about them, give others following
their footsteps the benefit of their hotel experience. Personally,
I find the Touring Club of France guide invaluable for the
purpose of selection. May the next issue reintroduce us to the
hospitality of Alsace and Lorraine !

Arriving in time for a late dejeuner after a drive of surpassing
loveliness, I spent the afternoon prospecting in the deep meadows
that lead up to the Meije glacier. Facing the Meije, La Grave
stands boldly up from the torrent of the Eomanche. Across the
mule-path leading on this side to the river a muddy trickle
attracts the "Whites" and "Blues" in cheerful abundance;
Aporia crat(egi, fresh males, but small ; Parnassius apollo ; on
the yellow crucifers Anthocharis simplonia, at this level (5000 ft.)
already rather worn ; and among smaller fr}^, Plehciiis argus
(agon), Polyommatns hylas, and Nomiades semiargus. I did not
observe Papilio podalirius, but it was not uncommon lower down
towards Bourg d'Oisans. P. machaon occurred singly in the
village itself. But undoubtedly the best collecting ground here-
abouts is on the left bank of the river, and up to tbe Meije
glacier. The first four days of unclouded sunshine, from the
12th to the 15th, were fully occupied. In the lower pastures
Erebia pharte males were flying in profusion, the females as yet
hardly emerged ; E. epiphron var. cassiope, decidedly rare ;
E. ceto, a dwarf race compared with that of the Swiss Alps, less
so ; and, of course, E. stygne ; though by far the commonest of
the genus was E. euryale, constant and typical in form, and
often assembling by the score at the runnels, or starting up from
every branch and flower in the fir woods.

Pushing on to the moraine of the Meije glacier, I had not
been long on the look-out when the first glossy E. alecto flew
across the path, and later I was fortunate to bag one or two
perfectly fresh females. One such rose from my feet as I was
struggling with the loose shifting scree. She had evidently been
disturbed in the act of oviposition ; and, as the only plant at
tbis particular spot was a sort of tuft grass, I have not much
doubt that this plant — afterwards identified in the Alpine garden

THREK WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 283

at Le Lauteret as Festucapumilosa — is the pabulum of the species.
This same female obliged with several eggs in the pill-box to
which she was consigned — a rather unusual occurrence in my
experience of this butterfly, and of the whole Erebias, though I
have known single eggs expressed from the body in the killing-
bottle. As at Larche, the La Grave alecto are without exception
of the form which M. Oberthiir has named daponcheli, and hardly
to be distinguished from the familiar var. et ab. pluto of the
Central Alps. I am sure this insect is possessed of abnormal
hearing power; when approaching, the displacement of the
smallest stone causes it to get up. Its method of flight is also
peculiar. I watched many males in their apparently aimless
and inconsequent zigzag flight over the moraine — like that of
Orgyia antiqua in a London square — suddenly flopping on a
stone, very seldom on a flower, and immediately orienting to the
sun with wide outspread wings. The females do not indulge
in these eccentricities. They keep low above the surface when on
the wing, and are naturally sluggish and slower than the males.
When the sun is overcast both sexes at once slip for shelter
under a stone, or into the crevices of rock, and neither, as
with some other Erebias, can be got to move when the sky is
cloudy.

It is perhaps worth remark also that, if the tendency of
the grass Erebias is towards diminutive size at La Grave
and Le Lauteret, the ubiquitous stygne is rather larger than
otherwise. Where they present local variation, I make a point
each year of netting a few, but the aberration captured in the
gorge below the vacherie on the Meije path, about an hour's easy
walking from the village, came as a great surprise, and is the
most remarkable form of this common butterfly I have ever
encountered. It is an absolutely fresh male. The bands
on both wings appear to be better developed than usual, but
this, I think, is more apparent than real, and due to the entire
absence of the black spots in which ordinarily the white pupils
are set. The pupils themselves are reduced to mere metallic
pin-points. Unless already distinguished with a name, I propose
to call it ahannulata, new ab., and it would be interesting to hear
whether any of the many lepidopterists who have collected
E. stygne in France or elsewhere have met with a similar form.
Favre's ab. ahoculata female is described by Mr. Wheeler
('Butterflies of Switzerland,' p. 132) as "without spots fore
wing, upper and under side ; hind wing, with two black dots in
place of eye-spots." In M. Oberthiir's figures of his var.
gavarnica, male ('L6pid. Comparee,' plate xxv., fasc. iii.), the
rusty bands on the upper side of the fore wings are much
narrower than in the type, the pupilled spots tiny (under side
one small apical spot only), and much closer to the outer margin ;
the female showing the same peculiarities.

2 A 2

284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

And here I should like to draw attention to some further
remarks by M. Oberthiir on the variation of a form of E. stygne
from Switzerland. Describing an aberrant male taken by the
late M. Wullschlegel, near Martigny, he speaks of it as ** larger
and much darker than the norm ; the wings suggest the deep
black with the beautiful reflections of E. lefehvrei ; on the
upper side of the fore wings are five black ocellated spots,
pupilled white, and in the same way on the hind wings. Rusty
band reduced to several feeble blotches on the internal side of
the ocellations and on the fore wings only. Under side deep black
but matt ; the rusty band, however, always limited to the
inner side of the ocellations, is better developed than on the upper
side. This fine butterfly was taken in 1907 perfectly fresh and
intact ; it is without doubt the var. valesiaca, Elwes."

Turning again to Mr. Wheeler's account {loc. cit.), we find
under E. stygne: — "Directions of Var. (a) tendency to obso-
lescence of mahogany patches containing the eye-spots, f. w. and
h. w., culminating in : —

** Var. valesiaca, Elwes, in which they (the patches) are very
slight, the eye-spots also, but not the pupils, being smaller."

I have several examples of this form in my collection taken
by me on the Thusis-Andeer road just by the beautiful bridge in
the narrow gorge above the first-mentioned village. They are
certainly darker than typical stygne, but M. Oberthiir does not
mention any reduction of the size of the ocellated spots, which
I take it is a distinguishing feature of this particular variety',
and I suspect, therefore, that the Martigny example is rather an
aberration of valesiaca than the form itself.

In the case of E. tyndarus, excessively common later on, it
was hardly out at La Grave ; all examined were of the form
cassioides, von Hohenw. (= dromus, F.). On the detritus of the
Meije moraine a few E. gorge males accompanied the larger
E. alecto var., but I do not remember to have met with
E. mnestra at this point, where, however, it was strange to find
newly emerged Pyrameis atalanta — a butterfly seldom, I should
imagine, associated in the same locality with E. alecto, though
its congener P. cardiii, also observed, attains almost as great
altitudes in the Alps as Aglais urticce.

Until the hailstorm in the evening of the 15th wrecked their
beauty, the pastures above and to the left of the herd hut
suggested the Elysian Fields and the borrowed simile of the
Church hymnal —

" The daylight is serene ;
The pastures of the Blessed

Are decked in glorious sheen " ;

and the comparison was inevitable of these thousand white per-
fumed Mary lilies with the "asphodelos leimon " of the Greeks.
Here and there they would be broken up by little bushes of

THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 285

rose-flushed rhododendron, and in delicate contrast the hollows
would he alight with the delicate late lilac of the cranesbill, or
with golden arnica daisies, deep purple asters, and blue cam-
panulas. The cranesbills were especially attractive to males
and females alike of C. hippotho'e var. eurijhia, and of course to
Polyommatus eumedon. Hesperiids were few and far between —
Hesperia alvens, II. serratulce, and Pyrgus sao. The Coliads
were represented by C. phicomone, which was more common
throughout La Grave than E, stygne.

My other excursions were all on this side of the river.
The most interesting and productive was unquestionably that to
the Evariste-Cbancel hut (7875 ft.), and the woods and pastures
on the way to the open treeless grass slopes which constitute the
approaches to the neighbourhood of Lac Noir. The walk-up on
July 15th was made under a tropical sun, which unfortunately
withdrew altogether towards noon when I was on the rocks that
encircle the grim lakelet, where, even thus late in the season,
the ice was only now breaking up. Added to a cloudy sky, a
furious wind began to blow, precursor of the evening's terrific
thunderstorm. In the meadows on the outskirts of the lower
woods Brenthis ino occurred in some numbers, and it was at a
streamlet here that I surprised a dozen freshly emerged male
Argynnis aglaia crowded on a patch of sand not larger than my
hand. Everywhere from La Grave to the limit of the forest
region Parasemia plantaginis was also in great force, but at first
I failed to spot the variety hospita, common from about 6500 ft.,
and even more so at Le Lauteret. From the grass I netted
several worn H. malvoides — the first record of this species here-
abouts ; and, as soon as I had quitted the larch belt, H. cacalice
put in an appearance. The bare mountain-side yielded only
occasional ragged females of Pontia callidice, E. gorge, and more
abundant E. lappona. B. pales was extremely rare, but the
later part of the day was against collecting. I was more
fortunate on the 18th when I returned to the same ground below
the rocks, and though the wind, which marred all collecting for
the next week, never dropped, butterflies were not unplentiful in
sheltered places.

The presence of H. cacalice, of which this day I saw many
examples, but could capture few good specimens, had inspired
me with hopes of the rare H. andromedce. I had evidently over-
looked it on the 15th, for directly I passed the tree line to where
a spring of excellent water crosses the path, I encountered
several. The males were not worth boxing, being in poor phght;
of the females I took three perfect examples, and missed as
many more, liberating at least half-a-dozen of both sexes.
Some doubt apparently having existed as to the specific identity
of these two skippers, I may state that in Dauphiny, at any
rate, their habits are quite unlike. Andromedce prefers to

286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

settle on a sun-warmed rock, cacalice on flowers and grasses ;
AndromedcB is a much stronger and more active butterfly, while
cacalice appeared to be generally on the wane when the latter
was fresh of both sexes. I am not sure whether the food-plant
of Andromedcs is known, but I dislodged one female evidently
ovipositing on Dryas octopetala, which is common at these alti-
tudes. Andromeda begins to show at about the lowest flight
of Erehia lappona (6500-7000 ft.), as I found it about Eaux-
Bonnes in the western Pyrenees (Entom. xliv. p. 337), of
which locality, with its sparse flora, ranunculus, myosotis,
and accidental rhododendron, the Dauphiny habitat is decidedly
reminiscent (Lepid. Comparee, fasc. v. pte. 2, pp. 108-9).

The morning of the 19th was devoted to the lower part of this
walk, chiefly under the torrent of the Meije, where there is
plenty of good collecting ground. The sunny path with
occasional dripping water attracts swarms of insects of all
Orders. Hesperia carlince males were in perfect condition, and
among the Lycaenids I spotted, on the wing, like a silvery
P. eros, which species was swarming at the time, a solitary and
perfect male P. donzelii. It was a welcome visitor ; I had not
seen this loveliest of Alpine " Blues " alive since I was at Trafoi
and Cortina fourteen years ago ; nor was I destined to see it
again this year. Two or three fine female E. pharte were
selected from the many on the wing ; E. curyale was now
commoner than ever, both here and along the river-bed where
I sought refuge from the prevailing hurricane on the 16th,
and on the finer 14th. The flora consists almost wholly of
leguminous plants. As might be expected, therefore, there was
abundance of Lyc^nids, chiefly P. hylas and P. escheri. Of the
former I managed to box a female with the basal and median
area of all the wings on the upper side sufiused with blue (=ab.
coeridesccns, Obthr.). It is the only blue female in my
collection, for there is apparently in western Europe a far less
pronounced tendency in the sex of this species to assume the
male coloration than in the majority of the group possess-
ing andromorphic females. Other Lycsenids of the river-bed
were P. dainon, hardly out ; and P. thersites, one or two
males.

The Anthrocerids (Zygsenidse) observed at La Grave are not
many — A. transalpina, A. purpuralis, A. lonicerce and A. exidans.
Unfortunately I had omitted to provide myself with a resume of
Mr. Lowe's captures, and thus overlooked the locality, a mile
below the village, where, in conjunction with Mr. A. H.Jones, he
discovered Melitcea deione. On the 21st I left for Le Lauteret.

(To be continued.)

287

CONTKIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
BRITISH BRACONIDiE. No. 2.— MACROCENTRID^,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES.

By G. T. Lyle, F.E.S.

(Concluded from p. 262.)

M. collaris (Spin.).* — Appears to be fairly common and
generally distributed. Is easily distinguished from its near
relatives by the second abcissa of the radius being much shorter
than the first intercubital nervure. The terebra is the length of
the abdomen. In eight females which I have examined I find
the antennae to have 32-33 joints, and two males have each 37
joints.

I have not seen the original description, having identified
my specimens from the writings of Wesmael and Marshall.

Zele (Curtis).

Large insects ; in fact, Z. testaceator is probably our largest
British braconid. Solitary parasites of the larvffi of Lepidoptera.

The testaceous species bear a superficial resemblance to
insects of the genera Ophion and Paniscus among the Ichneu-
mons, and also to some of the Meteori ; from the latter they
may easily be distinguished by the sessile abdomen and by the
neuration of the fore wings (see Entom. xlvii, 76, plate I. fig. 1).

These parasites leave their hosts when the latter are full-fed,
so that in all the instances recorded their cocoons have been
found underground within the cocoons or pupal chambers of the
hosts.

When emerging from the cocoon the imago removes a cap
from one end, but not so neatly as with the Meteori.

(6) 1. Radial areolet of the hind wings not geminated

by a transverse nervure.

(5) 2. Large species expanding 17-22 mm.

(4) 3. Wings hyaline or yellowish hyaline, terebra sur-
passing the apex of the abdomen 1. testaceator, Curtis.

(3) 4. Wings somewhat clouded, terebra not surpassing

the apex of the abdomen . 2. infumator, sp, nov.

(2) 5. Smaller species expanding 12-14 mm.

3. cliloropthahna, Nees.

(1) 6. Radial areolet of hind wings geminated

{Hoynolohus, Forster).

(8) 7. Colour rufo-testaceous . . 4. geminator, nom. nov.

(7) 8. Colour nigrescent ... 5. discolor, Wesm.

Z. testaceator (Curtis). — Four records only can I find of the
breeding of this species, and in every case from the larva of a
Noctiia. I have never bred or captured it myself, the only

■'' Spinola, Ins. Lig. ii. p. 140.

288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

examj)les I possess being two ancient specimens which were
given to me some years ago. Fortunately I have been able to
inspect a fine series of nine in Morley's collection, and three in
that of Col. Nurse. With one possible exception all the speci-
mens I have examined have the costal cell rather shorter than the
median, and the recurrent nervure rejected by a distance which
is equal to or rather less than the length of the first abscissa
of the radius (fig. 4). Wings yellowish h3^aline. The upper
surface of the abdomen is generally, though not always, fuscous.

The cocoon I have not seen, and the only description I know
of is that of Fitch (Entom. xiv. 143), who tells us that it is thin,
smooth, and white.

Among Morley's insects are two females bred by Cockayne
from larvte of Taniocampa populeti taken in Berkshire.

Z. infumator, sp. nov. (Fig. 2.)
Thorax, abdomen, and legs, including the hind tarsi, rufo-
testaceous ; claws black, and also a black dot above the radices.
Palpi pale testaceous ; mandibles fuscous at the tips ; antennae
testaceous, annulated, darker towards the apices, longer than the
body in both sexes. Metathorax marked with a rather elaborate
raised pattern, which, though often not so symmetrical as in the
case figured (fig. 5) (taken from a specimen in my collection. No. 530),
is always present in a more or less perfect condition. Wings dull
hyaline, apical half somcivhat infumatcd, costal cell as long as or
slightly longer than the median. Costa, nervures, and stigma
fuscous, recurrent nervure rejected by a distance which is greater than
the length of the first abscissa of the radius. Eadial areolet of the
hind wings not geminated by a transverse nervure. Abdomen smooth,
terebra not surpassing the anus. Length, 9-11 mm., expands
17-22 mm.

Described from thirteen males and eleven females.

Approaches Z. testaceator in size, but difi"ers therefrom in
having the terebra concealed, infumated wings, and a shorter
first abscissa of the radius, &c. ; from Z. chloropthalma it differs
in size and also in the infumated wings, &c.

Larva dirty cream colour, showing under magnification irre-
gular white speckles on the last six or seven segments, attenuate
towards the head, parts of the mouth not or scarcely outlined.

The cocoon is thick, white, somewhat rough but not woolly,
attenuated similarly at both extremities, and lO^^ to 13 mm. in
length ; when exposed to damp it turns a brownish colour (fig. 9).

Very many times bred from larvae of Boarmia repaudata
between May 4th and June 1st, from which host Major Kobert-
son has also bred it at Chandler's Ford. The parasite larva
leaves its host when the latter is full-fed and has retired below
the ground for pupation, and there spins its cocoon.

Z. chloropthalma (Nees). Ehogas chloropthabmis, Nees, Mon.
i. 202 = Phylax chloropthabmis, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,

KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDiE. 289

1835, p. 162. Owing, no doubt, to an oversight this species has
been confused by Marshall with another (see Z. geminatoi-), and
has apparently been overlooked in this country.

Wesmael says that, besides being much smaller, it differs
from Z. testaceator : — " 1. En ce que les tarses ne sont pas plus
pales que le reste des pieds ; 2. le dos de I'abdomen du male est
entierement fauve testace ; 3. Tariere de la femellc dans I'etat
de repos n'est pas saillante, parce qu'elle est trop courte pour
depasser I'extremite dorsale de I'abdomen."

Nees considered his Rhogas chloropthalmiLs to be the Br aeon
chloropthalma of Spinola, but, as Marshall remarks, this cannot
be proved.*

Among Fitch's insects I found a female which agrees per-
fectly with the descriptions of Nees and Wesmael. It was bred
by G. Elisha, July 17th, 1884, from a larva of Depressaria
alstrmmeriana. The specimen is 7 mm. long and 12 mm. in
expanse, wings hyaline, terebra concealed, recurrent nervure
rejected by a distance equal to the length of the first abscissa of
the radius, and the radial areolet of the hind wing not geminated
by a transverse nervure.

Z . geininator {mom. nov.) -- Z. chloropthalmus, Hal.Ent. Mag.
iii. 142; Marsh, Trans. Entom. Soc. 1888, p. 199; Bignell,
Trans. Dev. Ass. for Advan. Science, &c., 1901, p. 657; Morley,
Entom. xl. p. 254. — In the Ent. Mag. for 1836 Haliday described
a species under the name of Z. chloropthalmus, which he con-
sidered synonymous with Rhogas chloropthalmus of Nees.t He
was at that time, as we know, unacquainted with the work of
Wesmael, who, the year before, 1835, had described his Phylax
chloropthalmus I also as synonymous with the Neesian species.
In Wesmael's description the radial areolet of the hind wing is
given as npt geminated, while Haliday is most emphatic in
saying that it is divided by a transverse nervure. Therefore, it
is very evident that the synonymy of either Wesmael or Haliday
must be wrong. In the description of Nees, unfortunately, no
mention is made of the neuration of the hind wing, but it is
extremely unlikely that so careful an observer would have
omitted to note such an important character as the gemination
of the radial areolet, had it occurred in the insect he described.
We may, I think, take it that Rhogas chloropthalmus, Nees —
Phylax chloropthalmus, Wesm., which necessitates the bestowal
of a new name on Haliday's insect. For this well-marked
species I therefore suggest the name of Zele geminator, and sub-
join a copy of Haliday's description : —

" Fem. praecedenti similis {Z. testaceator) statura tota
gracilior ; abdomen brevius, clavatum, minus compressum ;
aculeo ascendente, vix apicem abdominis superante ; pedes

'■■• Trans. Entom. Soc, 1888, part 3, p. 300.

f Nees, Mon., i. 202. I Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., p. 162.

290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

graciliores ; tarsi omnes concolores ; alse ampliores ; anticarum
stigma et areola radialis latiores ; posticarum area radialis a
branchiali remota, et in 2 areolas partita.'"

It seems strange that Marshall, when preparinghis Monograph,
should not have noticed the discrepancy between the descriptions
of Wesmael and Haliday. The species appears to be scarce, the
only specimen I have seen being in Morley's collection, a female
which was captured by the late Rev. E. M. Blomfield at Guestling
in 1889. This insect expands 16 mm., and agrees in every par-
ticular with Haliday's description, the radial areolet of the hind
wing being very distinctly geminated by a transverse nervure.

Z. discolor (Wesmael). (Fig. 3.) — Strange to say the male
of this species is unknown. Wesmael, the original describer,
saw only three females ; Bignell bred the same sex only; Morley's
single specimen is a female, as are also all the many specimens
I have bred.

A large and graceful insect, Q^ to 8 mm. in length, and
expanding 15-20 mm. I possess a specimen which is but 5 mm.
in length and expands only 12 mm. ; this case, however, is
quite exceptional, and may probably be attributed to malnutri-
tion of the host. The wings are somewhat infumated, the
apical halves more distinctly so, and noticeably iridescent.
Marshall very correctly describes the cocoon as " elongate, oval,
white, and thin, with a medial zone of a denser texture forming
a white band." This medial band is scarcely visible when the
cocoon is empty. The cocoon is much thinner and more shining
than that of Z. infumator, 7| to 11|- mm. in length (fig. 10). It
is constructed underground.

Bred by me many times from larvae of Cabera pusaria from
July 27th to August 8th, and again from September 27th to
October 10th ; also frequently from larvae of Boarmia repandata
between May 5th and May 28th ; and once from a larva of
Gonodontis hidentata, August 18th, 1912.

In October, 1911, I took a small larva of Boarmia repandata,
which, being kept in a warm cupboard, fed up, and when full
grown produced a larva of this parasite on January 31st, 1912.
From this I should judge that in the ordinary way the species
passes the winter within the body of its host, either as an ovum
or small larva.

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDiE FROM FORMOSA.

By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

Semiothisa kansJiireiensis, n. sp.

2 . Pale brown thickly sprinkled with dark brown and blackish ;

subbasal and medial lines blackish, each originating in a black spot on

the costa, slightly curved, interrupted and edged with orange ; post-

juedial line blackish, indented below costa, wavy towards dorsum,

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRID/E FROM FORMOSA. 291

inwardly edged with orange, followed by a greyish band on which is
a blackish costal spot and two black marks just above middle ;
terminal area suffused with grey ; terminal line black, interrupted at
the veins ; fringes orange marked with black. Hind wings have two
blackish transverse lines, the first is edged with orange and united
with a black discoidal mark, the second is inwardly edged with
orange ; area beyond second line suffused with grey ; terminal line
black, dilated between veins ; fringes dark grey, orange at base and
tips. Under side orange sparsely freckled with black-brown ; trans-
verse lines as on the upper side, but blacker and more distinct.
Expanse, 24 millim.

Collection number, 1642.

One female specimen from Kanshirei, September 14th, 1908.

Semiothisa diibia, n. sp.

? . Head and front of thorax brown, rest of thorax brown-grey.
Fore wings brown-grey flecked with black on costa; antemedial line
brown, curved, indistinct, dotted with black ; postmedial line brown,
almost parallel with termen, not distinct towards the costa ; sub-
terminal line indicated by black dots and a blackish cloud, the latter
on vein 5. Hind wings brown-grey flecked with black on costal
area ; traces of dusky medial and postmedial lines, the latter dotted
with black. Fringes of all the wings brown, marked with black.
Under side greyer than above ; fore wings suffused with brown on
the disc ; markings pretty much as on upper side.

Expanse, 32 millim.

Collection number, 1887.

A female specimen from Rantaizan, May 6th, 1909.

Heterolocha olivescens, sp. n.

3' . Head whitish, palpi and pectinated antennae brown ; thorax
and abdomen pale olive brown. Fore wings pale olive brown ;
antemedial line fuscous, curved, connected with a small fuscous
cloud in cell ; discoidal mark black, linear ; postmedial line fuscous,
outwardly edged with white, inwardly oblique from apex to vein 2,
where it is elbowed, terminating on dorsum near the tornus ; area
beyond the postmedial line clouded with whitish. Hind wings pale
olive brown ; discoidal mark blackish, indistinct ; postmedial line
fuscous, outwardly edged with white, almost straight ; terminal area
clouded with whitish. Under side similar to the upper side but the
postmedial line on all the wings is darker and the area within the
line yellower.

Expanse, 38 millim.

Collection number, 1596.

A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 2l8t, 1908.

Prionia pulchra, sp. n.
3 • Head and thorax carmine, frons rather darker ; abdomen
carmine, yellowish between segments. Fore wings carmine with two
yellow transverse lines, the first almost straight, the second curved

292 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

to apex where it unites with a large yellow blotch. Hind wings
rather paler than the fore wings, a yellow transverse line, only well
defined on the dorsum. Under side carmine, a large yellow spot at
apex of the fore wings.
Expanse, 40 millim.

Collection number, 1890.

One male specimen from Bantaizan, February 17th, 1909.

Closely allied to P. rosearia, Leech.

Gonajiticlea suhfalcata, sp. n.

3 . Fore wings, which are deeply excised below apex, pale brown
with many blackish (black on costa) almost parallel transverse lines ;
subbasal lino black, double, commencing in a black spot on the
costa ; postmedial line pale ochreous, obtusely serrate, indistinct,
edged and partly obscured towards the costa l3y a black transverse
streak ; area beyond the postmedial line darkened. Hind wings
fuscous. Under side fuscous grey ; fore wings ochreous on the costa,
discoidal dot black, transverse lines faintly in evidence ; hind wings
have a black discoidal dot and dusky medial and postmedial lines,
outer edge of postmedial pale ochreous towards dorsum.

Expanse, 32 millim.

Collection number, 1881.

A male specimen from Arizan, March 23rd, 1908.

Seems to be allied to G. aversa, Swinhoe.

Acasis veuipicta, sp. n.

3 . Fore wings pale greyish brown, venation black marked with
white ; medial band darker brown, the inner edge irregular, the
outer edge elbowed beyond the cell, thence incurved to dorsum,
marked with black towards costa ; discoidal mark black, linear ;
fringes pale grey marked with blackish at ends of the veins. Hind
wings and under side fuscous.

Expanse, 36 millim.

Collection number, 1607.

A male specimen from Kantaizan, May 4tb, 1909.

Allied to A. obscuraria, Leech.

Dindica tauvana, sp. n.
3 ■ Head and thorax yellowish green mixed with black, and on
mesothorax with brown, antennae bipectinated ; abdomen paler in
colour, segmented divisions whitish, tufts mixed with black, an
interrupted black line on each side of tufts. Fore wings yellowish
green ; subbasal line black, oblique, not extending to dorsum ; ante-
medial line black, wavy, indistinct, clouded with blackish and pre-
ceded by a blackish patch on the costa ; discoidal mark blackish ;
postmedial line blackish, outwardly oblique from the costa to vein 4,
thence curved and recurved to the dorsum, dotted with black on
the veins ; subapical patch blackish tinged with brown on lower
edge; terminal dots bla^k. Hind wings whitish, faintly brownish
tinged on the dorsal area ; subterminal band blackish, interrupted,

IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 293

area beyond yellowish green clouded with blackish; terminal line
black, interrupted. Under side whitish ; all the wings have a blackish
discoidal mark and band beyond, the discoidal mark of fore wings
large and distinct.

$ . Similar, but markings of the fore wing less distinct and the
outer third of the hind wings almost entirely blackish.
Expanse, <?, 50 millim ; $ , 54 millim.

Collection number, 1859.

One example of each sex from Arizan ; the male obtained
March 19th, 1909, and the female July, 1908.

This species comes very near to D. polyphcenaria, Guen.,
but the fore wings are somewhat broader and the hind wings are
whitish.

AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN
BUTTERFLIES.

By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 274.)

Glatccopsyche cyllarus. — Not uncommon at laltaand Novorossisk,
and abundant at Sarepta, where it was seen on our first day, and fresh
examples kept emerging during the whole time of our visit ; evidently
these were delayed emergences of the first brood and not a second
brood. The specimens taken were of average size, the females
entirely brown ; both sexes had a maximum of blue scales on the
bases of the wings underneath, and less than the average number of
ocelli ; the inferiors were in some cases entirely devoid of ocelli.

Lycaena arion. — This species was common at Sarepta on and
after May 28th ; it was local but widely distributed, and was always
found in the vicinity of wild thyme. The race is a handsome one,
usually the blue lowland form, but a few var. obscura were taken ;
the black spots on the upper sides are well- developed, and in many
cases elongated and lanceolate in shape.

Celastrina argiolus. — Not uncommon at lalta. First seen as a
second brood at Sarepta on June 17th ; the black spots on the under
sides are larger than those of Western Europe examples.

Libythea celtis. — This species was not uncommon alongside the
lower road from lalta to Gourzoff. The specimens, of course, had
passed the winter in hibernation.

Neptis lucilla. — It was one of the most fascinating experiences of
our stay at Sarepta to see the abundance of this graceful species,
usually so rare in mid-Europe. I am aware that one or two localities
there, including Botzen, produce it in some numbers, but not, I think,
in anything like the abundance that it is found on the Volga.
Everywhere in and around woods it swarmed to such an extent that
there were often ten to a dozen specimens within a yard or two of
one. The only locality in which I had previously met with N. lucilla
was Herculesbad, where it was so rare that my two dozen specimens
involved something like an 18,000 ft. cHmb. At Sarepta any day at

294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the end of May or in the beginnhig of June I could have netted
with ease a hundred specimens in a morning. It was most abundant
in the small woods in the valleys of the hills some miles on the road
to Tsaritsyn ; but it was also exceedingly common in the " Tschapurnik
Wald," and specimens were to be found in every small wood that we
worked. I took the first specimen on May 22nd.

Polygonia c-albitm. — I only saw two examples of this species ;
these were taken on June 12th in a wooded valley opposite Sarepta ;
they have very pale under sides and are extreme forms of
var. hutchinsom.

Eugonia polychloros. — A single example was taken on June 20th,
sunning itself on a wooden barn. One or two hibernated specimens
were seen at lalta.

Pyrameis carclui. —Common wherever we collected in Eussia,
and especially so at Sarepta ; a succession of emergences occurred
there during the whole period of our stay.

P. atalanta. — A few at lalta. At Sarepta only seen in the
"Tschapurnik Wald," where there was an abundant growth of
nettle ; a plant usually rare in the district.

MeUtaea aurinia var. sareptana. — This handsome form of
M. aurinia was seen not uncommonly, when its localities were
discovered, but it was very local, haunting bushy slopes. It was
first seen on May 22nd, on which day all the specimens were worn ;
eventually, about a week afterwards, I found a locality in which
there was a small and late brood flying, and there managed to get
about a dozen good specimens. It probably emerges at Sarepta
about the first week in May.

M. cinxia. — One of the most abundant and widely distributed
butterflies we met with. The form found at lalta and Novorossisk is
very normal, but at Sarepta all forms from the type to var. obscurior
occurred. There was a succession of emergences during the whole
time of our stay, and perfect examples were to be obtained quite at
the end of it.

M. ]ih(x,he var. aetheria. — Common and in good condition at
Sarepta during the first few days of our stay, after which it rapidly
became worn.

M. aurelia var. seminigra. — A very remarkable form of a melitaea,
the genitalia of which are practically identical with Hungarian
M. aurelia, was found rarely in the " Tschapurnik Wald." This
form, which has superficially many aurelia characteristics, is much
darker than the type, both on the upper and under sides, and the
female especially is darker on the upper side than M. dictynna. It
agrees with M. aurelia var. seminigra, figured and described by Seitz
from specimens taken near Lake Baikal. Only three specimens were
captured, a male by myself on May 29th, and on June 6th a female
by each of us. This eastern form of M. aurelia is considerably
larger than Swiss or Hungarian examples of that species ; my male
and female expand respectively 44 mm. and 47 mm. as against 38 mm.
and 42 mm., the average size of my Hungarian and Swiss specimens,
and these again appear somewhat larger than the average, judging
from the fact that Mr. Wheeler in his ' Butterflies of the Alps,'
gives 32 mm. as the wing expanse of this species.

IN SEAUCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 295

M. didyma. — Common but somewhat local at Sarepta ; most
abundant on the railway banks, but odd specimens were taken in
various other places ; a remarkably fine and variable series was
secured. The Eussian Steppe form is usually what is known as var.
neera, and the majority of my specimens come near to this form, but
there are numerous aberrations from it. All the examples from
Sarepta are much larger than those taken in Mid-Europe ; my largest
example, a female, expands 60 mm. as against 50 mm., the expanse
of my largest Mid-European female. In var. neera the colour of the
male is even more fiery than the type, the females also are very red,
in one or two examples quite as red as the male. The only specimen
seen at Novorossisk is a male, very typical in size and markings.
M. didyma was first seen at Sarepta on May 21st, and it continued
in good condition until the end of our stay.

M. trivia. — In the greatest abundance in clearings in the
" Tschapurnik Wald," and not uncommon in all localities at Sarepta
in which there was any wood. The specimens are mostly var,
fascelis ; some, however, are typical ; the size of all is considerably in
excess of those I have from Hungary, females ranging up to 50 mm.
expanse. First seen on May 21st, when it was just commencing to
emerge.

Brenthis dia. — Locally common at Novorossisk.

B. daphne. — Common locally in woods at Sarepta; the form is
somewhat larger, and the orange-ground colour deeper than in
Central European specimens ; it comes very near var. epidaphne,
Friihs. A larva which got into my net accidentally at the
" Tschapurnik Wald " proved to be this species. I fed it upon
Spiraea filipendula, a common plant in the Sarepta woods; this larva
pupated on June 1st, and the imago emerged on June 15th. The
following is a short account I made of the larva in the last stage : —
Down the centre of the dorsal area is a broad white stripe ; the sub-
dorsal area is pale lemon yellow, with longitudinal dark lines, the
spiracles are black. The pupa is light brown, with two golden
pointed excrescences on each segment, the venation of the wings
shows dark through the pupal skin. The pupa suspended itself from
the top of the cage in which it was kept.

B. euphrosijne. — I feel pretty certain I saw this species at
Novorossisk, but could not secure a specimen to make sure. At
Sarepta it was rare, and, so far as I know, confined to the
" Tschapurnik Wald," and nearly over at the date our visit com-
menced ; probably it had been common earlier in the season. The
form is a very striking one, with very pale under sides, and the
silver markings on the margin of the inferiors are brighter and more
prominent than in the type ; it approaches var. orphanus, Friihs.,
from East Siberia.

Issoria latlionia. — Novorossisk and Sarepta, not common.

Argynnis niobe. — A remarkably fine race was abundant in all the
woods at Sarepta from May 22nd onwards. This form has been
described and figured by Seitz as var. kuhlmanni ; it is larger and of
a much brighter red on the upper surfaces, and more variegated on
the undersides than Central European A. niobe; the predominant
form of under side is var. eris, but some of the females have the

296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

amount of silver spots that obtain in the type, and some have only
the outer row of spots on the hind wings silver,

Melanargia galatea. — A rather large form of var. procida became
common in clearings in the " Tschapurnik Wald " during the last
few days of our stay at Sarepta. It was first seen on June 16th ; by
June 20th males were common, and two days later, my last day,
I took two females.

M. iapygia var. suioarovius. — This fine Melanargia was to be
found wherever grass grew abundantly amongst the usual plants
of the steppe on the hills at Sarepta; but this was not by any means
everywhere, for the butterfly was very local. We were on the look-
out for it during the first days of June, but did not actually see it
until the 9th of that month. On the morning of that day I was
searching the grassy hills some three or four miles to the north-west
of Sarepta; about 9 a.m. I saw a large white butterfly flying some
distance away, which at first I thought was Aporia crataegi ; as it
approached nearer, the variegated pattern and the grey tint of the
wings became apparent, stamping it as undoubtedly M. var. suivarovius.
I made a series of frantic efforts to effect a capture, but without
success, for this species when alarmed goes very fast, and as its flight
is very dodgy, there is not much chance of succeeding under these
conditions. I only secured one specimen on that day, although I
spent most of the morning in quest of the species ; later I found out
its headquarters and habits, and on June 13th and 15th obtained all
I required.

M. var. suwarovius at Sarepta is to be found freely amongst the
flowers which grow in its haunts, flying quietly amongst and
settling upon them. In the locality I have described, on the slope
facing the Volga, there are at intervals small hollows with a certain
amount of low scrubby bushes growing in them ; in the spaces
between these bushes there is a luxuriant growth of flowers, and
these are the spots where this fine butterfly is at home. A small
hollow would be the haunt of from half-a-dozen to a dozen specimens.
The flowers frequented included a species of Achillea, various Carduus,
and a brilliant purple Salvia.

Erehia afer. — This species was not uncommon at Novorossisk, but
the specimens were mostly in bad condition at the date we were
there ; probably it had then been out quite a month. The butter-
flies were flying over flowery slopes on the mountains south of the
harbour, and within half a mile of the sea. They extended as low
as 1000 ft., and above this level were found all the way up to the
summits, which might attain an altitude of 1800 ft. E. afer has the
usual slow flight of the genus, but is not easy to capture in
consequence of the difficulty in traversing the steep slopes it
frequents.

Satyrus circe. — So far as we saw, this species was confined to the
" Tschapurnik Wald," where it was first seen on June 11th ; it was
locally abundant in clearings in this wood, males only, which were
rather small ; my largest example is 76 mm. in expanse.

S. hermione. — An exceedingly striking and aberrant form occurred
in the same localities as the last species on June 20th and 22nd,
males only. In this form the light band on the upper side of all the

THE EMERGENCE OF CONCHYLIS GIGANTANA (aLTERNANA). 297

wings has dark shading to such an extent that the whole appears to be
almost black. This form is described in Seitz as var. tetrica, Friihs.
S. anthe. — This fine Russian species was not by any means
common ; it frequented the tops and sides of dry hills a little to the
south-east of Sarepta, and was very shy and difficult to approach ;
under these conditions I was only able to secure a very short series.
First seen on June 14th.

(To be continued.)

THE EMERGENCE OF CONCHYLIS GIGANTANA
{ALTERNANA).

By the Rev. W. G. Whittingham, F.E.S.

Conchylis gigantana feeds and pupates in the flower-heads
of Centaurea scabiosa. The heads which contain the pupae are
generally small and somewhat misshapen; rather swollen on
one side, for example. They have, as a rule, no trace of florets,
only the chaffy scales being perceptible. The heads are some-
times so small that it seems likely that the larva has done part
of its feeding in another flower-head, and having exhausted the
supply of food, has crawled out to a fresh one before pupating.
This is borne out by the fact that occasionally larger heads,
which look like flowering, contain them.

A number of heads were obtained in the latter part of July,
the imagines emerging from July 22nd to August 26th. The
emergence took place, as a rule, in the morning, between 8 a.m.
and 10 a.m., though occasionally they appeared later in the day,
especially when the weather was cool. Two or three appeared
in the afternoon. The following are the dates recorded and the
number of insects emerging on them : — July 18th (one taken in
the open); July 22nd (one); 23rd (two); 24th (one); 25th
(three); 26th (one); 27th (two); 28th (one); 29th (three);
30th (four) ; 31st (two) ; August 2nd (five) ; 3rd (two) ; 4th
(three) ; 5th (one) ; 6th (one) ; 7th (one) ; 9th (one) ; 10th (one) ;
12th (one) ; 13th (one) ; 14th (two) ; 15th (one) ; 17th (one) ;
22nd (one) ; 26th (one).

The process of the emergence was observed in several in-
stances. The first indication was the appearance of the head of
the pupa among the scales at the opening of the flower-head.
When it had been noted that the insects usually appeared about
breakfast time, a careful inspection at about the right time was
again and again rewarded by the sudden appearance of a glint
of shining brown pupal skin at the mouth of one or another
seed-head. In a succession of slow rotary movements, accom-
panied by a faint sound as the parts of the plant gave before
them, the pupa worked its way forward till more than half of it

ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1914. 2 B

298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

stood out, the wing-cases being clear. There was then a pause
of ten or fifteen minutes ; after which the movements re-
commenced, the pupa perhaps pausing after a few minutes for
another five or ten minutes' rest. In the course of these move-
ments a sHght crack presently appeared down the centre of the
thorax. After a brief pause the crack widened slightly, and a
similar very slight crack became visible transversely behind the
collar, through which cracks the lighter colour of the imago was
seen. This was followed by an opening down the front of the
wing-cases behind the antennre, the openings previously occurr-
ing, widening at the same time. The head was next pushed
forward carrying the face, masked with the portion of the pupa-
case lying over it, and the antennae were partly withdrawn.
The palpi followed, then the fore legs were extracted and the
antennoe completely withdrawn. The face-mask then fell off,
larger portions of the wings appeared, and the hinder legs were
withdrawn, the abdomen still remaining in the pupa. The later
movements followed one another very quickly ; and on a sudden
the imago ran out (that is the only term that describes it) and
away from the pupa and settled on the side of the seed-head.
All the opening movements were accompanied by a slight rotary
motion, and some contraction and expansion of the rings of
the abdomen, the final extrication being helped by pressure of
the legs. The expansion of the wings was rapid, taking in some
instances no more than from fifteen to twenty minutes. In all
the cases observed the wings had been raised over the back and
dropped to the sides fully expanded in from three-quarters of
an hour to an hour and a half from the first appearance of the
pupa at the opening of the seed-head.

Knight's Vicarage, Leicester.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

AcRONYCTA STRIGOSA IN WiCKEN Fen. — The notes by Dr.
Chapman and Mr. Kobinson in recent numbers of ' The Entomologist '
concerning A. strigosa are interesting. Like Mr. Eobinson, I never
heard of strigosa being taken actually in the Fen, although I have
been told that it used to be taken not far off, together with atrijdicis
and ocularis. I have beaten the larvae once from hawthorn along a
certain dyke which terminates at a small village not far from
Wicken, and the late Rev. Bailey used to beat it from hawthorn
the Soham side of Wicken village. In the old " dyke " locality
a number of the hawthorns are very old, and most of them have
decaying stumps attached, where, no doubt, strigosa would find
suitable material in which to pupate ; but does — or perhaps one
should now say did — the larva of strigosa invariably enter rotten
v^ood to pupate ? I had several larvae of Jochcera alni this year, and
I was always under the impression that they failed to pupate if they

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 299

were not supplied with rotten wood. Tiiree out of seven larvae spun
up quite comfortably in withered hawthorn leaves, disregarding the
material I had provided, and, further, all three pupated successfully.
It is possible that strigosa may have done the same when unable to
make use of rotten wood. — G. Bertram Eenshaw, F.E.S. ; West
Wickham, Kent, September 30th, 1914.

WiCKEN Fen. — x'Vnyone interested in the Fen should write to
Mr. A, H. Evans, 9, Harvey Eoad, Cambridge, the Local Secretary
of the National Trust, who is taking a great interest in the welfare of
the Fen, and who, I feel sure, would be only too glad of suggestions
on his return from Austraha. My advice to him, as the Fen is now
too overgrown, was to leave bands of the older growth across the
Fen and to cut strips of, say, eight acres cleared of bushes, these to be
cut every fourth year in rotation. This would provide good shelter,
and at the same time give the flowers a chance of appearing again.
Of course, there are many spots where special insects seem to be
confined to a small area, these he has kindly consented to leave
untouched. As regards the notes on A. strigosa in your last
numbers, it certainly used to be taken in the Fen and in the lane, the
latter probably is its habitat, as there are few thorn bushes in the
Fen. I may add that it pupates freely in old reeds, if rotten wood is
scarce. It is, I think, an interesting fact that S. straviinea and
S. maritima have appeared within recent years, and B. argentula,
introduced by S. Bailey, is abundant, so we may still hope other
species may appear from the preservation of the Fen. — E. B.
Nevinson ; Morland, Cobham, September 5th.

A Note on Acronycta strigosa. — Dr. Chapman's appeal for
the preservation of all vegetation suited to Acronycta strigosa at
Wicken Fen will doubtless be followed by further notes on the
subject from those who are well acquainted with the habitat of this
insect in South Cambridgeshire. While the subject is under dis-
cussion it may also be of interest to bring together the few records
of strigosa from a district in North Cambridgeshire, since it appears
that there is some misapprehension as to the type of country
inhabited by the species. The district to which I refer may be
roughly described as that surrounding the town of Chatteris, which
is about twenty miles north-west of Wicken, close to the Huntingdon-
shire border of the Isle of Ely. The first specimen from this locality
was taken on July 10th, 1876, by Mr. A. H. Euston, who caught it
flying at dusk along a hedge close to the town on land which is not,
and never has been, of a marshy nature. It may also be of interest
to record that within a few hundred yards of Mr. Euston's locality
my father formerly took Hadena atriplicis, a species which now
seems to have practically disappeared. From 1876 to 1903 there are
no records of strigosa at Chatteris, but in 1904 I took a single
specimen at sugar early in July in a locality about five miles from
the town. This locality is practically on the county boundary, and
also is not of a marshy nature. The only other species of interest
which occurred there was Agrotis ravida, which was then quite
common, but subsequently became very scarce. In 1905 I again
found A. strigosa, obtaining two larviE by beating towards the end of

300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

August. These larvaB occurred on blackthorn in a very old hedge in
Huntingdonshire, about two miles from the locality of the 1904
specimen. The country round is typical of the greater portion of
the county, and has little in common with fenland. Species found
there are Zygcsna filijjcndulcs, Procris statices, Cymatophora octo-
gesima, Xylophasia sublustiis, Tceniocavipa opima, T. poimleti, and
once a single specimen of Dicycla oo.

The following year, 1906, early in July, I also met with strigosa,
but in a fresh locality, some four miles to the north-east of Chatteris,
and therefore well in the county of Cambridge. This specimen was
on a sugared bramble flower, and the circumstances of the capture
are firmly fixed in my memory as the insect fell from the flower into
the middle of the bramble clump, which had to be cut away piece-
meal before the moth was found under a dead leaf at the bottom.
In 1907 the same locality produced a further specimen, a female
from which I tried in vain to obtain eggs. The locality of these last
two captures differs from those previously mentioned in being of a
distinctly " fenny " nature, for in it occur Leucania ohsoUta, L.
straviinea, Senta 7dvce, and Ccenobia rufa. Tliere are, however,
numerous old hawthorn bushes which doubtless form the food-
plant of the Acronycta. Since 1907, owing to absence abroad and
for other reasons, I have had no opportunities of observing strigosa,
but I have little doubt that a systematic search for either the imago
or larva would be successful. From the comparatively large area over
which my captures were made, and from the fact that I never
specially sought the insect, I am inclined to think that it is widely
distributed and not very scarce in this section of the county. It
appears, however, to be a survivor of an ancient fauna inhabiting the
islands in fenland and its borders, rather than a native of the true
marshes. Among the latter Wicken Fen must be included, and there
is, therefore, no reason to fear tliat the position of the species in this
country will be prejudiced in any way by the clearing of small patches
of scrub within the boundaries of the fen itself. — J. C. F. Fryer,
M.A., F.E.S.

FoRFicuLA GiGANTEA. — While staying at Southbourne, near
Bournemouth, recently, I was fortunate enough to find a female
Forficula gigantca under stones at the foot of the cliffs. Although
I spent the afternoon searching, this was the only specimen seen. —
E. D. Good; 48, High West Street, Dorchester, Dorset, October 8th,
1914.

Nemeobius lucina emerging in October. — A female of this
species emerged to-day bred from ova collected at Oxford at the end
of May. There has been no artificial heat in the room where the
pupjB were kept. I see it is stated in ' Butterflies of the British
Isles ' that this butterfly occasionally emerges in August and I have
looked at my breeding-cage and cannot find any others. It was
lucky that I was at home on leave from my camp. — F. W. J. Jack-
son ; Woodcote End House, Epson, October 18th, 1914.

Colias edusa in Dorsetshire. — During September I twice
noticed C. edusa flying in the neighbourhood of this town. — E. D.
Good ; 48, High West Street, Dorchester.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 301

Occurrence of Vanessa antiopa in 1914. — The capture of three
specimens of Vanessa antiopa has been recorded in the 'Field 'during
the past autumn, from Norfolk, Surrey and Sussex, as follows: — One
at Worthing on August 17th reported by Mr. H. Wells ; one captured
and another seen at Addlestone, Surrey, on August 18th, by Mr.
J. H. Milne ; one captured on September 24th at Scole, Norfolk, by
the Eev. Wilson W. White ; the specimen had been seen for several
days previously feeding on apples partly eaten by wasps. — F. W.
Feohawk.

Papilio machaon in Kent. — It may be of interest to note that I
saw a specimen of Papilio machaon in a cottage garden at Hook
Green, about three miles from Frant Station, on August 29th. —
E. D. Morgan; 24, Queen's Eoad, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, September
24th, 1914.

Entomological Jottings frobi Chichester. — One prominent
feature of the season here has been the abundance during September
of Pyramcis cardui. They were to be seen flying in divers places,
gardens amongst others. The first brood of Cyaniris argiolus
appeared in the last week of April, the second in August. A few
Colzas edusa were noticed in the middle of August, all the insects
observed being males. Several larvae of Manduca atropos were
found in potatoes, the first on July 30. A line female emerged on
September 25. For one or two days before doing so the pupa
frequently squeaked, as also did the imago. — Joseph Anderson.

Occurrence of Phasgonura viridissima near Felixstowe. —
On September 22nd a large green grasshopper was brought to me
alive, having been captured in a meadow near Felixstowe, in
Suffolk, two days previously. Mr. W. J. Lucas has very kindly
identified it as a female of Phasgonura viridissima, and writes me
that " it is fairly common in places." — Gerard H. Gurney; Keswick
Hall, Norfolk.

Abundance of Middlesex Lepidoptera in 1914. — To the
extraordinary scarceness of almost all our commoner species of
butterflies last year the season now passed has afforded a welcome
contrast. Here in Middlesex the three " Whites " and Euchloe
cardamines were plentiful in May; and from April 20th onwards
Celastrina argiolus occurred in quite unusual numbers in our garden,
the second brood being already on the wane when I returned from
France the first week in August. This little Blue has nov/ com-
pletely established itself, and I find it scattered broadcast through-
out the many suburban villa gardens which have sprung up of late
years in the parish of Pinner. Other butterflies appearing in some
profusion have been Pyramcis atalanta and P. cardui. The latter is
a very rare visitor with us, and it is many years since I observed
even a stray migrant in the spring. There must have been a
numerous emergence in North Middlesex this year of the offspring
of these most desirable aliens. Throughout September they haunted
the zinnias and michaelmas daisies in company with their congener
and Chrysophanus phlceas, of which I noticed several of the
caruleopunctata form. At about the same time Heterocera were

302 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

plentiful at light, the most common species being AncJiocolis lunosa,
which some evenings positively swarmed, and rarer Police flavicincta
and Euviichtis protect. The latter insect I do not remember to
have observed before in this part of the county. There is an
exquisitely faithful figure of it in M. J. Culot's ' Noctuelles d'Europe,'
in my opinion by far the most accurate work of the kind ever
attempted, and in every way worthy of the artist who has designed
for so many years the plates of M. Charles Oberthur's beautiful
' Lepidopterologie Comparee.' — H. Kowland-Brown ; Harrow
Weald, Middlesex.

Moths Captured by Light-trap {continued from p. 254) : —
August. — Lcucania conigcra. 1st (one). — L. Uthargyria. 1st
(one). — AiMmea sccalis. 1st (one); 11th (one); 12th (one); 13th
(one) = 4. — Hydroecianictitans. 1st (three) ; 12th (two); 13th (one);
16th (two) ; 17th (two) ; 18th (two) ; 19th (three) ; 20th (two) ; 21st
(one); 23rd (one) = 19. — Selenia bilunaria. 1st (one). — Noctua
2)lecta. 1st (one); 12th (one) = 2. — Mesoleuca ocellata. 1st (two);
13th (two); 19th (one); 20th (one); 24th (one) = 7. — Coremiaferru-
gata. 1st (three); 2nd (one); 11th (one); 12th (two); 19th (one);
20th (two) = 10. — Plusia gamma. 1st (one); 11th (one); 20th (one);
25th (one); 29th (one); 30th (one) = 6. — Gerigo matura. 1st (one);
18th. (one) = 2.— Anaitis plagiata. 1st (one); 12th (one) ; 13th (one);
15th (one) ; 16th (one) ; 19th (four) ; 20th (three) ; 24th (three) ; 31st
(one) = 16. — Agrotis imta. 10th (one); 18th (tv^'o); 19th (one); 21st
(one) = 5. — Triphczna pronuba. 10th (one); 11th (one); 12th (one);
13th (one); 14th (one); 15th (one); 20th (two); 21st (one); 23rd
(two); 24th (one); 27th (one); 29th (one) = 14. — Eupitliccia oblon-
gata. 11th (one); 12th (one); 13th (one); 14th (one); 19th (one);
20th (four) ; 24th (one) = 10. — Xanthorlioe fluctuata. 12th (one) ;
17th (one); 19th (one); 24th (one); 27th {ono) = 6. —Phlogoplwra
meticulosa. 13th (one); 27th (two) = 3. — Luperina testacea. 13th
(one) ; 15th (four) ; 16th (four) ; 17th (five) ; 18th (ten) ; 19th (ten) ;
20th (fifteen) ; 21st (nine); 22nd (seven); 23rd (two); 24th (seven);
25th (one) ; 26th (four) ; 27th (seven) ; 28th (six) ; 29th (five) ; 30th
(nine); 31st (six) = 112. — Hydrcccia micacea. 13th (two); 14th
(one); 20th (one); 24th (four); 29th (one); 31st (one) = 10.— CrocaZis
elinguaria. 13th (one); 14th (one); 17th (one); 24th (one) = 4. —
Noctua xanthographa. 13th (one) ; 19th (one) ; 20th (three) ; 23rd
(one); 28th (one); 29th (four); 30th (one) = 12.— Ortholitha bipimc-
taria. 14th (one); 15th (one) = 2. — Xylophasia monoglypha. 15th
(one); 24th (one); 27th {one) ^^.— Noctua rubi. 15th (two); 16th
(three); 20th (two); 23rd (two); 24th (one); 28th (one); 31st (one)
= 12. — Miana bicoloria. 17th (one). — Timandra amata. 18th (one).
— Phibalapteryx vitalbata. 18th (two); 21st (one) = 3. — Lomaspilis
marcjinata. 20th (one). — -Lcucania pallcm. 20th (one); 31st (one)
= 2. — Pterostoma palpina. 20th (one). — Ligclia adustata. 20th
(one). — Noctua c-nigrwm. 21st (one). — Opisthograptis luteolata.
22nd (one) ; 24th (one) ; 28th (one) ; 30th {ono) = L~Abrostola tripar-
tita. 23rd (one). — Goremia designata, 24th (one). — Acidalia ornata.
24th (one). — Bryophila perla. 24th (one). — Amplupyra tragopogonis.
24th {tyNo).—Tholcra cespitis. 24th (one); 25th (two); 27th (one);

SOCIETIES. 303

28th (one); 29fch (one) = 6. — Epineuronia popularis. 27th (one);
28th (one) = 2. — Ty'iphcEmt comes. 27th (one). — Ephyra linearia.
28th (one). — Cidaria truncata. 29th (one).

September. — LzLperina testacea. 2nd (one); Srcl (one); 4th
(two); 8th (one); 16th (one) = 6. — Tholeras cespitis. 2ncl (one) ; 5th
(one) = 2. — Triphana promiba. 2nd {one).— Amphipyr a tragopo-
gonis. 2nd (one). — Xantliorhoe fluctuata. 3rd (one). — Caradrina
morpiheus. 4th (one). — Phlogopliora vieticulosa. 7th (one); 23rd
(one); 26th (one) = 3. — Noctua xanthographa. 7th (one). — Thera
variata. 8th (one); 26th (one) = 2. — OmphaloceUs lunosa. 13th
(one); 16th (five); 18th (six); 20th (one); 21st (two); 22nd (two);
23rd (three); 24th (one); 25th {oue) = 22.—Xanthia fulvago. 15th
(one); 24th (one) = 2. — Plusia gamma. 16th (one); 18th (one); 21st
(one); 26th (one); 27th (one) = 5. — Amathes lychnidis. 18th (two);
20th (three); 21st (one); 22nd (four); 23rd (one); 24th (three)|;
25th (ten); 26th (thirty-one); 27th (eighteen); 28th (seven); 29th
(eight) = 88. — Aporophyla nigra. 18th (one). — Ochria ochracea. 18th
(one). — Leucania impura. 18th (one). — Hydroscia micacea. 23rd
(one). — Xanthia lutea {flavago). 27th (one). — R. M. Prideaux ;
Brasted Chart, Kent, June 16th, 1914.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society. — September 10th. — Mr. B. H. Smith, B.Sc, President, in
the chair. — Mr. Ashdown exhibited Lepidoptera taken by him in June
and July at Lugano and Zermatt, including CEneis aello, Anthocharis
simplonia, Aricia cumedon, Albulina plierestes, Syntomis phegea, &c. —
Mr. H. Main, larvae of an Acalaphus just hatched, sitting with open
jaws for prey. — Mr. Turner, Agriades thetis male with very dark
under side and a male Polyommatus icarus with much intensified
submarginal dark spots on the under side. — Mr. Edwards, exotic
butterflies from S. America. — Mr. B. S. Williams, a black suffused
Mamestra brassicce, and one with pale ground and aberrant stigmata.
— Mr. Curwen, species of Anthrocera taken by him recently and
suggested a future discussion on the genus.

September 24^/i.— Mr. B. H. Smith, B.Sc, President, in the chair.
— Exhibition of lantern slides by Messrs. B. S. Williams and
Dennis. — Mr. Newman, bred series of Pieris napi from Cork and Sligo,
with yellow suffused and black suffused aberrations, one of the latter
having a complete transverse black band on fore wings. — Mr. Brooks,
varied series of Polyommatus icarus females from Horsley, Headley
and Pickett's Hole. — Reports were made on the occurrence of
G. edusa, P. atalanta, P. cardui, &c. Only stray specimens had been
seen of G. edusa, while the other two species were common. — Hy. J.
Turner, Hon. Beport. Sec.

Obituary. — With very great regret we have to announce the death
of Mr. William Warren, M.A., F.E.S., which occurred on October
18th last, after a short but painful illness. A further notice will
appear in our next issue.

304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee. Fasc. ix. l^'^ efc 2^ Parties.

Rennes. 1914.
The last two published parts of M. Charles Oberthiir's magnificent
series of lepidopterological studies were published before the war
broke out. Turning over the pages, and looking upon the plates by
which they are illustrated, we may venture to hope that the
Imprimerie Oberthiir may find it possible to continue the work which
for the past seven years has added so much to our knowledge of the
lepidoptera of the world in general, and of France and Algeria in par-
ticular. For the author has opened his pages to various nationalities,
having once intimated to the writer of this notice that he wished his
own studies to be supplemented and enlarged by the observations of
lepidopterists of all nations in the Old World and the New alike.
These two parts, indeed, are chiefly concerned with the nearctic
fauna, and in response to the request of American entomologists for
an accurate account and determination of Boisduval's types, we are
the richer by some fifty exquisitely coloured plates of North American
butterflies designed from the originals, and hand-painted by M. J.
Culot, of Geneva, whose work is familiar to students of the western
palaearctic butterflies and moths. M. Oberthiir, therefore, may also
be congratulated upon having secured the assistance of that vara
avis, an entomologist who is a first-rate artist, and an artist who is
a first-rate entomologist. Part 2 further contains a rcs^ime by Dr.
Standfuss, of Zurich, of his breeding experiments with Aglaia tail, L.,
and, by the same author, a deeply interesting notice of morphological
and physiological research in connection with two races of Sphingid
hy