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CONTENTS. 
Wicken Revisited, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc. .. P 1 
Notes on a New Subspecies of Erebia callias, B. C. S. Warren, F. R. E. s. 3 
Brithys erini, Fab., in Britain, H. d. ae PMs AS MEY os BRO Ps 
V.R.E.S. 3 


4 
Nomenclature, The List, Hy. E Turner, F.R.E.S., F. R.A. 8. : 6 
Contrexéville and Locquignol, France, Rev. E. B. Ashby, F.Z.S., F.R.E. s. 7 
British Orthoptera, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. .. 8 
Current Nores 9 


Opituary.—J. C. Haggar ABW. ; G. B. Routledge, J.P., F.R.E.S., 
7 88 68 ee ae a eS ree ae 11 


SPECIAL oS. 


SuppLeMENTs.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. _(353)-(356) 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (41)-(44) 


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gwomrolagise ipl aes 
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JOURNAL OF VARIATION. 


SET td 


AND 


orem VIL. No. 1. January ldru, 1935. 


Wicken Revisited. 


By HORACE DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc. 
(Department of Entomology. British Museum. Natural History.) 


My first visit to Wicken Fen was in July, 1888, and I stayed at 
The “ Lord Nelson ”’ Inn ‘ Five Miles from Anywhere” ‘‘ No Hurry ”’ 
at Upware. It then belonged to the Densons, who also owned the 
Fishing Rights and the erry, etc. The youngest Denson boy was 
told off to show me the way to the Fen, carry the lunch and apparatus, 
etc. His name as far as I could gather was Gaston, and they called 
him “Gas.” I called him “‘ Gaston de Foix,” which seemed to puzzle 
him very much. I remember he had an adversion to water, as when I 
dropped my collecting bottle in one of the dykes, though I offered him 
half-a-crown to get it out, he replied ‘“‘No! Sir, I can’t abear the 
water ”’.! 

Since then I have visited Wicken Fen every year from 1890-1910; 
then from 1928-1925 ; then in 1929; and 1984. From 1923 onwards 
Miss Kirk has accompanied me. From 1893 ] have always stayed at 
Marshalls’, the old Post Office. From 6th to 22nd September, 1934 
Miss Kirk, Miss Irene Kirk, and I, stayed there and enjoyed the 
generous fare, Wicken ducks, etc., and the kind attentions of Mrs. 
Jenkinson and her daughter. The former is a daughter of old Mr. 
Marshall, who is still alive, aged 82, strong and hearty. We went to 
see Mrs. Houghton the widow of the bootmaker so well known 
to Lepidopterists. She is 86, and she showed us with pride some 
drawers of Lepidoptera taken by her late husband. Mrs. Rix, the 
mother of Mr. Wentworth Day the editor of the ‘“ Illustrated Sporting 
and Dramatic News,” came to see us; and the Vicar took us for drives 
in his car, on one occasion to Newmarket, where we called upon Mr. 
J. Collin ; and we also inspected a very interesting goat farm, Wealso 
motored to March to see Mrs. Norman, another of Marshall’s daughters. 
The third daughter, whom | remember as a little girl who used to help 
bring the lunch to the Fen, is married to Mr. Bailey at the Hall, and 
has a numerous family. 


2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1935 


Collecting was not at its best, on account of the drought, but we 
had most beautiful weather the whole fortnight, and secured a large 
number of insects in most Orders. 

I propose to publish the names of all such as have been identified, 
as accurate lists of the fauna of Wicken Fen are being kept. 


CoLEOPTERA. 


Carabidae.—Carabus granulatus, L. W.; Dyschirius globosus, Hbst. 
W.; Bradycellus placidus, Gyll. W.; Amara aulica, Pz. W.; Ancho- 
menus puellus, Dj. B.; Lebia chlorocephala, Hoff. W., several in sedge 
refuse; Demetrias monostigma, Sam. 

Haliplidae.—Haliplus flavicollis, Stm. B., H. ruficollis, De G. B.; 
H. lineatocollis, Marsh, B. 

Dytiscidae.—Agabus sturmi, Gyll. B., A. bipustulatus, L. B.; Rhantus 
grapu, Gyli. B.W. 

Gyrinidae.—Gyrinus natator, Scop. W. 

Staphylinidae.—* Aleochara tristis, Gr. B.; Atheta graminicola, Gr. 
U.; A. nigella, Hr. W.; A. vaga, Heer. U.; A. palustris, Kies. U.; A. 
laticollis, Steph. U.; *A. granigera, Kies. U.; Gnypeta labilis, Kir. U.; 
Tachyusa atra, Gr. U.; Hypocyptus longicornis, Pk. W.; H. discoideus, 
Er. W.; Mycetoporus splendidus, Gr. W.; Heterothops praevia, Kir. W. ; 
Quedius picipes, Man. W.; Lathrobium geminum, Kr.; Stilicus fragilis, 
Gr. W., sparingly in sedge refuse; Stenus ossium, Steph. B.; S. solutus, 
Er. D.W.; Phloeobium clypeatum, Mull. W. 

Silphidae.—Ayathidium atrum, Pk. W.; A. laevigatum, Hr. W.; 
Silpha tristis, Ill. W.; Cholera nigricans, Spence B.W. 

Scydmaenidae.—Eumicrus tarsatus, Mull. W. 

Pselaphidae.—Euplectus sanguineus, Den. W. 

Corylophidae.—Corylophus cassidioides, Marsh. B., abundant in 
sedge refuse. 

Phalacridae.—Phalacrus corruscus, Pk. B.; P. caricis, Stm. W.B. ; 
and ab. * dalabyi, Guiel. W.; Stilbus atomarius, L. B., and S. oblongus, 
Kr. B., abundant in sedge refuse. 

Ooccinellidae.—*Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L. B., common by 
sweeping in one spot; *Scymnus scutellaris, Muls. W. 

Nitidulidae.—*Meligethes lugubris, Stm. B.; *Ips quadripunetata, 
Hbst. W. 

Lathridiidae.— Lathridius lardarius, De G. W.; Corticaria pubescens, 
Gyll. W., abundant in bundles of reeds. 

Cucujidae.— Psammoechus bipunctatus, F. B. 

Cryptophagidae.—Telmatophilus typhae, Fall. B. 

Parnidae.— Parnus luridus, Er. 

Telephoridae.—Anthocomus rufus, Hbst. B.W., very abundant by 
sweeping. 

Bruchidae.—Bruchus atomarius, L. B. 

Chrysomelidae.—Donacia sparganii, Ahr. B., rather late for a Donacia; 
Lema cyanella, L. W.; L. melanopa, L. W.; Crioceris asparagi, L. W ; 
*Chrysomela varians, Schal. B.; *Phaedon tumidulus, Germ. copper 
coloured abs. W.; Galerucella pusilla, Weise. W.; *Adimonia tanaceti, 
L. B., some half-dozen swollen ? ? on Scabious flowers. The larva 
feeds on Scabious; Sermyla halensis, LL. W.; *“Longitarsus suturellus, 
Duft. W., *L. rubiginosa, Faud. W., L. pellucidus, Faud.; Haltica 


NOTES ON A NEW SUBSPECIES OF EREBIA CALLIAS. 3 


lythri, Aub. W. abundant on Lythrus salicariae ; * Phyllotreta undulata, 
Kuts. W.; Apthona lutescens, Gyll. W., abundant sweeping, A. 
nonstriata, Goez. and ab. *aenescens, Weise. W.; Crepidodera transversa. 
Marsh, B.W., C. ferruginea, Scop. B.W.; Psylliodes cuprea, Koch. W. ; 
Cassida vibex, L. B.W., C. nobilis, L. B. 

Anthicidae.—Anthicus antherinus, L. W. in one specimen the elytra 
are all black with the exception of a red spot on each shoulder, this 
appears to be the var “‘d”’ of Gyllenhal, and may be called ireneae n. 
ab. Taken by beating bundles of cut reeds. 

It is best even in the case of vars. and abs. not to use a name 
already in existence for species in the genus and as there are species 
called bipustulata, elegans, and other componds with bi, and in fact any- 
thing that seems suitable, I have named this aberration after Miss 
Irene Kirk who assisted at the capture of the insect. 

Curculionidae.— Apion miniatum, Germ. W., a very brightly coloured 
specimen ; EHrirhinus scirpi, F., B.; Thryogenes festucae, Hbst. B. ; 
Miccotrogus picirostris, F. W.; Ceuthorhynchus litura, F. W., dark ab. 

B. stands for Burwell Fen, W. for Wicken Fen and U. for Upware. 
Those marked with an asterisk are new to Omer-Cooper and Tottenham’s 
list of the Coleoptera in the “« Natural History of Wicken Fen.’ Since 
that list they have themselves added Atheta vaga, Heer. Cassida nobilis, 
L. is queried in that list. 


(To be continued) 


Notes on a new Subspecies of Erebia callias. 
By B. C. 8S. WARREN, F.B.E.S. 


Many years ago the late Dr. Chapman suggested that H. callias and 
E’. tyndarus were probably distinct species; but he did not carry his 
researches far enough to make certain of the fact. For a long time 
past I have been in possession of anatomical data, which proved that 
his suggestion was indeed correct, but in view of the necessity for 
extensive illustration to demonstrate the matter clearly I have left it 
stand over, hoping that sometime it may be possible to get my work on 
the genus published in full. . 

During the summer of 1938, however, when Sheljuzhko was collect- 
ing in the Caucasus, he came on two tyndarus-like insects on Mt. Chati- 
para. I received some of these specimens from Staudinger’s, while 
Sheljuzhko sent me a number of damaged specimens for further 
anatomical examination. The result of this examination enables me 
to record the very interesting fact that on this mountain there fly races 
of both tyndarus and callias in such close proximity that they actually 
intermingle on occasions. This remarkable proof of the specific stand- 
ing of these two insects seems worthy of recording without further 
delay ; it also confirms the value of my anatomical data i# a manner 
which few entomologists would have anticipated. 

Of the two insects captured by Sheljuzhko, that referable to tyndarus 
was the ssp. graucasica, Jachontov, which is a very striking race, by far 
the largest known race of the species; it often attains a size equal to 
some of the smaller races of ottomana. Anatomically it is also a clearly 
defined race, most nearly related to the ssp. dromulus, Stg. and ssp. 
murina, Rev. 


4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.19385 


The second, as already stated, was a race of callias, most nearly 
connected—as is natural considering the habitat—to the ssp. iranica 
of the latter. This race has so far remained unrecognised, and I am 
glad to have the permission of its discoverer to name it after him. 


E. callias ssp. sheljuzhkoi ssp. nov. 

In size and shape of wings, this subspecies resembles the Persian 
ssp. iranica very closely, both sharing the very remarkable tyndarus-like 
characteristic, that the third spot from the anal angle on the upperside 
of the hindwings is of the same size as the first and second and in line 
with these; rather than being decidedly larger and set further in on 
the wings as in other callias races. Further, like tranica, two small 
extra spots are often present on the forewings below the apical ones ; 
though they are as often wanting. The chief characteristics which 
distinguish sheljuzhkoi from iranica are that the bands on upperside 
are broader than in the latter; slightly on the forewing but very 
markedly on the hindwing, where a continuous band is present in place 
of the small separated spots in iranica ; and the underside of the hind- 
wing, where the nervures are clearly outlined in pale yellowish-white 
in irvanica but practically invisible in sheljuzhkoi, only a few 9s show- 
ing traces of them on the outer margin of the wing. From tyndarus 
ssp. dromulus, sheljuzhkot is distinguished by the more pointed and 
angular forewings; the frequent absence of the sub-apical spots* on the 
forewings; the broader bands on the upperside of the hindwings, and 
the more sharply marked underside of the latter, where the antemarginal 
band contrasts very markedly with the remaining area of the wing, 
more as in tranica. 

I have not seen a sufficient number of dromulus to be sure of the 
variation natural to it, but it seems probable that in some cases speci- 
mens might be close enough to sheljuzhkoi to make identification difficult. 
The genitalia, however, can always be relied on to distinguish the two 
very obviously, dromuldus being closely related to the ssp. murina and 
ssp. carmenta of tyndarus. 

For the reasons already given I do not now include any description 
of the genitalia of this new race. Sheljuzhko at the time of colleeting 
thought it was confined to higher levels on Chatipara than tyndarus 
ssp. grancasica; giving the heights of 2,200-2,400m. for the latter, and 
2,400-2,800m. for sheljuzhkoi. Further examination of his material, 
however, shows that yraucasica at times rises to 2,700m., thus proving 
that the two mingle, for the flight period of both practically coincides, 
though the higher-flying sheljuzhkot appears earlier than graucasica at 
lower levels, on the whole. The types of sheljuzhkoi are in the collec- 
tion of the writer. 


* i.e., the spots below the usual apical pair. 


Brithys crini, Fab., in Britain. 
By E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.B.C.P., F.B.E.S. 

The brief note on the occurrence of 6. crini for the first time in 
this country, which appeared in this periodical (1984, 46, 181-2) is 
misleading in some respects. An accurate and fuller account is given 
in the Proc. Roy. Ent, Soc. 1984, 51. In October, 1988, Mr. J. A. C. 
Greenwood found 24 larvae feeding on the leaves of Zephyranthes 


BRITHYS CRINI, FAB.,.IN BRITAIN. 5 


candida in a walled-in garden near the Curator’s house in Kew Gardens 
and two others were found subsequently by one of the staff. Imagines 
from pupae kept at Kew in a glasshouse emerged on 27th and 28th 
March, but the two females which paired laid infertile eggs. From 
pupae kept cool imagines emerged from June 10th onwards, and 
batches of fertile eggs were laid. The eggs, of typical noctuid form, 
are orange without markings, and are laid in large batches, each egg 
spaced equidistantly from its neighbours in a similar way to those of 
Miltochrista miniata. 

Mr. Greenwood kindly gave me a batch and the larvae, which 
hatched on 28th June immediately bored through the cuticle and dis- 
appeared into the soft tissue of one of the long fleshy leaves of 
Zephyranthes. After they had hollowed out the whole interior they 
reappeared and ate their way into another, collecting together in 
numbers to change skin. I lost the majority of my larvae at about 
the third instar, but Mr. Greenwood had much greater success by 
giving the larvae Narcissus bulbs. Following his advice I gave my 
surviving larvae bulbs of Zephyranthes with the leaves cut down to 
about three inches. The larvae bored into the leaves and made their 
way down to the bulbs, which they hollowed out completely. They 
grew rather slowly and the first was full-grown and went into the 
earth to pupate on 14th August, but on 22nd August the smallest was 
still in the last instar but two, when it died. Several were pupating, 
when I left Scotland at the end of the month, and died owing to dis- 
turbance on the journey. I bred two males and five females between 
20th and 27th September, the two males emerging last, and two are 
remaining in the pupal stage for the winter. 

Mr. Greenwood’s larvae were full-fed at the end of July and 
remained only a fortnight in the pupal stage, and he bred about fifty 
moths. He kindly gave me his last half dozen larvae and as they were 
pupating when I left home went to Scotland I left them at home and 
found on my return that they had emerged and were spoilt. The 
handsome larva is black and white with orange ground colour on the 
last abdominal somite and on the prolegs, and the head is also orange 
with a black spot on each lobe. There is a good figure in Spuler 

Nachtrag, Taf. 3. fig. 3. 
My larvae ate bulbs of snowdrop, Galanthus nivalis, as well as Zephy- 
ranus, but refused to touch bulbs of Bluebell, Setlla nutans, and roots 
of Solomon-seal, Polygonatum. Apparently they choose Amaryllidaceae 
rather than Liliaceae. 

According to Mr. Tams, Brithys pancratii, from the South of France 
is specifically indentical with B. crini from India, Ceylon, and Java. 
Zephyranthes candida has been established and used as a border in Kew 
Gardens for many years and as it is an Argentine species the insect 
cannot have been introduced with bulbs of this plant. No other 
Amaryllid has been planted in the walled-in garden for the last two 
years, so that a moth from some other part of the Gardens or an 
immigrant must have laid the eggs, which produced the larvae found 
by Mr. Greenwood. Sir Arthur Hill says that no larvae were found 
in 1934. 

No moth has ever been taken in this country and the species is not 
known to be migratory on the continent. On the other hand if young 
larvae were introduced in the gregarious stage the bulb containing them 


6 ENTOMOLOGISIT'S RECORD. 15.1.1935 


must have been imported at an unusual time of year and not during 
the quiescent period in late autumn, if it came from a temperate climate. 
In a tropical climate the insect is continuously brooded and a bulb 
collected at almost any time of year might contain young larvae. 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 
(Continued from Vol. XLVI. page 131.) 


Zephyrus, Dalm. betulae, L., becomes Thecla, Fb. betulae, L. 

Zephyrus, Dalm. quercus, L. becomes Thecla, Fb. quercus, L. 

Zephyrus, Dalm. type betulae (1816) could not stand against Thecla, 
Fab. (1807). 

Tutt in his Brit. Lep. VILL (=B. Butt. 1.) 298 et seq. went very 
thoroughly into the synonymy of the hairstreaks and pointed out that 
Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linné. 1781, had given betulae as a species typical of 
the genus Ruralis, p. 178, which genus had been described on p. 168 
(adequately for the time) under the section ‘‘Plebeians” as “ whose 
larva is often contracted ” and the imago “ with darkish spots on their 
wings.” This is the loose translation of Sys. Nat. 1767 ‘‘alis maculis 
obseurioribus.” 

Ruralis(es) was used by Linnaeus as a seetion of his genus Plebetus 
(see above) and Barbut was the first to select a British species which 
he considered typical of it and that was the species betulae. But 
Barbut’s action has been ignored and his work generally decried. 

I have looked carefully into Barbut’s book and am more convinced 
than ever that our modern conception of a genus does not coincide 
with the modern use of the word ‘‘ genus” in many books even up to 
the time of Htibner. Our modern conception was being gradually 
evolved and that we are justified in considering the prior generic name 
to be that which is first used in a classificatory sense immediately before 
the species name. On p. 74 Barbut speaking of the genus Dytiscus says 
it ‘is divided into two families.” Similarly with Carabus, “2 families ”’ ; 
Tenebrio ‘‘ 2 families”’; Buprestis ‘3 families,’ etc. There is a vast — 
number of binomial names throughout the book, e.g., Vespa crabro, 
Chrysis ignita, Ichneumon luteus, Sirea: gigas, Ephemera vulgata, Tortria 
prasinana, Cimea lectularius, etc., etc. It was an age when locusts, 
crickets, cockroaches, etc., were Hemiptera with Notonecta, ete. 

To be exact, Barbut puts “ P(apilio), P(lebeius), Ruralis Betulae”’ 
and is the first to use Ruralis as a genus name. Linnaeus put the 
name as P(apilio), P(lebeius) Betulae, calling Plebetus a “ phalanx ”’ 
name (i.e. in the sense of genus). 

Bethune-Baker in his ‘‘ Synonymic Notes on the Ruralidae,’ Ent. 
Record XXY. (1913) p. 188, etc., points out that Ruralis should be 
used as the generic name for betulae and quercus and all allied species 
“ including the beautiful Eastern green species classed as Zephyrus by 
de Nicéville, Leech and other authors,”’ and he subsequently gave me 
the following list of typical species bis investigation led him to place in 
the genus Ruralis, viz. betulae, quercus, smaragdina, brillantina, taaila, 
butleri, enthea, attilia, orientalis, sophirina, quercivora, lutea, saepistriata, 
michaelis, raphaelis, jonasi and betulina. Of course there are other 


CONTREXEVILLE AND LOCQUIGNOL, FRANCE. G 


species allied to these, which will be found to be in the Ruralis group. 
It is shown in the above notes that Bithys which Tutt used for quercus 
is impossible as quercus was not in the original list of Bithys apace: 
This magazine has used Ruralis betulae for a long period. 


(To be continued.) 


Coutrexéville, Vosges, France, in June, 1934, and 
Locquignol, Forest of Mormale, France, in July, 1934. 


By Rev. HE. B. ASHBY, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


Leaving London at 11.0 p.m. on the night of 7th June I reached 
Coutrexéville Station via Folkestone, Dunkirk, and Nancy, at 5.30 
p-m. on the 8th. I had never visited this part of France before, and I 
had heard that Coutrexéville was rather addicted to rain, but my fore- 
bodings were soon dissipated by the spell of splendidly fine weather, 
which lasted until the 19th when there was a temporary break of 
thundery weather. I stayed at the Hotel de l’Htablissement in the 
centre of this fashionable spa on the river Vair. The altitude of 
Contrexéville is 1,155 ft., and its winter population of about 800 
people swells to about 2000 during the season, which lasts from. 20th 
May to 20th Sept. Apparently hardly, any English naturalists, and, 
according to Monsieur Léon Lhomme, possibly very few French 
entomologists have been known to visit Contrexéville, although some 
of our British entomologists have in previous years visited the Vosges 
mountains further east. 

I found the Hotel de l’Etablissement very excellent in every way ; 
it adjoins the beautiful Park and there are numerous other hotels, 
several of which are only opened during the season. 

During my first week I collected on the road leading to the pretty 
Lac de la Folie and around it, and also on a profitable strip of waste 
land to the right of the short road, which leads to the lake, after leaving 
the main road. I also found a wide ride in a large wood a little 
distance behind and to the left of the ‘‘ Cosmos ”’ Hotel, very productive. 
The road to it passes to the left of the ‘‘ Cosmos” Hotel, behind the 
railway line, and shortly afterwards a short avenue of trees on both 
sides of the road is passed. The ride in question then opens out ina 
wood almost immediately on the right of the road; many small paths 
run out from this long ride, which are laid out as walks, with direction 
posts and a number of seats. Towards the end of June I made my 
way out to the Ferme des Evéques, about two miles from the village of 
Contrexéville. The best way is to follow the track indicated towards 
one end of the above mentioned wide ride. There is another way by 
road, but I found it unproductive and it is rather longer. Lunch or 
tea can be served in the above mentioned ‘‘ Bishop’s”’ Farm. i had 
lunch there once but found it frightfully dear. Apaturids are abundant 
in the courtyard of the Farm, especially in the morning following a 
previous day’s heavy rain, when they and other species are numerous 
and settled on the damp courtyard and are easy to take. Apaturids 
are also numerous on the way to the Lac de la Folie and around it. 
Dragonflies swarm by the lakeside. There were several species, but I 
was ‘obliged to leave them on account of setting accommodation. 

I found a few imagines of Coenonywpha hero, the ‘ Silver Ringlet,”’ 


8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.19385 


in two sections of the above mentioned long ride, but they were quite 
passés, and I should imagine that 25th May would be a good average 
date to capture this insect at its best. Above the Ferme des Hvéques, 
on the Contrexéville side, approaching it through the woods, is a long 
pasture with a few small mounds in it. The top of this pasture along 
by an old wire strand, is an excellent collecting ground for Lycaena 
arion and Coenonympha iphis towards the end of June. 

I did not visit any other districts of the Vosges Dept., as the auto- 
buses do not commence to run until the beginning of July, when I 
left Contrexéville. There is, however, a daily bus in June which runs 
to the village and Forét de Darney. This is a large Forest not far 
from Contrexéville, and I should advise any entomologist who follows 
me and can spare the time, to try it. There is a bus on the return 
journey, which gets you back in time for dinner. 

The following insects were captured by me at Contrexéville from 
9th June until 29th June inclusive. I left the place for Locquignol 
early on 2nd July. The weather generally at Contrexéville was very 
fine and hot, thunder rain occurring on three days only. 


Raopatocera :—Aporia crataegi, L.; Pieris napi, L.; Pieris rapae, 
L.; Pieris brassicae, L.; Euchloé cardamines, L.; Leucophasia sinapis ; 
Colias hyale, L.; Gonepterya rhamni, L. (nybernated specimens) ; Callo- 
phrys (Thecla) rubi, ., worn; Thecla ilicis, K.; Chrysophanus hippothoé, 
L. and E.=eurydice, Rott.=chryseis, Hb. and Godt., one 2 only; 
Rumicia phlaeas, L. ; Polyommatus icarus, Rott.; Plebeius aegon, Schiff. ; . 
L. arion, L.; Hamearis lucina, L., worn; Apaturo tris, L., and ab. tole, 
Schiff. ; Apatura ilia, Hb., and ab. clytie, Hb.; Limenitis populi, L.; 
Limenitis camilla, L., 1764; Polygonia c-album, L.; Hugonia poly- 
chloros, i. ; Aglais urticae, L.; Pyrametisatalanta, L.; Melitaea aurinia, 
Rott.; Melitaea maturna, L.; M. didyma, O.; Melitaea aurelia, Nick. ; 
Melitaea athalia, Rott.; Argynnis paphia, L.; Argynnis aglaia, L. ; 
Brenthis euphrosyne, L.; B. selene, Schiff.; B. dia, L.; B.ino, H.; Melan- 
argia galathea, L.; Pararge aegeria, L., var. egerides, Stgr.; Pararge achine, 
Se. ; Aphantopus hyperantus, L.; EL. jurtina, L.; Coenonympha hero, L., 
quite worn. First found about 14th June in the wide ride in two places. 
Coenonympha iphis, Schiff. ; Coenonympha pamphilus, Li. ; Coenonympha 
arcania, L.; Adopoea flava, Briin. (linea); Augiades sylvanus, Esp.= 
venata, Br. and Gry. I also observed one or two specimens of Papilio 
machaon, L. not in very good condition, and a specimen of Hrebia 
medusa, Hb. almost in rags. This list does not exhaust the complete 
list of Rhopalocera of Contrexéville, even for June. 


(To be continued.) 


British Orthoptera. 


With a view to preparing a new handbook on our British Orthoptera, 
information is badly needed on the following points (1) the status of the 
Field-Cricket in this country ; (adult in early summer): (2) where do 
the Mole- and Wood-Crickets occur outside Hampshire? (8) does the 
genuine Acrydium bipunctatwm occur here, or should all records be 
referred to A. kiefferi? (4) Does Stawroderus vagans occur here? (5) 
Does Phaneroptera falcata really occur in Cornwall? There are two 


BeOT | Ai CURRENT NOTES... .. ‘D 


records, but no specimens ; I see no reason. why this handsome, insect. 
should not be there, (6) northerly range of our Decticids, (7) Orthoptera, 
of Ireland, Wales, and above all, Scotland, where there are scarcely. 
any records, and boreal forms may be expected. (8) does Apterygida: 
albipennis occur away from hop gardens? (9) is Labidura, riparia 
confined to. Boscombe ?—Maricoznm Burr, United University. Club, Pall 
Mall Hast, S.W.1. | a tee tents 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 

All entomologists will unite with us in according the heartiest of 
congratulations to Sir E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., on the official recogni- 
tion of his long tenure of Professorship at Oxford University by the: 
bestowal of a Knighthood. Known throughout the world for his active 
exposition of modern thoughts on natural science, he has long been 
worthy of honour, and we all wish that he may enjoy the freedom of 
his retirment for years to come. . 

Four personal separates have just reached us. (1) From C. 
Nicholson, giving an account of the attractiveness of the Asclepiad, 
Araujia sericifera in his garden at Tresillian, Cornwall, detailing and 
figuring the method of abstraction of the ‘“‘ sweets” by the visitors. 
(2) Dr. Zerny, a paper describing the new lepidopterous forms met 
with by himself in his holiday in Morocco in 1988, with 3 plates. 
(8) Notes on two species of Erebia by F. v. d. Goltz, one on the 
benacensis race or subspecies of /. tyndarus and the other on the. race. 
or subspecies sajanensis of I. sedakovti. (4) From Dr. M. Draudt, 
«A Revision of some of the groups of the genus Dianthoecia,” consisting 
of a series of articles published in the Hnt. Rundschav during the past. 
year, the detailed work undertaken by the author in preparation for his. 
summary in the Supplement to Seitz. It is illustrated by 85 text 
figures and 2 plates, and is an admirable example of how such revision 
work should be done. Prof. Draudt divides the included species into. 
seven groups. 1. The lepida (=carpophaya) silences Grp. 2. The 
filigramma Grp. 8. The luteocincta Grp. 4. The nana Grp. 5. The 
tephroleuca Grp. 6. The pumila Grp. 7. The luteayo Grp. British 
entomologists are interested in at least three of these groups and it is 
not unlikely that new forms may be found here. The investigations. 
carried on by workers in Grp. 71n the nt. ecord are duly summarized. 
and acknowledged in the text. 

The ‘‘fairy tales”’ told by current newspapers on anything relating 
to natural history are usually astounding in their ignorance. In one 
lying before us a caterpillar is described as a ‘‘ strange reptile” like a. 
‘baby prehistoric monster.” ‘‘It has two heads one of which seems. 
to fit in the other like a cork in a bottle.” ‘It has six eyes.” ‘ There is. 
a nasty looking spike which now and again rears up from the top of 
the tail.’ ‘The reptile is hairless.” ‘It is very ferocious looking 
and resents being interfered with.’”’ ‘‘ Cabbage leaves, broken biscuits, 
apples, turf, etc. have been placed in the box but the reptile does not 
appear to have toucbed any of thein.” It was discovered in the clay 
hole 100 feet below the surface at Longford Brickworks, according to a 
local paper. A letter correcting such nonsense in a mild way was 
editorially turned down. 


10 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. | 15.1.19385 


The Report of the Eton College N.H.Socy., always. contains an 
interesting account of the year’s doings of its members both at home 
and in the field. About seventy species of Macro-lepidoptera, additional 
to previous species recorded have been added to the local list. An 
article is included written by one of the members ‘“‘ Notes on the Lepi- 
doptera for the Season 1988,” in which the writer records Apatura 
gris for Sussex, Colias croceus for Perthshire, Aporia crataegt for the 
West of England, Hylotcus pinastri from Dorset, Nonagria sparyanii 
and N. geminipuncta from Romney and Leucania vitellina from Dorset. 
Special field meetings were held at the Frensham Ponds, Swinley 
Woods, etc. and lectures were given in the winter season. 

My attention has been called, by a valued correspondent, to the 
Report, in a Bournemouth paper, of the Annual Meeting of the New 
Forest Association, and also to the recently published Report of the 
Association itself. It is surprising that men of education and supposed 
intelligence should lend themselves to make such erroneous, misleading 
and scare statements as those published in the two records mentioned 
above. The Report says, ‘“‘ The attention of the Council has frequently 
been called to the increasing scarcity of butterflies and moths in the 
Forest,’ and without inquiring for scientific reasons for such alleged 
scarcity, such as extensive fires, the afforestry action in introducing fir 
trees, the successive dry seasons, the less amount of undergrowth 
present of late years, etc., it goes on to say “caused undoubtedly by 
their wanton destruction by over zealous Entomologists.”’ A gross 
assumption without any basis whatever. One would think the Forest 
was ‘“‘ peppered’ with butterfly catchers. Not half those few collectors 
seen care a jot about butterflies, but are seeking beetles, flies, and 
insects of other Orders, mostly destructive to forest products. No 
details, upon which the random statements are made, are given in the 
Report itself but at the meeting one of the speakers let himself go and 
we get one or two facts(!!) ‘‘At one time the very rare “ Painted 
Lady ’”’ was quite common in Roe Wood,” he said. This is a very 
excellent example of the ignorance upon which these assumptions are 
based. This species is an annual immigrant and may be absent, rare, 
or plentiful according to climatal circumstances whose detailed influ- 
ences we have not yet fully explored. The larvae feed upon thistles 
mainly, which of course these visitors sedulously seek. May it be 
suggested, that the local scarcity so averred is partially the result of 
the annual destruction of these weeds by urgent command of the 
Ministry of Agriculture? References were made to the “ Purple 
Emperor” always a rare species and extremely local, and from its 
habits of seeking the highest placed oaks most difficult to capture. It 
can well take care of itself. ‘he growth of pines in place of oaks, and 
the increasing scarcity of the association of oak and sallow in the 
Forest, may be a factor in its supposed absence as well as changed 
climatal circumstances. No doubt the whole Forest, since the advent 
of the motor-car, has far less secluded spots than of old, and very few 
portions but are increasingly visited by humans all summer long. 
However, since Mr. Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., F.R.E.S., will now repre- 
sent the Royal Entomological Society on the Forest Association, it 
may be assumed that no such random statements will be made in the 
future with consequent scare headlines in the local press.—Hy. J. 
- TuRNER. . 


OBITUARY. 1M 


@ BITUARY. 


J. C. Haggart. 


_ James Crerar Haggart died on the 30th May, 1934, at Glasgow, 
aged 60 years. 

Haggart was a regular contributor to the magazines, reporting 
¢aptures in South West Scotland, and particularly in his favourite 
locality of Garelochhead in Dumbartonshire. His notes reveal the 
habit of close and critical observation, the results of which were always 
so readily at the disposal of his friends. In Entom. LXIV. he reports 
Dysstroma truncata as double-brooded in Scotland, and in the same 
volume he describes the life history of Aporophyla nigra, as observed 
by him in breeding this insect from the egg, a feat which he was the 
first to record. 

In Hint. Rec. XLV. 180, he recorded the capture of extraordinary, 
black specimens of Monima (Taeniocampa) pulverulenta, a form which 
was named ab. haygarti by Tutt (ib. 183) and which occurred in two 
successive years on the same sallow bush at Galashiels. 

He also investigated the remarkable light form of Boarmia 
rhomboidaria, which occurs on the Ayrshire coast, and which he recog- 
nised as new when the first specimens were taken some years ago by 
his son, Mr. G. D. Hagegart, who is carrying on his father’s work and 
collections. 

A wide circle of entomological friends will find a gap in their 
correspondence with the passing of this keen and careful worker, 
whose untimely death is a very real loss to science.—H.B.W. 


George Bell Routledge, J.P., F.R.E.S. 


This well-known Cumbrian entomologist passed away on 19th 
December, 1934, a few days after his 70th birthday. Never a very 
robust man, he had been in failing health for several years and his 
death was not unexpected. 

Up to the last, however, he maintained his interests in Entomology 
and so recently as 22nd November, attended a meeting of the Carlisle 
Natural History Society to give a lantern lecture on “ Insect Life,” in 
the course of which he referred to his varied experiences over a period 
of well over half a century. Attracted to the study of Entomology 
through the influence of his mother, whom the writer remembers as a 
collector of much enthusiasm, he devoted a considerable part of his 
abundant leisure to the study and collection of Insects of all Orders 
with, however, a preference for the Lepidoptera. His early years were 
spent in London where he lived in Russell Square near the British 
Museum. He became acquainted with many of the members of the 
South London Entomological and Natural History Society—Farn, 
Barrett, South, Tutt and Step, as well as others happily still with us. 
He joined this Society in 1887 and would therefoze be among the oldest 
members. To the Entomological Society of London he was elected in 
1890 and was also a member of other Societies in the Londonarea. In 
the affairs of these he took the keenest interest even though for many 
years he was unable to attend their meetings, but the perusal of their 
Transactions was always a pleasure to him. 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1985 


His father was George Routledge, a Cumbrian native, and the 
founder of the well known publishing house- of George Routledge & 
Sons. After a brief period in a printing business in Edinburgh, the 
subject of this notice returned to Cumberland and eventually settled 
down at Tarn Lodge, a charmingly situated country house under the 
shadow of the Pennines about 10 miles east of Carlisle. Here for about 
40 years he worked assiduously at the insect fauna of his immediate 
neighbourhood, a most productive aréa of woodland, meadow and moss- 
land, a good deal of which was his own property. 

It was always a delight to him to welcome a brother collector on 
his estate and to join in the investigation of its fauna. 

While working hard himself in his own intensive way, he kept 
himself fully informed of the work of others further afield in the county 
and also extracted all references and records of Cumberland insects in 
magazines and other literature for nearly a hundred years back. When 
he joined the recently-formed Carlisle Natural History Society in 1897 
he entered with zeal into its project of publishing lists and data of the 
various Orders of Insects found in Cumberland, and himself undertook 
the Lepidoptera. This appeared in due course in the various volumes 
of Transactions the Society has published and deals in all with 1086 
species, a remarkably good total for a northern county. 

He also published in the same medium lists and notes on the 
Orthoptera and the Aculeata Hymenoptera of Cumberland, while with 
the Trichoptera, Neuroptera, etc., he extended his area and included 
Westmorland and North Lancashire. 

These lists are monuments to his industry but in addition he did 
much work at the Coleoptera and Hemiptera which he placed at the 
disposal of the writer and which has been duly put on record. He has 
left records and notes on Diptera and Sawflies which it is hoped will 
eventually be made use of by the Society. 

Apart from his work in the Society’s Transactions, Routledge pub- 
lished very little—a few odd notes in the Ent. Record and the 
Entomologist being all I am aware of. Of a most modest and 
unassuming disposition he preferred to work quietly in his own way, 
content to leave to others the editing of his notes for printing. 

To the Carlisle Natural History Society he was ever a good friend 
and did much to establish it upon its present sound foundation. He 
seldom missed a meeting for many years, although before the present 
facilities for travel made things easier, it meant to him a 3 mile walk 
out and home to his nearest station ta get a train in and out of Carlisle. 
Although he left no wishes regarding the disposition of his collections 
and extensive library, by arrangement with his sister, it is expected that 
these will pass into the custody of the Museum at Carlisle. He had 
been a co-opted member of the Museum Committee for a number a 
years and took a deep interest in its work. 

The loss of a man of his modest and lovable temperament is a 
severe one to local naturalists, but his memory will always be revered, 
especially by those who had worked with him side by side in the field, 
and in the study, and who knew him best.—F.H.D. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. ‘Vornern, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

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EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge, hey should 
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Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Destderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlesitone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* durago,”’ 
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Kingston Surrey. 

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Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.— Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. juscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. 4. 
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Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
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Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates.—Weli set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae: please send list of species cbtainable.—A. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 

CHANGE or AppREss.—Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., to Stanford-le-Hope, Essex : 
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CONTENTS. 

Wicken Revisited, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc... .. Zi 13 
Studies in the Biology of P. rapae, III, Orazio Querci (Plate I.) .. -. 14 
- UL. l-album,L.,G.W.Wynn. .. = 14 
Barly Stages of Indian Lepidoptera, D. ve Soopaippale: F. R. E. Sx a 18 
Lepidoptera at Jaca, Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., F.R. E.S. by SS 19 
2 - Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, FRE. S., FRA. Ss. 20 
_ NovEs on ene :—Broods of P. napi in the Bhone Valley, ‘Rev. G. 

4, Wheeler, M.A.: Time of Occurrence of Larvae and Imagines of P, 
carphodactylus, Wm. Fassnidge, M.d.: An unrecorded ab. of P. aegon, 
9g Rev. T. G. Edwards, M.A., F.Z.S.: Hibernation of P. atalanta, (T. 
> _ Greer): Late February and Early March: Britlsh Orthoptera, J. C. F. 
a Fryer, F.R.E.S.: A newly discovered Tinea species: Late appearance 
=< of P. gamma and C. siterata; Unusual Foodplanis selected by Arctia 
= caja, Capt. C. Q. Parsons: Notes from Shoreham, Sussex, L. H. 
Bonaparte-Wise : Eee: Seve e of Wandsworth, Major 

.. C. Dick. = ~ a ee Se 21 

Current Nores .. 5 ae a oP ze o 26 

_ Opsrrvary.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, Hee. oe 28 


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Entomologist’s Record. Photo. O. Queret. 


Biotocy or Pieris RAPAE. 


WICKEN REVISITED. 18 


Wicken Revisited. 


By HORACE DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. 
(Department of Entomology. British Museum. Natural History.) 


(Continued from p. 3.) 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


The Lepidoptera noted were the Peacock, Vanessa io, the Red 
Admiral, Pyrameis atalanta, and the small Tortoiseshell, Aglais wrticae, 
in some numbers in the Fen. In the village of Wicken the Red 
Underwing, Catocala nupta, was seen flying about and settling on the 
walls of a cottage in the sun and the Humming Bird Hawk Moth, 
Macroylossum steilatarum was hovering about the flowers in a garden. 
A moth that seemed rather common in the Fen was Lygris pyraliata, 
and a ‘“‘ Plume’”’ was noticed several times. 


Dretera. 


A few small flies were taken in sedge refuse including Madiza 
glabra, Fl., Discomyza incurva, F1., of which there are only 2 examples 
in the British Collection at the Museum, and Tachista arroyans, L. 
Several of the little short winged fly [lachiptera brevipennis, Mg., were 
beaten out of bundles of reeds. 


NEUROPTERA. 


The best capture of the trip consisted of a specimen of the very 
rare Psectra diptera, Burm., family, Hemerobiidae, which was taken in 
sedge refuse in Wicken Fen. It has only been recorded from three 
localities previously in Britain; one specimen was taken by Dale at 
Langport, Somerset ; two near Wexford, Ireland (Halbert); and one 
in Dumfries (McGowan). ‘There was no specimen in the British 
Museum collections, either British or General. 


Hemietera (HETEROPTERA). 


Pentatonidae,—Hurygaster testudinaria, Geoff. 8 examples. This 
bug has not been recorded for Wicken Fen before, though Bedwell 
has taken it there. I took it in Wicken Fen 19th Sept., 1909, 11th 
Sept., 1923, and seven specimens Sept. 1934. One specimen in 
Burwell Fen, Sept. 19384. ‘The other species, H. maura, with which it 
was confused, I took at Otford in Sept. 1922. Picromerus bidens, L. 
lex. Podops inuncta, F. 8 ex. Aelia acuminata, L. 2 ex. 

Coreidae.—Myrmus miriformis, Fall. 1 ex. 

Lygaeidae.—Heterogaster urticae, F. 15 ex., abundant in bundles 
of cut reeds. Styynocoris rusticus, Fall. 11 ex. 8S. pedestris, Fall. 6 ex. 
Peritrechus geniculatus, Hhn. 4 ex. Drymus brunneus, Sablb. 10 ex. 
D. sylvaticus, ¥. 3 ex., and var. ryet, D. & S. 1 ex. Scolopstethus 
affinis, Schill. 9 ex. Pamera fracticollis, Schill. 1 ex. 

Tingitidae.-—Monanthia ampliata, H.S. lex. M. huwnuli, F. 1 ex. 
Acalypta parvula, Fall. 2 ex. 

Anthocoridae.—Triphleps majuscula, Reut. 4 ex. 

Oapsidae.—Calocoris ticitnensis, Mey. 4ex.  Lygus kalmi, L. 2 ex. 
L. campestris, L. 2 ex. 1. pratensis, L. 1 ex. Phytocoris varipes, Boh. 
lex. Stenodema calcaratum, Fall. 1 ex. Notostira erratica, L. 1 ex. 


14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1985 


Cyrtorrhinus geminus, Flor. 3 ex. (uncommon and new to the Wicken 
List). Until recently only a very few specimens had been taken in 
Britain, one at Broxborne, Herts (Butler), several in Delamere Forest 
(Edwards) and one without locality, probably Surrey (Capron). Last 
year Dalby took it at Madely, Staffs. 

fieduvridae.— Empicoris culiciformis, DeG. Four specimens of this 
delicate “ gnat-like ” bug were taken by beating bundles of cut reeds. 

Nabidae.—Nabis major, Costa, 3 ex. WN. flavomarginatus, Schlitz. 
8ex. WN. limbatus, Dhlb. 2 ex. N. lineatus, Dhlb. 1 ex. 

Notonceridac Serna glauca, Li. 2 ex. 

Corixtdae.—Cortaa geoffroyt, Leach, 5 ex. C. sahlbergi, Fieb. 3 ex. 
C. linnaet, Fieb. 3 ex. C. limitata, Fieb. 1 ex. new to the Wicken List. 
C. fossarum, Leach, 3 ex. 


(To be continued) 


An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae. III. 
By ORAZIO QUERCI. 


In the E'ntomologist’s Record, XLIV. pp. 168-176 (19382), and XLV. 
pp. 65-70 (1933), I gave particulars of a research made at Philadelphia, 
Pa., where my wife and I collected adults and reared larvae of Pieris 
rapae for the whole season of 1982. In those papers I gave only a 
summary account of the life-history of that species; however the 
matter is complex, and | believe that the best manner to make it clear 
is to explain, day by day, by means of annotated graphs, what, 
probably, happened in the meadow of the Park Way of Philadelphia, 
which was our collecting field. The following graphs have been inade 
with the support of the notes which J took daily, and of the large 
series of Pieris rapae, which I possess, and which have been useful to 
solve some doubts by looking over the specimens. 

The data concerning the climate are those of the Monthly Meteoro- 
logical Summary of the Weather Bureau of Philadelphia. Some of those 
data are represented by the graph on the Plate, (Plt. L.) 

Since we have returned to Kurope, we have continued the study of 
the insect life in Portugal, Spain and Morocco, where Pieris rapae 
develops in a very different manner from that at Philadelphia,* as I 
shall relate in a further paper. 

Now, we are going to Macedonia, and if anybody wishes some more 
detailed news about what I have written in this paper, my address is: 
O. Querci, 8, Lysimaxoy, Salonika, Greece. 


Tangier, 6th January, 1935. 


* At Philadelphia the whole life-cycle never was shorter than 18 days nor 
longer than 28. At Tangier we have reared thousands of larvae of Pieris rapae 
and the whole life-cycle never was shorter in summer than 28 days. 


(To be continued.) 


Leucania l-album, Linn. 
By G. W. WYNN. 


In September, 1933, I captured at sugar on the South Devon Coast, 
three specimens of this rare species (a J and 2 @? 9). 


I secured about 50 ova from one 9, and with the exception of six, 


LEUCANIA L-ALBUM, LINN. 15 


which were infertile, all had hatched by 18th October, 16. days after 
the ova were first noticed. 

The entire eggshell was eaten by the young larva. 

I made no attempt to force the larvae, my object being to gain, if 
possible, some knowledge of their natural development, and with this 
end in view I placed them in small glass-topped tin boxes, each box 
containing not more than 3 larvae. Small pieces of well dried stems 
of Arundo phragmites were provided for shelter. 

I was thereby enabled to keep a daily watch on these small individual 
sroups. 

They were kept in a cool room, the night temperature occasionally 
falling to 45°F. I numbered the boxes and kept individual records. 
About half the larvae never left their shelter and I subsequently found 
they had died. A few escaped. 

Of the others, [ noticed individuals feeding at intervals throughout 
November. I gave them tender shoots of Poa annua, of which I had 
a supply under glass as an emergency measure. 

When newly hatched they are gregarious, usually concealing them- 
selves in the curled tip of a blade, feeding on the cuticle in a straight 
line. Later, they forsook their retreat and fed at night on the edge of 
a blade. When disturbed they curled in a ring and hung suspended 
by a thread if they fell. 

The early part of December was very cold, day temperature 
generally being about 88°, falling at night to 86°. I noticed certain 
larvae feeding, but never more than three at a time. 

On the 20th it became much warmer and during the next few days 
they beame more active, the number feeding simultaneously varying 
from 6 to 11. 

‘They continued to feed from this time in small numbers up till the 
wniddle of February, although the weather was frequently very cold. 
From the 16th to the 20th of that month there was a sharp night 
frost which seemed to prove fatal to a large number. 

More frost early in March no doubt accounted for more casualties, 
and I never afterwards saw evidence of more than 6 living larvae. 
These larvae fed at intervals during April, but two must have died 
early in May, when the nights were very cold. 

The three survivors now made good progress, the largest com- 
mencing its last instar on 13th May and going down on the 28th, the 
other two following on June 9th. Before going down all three rested 
for 2 days on the sides and top of the breeding cage and during this 
period lost colour, the longitudinal lines being only just discernible. 
‘They were also somewhat shrunk. 

‘he larva forms a small earthen brittle cocoon just under the 
surface of the soil. 

The pupa is mahogany brown, from 12 to 13mm. in length, 
tapering rather sharply from the tips of the wing-cases toward the anal 
extremity. Wing-cases at first pale yellowish brown, darkening later. 
The anal extremity has two rather large spines, and on the outside of 
these two bristles, all curling outwards at the tips. 

I felt doubtful as to what would be the duration of the pupal period, 
but this uncertainty was removed when on 6th July the first imago 
emerged. It had not entirely detached itself from the pupa case and 


16 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1935 


was a cripple. The other two emerged on 9th and 10th July. Both 
were perfect. 

Anticipating a Summer emergence, I visited the Devon locality 
immediately afterwards and was successful in capturing one specimen, 
fortunately a 2. It had apparently already oviposited, for only 50 ova 
were obtained. Of these, 26 were infertile, a number either escaped or 
were accidentally killed when opening the small tin box in which they 
were kept. 

Incredible as it may seem, the newly hatched larva can crawl 
between the cover and lid of the containing box and indeed escape. I 
have proved this by trapping larvae in a covering box. ‘These mishaps 
left me with 13 larvae which I reared, the moths emerging in Septem- 
ber. 

This Summer brood fed up remarkably rapidly. Hatching on 30th 
and 31st July most of them changed skin on 6th August and by 4th 
September all but two had passed through all their instars and gone - 
down. These two were backward and delicate but were eventually 
reared. The moths emerged towards the end of September and were 
perfect specimens. 

At this time I was again on the South Devon coast and at the 
same spot was very pleased to find J-albwm bad become well established. 
No doubt the very dry and mild winter and spring in South Devon had 
contributed to this result and a repetition of these favourable con- 
ditions during the next few months might complete the acclimitization 
of the species at this particular locality. 

It is possible that it was present in some numbers in September, 
1933. Local weather conditions at that time were unfavourable and 
very few moths came to the sugars; in fact the only insects I brought 
away were the three /-album ! 

This scarcity of even common species showed that artificial bait 
was unattractive and suggests that these three specimens represented 
only a small proportion of the total number on the spot. 

I have so far found them very local, in private grounds where they 
will be well preserved and have every opportunity to get a footing. 

Two ¢ 2 taken last September oviposited freely in sheathing 
leaves of Dactylis glomerata, and the large number of ova obtained 
(about 200) afforded a better opportunity than J] had hitherto secured 
for observing the wonderful way in which they were laid. 

The ova were occasionally found at the axil of the sheath, but as a 
general rule were in single and sometimes double rows along the centre 
of a curled up blade, the edges of which had been glued together. This 
shelter would, in a natural state, give protection to the young larvae 
from the weather and enemies. 

The ova were, unless laid singly or in very small clusters, thinly 
covered with a transparent secretion which kept them firmly fixed to 
the blade. 

I feel some diffidence in adding a description of the beautiful larva 
and freely admit its limitations. 

My notes were taken when breeding July larvae. 

The young larva is very small and delicate, sluggish in habit, of a 
dull leaden grey colour, the front segments being darker than the 
others. As they grew, these six segments indicated by their dark green 
colour that alimentation had commenced. The longitudinal lines 


LEUCANIA L-ALBUM, LINN. 17 


became plainly visible in the seventh and following seements. From 
the commencement of the second instar there is, in many respects, a 
ereat resemblance to its congener /L. albipuneta. 

The following observations were made during the third instar. I 
noticed little change in coloration and markings until the penultimate 
instar. Head light greyish brown, faintly reticulated with darker 
brown; almost as broad as the second segment. Lobes well rounded, 
with a brown streak down the centre of each. There are a few bristles. 

The body is uniformly cylindrical, excepting that it is tapered 
towards the anal extremity. 

There is a very light greenish dorsal stripe bordered olive brown, 
with a broad band of diffused lighter brown markings beneath having 
a somewhat irregular lower outline, followed by an equally broad stripe 
similar in colour to the dorsal. 

The subdorsal region comprises several longitudinal lines. The 
first and most conspicuous is olive brown. Following this are thin 
lines of very pale green, pink outlined with brown, very light bluish 
green and lastly brown, in that order. The bottom line is broader 
than the others and has a dark edging aboveand below. Then follows 
the very light greenish ochreous spiracular stripe which is rather broad 
and has a streak of a slightly darker shade running through the centre. 

The legs and anal legs are pale olive green and all have two black 
spots on the outside. 

The third and following five segments are divided by orange red 
folds which are very noticeable. The remaining segmental divisions 
are only faintly discernible. 

On each segment are fourteen dots; a pair on each side of the 
back, placed obliquely, a triangular group of three, the largest being 
the spiracle, and two on each side of the belly. 

For two and sometimes three days before and after the moult, the 
colouring was considerably reduced, the ground colour being a very 
light whitish brown and the stripes a pale ochreous brown. In the 
penultimate instar there was a greater depth of colour in the bluish 
white stripes, the dark brown stripes had a purplish tinge and the pink 
subdorsal line was now light ochreous brown. 

In the last instar the stripes and lines are not so distinctly defined 
as before and the general colouring is much paler. The dorsal stripe 
is pale ochreous brown with a darker edging. Between it and the sub- 
dorsal lines are two stripes of light ochreous brown divided by an 
irregular and poorly defined brown line. 

The subdorsal lines are shades of olive brown with darker outlines. 
The spiracular which follows is of a slightly paler shade and is outlined 
above and below with a narrow band of pale ochreous brown. The 
belly and legs are greyish drab. 

The chief points of difference between this larva and that of L. albi- 
puncta would appear to be 

(1) In general appearance, the longitudinal stripes being much more 
clearly defined in J-album, especially the one below the dorsal which in 
albipuncta is very suffused and broader than the corresponding stripe 
in l-album. 

(2) The orange red segmental folds confined in J-album to the 
third and following five segments, extend in albipnnecta from the 
second to the eleventh segment. 


18 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1935 


(8) The presence of a collar or plate in albipuncta which (-album 
does not possess*. This plate has the dorsal stripe carried through the ~ 
centre and a smaller stripe on either side. 

It might be of interest to mention that these larvae, when arti- 
ficially reared, are in their early stages sometimes cannibalistic ; but I 
must qualify this by adding that the larvae in question were suffering 
from a disease, the vature of which I was unable to determine, and it 
is possible that the cannibalism may have been induced by this 
condition. 


* This awaits confirmation as regards the fourth and following instars of 
l-album. 


Early Stages of Indian Lepidoptera. 
By D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S. 
(Continued from Vol. XLV., p. 148.) 


Euploea core, Cr., core. 

Head shining black edged with white, a white mark above the jaws 
and a white line running from the side of the mandibles to the median 
suture forming a triangle. Body chocolate brown ringed with white, 
a brick-red line edged below with white along the spiracles, which are 
black. Paired black subdorsal fleshy filaments on the 2nd, 8rd, 5th 
and 11th somites, those on the second being thelongest. A transverse 
black line on the 2nd and 8rd somites joining the base of the filaments. . 
Ventral surface dark brown. Anal plate black. There is another form 
of the larva in which the chocolate and white markings are replaced 
by a dark and light shade of purplish-grey. 

Pupa brilliantly gilded with fawn-coloured markings. Cremaster 
and last abdominal somite black. Suspended from the underside of a 
leaf and somewhat resembling a drop of water shining in the sun. 
The fawn markings are more pronounced in those pupae that develop 
in shady places. 

Foodplant.— Oleander and ‘‘ Peepul” (Ficus religiosa), vide Hnto- 
mologist, LX V1. p. 118. 

Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 30.ix.80, pupated 
5.x.80 and a male emerged 12.x.30. 

Seitz mentions an emerald-green form of the pupa with a brilliant 
metallic gloss on the head, but I have never come across it. 


SaTYRIDAR. 


Hlymnias hypermnestra, L., ssp. undularis, Drury. 

Head square, pinkish brown outlined with yellow, and divided into 
a pair of horns. Skin rough and pubescent. Body bright apple-green 
with a fine double yellow dorsal line, a subdorsal yellow line bearing a 
red spot on the 8th, 9th and 10th somites and a blue dot on the 8th 
and 9th. A thin yellow line running along just above the spiracles 
with another below it. The last somite produced into a pair of 
processes about + inch long, yellow at the base and shading into reddish 
at the apex. In some examples the red dorsal spots are obsolete. 

Pupa apple-green. The head divided into two short horns marked 
at the base with pink. The upper edge of the wing-cases marked with 


LEPIDOPTERA AT JACA, ALTO ARAGON, SPAIN, 19 


pink and with a pink spot in the cell. Thorax keeled, the keel yellow 
outlined in pink, with two subdorsal pink spots. The abdomen with 
a subdorsal line broken up into yellow and pink spots. Trace of a 
similar lateral line. The last abdominal somites strongly curved so 
that the pupa, instead of hanging, lies parallel to the leaf to which it 
is attached. Jixed to the underside of a leaf of the foodplant by the 
cremaster. 

Foodplant.—Palms of various species. 

Described from a full fed larva found in Caleutta 14.x.80, pupated 
18.x.30 and a female emerged 26.x.30. 

Seitz does not mention the long anal processes. 


(To be continued.) 


Lepidoptera at Jaca, Alto Aragon, Spain, in August, 1931 and 1933. 
By Wu. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. 
(Continued from Vol. XLVI. page 129.) 


SaRROTHRIPIDAE.—Sarrothripus revayana, Scop.—A few dark forms. 
S. degenerana, Hb.—Imagines and larvae. | 

Notmaz.—Celama subchlamydula, Stgr.—Fairly common at light. 
* Roeselia albula, 8. and D.—One at light, 2.vili.83. Nola tutulella, 
' Zerny.—Four specimens (genitalia not examined). 

Arctipar :—Phragmatobia fuliginosa, L. Diacrisia sanio, L.—One 
Gf 26.viii.83. “Arctia caja, L.—A few. Callimorpha quadripunctaria, 
Poda.  Coscinia striata, L.—Fairly common on Oruel. C. cribrum, 
L. ab. punctigera, Frr.—Rare. Aypocrita jacobaeae, L.—Imagines and 
larvae. Apaidia mesogona, God.—Rare.  Paidia murina, Hb.— 
“Common. Lithosia complana, L.—Fairly common. L. lutarella, L.— 
A few. L. pallifrons, Zell—A few. *L. caniola, Hb.—A few. 

Heterocyniwak :— Heterogynis penella, Hb.—A few ¢ 3; old 
cocoons abundant. 

ZYGAENIDAE :—Zygaena fausta, L.—-A very bright form, common. 
4. carniolica, Scop.—A few worn specimens, 31.vii.83. *Z. occitanica, 
Vill_—Fairly common. JZ. filipendulae, L. *Z. ephialtes, L.—Two 
worn specimens of the form medusa, Pallas, 2.vill.88. 2. lonicerae, 
Kisp.—Two small specimens. *Z. trifoliit, Esp.—One specimen with 
spots confluent. Procris globulariae, Hb. P. yeryon, Hb. 

PsycourwaE :—Cochliotheca crenulella, Br.—One g. 

AEGERUDAE :—Dipsosphecia ichnenmoniformis, Fb.  *Synanthedon 
spuleri, Fuchs.—Several bred from galls in stems of Juniperus found at 
San Juan de la Pena, 1931. 

Cossipaz :—Zeuzera pyrina, L. 

Pyratiwar :—Aphomia sociella, L. *Achroia grisella, Fb.—One 
specimen at light 20.viii.83. Galleria mellonella, L.—T wo specimens, 
Crambus inguinatellus, Schift—Common. C. geniculeus, Hw. C. con- 
taminellus, Hb. C. tristellus, Fb.—Vairly common.  C. selasellus, Hb. 
QC. perlellus, Scop. and ab. warrinytonellus, Stt. C. sawonellus, Zinck. 
—Fairly rare. C. fulgidellus, Hb.—Rare. C. pinellus, L.  C. staud- 
ingeri, Zell.—Rare. C. falsellus, Schiff—Common. C. culmellus, L. 
QO. pratellus, L. *0O. alpinellus, Hb.—One small specimen. *C. carec- 
tellus, Zell.—One specimen, 11.viii.88.  Hromene superbella, Zell. 
Abundant among Scabiosa columbaria, L. *Ancylomyia contritella, 


Yell.—A few. “*A. tentaculella, Hb.—A few. Homeosoma sinuella, — 


20 = ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 15.11.1935 


Fb.—Rare. H. nebulella, Hb.—Common at light. Hphestia elutella, 
Hb. Ancylosis cinnamomella, Dup.  Psorosa dahliella, Tr.—Fairly 
common. P. albariella, Zell.—A few. Pempelia italogallicella, Mill. 
—Fairly common at light. Etiella zinckenella, Tr.—Fairly common. 
Selagia spadicella, Hb.—Fairly common by day locally in dry places 
where Genista scorpius grows. Salebria palumbella, Fb.—A few.  S. 
semirubella, Scop.  Pristophora florella, Mn. Acrobasis porphyrella, 
Dnp.—One specimen. A. ylaucella, Stgr.—One specimen. “*A. 
formosa, Hw.—One specimen. *A. sodalella, Zell.—Three specimens. 
Rhodophaea suavella, Zinck.—A few; larval tubes common. “*R. 
advenella, Zinck.—Fairly common. *R. rosella, Scop.—One specimen, 
17.viii.88. Aglossa cuprealis, Hb.—A few. Actenia borgialis, Dup.— 


Common. “*Cledeobia brunnealis, Tr.—Common. UC. anygustalis, 
Schiff—Common. Stenia punctalis, Schiff. Scoparia frequentella, 
Stt.—Common. *Mesographe forficalis, L.  Margaronia wnionalis, 


Hb.—One specimen. Hellula wnidalis, Fb.—Rare. L[vergestis sophialis, 
Fb.—Rare. F. politalis, Schiff.—Fairly common; beaten* out from 
Jlematis. Nomophila noctuella, Schiff.cFairly common.  Lowostege 
palealis, Schiff—Rare. L. sticticalis, L.—Fairly common at lght. 
Diasemia ramburialis, Dup.—One specimen. *1), litterata, Scop.c—One 
specimen, 8.vill.88.  Mecyna polygonalis, Hb.—One specimen, 25.vi1i1.38. 
Cynaeda dentalis, Schiff. AMetasia suppandalis, Hb.—Fairly common. 
M.corsicalis, Dup.—Fairly common. WM. ophialis, Tr.—Fairly common. 
Pionea institalis, Hb.—A few; pupae fairly common in rolled leaves of 
Eryngium, P. ferrugalis, Hb.—Common. Pyrausta repandalis, 
Schiff.Larvae and pupae (badly ichneumoned) fairly common in 
seed heads of Verbascum. P. nubilalis, Hb.—Fairly common at light. 
P. caespitalis, Schiff— Common. P:;.. sanguinalis; V1: Rares ae. 
castalis, Tr.—Rare. © P. purpuralis, LL. P.aurata, Scop. P. cingulata, 
L.—Common at light. Noctuelia floralis, Hb.—Rare. Botys ruralis, 
Scop.—Fairly common. 
(To be concluded.) 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 
(Continued from p. 7.) 


Thecla, Fb. w-album, Knoch. becomes Strymon, Hb. w-alhum, Knoch. 

Thecla, Fb. pruni, L. becomes Strymon, Hb. prunit, L. 

Tutt, in Brit. Lep. VIL. p. 814 (Brit. Butt. 1.), erected a genus 
Edwardsia (altered to Chattendenia subsequently) for w-albwm and 
used Strymon, Hb. for prunt. 

Bethune-Baker, in his “ Synonymic Notes,” Hnt. Record, XXVI. 
-138 (1914), placed the following species in the genus Strymon, Hb.— 
mopsis, Stdgr.: spint, Schiff.: w-album, Knoch: ewimia, Leech: yrandis, 
Fidr.: ilicis, Esp.: acaciae, Fb.: pruni, L.: priunoides, Stdg.: herzi, 
F'sn.: thalia, Leech: ledereri, Bdv.: lunulata, Krich.: sasanides, Koll. : 
myrtale, Klug., and says that he can find no characters structural nor 
otherwise to separate these species generically. Both Tutt and Strand 
have given a whole string of generic names for this assemblage and 
allied species, none of which can stand. Hemming shows that both 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 21 


Bithys and Strymon are valid as generic names for this ‘very large 
group,’ and suggests that eventually Strymon may be revised when 
Bithys will be legitimately available. 

Leucophasia, Steph. sinapis, L. becomes Leptidea, Billberg. sinapis, L. 

This magazine has for years used Leptosia, Hb. for this species, 
with the previously expressed objection to Billberg’s work. As my 
colleague Mr. T. B. Fletcher points out, the greatest objection to 
Billberg is that there are no generic descriptions in Billberg’s mere 
List. If Leptidea (1820) be discarded then the next available name is 
Leucophasia, Steph. (1827).  Leptosia, Hb. (1818) Zutraye did not 
include sinapis, but Leptosia, Hb. Verz. (1823) did contain sinapis. The 
date of the Verz. was until recently considered to be (1816), hence 
Butler (1870) took sinapis as the type of Leptusia. This last now falls 
unless further alteration of the dates of the V’erz. be established. 

Aporia, Hb. crataeyi, L. remains Aporia, Hb. crataegi, L. 

Pieris, Schrnk. brassicae, L. remains Pieris, Schrnk. brassicae, L. 

Pieris, Schrnk. rapae, L. remains Pieris, Schrnk. rapae, L. 

Pieris, Schrnk. napi, L. remains Pieris, Schrnk. nap/, L. 

Pieris, Sechrnk. daplidice, L. becomes Pontia, Fb. daplidice, L. 

This magazine has long used /’ontia for daplidice. 

Euchloé, Hb. cardamines, L. remains Muchloé cardamines, L. 

Colias, Fb. hyale, L. remains Colias, Pb. hyale, L. 

Colias, Fb. edusa, Fb. croceus, Frery. 

This last change has been used now for some years past. The list 
contains a long discussion on the use and validity of Colias. 

Gonepteryx, Leach rhamni, L. remains Gonepteryx, Leach rhamnt, 


Papilio, Li. machaon, L. remains Papilio, L. machaon, L. 

Nisoniades, Hb. tayes, L. becomes Mrynnis, Schrank, tayes, L. 

Nisoniades, Hb. Verz. 108 (1820) contains tages, L. and six other 
species. In 1850, Stephens List Spec. Brit. Anim. B.M. selected tayes 
as typical of the genus, whereas it was only in 1872 that Scudder 
selected tages as typical of the genus Hrynnis, Schrank (1801). It 
thus seems that Nisoniades tages should stand. 


(To be continued.) 


YOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


Hach month the editors are arranging to have a series of short 
notes under this heading ; what has been observed ; what to look for ; 
general notes on localities, etc. We already have notes on reed beds 
in early spring, some notes from Cornwall, from Sussex, from Ireland. 
Will subscribers please help with these short notes of mutual help. 


Broops oF P. napr in tHE Ruone Vatiey.— Dr. Verity’s account 
of the broods of P. napi in the Rhone Valley are based on a miscon- 
ception. In the observations made in this district during eleven 
consecutive seasons I have never known a case where the Ist brood 
was not over before June. I do not remember even having seen a 
ragged specimen of this brood so late as that. The first brood is out 
in a forward season at the end of March, in 1899 for example it was 
out on 28th March; even in a late season I find I have noted it on 


29, ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1935 


17th April, so that I am sure that any specimens Dr. Verity found in 
June must have belonged to the 2nd brood. 

Further south even at 8,000 ft. in the Abruzzi I have found the 
the 2nd brood, of extreme napaeae form, in rags by the middle of July, 
but in the Rhone Valley a pronounced napaeae form is not usual in the 
June brood. 

For a really reliable knowledge of the Rhone Valley broods of the 
earlier species it would be necessary to begin researches by the 2nd 
week in April at the latest.—Rev. G. Wuertmr, M.A., F.R.H.S. 


Notes on THE Time oF Occurrence oF Larvar anD ImaGinus OF 
PrERoPHORUS CARPHODACTYLUS, Htpy.—For some years I sought in vain 
for larvae of this species in the flowers of Inula conyza, D.C. (squarrosa) 
in August and September, according to the dates given by Meyrick. 
Nearly all the continental authorities, to which I have access, state 
that the moth is double-brooded, copying, I think, the statement of 
*Spuler, who says of the imagines: “im Juni und Ende August-Sep- 
tember,” and of the larvae: ‘‘im Mai in den Astwinkeln eingebohrt, 
im Juli in den Blitenkérbchen von Jnula sqguarrosa.”’ I am not in a 
position to say that the insect is single brooded with us, but I know 
of no captures later than July, and my friend Mr. HE. A. C. Stowell, 
who is in a most favourable position, has also failed to find second 
brood larvae. 

All the imagines I have taken have been caught between 24th June 
and 7th July at Farley Mount near Winchester, where the insect is 
fairly common, not very easily disturbed, but to be smoked out in fair 
numbers on a calm afternoon. | have found larvae in the same locality 
and also at Newchurch near Alverstone, I.W. The latter locality is 
an old chalkpit, where on the steep rough sides the foodplant grows 
commonly. Larvae were found there varying in size from small to 
well-grown in the last week of April, 1932, while at Farley Mount, 
only quite small larvae could be found on 7th May, 1932. ‘he differ- 
ence I assume to be due to the less favourable position as regards 
sunshine and perhaps also to the higher elevation of Farley Mount. I 
visited the Newchurch chalkpit again on 8th April, 1988, and found 
nearly full-fed larvae in fair numbers, boring into the central shoot of 
stunted plants in the driest and barest places, showing plain signs of 
their presence. The larva very closely resembles that of Adaina 
microdactyla, Hiibn., is usually heavily parasitised, but not difficult to 
rear if the infected plants be dug up and replanted in a shallow box. 
I had hoped in 19384 to breed the moth again, get a pairing and ova if 
possible, and to make an attempt to find out if a second brood occurs 
in England or not, but a long illness made this impossible. Can some 
other entomologist throw any light on this question ?— Wm. Fassnipex, 
(F.R.E.S.), 47, Tennyson Road, Southampton. 


AN UNRECORDED ABERRATION OF PLEBEIUS aEGON.—I was fortunate 
to secure an interesting unnamed variety of Plebeius aegon (argus) near 
Ilfracombe on 10th July last. The specimen was a female in very fair 
condition and almost uniform khaki in colour on the upper side, 
lightly dusted with violet scales at the base of the wings. The 


* Spuler apparently got this information from Hoffmann Ber. Nat. Ver. Regens- 
burg. V. 175 (1896).—T.B.-F. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 93 


markings on the margin were faintly visible and the fringe was a 
greyish white. The underside was normal except for the deeper 
orange shade of the ground colour and the markings clear and definite. 
The general effect, when on the wing, was so suggestive of Cuenonympha 
pamphilus, that I nearly mistook it for that imsect.—(Rev.) T. G. 
Kpwarps, M.A., F.Z.5S. 


Hypernation oF Pyramers ataLanra.—Our correspondent Mr. 
Thos. Greer has recently sent an interesting extract from the Belfast 
News Letter in which a writer gives a circumstantial account of his 
discovery of the winter hiding place of Pyrameis atalanta. In arather 
dark corner of Belvoir Park, Belfast, was a deep hollow in one rough 
tree trunk, and the sun shining through the leafless trees on this day 
of mid December happened to strike the depth of the cavity. In this 
cavity were a number of P. atalanta which the light and warmth 
awakened. They moved about, jostled ore another, and at length 
advanced one by one towards the light and flew slowly and heavily 
away. 


Lave Fepsruary anp Harty Marca.—A search on the tree trunks 
in Richmond Park usually used to give plenty of Hrannis leucophaearia 
males and a very close search especially in the afternoon should afford 
a few females, spider-like creatures most elusive tosee. On the western 
side of the White House in the centre of the Park one could always 
get the completely black form ab. merularia, in small number. This 
species is well worth getting in number on account of its varied forms ; 
some of the whitebanded examples, ab. marmorinaria, are very 
pretty. The wood some distance north of the White House is also very 
productive of this species. In March assiduous search will probably 
produce Apocheima hispidaria in small number. The females of this 
species are also apterous but being larger than those of F. leucophaearia 
are somewhat easier to find, but rarer. Apocheima hispidaria emerges 
in the latter half of the day when the males may be found low down 
drying their wings and the females in movement like spiders.—Hy.J.T. 


British OrtHoprera.—Dr. Burr’s note in the January issue of this 
Journal, p. 8, has served as a reminder that a recent record of the 
occurrence of the Mole Cricket in l:ancashire has not yet been pub- 
lished.* Towards the end of May, 1934, a living specimen was received 
from Mr. O. G. Fry, an Inspector of the Ministry of Agriculture at 
Liverpool. The insect was found by a nurseryman at Lytham who 
sent it to Mr. McPherson, Horticultural Instructor for Lancashire, 
who, in his turn, passed it on to Mr. Fry. No other specimens were 
found, and it is not impossible that the insect was imported with shrubs 
that had been brought in from Holland, although it would be rather 
surprising if so large and active an insect had not some opportunity of 
escaping en route. The specimen, when received, seemed to be very 
healthy, and it was placed in soil in a large bell jar with various roots 

as food. The jar was about 1 ft. high, the soil reaching about half- 


* A specimen (which I saw but did not know) was taken in the bank of the 
large pond in the grounds of Becket, Schrivenham, in the late eighties and sent to 
the B.M. for identification. The answer received was ‘‘ The mole cricket, by no 
means rare.’’—G. W. 


O94 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.17.1925 


way up the jar, which was covered with muslin tied round with tape. 
The cricket made numerous burrows in the soil but after some three 
weeks it suddenly disappeared and was not subsequently found; its 
means of escape is a mystery, as the muslin cover had not been bitten 
throngh nor did it show any signs of having been removed. Finally 
it is perhaps worth mention that this is the only specimen of the Mole 
Cricket that has been submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture during 
the past twenty years, although on the continent of Kurope the species 
is well known as a serious pest.—J. C. F. Fryer, Plant Pathological 
Laboratory, Harpenden. 


A NEWLY DISCOVERED Tinea specirs.—At a recent meeting of the 
South London Entomological Society, Mr. 8. Wakely exhibited series 
of the group of the Micro genus 7%inea containing the species 7’. granella, 
L., 7’. cloacella, Haw., T. ruricolella, Stain., and the newly differentiated 
species 7’, personella, Pierce and Metclf. These species are extremely 
alike and although differences are apparent with series side by side, 
one has the utmost difficulty to differentiate them by colour and 
marking. In fact Meyrick, Rev. Brit. Lep. p. 828, unites ruricolella, 
Staint. with cloacella, Haw. The new species 7. personella was taken 
at Horsley, Surrey, on tree trunks, from the more or less decaying bark 
from which the pupa cases were still protruding. 7’. personella is found 
in the spring, 7. cloacella all through the summer, 7. granella in 
spring and summer, 7’. ruricollella about midsummer. All are more 
or less connected with fungi, Polyporus and decaying bark are the 
pabulum of the larvae. 


Large APPEARANCE OF PLUSIA GAMMA AND OF CIDARIA SITERATA 
(psrrtacaTa).—I observed both these species on 8rd December at rest 
on the electric hght lamps here at Torquay. 


Unusvuat FooppLants SELECTED BY Axctia casa.—During the last 
few years 1 have found batches of ova of Arctia caja on leaves of both 
birch and poplar and ova of Spilosoma menthastri on ash. In cach 
case the ova were laid in some number at about four feet from the 
ground and quite clear of any low growing vegetation so that their 
actions could not have been due to any immediate oversight of the 
females. The young larvae of each all fed up contentedly on the 
several food plants until ] became aware of their identity, somewhat 
to my disappointment, when they were transferred to some more 
humble rations.—(Capr.) C. Q. Parson, Torquay. 


Notes From SHOREHAM, Sussex.—To the collector of Lepidoptera it 
is often interesting to compare one season with another. That the 
abundance or otherwise of species is not wholly determined by climatic 
conditions must be patent to all observers. 

Although the summers of 1983 and 1984 were very similar in 
temperature and amount of sunshine and also remarkable for an 
abnormally low rain fall, both differed materially with regard to_their 
quota of butterflies and moths. Thus last summer in my experience 
the migratory species Colias croceus, Vanessa cardui, V. atalanta, Macro- 
glossum stellatarum and Plusia gamma were decidedly scarce here, 
whereas in 1938 they were common. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 95 


Other species that occurred less abundantly than usual were 
Eumenis semele, Polyommatus tcarus and Rumicia phlaeas, to which 
might be added the three common whites. But on the other hand 
Polygonia c-album, Limenitis camilla, Satyrus galathea and Polyommatus 
bellargus were out in considerable numbers. I found P. c-album on 
Lancing Clump and Erringham Farm on the Downs and also in 
Clapham Woods near Worthing. They were mostly of the hutchinsoni 
form with mottled undersides. L. camilla occurred sparingly on 
Lancing Clump (first time seen there) and was rather common in 
Clapham Woods.* I saw a specimen much to my surprise flying down 
North Street, Brighton, one afternoon in July! 

Lycaenopsis argiolus was abundunt in suitable places especially in 
the summer emergence. I {ound the ova and larvae commonly on ivy 
buds during August and September; unlike the larvae of Polyommatus 
coridon and 1’. bellargus they were easy to rear. 

Of the moths captured none call for mention except perhaps Cuarr- 
hoedia xerampelina of which I took two specimens in September, one on 
an ash tree in Lancing Clump and the other in Shoreham attracted by 
the lamp. ‘Two or three specimens of the pretty Pyralid Spilodes 
palealis occurred on the Downs near here and two Myelois cribrum both 
in mid-July.—L. H. Bonaparrn-Wyss, Shoreham-by-Sea. 


CotrorHoripan.—The Coleophorids are, perhaps, the most inter- 
esting group of the Micro-lepidoptera that one beginning the study of 
the ‘smaller fry’? can take up. The life-histories of many of the 
species can be readily observed, from oviposition to emergence, and 
the stages are excitingly varied. As the name implies they are all 
‘‘case bearers” in a larval stage, as well as miners. They bore into 
stems, leaves (between the two surfaces), seeds and so forth, constructing 
‘‘houses’”’ from their natural secretions, from portions of their food 
reinforced with silk, from one or more seeds adapted as houses, etc. 
The “ houses” of the young pre-hibernating larvae in some species are 
quite different from those of the more mature larvae after hibernation. 
To observe a larva building, widening, lengthening, shaping, its older 
case to allow for growth is a wonderful sight; it generally takes place 
at night. Just now one can find the whitish cases of Coleophora 
caespititiella on the seed head of the common rushes growing on moist 
sround. Gather a handful of these old flowering stems and place 
them in damp sand covering them with tbe usual muslin material. 
They must be kept out in the open and when the hibernating larvae 
begin to move, fresh seedy stems may be inserted at intervals, until 
pupation takes place. It is well to get the stems from different 
localities as the mortality is often great from parasitic attack and from 
infantile starvation. The imago comes out in June.—Hy.J.T. 

At this time of a year, the beginner will easily find the cases of C. 
laricella on larch, of which they are a definite pest when the young 
leaves appear.—T.B.-R. 


LepiporTERA oF WanpswortH.—Since coming to this neighbourhood 
in 1925, I have observed 67 species of Lepidoptera and submit my list 
in the hope that fellow entomologists, who have had the opportunity 


* A specimen spent an afternoon in any garden at Worthing this summer.— 
G.W. 


26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1985 


to make far more complete surveys, may publish their records. ‘The 
species all occurred within a mile’s radius of Wandsworth Common 
Station, the ground covered including some 150 acres of old preserved 
land, which comprises the grounds of the Springfield Mental Hospital. 
In the case of the migrants and more interesting species the dates of 
observation are recorded. Those species marked * came to light. 

Pieris brassicae, Pieris rapae, Colias croceus (edusa) (4.1x.30), Aglats 
(Vanessa) urticae, Vanessa io, Pyrameis cardui (7.vili.81), Pyrameés 
atalanta (4.vii.30), (the last four at Buddleia flowers), Hpinephele 
jurtina, Coenonympha pamphilus, Heodes (Chrysophanus) phlaeas, Lycae- 
nopsis (Cyaniris) argiolus, Augiades sylvanus, Mimas (Dilina) tiliae, 
Smerinthus popult*, Dicranura vinula, Phalera bucephala*, Oryyta 
antiqua, Cilia ylaucata (5.vi.81) (on a fence in Sudbrooke Road), 
Spilosoma menthastri, Spilosoma lubricipeda, Arctia caia, Hipocrita 
jacobaeae, Acronicta aceris, Acronicta meyacephala, Acronicta pst, or 
tridens (imago only observed), Metachrostis (Bryophila) perla*, Agrotis 
exclamationis*, Noctua xanthographa*, Aaylia putris, Triphaena pronuba*, 
Mamestra (Barathra) brassicae, Mamestra persicariae, Apamea secalis, 
Miana_ strigilis*, Xylophasia monoglypha, Dipteryyia  scabriuscula 
(25.vii.31) (on a fence in Beecheroft Road), Phloyophora meticulasa, — 
Mania maura, Hydraecia nictitans*, Leucania pallens*, Lewcanta lithar- 
gyria, Caradrinaquadripunctata, Taentocampa gothica, Amathes lychnidis*, 
Plusia moneta (28.vili.82) (on a wall in Nightingale Lane), 1’. gamma* 
(18.ix.31), Catocala nupta, Acidalia seriata, Schenk. (viryudaria, Hb.), 
Acidalia sylvestraria (straminata)*, Acidalia fuscovenosa (tnterjectaria), 
Acidalia aversata, Acidalia floslactata (remutaria), Operophtera brumata, 
Xanthorhoé fluctuata, Huphyia (Camptogramma) bilineata, Hupithecta 
vulgata, Abraxas grossulariata*, Hnnomos fuscantaria*, Ourapterya sam- 
bucaria, Opisthograptis luteolata, Hybernia aurantiaria, Lycia hirtaria, 
Biston (Pachys) betularia and ab. carbonaria, Jord. (doubledayaria, Mill.) 
1.vi.80, Hemerophila abruptaria, Boarmia rhomboidaria (yemmaria), 
Hepialus sylvina*, Hepialus lupulina.—(Major) C. Dick. Tooting, 
S.W.7. 


GXYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. 
Part 2 concluding Vol. I. of the Transactions of the Soctety for 
British Entomology was published in November last and is a most 
valuable addition to our literature on British Entomology. A hundred 
pages is devoted to a first instalment of an annotated “ List of the 
Lepidoptera of Dorset”? by W. Parkinson Curtis, F.R.1.S. with whose 
thorough work we are familiar in these pages. The unusual classifi- 
cation of Meyrick’s Handbook is followed, but subsequent and omitted 
items in the latter are discussed and much up to date observations 
included, e.y., oditis in place of hispidus. Interpolated notes occur 
througheut and no student of the Noctuae should fail to consult the 
author’s remarks and suggestions. There is a composite article on the 
English names of the British Lepidoptera worked around the writings 
of Haworth and Wm. Jones, by Sir. E. 3. Poulton, Dr. Hobby, F. 
Hemming and H. M. Edelsten; a very charming and interesting 
“ archaeological’? exploration among the early “ fathers” of British 
entomology. F. J. Killington gives the Life-histories of some of the 
Hemerobiidae, H. Audcent discusses the Family Liriopeidae (Diptera) 


CURRENT NOTES. OT 


and D. O. Boyd, Notes on the Variation in certain Ichneumonida. 
The amount of observation and research in the first year of this 
periodical is really great and all our local Natural Science societies must 
perforce have the Transactions of this Society on the shelves of their 
libraries. There are ten plates in this part and the whole forms a 
very handy volume. 

Dr. Hering of Berlin has just issued his annual contribution of 
three portfolios of Minen Herbarium. This issue contains 60 sheets of 
leaf mines made by insects, collected and mounted mostly during the 
past year. 26 of these are Lepidopterous, 28 are Dipterous, and the 
others are made by 5 Coleoptera and 1 Hymenopteron. The whole 
series now comprises 360 sheets of mines and with the Index supplied 
forms quite a material encyclopaedia. Dr. Hering is now the world 
authority on mining-insects of all Orders, and one can rely on the 
correctness of his identifications. The labelling gives the plant name 
and Order, besides the insect name and Order, and the dates and places 
of occurrence. Those who desire to possess these portfolios should 
write to Dr. Hering himself at Berlin N.4, Invaliden str. 43, Germany. 

We have a few more descriptions of forms of British Noctuids to: 
publish and the Index and Title page, before we commence vol. II 
which we hope will be in May. The detailed consideration of the 
species in Tutt’s British Noctuae, vol. Lf. was much more thoroughly 
worked out than those in vol. I, so that we anticipate that we shall be 
able to get on more rapidly than we have done there. We shall 
have some complete sets of the parts p. 1 to p. 364 for sale at 10/6 the 
set unbound. 

A Meeting of the Hntomological Club was held at the Museum, 
Tring Park, on 29th September, 1934. Lord Rothschild in the Chair. 
Members present, in addition to the Chairman:—Mr. Horace 
Donisthorpe, Mr. H. Willoughby-Hllis, Mr. Jas. EH. Collin, Mr. W. J. 
Kaye. Visitors present :—Major li. i. Austen, Mr. H. E. Andrewes, 
Dr. K. G. Blair, Mr. E. C. Bedwell, Dr. Malcolm Burr, Prof. H.:D. 
Hale Carpenter, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, Mr. C. L. Collenette, Mr. Guy 
Dollman, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Mr. H. N. Edelsten, Mr. 8. S. Flower, Mr. 
J. C. F. Fryer, Mr. F. W. Frohawk, Major Philip Graves, Capt. 
Francis Hemming, Mr. H. R. Hewer, Dr. Karl Jordan, Mr. W. H. 
Laing, Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, Mr. William E. F. Nelson, Dr. S. A. 
Neave, Mr. Louis B. Prout, Mr. W. P. Pyeraft, Dr. C. Tate Regan, 
Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr. W. Rait Smith, Mr. H. Stevens, Mr. C. Danes 
Sherborn, Mr. Henry J. Turner, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Mr. B. P. 
Uvarov, Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, Mr. C. G. M. de Worms, Comm. 
J.J. Walker. The members and guests arrived at the Museum at 
various times during the morning and were received by Lord Roths- 
child. The whole of the collections in the Museum were thrown open 
to visitors, and the Chairman made Special exhibits on the tables in 
the Insect room and the former Bird room. 

1. The entire collection of the Acraeinae, a subfamily of Nympha- 
lidae, which is purely tropical and subtropical, the large majority of 
species occurring in Africa south of the Sahara, a fairly large number 
in South and Central America and a few species in the Oriental Region 
as far east as the Solomon Islands, none being found in the Palaearctic 
and Nearctic Regions proper. ‘The specimens of each species and sub- 
species were arranged strictly according to localities, the collection 


28 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. L5ALV985 


showing which districts were sparsely represented, and at the same 
time illustrating the extent of the variability of a species in any 
locality from which the collection contained an adequate series. 

2. Some Papilio and Pseudacraea resembling Planema and Acraea. 

8. Acraea collected in South-west Africa and Angola hy Dr. Karl 
Jordan in 1933 and 1934, and among them aseries of Acraea hypoleuca, 
Westw., of which only one specimen was previously known (in the 
Hope Department, Oxford). | 

4. A large series of the Uraniid, Chrysiridia madayascariensis, 
with some very conspicuous aberrations in which the metallic green 
scaling of the forewing was much extended, forming a large patch 
divided distally into broad rays on the veins. 

5. The larva and imago of the giant coleopteron, Goliaihan cacicus 
from Sierra Leone, the larva measuring 54 inches in length. 

6. The cast of the Giant Salamander, which has been living in a 
tank at Tring Park for 44 years, and had only lately died. 

Luncheon was served at 1 o’clock and a most pleasant time was 
spent, the guests thoroughly enjoying the conversation around the 
tables. The whole of the party again returned to the Museum and 
left for their various destinations later in the afternoon after a most 
interesting and successful day.—H. Writioveupy Hnus. 


@G@ BITUARY. 
Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S. (1855-1935). 


Another eminent entomologist has lost his life by the murderous 
wmotor-car. Dr. Dixey became a scholar in Wadham College, Oxford 
in 1874, and most of his life until his retirement in 1925 was spent 
there. He was elected to a Fellowship in 1885 and subsequently held 
various Offices in the College. His speciality in entomology was aught 
that concerned the Pierine butterflies, which group was strongly 
represented in the Hope Collection in the Oxford Natural History 
Museum. Not only was he interested in the systematics and distri- 
bution of the group, but he sought to work out their bionomic relation- 
ship, their part in the theory of mimicry, the development of special 
glands and scales on the wings, the process of development of the 
wings in the pupa, etc. His notes on the scent and scent-scales are 
well-known to all entomological students. He possessed marvellous 
ease of speech ; without hesitation he would demonstrate a subject with 
the greatest clarity to his hearers, without superfluous thought or 
word. Asa host, those of us who have stayed in Wadham College 
during the visits of the Entomological Club know full well, he was one of 
the best. His Oxford stories, his verbal sketches of the idiosyncrasies 
of students who subsequently became famous, his accurate memory of 
university incidents and his real learning made his company an 
illumined pleasure. In 1910 he became F.R.S.; in 1909-10 he 
was President of the Entomological Society of London after serving 
on the Council and as Vice-President. In 1919 he presided at the 
Zoological Section of the British Association at Bournemouth. On 
more than one occasion he gave an address on his special Pierine study 
to our South London Society and his visit was always of special 
interest to a large audience. Entomological circles have lost a fine 
entomologist and a fine man.—Hy.J.T. 


Ail MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InLusTRarIions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy, J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Duplicates.—8. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Excuanees.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 
_ Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. 
Downes, 5, Trinity Koad, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehirde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae: please send list of species obtainable.—A. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 

CHANGE oF AppREss.—Rey. C. R. N: Burrows, F.R.E.S., to Stanford-le-Hope, Essex : 
L. D. Wakeley, to 15, Berkeley Place, Wimbledon, 8.W.19: B. C. S. Warren, F.R.E.S., 
to 3, Augusta Mansions, Folkestone, Kent. W. Parkinson-Curtis, to 17, Princess Road, 
Bournemouth. 

Duplicates.—Many exceedingly rare species of moths from the Mediterranean, 
especially Sardinia. Ask for List. 

Desiderata.—British Z. exulans; D. barretti; A. nickerli-guenei; L. favicolor; H. 
crinanensis; Lar. ostregiata. Urgently needed.—Breeding material of all Ephestia- 
species except kuehniella. Will also pay cash if desired.—H. Bytinski Salz, John Innes 
Institution, Merton Park, London, S.W.19. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 
8p-m. March 6th, 20th. . 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
February 28th, March 14th, 28th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’”’ Hayes 
Lane, Bromley, Kent.- 

The London Natural History fociety.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Essex. 


[IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY — 
Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 2 


Annual Subseription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. 


All communications to be addressed to :— 


W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.ZS., Hon. Sey. 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK pour BELFAST. 


Cornmunications have been received from or have been promised by 
Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 


H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, W. H. Edwards, H. Donistborpe, O. Querci, — 


D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, Rev. EH. B. Ashby, Dr. G. Robertson, J. - 
Hawker, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Greer, C. Nicholson, and Reports of Societies. 


All communications should be addressed to the Acting Kdiior, Hy. J. TURNER, . 
‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. ORI 


Cuance or Appress.—Orazio ee to 3 pee! Salonika, Greece. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MOSEUMS, 


BACK VOLUMES OF 


The Entomologist’s Record 


and Journa! of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 
GONTENTS OF Vol. [. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus dcronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— = 
Differentiation of MZelitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— 


Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylioxera —Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis yaphia var. valesina—Work for the 


Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic nofes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 


for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Hpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— ; 


- Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. 
CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


MELANISM AND Mernanocnro1ism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on : 


VARIATION (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 


prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- — 
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes — 
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gepephers: 3 


derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 
To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E, PAGE, 9, Yanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E.3. ee s} 


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Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1 Sate 


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Vol. XLVII. 


: 
MARCH, 1935 


UL 


ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD 
_ AND 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


IpIrED Matcoum Bork, D.8¢., F.R.E.S. | H. DontstHorrE, F.Z.8., F.R.1.8 
sith Ae Rev. C. R. N. Burnows, v.R.u.s. T. BarnpriaGe FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
Tj. A. Cockayne, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. 
istance of ‘FRCP. H. H. Paas, ¥.R.£E.8. 
J. I. Cousin, J.P., ¥.R.".8. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
a Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.#.S., F.Z.S. 
a Editor Emeritus.—G. T. Bernons-Bakmr, £.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 


By Henry J. TURNER, F.2.u.8., F.R.H.S., Hditorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


© Wicken eee dk: H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc. .. 29 
- Contrexéville and Loequignol, France, Rev. E. B. Ashby, F. LizDi F. ‘R. E. S. 29 
Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R..S. 32 
Collecting at Ry (nr. Rouen), Ps Gs Hawker .. - age 33 
Scientiric Nores.—Pseudo-Viviparity in Lepi doptera, Hy. i d (pe See 35 


- Notes on Cotiectinc.—Reed Beds in Early Spring ; Rhopalocera in Co. 
Tyrone, 1934, Thos. Greer; Larva of P. pedaria ‘feeding on Laurel, T. 
Bainbrigge-Fletcher ; D. incurva (Dip.) in Cornwall, Rev. 4. Thorniey ; 
Unusual Foodplants of Noctuae Larvae, 7’. Bainbrigge Fletcher; C. 
nupta flying by day, C. Nicholson; Lepidoptera at Wandsworth, C. 
Nicholson; Notes on Rearing ©. exoleta from Ova, Dr. G. B. Robertson; 

Oe. caerulescens in Britain, ‘Dr. M. Burr ; Local Species of Hypenoides 

in Sussex, Dr. G. B. Rober tson; Diptera of Bookham and Effingham 
Common, L. Parmenter; The Puzzle of T. bipunctatus (Orth.), Dr. M 
Burr; Captures at Light and Sugar in W. Sussex, Dr. G. S. Robertson 36 


- Current Norzs .. e & = oe 23 = P z= 42 
| Revmws .. se 43 
‘ Spee ee _British ree Pe Yy. I. Paisier: F. R. B. S., PF. wR. H. . (357)-(360) 


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THE  VASCEO 


A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for 
the Northern Counties 
EDITHD BY 
The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, 
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., 
Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, 
D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., 

A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WV. Temperley. 
The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings 
and should be sent to 
WILLIAM GARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastie-on-Tyne. 


AN IMPORTANT NEW WORK 


BEES, WASPS, ANTS, AND ALLIED INSECTS 
OF THE BRITISH ISLES 


EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. 


With 44 Plates in Colour showing 470 figures, and 67 half-tone Plates showing 
170 photographic reproductions. 


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FOR SALE:—‘‘Entomologist’s Re- 
cord ’’ Vols. 43-46 (1931-34) unbound ; at 
7/6 per vol. Also 14 odd numbers from 
Vols. 43, 44, and 47, for 5/-. Apply Mrs. 
Lemon, 152, West Hill, Putney, S.W. 2 


ee 


ee ee eS ee 


CONTREXEVILLE AND LOCQUIGNOL, FRANCE. 29 


Wicken Revisited. 
By HORACE DONISTHORPEH, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. 
(Department of Entomology. British Museum. Natural History.) 
(Continued from p. 14.) 


Hemiptera (Homoptera). 


Jassidae.—Tettigonia viridis, Linn. 2 ex. Limotettia frontalis, Boh. 
dex. Cicadula sexnotata, Fall. 1 ex. 

Cercopidae.—Aphrophora myricae, Edw. 2 ex. and ab. picea, Edw. 
1 ex. Philaenus spumarius, Fall. form vittatus, Fab. 1 ex. and f. 
popult, Fab. 1 ex. P. lineatus, Linn. 2 ex. 

I am indebted to Mr. China for the names of the bugs. Many of 
the above species are not recorded for Wicken Fen. 


ORTHOPTERA. 


— Chorthippus albomarginatus, Zett. Conocephalus dorsalis, Latr., not 
recorded for Wicken Fen. Acrydium kiefferi, Sauley. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


Tenthredinidae.—Only one sawfly was obtained—Athalia cordata, 
Leg. two specimens being taken in Burwell Fen and one at Wicken 
Fen. Mr. Benson tells me this species is many brooded, which 
accounts for these late captures. 

Formicidae.—Only one interesting ant was captured, a winged ? of 
Stenamma westwoodi, West., swept in Wicken Fen on 14th September. 
This is a new county record. Many males and winged females of 
Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl., were also swept in Wicken and Burwell Fens 
10th and 21st Sept., new to the Wicken List. 

Ichneumonidae.—A large number of Ichneumons was taken, but of 
course many of these will take a very long time to be worked out. Mr. 
Perkins has supplied me with the short list below. Those marked 
with an asterisk are of most interest and most of them were new to 
Wicken Fen. One of the most interesting was Aritranis carnifex, Gr., 
but the rarest species are, no doubt, among those unnamed. 

*Pimpla {Epiurus) melanopyga, Grav. 5 9 2. *Pimpla spuria, 
Grav.1 2. Pimpla flavicowis, Thoms. 1 ?. Tromatobia oculatoria, 
Fab. 1 9. *Polysphincta (Zaglyptus) varipes, Grav. 1 2. Lissonota 
bellator, Grav. 1 g many @ @.  Lissonota sulphurifera, 2 gS. 
* Aritranis carnifex, Grav. 1 g 22 2. Acanthocryptus quadrispinosus, 
Gr.29? 2. *Schizopyga podagrica, Grav.1 g. “Homocidus ornatus, 
Grav. 1 ?. Bassus laetatorius, Fab. 1 9. *Promethus laticarpus, 
Phoms) Ie? 

(To be concluded.) 


Contrexéville, Vosges, France, in June, 1934, and 
Locquignol, Forest of Mormale, France, in July, 1934. 
By Rev. E. B. ASHBY, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 
(Concluded from page 9.) 
Hererocera.—Trochilium apiforme, Clerck.; Zygaena filipendulae, 
L.; Zygaena lonicerae, isp. and aberration; Macrothylacia rubi, L. ; 
Spilosoma (Spilarctia) lutea, L. (lubricipeda, L.); Agrotis exclamationis, L.; 
Leucania conigera, Fab. ; Euaoa segetis, Schitf.; Huclidia glyphica, L. ; 


30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. | 15.31.1935 


Hemithea strigata, Mull.; Angerona prunaria, L.; Cabera pusaria, L.; 
Cabera exanthemata, Scop.; Ematurya atomaria, L.; Stona lineata, 
Scop.; Abraxas grossulariata, L.; Ochyre biriviata, Staint.; Rhodo- 
strophia vibicaria, var. strigata, Staud.; Cidaria truncata, Hufn. ; 
Odezia atrata, L.; Aglossa pinguinalis, L.; Spilodes verticalis, L. ; 
Alucita pentadactyla, L.; Cheimophila salicella, L. 


Hymenoprera.—Allantus omissus, Forst.; Macrophya rustica, L. ; 
Salius fuscus, L.; Tenthredella mesomela, L.; Tenthredopsis litterata, 
Geoffr.; Vespa sylvestris, Scop.; Halictus calceatus (cylindricus), Fab. ; 
Apis mellifica, Li. dark form ; Protichnenmon pisorius, L.3; Lehneumon 
raptorius, Grav. ; Colpotrochia elegantula, Schr. ; Pimpla arctica, Lett. ; 
Exochilinm circum flecum, L.; Amblyteles subsericans, Grav. 


Rayncora.—Troilus luridus, Fab., larva; Carpocoris purpureipennis, 
De G.; Graphosoma italicum, Mall. ; Lygaeus saxatalis, Scop. ; Miris 
dolobratus, L.; Deraeocoris ruber, L., bred, larva from Contrexéville. 


Cotroprera.—Cicindela campestris, L.: Ctcindela hybrida. L.; 
Carabus auratus, L.; Carabus monilis, F.; Silpha thoracica, L.; 
Trichius fasciatus, L.; Necrophorus vespillo, L.; Necrophorus investigator, 
Zt.; Lamia teator, L.; Agapanthia cardui, L.; Leptura aethiops, Poda ; 
Cryptocephalus hypochaeridis, Su.; Lagria hirta, L.; Molytes germanus, 


Neuroprera.— Chrysopa prasina, Ramb.: Osmylus maculatus, Lat. ; 
Panorpa communis, L.; Panorpa germanica, L.; Calopterya virgo, L. 


Dierera.—Therioplectes tropicus var. bisignatus, Jaen.; Tabanus 
bovinus, L.; Anthrax cingulatus, Mg.; Chilosia tllustrata, Harr. ; 
Volucella bombylans, L.; Volucella zonaria, Poda: Chrysotoaum 
arcuatum, Li. 


_ -Forét de Mormale, 2nd July to 12th July, 1954.—I left Coutrexé- 
ville early on 2nd July, and arrived the same afternoon at Le Quesnoy 
station via Nancy. At Le Quesnoy I was met by the’ motor car from 
the Grand Hétel Restaurant “La Chénaie,” at Locquignol, a small 
village situated in the large Forest. of Mormale, where I stayed very 
comfortably until 12th July. The Forest situated as it is roughly 
between Le Cateau and Mons, was occupied by the Germans from 1914 
to 1918; they cut down portions of it and also floodedit. It is however 
a very good collecting centre at the present time. It has numerous 
rides, as well as many intersecting paths. The various small inns 
preserve as treasures many of the bully beef tins, etc., thrown away by 
our soldiers when they cleared the Germans out in the autumn of 
iS) re 

On my arrival J found Major Twigg and Mr. Bowes of Herne Bay at 
the hotel. They had already found out the character of the Forest as to 


the best collecting grounds, some of which were in the neighbourhood 


of the Champ de Tir, a few kilometres away. 

On the following Saturday, 7th July, we were joined by Dr. Scott 
of Ashford, Kent, and by Dr. Maclaren of Tenterden. We made an 
early start by car that morning for the ‘‘Champ de tir” near which 


| 
f 


- CONTREXEVILLE AND LOCQUIGNOL, FRANCE. 31 


we spent the whole day and picnicked for lunch. Summer rifle practics 
was going on at the Champ de tir, which restricted our movemente 
somewhat owing to the presence of a sentry who prohibited us from 
using a certain area until after 5.0 p.m. During the week we had got 
glimpses of a doctor and Lis wite from Paris, also of Monsieur Betts 
and his wife from Croix, all of whom had motored to the forest to 
collect. 

It was the excellent article by Monsieur Betts in the ‘ Amateur des 
papillons,” published about a year previously, on the Forest of Mormale | 
which decided us to go there. 

We found the Apaturids, Apatura iris, and Apatura ilia mostly var. 
clytie, Hb., all males of both species in great abundance, the first 
mentioned predominating. 

Dr. Twigg and Mr. Bowes took out various sampies of offal from 
the hotel which they laid out on the forest roads in the vicinity 
of the Champ de tir, so much so that the smell and unwonted sight 
aroused the ire of the army officers in charge of the troops who were 
engaged in rifle practice, and they reported it to the police. One day 
a policeman turned up on a bicycle with his nose as near to the ground 
as he could get it. He told us that we ought to have applied for 
leave. I interviewed the constable and told him that nothing could be 
done, as we were all leaving for Kngland very shortly. It was a very 
hot day, and he probably wanted to get home. He too agreed that 
nothing could be done, so he grinned a 1914-1918 grin and departed. 
An old friend of mine, Mr. L. Goodier who recently retired from the 
Bank of England, to whom | related an account of our exploits made 
a précis of them in the following terms: ‘‘ Total defeat of the French 
Army by a good old British stink!” and I don’t think that Dr. 
Inge ever wrote anything to beat that! 

One afternoon after the others had returned to Jingland I netted 
what appeared to be a totally black form of d. iris, but I was so over- 
come with the heat and very tired after a long day, that I failed to 
secure this prize of the whole tour, and although | hung around the 
same spot for the whole of the next day, | never saw it again. 

We gathered a large number of Araschnia levana gen. aest. prorsa 
larvae on nettles; these quickly pupated and began to emerge before 
I left Locquignol. 

I took the following list of insects; many of the moths’ mentioned 
were actually captured by Mr. Bowes who very generously presented 
them to me. 

These were mostly secured on the walk back from the Champ de 
tir, which we usually did in the late afternoon. It took us a little 
over an hour, including a short pause for refreshments at a wayside 
Inn near Locquignol. On the path back we generally disturbed a 


number of buzzards and sparrowhawks which were sitting waiting 
for prey. 


Raoratocera.— Papilio machaon, L.; Pieris brassicae, L.; P. napt, 
L.; P. rapae, L.; Leptidea sinapis, L.; Colias hyale, 1; Gonepterya 
rhamni, L.; Aricia medon (ayestis, Schiff.) ; Volyommatus icarus, Rott. ; 
Nordmannia ilicis, H.; Argynnis lathonia, l.; A, aglaia, L.; A. cydippe, 
L., with some specimeus of var. clesdowa, O.; A. paphia, L. ; some forms 
of the female ab. valesina, Esp. were in addition taken by Dr. Scott and 


32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1935 


Mr. Bowes. Araschnia prorsa, L.; Vanessa atalanta, L.; Aglais urticae, 
L.; Nymphalis polychloros, L.; 1 saw one specimen of Nymphalis antiopa, 
L., flying high outofreach. Polygonia c-album, L. Another member 
of our party captured a worn female of Limenitis popult, L., which 
afterwards laid a number of eggs; Limenitis camilla, L.; Pararge 
aegeria, L.; Pararge megera, L.; Epinephele jurtina, L.; and one nice 
aberration of the female with white scales on the uppersides of the 
hindwings. Coenonympha pamphilus, L.; Aphantopus hyperantus, L. ; 
Erynnis tages, L.; Adopoea flava, Poda; Ochlodes sylvanus (venata), 
B. and G. 


Heterocera.— Macroglossum stellatarum, Li. : Callimorpha dominula, 
L.: Miltochrista miniata, Forst.; Cybosta mesomella, Li. ; Comacia senea, 
Hubn.; Lithosia lurideola, Zinck.; Lithosia rubricollis, L.; Herialus 
hectus, L.; Orgyia gonostigma, Fabr.; Plusia chrysitis, L.; Bankia 
argentula, Hubn.; Mrastria fasciana, L.; Hypena proboseidalis, L. ; 
Boarmia repandata, L.; Hyria muricata, Hubn.; Hupithecia rectanyu- 
lata, Li.; black var. Mesoleuca albicillata, L.; Cabera pusaria, L.; 
Bapta temerata, Hiibn.; Huchoeca obliterata, Huin.; Minoa murinata, 
Scop. ; Larentia pomoeriaria, Ev.; Cidaria pyraliata, Sv.; Lomaspilis 
maryinata, L.; Ochyria biriviata, Borkh.; Everyestis straminalis, 
Hitibn.; Psammotis lanceolatus, Schift.; Pandemis heparana, Schiff. ; 
Harpella forficella, Scop. 


Hymenoptrera.—Ichneumon stramentarius, Grav.; Vespa crabro, L. ; 
Colletes succincta, L. 


Co.roptEera.—Cicindela ‘campestris, L.; Carabus montlis var. consitus, 
Pz.; Pterostichus madidus, F.; Pterostichus niger, Sl.; Pterostichus 
melanarius, Ulig.; Agabus melanartus, Ab.; Stlpha obscura, L.; Geo- 
trupes silvaticus, Panz.; Chrysomela varians, Sl.; Tenebrio molitor, L. ; 
Lagria hirta, L.; Pyrochroa coccinea, L. 


Neuroptera.—Chrysopa alba, L.; Calopteryx virgo, L. 


Dierera.—Haematopota pluvialis, L.; EHristalis nemorum, L.; 
Aylota sylvarum, L. 


On leaving Locquignol I motored to Aulnoye station instead of 
Le Quesnoy. It is better to use Aulnoye station in both arriving 
and leaving, there are cobble stones to be motored over by both routes ; 
but far less of these between Locquignol and Aulnoye. All the best 


trains stop at Aulnoye. 
In conclusion I must thank those many naturalists who have so 


kindly helped me to make this article correct. 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 


(Continued from p. 21.) 
Syrichthus, Bdv. malvae, L. becomes Syrichtus, Bdv. malvae, L. 


For many years in this country, on the Continent and in America, 
malvae and all species congeneric with malvae, have been placed in the 


COLLECTING AT RY (NR, ROUEN). 33 


genus Hesperia, and this name has been exclusively used in catalogues, 
memoirs, larger works, and general magazines. 

Syrichthus is wrongly spelled. It should be Syrichtus, Bdv. 
- Seudder, Hist. Sketch. 278, says that this name is invalid as a genus 

name since it is that of a species, which must be included in the genus. 
ef. Cossus cossus which is accepted. 

The List contains the simple statements (1) That Hesperia, Eb.,. is 
not available. (2) That Pyrgus, Hb. is not available as its type is 
syrichtus, Fb., which is not (now?) congeneric with malvae, L. (3) 
Plotz (1879) fixed the type of the genus Syrichtus as malvae, L. In 
Generic Names, p. 165, the author makes this last statement as to the 
action of Plotz (who called it sao!!) and makes the definite further 
statemert “thatthe name Syrichtus, Bdv., is thus a synonym of Pyrgus, 
Hb. Regarding Pyrgus, Hb. on the same page the author gives the 
type of Pyrqus as laid down by Westwood (1841) as malvae L. Thus 
the name Syrichtus is there definitely turned down. The whole of this 
appears to be a complete muddle. 

Careful investigation points out that Hesperia, Fb. is the correct 
generic name to use for malvae, L. The list and ‘‘ Generic Names”’ at 
considerable. trouble endeavours to point to comma as the type of 
Hesperia, but comma, L. had already been selected by Barbut as a 
species typical of Urbicola, in 1781, and thus was not available. 

Scudder analyses the position of Hesperia thus: 

Fabricius, Ent. Sys. (1793) gives Urbicolae with 118 species includ- 
ing malvae. 

Cuvier, Tab. Elem. cites malvae (but his malvae is not the malvae of 
Linnaeus). 

Latreille, Consid. (1810) selects proteus, malvae and morpheus as the 
most suitable representatives of Hesperia; hence the type must be one 
of these three species. 

Dalman, Vetensk. (1816) cites comma, which is doubly invalid. 

Many other authors cite types for this genus but all invalid until 

Scudder Syst. Rev. (1872) definitely selects malvae. 

If one wishes to verify the above, the references are Scudder Hist. 
Sketch. (1875) pp. 187, 260, 278, Hemming Generic Names (1934) pp. 


165, 170. 
(To be concluded.) 


Collecting at Ry (nr. Rouen), 17th-29th August, 1934. 
By P. C. HAWKER. 


Ry is situated 24km. east of Rouen and 150m. above sea-level : the 
soil is chalky and there are rolling downs with several large woods on 
the slopes and an occasional river ; the fields were mostly stubble and 
clover, and a few grass. As far as 1 know this district has not been 
well worked so I thought one or two items of interest might be found. 
I was here in 1980 at about the same time of year and one or two 
changes in the Rhopalocera seem of interest, although the climate and 
locality are so like England. 

Pararye aegeria, .—Was very common in woods and lanes but it 
did not differ from the English forms. 

Melanargia (Satyrus) galathea, L.—In spite of the lateness of the 


34 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.111.1985 


season here this species, abundant in 1930 in the first week in August, 
was absent. 1 did not see even a battered specimen. 

Epinephele (Maniola) tithonus, L.—Was found sparingly aut did not 
exhibit any variation. 

E. jurtina, L.—Varied a good deal towards albinism, and although 
I worked hard I could get no really good var. 

Coenonympha pamphilus, L.—Was everywhere and seemed much 
darker than the English form. 

Argynnis aylaia, li4—Was very common and found almost every- 
where but it was rather damaged. It occurred in much the same 
places as dia. 

Brenthis dia, L.—Came out first on the 22nd and by the time I 
left was to be found in dozens at the edges of woods. It showed no 
variation. 

Pyrametis (Vanessa) cardui, L., and P. atalanta, L.—Were almost 
entirely absent: I saw only one atalanta. Immigration of these two 
Vanessas was bad this year possibly owing to the drought. 

Limenitis camilla, Li. (sibilia, L.).—Of which I found several in 
early August in 1930 all damaged, was of course absent this time. 

Avaschnia levana var. prorsa, li.—Was also absent this year, 
although I took one perfect g in 19380. 

Polyommatus coridon, Poda.—Varied a great deal although it was 
not very plentiful and was confined to one field. It first appeared as © 
far as I know on the 20th Aug., whereas it appeared on 19th July at 
Winchester, 4 days earlier than 1983. Here I managed to capture 
one ? (ab. et var.) syngrapha, Keff.; [also managed to obtain some 
és which showed slight signs towards albinism, and one ? was very 
dark. 

Aricia medon (agestis, Schiff.) and Polyommatus icarus, Rott.— Were 
both common. 

Cyraniris semiargus, Rott.—Was absent this year although I caught 
one in 1930, close to the village. 

Polyommatus dorylas, Hb. (hylas, Esp.).—Was sparingly taken; I 
only got 1 @ and2 gs but I saw one or two more gs. (Rumicia 
phiaeas, Li. did not occur this year.) 

Strymon w-album, Knoch.—Was found on brambles in 1980, but 
this year 1 was far too late for them. 

Colias croceus, Foure.—Was in dozens in 1930 but was entirely 
absent this year. 

C. hyale, .—However, was indozens. These reached a maximum 
of about 24 per field on 22nd Aug., percentage of 9: gf -« 34: 66 
the former being partial to clover. They became more faded at the 
end of my stay: the weather conditions were dry anticyclonic. 

The three Pieris are common here and /. cardamines, L., occurs 
in the spring as J found some wings in a cobweb. Gonepterya rhamni, 
L., is also found. 

Papilio machaon, L.—Was found this year. I was given a speci- 
men taken by a pond on July 14th. I caught one g flying in a 
stubble field where C, hyale was common: I also saw one other in 
this place, and one flew over me at a great height down in the valley. 
They were considerably darker than most English forms; the one I 
captured was however a little worn. 

Nisoniades (Evynnis) tayes, L,—I got this one.on my last day (29th). 


SCIENTIFIC NOTES. an 


It is different from the forms I have taken at Winchester but does not 
seem to be a var. after comparing it with the series in the B.M. 

Urbicola comma.—Was very common but of little interest except in 
the lateness of its emergence, it being nearly over at the end of July at 
Winchester and in fresh condition here on the 17th. 

I only saw 1 specimen of Macroylossum stellatarum, L., so common 
this year in England. 

I did little work in other Orders, but wil] describe what I did get. 

On my first day I took 1 Vespa crabro, which was by a nest which 
had been bored in a fir tree. We saw many others after this date. I 
took the common dragonfly Sympetrum striolatum, and 3 common 
Syrphids Sphaerophoria scripta, Syrphus vitripennis, Mg., and Melano- 
stoma mellinum, L. 9. Lalso took Pentatoma juniperina, L., Neotti- 
glossa inflexa, Wolff., and one or two other, but unnamed, Hemiptera 
and Homoptera. 

I also took the scorpion fly, which is local in England, Panorpa 
cognata, Ramb. and two Orthoptera: one Oedipoda caerulescens, L. 
(which corroded through a white pin in about a week), the other was 

_Pteronemobius sylvestris. : 

The weather was perfect for collecting except for the last day on 

which we had heavy showers. 


SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


PsrupDo-Viviparity IN’ Leprpoprera.—In the Mut. News for ]ebru- 
ary, A. B. Klots, New York, records another case of pseudo- 
viviparity. In Colias hecla, he found a well-developed, first-instar 
larva in the oviduct of a female of this species. There are now 
numerous cases of such findings recorded, but always a solitary 
larva. He discusses the possibility of the future development 
of general viviparity in the Order Lepidoptera. Such suggestion seems 
beside the mark altogether. There is a critical point in the ? oviduct, 
where the duct from the bursa (where the g sperm has been stored) 
joins it, and as each ovum passes, it is fertilized by a charge from this. 
Ifa 2 butterfly be killed immediately the single ovum has received 
the charge, it would appear that, although the poison (or etc.) stopped 
the life functions of the perfect insect, it would have no effect whatever 
on the fertilized ovum which had become an absolutely separate 
organism independent of the life of the parent, and it would be able to 
90 on developing in due course, in the oviduct, over which there was 
‘now no control. If by chance the abdomen of a female killed at such 
a critical moment be examined some while later, one may expect always 
to find a first instar larva in the oviduct below the bursa duct inlet, 
but never more than one. The whole thing is a mere accident, which 
would not occur were there not an outside influence to cause stoppage 
of life function at the critical moment. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has 
considered this phenomenon very carefully for some time and the above 
is to him the only solution possible. In the near future he will 
probably pursue this question further. Already the plate to illustrate 
his article has been prepared.—Hy.J.T. 


36 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1925 


JOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


Reep Beps 1x Karty Sprinc.—Searching reed beds (Phragmites) 
in daylight during March and April is often a good way of getting © 
_ larvae of species not easily obtained in other ways. Any well reeded 
pond or ditch can be tried and in many places larvae of Leucanta 
obsoleta, L. straminea and also of Senta ulvae can be taken, all of which 
are easy to rear, vary greatly, and need to be freshly emerged to be 
seen in their true beauty. All three species are dependent on finding 
an open reed stem or similar hollow stem among reeds for a hiding 
place while feeding up and for pupation later, and as there are seldom 
a great many opened reeds in any given reed bed, the collector, who 
will look for such and carefully open up the stems, stands a good 
chance of a reasonable bag. 

Last year’s reeds broken by the wind or bored by the larvae of 
Nonagria geminipuncta are easily seen at this early time of year, when 
the new reed stems are only just appearing through the mud. L. 
obsoleta larva was full fed in the last days of September or early 
October, and having entered a dead stem, sealed itself in, and there 
rests until it pupates in late May. A good sized stem is chosen for 
obvious reasons, and if this is one with an open end toward sky the 
sealing cap is nearly always at the top and can be seen. But when 
the hole is in the side the sealing cap is inside the stem and may be 
above or below the hole. Careful opening up of the segment with a 
knife is required. 

L. straminea is quite a small larva yet and S. wlvae although, to all 
intents and purposes, full size, is also able to use quite a small stem. 
Neither of these seals itself in before May, as until then they come out 
on mild, damp nights and walk about. The procedure is the same as 
for L. obsoleta; pare away the open reed segment from top to bottom. 
Once a larva is found, continue to work close around, they are often 
found in little groups. 

When the resting larva of L. obsoleta is located, cap over the opened 
up larva with a segment of larger diameter reed and stand upright on 
slightly damped sand until late May when pupation has taken place, 
when remove the capping reed section. 

Larvae of S. uwlvae are liable to bite one another when freshly taken 
if at all crowded. Take home separately and put in a good sized cage 
with a good supply of open reed segments, several for each larva, as 
the larvae eat the lining of the dead stems. Moisture is essential or 
they become cannibal. Spraying once a week will prevent this and 
mutton fat is also accepted as a food and prevents cannibal tendencies 
in my experience. 

L. straminea larvae are found in the same way as the larvae of S. 
_ulvae and are easily reared like any other /eucania, the food of course 
being Phragmites where there isa growth of Phalaris grass (wild ribbon- 
grass) on the bank. The larvae of Apamea ophiogramma are often 
plentiful; they feed in the lowest part of the stem and the affected plant 
is easily detected by its red-brown leaves. ‘These so easily seen on close 
inspection, are not very noticeable until looked for. But below the earth 
or mud level as far as possible; the larva is right at the bottom and 
will feed on ribbon grass stems. Pupation takes place in early May in 
the earth. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 37 


RwopaLocera 1N Co Tyrone, 1934 wira Nores on Varration.—The 
past year has been a wonderful one for most of the local butterflies in 
this district. The weather in the early months was mild and genial ; 
and there was more than the usual amount of sunshine during May 
and June. Nymphalis io, L., was the first to put in an appearance on 
16th April, and hibernated individuals were to be seen almost every- 
where during May and early June, the last, a very tattered specimen, 
was Observed on 14th June. In the autumn it was about in enormous 
numbers ; fields of scabious were a moving mass of the butterfly ; and 
over thirty were observed at one time at Buddleia in the garden. 
Other species present were Pieris brassicae, P. napi, 1. rapae, a very 
worn Argynnis paphia, Aglais urticae, common, Pararye meyera, and 
Rumicia (Heodes) phlaeas. In May Huchloé cardamines, L., was out in 
its usual numbers; a female with the forewings on upper -and under- 
side primrose yellow, form ochrata, mihi., another female with apex 
and outer area of forewings tinted with pale yellow, the yellow colour 
occupying the same area as the usual orange blotch in the male. 
Pieris napi, L., was less abundant than in the previous year, and no 
striking forms were captured ; the dry weather of that year being no 
doubt responsible. In 1983 several banded forms *ab. interjuncta, 
Cabean, occurred. This may be a rare aberration in Belgium, but 
locally it is a fairly recurrent form. The spring brood of Pieris brassicae, 
L., was abundant and several forms (not abs.) nigronotata, Jachn., were 
netted, one of which is also of the form marginata, G.-Smith. 

Larvae of Huphydryas aurinia, Rott. were more abundant than for 
many years; larval nests being found even on roadside banks and also 
in the highland district at 800 feet near the town of Pomeroy. 

The larva of this species seems to be very tenacious of life, as a 
number of nests was found in the Spring on ground, the herbage of 
which had been burnt a short time previously; the foodplant being 
scorched and blackened, but the larvae seemed quite unaffected and 
were collected here and there in little groups, or roaming about in 
search of food, but difficult to distinguish on the blackened turf. 

It may be only a coincidence that on 16th June an aberration was 
captured here; the description is as follows :— 

Maus. Forewings, base smoky black with dark red spot on costa, 
three fulvous blotches on discal area, outer and inner margins smoky 
black. Hindwings, entirely smoky black with a faint trace of blackish 
red towards the base, on outer margin, a series of red dots with black 
centres. Underside, base of forewings fulvous red streaked with black 
lines, hindwings, basal portion reddish, marked with black lines, the 
remainder of the wings pale yellow with a row of faint black sub- 
marginal dots. On the underside this aberration is not unlike a variety 
of athalia figured by Frohawk in the Hntom. 1907, page 193. 

Coenonympha tullia (tiphon, Rott.) was fairly abundant on the bogs 
at Washing Bay on Lough Neagh. (J be continued).—THos. GREER. 


Lagva OF PaIGALIA PEDARIA FEEDING ON Lauret.—In the summer 
of 1934 I found in my garden a larva of Phigalia pedaria, Fabr., feed- 
ing on Laurel leaves; these it continued to eat until full-grown and 
the moth, a male, has emerged to-day. A few larvae have been 
recorded on Laurel from time to time, but it is a noteworthy foodplant 
and the only larva which I have found on it previously (at West 


38 _ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1935 


Norwood, about 1892) is Orgyia antigua, Linn. The Laurel referred 
to here is the ordinary poisonous Laurel of which the leaves make a 
good killing-bottle.—T. Bainsrigck FiLercuer, Rodborough. 27th 
February, 1985. 


Discomyza rincurva, Fun., 1x CornwaLty.—Hxamining a small 
collection of little flies taken in Cornwall during the last two years, I 
was pleased to find two examples of the rare Discomyza tncurva, Fln. 
One taken on the Lelant sandhills 26.viil.82, and the other at Gurnard’s 
Head near Zennor on 81.viii.84. These two localities, both on the 
North Coast, are about six miles apart so that the species seems. to 
occur throughout a rather wide district.—Rev. A. Taornuxy, M.A., 
F.L.8. ; 


Unusuat Fooprrants or Nocrurp LarvaE.—Acronicta rumicis, 
Linn., usually feeds in my garden on Polygonum colvolvulus; on 8.x.1934 
I found a larva feeding on a leaf of Garden Rhubarb (Rheum) on which 
it continued to feed until it spun up on 21st October. In June, 1934, 
I found in my garden a larva of Naenia typica, Linn., on Groundsel, 
and a larva of Amphipyra trayopogonis, Linn., on Garden Parsley; they 
fed up on these foodplants and emerged in due course.—T. BarnsricGE 
Friercuer, Rodborough. 26th February, 1935. 


CaTOcAaLA NUPTA FLYING By Day.—Mr. Donistborpe’s observation of 
an example of this species flying and settling on a cottage walls in the 
sun is extremely interesting and, I suspect, very unusual, as nupta is 
not ordinarily a day, as well as a night, flier, and, even if it were dis- 
tributed, would scarcely remain in evidence longer than would be 
necessary to find cover again. It would be useful to know whether 
there are any previous observations.—C. Nicuonson, Tresillian, Corn- 
wall. [I once saw C. nupta sitting on a fence in the late afternoon 
sunshine at the top of Shirley Heath.—Hy.J.T.] 


Lepipoptera at Wanpsworra.—Major Dick’s list of Lepidoptera 
occurring within a mile’s radius of Wandsworth Common station, 1s 
interesting for its inclusion as well as its omissions, compared with 
Clapton, a N.E. London suburb in which I spent about half my life 
and collected for about 20 years in the garden and neighbourhood. 
The insect that seems perhaps most remarkable in Major Dick’s list is 
Metachrostis perla, because one doesn’t expect to find much in the lichen 
way in a London suburb; and I was surprised to see Hipocrita jaco- 
baeae also; but perhaps ragwort is not uncommon in 8. London, though 
I never saw any near Clapton. Neither Acidalia sylvestraria nor A. 
fuscovenosa ever turned up anywhere near Clapton either, but on the 
other hand did Major Dick never meet with Hupithecta oblongata, I. 
asstmilata, or :. subnotata? The first was common in our Clapton 
garden, the second occasionally—perhaps they don’t grow currants in 
the Springfield Hospital grounds!—and the last named common 
amongst goosefoot on waste ground. 

Ennomos fuscantaria seems unusual for such a close-in suburb, but 
we used to get /. quercinaria on doors and fences at Clapton, and I 
once found a patch of its eggs on a garden door. Did Major Dick ever 
see var, perfumaria of Boarmia yemmaria at Wandsworth? We never 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 39 


saw any other form at Clapton and the larvae used to eat the green 
bark of our white jasmine, betraying their presence during the winter 
by the light green patches thus caused by the half-inch-long larvae 
which my sister and | used to amuse ourselves by trying to find ; some- 
times they were close to these patches (and often in or near a withered 
leaf), and sometimes they were an inch or two away; when we were 
completely baffled, a puff of breath or a slight tap caused the larva to 
move in some way and reveal its presence. Their favourite food is ivy. 
We never saw Hepialus sylvina, but H. lupulina was common, and also 
H. humuli on neighbouring waste grassy land. The last does not 
appear in Major Dick’s list.—C. Nicuouson, Tresillian, Truro, Corn- 
wall. 


Some Nores on a Metuop or Rearinc CALocAMPA EXOLETA FROM 
Ova.—Several dozen ova laid in the spring of 1934 were kept in glass- 
topped metal boxes until they were about a quarter full-fed. They 
were then transferred to large flower pots and tins with lino covers 
until full fed and formation of their cocoons. Several different food- 
plants were tried, but dock was preferred, so they were all given this 
throughout. 

During the long period of summer drought the flower pots and tins 
were buried in the ground, in a shady spot, to about three-quarters of 
their depth, and the earth around was kept moist by sprinkling water 
outside. 

HKarth was put inside each pot and tin to a depth of several inches 
for pupation. It was noticeable that nearly all the cocoons were 
placed deeply; they were large, also very loosely constructed with 
earth and silk: Many of the pupae were removed from their cocoons 
and emerged quite as satisfactorily as those left intact. The larvae 
did not turn to pupae for many days after constructing their cocoons, 
some still ‘‘ resting’ larvae being noticed after about 14 days. I am 
indebted to Dr. Cockayne for supplying the ova. The newly emerged 
imagines were extremely active before they expanded their wings. 
There was practically no variation in the resulting series.—Gero. S. 
Ropertson, M.D. Storrington, W. Sussex. 


Oxgpiropa caERULESCENS, L., in Brirain.—‘ A solitary specimen of 
Oedipoda caerulescens, L., was obtained by E. T. Price at Hugh Town, 
St. Mary’s, Scilly, in 1908. The bright blue of its wings had attracted 
a good deal of attention from the passers-by, and the insect nad been 
badly knocked about by ineffectual attempts at capture on the part of 
several islanders.” 

The above is an extract from p. 8 of a paper entitled ‘‘ The Orthop- 
tera of Cornwall,” by James Clark, M.S., D.Se., A.R.C.S., reprinted 
from the Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society for 1907. 

Will somebody please go to Scilly in August and find some more ? 
It should be looked for on dry, open ground, sandy or rocky, in sunny 
places. It is almost invisible when settled, but the blue flash of the 
wings is unmistakable. 

Personally, I find it harder to swallow the “ passing ship’’ theory 
than the ‘‘ Lusitanian relict’ theory, and the ‘‘ introduced in shrubs, 
fruit or vegetables ’”’ theory is also indigestible. This creature lives in 
waste ground and js active. It is best caught with a butterfly net, 


40 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1935 


It would probably have been noticed, if it existed on the mainland, 
but islands often conceal surprises. 

It should be looked for in southern Ireland too. This beautiful 
creature is worth an effort.—Matcotm Burr. (D.Sc., F.R.E.S.). 


Two Loca Spectres or Hyeenrpes in W. Sussex.—Tholomiyes 
(Schrankia) turfosalis was plentiful on 18th July in a damp clearing in 
a wood, settling on rushes and flying slowly low down amongst the tall 
erasses at early dusk. 

Hypenodes costaestriyalis was less common, but taken at ‘sugar’ 
aud flying at dusk on 14th August and 2nd October; it appears to be 
less local than turfosalis here. 

Hypenodes taenialis (albistrigalis) comes rarely to light.—G. S. 
Rosertson, M.D. ‘‘ Struan,’’ Storrington. 


Dierera on Booxknam anp EFriIncHAmM Commons, Surrey.—At a 
London Nat. Hist. Society’s excursion to Kiffingham and Bookham 
Comwon on 26th August, 1934, I collected some Diptera, which I 
venture to list below, although most may be quite common in that 
district. Those caught on Bookham Common were all taken at the 
almost dry ponds and connecting marshes; those at Effingham, either 
on the Common or in Barnthorns Wood. 

Booxsaam Common.—Pyrophaena granditarsa, Forster,2 ¢ g 1 2, 
P. rosarum, Fas. 1 2, Syrphus balteatus, Deg. 9 9, S. diaphanus, 
Zett. 1 3, Sphaerophoria scripta, L. 1 2, Rhingia campestris, Mg.1 ¢, 
Volucella inanis, 1 ¢ 12, both on the Water Mint (Mentha aquatica, 
L.), Hristalts arbustorum, L. 3, E. pertinax, Scop. g gf, EH. nemorum, 
L. ¢ 2, Helophilus pendulus, L.1 3, Xylota segnis, L. 1 9, Syritta 
pipiens, L. 2, Conops quadrifasciata, Deg. 1 9, Hchinomyia fera, 
L. g 2 on the Water Mint, Scatophaga stercoraria, L. § 2 , Tetanocera 
unicolon. law. Lg: 

Errixenam.—Sargus tridatus, Scop. 1 ¢ , Melanostoma scalare, Fab. 
3 2, Syrphus balteatus, Deg. 3-2, S. cinctellus, Zett. 1 gf, S. ribest, 
L., S. albostriatus, Fin. 1 9, Sphaerophoria menthastri, L. var. picta, 
Mg. 1 g, 8S. seripta, L. 3 9, Xanthoyramma ornatum, Mg. 2 oo, 
Ascia podagrica, Fab. 1 9, Rhingia campestris, Mg. 1 2, Volucella 
pellucens, L. 1 9, EHvistalis arbustorum, L. 3 9 , E. pertinax, Scop.% 2, 
KH. nemorum, Ll. gf, Myiatropa florea, L. 1 9, Helophilus pendulus, 
L. 1 9, Xylota segnis, L. 1 9, Syritta pipiens, L. & 2, Humerus 
vrnatus, Mg. 1 3, Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop. 1 2, Chrysotoaum 
bicinctum, L192, Conops quadrifasciata, Deg. 3 2, C. flavipes, L129, 
Sicus ferrugineus, Li. (taken by Mr. H. J. Burlnil), Mehinomyia fera, Li. 
Se, EKriothria rufomaculata, Deg. 2, Graphomyia maculata, Scop. 1 @ , 
Phaonia basalis, Gett. 1 @. 

The identification of S. diaphanus bas been confirmed by Mr. R. L. 
Coe of the British Museum (Natural History) to whom and his 
colleagues I owe many thanks for assistance in identifying my flies.— 
L. Parmenter. 94, Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


Tae Pozzue or “ Trertrx Breuncratum.’’—Most entomologists, espec- 
ially those who use the sweep-net, are familar with the squat, brown, 
horny little grasshopper that is generally known by theabovename. It 
is nearly all pronotum and, normally, cannot fly. Abundant as it is, 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 4] 


and generally known, there remain several problems connected with 
ib. 

It differs in habits from other grasshoppers, being adult in spring 
and early summer, the adults giving place to immature ones about 
midsummer, the new generation hibernating and appearing fully grown 
in the following May. 

It is now recognised that no less than three species have been con- 
fused under this name, for which reason, material is needed from 
districts as widely separated as possible. The distinctions are very 
slight, but constant. The clearest is the form of the middle segments 
of the antennae. 

In the typical species, bipwnctatum of Linnaeus, these are very short, 
about twice as broad as long. ‘This appears to be a northerly species, 
and is known to occur in Scotland, but is not yet known from England. 
These segments are somewhat longer, about three times as long as 
broad, in kieffert, Sauley, which is more southerly, and seems to be 
the only one of the three known in Iingland. ‘They are four times as 
long in tenuicorne, Sablb., which is not known from Britain, or Seand- 
inavia. 

The question is also complicated by the existence of polymorphism. 


‘Hajj, in his analysis of the Swedish species, recognises three forms of 


kiefferi, and no less than five of kraussi, which is now established to be 
a synonym of bipunctatum, by Alder. 

It is very desirable to establish the status of our British species, 
to map their areas of distribution, both horizontally and vertically. 
Entomologists in the field will assist very much if they will collect 
material, especially from the north of England, from Scotland, and 
from Ireland. 

I may add that, unfortunately, we are obliged now to call the genus 
Acrydium. —Matcoum Burr, D.Se., F.R.E.S., United University Club, 
Pall Mall East, London, 8.W.1. 


Capturss at Licgut anp Sugar in W. Sussex.—During the second 
week in April, 1934, light attracted Taentocampa gracilis, Pachnobia 
rubricosa, Harophila badiata (common), Nothopteryx (Lobophora) car- 
pinata, Calostigia multistriyaria, E'ctropis bistortata (dark form). 

17th April:—Demas coryli, Nothopteryx (Lobophora) polycommata, 
Selenia bilunaria f. illunaria (common), Xylocampa areola, T. incerta 
(pale form), 7’. munda, one very paleand almost without spotting ; it 
was exhibited at the South London Entomological Society. 

1st to 6th May :—Hypena rostralis, Orneodes hexadactyla, Xanthorhoe 
jerrugata, Hemerophila abruptaria, Huphytia silaceata, Pachycnemia hippo- 
castanaria, Drymonia chaonia g , Demas coryli 2. 

10th May :—Larva, nearly full fed, of Cirrhoedia werampelina seen 
ascending ash trunk at late dusk. 

14th to 20th May:—Anaygoga pulveraria §, Lithina chlorosata 
(petraria) (common), Xanthorhoé fluctuata, Cabera pusaria, Gonodontis 
bidentata. 

21st to 27th May :—Xanthorhoé unidentaria (common), Perizoma 
flavofasciata (common), Agrotis cinerea J, Dianthoecia cucubali. 

19th to 24th June :— Ptychopoda (Acidalia) aversata, C. pusaria, 
Todis lactearia, Pseudoterpna pruinata (cytisaria), adore nana (den- 


49, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1935 


tina), Plusia chrysitis, Rivula sericealis, Ayrotis corticea and A. eaclama- 
tionts, Leucania comma, Mupithecia eaiquata, Plagodis dolabraria. 

22nd June:—At ‘sugar’ Grammesta trigrammica (trilinea) was 
common and Theretra porcellus at flowers of Rhododendron. 

31st July:—One Leucania albipuncta was obtained at sugar ; 
several were taken by others in the district. 

8rd week Sept. :—Hadena protea, common at light. 

25th Sept.:—At heht Calocalpe cervinalis, Plusia gamma. 

29th Sept.:—At ‘sugar’: Xylina semibrunnea, one; Amathes 
lychnidis (pistacina), A. circellaris, Orrhodia vaccinii, all common; A. 
litura, two. . 

1st Oct. :—Chesias leyatella (spartiata) at light. 

19th to 25th Nov.:—Erannis (flybernia) aurantiaria (common), 
Gonoptera libatria, Operophtera brumata 2, O. boreata several, Colotois 
pennaria several, all males.—Guro. 8S. Rosertson, M.D. 


GXYJURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. 

We are informed that the Socy. for Brit. Entomology is to hold a 
Congress of its Members at Oxford in July, with Prof. Hale-Carpenter, 
F.L.8., F.R.E.S., in the Chair. 

The following Members are elected Officers and Council of the 
South London Entomological & Natural History Society for the 
ensuing year :— 

President, E. E. Syms, F.R.E.S. Vice- Presidents, T. R. Hagles, 
M. Niblett. Hon. Z'reasurer, A. Hi. Tonge. Hon. Librarian, EK. EK. Syms. 
Hon. Editor of Proceedings, H. J. Turner. Hon. Secretaries, 8. N. A. 
Jacobs, H. J. Turner. Hon. Lanternist, J. H. Adkin. Council, R. W. 
Attwood, F. J. Coulson, H. G. Denvil, P. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, M.Sc., 
J. A. Downes, C. G. M. De Worms, M.A., F. Stanley-Smith, Mrs. M. 
Stanley-Smith, G. V. Bull, B.A., M.B., H. King, D.Se., F.B.S. 

The following Fellows are elected Officers and Council of the 
Royal Entomological Society of London for the ensuing year :— 

President, S. A. Neave, M.A., D.Sc. Vice- Presidents, C. L. Collenette, 
H. Eltringham, F.R.S., A. D. Imms, F.R.S. Treasurer, Francis 
Hemming. Secretary, A. W. McKenny-Hughes. Other Members of 
the Counctl, Professor W. A. Balfour-Browne, Professor P. A. Buxton, 
Professor G. D. Hale Carpenter, Brigadier W. H. Evans, G. Fox- Wilson, 
kK. Jordan, F.R.S., R. Stewart MacDougall, D.Sc., N. D. Riley, J. 
Simes, W. H. Thorpe, M.A., C. B. Williams, D.Sc. 

A Meeting of the Entomological Club was held at the Junior 
Carlton Club on 4th December, 1984, Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis in 
the Chair. Members present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. H. St. 
J. K. Donisihorpe, Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Mr. Jas. H. Collin, 
Dr. Harry Eltringham, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors present :—Major 
EK. E. Austen, Mr. H. HE. Andrewes, Dr. K. G. Blair, Mr. C. Lh. 
Collenette, Mr. H. M. Edelsten, Mr. F. W. Frohawk, Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, 
Dr. Karl Jordan, F.R.S., Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G., F.B.S., 
Dr. 8. A. Neave, O.B.E., Mr. W. Rait Smith, Dr. Hugh Scott, Mr. 
W. 4H. 'l’. Tams, Mr. C. J. Wainwright. After dinner Mr, J. K. Collin 
exhibited three pairs of a rare British Dipteron (the Asilid Hypitriptus 
arthriticus, Zeller) captured by him on Breckles Heath, Norfolk, on 
11th July this year. ‘This species is known to occur from Southern 


REVIEWS. 48 


Sweden down to Austria, but only one specimen had previously been 
found in this country, which, though taken in 1907 by the late Lord 
Walsingham near Merton in Norfolk, remained unrecognised until 
1932 when Mr. B. M. Hobby found it in the Hope Department at 
Oxford and published a note about it in the Mntomologist’s Monthly 
Magazine for June of that year. The species is evidently still to be 
found on the sandy heaths of this part of Norfolk in spite of the 
changed conditions by afforestation of large areas since 1907. A long 
and interesting evening was spent. 


WEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Through the kindness of the author, Mr. Francis Hemming, 
P’.R.1.S., we have received a copy of his work, ‘‘ The Generic Names 
of the Holarctic Butterflies,’ Vol. I. 1758-1863, published by Order of 
the Trustees of the British Museum. The compilation of a work of 
this character is a thankless task, since no one agrees with the results 
which are arrived at. Every critic has his own pet names, which he 
sees are perfectly correct according to the premises which he himself 
has set up more or less correctly, just as did the author. Some 
portions of the work which have been provisionally adopted by the 
Royal Entomological Society have already been criticised in the pages 
of this magazine. 

That the work has been done in our British Museum has ensured 
that all references are first hand. With the great libraries of the 
British Museum, of the Royal Entomological Society and of the 
Linnean Society there must have been scarcely a single work of refer- 
ence to which the author had to refer by deputy. Knowing personally 
the extremely careful work and method of the author we feel sure that 
his data and results are as near perfect, under the restrictive lines he 
has laid down for himself, as is humanly possible. 

But our criticism is partly the old one that the investigation is 
under Zoological auspices and not Entomological. The International 
Code of Zoological Nomenclature and its Zoologically inspired interpre- 
tations of these rules (Recommendations, Opinions, etc.) form a 
difficult track to follow, particularly as followed rigidly some of them 
are silly. The authors enacted these rules, not to be rigidly carried 
out, but to be used as lines of action where absolutely necessary (e.g. 
the homonym rule, which duplicated a vast number of names and has 
made already complicated nomenclature ‘‘ worse confounded.”’). Then 
our Code makers have endeavoured to enforce rules made under modern 
conditions and experience, on the work of entomologists generations 
ago, making in many cases a hopeless muddle, instead of clearing the 
way and simplifying our nomenclature. 

Again we must point out that our British National Committee on 
Entomological Nomenclature is quietly pushed out.—Hy.J.T. 


Tan Comeitete Book or Britisa Burrerruies. By F. W. Frohawk, 
F_.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. With 82 plates in colour and 160 illustrations. 
Large octavo. Price 10/6. Messrs. Ward-Lock and Co.—This is an 
exellent book in many respects. It is most profusely illustrated. To 
say 32 plates does not convey to one the suggestion that these plates 
contain nearly 650 coloured figures of imagines, typical of both sexes 


44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1935 


and many aberrations, larvae and critical segments of the same, pupae 
and ova. Necessarily these figures have had to be crowded and hence 
the artistic appearance of the plates is not what one would wish and the 
colours are in many figures vivid and not soft as in Nature. However 
the intended information conveyed by them is full and complete. 
On the other hand the 160 drawings scattered throughout the letter- 
press make up for this in their artistic beauty of execution, and, 
illustrating, as they do, the habits and natural surround of the various 
species, form no mean addition to the personal information in the 
letterpress. The author has bred every species from the ovum, has 
met with every species and almost every stage of every species in Nature, 
and the information he has thus obtained is briefly but amply given in 
the text. In fact the illustration and information in this book is pheno- 
menal for such a low priced production and we only hope that the author 
will be sufficiently recompensed for his labour of love. 

The technique of Rearing from the Egg, Collecting, Setting, with 
Notes on Aberration, Migration and Protective Resemblance, and the 
Foodplants of the Larvae are all briefly discussed. No opportunity of 
introducing special biological facts is passed in the specific accounts, 
such as the anal comb of the large ‘‘ Skipper,” the resting head down- 
wards of the “ Blues,” the hibernating position of the Brimstone head 
upwards, the Ant carrying the larva of the large ‘“ Blue,” the social 
nest of Melitaea cinwia larvae, the variation in resting habits, and so on. 

In fact the volume is a happy combination of a book for the sitting- 
soom table, a book for the collector, a book for the ardent student, 
and for the average naturalist and lover of Nature with an aptitude 
for natural artistic beauty. 

The names suggested by the Royal Entomological Society are used 
but variations occur: aurinea, polychlorus, ageria. It seems that with 
fresh names which the average consultant has no means of tracing, the 
generaliy-used names should also be indicated, e.g., tullia, venata, 
agestis, sylvestris, cydippe, etc. The List is called ‘‘ International.” It 
is no such thing and may never become so in its present state. 


Tae Inverteprats Fauna or NotrInGHAMSHIRE (SUPPLEMENT). By 
Prof. J. W. Carr, M.A., F.L.8., F.R.E.S., ete. pp. 288.—The Main 
Volume was issued in 1916 after many years of preparation by the 
Members of the Nottingham Naturalists Society, and consisted of a 
huge mass of records on all Orders, giving locality, dates and name of 
recorder for every species, arranged in scientific order. The volume 
consisted of over 600 pages of brief notes. Needless to say the Lepi- 
doptera and Coleoptera took up no mean share of the pages; about 
260 together. In the volume just issued the deficiencies in the records 
for Diptera and Hymenoptera are well made up. To the former (90 pp.) 
are added a further 121 pp. and to the latter (87 pp.) a further 80 pp. 
are added. Prof. Carr seems to have been ably supported by many 
interested members and others so that many records are attached to 
most species. The whole work is an admirable compilation, an 
immense fund of information upon which to base other faunistic work 
in the County. One would have liked an introductory Description of 
the area, as to geological formation, geographical facts, details as to 
cultivation, open country, water areas, etc., elevation and climate. 
The volumes are well got up and the matter admirably displayed. 


> 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. ‘Torner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications 1peNTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS axe inserted on condition that the AuTHOoR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. 

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill 
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. 

Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,’” 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Excuanees.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini mad, gsponsa, exchange for butterflies of 
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Janthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea vy. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v-. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera 
and Heterocera. 

Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an 
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz 
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-sir. 77, Germany. 

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. 
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates. —Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. 

Desiderata.—Living larvae : please send list of species obtainable.—A. Lester, 2, 
Pembury Road, London, N.17. 

CHANGE or ApprEss.—Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., to Stanford-le-Hope, Essex: 
L. D. Wakeley, to 15, Berkeley Place, Wimbledon, S.W.19: B.C. 8. Warren, F.R.E.S., 
to 3, Augusta Mansions, Folkestone, Kent. W. Parkinson-Curtis, to 17, Princess Road, 
Bournemouth. 

Duplicates.—Many exceedingly rare species of moths from the Mediterranea. 
especially Sardinia. Ask for List. 

Desiderata.—British Z. exulans; D. barretti; A. nickerli-guenei; L. favicolor; H. 
crinanensis; Lar. ostregiata. Urgently needed.—Breeding material of all Ephestia- 
species except kuehniella. Will also pay cash if desired.—H. Bytinski Salz, John Innes 
institution, Merton Park, London, S.W.19. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIKS. 


_ Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8 p.m. March 20th. April 3rd. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
March 28th. April 11th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, 
Bromley, Kent. 

* The London Natural History fociety.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
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4 Wicken Revisited, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. . 
Lepidoptera at Jaca, Alto Aragon, Spain, Wm. Fassnidge, M. A., F. R.E.S. 45 
The Biology of Pieris rapae, Orazio Quercti .. AT 
Eg Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. - ee 48 
xg _ Early Stages of Indian Lepidoptera, D. G. Sonastonnta, F.R.E.S., 49 
_ Norzs on ConnEecTiIne.— Micro Larvae for April; C. billbergi, Z¢t. 4 E. 
: anthracina, Czy. (Dip.), H. W. Andrews, ER.E. S.; C. terebrella in 
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Bainbrigge- Fletcher, F.R.E.S etc.; M. jurtina, xanthie forms, H.D. 
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ENTOMOLOGICAL CONGRESSES to be held in a different Centre 
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Rmoressor GD. Hale Carpenter, M.B.E., D.M., F.U:S. 
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LEPIDOPTERA AT JACA, ALTO ARAGON, SPAIN. 45 


Wicken Revisited. 
By HORACE DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. 
(Department of Entomology. British Museum: Natural History.) 
(Concluded from page 29.) 


Mons. Ferriére has named the Chalcidoidea, etc., as far as possible, 
the below being a list of the species :— 

Cuatcipoiea.—F'am. Torynridae.—Torymus ventralis, Fonsc. 1 9 
ne 

Fam. Hurytomidae.—Eurytoma appendigaster, Boh. 19. 

Fam. Pteromalidae.—Stenomalus muscarum, L.19. Péteromalus spp. 
2 diff. 9. Habrocytus spp. 2 diff. 9. Asaphes vulgaris, Walk. 19. 
Cyrtogaster vulgaris, Walk. 19. Lamprotatus maculatus, Walk. 13. 
Spalangia nigra, Latry. 19. 

Fam. Mymaridae.—Ooctonus vulgatus, Hal. 19. 

CyniporpEa.—F'am. Cynipidae.—Hucotla sp. 13. Figitessp.1@. 

IcHneEUMoNoIDEA.—F am. Braconitdae.—Apanteles sp.13. 


I am indebted to Mr. Nixon for the names of the following Bra- 
contdae and Proctotrupidae, mostly taken in cut sedge. 

BraconiwaE.—*Microdus fumidulus, Hb. Microbracon i 
Fab, *Microbracon fuscicoais, Wesm. Blacus. ruficornis, Nees. 
* Blacus armatulus, Ruthe; and *Hormius moniliatus, Nees. 

(Marked with an asterisk new to the Wicken list). 

Procrorrupipar.—Sephus yravidator, Hal. 29. Paracodrus aptero- 
gynus, Hal. 9. Loawotropa atricowt, Kieffer. 3. Loawotrupa convexa, 
Kieffer, ¢ 9. Belytadepressa, Thoms. § Baeus seminulum, Hal. 19. 
Hoplogryon fimbriatus, K. g. Calliceras,sp.? 2. Hoplogryon anatus, 
Walker, 3. 


Lepidoptera at Jaca, Alto Aragon, Spain, in August, 1931 and 1933. 
By Wu. FASSNIDGH, M.A., F.R.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 20.) 


PreropHoripak.—* Oxyptilus pilosellae, Zell. *Platyptilia gonodac- 
tyla, Schiff.—A few disturbed from among T'ussilayo.  Alucita tetra- 
dactyla, L. *A. pentadactyla, L.—Very local. Pterophorus monodac- 
tylus, L.  Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla, Hw. *S. zophodactyla, Dup.— 
Imagines and larvae. Agdistis satanas, Mill.—Two specimens. 

OrnEopipaE.—* Orneodes grammodactyla, Zell. *O. cymatodactyla, 
Zell. 

TortricipaE :— Acalla hastiana, Li.—A few larvae from which 
imagines emerged in late September; only the form typica was 
obtained. A. variegana, Schiff. *Capua gnomana, Cl.—One specimen. 
Tortria croceana, Hb. *T'. wnifasciana, Dup.cCommon. *Argyrotoexa 
conwayana, Fb.—Common. Anisotaenia hybridella, Hb. *Lozopera 
francillana, Fb. *L. dilucidana, Stph. *L. bilbaensis, Réssl.—Rare. 
*Phalonia purpuratana, Hb. P. wndulatana, Kenn.—Very common 
among white scabious. *P. pallidana, Zell. */?. austrinana, Chrét.— 
Fairly common. Huwanthis meridiana, Stgr. “HH. nodulana, Méschl. 
EH. hamana, Lb. *E. zoegana, L. *Hulia politana, Hw.  Argyroploce 
oblongana, Hw.—common. *A. salicella, L.—One speciinen. *Ancylis 
comptana, Fréhl. *Polychrosis botrana, Schiff. Crocidosema plebejana, 
Zell.—Larvae found in seeds of hollyhock 1.viii.81 probably belonged 


46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1935 


to this species. Bactra lanceolana, Hb. *“Hucosma cana, Hw. Semasia 


pauperculana, Ster.  *S. scopoliana, Hw. *S. conterminana, H.8.— 
Fairly common. *Epinotia imparana, Mull.-Rutz.  Notocelia incar- 
natana, Hb.—Common. *N. roborana, Tr.—Common. Fpiblema 


griseolana, Zell. *H. pflugiana, Hw. *H. ramella, L. *E. fracti- 
fasciana, Hw. *Evetria posticana, Zett.—Beaten from Pinus sylvestris. 
“FH. resinella, Li.—Galls found sparingly. *Laspeyresia pomonella, L. 
*L. splendana, Hb. *EHucosma lacunana, Dup. *Hemimene simpliciana, 
Hw. *Lipoptycha plumbana, Scop. 

GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE :—*Choreutis nemorana, Hb.—lLarvae on fig 
leaves fairly common, emerged 27.viii.38. 

Hyponomeutipan:—* Argyresthia caesiella, Hb.—Common. Hypono- 
meuta padellus, L. Ethmia pusiella, Roem. I. bipunctella, Fb. 

PLUTELLIDAE :—*Cerostoma nemorella, L. *C. scabrella, L.—Two 
specimens. *C. lucella, Fb.—Beaten from oak. *C. persiceila, Fb.— 
One specimen. Plutella maculipennis, Curt.—Rare. 

GELECHIIDAE :—Metznerta neuropterella, Gell.  Aristotelia subert- 
cinella, H.S.—Fairly common at light. A. decurtella, Hb. A. pictella, 
Zell. *Acompsia cinerella, Cl. *TVelphusa fugitivella, Zell.—Fairly 
common onelms. *Lita leucomelanella, Zell. *Gelechia tessella, Hb. 
G. aristotelis, Mill. Stomopteryx anthyllidella, Hb.—Common at light. 
S. detersella, Gell.  Dichomeris marginella, Fb. Symmoca oenophila, 
Stgr.—Common at light. Lecithocera luticornella, Zell. *Chrysoclista 
atra, Hw. 

OxrcopHoripDak :—/iudrosts lacteella, Schiff—Indoors and _ out. 
Pleurota planella, Stgr.—Fairly common.  P. bicostella, Cl. *P. 
schlayerielia, Gell. *Borkhausenia psendospretella, Stt.—On a shop 
window in the Calle Mayor. Depressaria costosa, Hw. 1). oenochrva, 
Tur. *D. prostratella, Const.—Two specimens. *1). depressella, Hb. 
D. liturella, Hb.—Two specimens. Chirocampa lambdella, Don.—Two 
specimens. 

Eacuistipak :—*Scythris chenopodiella, Hb. *S, scopolella, Hb.— 
Two specimens. S. dissimilella, H.S. Coleophora ochrea, Hw. 
Fairly common. *C. frischella, L. *C. deauratella, Gell. C. solenella, 
Steger. 

GRCAILARIIDAE :—*Gracilaria stigmatella, Fb.—'l'hree bred from 
larvae fonnd in leaf pockets on young poplars in the Paseo. They 
differ from English specimens in their dark blackish ground colour. 
*G. tringipennella, Zell.—One specimen. Tischeria ?complanella, Hb.— 
Old mines commonly near the Fuerte Rapidan. 

TALEPORIUDAE :—Taleporia tubulosa, Retz.—Old cases found. 

TineiDaE :—Tinea fuscipunctella, Hw.—Fairly common indoors. 
T’. quercicolella, H.S.  *T. pellionella. L.—Indoors and out. *T’. sim- 
pliciella, H.S.—Two specimens. *Monopis nigricantella, Mill. *Scardia 
boleti, Fb.—One specimen. 

ApDELIDAE :—* Nemotots metallicus, Poda.—Fairly common; a dozen 
or more seen assembling toa ?. 

Heprauipas :—* Hepialus sylvinus, L.—Fairly common at light. 

I take this opportunity of offering my best thanks to Dr. H. Zerny, 
of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, who after reading my MS., 


very kindly gave me valuable information, and helped with a number 
of difficult identifications. 


Aun Account 


a, 

Aig 

BH 

< . 

A & 

May a 
Ci ele 
Lae 18% 
LOST: 
Eee Os 
18 68. 
BOs has 
OO Tee 
OL tO: 
22 10: 
ar nha 
24. 78. 
2a WOO: 
26 Ane he 
2 Ot 
28° 18. 
29 65. 
FONT ee 
51 ar G 

JUNE 

ie Sa. 
81. 
eee ys 
4 86. 
a> 90: 
6.90. 


secutive days. 


60. 
68. 
63. 
65. 


THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. AT 


of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae. III. 
By ORAZIO QUERCI. 
(Continued from p. 14.) 


Exxpuanatory Nortss. 


The weather was very cold in March of 1932, drop- 
ping to 17°-19° on the 8th, 9th, 10th and 15th. In 
April it was almost always cold, being 38°-34° on 
the 4th, 13th and 17th. On 22nd April the tem- 
perature rose up to Max. 79°, Min. 55°, and we saw 
three males of Pieris rapae at rest on the stems, but 
later the heat decreased, being almost always 50° 
during the nights, and we saw no more butterflies 
on the wing until mid-May. 


P., RAPAE TAKEN. 


0-—The climate becomes lovely, and some Pieris rapae 


14. of both sexes begin to emerge from the chrysalides 


which had gone over winter. 
8—They mate and lay eggs on the same day of their 
birth. 
7—The eggs, which we rear in May, hatch after four 
8 days. The young larvae, hang by asilk thread and 


. 10. try to find a suitable leaf or flower to feed. 


6 

0 —In the country all the “‘ Whites” which we observe, 

QO are more or less worn. 

O—A few larvae of our broods grow more rapidly 
than the others. 

O—At the Park Way we see no more males on the wing. 

O—A few larvae of our broods pupate after six days. 

O—It is hot. The larvae of our breeding are very 

O active, a few of them turn from green to yellow, later 

O they are caught by stupor and rot. Other larvae, of 
the same batch, are not injured by the heat. 

0 On this day no larva forms the chrysalis. 

O—The climate is lovely, and many larvae of our 
broods pupate. 

0 —Other chrysalides are formed in our cages, Sore 
larvae delayed twelve days to pupate. All the larvae, 

0 which we reared, which delayed more than twelve 

1 days, died. We take the first Pieris rapae of the 

2 second brood. On the days following that species 

3 becomes frequent at the Park Way. 


71. 10—It is hot. The larvae of our broods are restless. 


iheles 


18 Alloftbem turn yellow and later die. This heat-wave 
is not very intense, but it continues for two con- 
I believe that, in such an open place as the meadows 


of the Park Way, very few larvae were able to find a shelter against 


such a great heat while the vegetation was scarce and the ground 
was barren. 


48 KNTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. 15.1V.1935 


In the evening of 6th June, 1932, the heat continued to be intense, 
and it was still 85° at 8 p.m. Also the larvae of our broods, which 
had hatched on that day, died. Some chrysalides, formed on 5th June, 
became black and rotted. None of the larvae, which we were rearing, 
pupated on 6th June. 


(To be continued) 


Nomenclature. The List. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 
(Concluded from page 33.) 


Carterocephalus, Led. palaemon, Pall. remains Carterocephalus, Led. 
palaemon, Pall. | 

Thymelicus, Hb. thawmas, Hutn. becomes Adopoea, Billberg, sylvestris, 
Poda. The linea, Schiff. (1775) early replaced thaumas, Hufn. (1776) 
until Tutt and others in Brit. Lep. adopted flava, Brunniche (?) (1768). 
Now we are asked to adopt the sylvestris of Poda (1761) as the prior 
name of linea. The original description of Poda’s sylvestris reads 
“ primoribus supra linea transversa lanceolata nigra.”” Werneberg and 
others identify this as either sylvanus or comma both of which have the 
“linea lanceolata,” which most certainly linea has not. Since the 
description of Poda adds “‘ Habitat in sylvis’’ one would suggest the 
- probability that Poda’s insect was sylvanus. [See L. G. Higgins’ Note 
Ent. Rec.XLVI. p. 44 (1984)]. 

Adopaea was the genus adopted by Tutt, etc., for this species and 
for lineola. It is now shown that the correct spelling is Adopoea. 

Thymelicus, Hb. lineola, Ochs. becomes Adopoea, Hb. lineola, Ochs. 

Thymelicus, Hb. actaeon, Rott. becomes T'hymelicus, Hb. acteon, Rott. 

The spelling of actaeon was corrected in Brit. Lep. 

Pamphila, Fb. comma, Li. becomes Hesperia, Fb. comma, Ll. (See 
above.) 

Panmphila, Fb. was replaced in Brit. Lep. by Urbicola, of which 
comma was chosen by Barbut, to whose selection of species typical of 
genera we have already referred. Hence the use of comma as typical 
of Hesperia is technically invalid, as well as extremely inconvenient 
from long continued use for the malvae group. 

Pamphila, Fb. sylvanus, Esp. becomes Ochlodes, Scudd. venata, 
Brem. and Gray. 

The acquisition of a series of the venata from the far Hast some 
years ago strongly suggested the result given here that sylvanus and 
venata were the same species. However the misapplication of the 
homonyw rule cuts out sylvanus (1777), although there has been no 
chance of confusion for more than 120 years at least. It is a fine 
scientific (sic) amusement to misapply this Zoological rule. Of course 
it should be sylvanus and the far Hastern form ssp. venata. 

Augiades, Hb. was subsequently adopted in Tutt’s Brit. Lep. I 
have failed to find any reason advocated for the use of Ochlodes, 
Scudder, which only contains 3 species not including sylvanus, Sys. 
Revis. 1872, and it seenis that Augiades, Hb. should stand for the 
genus of sylvanus, which is one of the original species in the genus. 
There is insufficient evidence for Anyiades to be supplanted. ; 

Nors.—The name of our Augiades sylvanus is now said to be 
corrected to Ochlodes venata ssp, septentrionalis. 


EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 49 


Thus the List is a great advance on all previous Lists but it will 
have to come up again to be further corrected, both in Generic and 
some Specific Names. 

The Americans will not accept the erroneas pleaippus (See Seitz) 
which is an Indo-Malay name (See Seitz). 

Hyperanthus is not a prior spelling: hyperanthus (South ih in place 
of the correct hyperantus, L. 

Sylvestris is a gross error. 

Aegon Vv. argus can never be proved either way. Seitz suggestion 
of aegon is the better. 

Agestis and bellargus are forced in by the stuvidly applied homonym 
rule. 

Latitude in the use of Brenthis, Issoria. Polyommatus is allowable. 

Ruralis and Urbicola are undoubtedly correct for betulae (and there- 
fore quercus) and comma, respectively. 

Lycaena and Hesperia have been so universally used for their 
respective groups of species that endeavour should be made to get them 
restablished as in the case of Colias, Aryynnis, Vanessa, etc. 

(P.S.—As shown, the inexplicable elimination of Oken’s work is 
responsible for Lycuena being rejected.) 


Early Stages of Indian Lepidoptera. 
By D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S. 


(Continued from p. 19.) 
NyYMPHALIDAE. 


Euthalia garuda, Mre., ssp. suddhodana, Fruh. 

Head green, body green with a pale dorsal stripe and a pale mauve 
transverse line on each somite. A series of eleven feathery scoli, about 
3ths of an inch long, arising subdorsally, the first pair pointing 
forwards, the 2nd to 10th pairs sideways and the 11th pair backwards. 

Pupa green. The head lobed with a brown spot on each projection. 
A lateral and a dorsal brown spot on the thorax, a gilt and brown line 
between the 3rd and 4th abdominal somites dorsally. Shape, ventral 
surtace flattish ; thorax and first three abdominal somites flat with a 
median keel and rising to a point, the posterior somites with a slight 
median keel. 

Foodplant.—Mango (Mangifera indica). 

Described from a full fed larva found in Caleutta 16.1.32, pupated 
19.1.82 and a female emerged ?.11.32. 

Seitz describes a form of the larva which has the transverse lines 
yellow. 


LycaENIDAE. 


Rathinda amor, F. 

Head retractile. Ground-colour bright green, olive green or dull 
purple. The green forms with a brown transverse band on the 4th 
and a brown dorsal patch on the 6th to 8th somites, the purple forms 
with the same markings a little darker than the ground-colour. A 
white lateral line from the 5th to 10th somites. The 2nd and 8rd 
somites with a pair of subdorsal horn-like projections, the pair on ‘the 
8rd somite being the longer. A single dorsal projection on the 4th 


50 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1985 


somite. The 5th somite bearing a long dorsal and a long lateral 
projection. The 6th to 9th somites each bearing a dorsal projection, 
that on the $th very short, the 7th and 8th slightly longer and that 
on the 9th long. The 10th somite with a short dorsal projection and 
a long lateral one. 

Pupa shaped like that of a Syrphid, green with a brown dorsal 
patch. | 

Foodplant.—A cultivated garden shrub with bright scarlet flowers. 
The larvae prefer the flowers and the young berries to the leaves. 

Described from full fed larvae found in Calcutta 10.vii.32, pupated 
12.vii.82 and males and females emerged 20.v1i.32. 

Seitz describes the larva as being ‘“ green with purplish-red cones 
of different length.” 


(To be continued.) 


YJ OTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


Micro Larvar Conuecrinc For Aprit.—Hixamine the leaves of 
wild rose bushes for whitish blotches; to most of these are attached a 
flattened, serrated case, that of Coleophora gryphypennella, while the 
twisted together shoots will probably contain larvae of Notocelia 
roborana. In lanes, especially those in the Weald where the heart’s- 
tongue fern grows in such abundance, one may now find the larvae of 
Teichobia verhuellella burrowing among the spore-cases on the undersides 
of the fertile fronds. Old twisted birch trees may now be examined 
for distorted catkins ; a good supply of the latter will probably furnish 
a series of Kpiblema (Paedisca) bilunana. Old palings, especially 
near woods and under trees, will often have attached to their 
surface the longish cases of Taleporia pseudobombycella; care in 
removing them and attaching them subsequently to a similar surface 
must be observed if a series of the imagines is to be obtained. When 
the sallow leaves (Salix caprea) have started to open out, the 
blotches formed by the larvae of Coleophora viminetella will be 
apparent, and any near-by old thistle stems may be examined for 
the round holes denoting the presence of the full fed larvae of 
Epiblena (Ephippiphora) pflugiana. The closely drawn together 
shoots of the furze with white web will contain the larvae of Seythris 
grandipennis, and the broom, so often in company with furze, will 
possibly have its long shoots spun together forming feeding galleries 
for the larvae of Depressavia assimilella almost ready for pupation. 
Under some of the hedge-rows one often finds the ground-ivy, 
Glechoma hederacea, extensively blotched by the larvae of Coleophora 
albitarsella in their long, black and curved cases, on the undersides. In 
similar situations where masses of Stitchwort grow, the larvae of 
Coleophora solitariella will be noted making long galleries in the grass- 
like leaves, each with its slender, long, tubular, almost white case, 
while more locally on the same plant the similarly shaped brownish 
cases of the larvae of Coleophora olivaceella may be found making 
similar blotch galleries. The twisted shoots of the same plants may 
contain larvae of Gelechia tricolorella. The blotches on the leaves of 
the chalk-loving Helianthemum vulgare indicate the larvae of Tinea 
miscella. A gearch on the basal leaves of Hchium vulgare, another 
chalk loving plant, will often yield numbers of the small blotches of 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 51 


the young larvae of Coleophora onosmella, whose larger woolly cases 
can be obtained later on, and afford a good series of this beautiful and 
attractive micro. The more dwarf thistle leaves will often be found 
drawn together by the larvae of Depressaria nanatella. On the leaves 
of Lotus corniculatus, more rarely and very locally, the curiously curved 
cases of the larvae of Voleophora discordella may occur, perhaps more 
in Dorset than elsewhere, on chalky downs. The plantain growing in 
similar situations will often afford the larvae of Gracillaria tringt- 
pennella on its bunched up leaves. More or less aborted spruce cones 
collected and stored will eventually produce specimens of Laspeyresia 
(Coccyx) strobilana ; bred specimens are well worth getting. Ox-eye 
daisy leaves ave mined by the larvae of Bucculatrix nigricomella 
(aurimaculella), but the plants must be dug up and potted carefully. 
Mining in the radical leaves of Scabivsa columbaria in somewhat 
sheltered spots, the larvae of Lithocolletis scabiosella may possibly be 
found. Cerastium vulgatum, when found growing plentifully on the 
banks of the chalk where Helianthemum flourishes should now be 
searched, for its twisted shoots contain the larvae of (Gelechia 
fraternella. In fields where currant and raspberry bushes grow in 
quantity look for the drooping withering shoots; these will produce 
larvae of Lampronia capitella and Lampronia rubiella respectively. 


Cuortopum.a (ProsaLpia) BILLBEKGI, Zrt. AND HiGERIA ANTHRACINA, 
Czy.—Prior to 1938 I had only taken two or three odd specimens of 
this Anthomyiid, but on 30th April in that year whilst walking through 
one of the woods of Spanish Chestnut typical of N. Kent, and usually 
barren as regards Diptera at this time of year, 1 noticed on the carpet 
of dead leaves at my feet, one or two flies which on capture and 
examination proved to be this species. J then turned my attention to 
the ground and in the course of three-quarters of an hour took a nice 
series. The flies were most abundant on the mass of dead leaves filling 
up the damp and slightly sunken footpath, but were also to be found 
on the dead leaves covering the ground on either side. They flew off on 
my approach, but only for short flights and seldom rose more than two or 
three inches. I found this species again on 1.v.84 in the same locality, 
but not in such abundance as in 1983. I do not know if other species 
of Prosaipia have the same ground-frequenting habit, but hope that 
this note of its occurrence in P. billbergi, and the comparatively early 
date may prove useful to other collectors. 

Another “‘ good ” species of Chortophila, Eyeria anthracina, has also 
occurred to me in woods in April, this time settled on leaves (rhodo- 
dendron in my case) after the normal fashion of Anthomyiids. My 


dates for this species range from 13th to 20th April—H. W. Anprews 
(F.R.E.S.) 


CaTEREMNA TEREBRELLA, ZINCK., IN BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND HAMPSHIRE. 
—IJ have now found larvae of this species at Chesham, Bucks., and 
near Romsey, Hants., as well as in the New Forest. It is likely to be 
present wherever the spruces bear cones at all freely. The larva feeds 
right through the winter in cones on the ground, but the expressivus 
used to describe the cones are somewhat misleading. ‘he authorities 
say ‘‘in distorted and stunted cones” or “in aborted cones.” The 
cones containing larvae are certainly stunted or even aborted, but in 


59, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1985 


my experience not distorted. They fall from the tree long before they 
have attained full growth, and measure from two to four inches in 
length. They are rather light grey in colour when dry, but are almost 
black when wet, which is their usual condition in nature. They are 
always quite soft, often break with the fall, and are very easily over- 
looked among dead leaves and debris.—Wwm. Fassnipce (M.A.,, 


E.R.E.S.) 


GRACILLARIA AZALEELLA, Brants, aT SoutHaMPTon.—On the 28th 
February, 1985, I paid a visit to the Nursing Home in Southampton, 
where I spents ome months of last year, and found in the conservatory 
a few larvae and pupae of G. azaleella. I should judge that the insect is 
likely to be a serious pest later in the year, for the Azaleas were badly 
infested, showing many traces of feeding. A Tortrix larva was also 
present, which I identified as Pandemis heparana, Schiff—Wnm. 
Fassnipce, 47, Tennyson Road, Southampton. 


LARVAE FEEDING ON ComMoN LAUREL.—Apropos of Mr. Fletcher’s note 
(p. 87) of Phigalia pedaria feeding on laurel, any larva naturally feeding 
on blackthorn, plum, or cherry ought theoretically to feed on laurel, 
since all these plants belong to the plum group of the Rosacgan, and 
contain prussic acid. Asa matter of fact, besides P. pedaria and O. 
antiqua, the following are on record as having been found feeding on 
laurel: Abraaas grossulariata, Malacosoma neustria, Taenitocampa gothica 
and, most remarkable of all, Smerinthus populi.—C. Nrcnouson, Tresil- 
lian, Cornwall. [Rev. G. Wheeler reports Diloba caeruleocephala on 
laurel. | 


CaToCALA NUPTA FLYING BY DAy.—In my note on p. 88 the word 
‘‘ distributed,” should be “ disturbed,” as I believe I wrote. The inter- 
esting point was that the specimen seen by Mr. Donisthorpe (p. 18) 
was flying, apparently naturally, in the sun. I personally should not 
consider it remarkable to see this species at rest in late afternoon sun- 
shine on a fence, tree, or wall, but I doubt whether it would remain in 
such a position in hot sunshine, and possibly it was that that caused 
the one in question to fly.—C. NicHotson. 


Tur Cotorapo Brette.—We note that the Minister of Agriculture, 
in the House of Commons on 25th February, stated that the Colorado 
Beetle outbreak at Tilbury has been completely stamped out. We hope 
that this optimism is justified. As there is always a possibility of its 
reintroduction, no harm will be done if Entomologists will continue to 
keep an eye on potato-plants this summer. ‘There is always a chance 
of finding a larva of Acherontia atropos, anyway !—T. BainsriceE 
FLETCHER. 


Manioxa gurtina, Linn., XaxtuHic rormMs.—During the summers of 
1938-1934, I have netted a large number of xanthic forms of M. jurtina 
on the Hampshire Downs in the neighbourhood of Winchester. I 
have several specimens, females, in which the light fulvous patch on 
the forewings is replaced by a dull white, also a male showing similar 
aberration. One female, caught in August 1938, is figured in the 
Journal of the Entomological Society of the South of England, Vol. 1, 
Part 4, 1938; it has light grey hindwings with five dark striations. 


CURRENT NOTES. 53. 


Another specimen, a male, captured by Dr. Hobby in the same locality 
in 1980, is almost pure white except for black striated patches near the 
thorax. It is figured on the same plate.-—H. G. Harris (M.D., 
M.S.B.E.) 


HaRLY EMERGENCE OF P. Rapag.—I was informed by Mr. H. 
Williams, of Shrewton, Wilts, that on 28rd February, 19385, he 
observed a female P. rapae emerging from its pupa attached to a 
galvanised iron shed.—H. G. Harris (M.D., F.R.E.8.). Southampton. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


In his fourteenth paper on ‘‘ Minenstudien” (4%ts. f. PAanzenkrank- 
heiten, XLIV. ii. 49-70, ff. 1-18, 1 tab. 1934), Dr. Martin Hering gives 
useful keys for the determination (1) of all mines found in oak-leaves. 
and (2) of the adults of the oak-feedine species of Lithocolletis. 

Dr. H. Rebel has published (Jrvs XLVIII, 122-188: 1934) another 
paper on the Lepidoptera of the Balearic Islands, from which 335 
species have now been recorded. Jn another paper in Jris (XLVIII 
145-161, t. 3: 1934) he has revised the Dissocteninae, a small group 
of Tineidae, mainly on new material from Morocco, two new genera 
and several new species being described ; to which he has added a new 
Psychid genus and species (Pseudofumea wnbrosella), also from Morocco. 

Numerous Insects have been described from Baltic amber, in which, 
however, Lepidoptera seem to occur very rarely (about one in a thousand 
Amber Insects). Ina paper on Amber Lepidoptera (Palaeobiologica, 
VI. 1-16, 6 figs, t. 1: 1934) Dr. H. Rebel has described several Micro- 
lepidoptera, including a Tortricid larva, a Psychid case and several 
moths, which have been so well preserved that their generic structure 
can be indicated. As would be expected, in all cases they are very close 
to living forms.—T. Barnsricen Fiercuer. 


L’ Amateur de Papillons for January 1985, contains a note by 
Monsieur Le Marchand on three Exotic Micros found in France, these 
being Paralipsa gularis, Zeller, Phthorimaea operculella, Zeller, and 
Dryadaula pactolia, Meyr. The first-named has turned up in London 
during the last two or three years; the second, whose larva is a well- 
known pest of stored potatoes in warmer climates, is likely to turn up 
in this country also, although it probably would not survive in the 
open in England. Dryadaula pactolia is a New Zealand Lyonetiid 
which seems to have established itself in Gloucester City, whence it 
has been recorded in 1911 and 1915, and which succeeded in establish- 
ing itself for at least twenty years, as my collection contains a specimen, 
collected and kindly given to me by Mr. Clutterbuck, taken in 1931. 
Dryadaula is a small genus containing at present only seven species, 
all known from Australia, Tasmania or New Zealand.  [t is, therefore, 
interesting to find that D. pactolia has also reached France, where it 
has been found so far at Bordeaux and in the Departments of Seine- 
Inférieure, Calvados and Manche. It has perbaps been imported with 
grain, aS it seems to occur in or near granaries—T. BainprieeE 
FLetcHer. 


Why is it that reports of expeditions have such terribly ponderous 
titles? Surely they could usually be shortened. The results of the 


54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1985 


Visser Karakorum Expedition are burdened with this: “‘ Wissentschaft- 
liche Hrgebnisse der Niederlaindischen Eapeditionen in den Karakorum 
und die angrenzenden Gebiete, 1922, 1925 und 1929/80, herausgegeben 
von Dr. Ph, C. Visser und Jenny Visser- Hooft, in Kommission bet PF. A. 
Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1935. Zoologie. LZusammengestelt von J. B. 
Corporaal, Kustos am Zoologischen Museum in Amsterdam.  Herausge- 
geben am 15 January 1985. Dermaptera, by G. Bey- Bienko, Leningrad.” 

Supplemented by a few specimens from other sources, the list 
includes seven species of earwig, some of which are of remarkable 
interest. 

There are two cosmopolitan species, the inevitable Labidura riparia, 
Pall., and Euborellia annulipes, Lue. Notable is Pseudisolabis burri, 
Bor., with which the author identifies Ps. tenera, Burr, from Kashmir 
and the Punjab, as the other species of the genus are Australian. 
Anechura zubovskit, Sem., seems to be the common earwig of Kashmir, 
and is recorded all along the road to Ladak. The author regards it as 
a local race of A. asiatica, Sem., but considers both as specifically 
distinct from the European alpine A. bipunctata, Fabr., of which I 
considered them races. He regards A. calciatii, Bor., as a local race 
of the Turkestan A. fedtschenkoi, Sauss., and compares this distribution 
with other well known cases of Central Asiatic mountainous endemics, 
such as Gomphomastax, Br., and Conophyma, Zub. 

The other two species are typical Himalayan earwigs, Forficula 
schlagintweiti, Burr, and F. planicollis, Kirby.—M.B. 


The Supplement to the Palaearctic Main Volumes of Seitz continues 
to come out with great regularity. Parts 58 and 54 have just appeared. 
The former contains 3 sheets of Noctuid additions. Among them are 
additions to about nineteen British species to which some 70 additional 
forms are recorded and briefly described, including the Caradrina 
{Athetis) species, A. nickerlii which we have recently discussed, ete, 
We note that pallustris has only one Z. in error. The latter part con- 
tains the beginning of vol. IV. the section devoted to the Geometers 
for which L. B. Prout is responsible. The part contains 8 pp. and 2 
plates with 90 figures of new forms. Among the Brephinae, B. 
parthenias has9 and Bb. notha has2. The Venochrominae have Alsophila 
aescularia, with 1; Aplasta ononaria with 5; and Odezia atrata, with 
3. The Hemitheinae have Pseudoterpna pruinata with 8. This is a 
good opportunity for those interested in the British Geometers to start 
subscribing. 

The Verrall Supper Meeting was held at the Holborn Restaurant 
on January 15th, 1985. The meeting was called for 6.30 and before 
supper, which was served at 8 o’clock, a Conversazione was held in the 
reception room. Prof. Sir Edward B. Poulton, F.R.S., was voted to 
the Chair as an expression of the Members’ appreciation of the honour 
of knighthood recently conferred upon him. ‘The guests are now too 
numerous to mention and in future a full list of names will not be 
published. In this case the attendance was 176 which is again a 
record. Mr. Jas. E. Collins, the Verrall Supper Member of the Club, 
again made all the arrangements and is to be congratulated on the 
wonderful success of the meeting. The details were perfect and the 
smoothness and pleasure of the evening were due to his excellent 
organisation. It is essential, however, that application for invitations 
must be in every case made direct to Mr. J. HE. Collin, “ Raylands,” 


REVIEWS. 55 


Newmarket, and in no other way can the issue of invitations be 
allowed. The Chairman made the usual reference to the memory of 
the late Mr. G. H. Verrall, the founder of the gathering, which was 
received in silence, the company standing. Later in the evening Mr. 
J. E. Collin spoke of the progress of the Verrall Supper Association of 
Entomology and again reminded his hearers of the existing rules 
framed to ensure the success of the gathering, and it was to be hoped 
that the Membership and subscription list might be increased to enable 
the function to be greatly extended. Mr. Collin gracefully referred to 
the honour of knighthood recently conferred on the Chairman and to 
the great services ‘Sir Edward Poulton had rendered to Entomological 
Science and the inspiration he had given to all with whom he had come 
into contact. This distinction was not only a personal one but a 
gesture of appreciation to entomological Science. These remarks were 
received with great applause and musical honours for the Chairman. 
The meeting broke up at a late hour and was one of the most success- 
ful yet held.—H. Wituovexsy Enis, Hon. Secretary. 

The Sixth International Congress of Entomology is due this year 
and will be held in Madrid, from 6th-12th September. The President 
will be Prof. Ignacio Bolivar. All who wish to take part in any section 
of the Congress work should write to Prof. Bolivar, at the Museo 
National de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid-6. Tbe subscription of mem- 
bers will be thirty shillings which must be sent to the above address. 
All full members will be entitled to a copy of the Congress Proceedings. 

Tue Wasp.—Under this title we have received a small book of 
quarto size, written under the auspices of the Carnegie Trust by Dr. 
Laidlow, dealing with the genus Vespa, chiefly as it occurs in Scotland. 
The information is short, terse, and to the point, illustrated as it is by 
the eight excellent plates, three of which arein colour. The letterpress 
deals to some extent in tabulated form with the general external 
characters and structure, the genital apparatus, the specific character- 
istics, the life-history, habits and distribution. The get-up of the book 
is attractive and the matter spaced to facilitate consultation. No one 
with this book could fail to identify any British wasp he met with. 
The small price of this excellent work is 3/-. 


FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


CataLoGuE pes LéprmoprERES DE FRancE ET DE Bexeique. Publié 
sous la direction de Léon Lhomme. Le Carriol 1923-1935. Volume I. 
800 pages. Price 125 francs.—The concluding pages of Addenda and 
Indices having come to hand, we may heartily congratulate Monsieur 
Lhomme on the termination of this volume, which includes the so- 
called Macrolepidoptera of France and Belgium (incidentally we may 
note that some microlepidopterous groups are included). ‘The species 
dealt with number 1676 and under each species are given (1) references 
to Staudinger’s and Hampson’s Catalogues and to figures in Seitz, 
Culot, Berce, Lampert, etc., (2) a list of localities, (3) ~ named forms, 
with short descriptions and localities, and (4) larval food-plants. The 
Catalogue is therefore far more than a bare list of names and all these 
details “will be of use to workers on the British species. Volume IL., 
which will contain the Microlepidoptera, is in course of preparation 
and publication will, we hope, commence shortly.—T. BarnsriccE 
FLETCHER. 


56 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1985- 


@BITUARY. 


Florence Jane Kirk. 


On 29th January last, my very dear friend, assistant, and constant. 


companion for over 20 years, passed away at the early age of 38. 

Left an orphan before she. was 18 Miss Kirk devoted herself with 
untiring patience and self sacrifice to the care and education of her 
four younger sisters; two of whom are now married. 

Miss Kirk’s great ability as an entomologist was recognised by all 
who had the opportunity of seeing her work in the field, or as an 


observer of living insects, a study to which in the words written by one: 


of my friends “ her whole nature responded so wonderfully.” 


She was always able, when visiting some widespread tract of country, 


to fix upon the exact spot in which we had collected years before; any 


insect or bird once seen by her was never forgotten ; anything new or 


strange instantly attracted her attention. 
Although without previous experience. or teaching, Miss Kirk was 


very successful with the drawings and plans which were so great a help. 


to me in my work... Many Fellows will recall her excellent drawings 


on the black-board at the meetings of the Royal Entomological Society 


of London. 
I shall always remember with gratitude the great ability with which 
she planned all our equipment for the field, contrived new methods of 


collecting, etc. and would work for hours (as many of my friends know): 


in helping us to find a species, or complete a series. 
Although she published only a single Entomological note [‘‘ Lady- 
Birds hibernating in the House,”’ Ent. Rec. 86 9-10 (1924)|, Miss Kirk 


gave me unbounded help with my own books, writings, and library, ete. 


Her one brief note indicates, however, as was abundantly proved by her 


whole life as a naturalist, that she recognised in the study of living 


insects, a pre-eminent aim of Entomological Science. 


The following short extracts, from kind letters written by friends. 


to her sisters, or to me, show the esteem in which she was held :— 
‘“‘T think it extraordinary how cheerful she always was. She was 
a truly remarkable woman and will be missed by all who knew her.” 


«She was always so bright and cheery, and such a keen and clever 


collector; she seemed by instinct always to pick out just the right 


spots to work, and I owe many good species in my collection to her 


hard work and kindness in giving me the specimens I wanted.” 
‘We realised fully her strength of mind and ability.” 


‘‘T mourn with you in the loss of one for whom I bad a great. 
admiration and regard, both for her fine character and charming 


personality.” 

‘A girl who was both charming and plucky, and who was held in 
such high esteem and affection by all who had the honour and 
pleasure of counting themselves among ber friends.” 

“Hew people I have met have so quickly inspired in me such. 
feelings of esteem and real affection.” 

‘‘ She was a fine character in every way.” 

‘She was, you know, really a wonderful girl.” Vale! 

Horace DonistHorPE. 


Rtn, 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTEL should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 
We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors ati very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InnusrRarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


_ Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ** durago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ilanthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 86, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. juscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. 
Downes, 5, Trintty Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenaw (Bezirksbehdrde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates.—Many exceedingly rare species of moths from the Mediterranean, 
especially Sardinia. Ask for List. 

Desiderata.—British Z. exulans; D. barretti; A. nickerli-guenei; L. favicolor; H. 
crinanensis; Lar. ostregiata. Urgently needed.—Breeding material of all Ephestia- 
species except kuehniella. Will also pay cash if desired.—H. Bytinski Salz, John Innes 
Institution, Merton Park, London, S.W.19. 

Cuance or Appress.—Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S8., to Stanford-le-Hope, Essex : 
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es ssaria Se trausline, Heineman 18790, an Oecophorid moth new to Britain, 
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ot tuae and vars. in 1934, A.J. Wightman .. me oe ee i 58 
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DEPRESSARIA ASTRANTIAK NEW TO ENGLAND. 57 


Depressaria astrantiae, Heinemann 1870, an Oecophorid moth new 
to England. 


By T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, F.L.S., F.Z.8S., F.R.E.S, 


On 29th July, 1933, I took a very fresh specimen of a Depressaria 
by beating a large mass of Honeysuckle in one of the woods in the 
Stroud District, Gloucestershire. Recently ] sent this specimen, with 
some other odds and ends of Microlepidoptera, to Mr. H. Stringer, of 
the British Museum (Natural History), and he has kindly determined 
itas Depressaria astrantiae, Hein. ‘The specimen, being the first British 
example, has been placed in the Museum Collection. 

Depressaria astrantiae has hitherto been recorded from Sweden, 
Denmark, Germany, Austria, the Balkans, Switzerland and France. 
It’s larva has been found on Astrantia major and on Sanicula europaea. 
The former plant is not strictly native in England but is recorded as 
naturalized at Malvern and Ludlow; the latter plant is common in 
woods and therefore seenis to be the most likely foodplant in England. 
Meess (in Spuler) describes the larva as dirty green with small blackish 
warts, and black head, and a black prothoracic plate narrowly divided by 
white; in May and June on spun-up lower leaves of Astrantia major. 

This species will find a place in our Lists next before D. anyelicella, 
as No. 29a in Meyrick’s levised Handbook. Heinemann’s original des- 
cription is as follows :— 

‘‘ Forewing pale-ochre yellow, tinged with brown-red and irrorated 
with brown, yellow at base, with two black transverse dots before 
middle, two white dots before and on discoidal vein, and an oblique 
brown streak from the discoidal vein to the tornus. Like the preceding 
species [anyelicella, Hb.], which also has a dark oblique streak to the 
tornus, but larger and with two white dots, and with the pale basal 
patch also reaching as far as the costa; distinguished from cnitcella 
by the broader, paler and more variegated forewing, the unspotted basal 
patch and the terminal palpal segment being not marked or slightly 
so. ‘I'he forewing comparatively broad, with distinct apex and rather 
oblique termen, pale ochre-yellow, but obscured almost all over with 
paler or darker brown-red and irrorated with brown, palest before 
the middle and beyond the transverse vein, darkened with brownish 
beyond the basal patch, above the white dots and before the termen, 
moreover a narrow blackish streak runs from the cross-vein to the 
tornus. The brightening [{Aufhellung| beyond the transverse vein 
frequently takes the shape of a very indefinite, but tolerably distinct, 
sharply broken transverse patch. ‘I'he basal patch is pale yellow, 
sharply edged anteriorly and forming a sharp angle exteriorly on the 
anterior middle-vein. ‘I'he transverse dots sinall, the white dots distinct, 
usually narrowly edged with brown, the first placed on the line from 
the anterior transverse dot to the dot on the transverse vein, much 
nearer to the latter and often produced into a short longitudinal streak, 
in addition to which there is also a short blackish streak in the middle 
of the fold. ‘I'he terminal line blackish, interrupted, the cilia rosy-red 
with greyish base and parting-line. ‘The hindwing yellowish pale-grey, 
darker posteriorly. Lead and thorax pale yellow, the latter rather 


58 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.V.1985 


tinged with reddish, the antennae blackish, basally yellowish beneath, 
palpi longer than thorax, pale yellow, second segment with tolerably 
strong bristles, irrorated brown and red outwardly and anteriorly, 
terminal segment two-thirds of second, with an indistinct ring or spot 
below the tip, sometimes quite unicolorous.”’ 

Meess gives the expanse as 19-23 mm.; my English specimen 
measures 19°5 mm. In DVD. angelicella the expanse varies from 18 to18 
mm. Thus, D. anyelicella is usually much smaller and lacks the con- 
spicuous pale basal patch, which in astrantiae barely reaches the costa 
and contains some reddish scales. The ring or spot on the terminal 
palpal segment is a variable character in both species and cannot be 
relied on to separate them: in D. anyelicella this segment is usually 
uninarked but is rarely spotted; in D. astrantiae this segment usually 
has a distinct black spot (which may be continued as a ring around 
the segment) a little below its tip on the upperside, but sometimes 
this segment is quite unicolorous. 

The following references, all under the name Depressaria astrantiae, 
are known to me, but there are doubtless others also :— 

Hein., Kleinschm. Deutschl. II. i. 165-166, No 236 (1870)!; Stt. N.H. 
Pim M0 16, No. 47 (1861) [non-descr.|?; Stt., Entom. Annual 1862, P. 127 
[non-descr 35 Stdegr.-Wocke, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 287, No. 1787 (1871)4; Stt., 
Kntom. Annual, 1874, p. 11°; Sand, Cat. Lep. Berry & Auvergne, p. 168, 
No? 1737-879 25° ; Steudel & Hofman, Jahreshefte d. Ver. f. vaterl. Natur- 
kunde in. Wiirttemberg, 1882, p. 1977; Hedemann, Entom. Meddel. LV. 265 
(1894); Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep. LI. 172, No. 3244 (1901)°; Rebel, Anu. Hofimus, 
Wien. KK 360, No. 1886 (1904)"°; Meess in Spuler, Schmett. Kur. IL. 337, 
No. 58 (1910) [re-descr. | u; Hauder, Beitr. z. Mikrolep. -Fauna Oberéster- 
reichs, p. 201, No. 784 (1912;? 1914)"; Miiller-Rutz, Schmett. Schweiz. LI. 
461, No. 2107 (1914)"; id., t.c. p. 656 (1914)'*; Hauder, Jahresber. Oberést. 
Musealver. LX XX 285 (1914) vie | Rebel et al.], Prodr. Lep. Faun. Nied.-ést, 
p. 182, No. 2287: (1915)?°; Schawerda, Wien. Ent. Ver. XX VI. 42, No. 408 
(1916 it. Larsen, Entom. Meddel. XI. 152, No. 18 (1917)®; Meyr., Wyts. 
Gen. Ins., fasc. 180, p. 175, No. 174 (1922) ; Miiller-Rutz, Mitt. schweiz. 
ent. Ges. XIII. 237 (1922) ; Larsen, Entom. Meddel. XVIL. 77, Nols 
(1927)! ; Benander, Zts. wiss. Insektenbiol. XXVI. 52 (1931). 

_ C. Europsr!’.—Swepen, Oland Island?.—Denmark® 9 !! 18 2!._ GmRMANY, 
Bavarian Alps!, Wurttemberg’.—Gaticia®? ".—Avstria’ 16, —Barkans”, 
“SWITZERLAND, Vittis", Martigny™, Cresta, Parpan®.—Francet ® }, 
Nohant (Indre)*.—Eneuanp, Stroud District (Glos.). 

‘Biology*. Larva described" ”, on Astrantia major! 2? 3% 78 U 12 18 18, 
on. Sanicula europaea”. 


Noctuae and vars. in 1934. 
By A. J. WIGHTMAN. 


In view of the extremely hot and dry season of 1983, it was to -be 
expected that many species would be found to have suffered from the 
drought, while others, perhaps, might have benefited from the unusual 
conditions. 

I felt sure that the species in Nonagria and allied genera would have 
suffered severely, and in general this was so; N.sparyantt and N. 
neurica, Coenobla rufa and Calamia phragmitidis being much scarcer than 
usual, but N. geminipuncta certainly had not lost ground. Probably 


NOCTUAE AND VARS. IN 1934, 59 


nothing short of a volcanic eruption could thin this creature out once 
it has become well established anywhere. 

Groups which appear to have benefited include Leucania and Xan- 
thia. Ihave seldom seen such a show of L. contgera, L. lithargyria, 
I. straminea and L. pallens (both broods) as this year, while the 
normally very local, if not entirely rare /.. albipimcta appeared in record 
numbers and /.. l-album occurred in both Kent and Devon. 

Xanthia aurago, always to be found in fair numbers near Arundel, 
was this year the most plentiful Noctua at sugar and yewberries during 
September and October in the beech woods. 

In early August I spent a few days with Mr. G. W. Wynn, on the 
Norfolk Broads. The weather, which had been hot and dry, changed 
at once on our arrival to cold, wet and windy, and handicapped us 
seriously ; nevertheless we were successful in taking a number of 
species wedesired. Celaena haworthii and Apamea leucostigma turned up 
at sugar in plenty; L. brevilinea came freely to light in most unpleasant 
cold, windy conditions ; and during the day we succeeded in finding a 
fair number of pupae of N. algae (cannae), but the water-fowl had been 
far more successful and had accounted for large numbers. ~ Rats 
are often blamed for destroying this species and the allied N. sparganit, 
but coots and moorhens are the real culprits. No doubt they locate a 
good many by sound, when the larvae are eroding the rushes to make 
their “windows,” but far more are found by sight. This is proved by 
the fact that tenanted rushes growing in long grass or other herbage 
which hides these “ windows” are seldom touched, when all around 
rushes with exposed stems have been torn open and the pupae 
destroyed. 

Another rather surprising thing I noted this year, was that Monima 
(Taentocampa) gracilis, usually so heavily parasitized, was comparatively 
free, ninety per cent pupating instead of a normal ten percent ; against 
this, Cucullia gnaphalit, always heavily attacked, was this year so heavily 
stung that even tiny larvae had fallen victims and for the first time I 
bred from this species in addition to its usual enemy, (one to a larva) 
which develops quickly and destroys the larva before it is full fed, a 
minute fly which issued in large numbers from the cocoons after the 
larvae had gone down and apparently pupated. I think this is a species 
which is often bred from pupae of C. chamomillae. 

Leucanta l-album.—A small batch of ova kindly given me by Mr. 
G. W. Wynn, from a @ taken on the Devon coast in September (vide 
Hint. Rec. XLVI. No. 2, p. 14), hatched in early October, and acting 
on the knowledge I had of the habits of the species, from Mr. Wynn’s 
1933 experience, and that of Messrs. Sharp and Edelsten some years 
aco, I fully expected the tiny larvae would go into hibernation as 
hatched, except for the egg-shell meal. This is what they did, retiring 
into a minute. crevice between the double metal wall of the box, 
in such a compressed mass, that I fancied I had lost them by escape in 
spite of all precautions, and I had a bad half hour until I located them. 

The situation selected appeared such an unsuitable one, that I 
removed them after a few days to another box, in which no possible 
retreat offered, other than the segment of dead phragmites reed I 
provided, and which I thought would be an ideal hibernaculum. 
Finding them restless.and apparently not interested in the dead reed, 


60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1985 


I provided young shoots of Poa annua in case any might be disposed © 
to nibble it, and feund next day on critical examination that some few 
larvae were in this grass and had eaten enough to show. Kept 
supplied daily with fresh food, soon all were feeding and progressing 
at an amazing pace, in fact, acting as if of the summer brood. This 
behaviour was almost certainly due to the fact that the weather was 
very mild and the food given was as a result palatable. 

Kept in a warm room the larvae were fullfed twenty-eight days 
after commencing to feed. The larva has been described by Mr. Wynn, 
and beyond saying that to me the point of difference between it and 
that of L. albipuncta, with which I was most impressed, was that in an 
oblique light L. album appears wet, when really dry, owing to the 
darker lines being *‘ shiny,” I can add nothing. 

Twenty-one days after going down the imagines appeared usually 
about 8 a.m., but sometimes at 8 p.m. They developed quickly and 
were very alert but not active; all were larger than the parent @, 
perfect and deep in colour; no doubt all bred specimens are. I can 
see no variation in those I have. The sex proportion, 3 g 18 2, is 
curious. I had no losses among the larvae or pupae, but of course I 
had but part of the batch of ova laid by the ¢. 

A pair placed in a suitable box were kept alive for 10 days and the 
? laid 180 ova. But none hatched. 


(To be continued) 


An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae. III. 
By ORAZIO QUERCI. 
(Continued from p. 48.) 


Tue Srruation on 6TH June, 19382. 


If, as it happened in our broods, also at the Park Way all the 
larvae were killed by the heat, the situation may be as follows :— 

Second Brood.—There are some more or less old adults, and some 
chrysalides the youngest of which were formed on 5th July. When it 
is hot the chrysalides in our cages never delay more than twelve days 
to produce the imagines, and therefore the last Pieris rapae of the 
second brood should emerge before June 18th, and their females, which 
live longer than the males, would be on the wing until the 23rd of that 
month. 

Third Brood.—There are only the eggs laid after June 2nd. Both 
the eges and pupae of Pieris rapae are not injured by 100°. 


Tue CxuimatTeE FRoM 7TH JUNK TO 2ND JULY. 


From 7th June to 2nd July three heat-waves occurred. That of 
22nd June was short and little intense: at 8 a.m. the temperature was 
76°, at noon 85°, and at 4 p.m. it was 90°, but soon it decreased to 
85°, dropped to 70°, and remained so during the night. . The wave of 
heat of 26th June was very short: 76° at 8 a.m., 89° at noon, 92° at 
3 p.m., but the temperature promptly dropped to 76°, and it was about 
72°-78° in the night. Both on 22nd and 26th June the heat injured 
only the larvae in our cages, which had delayed longer to pupate. I 


THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. 61 


believe that in the country, on 26th June, the larvae were less injured 


a, 
a odo 
< 5 
See: 
JUN. = 
*Magey rey 
8 69. 
DLO. 
RO eh. 
Lh St 
b?.69 
Ls: OS. 
14 74 
285 
1G. Sea 
hg Bil 
1G VA, 
19 69. 
| Oa | 
BL 82 
22 90 
2a 4 So, 
Th 
25 85 
26 92 
ae oW | 
28 85 
29 86 
30 89 
JULY 
Loto 
2. 80 


than at home because, while collecting at the Park 
Way in the afternoon, we did not feel much heat. 
The heat-wave of lst July was not so long as that 
of 5th and 6th June, but it produced the same 
destructive effect, being more intense. At 8 a.m. 
the temperature was 79°, at noon 90°, at 5 p.m. 98°, 
and at 8 p.m. it was still 86°. During the night the 
temperature was always above 75°, and all our 
larvae rotted. 


P. RAPAE TAKEN. 


. 14--The emergence of the second brood continues. The 
. 14 specimens on the wing are scarce because they ‘are 
. 10 produced by the chrysalides which develop rapidly, 


8 and they are only a few in each batch. Most pupae 
produce the adults, when it is hot, in 20 to 23 days 
after the ege is laid. 


. 21—Pieris rapae are more frequent, but later on the 


6 weather is bad for three days, and the butterflies 
delay their emergence. 

O—A few larvae of the third brood form their chrysalides. 

7 Instead, other larvae of the same batch are still 
small. 


. 32—It seems that the chrysalides of the second brood, of 
. 45 which the emergence was delayed by the bad 


climate, emerge now all together. 


. 46—On these days the emergence of the second brood 


should end. 


. 18—The ‘“‘ Whites”’ on the wing are more or less worn, 


4 and they fly in spite of the cloudy sky. 


. 18—We take some fresh specimens. Probably the third 


9 brood begins to emerge meeting with the last speci- 
mens of the second brood. 
8—In the afternoon it is hot, and the larvae in our 


. 14 cages, which had delayed too long to form the 


chrysalides, rot. 

5—The flight period of the second brood should be ended. 

7---The Pieris rapae on the wing are all fresh, but they 
are scarce. 

5—It is hot for a short time, and a few larvae die 
at home. 

6—The scarcity of the earliest specimens of the third 

6 brood can be explained looking at the data for the 

7 beginning of June. Then, very few specimens were 

7 on the wing, and in the small place where Pieris 
rapae emerged at the Park Way, we took most of 
them. 

5—It is very hot for the whole day and night, and all 

6 the larvae, which we are rearing in the open air die. 
Only those which we put in the ice-box are not 
killed by the heat. 


(To be continued.) 


62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1935 


Two Visits to Finland. (With Plate.) 
By Dr. E. SCOTT. 


As there are few recent records of English collectors visiting 
Finland, it may be of interest to give an account of two short holidays 
that I spent there: the actual dates in the country being 26th June- 
12th July, 1988 and 11th June-27th June, 1934. On the first visit 
my wife and I were accompanied by Rev. G. Wheeler, who has written 
an account in the Entomologist’s Record for October and November, 
1983. During this holiday we made two places our headquarters. 
Mouhijarvi in §.W. Finland is rather a well cultivated district with 
flowery meadows reminiscent of subalpine valleys, and steep rocky 
woods mainly of pine, birch and larch, but little primitive undrained 
bogland. Savonlinna in the §.E., is situated in a wilder area, where 
cultivation has made little progress. The town itself, of picturesque, 
wooden houses, is built on two islands and the shores of a channel 
connecting two lakes in that complicated maze of land and water, 
which is central Finland. Our visit last summer was timed a fortnight 
earlier in the hopes of obtaining certain northern species, for which 
we were too late in 1983. My wife and I took a small Singer car and 
succeeded in covering a good deal of ground, and visiting places, which 
would otherwise have been inaccessible in the limited time at our 
disposal; for travelling by rail in Finland, though comfortable enough, 
is a slow business. After landing at Helsingfors we travelled east 
along the coast as far as Viborg ; thence we proceeded north, following 
the Saimaa canal, a very beautiful road, eventually turning North-Hast 
for Punkaharju. Our journey led North to Koli and Kajaani. We 
then turned South to Isalmi, Kuopio and South-West through Yvaskyla 
and Tampere to Mouhijarvi. From Mouhijarvi we travelled direct to 
Helsingfors staying for one night at Aulanko-Karlberg. This tour 
encircled south and central Finland. Our furthest north was Kajaani 
between latitude 64° and 65°, but, as our trip there was spoilt by 
continuous rain. no collecting was done north of Isalmi between latitude 
63° and 64°. This was very disappointing as our run in the rain 
traversed the wildest and most promising country that we had seen and 
we had no time to wait for the weather. On the whole, weather con- 
ditions were unfavourable but several interesting species were found in 
some numbers and as a pleasant holiday in novel surroundings it was 
hard to beat. The simplest way to visit Finland is by sea from Hull 
to Helsingtors on the Finnish line, for which John Good and Sons are 
agents and from whom all particulars and much useful information 
can be obtained. Tbe Finnish boats are comfortable without being 
very spacious. ‘The journey occupies 4% days which includes a day 
spent at Copenhagen. There is much of interest to be seen on the 
voyage as land is in sight for most of the journey. The cuisine must 
be experienced to be believed, as neither the Finn nor the Scandinavian 
believe in under nourishment and the Smorgasbord ofters a bewildering 
variety of dishes to appeal to all palates. A day of enforced abstinence 
owing to the vagaries of the North Sea or the Baltic comes as a blessing 
in disguise. 

The butterfly season in Finland commences in the middle of May 
and is virtually over by the end of July. Most of the purely northern 
species are to be taken in June, unfortunately a very uncertain month 


TWO VISITS TO FINLAND. 63 


as regards weather. July can be relied upon to be fine and very hot 
but by that date, except perhaps in Lapland, freija, friyga, embla, 
jutta, etc., are quite over. The flight period of a species tends to be 
very short. In the south and west the country is undergoing rapid 
development, the clearance of forest and peat bogs, the hunting 
grounds of the naturalist, going on unceasingly. However, as we 
travel east or through Central Finland towards the north, we traverse 
vast areas of virgin country, forest and marsh, and realise that much 
of its primitive beauty is likely to remain unspoiled for many years to 
come. ‘The tourist travels either by rail or bus or lake steamer. Of 
these the bus is probably the quickest. By taking the car we had a 
great advantage in spite of the unavoidably bad condition of many of 
the roads. On seven of the nights of the tour we slept out in a small 
bivouac. There are not enough mosquitos south of Lapland to be 
troublesome. The nights during June are bright but rather cold and 
we understood from the natives that camping out is not generally 
indulged in by holiday makers until July. 

There is a pogket book, published recently in Finnish, dealing with 
the Rhopalocera, Sphinges and Bombyces. This is well illustrated and 
contains methodically compressed information on all the known species 
that occur in the country. As a guide to areas of distribution, time of 
emergence, foodplants of larvae, etc., it is invaluable, and can be 
readily understood without any real knowledge of the language. 105 
species of butterflies are recorded as finnish. Of these terts nape var. 
bryoniae, Coltias nastes var. werdandi, C. hecla, Melitaea tduna, Brenthis 
chariclea, B. polaris, B. pales, Ivrebia medusa var. polaris, Hh. disa, 1’, 
lappona, Oenets norna, O. bore, Latiorina aquilo, and Hesperia andro- 
medae are only to be found in Lapland and the extreme north. It is 
remarkable that such southern species as Drenthis amathusia, Mpinephele 
lycaon and Scolitantides orion occur locally along the southern coast 
which boasts a dry climate and, in spite of a long severe winter, can 
offer a cloudless July with a temperature which can vie with the 
Riviera. During these two visits we encountered 58 species of butter- 
flies. Many of these have been dealt with by Mr. Wheeler, and the 
reader is referred to his article. [append comments on a few additional 
species and on others which I had a better opportunity of observing 
than on our first visit. 

Papilio machaon.—Rathercommon. A large paleform. We found — 
both sexes commonly on 13th June, by the roadside along the Saimaa 
canal and met.with it frequently during the succeeding week. 

Aporia crataegi—Common. First met with on 12th June. The 

gs are dead white with the nervures rather heavily dusted with black 
scales. Ido not possess a ?. 
— Colias palaeno.—A fine medium sized form. The gs of a pale 
greenish yellow and 9s white. Palaeno breeds in the peat bogs, where 
its foodplant Vaccinium uliyinosum is common, but it is a wanderer and 
can be met with flying along roadsides and banks at some (distance from 
a suitable habitat. I took both sexes as early as 13th June, and as 
late as 4th July in good condition. 

Melitaea maturna, var. uralensis—This butterfly is considered com- 
mon in Finland but I only met with it at Punkaharju and around 
Savonlinna. It is very common at Punkaharju where [ found larvae, 
pupae and a few forward imagines on 14th June, 1934 and a few worn 


64 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. 15.V.19385 


specimens on 8th July, 1933. I could not determine the foodplant of 
the larva. 

Brenthis aphirape var. ossianus.—This butterfly swarms in the bogs 
and was first found on 13th June near the Saimaacanal. It is virtually 
over by the end of the month when it is replaced in identical situations 
by B. arsilache. It has a peculiar crawling flight like that of Melitaea 
aurinia. It never leaves its breeding grounds and, in my experience, is 
attracted to Vaccinium oxycoccus, which I believe to be its foodplant and 
is invariably present in its habitats. I have seen @ s settling upon this 
plant but have not found the ova. Both upper and underside of this 
pretty butterfly are extremely prone to variation. 

B. euphrosyne.--Occurs commonly: particularly in dry woods. 
First met with on 11th June, it was going over by the end of the month 
when B. selene was getting common in meadows and ditches. It is a 
small dark race, fingal, with a neat undersurface which sometimes in 
the ? strikingly resembles that of aphirape var. ossianus. I have seen 
B. euphrosyne on the wing as early as 7 a.m, 

B. freija.—I took a slightly worn ? in a large bog near Isalmi on 
19th June. This was the only specimenseen. DB. freija flies through- 
out Finland but is most common in the north. It is the earliest 
Brenthid to emerge and must be sought in southern and central Finland 
from the middle to the end of May. It bas a very short flight period. 

B. frigya.—I took a fresh 9 in a sloping field near Kuopio on 20th 
June, and a very worn specimen in a bog near Nurimi on 22nd June. 
B. frigga is locally counmon in Finland. 1 do not know whether my 
want of success was due to ill luck or whether I was too late ~ its 
period of emergence. 


(Z'o be concluded.) 


JOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


Beatine For Catymyra Larvaz in May.—The larvae of all four 
British species in this genus are to be found upon the foliage of the. 
common elm (Udinus campestris), the most plentiful, C. trapezina, being 
ail too easily obtained. But while this larva is a cannibal as regards 
many species of other larvae, it does not attack its own kin and can be 
reared in quantity. Many fine forms are to be obtained and it is a 
species well worth breeding. 

CU. affinis is the next more easily obtained species ; it can be beaten 
in quantity in most areas where elm is plentiful; it falls on the sheet 
and at once compresses itself in such a way as to appear angular ; 
being bright green marked in white, it is at once to be distinguished 
from the dull grey green, almost transparent, larva of C. trapezina with 
its black raised dots. 

Q, diffinis is almost as plentiful in its favoured haunts as the last, 
but dislikes daylight and is seldom beaten from the branches proper, 
It favours the foliage springing directly from the trunk, where it can 
lie concealed in groups of pendulous leaves. ‘his beautiful clear, pale 
green, cylindrical larva has a mahogany red head, and cannot be con- 
fused with any other larva that I know of. (One forin of the larva of 
affinis has a black head.) [But, unlike diffinis, the tubercles are black 
in this form.—H.A.C.| 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 65 


C’. pyralina is decidedly more local if not actually much rarer than 
the other three species. It seems to prefer small bushy Elms growing 
in wood clearings or along wind blown ridges, its larva can be beaten 
like those of C. affinis from the branches. It is green, cylindrical and 
has a small white line with a black edge to it, just behind the head on 
the sides. . 

As before noted C. trapezina varies greatly. C. affinis has 4 distinct 
and equally plentiful forms. Greenish grey with and without white 
costal markings; reddish ochreous with and without white costal 
markings, and a rarer form which is slatey grey. There are also nice 
abs. to be had outside the general variation. 

C. diffinis varies little; the two main forms being pale red with 
greenish tinge on the darker markings, and dark red without such green 
tinge, the first form is usually found in the @ ?. 

C. pyralina has three colour forms, pinkish red, purple and brown, 
of which the last is much the rarest. 

All these larvae are full fed in late May. 


A Few Days Cotzectine at Kittarney.—My friend Mr. Bullock 
having told me that Pterostichus aterrimus, Herbst., and Otiorhynchus 
porcatus, Herbst., were to be taken at Killarney, I decided to run over 
in March and try for them. Some 15 of the former were taken under 
turf on the bank of a small lake or swamp, and 21 of the latter by 
sifting moss. The following other captures may be mentioned :— 

In moss, Calodera aethiops, Gr., not uncommon, Myrmedonia 
collarvis, Pk., with Myrmica laevinodis, Nyl.; Gymnusa brevicollis, Pk. ; 
Hineephalus complicans, West.; Philonthus micans, Gr., Gabrius appen- 
diculatus, Shp.; Lathrobtinguadratum, Pk.; Evestethus ruficapillus, Lac.. 
Stenus vafellus, Kiy., S. fuscipes, Gr.; Silpha subrotundata, Leach, red 
form (the red form of the linglish 8S. atrata, L., is called ab. brunnea, 
Hbst., but the aberration of the Irish insect has not got a name. I 
propose ab. castaneicolor, n.ab. for it); Bibloplectus pusillus, Denny, 
common; Bythinus bulbifer, Reich.; Bryaais sanguinea, Reich. ab. 
nigropyyialis, Fair. ; Lamprosoma concolor, Strm.; Phyllotreta exclama- 
tionis, Thnbg.; Caenopsis waltoni, Bob.,common ; Alophus triguttatius, 
F.,notnncommon; Liosoma ovatulum, Clair. ; Sciaphilus muricatus, Fb. 

Running on roads, Staphylinus caesareus, Ceder., this beautiful insect 
is much commoner in Ireland thanin England; Le/stotrophus murinis, 
L., Hister 12-striatus, Gyll., a very large specimen (at Mallow); 
Aylurgus piniperda, L., with red elytra=ab. rubripennis, Reitt. (also at 
Mallow). ‘This aberration has not, I believe, been recorded by name 
in either Irish or English literature. 

By beating blackthorn blossoms, Calodera aethiops, Gr., Bibloplectus 
pusillus, Denny, Cryptophagus scanicus, L., Otiorhynchus . scabrosus, 
Marsh., and Anthonomus rufus, Schon., new to the Irish List of Coleop- 
tera, of which some 15 specimens were taken. In England it has only 
been found at Fairlight near Hastings, where a specimen was beaten 
off blackthorn in 1892, by the late W. H. Bennet. I introduced it to 
the British list on this specimen. Another example was taken by Sir. 
T. Hudson Beare under ivy bark in the same locality a few years 
later, and in 1980 Mr. Tomlin secured a few examples in the same 
locality.— Horace DontstHorps, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., ete. (Kntomological 
Department, British Museum, Natural History.) 


66 ENTOMOLOGISIT’S RECORD. 15.V.1935 


Restinc Hasirs or Catocata nupta, Ponta cat AnD Bryornina 
perta.—Mr. Nicholson’s note on Catocala nupta prompts me to write 
on the subject of the resting habits of this and the other two above- 
mentioned species, which [ have observed over a series of some four or 
five years on our house and buildings at Pebworth, Worcestershire. 
On two occasions in one year I saw a C. nupta resting at midday on a 
cottage door, which was painted red. One of them [ disturbed as I 
thought children might damage it, and it flew straight across the road 
to a half-timbered cottage, white with black wooden beams, finally 
settling on one of the black beams, which was in full sunlight as it 
faced south-east. 

There are two main resting places for C. nwpta on our buildings— 
one on a stable facing due south, and one on part of the house, which 
faces east, both positions getting a considerable amount of sun, par- 
ticularly the stable. The stable front is about twelve feet high. eight 
feet at the bottom being grey stove, the remainder at the top being old 
red brick. They usually choose the very top of the red brick portion, 
close to the eaves but not in the shade. Very often they are lower 
down on the grey stone—whichever position they choose is exposed to 
the full heat of the sun. It is quite a usual occurrence to find four or 
five at once on this stable. 

Their alternative position—which is not so favoured but where, on 
occasions, I have seen three at once almost touching one another, 
about ten feet up (almost invariably)—is on the end of a small wing 
which faces east and which therefore gets a good deal of morning sun. 
This is entirely grey stone. I have only once seen them anywhere else 
on the house and that also faced east, and was in a sunny corner. 
The other side of the house is also grey stone and in the shade until 
evening, but they never rest there. 

Polia chi rests only on this shaded side of the house, always on the 
northern end, and | have not seen them elsewhere, neither does it seem 
to rest higher than about four feet from the ground.  Bryophila perla 
rests on the stable where C. nupta goes and on tke northern end of the 
shaded side of the house with P. chi, but is found at all heights up to 
about twelve feet on either wall. C. nupta, of course, also rests on 
telegraph poles in the district, usually within reach, but often at 
the very top, and it seems to favour the south-westerly side of them. 
—-P. Sivrrek Smite. Pebworth, Stratford-on-Avon. 


Wicken Fen Funp.—As most of our readers know, the endowment 
for the upkeep of that famous collecting ground is inadequate to main- 
tain the area in such condition, that the peculiar flora and fauna does 
not deteriorate in its character. It is always necessary to ask for 
additional support from those who are interested in the preservation of 
this portion of ancient England. ‘lhe Funds are necessary, uot only 
to support the local custodian, but to ensure labour sufficient to cut 
portions where the reed is increasing to the detriment of other vegeta- 
tion, to insure that no one inhabitant increases to such an extent as to 
threaten the existence of others. To procure this help it is still 
necessary to ask for contributions towards the expenses of such work. 
The Committee of Management are strongly supported by the Royal 
Kntomological Society, and every nature lover is asked to contribute 
towards their labours. The Hon Treasurer is W. G. Sheldon, ‘‘ West 


CURRENT NOTES. 67 


Watch,’ Oxted, Surrey, who will at all times be pleased to issue 
permits for observation or collecting on application.—Hy.J.T. 


-Burreeriies of Satontka (Greuce).—The following species were 
taken on the hills around Salonika, up to the level of about 2,000 ft., 
by Enzo, Erilda and Lycaena Romei, Clorinda Querci and I, from 
23rd March to 28th April, 1985.  Pararye aegeria, P. meyera, Coenon- 
ympha pamphilus, Argynnis lathonia, Melitaea phoebe, Vanessa cardur™, 
V. polychloros*, V. atalanta, Polyyonia egea*, Libythea celtis*, Tarucns 
balkanica, Cupido sebrus, Aricia medon, Polyommatus tcarus, P. thersites, 
Cyaniris cyllarus, Scolitantides hylas, Schiff. (baton, Berg.), Lycawenopsis 
argiolus, Heodes (Rumicia) phlaeas, Callophrys rubt, Leptidea sinapis, L. 
duponcheli, Pieris brassicae, P. rapae**, Pontia daplidice, P. leruepert, 
Huchloé crameri**, H. cardamines, fh. gruneri, Colias croceus, Frery., 
(edusa)**, Gonepterya rhamni*, G. cleopatra*, Papiliv podalirius, 
Zerynthia hypsipyle, Schiff. (polywena, Fb.), Hrynnis tages, KW. marloys, 
Carcharodus fritillavius, Poda. (alceae, Eisp.), Pyrgus orbifer, P. mal- 
voldes and 2. armoricanus. 

* Only old specimens which had gone over the winter. ** By the 
end of April a few specimens of the second brood emerged and flew 
together with those of the first brood—Orazio Qusrct. Salonica. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. 

With the current issue we publish the Title Page of Volume I. of 
the Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae. A complete set of the parts 
unbound is obtainable from the Treasurer, Mr. H. W. Andrews, 6, 
Footscray Road, Eltham, S.H.9, on receipt of 10/6 including postage. 
Now is a good opportunity for those interested in the British Noctuae 
and their Variation to commence subscribing to the magazine to ensure 
the continuation of the work from June next. 

May we ask for information as to the variation in the Agrotids 
which are the next group to be considered. We do not anticipate that 
Vol. IL. will take as long to complete, as most of the species were dealt 
with in a much more thorough manner than were the species in Vol. I. 

Part 8 of Voi. I of the Jr. of the Society for British Entomology is 
issued. It contains nearly 80 items in its 28 pages, with one plate and 
one diagram. Much of the matter deals with what lepidopterists call 
“ other orders,” Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, ‘I'richoptera, etc., 
mostly valuable records of the occurrence of British insects but little 
studied so far, 

The first part of the second volume of the Magazine published by the 
Deut. Ent. Institut of Berlin Dahlem is to hand. It consists of 80 pp. 
with 2 plates and sundry figures, and is a worthy successor of the 
previous issues from this Museum. The Notes on the Iintomological 
World remind us of the 75th birthday of Dr. Seitz, the 70th birthday 
of Dr. Handlirsch and the 90th of Raffaello Gestro of Italy. | 

We have to thank Herr G. Warnecke of Kiel, who bas sent us 
a separate of his contribution to the commemoration number of the 
50 years existence of the International Entomological Association of 
Frankfurt a. Main, “ Midonia (Isturgia) carbonaria, Cl., a northern and 
alpine Lepidopteron as a native of Schleswig-Holstein.” There are 
26 figures and maps. ‘The two last are very enlightening as to the 


68 KNTOMOLOGIST’S KECORD. 15.V.19385. 


distribution: the Alps of Switzerland, the higher mountains of 
Scotland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, Finland, N. Russia, and 
N.E. Siberia. A very discontinuous distribution. A group of figures 
show the extreme similarity of 7. carbonaria and Ematurya atomaria 
f. minuta, which fly together. There are a few records in other far 
scattered places, but the author throws doubt on these as probably 
either FE. atomaria or Parascotia (Boletobia) fuliyinaria forms. 

A reprint of an article in the Jr. of the Min. of Agri, dealing with 
the Colorado Beetle, since the first account in January, 1934, has been 
received. It contains information up to February, 1985, as to the 
occurrence of this dreaded pest. Intensive search only produced two 
living examples and a very few dead ones, showing that the pre- 
cautionary measures have been so far eminently successful, although 
time must be given to learn whether absolute success has been reached. 
A reproduction of the section of the survey map is published, showing 
the exact positions of the various occurrences of the beetle on both the 
Essex and Kentish areas infested. 

Bulletin 98 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Pests and Diseases of the 
Suyar Beet, is an exhaustive treatise on the subject, the result largely 
of a visit to the beet-sugar growing areas of the continent, by the 
Advisory Officers of the Ministry. It is illustrated by a number of 
figures of plant and animal pests and of the damage caused by them, 
with suggested methods of dealing with the various troubles. It would 
seem that such a Bulletin would bave been more useful earlier in the 
ten year period, while such huge government subsidies were being 
bestowed on the industry, rather than at the end of the experiment 
when it is recommended that owing to the non-economical results no. 
further aid be granted. May cane-sugar come to its own again. 


JW EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Still another of those admirable little books on the Fauna of the 
British Isles has reached our table from Messrs. Fred. Warne and Co., 
The Spiders and Allied Orders of the British Isles, by T. H. Savory, 
M.A.: Although not exhaustive as to species this volume is yet so admir- 
ably arranged and illustrated as to inform us clearly of the characteris- 
tics of all those species likely to come under notice in most areas and 
at the same time indicating those species which are extremely local and 
evasive by reason of their specialized habits and requirements. There. 
are 95 plates with 68 figures in colour and 180 illustrations from 
drawings and photographs, and 61 additional diagrams in the text. 
The Introductory Remarks deal, in a general way, with structure, life- 
history, collection, methods of study and classification. These details 
are followed by the treatment of each family with the genera and many 
species. The Allied Orders treated of at the end include a brief account. 
of the Harvestmen, False Scorpions, and Mites. A complete list of 
British species in each of the two first is given, which lists are for the. 
first time available for the general student, but the last order has suck a 
vast number of little known species that it is impossible to give much 
detailed information in the small space available. The presentation 
of the volume is in the usual adequate way of these publishers and the 
book can be recommended as of great value to all lovers of nature. Its. 
price is half a guinea.—Hy.J.T. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned te 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 


the time of sending in MS. 


e 


J, ee th Chat Abe 
Pe tS aN ae 
: 


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EEO rs RED ee OTN at 
tbs. Tee ore c pope 2 


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PAG 
Ee. 


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Articles that require InnusrRatTions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


; ; 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘They shonld 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam, 


_ Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 

sent.—fh. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 
Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. . 

_ Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,’’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 
_ Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 
Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. 
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. . 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
_ English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehdrde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates.— Many exceedingly rare species of moths from the Mediterranean, 
especially Sardinia. Ask for List. 
i _ Desiderata.—British Z. exulans; D. barretti; A. nickerli-guenei; L. favicolor; H. 
 erinanensis; Lar. ostregiata. Urgently needed.—Breeding material of all Ephestia- 
species except kuehniel]a. Will also pay cash if desired.—H. Bytinski Salz, John Innes 
Institution, Merton Park, London, S.W.19. 

CHANGE or Appress.—Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., to ‘‘ The Hermitage,’’ Dorney, Win- 
chester. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., to Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. HH. Donisthorpe, 
to 332, Great West Road, Heston, Middlesex. Orazio Querci to 3 Lysimaxoy, Salonika, 
Greece. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8p.m. June 5th. 
The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hiternia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 


es May 23rd. June 13th.—Hon. Secretary, 8S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, 


____ in every month, recommence in the autumn.—Hon. Corresponding Secretary, P. Siviter 
_ Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on-Avon. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF 
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOL( 


Published every Two Months 


Hdited by J. A. 8. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., — 
- Assisted by Sectional Editors. ; 


Annual ee, G6/- post. free. Single Parts 


All communications to be addeseacd to :— ae = 


VW. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z. S. Hog 


ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. — 


Communications have been received erat or have 
Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. Rh. N. 
Hy. J. Turner, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, oO. Gace <B 
A. J. Wightman, T. Greer, C. Nicholson, H. W.Andrews, T. Bai ro 
T. Sneyd Taylor, Dr. M. Burr, Dr. H. D. Haris, Dr. ‘iE. Beott, E. Pe. Wil sh 


Ellison, and eS Societies. 


“ Tatemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 
TO ENTOMOLOGIC AL SOCIETIES and “ino 


BAGK VOLU MES OF 


The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Var 


eval: se XXXVI. ye: 


CONTENTS OF Vol. I. - (Most important only mentioned.) 
Gunos Acronycta and its allies. —Variation of Smerinthus 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aur elia—The 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera —Pra 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. va 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Bed: 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, de os 360 pp. esis eee 


CONTENTS OF VOL. IE ssss—s— 


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: e 73 
sit to Wout Sai Natal and Zululand, J. S. 2 ee MA; Pe 
r.R.E.S. ae : ‘ ; ae 74 
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THE ENTOMOLOGY OF A HERON’S NEST. 69 


The Entomology of a Heron’s Nest. 


By HORACE DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. 
(Department of Entomology. British Museum. Natural History.) 


On 21st December, 1934, Mr. C. L. Collenette brought to me to — 
the Museum a nest of a Heron (Ardea cinerea, L.), which had been 
blown down from the branches of a Spanish Chestnut in Sidmouth 
Plantation, Richmond Park, Surrey, between 14th and 21st of December, 
1934. 

The nest consisted of a large number of twigs and small branches, 
and after being sifted, it was finally established in a large glass 
recepticle, enclosed by muslin. 

The following creatures were either taken by sifting the nest, or 
have since bred out of it. 


COLEOPTERA. 


Hypropuinipar.—Cercyon flavipes, F. 

STAPHYLINIDAE.—Crataraea suturalis, Mann. ; Oxypoda lividipennis, 
Mann., QO. opaca, Gr., in numbers; Atheta (Bessobta) fungivora, Th., 
A. (B.) occulta, Wr., A. (Atheta) nigricornis, Th., abundant, A. (Dine- 
trota) marcida, ir., im some numbers, A. (Acrotona) fungr, Gr.; Sipalia 
circellaris, Gr.; Tachinus humeralis, Gr., T. subterraneus, L. and ab. 
bicolor, Gr., T. marginellus, F.; Quedius mesomelinus, Marsh, several ; 
Xantholinus lonyiventris, Heer.; Lathrimaeum atrocephalum, Gyll.; 
Homalium rivulare, Payk.; Proteinus ovalis, Steph. 

SiwpHiwaE‘.—Choleva grandicollis, Er., C. tristis, Pz. 

Histeriwar. —Carcinops 14-striata, Steph. ; Gnathoneus punctulatus, 
hy, 

CryPToPHAGIDAE.—Cryptophagus scanicus, L. 

Dermestipar.— Dermestes lardarius, L., in some numbers. 

Of the above species the only ones which can be considered “ birds’ 
nests ’’ species, and are usually, or often, found in such situations, are 
Atheta (Atheta) niyricornis, Th., Carcinops 14-striatus, Steph., and 
Gnathoneus punctulatus, Th. 

The Dermestes is usually confined to towns and houses, occurring 
in bacon shops, groceries, and the ike. Itis not often found in the 
open, and was no doubt attracted by the remnants of fish, and other 
carrion in the nest. 


DIPTERA. 


BrstoniwaE.—Scatopse notata, §., generally bred from stable manure, 
etc. 

AntHomyipaE.—Anthomyia procellaris, Rud., probably breeds in 
various kinds of decaying matter. Hanniata lineata, Stein., has been 
recorded as being bred from rotten débris in a hollow tree (Verrall 
Ent. Mo. Mag., 1912, 194). 

Hxtomyzipar.—ephiochlamys tarsalis, Zett., the larvae of these 
flies are scavengers, feeding on animal and vegetable refuse. 

Opomyzmar.— Chiromyia sp.? in some numbers. *Mr. Wallace 
Pugh has bred specimen of C. inermis, Coll., from nests of Missel 
Thrush. He suggests this species may be C. flava, L. 


70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1935 


Propainiwak.— Piophila vulgaris, Fln., is sometimes found on dead 
birds. 

Cutoropipar.—Chloropisca notata, Mg., swarming in the nest when 
first received in very large numbers. Sometimes appears in large 
numbers in houses. It has been bred from the stems of wild grasses. 

AGromyziDaE.—Neoneura neotiophila, Coll., has been bred on a 
number of occasions from birds’ nests (Collin, Hint. Mo. Mag. 1980, 
87). 

BorsoripaE.—Sphaerocera subsultans, F., the commonest species of 
the genus, abundant on carrion, etc. Phaerocera sp.? (probably 
vaporartorum, Hal.,) 2 2. 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


Tinemar.—Monopis rusticella, Hub. (Adults). 

Tinea pellionella, La. (Larvae) ; 7’. lapella, Hb. 

The larvae of these two moths always feed on animal matter, dry 
excreta, wool, feathers, etc. 

OxcorHoripar.—Hindrosis lactella, Schiff., Borkhausenia pseudo- 
spretella, Sta. 


HEMIPTERA. 


Hereroprera.—Lyctoris campestris, F., usually found in stables and 
granaries. It occurs in the deer pens at Windsor. Probably feeds on 
mites, and the eggs and young of other insects, etc. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


IcHNeuMoniDAE.— Phygadeuon rusticellae, Bridg., is always bred from 
birds’ nests. Is probably parasitic on Anthomyiid flies. 

Procrotryripar.— Phaenopria cameroni, Wieft. 

Cuaucrwipan.—Muscidifurax raptor, Givault and Saunders. 

Pachyneuron sp. ? 

CynipipaE.—Kleidotoma yryphus, Thoms. 


COLLEMBOLA. 
Entomobrya albocincta, Templ. generally taken under loose twigs, also 


in old bird’s nests. 


DIPLOPODA. 
Miuurpeepes.— Trichoblanjulus sp. (probably guttulatus, Bosc). 


PSEUDOSCORPIONINA. 


Obisium muscorum, Leach, often found under stones, among dead 
leaves and débris on the ground. J| have taken it in F’. rufa nests. 


ARANEHINA. 


Amaurobius fenestralis, Stroem. Stearodea bipunctata, lu. Linyphia 
montana, Walek. Diplocephalus fusctpes, B1. Dr. A. R. Jackson says 
these species’ might be expected to be found in any heap of twigs and 
sticks. 


CORNISH NOTES FOR 1934. 7 


ACARINA. 


Pergamasus crassipes, Herm., 5 ? 9°. 

The common Karwig (Forficula auricularia, Li.) and the common 
woodlouse (Porcellio scaber, L.) were present in more or less numbers. 

We are indebted to Mr. C. H. Wallace Pugh for names of the 
Diptera and remarks, Mr. H. Stringer for the Lepidoptera, Mr. W. E. 
China for the bug, Dr. Ch. Ferrier, “Mr. G. B. J. Nixon and Mr. J. F. 
Perkins for the Hymenoptera, Mr. H. Britten for the Mites and Milli- 
pede, Mr. H. Wallis Kew for the Chelifer, Dr. A. Randell Jackson 
for the spiders and Mr. H. Wormsly for the Collembola. 


Cornish Notes for 1934. 
By CHARLES NICHOLSON. 


In Cornwall generally 1934 was on the whole an average year for 
insects with one outstanding feature of more than ordinary interest. 
The weather to the end of July was generally dry and sunny, like that 
of 1933; but, with August, more or less rainy weather succeeded and 
brought to an end the danger of drought throughout the greater part 
of the county. 

Although Danaus plexippus favoured Bucks, Devon, Hants, Kent, 
Pembroke, Somerset, and even Yorkshire, with its gracious presence, 
Cornwall did not share in the honour, but enjoyed instead the privilege 
of the extension of Polygonia c-album from the adjoining county of 
Devon, across which it has been spreading since 1925.* The Rev. J. H. 
Adams saw a female of var. hutchinsoni in his study at Landulph 
Rectory, near Saltash, on 7th (or 9th) July, and another in the same 
place a few days later. The next was taken by a Plymouth collector 
near Cawsand on the 18th, and as it was a female (var. hutchinsont) he 
kept it for eggs and got about 30, of which he gave me 5, and a dozen 
to another collector. Forsome reason there was ; considerable mortality, 
a certain number of them failing to hatch, and of those that did a 
proportion died soon afterwards. Of my 5 only 2 came through and 
proved to be males with the dark, rather marbled underside. His 8 
survivors emerged as 5 males and 8 females, and he writes that, as 
regards the undersides, the females were lighter in colour and more 
uniform in shade; the males were darker, Pamel richer in colour, and 
had fairly prominent white markings at the tips of the forewings, 
almost invisible in the females, from which I gather that the females 
were all var. hutchinsoni and the males of the form illustrated at Fig. 
4 on Pl. 85 of South’s British Butterflies. The next record was a 
specimen found dead but undamaged at Quethiock, near Liskeard, on 
19th July. Then, on Buddleia in my garden, I took a male on 16th 
September with the very dark, almost uniform, slaty-brown underside 
with slight green washing, and on the 19th I saw a var. hutchinsoni on 
the same bush, but unfortunately failed to catch it. I saw neither it 
nor any others afterwards. Then a perfect specimen was seen on 


* Since this was written I have received a letter from Dr. Saunders, of 
Launceston, who writes that in August, 1933, there was a comma butterfly in his 
garden ‘‘on and off for over a week, and that it was the same specimen I am quite 
certain, as it had some scales rubbed off from one of its wings.’’ This is therefore 
the first record for Cornwall so far reported.—C.N, 


7, ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V1.1985 


single asters in a garden at St. Tudy, near Bodmin, on 25th September, 
and finally a specimen of var. hutchinsoni was seen on 27th September 
at Newquay, in company with many J. atalanta and a few A. urticae 
on Escallonia montevidensis. This shrub is one of the less commonly 
grown species and has very fragrant white flowers. In addition to 
these records there was a letter in the Western Morning News reporting 
this species ‘‘ in large numbers in North Cornwall on 16th April, and 
again on the 24th we found them surprisingly abundant in the neigh- 
bourhood of Maristow, S. Devon.’ As the writer went on to speak of 
Colias myrmidone (the Clouded Yellow) having been seen near Bere 
Alston on several occasions, I wrote to him about both species, 
expressing doubt as to identity, and, recciving no reply, think it best to 
ignore the report altogether, in the absence of substantiation. 

Aglais urticae, Vanessa atalanta, V. cardwi, and Nymphalis io, have 
been in about normal numbers and all on the Buddleia. V. atalanta 
and V. cardwi were first seen flying about and bickering together 
around the monument on Carn Brea (740 ft.) in the afternoon sunshine 
on 15th June; the last V. cardui seen was on Buddleia in the garden 
on 13th September and the last V. atalanta flying strongly over rough 
land in the afternoon sun on high ground at Merther near here on 25th 
November. There were still ivy and bramble flowers about. 

Colias croceus was scarce. First seen in a neighbouring garden here 
on 27th May; then several in different parts of the county, and finally 
one in a Truro garden on 7th October. 

Gonepteryx rhamni has been much more frequently in evidence than 
usual. First seen (g ) on 25th March near Tresillian Village. On 5th 
May and subsequently many ova were found on my small buckthorn 
bushesinthe garden. As there is no Rhamnus catharticus in the county, 
except in my garden, so far as is known, the local butterflies must feed 
up on frangula, which is local and none too common; but I noticed 
that most of the eggs were laid on catharticus in the garden although 
frangula (of which I have only 2 bushes against 7 catharticus) was well 
patronised also. The larvae were so generally victimized by Anilasta 
ebenina (the ichneumon that comes from the small black-banded dull- 
white cocoons so commonly found on buckthorns) that scarcely any 
could have survived. I saw about half-a-dozen well grown ones in 
July, but could not find any pupae, although I searched. However, 
there was a sprinkling of butterflies on the Buddleia in August, so per- 
haps some of the larvae came through, and [| saw a pair near Tresillian 
Village also, which are not likely to have been any of mine! 

Of the ‘‘ Whites,” P. brassicae was very common, especially on the 
Buddleia. First seen 12th May, last seen 5th October. Rapae was 
decidedly less common than brassicae. First seen 29th April, last 5th 
October. Napi was decidedly scarce; in fact it has been getting 
scarcer of late years and I am at a loss to understand why. 

Eumenis (Hipparchia) semele. Although there is no heathland 
hereabouts except the patch in the garden, this species turns up yearly 
(since 1930) and there was a female on the Buddleia on 30th July and 
another (or perhaps the same one) on 18th August. 

Pararge aegeria and P. megera were aS common as usual in the 
district, the latter perhaps rather commoner than usual. P. aegeria 
first seen (in garden) 30th April; last on 9th October. P. megera first 
(in the verandah) 29th May; last at Lady’s Wood near Truro, 26th 
August. 


THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. 73 


Aphantopus hyperantus. First seen (on the River Drive here) 1st 
July. One at Tresillian 6th July. One in garden 3rd July. One in 
verandah 18th July. These last two may have been the same indivi- 
dual as this species is scarce hereabouts. 

Coenonympha pamphilus as scarce as usual hereabouts, but several 
seen near Lady’s Wood, 22nd August. 

Chrysophanus phlaeas. Not so common as in 1933. First seen (a 
few near Lady’s Wood) 14th August; then several hereabouts, includ- 
ing one on Buddleia (17th August), one on Sedum. spectabile and one on 
Eupatorium weinmannianum on 25th September. Last seen 5th 
October. . 

Polyommatus icarus. Commoner generally than I have seen it 
hitherto in Cornwall. First seen (in garden on Hippocrepis comosa) 
7th June. Many at Lady’s Wood 14th and 22nd August. Common 
on rough rushy ground near Tresillian Village on 26th August, the 
last date on which it was noticed. 

Lycaenopsis (Celastrina) argiolus has also been much commoner 
than in recent years. First seen (in garden) flying around holly and 
laurestinus flowers 4th May, and then daily until the 26th. Second 
brood in garden 14th July, 18th and 19th August, These Lycaenids 
are not atiracted to Buddleia, probably because the corolla tubes are 
too long for their tongues. 


(To be concluded.) 


An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae. III. 
By ORAZIO QUERCI. 
(Continued from p. 61.) 


Tue Srruation on 2npd Juty, 1932. 


After the massacre of larvae, produced by the heat on 1st July, the 
situation is about as follows :— 

Second Brood.—Ended. 

Third Brood.—There are the adults emerged by the end of June 
and at the beginning of July, and many chrysalides formed from 19th 
June to 2nd July, which will produce adults from 3rd to 14th July. 

Fourth Brood.—There are many chrysalides, formed from 380th 
June to 2nd July. The larvae hatched on this last day were not 
injured by the heat, nor were eges laid from 29th June to 2nd July. 

Nore.—From 20th to 23rd June, the adults of the second brood 
flew together with those of the third. Probably some crosses were 
formed. 


Tue Crumate FRom 3RD JuLy To 207TH JULY. 


From 8rd to 8th July it was not very hot, and but a few larvae in 
our cages died, Later on, the heat increased, and only some of the 
larvae which became mature more rapidly succeeded in pupating. All 
those which, having less vitality, or living upon a stem which dried, 
delayed to grow and rotted. ‘The vital limit for the larvae was 
surpassed on 13th and 14th July. The intense heat began at noon of 
the 13th, at 4 p.m. the temperature rose up to 92°, and it was about 
84°-86° until midnight. All our larvae died. The day following the 


7 eae EN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1985 


heat continued, reaching 90° at 2 p.m. but it soon decreased to 80°, 
and in the night the temperature was about 76°. A few of the larvae, 
which had hatched (after three days only since egg laid) in the evening 
of 14th July, did not die. On 19th July the temperature was 90°-91° 
for a long time in the afternoon, and in the evening 
it was still 88°, dropping to 71° near midnight, 
when all our larvae, kept in the open air, were 
collapsing. By the end of July the meadows of the 
Park Way were barren and, for lack of any shelter, 
= I think that, also in that place most larvae were 
2 killed by the heat. This seems to be proved 
: by the scarcity of Pieris rapae from 26th July to 
= “ 10th August. 
= 
63 


P. RAPAE TAKEN. 


. 15—The chrysalides of the third brood continue to 
produce adults. 
78. 68. O—The bad weather delays the emergence of the pupae. 
82. 62. 14—Only a few ‘‘ Whites” are on the wing in spite of 
the lovely day. 
73. 65. O—The temperature is low, and it is quite cloudy and 
raining. 
85. 66. 58—Specimens of the fourth brood should begin to 
. 58 emerge, and they meet with those of the third 
89. 68. 60 brood. Eggs of the fifth brood are laid, some crosses 
being among them. 
10 89. 70. 56—The heat increases, and some larvae die. 
J1 89. 74. 62—Owing to the quantity of heat the eggs hatch after 
12 84. 69. 49 three days, however the duration of the life-cycle 
13 92. 74. 55 was never shorter than 18 days for the ‘“ Whites” 
which we reared in the year 1982. It is very hot. 
14 90. 76. 51—The heat continues, and all our larvae die, except 
15 87. 71. 52 those which we put, for some time in the afternoon, 
in the ice-box at about 60°. 
16 86. 70. 88—The emergence of the third brood should be ended, 
17 88. 70. 88 but the chrysalides of the fourth brood continue to 
produce many adults. 
18 87. 72. 88—When it is very hot the ‘‘ Whites” have a short life, 
19 91. 71.125 and I believe that the flight period of the third 
brood ends to-day. 
20 88. 73.108—AI] the larvae which we are rearing die save those 
in the ice-box. The country is barren, most plants 
are dry, but the Lepidicum virginicum, on which the 
caterpillars of Pieris rapae feed, is yet verdant. 
(To be continued) 


cy 
aS wr wd Dare. 


6 GN’ 
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Oy | 
for) 
eo) 


Notes on a Visit to Northern Natal and Zululand. 
By J. SNEYD TAYLOR, M.A.. D.1C., F.R.E.S. 


At the end of January, 1980, while my headquarters were still at 
Barberton in the Hastern Transvaal, I was sent to the cotton growing 
areas of Northern Natal and Zululand to investigate the status of the 
Red Bollworm (Diparopsis castanea, Hmpsn.) in those parts. For 
some time past it had been thought that this pest was kept in check by 


VISIT TO NORTHERN NATAL AND ZULULAND. 75 


natural agencies in these areas, as reports of extensive damage on the 
part of the insect had been few and far between. Considerable 
numbers of the Chalcid egg parasite, T'richogramma lutea, Gir., had 
been obtained from the eggs of the bollworm near Magut, Northern 
Natal, a year or two earlier. The main object of my journey was to 
ascertain whether it was the case that Red Bollworm was controlled 
by its natural enemies, as well as to investigate the question of its 
wild host plants. 

Accompanied by my wife and a native boy, I left Barberton by car 
on 28th January. Our first port of call was to be Magut, and the 
direct route lay through Swaziland. Owing to wet weather, however, 
and the appalling state of the roads, we had to make a long deviation 
through the high and middle veldts of the Kastern Transvaal, but even 
so, we were held up by the state of the road, and met with various 
vicissitudes, including being bogged up to the axles and smashing the 
oil sump on a boulder. On the last day of the journey to Magut, and 
between that place and Vryheid, we passed through some beautiful 
country, and were crossing and travelling along the tops of mountain 
ranges most of the time. 

Magut is situated on the top of a high and steep hill surrounded by 
undulating country with mountains beyond. The place consists of a 
hotel, store, post office and a few dwelling houses. Until shortly 
before the time of my visit it was the headquarters of a large cotton 
growing company, since defunct. From the hill there is a fine view 
which includes parts of Natal, Zululand, the Transvaal, Swaziland and 
Portuguese Territory, while glimpses of the Pongola River are also to be 
seen. The climate on the hill is comparatively pleasant, but down 
below in the valley it is intensely hot, and malaria is common. Most 
of the land below nad been, and some of it which belonged to private 
individuals still was, under cotton. ‘There were many acres of aban- 
doned cotton lands formerly belonging to the company, an ideal 
breeding ground for pests. 

During the ten days while we were there I spent most of my time 
collecting Red Bollworm eggs at the spot where 7. lutea had been 
found before. This was in the neighbourhood of Pongolapoort on the 
Lebombo Flats, some twenty-six miles from Magut. ‘I'he country 
hereabouts is low lying and most of it is covered by bush. The climate 
is intensely hot and parts of it are infested by tsetse fly (Glossina 
pallidipes, Austen). To reach this place from Magut one has to 
descend into the valley, cross the latter, climb a range of hills known 
as the Rooirand, and then descend into the Lebombo Flats. ‘The latter 
lie between the Rooirand and the Lebombo Mountains, through which 
the Pongola River makes its way to Portuguese territory at Pongola 
Poort. 

It was hot work collecting eggs, of which there were considerable 
numbers to be found on abandoned cotton, in the broiling sun. All 
those collected were sent to Barberton, and some 60% of them were 
found to be parasitized. 

There was little time for general collecting, but a few miscellaneous 
insects were picked up. ‘These included the Reduviid, Rhinocoris 
tibialis, St., which I have also obtained at Barberton ; the Cerambycid, 
Pycnopsis brachyptera, Thoms., a common and widespread species; and 
the Rutelids, Popilia bipunctata, F., also taken at Barberton, Pachnoda 


16 ENTOMOLOGIST S$ RECORD. 15. V1.1935 


leucomelans, G. & F., and Porphrynota maculatissima, Boh., all three of 
which were found on cotton. The Eumolpid, Syagrus rugifrons, Baly., 
a serious cotton pest, of which more anon, was also observed in the 
Magut area. 

After a stay of ten days duration at Magut we proceeded on into 
Zululand, entering that territory on crossing the Mkusi River a few 
miles from Pongolapoort. We then travelled south, passing through 
park-like and mountainous country most of the time. From Mkusi 
onwards the roads were excellent. The first night out from Magut 
was spent at the little town of Nongoma, near which is situated the 
Royal Kraal of the Zulus. The next morning we crossed the Black 
Umfolosi River and, later in the day, the White Umfolosi. Much of 
the country was mountainous and very beautiful, and we passed near 
the scene of the battle of Ulundi where the ZGulus were defeated. by 
the British troops in 1879. After leaving Melmoth, a little town 
among the mountains, we descended into the Nkwaleni valley, through 
which runs the Umblatusi River, and then up again into Eshowe, our 
headquarters for the next month. Eshowe is the capital of Zululand, 
and is situated in the mist belt, 1,647 feet above sea level. It is some 
twenty-five miles from the sea which is visible on a clear day. A pretty 
little town, it has a strip of natural forest running right into it. The 
trees.in the forest are of great height and many of them have creepers 
and orchids growing upon them, while they afford shelter to large 
numbers of monkeys. ‘The fields of sugar-cane, which surround the 
town, together with the forest, give the place a delightfully green 
appearance, reminiscent of some village in England. 

Cotton was being grown in the Nkwaleni Valley, some twelve miles 
away, and I spent most of my time there with my native boy, by now 
an adept at the job, collecting eggs and larvae of Red Bollworm, but 
very few egg parasites and no larval parasites were found. The other 
bollworms, Heliothis obsoleta, Fabr., and Harias spp., were also in 
evidence, as well as Syagrus, known among the growers as ‘‘ Beetle.’ 
Among the other insects observed were the Meloids Coryna lugens, Fhs., 
and lecapotoma lunata, Pall., var. omega, Mars., both of which were 
feeding on cotton flowers; the Tenebrionid Hurychlora crenata, Sol., 
which I have taken also at Pretoria; the Brenthid Hupsalis vulsellata, 
Gyll., a common species at light at Barberton; and the Acridiid, Bulla 
longicornis, St. ‘The latter is a thick and curious looking grasshopper, 
a little over two inches in length, and green in colour. The body and 
wings are of a paper-like consistency. Several people, quite ignorant 
of insects, however, have taken it for an artificial, and not a real 
specimen. 

About the middle of March we moved on to Ntambanana, some 
fifty miles from Eshowe by road, but much nearer as the crow flies, 
the nearest part of the settlement being only a few miles down the 
Uwhlatusi River from Nkwaleni. At Ntambanana there is nothing 
except a hotel, post office and store. The district was opened for 
settlement shortly after the Great War, and most of the farmers are 
ex-service men. They have had a hard time what with drought, floods 
and pests, including tsetse which has taken tremendous toll of their 
cattle. Although most of these settlers are badly off financially, and 
some in great poverty, they are a fine cheery crowd, and we received 
much kindness and hospitality fromthem. ,The country is undulating, 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 717 


some of it covered with bush and some grass-covered with thorn bushes 
scattered about. It would be fine grazing country but for the tsetse 
fly. At the time of my visit many of the farmers were planting cane, 
but there was a considerable amount of land under cotton, as well as 
many acres of abandoned cotton. 


(To be concluded.) 


]WOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


Micro-Larvar For tak Monts or June.—This should be a busy 
month in every class of locality, for the larva collector. Sloe bushes 
in open woods should produce the larvae of Hurhodope suavella, in & 
dirty looking web attached to the stems, more easily detected by fresh 
web at one end. In asmall mass of dead and drawn together leaves 
of oak, the larvae of Acrobasis tumidella =zelleri will be found. Rolled 
up leaves of the maple will produce the glassy looking larvae of 
Argyrotoxa forskaleana, and the neatly folded up leaves of the wild 
rose will produce larvae of A. berymanniana. The rolled leaves of birch 
will produce larvae of Hucosma solandriana, a species well worth 
breeding again and again for the numerous varietal forms that are 
always bred. In the chinks of bark of the oak one may find the 
cocoons of Cerostoma alpella and sloe and wild apple when beaten will 
afford the larvae of C. horridella, recognised by their activity when in 
the tray. The species is local at Epping and Ashtead. In the 
same way we can get C. scabreila larvae from hawthorn. At the 
same time the cases of Coleophora nigricella are generally abundant, 
and the dense webs of the gregarious larvae of Scythropia crataegella 
will often be met with in similar situations. Dogwood may have its 
leaves mined by the larvae of Antispila pfeifferella, which cut out an 
oval case and fall to the ground, waiting until spring before they 
emerge. The snail-like tracks on poplar leaves produce the larvae of 
Phyllocnistis suffusella. Artemisia vulgaris in waste places with drooping 
shoots indicate the presence of the larvae of Ewaeritia allisella. A 
search in the early part of mid June on the undersides of leaves of 
Centaurea nigra may show the cases of Coleophora conspicuella. Of 
good size, black, straight, with a curve at the anal end, the cases are 
quite conspicuous, but to breed are usually most difficult. The leaves 
ofthe same plant may harbour some small, thin, straight cases which 
will produce later the imagines of C. alcyonipennella, while the drawn 
together shoots will contain the larvae of Depressaria liturella. Similarly 
in the drawn together shoots of Burdock the larvae of D. arenella may 
be found locally. On the basal leaves of Ballota nigra below, the flat, 
fiddle-shaped cases containing pupae of Nemotois fasciellus (schiffer- 
miillerella) occur and the ground below should be wellsearched. Angelica 
sylvestris in damp places will have the tops drawn together by larvae of 
Depressaria angelicella and similarly the tops of meadow-sweet will pro- 
duce larvae of Peronea shepherdana. The reddish larvae found by pulling 
apart the spun-up shoots of Genista anglica in the silken galleries are 
larvae of Stomopteryx (Gelechia) albipalpella, and the curiously folded up 
leaves, three together, of Lotus corniculatus will, by their partially 
bleached appearance, indicate the presence of the larvae of S. (C.) taento- 
lella. The neatly folded conical habitations made of the leaves of 
Hypericum perforatum indicate the presence of the larvae of Gracillaria 


78 ENTOMOLOGIS! S RECORD. 15.V1.1935 


auroguttella. Similar cones on willows and sallow are formed by the 
larvae of G. stigmatella. Oak trunks will always produce the crawling 
larvae of Coleophora lutipennella seeking suitable places for settling down 
to pupate. Conspicuous blotches on bramble leaves will often indicate 
the presence of the green, hairy larva of Chrysocorys festaliella on the 
underside, where later the beautiful net-like cocoon may be found. 
The mines of Lithocolletis sorbi are to be found on the underside of the 
leaves of Pyrus spp. and Prunus padus. The species of Pyrus and 
Prunus should be well searched for mining larvae of the Lithocolletids 
L. concomitella, L. blancardella, L. spinicollella and Li. cerasicolella may 
be expected on their respective species of bush. In early July the webs 
of the larvae of Ilythia carnella become more conspicuous in their 
dense white webs with blotched leaves of Lotus. The green, red-lined 
larvae of Rhodophaea advenella can now be beaten from hawthorn. In 
the living bark of ash, pollarded trees as a rule, the larvae of Huzophera 
(Myelois) pinguis are to be found, their presence being indicated by a 
few long grains of frass blocking the original round holes of entrance. 
Where Sedwum telephium occurs it may be searched for the rambling 
webs of the larvae of Hyponomeuta viyintipunctella. This is the great 
month for Depressaria larvae particularly on Umbelliferous plants. 


Tae Larva Periop or Agceria aPirormis, Cu.—In the Entomolo- 
gist’s Record, 1988, 47, 95, I wrote a note on the life-history of this 
species and said that larvae apparently in the last instar were found 
between February and April, and drew the conclusion that the larvae 
pass nearly a year in their final instar. My conclusion is incorrect. 
This year I found a larva on 20th April, which appeared to be full- 
srown. It continued to feed and changed its skin between 7th and 
14th May. The head however is almost the same size as in the 
previous instar. This shows that the large larvae found in the early 
spring are not in their last instar. They change skin again and make 
their cocoons in the autumn, but in the final instar they are very little 
larger than in the penultimate one.—H. A. Cockayne (D.M., A.M., 
F.R.E.§.), 116, Westbourne Terrace, W.2. 


Resting Hasits or CatocaLa nupTaA AND BryopHina pERLA.—Mr. 
Siviter Smith’s notes on p. 66 are very interesting and certainly show 
that nupta has a taste for resting in the sunshine at Pebworth, but the 
only three specimens that I have any recollection of finding at rest in 
the day time do not conform to this. One of these was on a close fence 
in Epping Forest and one was on the fence around Chingford Mount 
cemetery; both these face due east. The third was just under the 
stone capping of a brick pillar terminating a wall at Clapton, and this 
one faced W.N.W. The first two would get the early morning sun 
only, and the other the late evening sun shining just above the houses 
on the other side of the road at a considerable angle. I can’t remem- 
ber whether the third specimen would have the sun in its eyes or not, 
but none of them would have been incommoded by its heat. 

Bryophila perla is certainly not troubled by direct hot sunshine, for 
I have seen many of them on the flint walls at Sidestrand and Triming- 
ham near Cromer, some of which faced due sonth, and the moths were 
in all positions on and around the nodules of flint. I used to go down 
before breakfast to pick specimens before the sun was on them, as there 


CURRENT NOTES. 719 


were very beautiful forms of var. flavescens on the Sidestrand wall 
amongst the orange patches of lichen so prevalent in the district. 

Incidentally, I may say that on that wall I found a specimen of 
Macroglossum (Sesia) stellatarum on 22nd July, 1894, resting on one of 
the nodules, where it had presumably spent the night with its head 
inwards facing the mortar and was waiting for the sun to come around 
and wake it up.—C. Nicnoxson, Tresillian, Cornwall. 29th May, 
1935. 


XipHyprR1a caMELLUS, L., 1x Winpnsor Forest.—On 380th May a 
specimen of this rare sawfly was taken in Windsor Forest, where it 
was resting on a pile of wood—what is called ‘‘cord wood”’ in the 
New Forest. It is very widely distributed—specimens in the British 
collection of sawflies in the B.M., are from Nethy Bridge, Newcastle, 
New Forest, and Devonshire, etc., but it is decidedly rare, or at any 
rate, not often met with. Mr. Perkins tells me you require to find 
alders in the right condition to take it. I have never seen it at Windsor 
before.—Horace DonistHoRPE. 


DenpRopHitus pyemarus, L., in Winpsor Forest.—Although I 
have been searching Formica rufa nests in Windsor Forest for 13 years, 
I never found Dendrophilus pygmaeus, L., a not uncommon guest with 
that ant, until 26th May last, when a single specimen was found in a 
new branch rufa nest. The late Mr. G. Blatch captured it in rufa 
nests in Windsor Great Park in October, 1887. [Hnt. Mo. May. 24 
188 (1887)]. Stephens records it from Windsor [Stephen’s Manual 
152 (1839)]. 

Formica rufa was more abundant in the Windsor district in those 
days. It no longer occurs in the Park; near Virginia Water, and 
beyond Ascot are its nearest localities. This beetle was one of the 147 
Species recorded from Windsor up to 1928, since that date J have 
retaken 88 of those species, including the present capture.—Horace 
DonisTHORPE. 


Tae Broap-Borprrev Bes Hawk Mots (Macrociossum FuciFormis) 
in Winpsor Forest.—On 26th May also, a specimen of this Hawk 
Moth was found resting on the ground in a ride in Windsor Forest.— 
Horace DonistHorPE. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 

A few sets of the unbound parts of the Supplement to Tutt’s British 
Noctuae are on sale at half a guinea per set and may be obtained from 
Mr. H. W. Andrews, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, 8..9. 

Parts 55 and 56 of the Supplement (English edition) to Seitz 
Macrolepidoptera of the Palaearctic Region have just come to hand. 
They consist of 24 pages and three plates of the Geometridae, Mr. L. B. 
Prout being the author. The plates contain 200 figures of which about 
a dozen are of aberrations of British species. Short descriptions of the 
additional forms to ten British species are given, some 88 in number. 
To Hipparchus papilionaria, 5 new forms to the 4 in the main volume ; 
to Comibaena pustulata, 1 new form; to Euchloris smaragdaria, 8 new 
forms to the 9 previously; to JUhalera fimbrialis, 2 additional to 5 
previously ; to Hemistola chrysoprasaria, 2 additional to 2 previously ; 


80 : ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V1.1985 


to Calothysanis amata, 5 additional to 8 previously ; to Cosymbia pen- 
dularia, 7 additional to 11 previously ; to C. annulata, 2 additional to 
2 previously ; to C. punctaria, 2 additional to 12 previously; and C. 
linearia, 9 additional to 4 previously. In our List of Varieties of British 
Geometridaz,* issued with the revisionary aid of Mt. Prout, some of 
these forms were listed. Altogether among these 10 species no less 
than 95 named forms with descriptions are included in the Main 
Volume and the Supplement. 

All, who are interested in the Geometers, must have access to these 
volumes and all institutions, which have libraries, should endeavour to 
obtain a copy of this work as an essential part of their equipment. 
Hitherto no work in the English language has given the information 
here contained, and only, with the greatest difficulty and with almost 
unlimited time, is it possible for any student to work out the identity 
of his aberrant forms or to carry on further studies in variation with- 
out its aid. . 

The parts of the main volumes which have just been issued are of 
the African Fauna; 8 parts of Vol. XV. the African Noctuae, 56 pp. and 
2 plts. of 141 figs., and 1 part of Vol. XVI. African Geometridae, 16 pp. 
and 1 plt. of 76 figs. 

All those interested in Variation should not miss the articles now 
being published in the fine little Belgian magazine Lambillionea by 
my friendly correspondent Herr B. J. Lempke of Amsterdam. This 
year so far he has dealt with the early descriptions and_ the named 
aberrations of Issorta lathonia, Phragmatobia fuliginosa, and Maniola 
jurtina. Variation is one of the lines of entomological study largely 
to the front in the magazine. The photographic plates of aberrations 
of Lepidoptera, previously mentioned in this magazine, still continue 
regularly month by month, and include many forms of species occurr- 
ing in this country, Argynnis aglaia, Colias croceus, Melitaea aurinia, 
M. cinaia, Brenthis selene, and Phraymatobia fuliginosa are species of 
which aberrations have been illustrated recently. The collector of 
Micros will find ‘‘ Some observations on the genus Nepticula’’ very 
useful. The Editor M. F. Derrenne has kindly pointed out a lapsus 
calami | made in a letter to him on the identification of the Dianthoecia 
of the Pyrenees named gedrensis as a ssp. or race of andalusica, in 
quoting Wagner as the author instead of Schawerda. 

In recent numbers of L’ Amateur de Papillons during the present 
year several articles are found which should prove useful to British 
entomologists. The editor M. Lhomme has contributed a series of 
articles on the mining Lepidoptera. He has taken the various plants 
subject to the attacks of these small moths and given the names of the 
attackers and a short diagnosis of each. Such notes might prove use- 
ful in suggesting the discovery of species not yet recognised as occurring 
in Britain. ‘“ Migration of Lepidoptera’’ contains a large number 
of references of such occurrences from all parts of the world. There 
is a list of plants attacked by species of the genus Coleophora each with 
a list of the case bearers, which have been found attached to it. Nearly 
every number contains an account of a locality from a collector’s 
experience. Unfortunately the exchanges are so much against this 
country that but very few collectors from Britain now go on the con- 
tinent for a natural history holiday. 


-* Copies of this List can still be obtained from Mr. H. W. Andrews. 


. ’ All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Ay. J. Torner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 
> Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
___ the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InLustTRaTIons are inserted on condition that the AuTHOR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


ee EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, '‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 


(AES AS SRDS TRE EPO Re ee ee 


sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 
Duplicates. —Albimacula*, sparganii*. 
Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ durago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 
Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
- Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 
_ Desiderata—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
- lLucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
_  Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
 flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
____ Kingston Surrey. 
2 Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
____ Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 
# Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. 


Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

ae Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehirde), 
_ Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates.—Many exceedingly rare species of moths from the Mediterranean, 
especially Sardinia. Ask for List. 

Desiderata.—British Z. exulans; D. barretti; A. nickerli-guenei; L. favicolor; H. 

crinanensis; Lar. ostregiata. Urgently needed.—Breeding material of all Ephestia- 
species except kuehniella. Will also pay cash if desired.—H. Bytinski Salz, John Innes 
Institution, Merton Park, London, S.W.19. 
_ _ Cxance or Appress.—Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., to ‘‘ The Hermitage,’’ Dorney, Win- 
_ chester. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., to Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. HH. Donisthorpe, 
_ to 332, Great West Road, Heston, Middlesex. Orazio Querci to 3 Lysimaxoy, Salonika, 
Greece. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Be. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 
 8p.m. October 2nd. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
_ Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
June 27th. July 11th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’”? Hayes Lane, 
_ Bromley, Kent. 
4 The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
- month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
_ Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 

SSexX 
- Entomological Section, Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical 
Society. i 18th August (Cranham) ; 
(Dolgelly, date not yet fixed). Eventnc Mererines.—Third Monday in every month, 
recommence in the autumn.—Hon. Corresponding Secretary, P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, 
Stratford-on-Avon. 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL 


A MAGAZINE OF ee 
NATURAL HISTGRY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 


Published every Two Months 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R. I.A., M.B.O. Us 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 18. 


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Communications have been received from or have - been pr 
Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J: Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoi 
Hy. J. Turner, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, 1D eteee 
A. J. Wightman, T. Greer, C. Nicholson, H. W.Andrews, T. Bainbrig 
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All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. 
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IMPORTANT _ ie 
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUM 


BACK VOLUMES OF Ses ins 


The Entomologist’s Record © 
and Journal of va 


(Vols. I-XXXVL) 


CONTENTS OF Voi. I. (Most important only mentioned.) — ; 
Genus Acronycta and its allies. Se ae of pie ee iiliae, 3 colour 


spate oe Paper on Pucnidsuihpidar "Pb jon Panes Hints 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Wor < 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidop 
for 1890 —hifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, eB hisp 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. Wakes 


GONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Munaxism AND MrianocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Gollecting: 
VarrdTIon (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocam 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising A 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generie i e 
elature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannioch—Heredity in Lepidoptera— [ 
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehbistory as tak: 
derasa, etc., efc., 312 pp. 


No be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, BE. 


to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1 i 


AUG8 1935 ee 


Vol. XLVII. ESF LO 


Nos. 7-8 


JULY-AUGUST, 1935, 


_ AND 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


ea OES 


Matcoum Borer, D.S8C., F.R.E.S. H. DonistTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.R.E.8. 
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.u.S. T. BAInBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
KE. A. Cockaynr, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. 
os F.B.C.P. H. E. Paas, F.R.4.S. 
ees J. EK. Couuin, J.P., V.R.E.8. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 


Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.8.8., F.Z.8. 


Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BerHuNgE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
- By Henry J. hier F.R.E.S., F.R.H.8., Editorial Secretary. 


= | CONTENTS. 

= ‘Notes on Hiibnerian Nomenclature, Foster H. Benjamin .. 81 
-Pancalia latreillella, Curt., T. shat gated BN ck: R. E. S., 

eo 25. F.2.8. as 82 


The Genus Athetis evades): me ee aS a oe o es 84 
A Holiday in Piedmont, Dr. H.G. Harris .. Se ag ap os 84 
The Biology of Pieris rapae, Orazio Querci .. oe = 6 Ee 86 
[wo Visits to Finland, Dr. E. Scott .. - : ae 88 


Norrs on Coxtitectina.—Marshes and Reed- Beds i in j uly Sad mid ra 
Additional Foodplants of the larvae of Parascotia fuliginosa, Dr. H. A. 
Cockayne, A.M., F.R.E.S.: D. nerii in Croydon: The W. Coast of 
Denmark : Grecian Butterflies in 1935, O. ee Colias croceus, 
 #.S. Fremlin.. 2 - a - = Se oe 90 
Current Notes .. = Ses A = 93 
_ Reviews.—Fauna of British India series, 7.B.-F. .. wi fe Be 94 
-Oxrtvary.—Robert Adkin, F.R.E.S., Hy.J.T.. 95 
PPLEMENTS.—Notes on the Larvae of ees Lepidoptera, B. P. Wiltshire 

Plate IIT we (1)-(8) 
British Noctuae, Iy. J. Tur ner, "P.R.E. S., F.R.H.S. Il (5)-(8) 
Butterflies of the ee Rhone ‘Valley, Roger Ver ae M.D., 

F.R.E.S. ; (61 )-(64) 


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AUG8 1935 


NOTES ON A RARE PUBLICATION. 81 


Notes on a rare publication by Jacob Hiibner and its effect upoi 
modern interpretation of Hibnerian Nomenclature. 


By FOSTER H. BENJAMIN. 
(Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C.) 


The Lepidopterologische Zutriye, by Jacob Hubner, Augsburg, 1820, 
is recommended by his student, Carl Geyer, in the ‘“ Necrolog Jacob 
Hiibner’’ (1827, Thon’s Archiv, pp. 28-31), but seems to have been 
disregarded by modern writers, or to have been overlooked. 

It is a key to the older systems of nomenclature, and a glossary of 
terms. It solves the problem of interpretation of Hiibner’s system both 
by definitions and by direct comparisons. Hiubner’s term “ stirps”’ is 
stated to be nomenclatorially equal to ‘‘ Phalana, Linn.,” and his 
coitus’ equal to the unnamed group of Linnaeus marked ‘“ *’’1. 

Thus it is shown that Hubner, like Linnaeus, had only a single 
genus of butterflies, Papilio, with subdivisions. ? 

Startling as this may seem to modern authors accustomed to a 
multitude of genera, the fact also becomes quite clear if the introduc- 
tions to the various Hiibnerian works are carefully read, special atten- 
tion being paid to those of the Zutraye zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetter- 
linge and of the Systematisch-alphabetisches Verzeichnis. 

Contemporary workers did not fall into the error of considering 
that the “‘ stirpes ’ names were intended to be of generic rank. ‘he 
reviewer of Hiibner’s Sanunluny exotischer Schmetterlinge for the dAllye- 
meine Literatur-Zettuny (19th December, 1807) very carefully put 
“ Papilio” or “ P.” before of the names of each of Hubner’s plates. 
Thus the plate of zygia 1s listed as* P. Lemonias maculata Zygia,’ with 
‘‘ Lemonias N{obis]”’ as an elevation of the subgeneric Lemontas, 
Hiibner, to generic rank, the reviewer considering himself responsible 
for this name as of generic rank. He discussed such Hubnerian 
names as belonging to families, ‘‘ Familien”’ (a term commonly used 
by most German and English authors of that period to denote generic 
divisions, i.e., subgenera; see 1812, Z'rans. E’nt. Soc. Lond., Vol. 1). 
This reviewer also stated that he had 2 text sheets accompanying the 
plates. The text pages are headed with ‘‘coitii” names, but the 
reviewer considered such names so trivial that he did not comment 
upon them, although he apparently adopted the name Hurybia from 
the text of the species halimede and elevated it to generic rank as 
“ Eurybia N.” Latreille (1810) and Hoffmansegg (1818) each adopted 
this attitude, while Ochsenheimer (1816) cited the ‘‘stirpes” as 
“Hamilien [subgenera] mit gattungsnamen,” accepting some, rejecting 
others, and this was followed by Treitschke. 

Furthermore, the Lepidopterologische Zutrdge removes any lingering 
doubt in regard to Hiibner’s own attitude concerning the publication 
of the disputed Hiibnerian Ventamen. Quoting from page 4, “Ich 
machte deshalben auch ver fiinfsehn Jahren auf Veranlassung der 


1 J had previously recognised the parallel presented by the systems of Linnaeus 
and of Hiibner (see 1926, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 28, 89, last paragraph) but 
erroneously thought that Hiibner had followed Fabricius, rather than Linnaeus, 
in the nomenclatorial rank assigned relatively large divisions, viz., the ‘‘ stirpes”’ 
(l.c., p. 92). 

2 I consider all such subgeneric names available nomenclatorially as generic 
names, provided they do not violate the rules governing generic names. 


82° KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.VI1.1935 


Natur und ihrer Scheuung einen Versuch eines Schmettlingssystemes 
,’ and from page 9, “ Dieser Entwurf ist von dem bekannten 
Lentamen' eee. eee 

Thus I believe the single rare Lepidopterologische Zutrage, con- 
sidered in connection with the data presented in my 1926 paper, 
disproves approximately two-thirds of Opinion 97 of the International 
Zoological Commission. This Opinion advanced three grounds for 
discarding the ‘‘ Tentamen’”’: (1) publication subject to debate; (2) the 
contained ‘‘ stirpes” names supergeneric; (8) the contained “ stirpes ”’ 
names “essentially”? nomina nuda because of supposed difficulty in the 
interpretation of such specific names as Papilio machaon except by 
reference to subsequent literature. * 


3 My own view is that the Tentamen was issued as the introductory pages of 
the serial plates of the Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge, and its Zutrige zur 
Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge, so that subscribers would understand the 
generic divisions employed and would purchase the plates as they appeared instead 
of waiting years for completed texts and indexes. This seems substantiated by 
Hiibner’s statements in the Verzeiwchniss bekannter Schmettlinge, p. 3, and by 
Geyer’s statement in his obituary of Hiibner, 1827, Thon’s Archiv, p. 29. This is 
emphasized by Hiibner’s treatment of Tentamen names in his 1808 Erste Zutrdge 
zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge (a facsimile obtained through the courtesy 
of Hy. J. Turner). This treatment constitutes virtual references to the Tentamen. 
He speaks of ‘‘ meinen gemeinen Leucomen’’; places a new species, gracilis, as a 
dubious Fuclidia ; and a new species, tenera, as a false Hypercompe. Without the 
Tentamen such names as Leucoma, Euclidia, and Hypercompe would have been 
practically meaningless to subscribers in 1808 

While I have personally had no difficulty in interpreting these names by 
consulting prior or contemporary literature, the Tentamen groupings being in the 
form of a key largely based on larval characters cited as adjectives, the concluding 
argument of the Opinion seems largely voided by Hiibner’s own publication of 
accurate and coloured figures representing each species name employed. ‘These 
figures were offered for sale many times by Hiibner, and were advertised for sale 
(with two exceptions) in 1805 and again in 1806 (the Tentamen was published at a 
date between late in 1805 and November, 1806). Thus anyone who might have any 
doubt regarding the original authorship of any specific name cited in the T’entamen 
has only to assign that name to the author, Hiibner, in order definitely to fix the 
name and hence to realize that each of the monobasic ‘‘ stirps’’ names (denomin- 
ated by metonymy, cf. Tentamen) is connected to a recognizable and prior published 
(or contemporary) species name. MHiibner should not be condemned for refraining 
to repeat his own name uselessly 107 times. 


Pancalia latreillella, Curtis. 
By T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.R.E.S., F.L.8., F.Z.8. 


This species was very briefly described in 1830 by Curtis from a 
specimen of which he says ‘“‘I forget its locality.” In 1834 Stephens 
redescribed it, after Curtis, and gave locality as ‘‘near London.” Wood 
(1837) figured it in his Indea and gave localities as Cumberland and 
near London, to which Westwood (1845) added Norbury Park. 
Stainton’s Manual (1859) gives Lewes, Pembury, Epping and near 
Edinburgh as localities, but since then there seem to have been few 
records of its capture. I have, as latreillella, one specimen labelled 
“Rannoch; G. H. Conquest; 17.v.1911”; Mr H. Stringer writes that 
the Bankes Collection contains a series taken at Aviemore in June 1909 
and that the British Collection at the Natural History Museum also 


PANCALIA LATREILLELLA, CURTIS. 83 


contains specimens, labelled as latreillella by Stainton, from ‘“ Pent- 
lands; R. F. Logan; 30.iv.1885”; and Mr. F.N. Pierce writes that he 
has specimens, without data, from the Threlfall Collection. In his 
Revised Haudbook (1928) Mr. Meyrick stated :—“ Locality of Curtis’ 
example unrecorded, other records doubtful.” 

From the end of April and throughout May 1935 I have found 
Pancalia latreillella in some numbers on the slopes of Rodborough Hill, 
where it was flying freely in the sunshine both in the morning and 
afternoon and visiting any yellow flowers (Dandelion, Hieracium, the 
yellow centres of the Daisy, Bird’s-foot Trefoil); in the case of the 
trefoil the moths are always found not actually in the flowers but on the 
flower-stalks, where they are very inconspicuous, but on the other 
flowers they are readily visible, although they may burrow down into 
a Dandelion-flower until only the tips of the wings project. Pancalia 
leuwenhoekella, Linn., occurred in the same places and at the same 
time but on some slopes one species or the other appeared to predom- 
inate; thus, on one area perhaps eighty per cent. of the individuals were 
leuwenhoekella whilst on another there was almost a pure culture of 
latreillella. Under these natural conditions the two species are very 
similar but latreillella is usually larger and looks darker. ‘The species, 
however, are readily separable by their antennae: in latreillella the 
male has the antenna wholly blackish (very occasionally with a faint 
trace of a whitish bar), the female antenna has an ante-apical white 
bar and its shaft dilated with scales between this white bar and its 
base: in lewwenhoekella both sexes have a conspicuous white band before 
the tip of the antenna, but the shaft is not perceptibly dilated with 
scales in the female. Also, in latreilledia the black apical portion of 
the antenna beyond the white portion is longer than the white portion 
(in the female only, of course), whilst in lewwenhoekella this black apical 
portion is shorter than the white portion. There is no doubt that 
these two species are amply distinct, although latreillella was sunk as 
a form of leuwenhoekella by Rebel (Cat. Lep. Pal. II. 188, No, 3616a, 
1901) in which he was followed by Spuler. Whether nodosella, Mann, 
1854, described from Tuscany, is identical with latretilella, Curtis 1830, 
as indicated by Rebel and Meyrick, must remain doubtful for the present , 
it is possible that more than one species may be concerned. At 
present I am not wholly satisfied that the Scotch specimens are really 
conspecific with the English latreillella, but a German specimen, 
received from Staudinger as latreillella, seems to be identical with my 
example from Rannoch. 

The larva of Pancalia leuwenhoekella has been found to feed in the 
leaf-petioles and later on the roots of Viola canina and JV. hirta 
(Fletcher, H.M.M. XXIX. 81-82: 1893). ‘There are scattered plants 
of V. canina on Rodborough Hill, but, 1 should imagine, insufficient 
to feed the large number of larvae which must live here, and perhaps 
the larvae feed on other plants, such as Helianthemwm, which occurs 
in profusion. As the specimens of P. Jatreillella found sitting on 
flower-stems of Lotus corniculatus were nearly all females, it is possible 
that they oviposit on this plant, but examination of the flower-heads 
on which they were found failed to reveal any eggs. 


84 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15. VII1.1935 


The Genus Athetis, Hb. (Caradrina, Ochs. & Tr.). 


The following analysis is an abstract of a table of the whole genus 
communicated to the magazine L’ Amateur de Papillons. The complete 
table includes the whole of the species at present considered as 
members of the genus. The abstract here given contains only that 
portion which deals with the limited number of species found in the 
British Isles. 


1. Orbicular large, distinct, with light surround. 
Sy small or suppressed. 
2. h.-w. grey or yellowish. 
5, most part whitish. 
8. Reniform with complete light surround. alsines, Brahm. 
4. f,-w. reddish grey ; coarsely powdered with black. superstes, Tr. 
,, clear grey, to grey brown, finely powdered with black. 5 


He CO O> bo 


5. Inner and outer lines suppressed on f.-w. blanda, Schiff. 

" 2% oe distinct. ambigua, Schiff. 

6. White points around reniform. 7 

No white points around the reniform. 16 

7. Submarginal line continuous or formed of thick lunules. 13 

13. Submarginal line distinct, preceded by reddish teeth. 14 

14. Orbicular present, not marked by yellow. 15 
15. fu brown, sinall, sometimes diffuse, but not reduced 


to a point, posterior wings whitish in both sexes. 

clavipalpis, Scop. 

16. f.-w. grey-brown to deep brown. 17 
17. A yellow spot in the middle of the external border of the 


reniform, and the orbicular cloudy. morpheus, Hufn, 


A Holiday in Piedmont. 
(Read before the Society for British Entomology, February, 1935.) 


By Dr. H. G. HARRIS. 


The part of Piedmont visited lies south of the main railway line, 
Modane to Turin. Piedmont is reached by rail from Paris to Modane, 
and thence by the Mt. Cenis tunnel into Italy. 

My interest in this district was first aroused by an article by 
Norris, in the Hntomologist of 1892. He collected for about three 
months during that summer at Certosa di Pesio, at one time a monas- 
tery then a Hydro, but now in private hands, so there is no longer 
any accommodation there for visitors. Later on I found a most 
comprehensive account by Dr. Higgins in the Hntomoloyist of 1980. 
He collected in about six localities for the space of a month in July, 
1929, and ubtained no less than 148 species of Rhopalocera, and estab- 
lished the specific value of an apparent form of brenthis pales as the 
same as those forms hitherto named pales var. graeca, Stdgr., and 
pales var. balcanica, Rebel., adopting the name yraeca as the new 
species, and differentiating the |’iedmont form as subsp. tendensis. 

In his paper he refers to de Prunner’s work published in 1798, 
called Lepidoptera Piedmontana, also to the Haunula Valdertensis of 
‘Turati and Verity, as well as to the papers by 'utt, and those by Ashby 
published quite recently in the Hntumoloyist’s Record. 


-A HOLIDAY IN PIEDMONT. 85 


The collecting centres to which I wish to refer, are Susa including 
the summit of the Mt. Cenis, Oulx, Sestriéres, Caesana, and Claviéres ; 
the height of these districts varies from 1,650 to 6.900 ft. with 
mountain ascents up to 9,000 ft. Then there are Crissolo, Torre 
Pellice, the neighbourhood of Turin, Certosa de Pesio, Limone Tenda, 
and finally the Baths of Valdieri. 

Susa.—This is a small town of altitude 1,650 ft. beneath the 
Cottian Alps—occupied with military manoeuvres whilst I spent three 
days there, and not easy to find collecting grounds—however such rare 
insects as Cosmolyce boeticus, Lycaena iolas and Libythea celtis are to be 
found there. Tutt in one of his articles says ‘‘ Am I never to find this 
elusive insect ?”’ So that I may be excused in sharing the same fate. 
Polygonia egea is also said to be common in the neighbourhood. I was 
lucky in finding there my only specimen of Everes argiades. Of 
the Hrebia, neoridas and aethiops were abundant, also F. ceto and F. 
evias are found there, as well as Parnassins mnemosyne. 

On my only visit to the top of Mr. Cenis I was extremely 
disappointed in seeing only two Hrebia, which eluded my net, and a 
certain number of Plebeins (Aricia) donzelii. Kane gives this as a 
locality for Hrebia pronoé. 

Ourix. I have not collected here myself, but Ashby has written 
several articles in the Hntomologist’s Record in 1984 and previous years. 
Higgins states that Limenitis populi was common there in July, 19380. 
_ From Oulx one takes a motor-bus to Caesana and Claviéres, also 
referred to by Ashby in last year’s E’ntomologist’s Record. 

SzstripRes, 6,900 ft., famed as a winter sports centre but very 
empty in the summer. There are two mountain railways which will 
‘carry one up to 8.000 ft. This is an excellent collecting ground; the 
golf links stretch for about a mile, above this grass and flowers, uncut, 
and then pine trees. I have never seen such an array of butterflies, 
especially on the thick vegetation bordering the rivulets ranning down 
from the hills. 

Colias palaeno is stated by Higgins to be common—I caught, how- 
ever, five only and they were extremely passés. In July they would 
doubtless be as common as CU. phicomone. C. croceus (edusa) was not 
seen, 

The Fritillaries and Melitaeids were represented by aglaia, cydippe, 
varia, pseudathalia, didyma, phoebe, and pales (in large numbers). The 
Blues were icarus, eros, donzelii, minima, astrarche, arqgyrognomon, 
orbitulus, optilete and coridon—Lycaena arion was not seen, A few 
Parnassins apollo occurred but very worn. 

The Vanessidae were conspicuous by their rarity in the two visits 
I have paid to Piedmont in August —I have actually only seen two J. 
cardut. 

Heodes virgaureae. The form here resembles that known as zermat- 
tensis—both sexes much smaller than those found in the other localities, 
especially at Crissolo and the Baths of Valdieri. 

Heodes hippothoé was also common, with fine dark females. 

Turin. The neighbourhood of Turin has had several papers in the 
past devoted to it by Ashby in the Entomologist’s Record, and I have 
no personal experience of it, or of Crissolo or Torre Pellice, where 
Neptis Lucilla is found. 

Chrysophanus rutilus is obtained in the river bed of the Saugone. 


86 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.VII.1935 


From Turin the railway runs due South to Cuneo; from there I made 
an excursion to the great springs of Bennette in search of utilus, which 
however was absent, though the food plant was in evidence. 

Tae Barus or Vauprert.—These are reached by motor-bus from 
Cuneo. This is a charming spot situated in a rocky defile through 
which runs the river Gesso. Altitude 4,400 ft. There is a Hydro 
here, but no other habitation except military buildings. It is an easy 
collecting spot, directly on leaving the hydro extensively wooded (beech 
and pines) and meadows with flowering Euphorbia attracting large 
numbers of the Lycaenidae. H. virgaureae was a fine large form 
compared with that of Sestriéres, especially the females. 

H. alciphron var. gordius—the females very dark specimens and 
Limenitis rivularis (camilla) not uncommon—and Brenthis daphne quite 
a common insect. I took also & nice number of Carcharodus alveus. 
It would be quite possible to walk in about 8 bours to St. Martin 
Vesubie thus saving a long journey to Nice and then up again by bus. 
Dr. Roger Verity has dealt very fully with this locality. 

Limone Prepmonte, 3,800 ft., and the Con pr Tenpna, 5,000 ft. 
This town is reached by train from Cuneo on the main line Turin-Nice. 
I was particularly keen on finding the species B. yraeca subsp. tendensis 
mentioned at the beginning of this paper, but no pales form or any 
Brenthids were seen so that I either missed the localities or the month, 
mid August, was too late. Polyommatus meleager was not uncommon, 
I obtained one female of the bluish form and several of the dark 
variety stecvent. Of the Fritillaries B. daphne (not common), A. cydippe 
f. cleodowa and A. paphia (one valesina); of the Hrebia, euryale and 
tyndarus were the commonest. In these four localities, Susa, Sestriéres- 
Valdieri, and Limone, in two seasons (both August) I took or observed 
ninety-two species and was able to add four to Dr. Higgins’ list, viz.— 
Coenonympha iphis, Heodes dorilis, Hveres argiades, Hrebta mnestra. 


An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rape: Il. 
By ORAZIO QUERCI. 
(Continued from p. 74.) 


THe Situation on 207TH Juny, 1932. 


After the control of the abundance, made by the heat on 13th and 
19th July, the situation should be as follows :— 

Third Brood.—Ended. | 

Fourth Brood.—Besides the adults, emerged after 14th July, there 
are many chrysalides, formed from 10th to 14th July, which will 
produce butterflies until the 26th. The other chrysalides, formed on 
20th July, will produce adults from 28th July to 1st August. There 
are also a few larvae, hatched on 20th July, and the eggs, laid by the 
last females of the third brood, on 18th and 19th July. 

Fifth Brood.— There are a few chrysalides, formed on 20th July, 
some larvae, hatched on the same day, and the eggs, laid by the 
females of the fourth brood, on 18th to 20th July. 


Tue Cuimate From 21st Juty to 1ltH Aveust. 


From 21st to 81st July the temperature was often high and the 
ground was barren because the heavy rains of 21st and 22nd July 


THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. 87 


needed some time to produce their effect. The heat-wave of 27th and 
28th July killed all the larvae which we reared at home, save those 
which we put in the ice-box when it was very hot, and certainly most 
of those spread, without shelter, in the meadows of the Park Way. 
The country became verdant by the end of July, and the vegetation 
was luxuriant at the beginning of August, when it rained again on the 
3rd. The weeds were tall and bloomed, and there were many 
low plants with large and thick leaves which offered fresh shelters 
against the heat. There is no doubt that, in similar condition, many 
larvae of Pieris rapae were not injured by the intense 
heat of August 5th to 10th, and this is proved by 
the abundance of specimens which emerged later, 
many of which I set, and they are now in my 
collection. Instead, at home, we were unable to 
make up an arrangement like the natural one. The 
larvae, which we put in the ice-box, remained alive, 
the others, which we kept in open air, ran across the 
cages, trying to escape, until they collapsed. 


Min. Teme. 
P. RAPAE TAKEN. 


Qy 
= 
= 
3 
= 
86. 72.101—The large number of ‘‘ Whites,’ which are now 
86. 69. 83 emerging, belong to the fourth brood. This out- 
89. 68. 89 break should cease about twelve days after 14th 
78. 65.100 July, when the last chrysalides of the first group of 
86. 67.106 the fourth brood were formed. 
86. 67. 29—Almost all the Pieris rapae on the wing are worn. 
90. 71. 28 Many larvae would be killed by the heat. 
89. 73. 36—Fresh specimens are now emerging because the few 
86. 71. 16 chrysalides, formed on 20th July, produce adults. 
79. 64. 67 Among them there are the earliest of the fifth brood. 
85. 66. 5—lIn spite of the fine weather the butterflies are very 
Ave. scarce. : 
1 88. 68. 27—On this day should end the emergence of the pupae 
formed on 20th July. 
2 88.71. 1—The weather is bad for two days. 
ETB. OT) 0 
4 87. 74. 24—The climate condition seems to be the best for 
5 90. 78. 47 the larvae which feed actively, and a few of them 
6 91. 71. 18 form the chrysalides. The pupae, formed on 26th 
7 86. 78. 21 July and later on, from the eggs laid after 17th July, 
begin to produce adults of the fourth and fifth 
broods, altogether. Some pupae of the sixth brood 
should be formed. 
8 90. 74. 183—On these two days the weather is fine but the butter- 
9 88. 78. 9 flies are scarce, owing to the control on 27th July. 
10 90. 71. 16—To-day a big rain falls. 
11 84. 71.188—To-day the large emergence of the chrysalides of the 
fifth broad, formed at the beginning of August, in 
spite of the heat, begins. 


88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1I1.1935 


Two Visits to Finland. 


By Dr. E. SCOTT. 
(Concluded from page 64.) 


Erebia embla.— We discovered this butterfly in a swampy wood on 
the banks of a stream on 20th June, not far from Kuopio. The day 
was hot after 3 wet days and the butterfly was common in a very 
restricted area. Both sexes were to be taken freshly emerged. Hmbla 
is difficult to catch as it flies in thick undergrowth when pursued, and 
I did not discover its headquarters until latein theafternoon. In con- 
sequence, I had to be content with 5 specimens, 4 ? 9 andl g. We 
visited the spot again on our way through to Yvaskyla but the weather 
failed us and nothing was stirring in a steady downpour. Hmbla is a 
very large Mrebia and my ¢?s measured 54-56 mm. There is some 
variation in the size of the ocelli of the forewing. 

Oeneis jutta.—I was fortunate with this very fine butterfly. It 
occurs throughout Finland, but is reported to appear in South Finland 
only in alternate years, 1984 being correct. Whether this is actually 
so, I hardly like to say, as we were rather late for it in 1933. Certainly, 
however, last season it was to be found in nearly all the bogs, some- 
times exceedingly commonly. We first met with it on 13th June near 
the Saimaa canal, but the most thrilling experience occurred at Isalmi 
on 19th June, when the sun broke through very hot after two days 
continuous rain, and I found myself in a great bog in the middle of 
the woods, with both sexes of this insect crawling up the grass stems 
to dry their wings after emergence. It was also exceedingly abundant 
near Nurmi on 22nd June. Jutta likes rather open brown bogs with 
a few scattered dead larch trees on which it loves to rest and tantalise 
the pursuer. Itis a large butterfly compared with aello, measuring 
54-56mm., and my specimens vary greatly in respect of size and shape 
of honey coloured patches and the size of the black spots they contain. 
The underside hindwing is very beautifully variegated with gray. 

Pararge hiera.—A very common butterfly in Finland occurring 
along roadsides in the first half of June, until its place is taken by the 
equally common very dark form of maera. On 11th June both sexes 
were well out, but we met with the butterfly in good condition every- 
where we visited during the next 10 days. It is rather dark but calls 
for no special comment. 

Coenonympha tiphon=tullia.—Is common locally in marshy 
meadows with cotton grass. First noticed on 15th June, we found it 
commonly in a sloping meadow near Korpilahti on 22nd June, and it 
was Swarming in a marsh not far from Tampere on 25th June, where 
A. arsilache was just emerging. It is the smallest form of tiphon I 
have seen, just about the size of the pamphilus we meet with in England. 
Care has to be taken to distinguish the male from ip/his, but the type of 
locality is different, as tiphon never chooses cultivated meadows. 

Heodes (Loweia) amphidamas.—Local in South Finland, common in 
the north. I only met with it on two occasions ; near Kuopio on 20th 
June, when I took 2 worn gf g anda fresh 92, and on 22nd June ina 
field near Korpilahti, where aphirape form ossianus and tiphon were 
flying. Here the gs were worn, but I was fortunate enough to take a 
magnificent freshly emerged 9 with radiate spots on the underside. 
A small dark race. The foodplant appears to be Polygonum vivipara. 


TWO VISITS TO FINLAND. 89 


Polyommatus (Aricia) eumedon, Esp. (chiron, Rott.).—Rather com- 
mon in fields and roadsides where Geranium pratense abounds. Differs 
in no particular from Swiss specimens except that the orange lunules 
on the underside hindwings are more conspicuous. 

Cupido minimus.—Accounted a rare butterfly. I found it swarming 
at Punkaharju on 14th June. They are larger than the English race 
but not so large as alsoides, from the Lacquinthal. I did not notice 
Anthyllis vulneraria at Punkaharju but they seemed much attracted to 
patches of a somewhat similar plant, which I have not been able to 
identify. 

Carterocephalus palaemon.—A rare insect, which I only met with 
near Kuopio where I took 2 fresh gs on 20th June. Very small and 
dark with marked diminution in the number and size of the orange 
patches. 

Carterocephalus silvius.—Common in grassy paths and at the edges 
of woods. We met with it everywhere from 11th June, but as the 
g s began to get worn, I was unlucky in failing to meet with the @s 
of which I only took 2. On the beautiful wooded hillside of Koli it was 
particularly abundant on 17th June. Fond of resting in the sun on 
ferns and leaves of shrubs. 

An indifferent botanist, I am, yet loth to leave my subject without 
some reference to the flora. [Finland is constructed, so to speak, on 
granite, sand and peat bog. Over large areas particularly in the forest, 
the immediate integument is one of deep moss, iceland, reindeer, 
sphagnum, etc. Heather takes no part in the landscape and only 
occurs in small patches in woods. The forests are composed mainly 
of larches, other conifers and birches with an undergrowth of sallow, 
alder, juniper and others. As we proceed north the birch predominates, 
beautiful straight trees with large leaves. The oak only grows in the 
extreme south of Finland. One of the commonest characteristic plants 
is the Whortleberry, of which 2 species Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis- 
idaea grow everywhere in the woods, and V. wliginoswm is restricted to 
the bogs. Trientalis europaea is common everywhere and at the end 
of June Linnaea borealis is equally abundant in woods where it creeps 
among the moss at our feet. Rubus arcticus with its single pink flower 
is a gem, which never fails to attract attention, and shady spots can 
often boast a thick carpet of Lily of the Valley and Solomon’s Seal. 
At least 4 species of Winter Green are common, of which rotundifolia 
is the most conspicuous. When we leave the woods for the cultivated 
fields, we explore a country like the subalpine valleys of Switzerland 
in which Geranium, Campanula, and Vetches lend gaiety to the scene. 
The borders of lakes are often interesting with stretches of reeds and 
damp meadows gay with cotton grass and sometimes a crimson streak 
of Pedicularis palustris. More often, however, the forest and rock 
come abruptly to the water’s edge. The peat bogs, however, are the 
main attraction of the entomologist, where the flora is more restricted 
and can be described in more detail. 

The collector sinks in a precarious bed of thick moss in which grows 
a thin wiry grass, presumably the foodplant of Oeneis jutta: entwined 
among the grass and moss hillocks are the dainty tendrils and delicate 
flowers of Vaccinium oaycoccus, the cranberry, with occasional flower- 
heads of Andromeda polifolia. If the swamp is large the trees grow 
sparse until a few dead larches alone stand up and relieve the monotony 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.VII.1935 


of a brown desolate stretch. At the edges where the forest trees 
encroach there is a dense growth of Vaccinium uliginosum and Ledum 
palustre, a shrubby plant with conspicuous composite, white flower 
heads and stems smelling strongly of turpentine. Sometimes we 
encounter a carpet of a plant with large strawberry-like leaves and a 
white flower on a single stem. This is Rubus chamoemorus (the cloud- 
berry) the foodplant of Hesperia centaureae. In the wooded parts of 
the swamp there are pools of sherry-coloured water with their ebony 
depths encumbered with dead decaying branches and their shallows 
gay with the arum-like flowers of Calla palustris. It is in such a peat 
bog that the majority of the characteristic butterflies find their home. 
Of the fells and forests of Lapland and the north of Finland I have no 
experience, but I hope to have an opportunity to make their acquaint- 
ance at a later date. 


JHOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


MarsHes aNp Reep-Beps 1n JuLY AND EARLY Aucust.—This is the 
period for taking the pupae of a number of species rarely to be obtained 
in good condition by any other means. The larva of Coenobia rufa 
mines the dead stems of Juncus effusus in the wettest spot in the marsh 
where that rush can be found. ‘The presence of J. lamprocarpus may 
be desirable but in my opinion not essential. To obtain pupae, cut 
the whole tuft of rush off just on a level with the moss, and carefully 
scrutinize the tops of standing rush bases. A neat hole partly filled 
with dry frass gives away the stems in which larvae are pupating or 
in which larvae lie. It is necessary to cut selected stems at the 
extreme bottom, as the pupae are often very low indeed. Those stems 
which contain larvae or pupa will have an eroded patch or window for 
emergence of the moth as in the allied Nonagria species. As these 
pupae are always in a dead stem it is of course well to select Juncus 
tufts, which contain a good number of largish dead stems. 

Among Phragmites in those localities where Nonagria geminipuncta 
occurs, a number of very dead and red reed tops will be seen. If the 
reeds are in a fair depth of water the pupae are likely to be found in 
the base of these feeding reeds, if however the reeds are merely in mud 
the quickest way to get pupae is to look over the lower parts of the 
reed stems, when the typical Nonagria emergence ‘‘ window”’ is to be 
found, almost always at the top of a reed section where the leaf sheath 
is parted and can be easily seen. 

Both N. algae (cannae) and N. sparganii are very local, but plentiful 
in their special haunts, and being large larvae the stem selected for 
pupation, which may be in Iris, Typha or Scirpus, soon shows signs of 
being tenanted. These two species suffer greatly from Moorhens and 
Coot, and the most likely stems to contain undamaged pupae or larvae 
are those on which the central leaf is just beginning to fade and is 
yellowish, but of course some of the fully dead stems must contain 
pupae or none of the insects would ever reach maturity. 

N. neurica and N. dissoluta (arundineta) are also local, and as these 
larvae choose a stem of Jast year’s growth (dead) the pupae are almost 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 91 


impossible to find. The moths however are greatly attracted to light 
and will come during their first flight after emergence toa bright light 
placed among the reeds. They are however best obtained in the larval 
stage in June. V. dissoluta leaves signs very like those of gemintpuncta 
but newica is so much more delicate a species that unless one has 
knowledge of its presence in a given spot and is prepared to work all 
the ‘‘ small’ unhealthy looking stems which are hidden in the general 
erowth, no likely to be found. After the larvae leave the stems they 
turn colour, but while tenanted they usually are merely a little faded . 
and dwarfed. 

N. typhae leaves tracks that are patent to every eye. It is worth 
breeding in bulk because in many places fine red-brown and even black 
forms occur. ‘This species suffers less from the attacks of birds than 
do sparyanit and algae, probably because its pupa being above the 
“window ” instead of below, is missed, the birds pecking downwards 
from the ‘“‘ window.” 

The best date to take pupae of geminipuncta is mid July. Stand 
cut reed sections in damp sand and, if very hot weather, spray occasion- 
ally to prevent shrinkage and consequent crushing of pupae. Remove 
window with a sharp knife as it is liable to get hard. Pupae of 
sparganii are at their best in late July and algae in first few days of 
August. Treat as for geminipuncta. Typhae has an extended period, 
usually the same date as alyae; neurica emerges mid-July; dissoluta 
and form arundineta a week or so later; rufa are best taken as pupae 
in third week in July, but the freshly emerged moths can be found 
with a light at the end of July. All these species emerge and develop 
quickly from dusk till midnight. 


ApbiTionaL Foop-PLANTS OF THE Larva oF ParascotiA FULIGINARIA, L. 
—On 22nd June, Mr. C. N. Hawkins and I found a larva of fuliginaria 
resting close to a fungus with a black shining rounded surface, which 
appeared to have been eaten in two places. I took the fungus home 
and, on placing three larvae on it, two of them started eating it at once. 
The fungus has been identified as Daldinia concentrica (Bolt.) Ces. and 
De Not. On another stump of dead pine there was a mass of a large 
brown fungus, rather decayed, with three larvae of fuliginaria on it. 
In both cases there was circumstantial evidence that larvae had been 
feeding on the fungi in a wild state, and this was confirmed by their 
behaviour in captivity. Placed in a box with a piece of this fungus 
they ate it readily. The fungus is Polyporus schweinitzti, Fr. Miss 
F. L. Stephens of the British Museum kindly identified both species.— 
H. A. Cockayne (D.M., A.M.,. F.R.E.S.), 116, Westbourne Terrace, 
W.2. 


Darunis (CHAzROcAMPA) NER IN Croypon.—Mr. W. J. Wenham of 
Canning Rd., Addiscombe, Croydon, reports a specimen of D. nerii 
(Oleander Hawk-moth) observe by him and his son, in a small green- 
house under the benches, at 9-80 p.m. on 28th June, a calm, sultry 
evening. It was in perfect condition but very sluggish when captured. 
It was subsequently placed on the lawn where it “‘ taxied’ across with 
rapidly vibrating wings, but did not attempt to fly. It was then placed 
in the centre of a large yellow rose, where it remained wholly quiescent, 
even when quite dark and a flash-light was turned on it. In the 
morning it had flown.—Hy.J.T. 


92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.VII.1935 


Tue West Coastor Denmark. Macronepmoptera.— We haverecently 
received a personal separate from Dr. Hoffmeyer dealing with the 
Lepidoptera met with by him on the West Coast area of Denmark, and 
illustrated by a coloured plate of 80 figures, and 8 text-figures. We 
note that many of the species met with also occur in Great Britain; 
some are a modified form which the author has registered by additional 
nomenclature. The area investigated was wholly dune-lands from 
which 432 species of Macro-lepidoptera are recorded Lencanta litoralis, 
Curt., Tapinostola elymi, Tr., Miana literosa, Haw., f. onychina, H.-S. 
and Hadena sordida, Bork., are all very common. ‘The form of Lasio- 
campa quercus, L., is the ab. olivaceofasciata, Cockrl. (2 figs.). Miana 
bicoloria, Vill., occurred in a new form in which a longitudinal blackish 
band runs from the anal angle of the forewings above the inner margin 
almost to the base on a mottled grey ground (2 figs.). This the author 
has named ab. latistriata. Only 8 specimens of this species were taken. 
Only one Mamestra trifolii, W., was taken and that was a well charac- 
terized new form (fig.) and named ab. lodbjergensis by the author. 
From the figure it appears to be a melanic form: the general coloration 
is a deep black brown, with the usual transverse lines well developed 
in olive-brown, the reniform and orbicular with partial surround of 
the same colour; the basal transverse line incomplete and the hindwing 
dusky becoming gradually lighter towards the base. Apamea testacea, 
Hb., are black-brown on the east of Jutland, but those met with on 
the West Coast were black-grey. Lewcania favicolor, Barr., and Spilo- 
soma (Diacrisia) lutea, Hufn. (lubricipeda, L.) f. zatima, Cr., are not 
known from Jutland, strange to say. Hydroecia crinanensis, Burrows 
(fig.) is well distributed in Jutland and on the West Coast occurs in a 
special form which the author has named race jutlandica, and is charac- 
terized by its small size and its dark, narrow wings; the aberration in 
this race is considerable (5 figs.): Most of the Noctuae recorded are 
those that occur with us in more or less similar areas, including Agrotis 
subrosea, Steph., A. depuncta, A. ripae, Hb., Anarta cordiyera (highlands 
with us), Anaitis paludata, Thnbe., Triphaena orbona, Hfn,, T. comes, 
Hb., etc. Curiously Brenthis arsilache, Esp., and Polyommatus optilete, 
Knoch. are met with there. Five of the text figures are diagrams of 
species distribution and three illustrate the character of the dune-land 
area. 


Grecian Burrerrirues.—After 28th April, 1985 (see Hnt. Rec., 
XLVIL., p. 67) the bad weather prevented us collecting, but on 7th 
May it turned very fine and in that month we took the following 
species near Salonika. Pararge megera, Satyrus larissa, Humenis 
(Hipparchia) semele, Maniola jurtina, M.lycaon, Coenonympha pamphilus, 
Argynnis lathonia, A. maja, Cr, (pandora, Schiff.), Melitaea phoebe, M. 
trivia, M. didyma, Hugonia polychloros, Limenitis rivularis, Tarueus 
balkanica, Cupido sebrus, Aricia medon, A. anteros, Polyommatus icarus, 
P. thersites, P. bellaraus, Plebetus zephyrus, Glaucopsyche cyllarus, 
Scolitantides hylas (baton), Jolana jolas, Heodes (Rumicia) phlaeas, 
Callophrys rubi, Strymon spini, S. ilicis, Leptosia sinapis, L. duponchelt, 
Aporia crataegi, Preris bassicae, P. rapae, Pontia daplidice, Huchloé 
ausonia, i}. cardamines, FB. yruneri, Colias crocens, Papilio podalirius, 
Nisoniades (Erynnis) tages, N. (E.) marloyt, Carcharodus fritillartus, 
Poda (alceae, Esp.), C. altheae, Hesperia (Pyrgus) orbifer, H. (P.) 


aie alee ae 


a) tae 


CURRENT NOTES. 938 


malvoides, H. (P.) armoricanus, H. (P.) sidae, Augiades sylvestris, Poda 
(sylvanus, Esp.), Adopaea flava. In the Tempe Valley (Thessaly) we 
took Melitaea cinaia, Pieris narcaea, Frr. (eryane, Geyer), P. kruepert, 
and in the Chalkis (Southern Macedonia) we collected Aryynnis dia, 
Pieris manni, Euchloé grunert, Zerynthia hypsipyle and other widespread 
species.—Orazio Qureror. Salonika. 31st May, 1935. 


Contas croceus (epusa).—On 12th June I saw a C. croceus (edusa) 
here at West Malling, Kent, sitting in the hedge. It flew a little way 
off when I went near, but settled again. It then went over the hedge 
and I failed to follow it. Its condition was such as to appear as if 
it had recently emerged.—H. 8. Fremuin (F'.R.1.S.). 


G@URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 

The first volume of the Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae and 
their Varieties is now completed and the unbound parts can be obtained 
from Mr. H. W. Andrews at half a guinea net including postage. 364 
pages with title and index. 

The current part of the Supplementary Volume to Seitz Palaearctic 
Noctuae, Vol. II1., contains the record and descriptions of additional 
forms to about 30 of the species found in Britain, some 140 forms in 
all, none of which were included in the main volume. ‘The four 
Apamea species : oculea (nictitans) 9, fucosa (paludis) 23, lucens 8, and 
crinanensis 9 additional forms. Hydroecia micacea 3. Meristis tri- 
ygrammica 9. ‘The three Calymmnia species: affinis 5, pyralina 5, and 
trapezina 2. WDicycla oo 8. Fhizedra (Calamia) lutosa 4. The five 
Arenostola species: phragmitidis 1, fluxa (hellmannt) 6, nygmina (fulva) 
7, extrema 1, and morrisit 2. The five Archanara= Nonayria species: 
yeminipuncta 8, dissoluta 4, neurica 2, sparganit 10, and algae (cannae) 1. 
Coenobia rufa 3, Nonagria (Senta) maritima 4. Oria musculosa 2. 
Chloridia dipsacea 2, and CU. peltigera 2. Anarta myrtilli 6, and A. 
cordigera 1. Jithacodia fasciana 2. Eustrotia uncula 2. The above 
list should well urge our local societies to add these supplements to 
their libraries, since the study of the British Lepidoptera has now got 
beyond the mere getting of a series of a species, and before the future 
student of the Order can do effective work he must have access to 
records such as the present work affords. As I have said before, our 
popular 8. London Entomological Society possesses the six completed 
double volumes of the Palaearctic Fauna so far published. 

The Entomological contributions to the London Naturalist, 1984, 
recently received, comprise a summarized report of the six indoor 
meetings and five field meetings of the Section, a short report of the 
Plant Galls Section, notes on British Butterflies in 1934, the Plant 
Gall Records for 1934 compiled by Mr. H. J. Burkhill, a note on 
Dragonflies and one on the pupation of Papilio podalirius, and last a 
most interesting and delightful paper by Mr. L. B. Prout entitled 
“ Kntomology of Yesterday and ‘l'o-day.”’ ‘The whole report dealing, 
as it does, with the Botany, Entomology, Ornithology and Plant Galls 
of the Greater London area, as well as Archaeology and Rambling, is 
a credit to all concerned. We note (a)eyeria and hyperant(h)us as 
persistent errors in priority, and surely the terrible Ochlodes venata ssp. 


94 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15. V11.1935 


septentrionalis is an untraceable name to 99 per cent. of our lepidop- 
terists, and needs translation to ordinary text-book nomenclature for 
a long period, just as did the croceus for edusa of a few years ago. 


WEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


The Fauna of British India series, since the issue of the first 
part (Mammalia) in 1888, bas included numerous volumes little 
known to most British Entomologists. Those on Insects deal 
with Moths to Pyralidae (4 vols.), Butterflies (part only) (2 vols.), 
Coleoptera (14 vols.), Hymenoptera (8 vols.), Diptera (5 vols.), Rhyn- 
chota (7 vols.), Orthoptera, Dermaptera, and Odonata (2 vols.), whilst 
others are in preparation. Of those recently issued we may call 
attention here to the volume on Anopheline Mosquitos by Colonel Sir 
S. R. Christophers and to the two on Dragonflies by Lieut-Colonel 
I’. C. Fraser. Both of these groups are scantily represented with us 
and we may congratulate ourselves that this is so in the case of Anophe- 
lines, at least. Our small Dragonfly Fauna of about 42 species compares 
poorly with the 500 Indian species, about half of which have been 
turned up within the last twenty years by Colonel Fraser's enthusiasm. 
Although comparatively few of the insects found in India are conspecific 
with those occurring in England, many of the genera are common to 
the two countries, and in any case these volumes will well repay study 
by English Entomologists as models of what can be produced in this 
way. With very few exceptions we have no books on Knglish Insects 
other than popular Handbooks and elaborate and expensive publica- 
tions, out of reach of most collectors, and hardly anything in 
either class is either tolerably complete ov up to date. ‘he popular 
Handbooks dealing almost entirely with Lepidoptera, and only the 
larger species at that, the result is that about eighty per cent. of collectors 
occupy themselves with the Butterflies and larger Moths; comparatively 
few seem to take up Beetles nowadays and those interested in 
other Orders are remarkably few. In a paper in Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) 
(Zool.) XIX. 317 (March 1933), Dr. Hugh Scott published a very 
interesting census of the Insect fauna of the British Islands, and he 


gave the following figures of the species and genera of the various 
Orders :— 


SPECIES. GENERA. 

Thysanura a ay 22 7 
Protura ... Be bf 18 4 
Collembola oa Joo it wala 50 
Orthoptera 7 eee 32 22 
Dermaptera.... wise 7 6 
Plecoptera a ie 32 12 
Psocoptera shoe siete 51 28 
Anoplura is ‘bis ? ? 
Ephemeroptera et 4] 15 
Odonata am Stele 42 20 
Thysanoptera ... bo) Geko 39 
Heteroptera and 

Homoptera seh LOD 219 
Sternorhyncha 


(Aphididae, etc,) ... 502 75 


REVIEWS 95 


SpEcizs. GENERA. 

Neuroptera va ao 57 18 
Mecoptera Ze ce 4 2 
Trichoptera_.... UPR S|) 62 
Lepidoptera... ... 2146 486 
Coleoptera oa OO E 826 
Strepsiptera ... Soe ? ? 
Hymenoptera ... circ. 8100 ? 
Diptera ... sia est. 4600 700-800 

9 ? 


Aphaniptera 


Totaus. At least 20600. 3000-4000 


What seems to be required to stimulate interest in some of the less- 
known groups is a series of monographs on the model of the Fauna 
of British India series. Eighty years ago such a series was projected 
‘under the immediate sanction of the President and Council of the 
Entomological Society of London’’ and some volumes were actually 
published, but apparently this excellent scheme fell through owing to 
want of support. Is it too much hope that such a British Insects series 
may be initiated and carried to completion in our time ?—T. BainsriccE 
FLETCHER. 


@ BITUARY. 


Robert Adkin, F.R.E.S. 


We deeply regret to record the death, at the advanced age of 86, of 
Robert Adkin, F.R.E.8., one of the best of men, who, for more than 
half a century, has been closely associated with the South London 
Entomological Society, which he joined in the autumn of 1881. 
Quiet, modest and unassuming, with a quick grasp of all matters in 
which he was concerned, he soon gained the confidence of all who, 
either in private life, or in business connection, came in contact with 
him. Born to the business of a tobacco merchant he became a Director 
of the Imperial Tobacco Company and for long years up to his illness 
he never failed to attend the Councils of this great concern. Up to 
1915 Mr. Adkin lived in Lewisham and year by year the Society’s 
officers and others enjoyed his hospitality at a conversazione, a function 
which was considerably extended after his removal to Kastbourne, where 
he occupied the house previously the residence of the late Prof. Huxley. 
Perhaps he attended more meetings of the 8. London Society than ever 
any other member has done, and his exhibits were always coupled with 
cogent, useful remarks, albeit often of common species, but interesting 
for some new point in its life-history or association. Of late he had 
worked regularly with a light-trap and had by its means added 
numerous species to the local fauna lists, which he had a few years 
ago published in the Proceedings of the Eastbourne Natural History 
Society. His value as an entomologist and as a business man was 
early recognized by the S. London Society, for at the close of 1883 he 
was elected to the Council. In that year too he commenced his long 
series of exhibits and also of donations to its cabinets. The first of 
the latter were examples of Nola centonalis and Lithosia pygmaeola ; in 
1884 he added 29 species to the collections. In 1885 he was elected 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1II.1985 


Vice-President and in 1886-7 was President ; it was during this period 
that the writer of the present memoir joined the Society and first came 
to know him. At the end of his term of office he expressed the wish 
that the Society ‘‘ may go on and prosper.’ This wish he lived to see 
amply fulfilled, the success being in no small way due to his material 
co-operation year in and year out often unknown to the ordinary mem- 
ber. He was again President in 1897 and also during 1906-7, with 
long periods on the Council and Committees. For many years past 
he has read all proofs of the Society’s publications and always made 
himself responsible for the illustrations. In 1885 Mr. Adkin became 
a Fellow of the Entomological Society and subsequently was on the 
Council for four separate periods, and although twice a Vice-President, 
his natural modesty persistently made him refuse to hold the office of 
President. When in 1922 this Society acquired permanent premises 
in Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, Mr. Adkin helped generously with 
a series of handsome donations and subsequently on more than one 
occasion added materially to the efficient equipment of the meeting 
room; the presentation of a costly epidiascope and screen being. a 
conspicuous instance of his thought and foresight. On the inception 
of the South-Hastern Union of Scientific Societies he fully agreed with 
the scheme, entered on its management and for a considerable time 
was its Treasurer, incidentally more than once assisting in making the 
balance sheet show a balance rather than a deficit. At each of the 
Annual Congresses he was for many years a Representative of the 
South London Society. For some years past he had filled a similar 
part as Representative at the meeting of delegates of the Corresponding 
Societies with the British Association at their Annual Congresses. He 
was also a member of the Council of the Ray Society and one of its 
Vice-Presidents. As one of the eight members of the famous Entomo- 
logical Club he annually invited as many of his personal entomological 
friends as his residence could accommodate to luncheon and supper. 
Latterly want of accommodation made him extend his kind invitations 
and the meeting took place in the leading hotel at Eastbourne. A 
great and well appreciated privilege it was to be present at these 
gatherings. For forty years he was on the panel of the Hntomologist, 
of which journal, at the death of Mr. R. South, he became part 
proprietor, and to its pages he continued to send notes ofinterest. To 
the National Trust and the Footpaths Preservation Society and such- 
like associations he gave his adhesion and we find his name in the list 
of members of the London Natural History Society and even in that 
of the more recent Society of British Entomologists. In addition to 
the frequent notes referred to above, numerous interesting papers are 
published in the Proceedings of the South London Entomological 
Society, and the three small well illustrated volumes dealing with the 
Lepidoptera of the Eastbourne Area were from his pen. He confined 
his interests to British Lepidoptera alone, of which he made a fine 
Collection. This, we believe, goes to the British Museum. He had 
got together a very considerable Library of useful books on general 
natural history and on Lepidoptera in particular, all very finely bound. 
Of this the Royal Entomological Society are to have the selection. 
We have lost one, who had not only the power to help on the study of 
our science, but one who had the will to forward its interests, based 
upon his own intimate knowledge of the needs. Such men are rare; 
we all will feel his loss.—Hy.J.T. | 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InuusrraTions are inserted on condition that the AurHor 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam, 


Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Janthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. 
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehdrde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

Duplicates.—Many exceedingly rare species of moths from the Mediterranean, 
especially Sardinia. Ask for List. 

Desiderata.—British Z. exulans; D. barretti; A. nickerli-guenei; L. favicolor; H. 
crinanensis; Lar. ostregiata. Urgently needed.—Breeding material of all Ephestia- 
species except kuehniella. Will also pay cash if desired.—H. Bytinski Salz, John Innes 
Institution, Merton Park, London, S.W.19. 

CHANGE oF AppRrEss.—Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., to ‘‘ The Hermitage,’’ Dorney, Win- 
chester. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., to Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. H. Donisthorpe, 
to 332, Great West Road, Heston, Middlesex. Orazio Querci to 3 Lysimaxoy, Salonika, 
Greece. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8 p.m. October 2nd. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
July 25th. Aug. 8th, 22nd. Sept. 12th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,”’ 
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon, Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 

ssex 

Entomological Section, Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical 
Society. Fietp Merrines.—7th July (Whixall Moss); 18th August (Cranham) ; 
(Dolgelly, date not yet fixed). Hvmanine Meerinas. —Third Monday in every month, 
recommence in the autumn.—Hon. Corresponding Secretary, P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, 
Stratford-on-Avon. 


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e CONTENTS. 
= Cornish Notes for 1934, C. Nicholson .. 97 
Notes on a Visit to Northern Natal and Zululand, J. Sneyd Taylor, M.A., 
ett, FRB S. : 98 
Noctuae and Vars. in 1934, 4. Jd. Wightman, F. -R. E.S. cS y es 100 
A few Orthoptera from Yorkshire, Malcolm Burr, D. Se., F.R.E.S. Hs 102 
Screnzre1c Norzs .. : : : eee : =e = 102 


Nores on Coniectine. Te ae i a of = eile and Gciciee: : 
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of L. cervus in Windsor Forest, H. Donisthorpe; Two other Insects in 
great Profusion, Id.; Three Weeks Collecting and Observing in S. 
_ Cornwall, T. G. Edwards, M.A.; Second? Brood of A. pentadactyla, 
_ Hy.J.T.; N. suberivora at Siathienton & Worthing, Wm. Fassnidge, 
mee A; | F. R. E.S.; Larvae of H. acuminatana and H. consortana near 
- Southarapton, Id. ; Box Hill, Surrey; Distribution of L. camilla 
 (sibilla), M@. Burr ; ‘Collecting i in Darjiling, D. J. Sevastopulo, F.R.E.S. 103 


URRENT NoTES .. ae 106 
=} U: PLEMENTS: British Ratasn, Hy. J. fre; F, Rul E. 18. P. R. H. . II (9)-(12) 


Butterflies of the vane} Rhone oe Hone Henne M.D.., 
F.R.E.S. . (65)-(68) 


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CORNISH NOTES FOR 1934. 97 


Cornish Notes for 1934. 


By CHARLES NICHOLSON. 
(Concluded from page 73.) 


Hesperia malvae.—One on Hippocrepis on Tth June. This species 
is scarce about here, and Augiades sylvanus is by no means common, 
but one came into the verandah on 20th June and several were seen 
on the River Drive on lst July. 

Amongst the moths, Mumorpha elpenor was a local feature last year. 
In June 3 specimens emerged in my breeding cage, from larvae brought 
to me in 1933; almost invariably one or two of these larvae are brought 
to me to name in the autumn, but last year, curiously enough, was an 
exception! A moth was seen flying in the verandah at 10.30 p.m. 
(S.T.), probably attracted by flowers of variegated honeysuckle (Lonicera 
flexuosa), on 20th June. This honeysuckle is usually very loth to 
flower, out the hut weather in 1933 evidently persuaded it to last year, 
and as it is out before our native species it was in time to attract elpenor 
and another was flying in the verandah at 10 p.m. on 26th June. 
On 6th July two eggs were found on leaves of Gentiana sino-ornata 
srowing in a pot in the garden and these hatched on the 11th, the 
survivor emerging last June. Maecroglossum (Sesia) stellatarum was 
first seen (on Buddleia in the garden) on 7th August; then fairly often 
—2 at once on the 26th and again on 4th September—until 9th Sep- 
tember. After that one was noticed resting in the verandah on the 
white supports of the glass roof on the 15th, 18th, 29th and 30th; 
but possibly these 4 appearances were of the same individual, beginning 
to think about retiring for hibernation! A bunch of young (1 inch) 
larvae of Phalera bucephala, found (26th July) eating leaves of Amelan- 
chier canadensis in the garden was removed to oak, after our pet wild 
thrush had without any hesitation eaten several offered to him; buta 
young robin would not touch them. Although bucephala larvae exhibit 
the warning colours, yellow and black, these are evidently not 
necessarily protective in their case. 

Plusia gamma was not obviously common last year. First seen 
flying (in verandah) at 7 a.m. on 29th Aug. One at Clematis viticella 
flowers—a great attraction to this species—and one on Buddleia auri- 
culata in the evening of 13th Sept. One at rest in the verandah 29th 
Sept., and another on 21st Oct. One trapped by a flower of Araujia 
sericifera in the verandah on 16th Sept., and another on the 19th, both 
of which I released. On 22nd Oct. a third was caught but got away 
without assistance. 

I believe that Hapalia (Phlyctaenia) ferrugalis, classed as an 
immigrant species, lives in the garden permanently, because it is always 
more or less in evidence in the autumn and there is plenty of straw- 
berry, Stachys and Hupatorium for the larvae. A fresh specimen was. 
seen in the verandah on 31st August. 

There is very little of interest to report in “other Orders.” The 
suggestion I made in my Cornish Notes 1932, that probably the out- 
break of Strangalia aurulenta in the garden in 1931 was the culmination 
of the periodic time of this beetle and would be followed by a scarcity 
for several years, seems to have been borne out so far, for only one 
example was seen in 1932, none in 1933 and last year again only one, 


a small male on a lilac on 29th June. 
15,ix.35. 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST S$ RECORD. 15.1X.19385 


In Hymenoptera the outstanding event was the capture of a nice 
female of Bombus distinguendus flying in the verandah on 10th 
October. This is the first example I have seen hereabouts, as it is by 
no means a common species in most parts of the country. 

Having had a request for particulars of the occurrence of Formica 
rufa in the Truro district and having never yet met with it in my 
wanderings in the county, J] found on inquiry that it occurred at 
Lady’s Wood near Truro, and two visits (my first) there on 14th and 
22nd August amply confirmed this, but one would not expect it to be 
a rufa locality at first sight. The wood is of oak coppice with thickish 
undergrowth of bramble, etc., and no conifers! But part has been 
long cleared and here and on the edges there were many workers of 
this species running about on the ground and low herbage, with 
occasional nests. The latter were, of course, not the huge mounds of 
pine needles one usually associates with this species, but quite small 
and low collections of cut stems of dry grasses, furze and other debris, 


rising in most cases only a few inches above the ground. In the a 


neighbouring lanes, however, I discovered about a dozen nests on the 
banks under the hedges and these cascaded downwards towards the 
road level, sometimes to a length of 2 feet, but otherwise they resembled 
those in and around the wood. [I had never come across this form of 
nest of this species before, but Mr. Donisthorpe tells me that it is not 
uncommon. 


Notes on a Visit to Northern Natal and Zululand. 
‘By J. SNEYD TAYLOR, M.A.. D.LC., F.B.E.S. 
 (Coneluded from p. 77.) 


A considerable amount of time was spent collecting Red Bollworm 
eges on cotton, as well as on the known wild host plants, viz. wild 
cotton (Gossypium) and Cienfugosia hildebrandtii, Garcke., another 
Malvaceous plant. A few individuals of 7’. lutea were obtained from 
these eggs. A larval parasite of Red Bollworm, Apanteles diparopsidis, 
Wilk., was found in some numbers. The white cocoon is a conspicuous 
object and is frequently found on a cotton boll. From the cocoons 
collected a few adults were obtained, but the majority yielded hyper- 
parasites of which six species were bred out. Some attention was also 
given to Syagrus ruyifrons, the Emolpid mentioned above, and which 
had caused serious losses to the growers in the district. The adults 
feed upon the leaves of cotton, inflicting severe damage, particularly to 
seedlings, frequently necessitating replanting, while the larva attacks 
the roots. Adults were also found on Cienfuyosia, and several other 
Malvaceous plants were found, which are strongly suspected to be hosts. 
These include Hibiscus calycinus, Willd., Abutilon spp., and wild 
cotton. 

Larvae of Harias spp. (Spiny Bollworm), were found feeding on 
the fruit of Abutilon sonneratianum and H. calycinus while Dysdercus 
ssp. (Pyrrhocoridae) (Cotton Stainers) were also found on the latter. 

Amongst the other insects observed were the following :— 

Ruynewota. Plataspidae :—Hotea subfasciata, Westw.—Frequently 


VISIT TO NORTHERN NATAL AND ZULULAND. 99 


found on cotton, and has also been observed on Abutilon sp., near Bar- 
berton. When lifted between finger and thumb this species stridulates 
loudly with the third pair of legs and the abdomen. 

Atelocera notatipennis, St., on Cienfugosia, and also on Acacia sp., 
at Barberton. | 

Caura rufiventris, Germ., on a Malvaeeous of eight also taken near 
Barberton. 

Myrochea sp., on cotton. 

Ricantidae :—Mulvia albizona, Germ., taken on grass. 

Coccidae :—Pulvinaria jacksoni, Newst. on cotton. 

Pseudococcus filamentosus, Ckll., on cotton. 

CotzorrerA. Carabidae :—Graphipterus fasciatus, Chaud. 

Eudema nobilis, Dej., a handsome black and yellow species.. 

Polyhirma notata, Perroud, also taken at Barberton. 

Harpalus cursorius, Pér., a common species under stones; also at 
Barberton. 

Nitidulidae :—Ithyra sp., on Cienfugosta. 

Melolonthidae:—Schizonycha sp. Found in soil at roots of Cien- 
fugosia ; also taken at light, Pretoria. 

Tenebrionidae :—Trachynotus griseus, Fhs... Taken under stone; a 
common species in cotton fields at Barberton. 

Anomalipus grandicostatus, Frm, Taken under stone; also at light; 
Barberton. . 

Trigonopus typhon, Muls. A common species under stones: often 
found under stones in company with ants; mountains, Barberton, 
4-5,000 feet. | 
_  EHumolpidae :—Rhembastus variabilis, Har. On Cienfugosia; also 
on cotton, Barberton. 

Liniscus sp. On Cienfugosia. 

Chrysomelidae :—Ageniosa sp. On herbaceous plant. 

Curculionidae :— Brachycerus scelectus, Gyll. Under wild cotton 
plant. 

Xanthochelus tropicus, Fst. On ground. 

Lycidae:—Lycus zonatus, Fhs. Common on grasses; also taken at 
Barberton and Pretoria; a common and widespread species. , 

While at Ntambanana we took the opportunity of visiting the 
Tsetse Fly Camp, some twenty-two miles away,'on the borders of the 
Umfolosi Game Reserve, the headquarters of the Government’s tsetse 
fly research staff. As we were nearing the camp the car was suddenly 
invaded by a number of the flies, one of which bit my wife on the leg. 
We had to remain at the camp until after sundown in case we should 
carry any of the flies with us in the car. In pursuance of the anti- 
tsetse policy large numbers of game had been exterminated, and, with 
the exception of a couple of small buck (duiker), we saw nothing in 
the way of game during our stay of two months at Ntambanana. 

About the middle of May we returned to Kshowe for a few days, 
and then retraced our steps northwards to Magut. After a couple of 
days there, and a final visit to Pongolapoort, where very few eges of 
Red Bollworm were now to be found, we proceeded towards Barberton, 
via Swaziland, the route by which we ought to have travelled on the 
outward journey. After crossing the Pongola River, and while on the’ 
borders of the Transvaal and Swaziland, we collected a number of Red 
Bollworm eggs from wild cotton, plants on the roadside, and from these 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.19385 


a few parasites were later obtained. We passed through some beautiful 
mountainous country in the neighbourhood of Mbabane, the capital of 
Swaziland, and a couple of days later were back in Barberton. 

As to the objects of the journey, it certainly did not appear, from 
the results of the investigations made, that Red Bollworm was of lesser 
incidence in Zululand than in the cotton growing areas of the Transvaal. 
With the exception of,one place (Pongolapoort) the egg parasite, T. 
lutea, was not found in any appreciable numbers, while the larval 
parasite, A. diparopsidis, had too many natural enemies of its own to 
constitute a serious check on the bollworm. The information on the 
incidence of Red Bollworm obtained from growers was conflicting and 
far from satisfactory. Some stated it to be a serious pest, and others 
not. It would be necessary to carry on observations for a number of 
years in order to arrive at a definite conclusion. 

I am much indebted to the Director and Staff of the Imperial 
Institute of Entomology for determining the majority of the insects 
mentioned in these notes. 


Through the kindness of the Imperial Institute of Entomology the 
aquatic insects referred to in ‘ Notes on a Visit to the Northern Trans- 
vaal”? (Vol. XLV, pp. 118-119) have now been determined, and the 
following list includes those which had not been named when the notes 
were written. It will be noted that the species of Rhynchota, about 
the classification of which there was some uncertainty, has been placed 
in the Belostomidae, and that there are seven species of Dytiscidae, and 
not six, as originally stated. 

Ruaynenota. Hydrometridae: Hydrometraalbolineata, Reut. Gerridae: 
Gerris capensis, China; G. diversa, Mayr. Nepidae: Laccotrephes 
fabricii, St., Ranatra spp. (two in number; not in British Museum). 
Notonectidae: Anisops varia, Fieb., (the most numerous insect in 
the tank); A. hermes, Hutch. ?; E’nithares sobria, St., (the largest of 
the three species). Belostomidae: Sphaeroderma capensis, Mayr. ? 

ConvorteRa. Dytiscidae: Hydaticus servillianus, Aubé. ; Rhantatt- 
cus signatipennis, Cast., (referred to as R. congestus, Klug., in the 
original) ; Laccophilus taeniolatus, Reg., L. lineatus, Aubé., (the two 
small species). Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilus senegalensis, Perch. ; 
Regimbartia inflata, Br. 


Noctuae and vars. in 1934. 
By A. J. WIGHTMAN, F.R.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 60.) 


Leucania albipuncta.x—This species was much more plentiful this 
year than is usual, even in its special haunts, and I obtained a few gs 
quite near Pulborough on heather bloom, but could not geta 9. Mr. 
G. W. Wynn, however, came to my aid and gave me some larvae from 
an early August ? and later a larger batch of ova from some late 
August ?8, he having been very successful with the species on the 
Kent Coast. ¢ 

The larvae began to feed as soon as hatched, making no attempt 
to hibernate small, but they could not be persuaded to feed up rapidly 
like l-album; and although kept under exactly the same conditions as 
the larva of that species, they fed slowly and steadily for from sixteen 


NOCTUAE AND VARS. IN 1934, 101 


to twenty-two weeks, moths emerging approx. 26 days after the larvae 
had gone down, usually in the morning, but some appeared at midday, 
and others at night. The variation is considerable, and yet less than 
I had expected among so great a number, from more than one °. 

There are four main colour forms, A. deep red; B. deep ochreous 
red ; C. rich yellowish brown; D. greyish ochreous ; of which the first 
and last appear to be the less plentiful forms. Each of these colour 
forms has an almost unicolorous form and one on which markings are 
clear and distinct, also a few examples in which the ground colour is 
much clouded by blackish atoms, giving the insect a very dark appear- 
ance. Outside the above there is nothing of note in those I have, 
beyond a single deep pink and well marked example, which is no doubt 
a pale form of A. None of the forms is sexual; I have both sexes in 
all, and in about equal proportion. In every specimen I bred the 
characteristic white spot is pure white. 

Probably the theory that the large increase in the numbers of this 
species taken this year was due to immigration will be generally 
accepted but personally I think immigration had little if anything to 
do with it; the species is always present in certain south coast areas in 
small numbers, and its continental history and distribution show it to 
be a species likely to multiply rapidly under suitable weather conditions. 
Those conditions were present in this country in 1933 and the species 
occurred more freely than usual. This year again the weather has 
been favourable and the multiplication has gone on. The past season 
was not, I think, a good one for immigrants. True l-albwm has been 
taken more freely than ever before in this country, but there is evidence 
that they were present in 1933 and probably before. Also S. zollikoferi 
has broken all British records. But here again there is the best possible 
ground for saying if the specimens taken were due to immigration, 
it must have been in 1938 or earlier. It is many years since the south 
coast, where the creature has been captured, has been worked by so 
many and for so long, under such favourable conditions. 

Senta ulvae.—lI bred only one ab. of this species in 1984; this was 
a form I had not previously bred from Sussex larvae. Itis acombina- 
tion of abs, nigrostriata and bipunctata=ab. combinata, Edelsten. 

Acosmetia caliginosa.—Among a small number of this species bred 
from Hants. mainland larvae, one very beautiful @ specimen occurred. 
It is normal as regards ground colour but is clearly and strongly 
marked in purplish-red, the insect appearing pink rather than grey. 

Cirrhoedia xeranipelina.—F rom a small number of larvae taken near 
Pulborough, I bred a number of the usual English form and one 
extreme ab. It is deep terra-cotta red, the central fascia being rather 
darker than the rest of the wing, the only pale markings are two fine 
yellow lines edging the central darker area. It is evidently the form 
Tutt treats of in Brit. Noct. and Vars. IV. 16, as wnicolor, Stdgr., but 
the opposite extreme to the form figured by South as unicolor, Moths 
of British Isles, II. Plate 4, fig. 9. My specimen is exactly parallel 
with the ab. fucata, Esp. of the next species, X. aurago. 


102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD. 15.1X.1985 


A few Orthoptera from Yorkshire. 
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.B.E.S. 


Mr. T. Stainforth, of Hull, has been good enough to send me a few 
Orthoptera from his neighbourhood, and as almost every capture north 
of the Midlands is a definite aadition to our knowledge, they are worth 
recording. The new locality for Metrioptera roeseliit, Hag., our most 
northerly one so far, is interesting ; it is characteristic that itis on the 
east coast. 

Anisolabis annulipes, Lue., Hull, 6 females, 18th July, 1932. “* Very 
common in some of our dock wastes, together with Periplaneta americana 
and (ryllus domesticus.” 

Labia minor, L., 2 fems. Hess. 21st August, 1925. 

Forficula auricularia, Linn., fem. Spurn, 7.ix.34. 

Blattella germanica, L., male and 2 nymphs; Hull, Alexandra Dock, 
‘‘on board ship”? August 22nd. Among dock rubbish, Hull. 

Metrioptera roeselii, Hag., 2 males. On the Humber shore, between 
Kasington and Skeffiing, 15.ix.84. ‘It occurs on a damp, grassy 
bank of the embankment that serves to prevent flooding by the river 
Humber at high tides, and on the landward side of it, which faces north, 
and slopes in this direction towards a brackish ditch. 

Acrydium kiefferi, Sauley. Strensall. Common, Yorks., 5.v.35, male 
and fem. The male has the wings tolerably well developed, but not 
reaching the tip of the pronotum; this would be the form correspond- 
ing to what Haij calls acuminata in A. bipunctatum, a step towards his 
form sjdstedti. Houghton Woods, H. Yorks., 2 males and 1 fem., — 
6.iv.25: also 1 male, 2 fems., 7.vii.28. These July specimens all 
appear to be mature. 

Chorthippus albomarginatus, De Geer., Humber Bank. In a typical 
habitat, among scanty grass on sand with sea holly; Hasington, E. 
Yorks., 3 & 14.1x.34, 4 fems. 

Ch. parallelus, Zett., Allerthorpe, E. Yorks., 8.1x.84, m. & f. 

Ch. bicolor, Charp., Spurn, 8.viii.83, male, 7.1x.84, 2 pairs. 

Anacridium aegyptinm, L., Hull Docks, male. E. Bilton. 

Gryllus domesticus, L,, in the open among fermenting rubbish, dock 
grain sweepings and stable refuse; for three successive years, in 
association with Periplaneta americana, L., and occasionally Blattella 
germanica, L. 


SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


Emicration oF Puusia GammMa.—The following letter has been 
received by the Hon. Sec. of the Zoological Section of the S.E. Union’ 
of Scientific Societies from the Keeper of the Start Lighthouse :— 

“On Sunday, 4th August, I observed a very large (e)migration of P. 
gamma; it was the largest I have ever seen, the sight’ was wonderful. 
It started at ten minutes past one, when a few hundreds of them 
coming away from the north and proceeding out to sea in a southerly 
direction. By half past one the main body of the moths came over and 
their course altered to the §.8.W. There were thousands upon 
thousands of them, it was just like a fairly heavy snowstorm. Over 
800 settled on the lantern glass and within a second or two I had cap- 
tured 40 in the killing bottle. The (e)migration finished passing here 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 108 


at 2.85. I also captured a good many alike and released them after 
3.30; they also went away to the 8.5.W. The weather at the time 
was cloudy with a very slight northerly wind dropping to a dead calm 
by 2.0. Temperature 63°F.” 


YOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


Some Micro Larvarz FoR THE END OF SEPTEMBER AND OcTOBER.— 
Search the ground where there is an abundance of oak trees 
for discoloured acorns which probably contain larvae of Laspey- 
resia (Carpocapsa) splendana; similarly a large quantity of beech nuts 
may be gathered for the larvae of L. (C.) yrossana* which they may 
contain: these latter seeds must not be thrown away as the imagines 
may not emerge until the following year. On the undersides of the 
large leaved sallows (Salia caprea), in the woolly surface, may be found 
the burrows of the larvae of Ewcosma (Grapholitha) subocellana, and on 
oak trees one may find large cones made by the larvae of Gracillaria 
alchimiella, Scop. (suederella, Thnbg.). On privet one may find cones 
made by G. syrinyella and also on ashandlilac. The seeds of Angelica 
and Heraclewm will be webbed together by Cataplectica fulviguttella. 
On nut leaves locally one may find the brown stumpy cases of Coleophora 
fuscocuprella, and on bramble and whitethorn the puckered up cases of 
C. paripennella. Where yarrow grows abundantly one may be sure of 
finding the short brown cases of the larvae of C. argentula on the dried 
brown seed heads. Where there is plenty of wild golden rod (Solidago) 
a bag of the fluffy seed heads nay be taken for the small straight, hairy 
cases of CU. virgaureella. In the N. of England to the Clyde and also 
in Devon on the same plant the larvae of Philyctaenia (Botys) terrealis 
may occur, but are difficult to get through the winter like those of C. 
fuscocuprella. Oak leaves may often be found blotched by the larvae 
of Tischeria complanella, and laburnum leaves mined by the very small 
Leucoptera (Cemiostoma) laburnella larvae. The collecting of the larvae 
of the genus Lithocolletis all of which mine between the cuticles of 
leaves each with their own peculiarly chavacteristic shaped track 
sometimes visible better from the upper, sometimes from the lower 
side of the leaf, may now be commenced, although it is better to wait 
somewhat later for most species. JL. tenella blotches the underside of 
hornbeam leaves and L. carpinicolella the upperside. L. blancardella, 
Fb. (pomifoliella, Zell.) mines the leaves of hawthorn and apple, and 
L. spinicolella in sloe leaves, L. fayinella in beech leaves, L. salicicolella 
in sallow leaves, L. viminetorum, Stein. (viminetella, H.-S.) in mined 
and curled over edges of osier leaves, and L. spinolella in the leaves of 
the broad-leaved sallow. J. wlmifoliella larvae mine leaves of birch. 
L. quercifoliella larvae mine oak leaves and those of L. viminiella nut 
leaves. L. schreherella mineg leaves of common elm, and in nut leaves 
the larvae of L. coryli mine. Honeysuckle leaves are mined by larvae 
of L. emberizaepennella, and they pucker up nearly the whole leaf. To 
rear quantities of these beautiful little mites it is necessary to place 


* In this district the larvae of ZL. grossana walk down the beech truncks at the 
erid of August and beginning of September, for pupation.—T.B.F., Rodborough, 
Glos. 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.1X.1935 


the leaves in a large flower pot and cover with lino. The pots must 
be placed out of doors in a somewhat sheltered place so as to be cool ; 
beneath trees, as the fallen leaves would be in nature, will give a clue to 
the kind of shelter. 


Tue Freepom oF Parascoria FULIGINARIA, L. From Parasites.—Mr. 
C. N. Hawkins and I have bred this species for the last four years 
from wild larvae taken either in the penultimate or final instar, but 
have not yet found a single larva parasitized. This year some larvae 
were taken in the last instar but two, and others very late in the season 
after the earliest moths had already emerged. We thought that there 
might be a parasite, which destroyed the larvae at an earlier stage, 
than that at which we had taken them previously, or, if there was a 
parasite, which destroyed the larger larvae, those, which were the last 
to pupate, were the most likely to contain it. As before none of the 
larvae, young or old, were parasitized. IJinquiries from others, who 
have had larvae, showed that their experience had been the same as 
ours. The total number of larvae taken wild by ourselves and others 
is not less than 240, not including those found in Mr. H. HK. Green's 
garden at Camberley. The numbers are sufficiently large to prove that, 
if parasitism occurs at all, it must be very rare. 

Mr. J. L. Perkins suggested that the insect might have a pupal 
parasite. We had bred none from 17 cocoons found wild two years 
ago, but to obtain further evidence Mr. Hawkins and I collected 65 
cocoons this year. Twenty-three, nearly all of them cocoons of this 
season, were empty, the moths having emerged, but all the rest were 
free from parasites and have produced moths. It is very remarkable 
that with a larva and pupa so vulnerable, the species should be so free 
from the attacks of both hymenopterous and dipterous parasites.— 
EK. A. Cockayne. i116, Westbourne Terrace, W.2. 


ABUNDANCE oF Lucanus cervus, L., 1x Winpsor Forest.—During 
all the years we have explored Windsor Forest for Coleoptera we have 
only found the ‘‘ stag beetle’ four or five times, and always singly. 
This year on 8rd July, it was seen in the greatest abundance on a road 
outside the Forest. A few live females were seen walking in the road, 
but hundreds of dead, mostly females, occurred along the road for over 
a mile. Every few yards five or six could be counted, which had been 
knocked down or run over by motor cars. Has anyone else noticed 
this beetle in numbers this year ?—Horacre DonistHORPE. 


Two otHeR InNsEcTsS IN GREAT Prorusion.—On Ist October, 1933, 
when evening sweeping in a copse in Windsor Forest several hundred 
specimens of Stenus picipes, Steph., were swept up in one sweep of the 
net. It seems impossible to explain why so many of this beetle should 
have been present in one spot. 

Somewhat earlier in the same year, when evening sweeping in 
another part of the Forest, we noticed that the herbage, shrubs, etc., 
over a limited area were quite black as with mould or something. After 
sweeping at this spot the net was found to be literally full of the small 
fly Sepsis cynipsea, L. There must have been millions of the insect 
present. Mr. Edwards tells me that it often oceurs in great numbers. 
—Horace DonistTHORPE. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 105 


Taree Weeks CoLuecting anp Osservine 1n §. Cornwatt.—The 
following items from a 3 weeks holiday in 8. Cornwall about 34 miles 
from Looe in a quiet well-wooded valley, may be ofinterest. Referring 
to Mr. Nicholson’s article in your June issue I am glad to report that 
during the second week in July Polyyonia c-album was abundant in the 
valley of the W. Looe river. Most of the ¢s seemed to be of the var. 
hutchinsont and were in excellent condition. I was interested to note 
the rather unusual occurrence of a ¢ Argynntis paphia mating with a 
2 P.c-album. The two insects were actually in cop. for a few minutes 
and the 3 paphia carried the ? c-album a short distance suspended 
from the anal claspers. This 9 was a worn specimen. The incident 
is all the more remarkable, as in each case the opposite sex was 
already on the wing in some numbers, the ? paphia having apparently 
emerged quite recently. J should be interested to hear whether such 
matings of species belonging to different genera have frequently been 
observed in a state of nature. Presumably the ova in such a case would 
invariably prove sterile ; or more probably there was no actual fertiliza- 
tion taking place at all. Among other insects of interest in the same 
valley I took Hesperia malvae var. taras, Atolmis rubricollis, Noctua 
triangulum, N. ditrapezium, Hadena adusta, Huphyta cuculata (sinuata), 
FE. picata, and some finely banded dark forms of Angerona prunaria ab. 
corylaria.—T. G. Epwarps (M.A.). 

[I remember the record of a similar case between Aryynnis paphia 
@ and Thecla quercus gf .—T.B.-F.] 


Srconp ? Broop or Atucita pentaDactyLa.—On 25th August I found 
a perfectly fresh example of this species in my garden at Cheam. 
Usually the species is common here throughout June, but I have not 
previously found it in late August. Tutt remarked, Pterophorina of 
Britain, p. 155, ‘‘ The species appears from the middle of May until 
August, and there is possibly a partial second brood from the moths 
which are the earliest to emerge, although the species on the whole 
appears to be only single brooded. The May specimens are very 
infrequent, but the moth is abundant in June, July and August con- 
tinuously and I have always supposed, although I have no actual proof 
of the matter, that part of the larvae from the eggs laid by the May 
moths usually feed up rapidly and emerge in late July and August, 
whilst part hybernate with the larvae from the later moths. This is 
so generally the case with moths whose appearance is spread over a 
considerable period of time and whose larvae hybernate, that there is 
very good reason for supposing it may be so with this.” This was 
written in 1894. Have we yet obtained ‘‘actual proof” of this 
supposed second brood ?—Hy.J.T. 

[A. pentadactyla usually occurs here at Rodborough from the second 
week in June until mid-July, but I have taken odd fresh specimens 
later (15.viii.838; 17.viii.84), As such abnormally late individuals 
seem to occur singly, I think that they are more probably late emer- 
gences than a second brood.—T.B.-F.] 


NEPTICULA SUBERIVORA, STT. AT SOUTHAMPTON AND Worrsine.—A few 
mines containing living larvae of this species were found on Quercus 
ilex in Portswood-Road, Southampton, on 7th March, 1935, and one 
moth was bred from them. At Worthing on 5th April, 1935, while 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S. RECORD, 15.1X.1985 


calling to see the Rev. Geo. Wheeler after viewing his collection in the 
Public Museum, empty mines of this species were noted commonly in 
Gratwicke Road, but only two full mines were found at this late date. 
Probably the insect is widely distributed along the south coast.— Wm. 
Fassnipek (M.A., F.R.E.8.). Southampton. 


Larvar oF Hemimene acuminatana, ZELL. and H. consortana, Srv. 
NEAR SourHampron.—Both species occur in a rough field near Baddesley 
Great Cover about five miles from Southampton, the former commonly, 
the latter rarely. Larvae of H. acuminatana were found in 1935. on 
27th March, varying in size from small to nearly full fed, indeed some 
of them had spun their cocoons by the end of March. ‘They feed in 
the very young shoots of Leucanthemum chrysanthemum, L., preferring 
the barer places and the older thicker rootstocks. They are not hard to 
find if one is prepared to crawl about among the herbage. On 17th April 
the young daisy shoots were already overtopped by other srowth, and 
it was difficult to find those affected. Emergence took place over some 
weeks and a number of parasites were bred. H. consortana is about a 
month later than H. acuminatana. Mr. Li. T. Ford and 1 searched for 
it on 29th April, finding still a few belated larvae of acuwminatana and 
a few of consortana. From 6th May, when acuminatana was seen on 
the wing, till the great frost round about the 17th, I found larvae spar- 
ingly, feeding in the unopened buds, entering at the base, and causing 
the head to droop sideways or downwards i in most characteristic fashion. 
The frost killed a good percentage of the daisy flowers, though it was 
not so severe around Southampton as elsewhere, but I bred a short 
series, and Mr. Ford was also successfulWm. Fassnipen (M.A., 
F.R.E.S. ). Southampton. . 


Box Hitt, Surrey.—We note that during the last week in July 
larvae of Vanessa atalanta and of V. cardui were found there and that 
imagines of Polygonia c-album, Limenitis camilla (sibilla) and Urbicola 
comma were captured at the same time. 


Distripution oF Limenitis camitua (sip1tLa)—On 30th July L. camilla 
paid us a visit, sunning itself awhile on a hydrangea; the day was very 
warm. I have not heard of it near Windsor before.—M. Burr, Wind- 
sor. 


Cottectinec 1x Dargitinc.—I spent a month’s holiday including 
the first half of June in Darjiling and I thought that it would interest 
you to know that the result of some very superficial collecting was 
about 1000 specimens of just under three hundred species. The 
weather was not good, misty without rain. I caught hardly any 
butterflies. Most of my catch was made at the lights of the hotel. 
D. J. Szvastoruto (F.R.E.S.), Caleutta. 


@URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 

_ At the first Congress of British Entomologists which was’ held at 
Oxford, 27th, 28th and 29th July, Mr. Thos. Greer showed the follow- 
ing Lepidoptera from Northern Ireland :—(1) A very beautiful and 
interesting series of Polyommatus icarus. from various Irish localities, 


CURRENT NOTES. . 107 


including both 3s and @s of the intense and vivid lilac blue; three 
gynandromorphs 1 3-2 and2 2-¢ ; several males with ae scales 
on the hind margin of the scan aches $s without black or red spots 
on the hind wing margin; g's with only black spots ditto; 3s with 
only red spots ditto; gs with both black and red ditto; seven specimens 
from Derry of which six had the outer margin of the left forewing 
flatter than that of the right; and 9 examples of underside aberration. 
. (2) A particularly fine series of 6 Pieris napt ab. semifasciata, Cabeau. 
(3) A series of 5 Pieris brassicae ab. nigronotata. (4) Several Hpinephele 
jurtina ab. addenda. These last three species all showed extremely 
intense coloration, the FH. jurtina being especially black. (5) Some 
very fine aberrations of Euchloé cardamines including ab. major, Tutt, 
ab. minora, Selys., ab. flava, Wms., ab. williamst, Greer, and ab. ochrea, 
Tutt., two 2s were present with ant yellow apical areas, specimens 
with very large and very small discoidals, and the further aberrations 

ab. unbrosa, Culot, ab. despila, Raynor, ab. caulosticta, Wms. and various 
forms of intersex. 

~ The 28th annual volume of the Portici Institute; Boll. Lab. Zool. 
Gen. Agraria, contains a number of essays and reports of investigation 
on the life-history of certain insects of more or less economic import- 
ance. As usual these articles are illustrated by a profusion of diagrams 
and other illustrations. 

Part 58 of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Volumes continues 
the fresh matter relating to the Geometers. In the 3 sheets, 24 pp., 
the two chief genera dealt with are Scopula, Schrnk. and Sterrha, Hb. 
Regarding the former name the author, Mr. L. B. Prout, refers again 
to the necessary abandonment of the previous name Acidalia, see 
Seitz. Vol. XVI. p. 48-51, which falls as a synonym, and also he states. 
that ‘‘ Almost all authorities are now agreed that the distinction 
between Sterrha and Ptychopoda (on the basis of the number of spurs 
on the g hind-tibia) is not of generic value. Sterrha being the older 
name Ptychopoda falls. Again this part is another of Special interest 
to British entomologists as it deals with 16 British species to which 61 
new forms are described and a good proportion have been or will be 
figured. Scopula immorata has 8 additional forms; S. ternata (fumata), 
3; S. rubiginata 7; S. maryinepunctata 10; S. floslactata (remutata) 2; 
s. immutata 2; S. virgulata 8; S. nigropunctata (strigilaria) 6; S. 
emutarta 1; 8S. ae 6; and 8. ornata 8. In Sterrha there are S. 
ochrata with 2 forms; S. rusticata 2; S. muricata 2 ; S. dimidiata 1; 
and S. eburnata (contiguaria) 3. Owing to the kindness of the author 
some 20 of these aberrational names were given in the Ent. Record 
‘‘ List of British Geometers,” published a few years ago. Now short 
descriptions are available of all these forms with more than 40 
additional. Members of all natural history societies should urge their 
officials to endeavour to obtain this invaluable source of reference. 

Dr Burr reminds us that he will be unable to acknowledge corres-| 
pondence for the next few weeks as he will be away collecting in the. 
south-east of Spain after attending the International Congress of 
Entomology at Madrid in early September, at which he represents, the 
Oxford University. 

The Royal Entomological Society 1 is adopting a very proper revision 
of their procedure at ordinary meetings. Fellows are requested to notify 
the Secretary of their intention to exhibit, andto forward a short note 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1985 


as to purport of such, at least fourteen days before each meeting. The 
Council will then draw up an Agenda to be forwarded to each Fellow not 
later than the Saturday before the meeting on the Wednesday following. 
It has further been decided that all Fellows should lay their exhibits 
on the table for inspection not later than 7 p.m. on the day of the 
meeting. This revision was talked of long ago; it will, it is hoped, 
give all Fellows the opportunity not only to see the exhibits but to 
give additional information and join in the general discussion. 

Messrs. F. N. Pierce and J. W. Metcalfe have recently announced 
the early appearance of their long awaited volume “The Genitalia of 
the British Tineidae.” It will be illustrated by some 2000 outline 
drawings inclusive of the female organs. ‘T'he arrangement will be 
that indicated by the genitalia alone. 

A further portion of the proposed series of Lists of British Insects 
has recently been published by the Royal Entomological Society. 
«The generic names of the British Odonata, with a check List of the 
species.”” For some period this group has been largely known as the 
‘«Paraneuroptera.”’ This designation is now dropped without reference 
or comment. One would like it stated on what ground. On page 47 
one reads the definite statement that “Throughout the work generic 
and specific names should be spelt exactly as in the place of first publi- 
cation.” It is a great pity that this rule is not carried out, for we find 
that out of 48 specific names no less than 10 are not in accord with this 
absolutely necessary rule. Consultation of the original publications 
will show that isosceles was spelt by its author isoceles, pratense was spelt 
pratensis, najas was spelt naias, etc. Although the commonly spelt 
word, Aeschna is properly corrected to Aeshna, Fab. (1775) we rather 
suspect that the family name was first spelt Aeschnidae and if priority 
‘applies should be now so spelt and not Aeshnidae. Unless we stand 
out for absolute priority correct to the letter, the next generation of 
workers will feel that they must revise the work now done. We much 
prefer the comma to the bracket for separating the author’s name from 
the specific name. We believe that the bracket is used in Botany in 
quite another sense, and there indicates the omission of the author’s 
name and the name of the author of the genus is substituted. Too 
many of these “ tricks”’ are unnecessarily confusing. The get up of 
the publication is quite good and thorough, although the price 3/6 for 
16 pages is rather incommensurate. 

The Society for British Entomology continues its issue of interesting 
and useful matter relating to the British Fauna. Part 1, of Volume II 
of the Transactions contains six papers (1) Notes on the Hemiptera- 
Heteroptera of the Slough Biological Field Station; (2) The Trichop- 
tera of the Oxford District; (8) A Key to the Coleopterous Family 
Bruchidae of economic importance in Europe; (4) The Ichneu- 
monidae new or rare in Britain, with Notes on recent British Lists; 
(6) a discussion of the two Hymenoptera Bombus muscorum and B. 
smithianus ; (6) And part 2 of the List of Cornish Diptera (Syrphidae, 
Tachinidae and Muscidae.) There are four plates and a map. The 
whole part of 116 pages does great credit to the Society and the editors 
Messrs F. J. Killington and B. M. Hobby are to be congratulated. 


es 


Vere: +" 


Caine Srp Cabal ses Sais ta i gta rer 30S 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InLusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, '‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ durago,” 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Desiderata.— Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptavia. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. 
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehdrde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 

For Satz.—A complete set of ‘‘The Vasculum ”’ is on hand for disposal. Particulars 
and price on application to William Carter, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

CHANGE oF AppREss.—Maleolm Burr, D.Se., to ‘‘ The Hermitage,’’ Dorney, Win- 
chester. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., to Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. H. Donisthorpe, 
to 332, Great West Road, Heston, Middlesex. Orazio Querci to 3 Lysimaxoy, Salonika, 
Greece. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 
8 p.m. October 2nd, 16th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
Sept. 26th. Oct. 10th, 24th (Exhibition).—Hon. Secretary, 8. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,” 
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, 
Essex. 

Entomological Section, Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical 
Society.— Our first meeting is on October 21st and we expect to hear communications of 
great interest. We extend to all local entomologists and those who mey be temporarily in 
the district a hearty invitation to join us for this and any other evening. This, and 
Subsequent meetings on the third Monday of each month, takes place at 7.45 p.m., at 55, 
Newhall Street, B’ham.—P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on-Avon. 


FOR SALE . & 
Romanoff, Mémoires sur les lépidoptéres. ls an 
Vors. I.-VI., [X. (Macrolep.) eee 

in half-calf (1884-1897). (very good copy). ee 


Koenig, Catalog of the Nido-Oologie-Collection 
Koenig-Museum, Bonn. 


4 Vols. with 18 coloured plates of bird-eggs. 5 
ALFRED KERNEN, Stuttgart-W.. Schloss Str. 80. | 


Communications have been received from or have _ been areca 
Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ell 
Hy. J. Turner, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightma: 
T. Greer, H. W.Andrews, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, T. Sneyd TOyehae Dr. M. B 
HP: Wiltshire, R. E. Ellison, F. D. Coote, and Reports of Societies. : 


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CONTENTS. 


‘The Geographical Aspect of Argentine pee Kenneth J. Hayward, 
mo LY h.B.S., F.R.G.S., FZ. A 109 
On the date of the Preface to Hiibner’s ‘ Sammlung ‘europiischer ‘Schmet- 
. terlinge,’”’ Francis J. Griffin, A.L.A. ot oie ws ie Me 110 
The Biology of Pieris rapae, Orazio Querci.. 111 
Norss on CotiEectine.—Lists of Species of Micro- Lepidoptera added to the 
British List since the publication of Meyrick’s Revised Handbook, 
T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.Z.S., F.R.H.S.; A Tame Pyrameis 
atalanta, Horace Donisthorpe; Hydrotaeairritans, Fln. ? attacked by 
_ Caricea tigrina, Gab. ¢ , Id.; Peronea shepherdana, Steph. at South- 
ampton, Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., F.R.E.S.; Pyrausta stachydalis, Zinck. 
in Hampshire, Id. ; Myelois cirrigerella, Zinek. taken near Winchester, 
with Notes on the Larval Habits, Id.; Celerio galii in the Shetland 
Islands ; The presence of our Migrant Species of Lepidoptera recorded 
from Bayonne, Basses Pyrénées, G. T. Adkin ; Collecting and Observ- 
ing in Cornwall, C. Nicholson; Macro- Lepidoptera in 8.W. London, 


mie. Coote... « aie 112 

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GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF ARGENTINE - ENTOMOLOGY. 109 


The Geographical Aspect of Argentine Entomology. 
By KENNETH J. HAYWARD, F.R.E.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. 


Surprise is sometimes expressed at the number of forms of certain 
butterflies that are described from this country, often from the same 
Province. One sometimes feels that there lurks a suspicion that we 
entomologists out here are creating new forms and subspecies on 
very insignificant grounds and that so many variants cannot really 
exist in‘any one country. Before leaving lingland for these shores in 
1923 1 made extensive inquiries as to the entomological fauna of the 
Argentine with but very scanty results. To-day, nearly 12 years later, 
interest in our insects is much greater, and a great deal of matter is 
annually finding its way into print, both within and without the 
country. It may perhaps not be out of place therefore to devote a few 
lines to the geographical aspect of Argentina. 

I fear that to the majority of people who have had no direct or 
indirect connection with the country, it is more or less an unknown 
quantity, just a country coloured differently from others on the maps 
of South America and in the rare cases where the atlas gives a separate 
map of the Argentine, divided up into several provinces which are apt 
to be mentally compared to the linglish counties. It comes therefore 
as a staggering fact to many, that the total area of the Argentine is 
approximately one third that of Wurope (including Russia), and that 
the apparently insignificant internal divisions have areas equal to 
European countries. Arbitrarily divided into 24 political divisions, 
14 of which are Provinces with their own legislatures, and 10 
National Territories under direct Federal control, its vast area is’ best 
realized if at the expense of a little space we compare these as 
to the countries whose areas they represent. 

Commencing with the smallest, Tierra del l’uego is slightly 
smaller than and Tucumdan equal to, Turkey in Europe, Misiones equals 
the Netherlands, and Jujuy and Los Andes are slightly in excess of 
Esthonia and Albania respectively. 

Entre Rios and San Luis separately equal Austria, whilst the area 
of Hungary does not differ from that of the Territory of Formosa, and 
is exceeded by San Juan and Neuquen, whilst Cordoba is equal to 
Austria-Hungary combined. Both Corrientes and La Rioja may be 
compared to Portugal and Catamarca and Salta to Greece, whilst 
Santa Fé is slightly larger. The Chaco equals Bulgaria, Mendoza 
is larger than Czeco-Slovakia and Santiago del KMstero and La Pampa 
are both four times the size of Denmark. Finally, the largest four 
divisions consist of Rio Negro, which has twice the area of Bulgaria, 
Chubut equal to Greece and Bulgaria combined, Santa Cruz exactly 
half the area of Germany, and the largest, Buenos Aires, equal 
approximately to the British Isles or to Italy. 

Thus entomologically we must look upon the Argentine, not as a 
country, but more in the light of a continent that stretches from the 
tropic of Capricorn to the sub-antarctic, that rises from sea-level to the 
mighty peaks of the Andes. Within its boundaries are to be found 
almost every type of vegetation and terrain, forests of many kinds, 
tropical, sub-antarctic, riverine and dry, mountain and plain, the lagoon- | 
studded: Chaco and the waterless areas of the northwest, rolling grass- 
covered pampa’and bare salt marshes, sandy deserts and sheltered 

15.x.35. 


110, : _ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ies ye alin Ae ee 


upland valleys, the great lake system of the southwest and the seaboard 
of the Kast. Many of these features are often found in a single 
Province, so great is their extension. _ We may perhaps compare the 
thousands of valleys in the isolated sierras, the pre-cordilleras and the 
mighty cordilleras themselves to the Swiss valleys where so many 
separate, races of certain butterflies exist, but here we have 2,000 miles 
of such mountains, many of whose peaks tower above the twenty 
thousand foot level and whose valleys are influenced by climates that 
range through all the grades from sub-tropical to sub-antarctic. 

_ Hence for a single species of butterfly, apart from lowland forms, 
there may appear several mountain forms influenced by such varying 
climatic conditions as are not found in any single Huropean country. 
So isolated are these valleys that I do not suppose one in a thousand 
has ever been entomologically explored, nor has the 860,000 square 
miles south of Buenos Aires except around one or two of the lake 
resorts and other better known points. Salta and Jujuy where the 
Bolivian. influence is felt, have as yet received no serious attention and 
the same can be said for Formosa. I know of no insect specimens 
from Los Andes and from San Juan and from San Luis.only those few I 
have brought back myself. Misiones, the Mecca of all Argentine 
entomologists is known only along the Alto Parana litoral and for a 
few miles inland, and our present knowledge even of that part cannot 
be very great if the author in a five months collecting trip to those 
regions in the summer of 1983-34 was able to bring back more than 
80 day-flying butterflies new to,the country’s fauna, and that in one 
of the worst collecting seasons on, record. 

We have in this country u great field for collectors, the amount of 
undescribed material, especially i in Orders other than Lepidoptera, is 
colossal, but they must come prepared to rough it and to be guided by 
local fee. and above all they must know how to collect, an art of 
which so many “‘ collectors ”’ are supremely ignorant ! 


On the date of the Preface to Hubner’s “ Boas europiischer 
| Schmetterlinge.” 


; _ By FRANCIS J. GRIFFIN, A.L.A. 
‘(Registrar, Royal Entomological Society of London.) 


As a result of the acquisition by the Royal Entomological Society 
of London of the surviving MSS of Jacob Hubner, it is hoped to deter- 
mine, more exactly than has hitherto been possible, the dates of 
publication of his works. 

_..,A, point not without general interest arose during this work, and 
my assistance was asked. It was the identification of the ‘ Winter. 
monat’ used by Hiibner in dating the Preface to his © Sammlung 
europdischer Schmetterlinge’ and elsewhere. The possibility of its being 
either December or January indicates the importance of an exact deter- 
mination, and after somewhat lengthy research which showed that it 
might, under certain circumstances, have been used for any one of the 
months from October to January, | wrote to ‘‘ des Deutschen Worterbuchs 
der Briider Grimm” and the “ Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften,” 

who. very kindly undertook a long and laborious research into the 
various German ‘ dialect-districts’ for the use of this name, and gave 
their permission to publication of the results. Asa result they conclude : 


THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. DL 


‘“« Als Ergebniss lasst sich mit vélliger Sicherheit feststellen, 
das Jacob Hitibner mit der Bezeichnung ‘ Wintermonat’ die zu 
Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts in Augsburg wohl in der 
Umgangsprache noch tibliche Benennung des November gebraucht 
hat.” 

Thus it is clear that if Hubner wrote his Preface only in November, 
1806, it could not have appeared until late in thet year, and, quite 
possibly not until 1807. 

I should like to express my great appreciation of the very real 
assistance so freely given by the authorities of the German Dictionary. 

Notrt.— The engraved title page to my copy of Htbner’s Sammlung 
(Papilio) is dated 1806, but I have no preface or text.—T.B.-F. 


An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae. III. 
By ORAZIO QUERCI. 
(Continued from p. 87.) 


‘Tue Srrvation on 1llva Aveust, 1982. 


The large number of Pieris rapae, which we took at the Park Way 
after 10th August, show that the heat at the beginning of that month 
was not destructive. Certainly, the less resistant larvae, those which 
were caught by the intense heat while moulting, and those which were 
unable to find a suitable shelter when the temperature increased, were 
killed, but the most vital caterpillars which, favoured by the dense 
vegetation, were able to pupate in a short time, must have. survived. 
On 11th August there were at the Park Way: 

Fourth Brood.—The last and more or less old adults of this brood. 

Fifth Brood,—Some adults, many chrysalides formed on August 
8rd and later on, many larvae in different stages, and the eggs laid-on 
the last three days. 

Siath Brood.—Many chrysalides, larvae and eggs. 


The meadows at the Park Way, in front of the Art Museum, and 
near the square where there is the monument to General Washington, 
have probably never been cultivated. There the weeds were always 
cut and burned by the end of the spring. In the year 1932, the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia requested the Park Com- 
mission to let the weeds remain so that we might carry out our 
research. On 21st and 22nd July it rained to the amount of 1.60 inch, 
on 8rd August the rainfall was 0:48 inch, and at the beginning of 
August the vegetation was prodigious. Neither in Cuba, nor in 
Morocco, in the wet season, have we seen such a big mass of plants. 
About 24th August, in spite of the heavy rain of 10th August, most 
plants died as quickly as they were grown. The Lepidicum virginicum, 
on which the caterpillars of the ‘‘ Whites” prefer to feed, remained 
plentiful and verdant, but its thin stems and leaves cannot offer a shelter 
against the heat. That country, which had been luxuriant for most of 
- August, turned barren by the end of that month, and this change 

explains matters, I think, because many larvae resisted the heat from 
5th to 10th August, but they were seriously injured by the short and 
_ little intense ‘wave of 27th August, as is proved by-the rarity of adults 
8 to 12 days later, that is from 6th to 10th September. .--Pieris rapae 


112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1985 


_continued to be scarce until the 17th of the same month because the 
heat-wave at the beginning of September kiHed also the young larvae 
hatched on those sultry days. Perhaps, beside 
the heat, the vapour pressure was an important 
controlling factor: on 5th, 8th and 10th August it 


Z was below 500, on the 27th it was 707, and from 
t 4 81st August to 2nd September it was 757 to 888. 
= &  & Ido not think that the control of the abundance 
Bs gy = = was made by parasites, as we took in the country 
ea readies = many big larvae and none of them were atepeet 
A = £ .* with mites. | 
Aue. = = | | oY 
12 82. 70. 180—The Pieris rapae, which are emerging now, all 
13 88. 65. 124 belong to the fifth brood. 
14 87. 68. 130—On this day also some specimens of the sixth brood 


should emerge. 

15 88. 69. 187—There are thousands of ‘‘ Whites”’ on the wing, 

16 88. 69. 291 and we catch only those which appear to have some 

peculiarity. 

17 86. 69. 165—The weather is unsettled. 

18 78. 71. 55—TIt is cloudy, and we took the ‘‘ Whites” which 
were resting on the stems. 

19 81. 68. 298—In spite of the misty sky we make the largest 
capture. 

20 88. 66. 75—Bad weather and poor collecting. 

21 +88. 65. 184—When the temperature remains for some consecu- 

22 88. 65. 220 tive days near the upper fatal limit for P.  rapae 

23 87. 69. 151. their larvae do not die at once but most of them 

24. 84. 67. 1638 cease to feed and after some days they rot. 

25. 88. 66. 167—It is interesting to establish the duration of the 

26 88. 66. 107 life-cycle of the last specimens of the fifth brood to 
know when it might end. 

27 90. 69. 87—A sultry day. Most larvae die, as I stated above. 

28 88. 78. 148—There are in the country many worn BREEN Ee, 

29; 83.467 100 |; 

80 87. 70. 145—Thonsands of specimens are flying, but most are 


: badly worn. 
31 95. 738. 60—On this day the emergence of the sixth brood 
SEP. should begin. In the evening it is very hot, apa 


POT 74, A0Gs salt the fe of ‘* Whites ’’ must die. 
2 98. 76..146—The heat continues to be intense. 


JF oOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


List or Species or Micro-LepipopTEra aDPED To THE Britisn List 
SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF Meyricx’s Revisep Hanpsoox.—It may .be 
useful to give a complete list of these additional species :— . 
Galleriadae, | | 

1. Aphomia gularis, Zeller. Bournville; several records from 
London. 
Pyraustidae. 
2. Phlyctaenia fulvalis, Hb. Bournemouth district ‘ Clutterbuck, 
Entom. LXIII, 85-86 (1980). | 


Eucosnidae. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 113 


8. Hucosma rubeseana, Constant. Kent, Essex; Huggins, E'ntom. 
LXVII, 169-171, t. 1, ff. 1, 2.(1984). | 
4. Eucosma brunnichiana, Linn. Sheldon, Hntom. LX VIII, 198- 
199 (1985), (distinct from solandriana). — 
5. Bactra scirpicolana, Pierce and Metcalfe. Essex, Devon; 
Entom. LXVIII. 149 (1985). 
6. Hnarmonia conicolana, Heylaerts. New Forest; Huggins, 
Entom. LXIV, 27-29, t. 1 ff., 1, 2 (1931). 
Gelechiadae. 
7. Phthorimaea seninella, Pierce and Metcalfe. Norfolk [?] ; 
E'ntom. LXVIITI, 97-99 (1935). 
Occophoridae. 
8. Depressariabrunneella, Ragonot. New Romney, Kent; Griffith, 
Entom. LXV, 18-19 (1931). 
9. Depressaria astrantiae, Heinemann. Cotswolds; Fletcher, 
Ent. Rec. XLVII, 57-58 (1935). 
Scythridae. 
10. Scythris heterodisca, Meyrick. Folkestone; Meyrick, E’ntom. 
| 149 (1929). 
Yponomeutidae. ) 

11. Swammerdamia compunctella, Herrich-Schaffer. Surrey, EH. 
Sussex, Dorset, Rannoch; Metcalfe, Hntom. LXVI. 141-142 
(1933). | 

Eupistidae. 

12. Hupista vacciniella, Herrich-Schaffer. Buttermere; Meyrick, 
Entom. LXIII. 88 (19380), 

18, Eupista erigerella, Ford. Kent; Ford, Entom. LXVIII. 114 
(1935). 

14. =e laripennella, Zetierstedt. Norfolk, Oxford; Pierce 
and Metcalfe, Hntom. LXVII. 97-99 (1934). (Note: KHupista 
annilatella, Tengstrom=laripennella, Meyr. nec Zett.) 

15. HMupista tamesis, Waters. Oxfordshire; Waters, #.M.M. LXV. 
1-3 (1929). 

_ Lithocolletidae. | 

16. Lithocolletis striqulatella, Zeller. Berkshire; Waters, #.M.M. 
LXY. 169-170 (1929). : 

17. Caloptilia pyrenaeella, Chrétien. I. of Wight; Ford, Hntom. 
LXVI. 280 (1988). rg 

Tineidae. 

18. Tenaga pomiliella, Clemens. Deal; Daltry, /ntom, LXIT. 34 
(1929) Je X1V. 19:(L938 1). 

19. Linea ruricolella, Stainton. Pierce and Metcalfe, lMntom. 
LXVII. 217-219 (1984). 

20. Tinea personella, Pierce and Metcalfe. Hntom. LXVII. 217- 
219 (1984). . 

21. Tinea metonella, Pierce and Metcalfe. Liverpool; Entom, 
LXVII. 266 (1934). 

22. Tinea lanella, Pierce and Metcaife. Liverpool; Hntom. 
LXVII. 267 (1984). . 

Stigmellidae. Sunk as synonyms by Mey- 
23. Stigmella rufiicapitelia, Haworth.) rick but distinct by genitalia; 
24. Stigmella fletcher’, Tutt. ee Waters, Microlep. Oxford 

District, pp. 61, 62 (1929). 


~~ 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.19385 


25. Stigmella spinosissimae, Waters. Llandudno; Waters, E.M.M. 
LXIV, 105-106 (1928). 

26. Stigmella vimineticola, Frey. Sunk under salicis by Meyrick 
but is distinct fide Waters, Microlep. Oaf. Distr., p. 65 (1929). 

27. Stiymella decentella, Herrich-Schiffer. Eastbourne; Adkin, 
E'ntom. LUXVI, 25-27, t. 1, f. [1] (1988). 

28. Stiqmella albifasciella, Heinemann, Oxon, Berks., Hants., 
Dorset, Surrey, Norfolk; Waters, E.M:M., LXIV, 248-251 


(1928).—T. Batnericer- Uso (RN. F285 eee 
‘Rodborough, Stroud. . 


A Tame Pyramets atauanta.—On 21st August I was walking 
along a narrow lane, or rather passage with a hedge on each side, at 
Heston, when I observed a beautiful fresh specimen of the Red 
Admiral flying slowly about. It settled on the hedge, and I presented 
my hand to it, when it quietly got on to my hand, and [I carried it 
along fora few yards. It floated off, flew down the passage a little 
-way and settled again. I again presented my hand, and it got on as 
before. This happened three times, and when I got to the end of the 
passage, it flew over the hedge and disappeared. It was a fine day 
‘but not unduly hot; neither was I heated nor my hands hot. I 
mention this, as that had been suggested to me as an explanation of 
the butterfly’ s behaviour. Jt simply appeared to like being peuly 
carried along.— Horace DonistHorpE. 


HyprotaEA IRRITANS, ota. @ ATTACKED BY CARICEA TIGRINA, GAB. 2. 
—On 28th go: last, the Anthomyiid fly Hydrotaea irritans, Fln., 
was present in great numbers in Windsor Forest, buzzing all around 
and settling on one in the most annoying manner. When having 
‘lunch I noticed one fly attacking another ; it rolled it over and thrust 
the tongue between the. head and thorax, eventually killing it. As this 
_ seemed a rather curious proceeding to me, I bottled both, the aggressor 
continuing to suck the other in captivity. 

At first they looked alike, with the same hairs, yellowish pubescence, 
silver face, etc., and the only difference I could detect was that the one 
(Caricea tiyrina, Fab.) had yellowish legs and the other blackish ones. 

Though both belong to the Anthomyitidae, they are not at all closely 
related. I gave them to the British Museum and Mr. Edwards named 
them for me and said that the Caricea was known to be predacious, 
but had never been recorded as attacking a fly as large as itself before. 

The similarity in the two species may aid the one to get near so its 
prey without being noticed.— Horace Donisraorrs. 


PEeRONEA SHEPHERDANA, Stern. at SoutHampron,—Nearly full fed 
larvae of this species were common on Spiraea ulmaria, L, at Wood- 
_ mill on 24th June, 1935, and on 5th August the imagines were stirred 
out from clumps of the foodplant in the evening. The insect also 
occurs abundantly along the old canal between Southampton and 
Eastleigh, in fact I find it wherever the Spiraea grows in thick clumps 
among the rank one —Ww. Fassnivce (M.A., F.R.B\8.).. South- 
ampton. 


_ Pyrausta stacHyDaLis, ZIncK, IN ree RE TCE insect has been 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 115 


common this year for the first time in my experience. I have found 
it on Southampton Common, at Baddesley in several localities, by the 
old canal at Shawford, and at the foot of St. Catherine’s Hill near 
Winchester. On 27th June it was freshly emerged and it lasted until 
mid July. Young larvae were found in the same localities in mid 
August.—Ib. 


MYELoIS CIRRIGERELLA, ZINCK. TAKEN NEAR WINCHESTER, WITH 
Notes on tHE Larvau’ Hazirs.—My first opportunity of searching for 
this species during the last few years. was on 27th July, 1985, at 
Farley Mount, near Winchester, the locality where I had taken one 
specimen in 1927. As it happened to be a very windy day I decided 
to pluck the heads of Knautia arvensis, Coult. in the hope of finding 
larvae by sheer chance. When later I looked in the tin I found in it 
to my very great surprise a somewhat rubbed @ cirriyerella, which I 
had somehow managed to gather unnoticed with the flowers. I do 
not however recommend this method of collecting the species. Later 
in the evening the wind subsided a little and I was able to search more 
carefully, when I found that the larvae were not rare at all in one very 
restricted locality. ‘They were of all sizes, some already nearly full 
fed, feeding in dirty white silken tubes, on the seeded head of the 
middle scabious flower nearly always and only very rarely on a side 
head. The brownish orange larva can be seen through the tube of silk 
and readily leaves it when disturbed. ‘Three or four larvae may be 
found in each head and the spun tubes keep the seeds from falling 
after they are ripe enough todo so, I made a careful comparison of 
the larva with the description given by Monsieur Chrétien (Amateur 
de Papillons, Vol. II., 1924, p. 20) and found the description exact in 
every detail. From the heads gathered several tiny larvae emerged 
later, though nothing of them could be seen at the time. ‘They fed 
up very rapidly and spun spherical cocoons in root fibre. I revisited 
Farley Mount on 1st August and found many more larvae in a rough > 
field near; and on 7th August I found another locality still more 
prolific some half mile distant. By this date many of the seedheads 
that had contained larvae were already empty, but some tenanted 
heads were still to be found. 

Naturally I have searched in other localities in Hants, Dorset and 
Sussex, but I have met with no success. I have also devoted some 
time to searching for larvae in the heads of Scabivsa columbaria, Li, 
suggested as a possible foodplant, but could find no traces, even where 
S. columbaria grows in close proximity to K. arvensis. It has been 
suggested by Stange (Pyraliden von Friedland) that a succession of dry 
summers suits this species. However that may be, the insect is clearly 
not at all rare in the larval stage in this particular locality after two 
dry, hot seasons. For notes on M. cirrigerella in Kngland and on the 
continent the reader is referred to the Trans, Hants Ento. Soc., 1928, 
pp. 34-36.—Ib. 


ARSILONCHE ALBOVENOSA IN SoutH Devon.—I captured a male of this 
‘species in good condition sitting on a reed stem on 20th Aug. Mr. P. 
Milmen of Paignton kindly compared it with a long series of his own. 
I should be interested to know if it has been taken elsewhere than in 
‘the Hastern Counties.—(Capt.) C.'Q. Parsons, ‘‘ Alma Marceau,” Sea- 
way Lane, Torquay. 


116 ENTOMOLOGIS£’S RECORD. 15.X.19385 


CELERIO GALIL IN THE SHEtLaND Istanps.—Mr. T. E. D. Poore has 
verified for the Immigration Committee of the S. E. U. of Sei. Societies 
the capture of C. galii at Unst on 29.vii.85 by Mrs. Ian Sandison. 


It was visiting honeysuckle as was the specimen recorded ae year at 
the same place. 


THE PRESENCE oF ouR Micrant Species or Leprmoprera RECORDED 
FROM Bayonne, Basses Pyreners.—Two first appearances for 1985 
were Colias crouceus on 8th June and Colias hyale on 11th ‘April. ‘The 
first; and 1 think the only, Vanessa cardui I have seen this year up to 
27th August, was on 5th August—very fresh. On the same day saw 
several C. croceus and one v. /elice all pretty fresh. As regards your 
regular migrants, I should say that the following are certainly normal 
residents in this particular part of the Basses Pyrenees Department of 
France. Vanessa atalanta, Nymphalis io, Colias croceus (regular spring 
and summer broods), Macroglossum stellatar um (all the year round), 
Plusia gamma (very common), and Nomophila noctuella (very common). 

V. cardut seems very capricious. Some years it swarms, and in 
others it is very rare. Definitely not a normal resident I should say. 

C. hyale. Very common in other parts of the Basses Pyrenees, but 
rare here. 

Acherontia (Manduca) atropos. 1 know of only one taken here in 
the last ten years. : 

Herse convolvuli. ‘The commonest ‘“‘ Hawk Moth” in this district, 
but I have never seen the larva, and cannot 'say whether it is normally 
resident or not.—G. ‘I’. Apkin, Bayonne, Basses Pyrénées, 8. France. 

{From tbe ‘* Migration Records’ ” of the 8.E. Union of Scientific 
Societies. | 


CoLLECTING AND OxssEervine 1n Cornwatu.—As Official Recorder for 
Cornwall, I am glad to have T. G. Kdwards’s note about P.c-album on 
p. 105. -This species seems to have spread west from Devon into 
Cornwall in 1988 and last year 1 got as far as Tresillian, beyond which 
I have no records yet, and the existing records for the county are nearly 
all single specimens. 

In response to Mr. Edwards’s request for information about 
abnormal pairings ] can say that there are many of these scattered 
through the pages of this magazine, and the Hntomoloyist and Entomo- 
logist’s Monthly Magazine. If he can refer to Vol. V of the late J. W. 
Tutt’s British Lepidoptera he will find Chapter I (89 pages) devoted to 
‘‘ Hybridisation in Lepidoptera,’ and including a list of the known 
hybrids at that time (1906). Tutt also gives a list of recorded cross- 
pairings of non-allied species in nature, some of which are absolutely 
astounding. For instance, Dryas paphia g with Zephyrus quercus @ 
(Entom. XXVII. p. 26), Hybernia maryinaria 3 with Nyssia hispidaria 
2 (Ent. ec. LV. p. 156), are remarkable enough, but what is one to 
think of Hybernia maryinaria g with Taeniocampa pulverulenta 
(Entom. XXXIII. p. 224) and, above all Huchloé cardamines g with 
Bapta temerata Q@ (Entom. XXXI. p. 188) ?.—C. Nicsoxson, Tresillian, 
Cornwall. | 


Macro-Lepivoprera in 8. W. Lonpon.—Major C. Dick’s note (XLVII, 
25-6) of Lepidoptera observed in Wandsworth since 1925 led me to 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 117 


compare it with records of a neighbouring Borough (Streatham), in 
conjunction with the note by Mr. C. Nicholson in regard to Clapton 
records (XLVII, 38). 

- A list was compiled by a small Natural History Society of Streatham 
from 1908 to 1927, mainly the records of Mr. Roger Paton, M.A., and 
Mr. Cyril Paton. These records were of the flora and fauna of a 
district within one mile of Streatham Railway Station and included 
Streatham and Tooting Commons and a small part of Mitcham Com- 
mon, an area practically adjoining and just south of the district referred 
to by Major C. Dick. Up to about 15 years ago there were several 
rural lanes between Streatham and Mitcham Common, since when 
they have gradually disappeared with the spread of new houses. 

In 1928 Mr. Paton and other members of his family moved to 
Sutton and while the Society still functions, the area for which records 
are kept has been altered and considerably enlarged. The Streatham 
records have been deposited in the Streatham Library where they can 
be consulted. 

The list appended (of species occurring in most years) adds 74 to 
Major Dick’s list of 67, possibly because the Streatham list takes in an 
area a little more rural (at the time) than Wandsworth. 

Hipocrita jacobaeae is not reported in the Streatham list since 1919. 
The larvae used to swarm on the railway banks of Tooting Common 
many years ago. 

There is no record of Hnnomos fuscantaria since 1905, though Mr. 
Nicholson records it from Clapton, N. London. 

Hybernia aurantiaria, noted by Major Dick at Wandsworth, only 
occurs in the Streatham list for the year 1914 and his records of 
Acidalia sylvestraria (straminata), Acidalia floslactata (remutaria) and 
Dipterygia scabriuscula do not occur in the Streatham list. 

Eupithecia subnotata and EF. oblongata (centaureata), not in the 
Wandsworth list, but recorded by Mr. Nicholson as taken at Clapton, 
are included in the Streatham list. 

Eupithecia assimilata recorded from Clapton is not in the Streatham 
or Wandsworth lists. 

The Streatham Society’s list gives 269 species of Macro-Lepidop- 
tera observed between the years 1903 to 1927, 142 of which are recorded 
as observed in the grounds of Streatham College (now pulled down) at 
the foot of Streatham Common. 

Single records given below are of interest :— 

Colias hyale (1901), Nymphalis polychloros (1901), Pararge megera 
(1917), Acherontia atropos (1909), Herse convolvuli (1911), Dipsosphecia 
(Sesia) formicaeformis (1902), Arctia villica (1922), Diacrisia mendica 
(1922), E’pione repandaria (apiciaria) (1902), Biston (Pachys) strataria 
(1916), Cosymbia (E'phyra) porata (1912), C. punctaria (1902), Lithina 
chlorosata (Lozogramma petraria) (1919), Bupalus piniaria (1908), 
Abraxas sylvata (1905), Lomaspilis marginata (1905), Theria (Hybernia) 
rupicapraria (1905), Hupithecia innotata (fraxinata) (1918), H. castigata 
(1920), EL. absinthiata (1925), EL. nanata (1914), EH. tripunctaria (albt- 
punctata) (1927), Xanthorhoé montanata (1919), X. (Corenia) spadicearia 
(ferrugata) (1921), Lygris testata (1907), Cidaria miata (1914), C. truncata 
(1920), Notodonta ziczac (1902), Diloba coeruleocephala (1920), Acronicta 
leporina (1912), Calamia lutosa (1902), H’pineuronia popularis (1914), 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST S REGORD. 15.X.1985 


Charaeas.graminis (1919), Luperina cespitis (1913), Aramea ophiogramma 
(1918), : Miana ‘fasciuncula (1920), Petilampa arcuosa (1922), Taenio- 
campa yracilis (1918), Dyschorista suspecta (1920), Agrotis ypsilon (1911), 
Scopelosoma satellitia (1908), Xanthia citrago (1910), X. gilvago (1909), 
X. fulvayo (1910), Amathes cireellaris (1908), Calymnia diffinis (1922), 
Aplecta nebulosa (1914), Xylocampa areola (1918), Calocampa exoleta 
(1920), Cuciullia umbratica (1918), Plusta chrysttis (1925), P. pulchrina 
(1905), Scoliopterya libatria (1907), Amphipyra pyramidea (1908), Hnelt- 
dia ylyphica (1905), Heliaca tenebrata (1927), Nola cucullatella (1922). 

Macrolepidoptera recorded in Streatham list not included in the 
Wandsworth list (Hnt. Rec. XLVII. 26-7). Species marked * have 
been observed in occasional years and all the others practically every 
year from 1908 to 1927. Pieris napi, *Euchloé cardamines, *Gonep- 
teryx rhamni, Polyommatus icarus, *Zygaena filipendulae, Smerinthus 
ocellatus, *Macroglossum stellatarum, Synanthedon (Sesta) ayopaeformis, 
S. tipuliformis, S. vesptformis, Zeuzera pyrina, Cossus ligniperda 
(cossus), Hepialus humuli, *Cerura bifida, *Dasychira. pudibunda, 
Gonodontis bidentata, Crocallis elinguaria, Ennomos autumnaria 
(alniaria), EF}. quercinaria, Colotois (Himera) pennaria, Hemistola chryso- 
prasaria *(Geometra vernaria), Acidalia viryularia, Calothysanis (Timan- 
dra) amata, *Cabera pusaria, *Itame wauaria, *Chiasmia clathrata, 
Kipirrhoé alternata (sociata), Hrannis (Hybernia) leucophaearia, FE. 
marginaria, I). defoliaria, Alsophila aescularia, Kupithecita linariata, EF. 
oblongata (centanreata), EH. icterata (subfulvata), EH. subnotata, Gymnos- 
celis pumilata, Chloroclystis rectangulata (mostly black form), Thera 


i 


variata, Cidaria pyraliata, Pelurga comitata, Larentia clavaria *(Ortho- 


litha cervinata), Lophopteryx camelina, Pheosia tremula, Habrosyne. 


derasa, Palimpsestis octogesima, Leucania conigera, L. impura, Ochria 
ochracea, Hydroecia micacea, Axylia putris, Xylophasia lithoxylea, Cerigo 
matura, Luperina testacea, *Apamea bastlinea, Miana bicolorta, Cara- 
drina morpheus, Triphaena fimbria, T. ianthina, T. comes, Hb. (orbona, 
F.), Noctua augur, Taeniocampa incerta, T. stabilis, *Amathes litura, 
Calymnia trapezina, Cosmia affinis, Dianthoecia capsincola, Hecatera 


serena, Euplexia lucipara, Mamestra trifolit, M. oleracea, M. pisi,. 
? h p p) 5) >) 5] 


Abrostola triplasia, Amphipyra tragoponis, Naenia typtca. 


GIURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 
The Annual Exhibition and Conversazione of the South London 
Entomological and Natural History Society takes place on 24th October 


at their commodious rooms, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge, 8.E. 
Visitors are welcome to this open meeting, particularly if they bring’ 


exhibits. : 


Herr Dr. Junk, from his new premises in Den Haag (Holland) has" 


recently issued a pamphlet entitled Diptervlogi which contains a List 


of the names and addresses of all living Dipterists with the particular 
section or family of the Order in which they may be more particularly 


interested. There are also lists with. prices of the more or less rare. 


books which Herr Junk has at his disposal just now. — 


The last meeting of the Entomological Club for the 1984 session | 


was held at Chantry Lodge, Longdown, Guildford, on the 18th May, 


SOCIETIES. ~~ 119 


1935, Mr. W. J. Kaye in the Chair. Members present in addition to the 
Chairman :—Sir Edward B. Poulton, F.R.S., Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis, 
Mr. J. E. Collin, Dr. Harry Eltringham, F.R.S. Visitors present :— 
Mr. F. W. Frohawk, Mr. Russell James, Dr. Karl Jordan, F.R.S., Mr. 
Frank A. Oldaker, Mr. N. D. Riley, Mr. J. A. Simes, and Mr. W. Rait- 
Smith. The guests were received by Mr., Mrs. and the Misses Kaye at 
12.30 p.m. and luncheon was served at 1 o'clock, after which 
Mr. J. EK. Collin exhibited a series of 10 specimens of a rare British 
Syrphid (Chilosia chrysocoma, Ng.) from Cothill near Oxford. Previous 
to the species being found in this locality by Mr. E. Rivenhall Goffe in 
1932 only single specimens had been recorded from Selsley and Pains- 
wick in Gloucestershire, Tarrington in Herefordshire, and Nethy Bridge 
(Inverness-shire): The species is far from common at Cothill, the 
specimens exhibited being the result of three days collecting in 1934 
and five days collecting in the present year, on both occasions early in 
May. It has a fairly wide range of distribution in Northern and 
Central Europe but its life-history is unknown. Males and females 
were exhibited. After luncheon the guests inspected the gardens 
including the greenhouses recently erected by Mr. Kaye to receive his 
large collection of orchids. The season was rather too early for the best 
show but many beautiful orchids were in bloom and were much 
admired. Chantry Lodge is situated on an eminence overlooking a 
beautiful valley and on clear days very extensive views over the hills are 
obtained. During the afternoon the Chairman’s collections of British 
and Foreign Lepidoptera were inspected and amongst the latter the 
Sphingidae created much interest. After tea a walk along the hill- 
ridge, which afforded a fine view of the neighbourhood, was interrupted 
by rain, and after returning to the Chantry Lodge the members and 
visitors left about six o'clock after a most entertaining day.—H. 
WitLtovuessy Ets. . 


SoOocikTIES. 


Tae Royat Enromovoeicat Socrety.—At. the opening of the autumn: 
session the new regulations for the conduct of the meetings proved to. 
be quite satisfactory. The exhibits were on view in the meeting-room 
an hour before the commencement. Dr. O. W. Richards dealt with 
British humble-bees of which, ‘‘It appears possible to recognize two 
types of racial distribution, the ‘fringing’ where races occur discon- 
tinuously on islands along the whole south-western rim of the British 
Isles, and the “ insular,” where races ars developed only in the north.”’ 
Dr. L. G. Higgins illustrated and discussed the discontinuous distribu- 
tion of Huphydryas (Melitaea) wolfensbergeri, Frey (not maturna, L.) and 
of FH. desfontainii, Gdt., whose nearest representatives are in the far, 
East, EZ. intermedia, Mén. and FH. orientalis, H.-S. respectively. Other 
species showing a similar distribution were exhibited, and referred to 
in the exhibitor’s remarks. The Abstract, forwarded to all Fellows. 
previously, was an effective introduction to the proceedings.—Hy.J.T. — 


120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.19385 


FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS: 


PRockEDINGS AND Transactions oF THE SoutH Lonpon Enrtomo- 
LOGICAL AND Natura History Society, 1984-35. 8vo. Pp. xx+149. 
Price 10s. 6d.—The South London Society, which is now composed of 
245 members, has issued its Annual rather later than usual and this, 
also as usual, gives an interesting record of Field and Scientific 
Meetings during the year, the period covered being from 8th February, 
1934, to 24th January, 1935. Practically, therefore, the record refers 
to the year 1934 and it might be simpler to quote the single year 1934 
on the cover and so simplify bibliographic references. It contains the 
same number of pages as the volume for the preceding year but no 
plates. The interests of the active members seem to be predominantly 
lepidopterological since nine of the papers printed here deal with 
Lepidoptera, three others dealing with Mite Galls, Megaloptera and 
Trypetidae, whilst the Presidential Address is of a more general nature, 
and it is interesting to note that five of the papers on Lepidoptera are 
concerned with the “ Micros,’’ which are neglected by most lepiaop- 
terists, who seem to be contented with considerably less than half the 
proverbial loaf. Wemay draw attention to Mr. Jacob’s paper (pp. 
99-104) on Aphomia yularis, Zeller 1877, which is not only an inter- 
esting recent addition to the British List but seems likely to establish 
itself and prove a pest in warehouses of dried fruit. In “ Suggestions 
for the Study of the Micro-Lepidoptera,’ Mr. Hy. J. Turner gives a 
List of Text-Books in which we note a few minor inaccuracies and the 
omission of such authors as Haworth (not in English), Stephens, 
Donovan and Curtis, as well as Kennel’s tome on the Palaearctic 
Tortricina. The parts of Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum, dealing with 
the families not included in Junk’s Catalogues (e.g., Gelechiadae, 
Oecophoridae), might also have been included. 

Mr. 8. N. A. Jacobs in his paper on ‘ the Micro-Lepidoptera ”’ 
mentions “‘ Some species newly added to the British List” but only 
notes four by name as additions since the publication of the Revised 
Handbook. It appears that twenty-eight species* have been added to 
our List since the publication of the Revised Handbook in March 1928 
and an extension of interest in these smaller moths will doubtless lead 
to the discovery of still more. It is to be hoped that such papers as 
those by Messrs. Jacobs and Wakely will arouse some interest, especially 
on the part of those younger members whom Stainton used to describe 
as ‘‘ incipients.”’ 

Dr. Cockayne notes (pp. 119-120) the presence of an anal comb in 
a Tortricid (?) larva and Mr. E. E. Syms gives some biological notes 
(pp. 121-124) on species of Sialis and Raphidia, two groups studied by 
few in this country. 

Mr. R. Adkin’s paper on “Some lost suburban Hunting Grounds ”’ 
(pp. 125-131) not only recalls memories of many open spaces, now 
overbuilt or otherwise spoiled, where good collecting was to be done 
something over forty years ago but is itself a sad reminder of our loss 
by Mr. Adkin’s recent death. In those days the Bishop’s Fence was 
always productive and West Wickham woods and Shirley Heath were 
favourite collecting-places. It is indeed sad to read of their altered 
condition. 

The South London Society may again be congratulated on an inter- 
esting record of useful work during 1984.—T. Barnsriecr F'LercHer. 


* See List printed on p. 112 ante. 


SP EPs tbs PE 


ea 


' 
a 
3 
; 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTEL should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Ay. J. Tornen, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications 1puNTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InuusTRarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHOoR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers niay have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Desiderata.—Species of Doleriie and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list 
sent.—R. C. iL. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ durago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, lLunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgaie Road, 
Kingston Surrey. 

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work ati the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. juscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. 
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with 
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehirde), 
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. 


For Satz.—A complete set of ‘‘ The Vasculum ”’ is on hand for disposal. Particulars 
and price on application to William Carter, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London. —4i, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W.7. 
8 p.m. October 16th. Nov. 6th, 20th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
Oct. 24th (Exhibition) November 14th.—Hon. Secretary, 8S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘“ Ditchling,” 
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 

The London Natura! Histcry Society.—Meetings firet four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be cbtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornbiower, 91, Queen’s Read, Buckhurst Hill, 
Essex. 

Entomological Section, Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical 
Society.—Evening Meetings. On the third Monday of each month; 7.45 p.m., at 58, 
Newhall Street, Birmingham. Visitors welcomed. First Meeting Oct. 21st.—P. Siviter 
Smith, Pebworth, Stratford--on-Aven. 


Dr O. STAUDINGER & A. BANG-HAAS 
DRESDEN-BSLASEWITZ (Germany). 


The oldest Entomological Firm in the World, 


Established 1858. 
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NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY ~— 


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Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., 
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Communications have been received from or have _ been promised — by a ; 
Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Hllis, 
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T. Greer, H. W.Andrews, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, T. Sneyd Taylor, Dr. M. a 
E. P. Wiltshire, R. E. Ellison, F. H. Lees, W. Fassnidge, Dr. Hoffmeyer, W. P. suited 
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All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, e : 


‘* Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 


IMPORTANT 


TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 


The Entomologist’s Record 


and Journal of Variation. : 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


GONTENTS OF Voi. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the __ 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymie notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea. Heliophobus hispiduse— 

ay 


Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., efc., 360 pp. 
CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Meranism anp MunaNocarotsm—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on q 


By 


Variation (many)—How to breed 4grotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima Ja 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys — 


prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Diank 4 4 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwieh, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen: 


clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes — 
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora — 4 
derasa, ete., efc., 312 pp. 
To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, §.E. 3. 


to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 


_ Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1 


DEV 3d Wad 


No. 1l 


NOVEMBER, 1935 


> 
7% 


ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD 
, AND 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Sea 7 ae RN ow Rn Oe, er cs See z 


SEE ee ie SR a es Se RS ee 


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Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.4@.S. T. BaInBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.8., 
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By Henry J. TURNER, F.2.5.8., F.R.H.8., Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


Ee Collecting i in Dorset and Kent, F. H. Lees... 2 121 
i _ Aberrations of Coleoptera, New to Science, H. Donisthorpe, F. 12. S., F, RE. s. 124 
= Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae, Orazio Querci.. a ss i 124 
. 4 Nomenclature. Madridand Lisbon .. es Ze ce 126 


_ Norzs on Coniectinc.—A Venturesome Dragonfly, 6. ee Micro- 
Larvae in the Winter Months ; Breeding of H. pinastri, W. P. Seabrook ; 

Macro- Lepidoptera in §.W. ‘London, C. Nicholson; Lepidoptera of 
Jutland, Hy.J.T.; Parasites, etc. in the nests of the House-Martin in 
Windsor Forest, H. Donisthorpe; Scarcity of C. croceus in S, England, 
W. P. Seabrook ; Crippled Moths in 1935, Id.; C. nupta this autumn, 
Ay d Ts Distribution of P. ¢- album, C. Craufurd ; C. croceus in the 
W. of Scotland, Id. ; ; Brief Notes from the Midlands 1s (Wores, and Glos.), 


P. Siviter Smith aoe me 126 
a ‘Connenr Norzs .. re : me ig ae a ae oe 132 
 =Revrew. —Insect Wonders of Heenan os Paz 132 


ests: British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R. E. Suask ”R. H. S. II (17)-(20) 
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COLLECTING IN DORSET AND KENT. 121 


Collecting in Dorset (Sth-2Ist July) and Kent (15th-29th Sept.) 1934. 
By F. H. LEES. 


[Read to the Entomological Section of the Birmingham Nat. Hist. and Philoso- 
phical Socy., 18th March, 1935.] 


The Isle of Purbeck will ever be associated, primarily, by rayaele 
with that lovely Hawk-moth, Hyloicus pinastri, peacefully nestling on 
the pine trees, staring one in the face and yet by no means obvious 
until diligently sought. 

Although in the breeding-cages the majority appear to have made a 
point of emerging in the late afternoon and evening, this did not appear 
to be the general case in the open. At any rate, by mid-afternoon 
they were to be found fully developed, well up on the trunks, and later, 
were so very high up, as a rule, that it was often difficult to get them, 
if the tree was a tall one. 

It was early: evening the first time we searched, and my more 
experienced com panions—Professor Whitehouse and Mr. Leslie Burt 
—found one on a smallish stunted tree, at an angle where the first 
branch forked from the trunk. Assured by them that ‘‘ the beasta ’’ was 
somewhere on the tree, I accepted their challenge to discover it, and I 
was certainly very much longer spotting it than I felt [ ought to have 
been. 

Two of the pinastri females we found were rather worn, but caged 
up with plenty of Pine, they provided me with some 120 eggs. From 
the resultant pupae, I am hoping to raise another generation and 
improve my acquaintance with the living imago on the footing of host 
instead of passing stranger. 

On their native heath the larvae were, I understand, very numerous 
last August, and, from all accounts, 1934 seems to have been quite 
definitely a pinastri year in Dorset. Whether its establishment may 
now be regarded as a permanent one, only time can answer. Hach 
season they appear to have been taken over an increasingly large area 
and there seems no very obvious reason why they should not continue 
to spread. 

The first morning we spent in the Isle of Purbeck rewarded me 
with my first personal contact with Colwas croceus (edusa) for many 
years. We captured 8 males, all we saw, and curiously enough the 
species never turned up again during the remainder of our stay, and, 
(from what we have been told) very few —if any— in August either. 

The same morning and throughout the fortnight, Satyrus galathea, 
Epinephele tithonus and Adopoea acteon were plentiful in all suitable 
spots; Argynnis aglaia, too, was fairly common on the higher ground. 

The Buddleias and Ceanothus attracted A. paphia, an occasional 
wandering A. adippe and such Vanessa species as were out. One fine 
hutchinsonii @ of Polygonia c-album provided us with some 8 dozen 
egos from which we reared a nice series of the usual late summer (or 
should I say autumnal) form. Another diurnal visitor to the garden 
was Lycaenopsis argiolus, the females being perhaps further allured 
by the Ivy in the hedge, though the bud clusters were very immature. 
The Ceanothus was particularly attractive too, to the huge dipterous 
parasite I’ve bred all too often from Macrothylacia rubi, and was kept 


under close observation by our dipterist Mr. Wainwright. 
15,xi.35. , 


122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1935 


Nearly everyone, I suppose, associates Swanage with long series 
of “ Blues” and especially with Polyommatus coridon. I had been 
taking a few odd ones flying around prior to 19th July, but on that 
day it was appointed that my eyes should be opened. I was taken to 
a wonder-land indeed; reached not without some difficulty, involving 
gross cruelty to an inoffensive car and scrambling unsuited to our years. 
Stories of “‘ Blues’ in their thousands I had always liberally discounted 
(mentally), heretofore; but here, in very fact, was ocular demonstration 
to confound my former scepticism. It wasa glorious experience, which 
T shall never forget. A sweep of the net in any direction could scarcely 
fail to secure half a dozen assorted ‘‘ blues,” and frequently by displaying 
a little dexterity each haul was upwards of twenty. 

As my delight in such exceptional surroundings became normality, 
I realized that many other insects were there, too, in good numbers— 
Ortholitha chenopodiata (limitata), for instance, in great variety, and, of 
course, QO. bipunctaria, nor do I think I’ve ever seen Satyrus galathea 
more abundant. Even then it seemed that | was in danger still, of 
failing to-see the wood for the trees, for | found my companion later 
on, with his usual perspicacity, coolly and exclusively netting rare 
migrant Pyrales, securing an occasional Acontia luctuosa and other 
surprises, which my ‘ blue’-blinded vision had failed even to perceive. 

We paid a second visit to this marvellous spot the evening before 
our return to Birmingham, and, in the interval of waiting for our 
nocturnal game to arrive, we examined many hundreds of undersides 
of butterflies ranged in serried ranks on the taller herbage; P. coridon 
varieties were however very few and far between, bearing out the 
generally accepted opinion that the majority of varietal forms occur 
among the late broods. I was happy in securing a very fine semi- 
obsoleta and when I started setting, 1 found I’d taken one fowleri as well. 

The sugar we had previously put on the posts along the cliff edge 
and other suitable positions, gave us a busy hour or so, though nothing 
of very unusual interest turned up. Some of the many seeming 
Leueania lithargyria gave us food for thought and may well merit 
further careful examination. Until proved otherwise one of them at 
any rate has been placed, I believe, among the albipuncta and, 
similarly, I am querying one of my captures as possibly being Orthosta 
suspecta (which would be new to the Dorset list) instead of the Rustic 
I expect it will prove to be. Unfortunately the night became 
increasingly windy and conditions deteriorated, so we fell back on 
‘Light though not very profitably. We captured a good many Comacla 
mundana flying around the stone walls which had to be climbed on 
the way back, and, later still, using the car lights on the way home, 
we ran into a flight of Chiasmia clathrata, securing all we wanted, 
together with a fine Sphina ligustri and a few other oddments. 

On other previous ocasions we had worked both light and sugar 
on the low-lying heath and bog-land further inland and found the 
former the more remunerative, the bag including Coscinia cribrum, 
Lithosia mesomella and both forms of Ll. griseola. Prof. Whitehouse 
picked up a pair of Heliothis dipsacea among the heather and Acidalia 
emutaria and some very large and fine Pseudoterpna pruinata (cytisaria) 
were taken in the same region. Puachycnemia hippocastanaria often 
flew up out of the grass at the side of the road here, though it never 
came to the sheet if I recollect aright. This species was perhaps more 


COLLECTING IN DORSET AND KENT. 123 


frequently seen along the sand hills, behind which, there was a wonder- 
fully interesting region that produced, among many other things— 
Comacla seneax, Coenobia rufa, Eustrotia uncula, Epione repandaria 
(apiciaria) and Gnophos obscurata. 

The Isle of Purbeck might well be regarded as a paradise for the 
Lithosiinae with the var. unicolor, of Lithosia deplana as its crowning 
glory. I well remember one spot on the Corfe road where a halt with 
the car in the early hours of a day whose dawn alone could persuade 
- us that beds had their uses, brought moths galore careering along the 
road, darting from the hedges and dropping from the trees. I think it 
was then that not only did deplana join the throng of the ubiquitous 
Miltochrista miniata, and L. lurideola, but along came Atolmis rubricollis 
and Oeconistis guadra as well. Among the ‘Geos’ Semiothisa alternata, 
Hipparchus papilionaria, Euchiorts vernaria and Boarmia lichenaria 
were perhaps the most noteworthy on that occasion. 

In a woodland glade on the hillside not far from the same spot, we 
took, on another evening, both Stauropus fagi and Arctia villica among 
a host of things that came to the car lights towards the end of a 
strenuous night, during which we had been visited by a thunderstorm 
and had had a most disappointing sugaring. 

This was the occasion when, noticing a diminution in the moths’ 
interest in our illumination at about the usual zenith hour of 1. 30, we 
suddenly realized that the lights were failing—that the car battery had 
nearly run down. The question, ‘was there enough “juice” to start 
the car?’ received a definitely negative answer, and a search for the 
removable starting-handle, utterly failed to disclose that useful adjunct! 
An heroic effort to start the engine by letting the car roll baekwards 
down the hill, landed that faithful ally in the hedge just before our 
slade had access to the main road. We were sorry to leave a good 
friend in such circumstances, but we were many miles from home and 
help, so we bade the car farewell, shouldered our kit, and tramped back 
—dispirited ?—not a bit of it; our nets were flying, our hand lamps 
flashing as we marched along, and I don’t think a single grumble came 
from either of us, though I would not say that our necessarily 
tightened belts may not have prompted a subconscious murmur of 
‘‘ What price glory !’’— 

No account of our Dorset exploits would be complete without some 
reference to the Professor’s splendid arrangement of utilizing his house 
and the lighting thereof as a super moth-trap. The well-lit porch, 
dining room and bathroom (in addition to the official trap on the 
balcony) all feature largely as the precise locality of many captures, 
and one of the party could always usefully be left to keep house when 
an all night excursion was on the programme. More frequently, on a 
return home about 2.30 a.m., it was a case of ‘ All hands on deck,” 
rushing around pill-boxing the cream of the assembled guests placidly 
awaiting us on the walls and ceilings, before, with the approach of day, 
they silently stole away. Not only were all the Aventia fleaula taken 
in this way and many of the Professor’s best Pyrales, but Bb. lichenaria 
and S. alternata and many other quite good things were nearly always 
in attendance. On a good night, the bathroom was an especial joy to 
behold, and I well remember the diversion on one of the quiet nights 
on which there seemed ‘ nothing doing,’ caused by a huge but battered 
Sphinx ligustri, that strenuously resisted ejectment from under the bath 
which was required for its legitimate purpose. : 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X1.1985 


Dusking was by no means neglected, though but little time could 
be spared for larva searching. 

We had one afternoon’s beating in the New Forest with very poor 
results. Earlier this year, we were told, many species—chaonia and 
dodonea in particular—had been very abundant, but we found very little 
sign of larvae of any sort, and had to be content with a bag of some 
three Acronicta leporina, a few Dasychira pudibunda and Drepana 
lacertinaria and assorted ‘Geos.’ We saw Limenitis camilla, Polygonia 
c-album, and a few Fritillaries, and Gad-flies were well up to standard. 


(To be concluded.) 


Two Aberrations of Coleoptera new to Science, and one new to 
Britain. 
By HORACE DONISTHORPEH, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. 
(Department of Entomology, British Museum, Natural History). 

1. Coccinella 11-punctata, L., ab. janeae, n.ab. 

Formula=4, 1, 2+38, 24+4, 4+5. 

This aberration is not in my paper ‘‘ On the Subspecies and Aber- 
rations of Coccinella 11-punctata, L.” [Ent. Rec. 30 121-28 (1918)] , nor 
in any of Dr. Mader’s publications. He also informs me that it is 
unknown to him. I have named it in honour of the late Miss Florence 
Jane Kirk. 

Taken by sweeping in Windsor Forest, 3rd July, 1935. 

2. Anthicus bifasciatus, Rossi, ab. dorothyae, n.ab. 

_ Differs from the typical form in that the head, thorax (except a very 
narrow yellow border at the base), elytra (except the yellowish spots) 
and femora are quite black. The antennae, palpi, tibiae, and tarsi are 
brownish yellow instead of yellow, and the spots, especially the ones 
near the shoulders, are much reduced in size. Named in honour of 
Miss Dorothy E. Kirk. It will be remembered that I named an aber- 
ration of Anthicus antherinus, L., ireneae after Miss Irene Kirk [| Fnt. 
Rec. 47 8 (1935)]. Taken in a manure heap at Oxford, 21st July, 
1935. 

Commander Walker kindly took me to this manure heap to take 
Philonthus rectangulus, Sharp, and we neitber of us recognized the 
insect in the field, though both of us have taken the typical Anthicus 
bifasciatus, Rossi. 

3. Phyllobius oblongus, L., ab. floricola, Herbst. Naturg. Kafer 6 
220 (1795). 

' In this aberration the head, thorax, elytra, and underside are quite 
black. 

Taken by beating elm in Windsor Forest 6th June, 19385. 


_ An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae. III. 
By ORAZIO QUERCI. 
(Continued from p. 112.) 


Tue Srruation on 2nD SEPTEMBER, 1982. 


Now Pieris rapae should be in mixed generation condition because 
those of the third brood overlapped before with those of the second 
and after with those of the fourth and fifth broods, and the mixed 
generation butterflies of the sixth brood flew together with those of the 
fifth, The situation might be about as follows :— 


THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. 125 


Fifth Brood.—There are some adults and a few pupae. 

Siath Brood.—Many adults, pupae and eggs. 

Seventh Brood.—Besides the earliest adults of this brood there are 
many chrysalides and eggs. 

Highth Brood.—There are only the eggs laid by the earliest emerged 
specimens of the mongrel seventh brood. 

At’ home all the larvae of Pieris died, but the 938° to 97° heat 
injured neither the eggs nor the pupae. Even at the Park Way no 
larva of the ‘‘ Whites’ should have remained alive as the vegetation 
was poor. 


Tue Cumate FRoM 3RD To 25TH SEPTEMBER. 


On 8rd September the heat decreased a little and not all the larvae 
dropped from the stems a short time after they hatched, as had 
happened on the preceeding three days. On 5th and 6th September 
it rained, the temperature lowered and the caterpillars found their 
best living condition. On 16th September it rained again. The last 
control of the abundance, produced by the heat in the year 1932, 

occurred on 23rd September when the temperature 
rose suddenly from 66° in the morning to 88° at 
eleven o’clock and the vapour pressure, which was 


. 58. 25—Some fresh ‘‘ Whites”’ are on the wing. 

. 59. 190—The larvae hatched after 2nd September, which 

. 56. 205 developed in the most suitable conditions, and 

. 62. 209 pupated after the 8th, produce now a large emer- 

. 68. 134 gence of mixed generation of the sixth, seventh and 

. 64. 115 eighth broods. We take only a few of them. 

. 66. 80—This moderate heat-wave kills the larvae which 

. 58, 81 had delayed longer to develop. 

. 53. 78—To-day the larvae in our cages are less active as the 
temperature has heen almost always 60° to 55° 


z 616 at noon, dropped to 200 some hours later. We 
. .& had many mature larvae which became unable to 
=| = = pupate and collapsed, but the young ones were not 
i ¢ # & injured. When the temperature was below 72° 
= ..°. 4 the females of P. rapae neither mated (at least in 
ne i. OUT cages) nor laid eggs. 
Sep, = = & 
8 88. 75. 145—Many butterflies emerge. Some of the larvae 
4 89. 75. 87 hatched on these days do not die at once. 
5 88. 75. 168—The females in our cages lay many eggs. 
6 86. 65. 20—Fresh specimens are very scarce because of the 
7 72. 60. 10 massacre of larvae of 27th August. . 
8 76. 58. 8—The heat decreases and the eggs hatch after four - 
9 81. 64. 16 days instead of three. In spite of the fine weather 
10 77. 58. 19 P. rapae continue to be scarce. 
J1 79. 57. 20—The eggs hatch after five days but the larvae are 
12 82. 60. 5 very active. From 11th to 15th September we 
18 88. 62. 8 took only two P. rapae, which are marked in my 
14 80. 68. 12. series with the ordinals Nos. 2221 and 2232, and 
15 81. 65. 10 which look to be perfect. All the others were worn. 
16 75. 66. O—To-day it is cloudy and raining. 
76 
76 
77 
85 
85 
79 
88 
75 
70 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S REOORD. 15.X1.1985 


Norre.—The earliest eggs of the eighth brood were laid, probably, 
on 81st August. They were not injured by the heat and the larvae 
hatched on 8rd September just when the temperature was a little below 
the fatal point. Those larvae grew rapidly and some pupae were 
formed on 9th September. However, being no more hot, the chrysalides 
(in our cages) delayed at least nine days, instead of seven, to produce 
the adults. With the support of what happened at home, I believe 
that the P. rapae of the eighth brood emerged on 17th or 18th Sep- 
tember, and later on. 


(To be concluded.) 


Nomenclature.— Madrid and Lisbon. 


At the Lisbon Congress of Zoology (Sept. 1935) the International 
Commission of Zoological Nomenclature unanimously agreed to a 
number of propositions placed before the Commission by the Inter- 
national Committee of Entomological Nomenclature with the approval 
of the International Congress of Entomology. In many instances the 
Rules were suspended in order to cut short existing confusion and to 
preserve the traditional sense of certain names of genera and families. 
The more important propositions of which the Commission approved 
were the suppression of the generic names in the so-called HKrlangen 
List of Hymenoptera 1801, and the definite fixation of about 60 
generic names of Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera, among 
them Argynnis, EHuploea, Euthalia, Satyrus, Vanessa, Phaneroptera, 
Locusta (for ‘ Locusts’), Bracon, Lasius, Ichneumon, Pompilus, 
Sphea, etc. 

The large residue of generic names have now to be submitted to a 
special Committee of the International Commission of Zoological 
Nomenclature, to be closely examined for a reasonable basis for their 
acceptance or rejection. Since the members of this Committee will be 
nationals of no one country, a long interval must necessarily elapse 
before any proposed amendments are definitely sanctional for use 
. generally. It is certainly foolish of one country to adopt names not 
generally accepted and which are actually under determination. 


YJ OTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


A Venturesome Draconrity.—Il was much interested in Mr. 
Donisthorpe’s experience with Pyrameis atalanta, related on p. 114, 
because a somewhat similar incident happened to me on 29th 
September last. I was walking on the River Drive near here—a 
private road from ‘“ Perealenick”’ to the village of St. Clement, which 
is a public footpath by permission and a favourite walk of Truronians 
on fine Sunday afternoons. It runs at one part between the river and 
a large pond, and there can generally be found at that spot a specimen 
or two of Sympetrum striolatum. J had extended my arm and hand to 
pick a blackberry from the hedge and a specimen of that Dragonfly 
alighted on my index finger quite uninvited. It was a male in perfect 
condition and remained quietly on my finger for quite two minutes, 
whilst I turned it gently about and noted the very conspicuous red 
spots on each side of its thorax at the base of the wings. It seemed 
‘loth to go, but at last flew off without undue haste. For such a 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 127 


notoriously skittish insect | thought this exceedingly remarkable and 
had I been able to catch a small fly I would have offered it !—C. 
Nicuotson, Tresillian, Truro, Cornwall. 24th October, 1935. 


Micro Larvaz in THE WinteR Montus.—Active collecting need not 
be neglected, for many species can be obtained during the winter by 
diligent work, of course preceded by consultation of reliable text books 
for the how and where to look. In sheltered places many leaves still 
remain or can be found below the tree or bush where they have in 
early winter not yet decayed. The nut leaves contain the conspicuous 
mines of Nepticula microtheriella and N. fioslactella often in numbers; 
the mines are easily distinguished by colour, the former light brown 
and the latter white. Of course the leaves must not be allowed to 
become either too dry or too wet. Probably a flower pot under partial 
shade imitating the kind of position when found in nature, where they 
would have to complete their metamorphosis, would be best. A wild 
vetch is often noted climbing in hedges; its leaves may contain the 
larvae of Lithocolletis niyrescentella (bremiella). The leaves of oaks will 
contain mines of N. quinquedla and of young low growing oaks among 
herbage the leaves will contain larvae of L. lautella. Mining the leaves 
of honeysuckle one now finds the larvae of L. emberizaepennella. The 
water plantain will be found to contain low down in its stems larvae 
of Phalonia alismana (udana) indicated by small holes. ‘The stems 
must be kept out in all weathers until near emerging time. In rough 
growing thistles one can often meet with the dirty whitish looking 
cases of Coleophora therinella firmly fixed almost at right angles to the 
stems. ‘The thistle stems must be cut and taken; it is not advisable 
to merely pluck the leaves. ‘I'he larvae of Metzneria carlinella will be 
found in the seed heads of the carline thistle on chalky slopes, and 
near by the stems of viper’s bugloss will contain larvae of Louglasia 
ocnerostomella in long galleries. In the stems of the taller more robust 
thistles in waste places one will possibly find abundance of the larvae of 
Myelois cribrella, often many in a stem. Species of Hlachista may be 
found mining leaves of grasses during the winter months till March, 
viz., H. megerlelia (adscitella), H. gleichenella, . albifrontella, HE. ganga- 
bella, HE’. cinereopunctella, etc. Puparia of Homveosoma sinuella may be 
found in the root-stocks of Plantayo lanceolata although they do not 
change to pupa till May. Larvae of Nephopterya genistella are to be found 
in companies on furze bushes. Rootstocks of Artemisia absynthium 
hold larvae of Huzophera cineroselia (artemisiella) which mine both in 
roots and stems. 


Hyuoicus pinastri.—On 8th July, 1935, the writer was fortunate 
enough to find eleven freshly emerged H. pinastrit (somewhere in 
England !) amongst which was one brown one, This is of a uniform 
chocolate colour instead of the typical grey. The normal darker marks 
show through the brown colour as in the type. They were found 
resting on the trunks of Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris) from four to six 
feet from the ground, on all sides of the trunks including the windward 
side, which was, on this particular day, fully exposed to a sharp east 
wind. 

It was found that they resented being confined in the largest box 
available, becoming very restless and damaging themselves, so most of 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.19385 


them were at once killed. Two pairs, however, were found in copula 
and from 80 to 50 ova were laid by each female within a few days. It 
is not known whether the fact that they were disturbed affected the 
number laid, or their fertility. 

The ova commenced hatching out on 16th July somewhat irregu- 
larly over a period of ten days, and about half the number were fertile. 
A few larvae were lost the first few days by getting off their food and 
failing to find their way back to it. 

Fresh dry Scotch pine shoots were given and at first they fed on 
the young leaves only. Later on, when about half-grown they fed upon 
the old leaves only, and at about this time changed their oo from 
clear green to brown. 

This is an interesting case of colour-protection. While the larvae 
fed upon the young bright green leaves they were green, but when they 
went on to the old leaves they lay along the brown shoots and fed upon 
the old leaves and at the same time changed their colour to brown, 
which matched perfectly the shoots upon which they rested as they fed. 

Similarly, the imagines match almost perfectly the colour of the 
pine bark upon which they rest and are very difficult to detect. 

On hatching, the larvae were kept close in small tins covered with 
“ petrol-gauze-strainer’”’ lids and given fresh dry young pine leaves. 
When about an inch long half the number were sleeved outdoors and 
fed up perfectly well, not one being lost. When nearly fully fed four 
or five were placed in a large flower pot covered with muslin. The 
lower half of the pot was filled with baked leaf-mould and pine needles 
and a supply of leaves kept therein. Much variation was noted in the 
time of maturity of the larvae, some thriving much quicker than others, 
but by the end of August all had safely pupated. 

The rest of the larvae were kept all the time indoors, fed regularly 
with fresh pine shoots, and when nearly fully grown, were divided up 
into fours or fives and placed in large flower pots as previously described. 
Not one was lost, but this method is more trouble than sleeving and 
apparently no more successful. In a month or so, the pupae will be 
carefully taken out of the leaf mould, kept dry and when about to 
emerge, be put on to damper mould in a large cage. Also, some will 
be mildly forced out on damp sand as has been successfully done with 
Manduca (Acherontia) atropos. Smerinthus ocellatus, Mimas_ tiliae, 
Amorpha popult and Sphina ligustri keep quite quiet and content in a 
fairly large cage and will mate, but pinastri resents confinement of any 
sort and, although they will mate in a cage about three feet square, 
cannot be trusted to keep themselves undamaged. 

I am indebted to Dr. Lowther of Grange, Lanes, for advice on 
rearing these insects and have got them to the pupal singe safely, at 
any rate, and will report again on their emergence.—W. P. SEABROOK, 
Great Baddow, Chelmsford. 1 GxiSo. 


Macro-Lepipoptrra in §.W. Lonpon.—The notes on pp. 116-17 
are not signed,* but the writer has apparently misread my remark, 
p. 88, about Hnnomos fuscantaria. | have never seen either that 
species or H. autumnaria alive, my series having been acquired by 
exchange. I have always considered 8. London to be a better area for 


* By an unfortunate slip the writer’s name was omitted from the text. It 
was put on the cover, however.—EHp. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 129 


Lepidoptera than North, and the list on pp. 116-17 goes far to confirm 
that idea, but I have no doubt that Epping Forest 50 years ago, before 
it became a public playground, would have been more prolific than the 
whole of §. London and perhaps it is hardly fair to drag it in. 
Anyway Clapton is only 4 miles from the city and it produced some 
fairly decent species at that time. 

I got a specimen of Apamea ophiogramma on a fern in the garden 
in 1889 and another was caught flying in 1890. The larvae no doubt 
fed on our variegated Ribbon Grass (Phalaris arundinacea), known as 
‘«‘ Gardeners’ Garters’ amongst old-fashioned horticulturalistst. 

Nola cucullatella larvae occurred commonly on our only apple tree 
and the larvae of Euplexia lucipara were common on our ferns, on 
which those of Mamestra oleracea and Spilosoma lubricipeda with an 
occasional S. menthastri, also occurred. Naenia typica, Apamea basilinea 
and A. secalis in some variety used to come to my treacle commonly, 
and Acidalia virgularia was also common and often seen “ sembling.” 
Perhaps one of the most interesting and unexpected of the species at 
Clapton was Earias chlorana, several specimens of which | saw to my 
intense astonishment flying around the top of a 12 foot hawthorn in 
the next garden, as if ‘“‘sembling.”” There were some willows in 
another garden not far away, and we had a young osier in ours, but I 
never saw chlorana on or around our tree. Hupithecia oblongata larvae 
always fed on our parsley flowers and the moth was often seen on 
windows, doors, and on the wing, but curiously enough I have not yet 
seen it here in Cornwall, although we have Achillea ewpatorium in the 
garden, which ought to suit it exactly, as well as ragwort and groundsel 
(though I am glad to say the latter is quite scarce now, compared with 
what it was) and I should have expected it to feed on Heracleum 
sphondylium which is abundant throughout the county.—C. NicHouson, 
Tresillian, Truro, Cornwall. 28th October, 1928. 


Lepipoprera or Jurianp.—By the kindness of Dr. Hofimeyer of 
Aarhus, we are enabled to correct one or two errors in a note on the 
Lepidoptera of Jutland on p. 92 ante. The ordinary forms of Lasio- 
campa quercis are rather common on the dune land area, but the ab. 
olivaceofasciata is confined to a restricted locality. Miana bicoloria is 
common too, but only 8 of the ab. latistriata have so far occurred. 
Mamestra trifolii is very common, it was the ab. lodbjergensis of 
which only one example had been taken. The List of species noted 
at the end of the paragraph do not occur in the dune area of the West 
Coast. Brenthis arsilache, Polyommatus optilete, Ayrotis subrosea, 
Anarta cordigera, and Anaitis paludata are confined to the moorland 
areas and the author suggests that they are relics of a period when 
the climate was rougher. Agrotis depuncta is confined to woods of 
mild weather conditions and certainly not on the West Coast. It is 
suggested it is a relic from the time when the climate was generally 
milder. 

Dr. Hoffmeyer continues “I have spent my summer holiday in the 
Isle of Alo, in the south of Jutland; and I have taken, in various parts 
of Schleswig, some interesting species. On the Isle of Romo,—wNola 
centonalis £. holsatica, Taub., very different from the typical, a very 


+ It was in my garden at New Cross.—Hy.J.T. 


130 ; ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1935 


variable form of which I have taken a series in the island of Bornholm, 
in the Baltic. On the Isle of Als; Arsilonche albovenosa: a species 
new to Denmark; Nonagria neurica ab. fusca, Edelsten; N. dissoluta 
f. arundineta ; Abraaas grossulariata ab. dohrni the second Danish speci- 
men and other good things.” 


Somme PaRasITES ETC., IN THE NESTS oF House Martins (CHELIDON 
uRBIcA, Linn.) 1v Windsor Forrest.—On 4th September Mr. G. B, 
Thompson and I went to Windsor Forest with the intention of hunting 
for lice on the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus ssp. scoticus, Linn.) as a certain 
number of the Deer was to be shot on that day, and the Museum is 
much in want of the louse T'richodectes cervi, Linn. ; such specimens 
as they have are all 9 9°. 

One may mention at once that no lice were found, the deer being 
remarkably clean, and only a certain number of the tick Ixodes vicinus, 
(Iwodidae, Acarina) and the deer fly (Lipoptena cervi, L.) (Diptera, 
Hippoboscidae) was found. 

Whilst waiting for the deer to be brought in we noticed a number 
of House Martins’ nests under the eaves of the building, where the 
deer are flayed. Many of the nests were occupied by young Martins, 
but some were empty, and two of these were got down and searched. 
There was found to be present a number of the bug Oestacus hirundinis, 
Jenyns (Hemiptera, Cimicidae) and the fly with reduced wings, Stenep- 
teryv hirundinis, Linn. (Diptera, Hippoboscidae). Both these insects are 
well known parasites in the nests of the House Martin, but they are 
both new records for Berkshire. A few fleas Ceratophyllus hirundinis, 
Curt. (Siphonaptera, Ceratophyllidae) were also taken. 

A Coleopterous larva Anthrenus sp.? (Coleoptera, Dermestidae), and 
a spider Lycora amentata, Clerck, complete the collection.—Horaorg 
DonistHORPE. 


Scarcity oF Coias crocEus In SourH Hineianp.—A recent trip (1st- 
16th Sept.) through the southern counties from Sussex to Devon and 
Somerset revealed a curious absence of C. croeeus, only three being seen 
although every clover and lucerne field passed was inspected. Several 
perfect and apparently freshly emerged Pyrameits cardui were noted, 
but only one Macroglossum stellatarum was seen, which was feeding on 
tobacco-plant flowers at Beer, Dorset. Many more CU. croceus were 
seen in Essex in August flying over lucerne—a somewhat rare visita- 
tion in this county.—W. P. Seaproox. 


CrippLeD motHs In 19385.—A large number of crippled moths of 
many species has been noted this year, presumably owing to the very 
cold spell in May. Some large Buddleia bushes in the garden attracted 
many cripples, which were just able to crawl up the stems to the 
blossoms and doubtless had emerged from the pupal stage nearby. I 
have not noted this before,-although for many years these flowering 
bushes have been used for attracting moths and butterflies. It would 
be interesting to know if other observers have noted this phenomenon. 
—lIp. 


CatTocaLa NupTA, L., THis auTtumN.—Early one morning in September 
six CU. nupta, were seen on a fence at Cheam, facing South. Several 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 181 


others have been reported both from Cheam and from Ewell. One 
flew into a house in Lyndhurst Rd., Camberwell, in early August. — 
is ed Bel be 


Distripution oF Potyeonia c-aLBuM.—I have been told that it is 
worth recording that P. c-album has now arrived in Hertfordshire. I 
saw three in my garden here at Bishops Stortford, on 23rd Sept. and 
have seen some each Saturday or Sunday since then when fine. 1 
understand that they have been noticed as far north as Cambridge. — 
CurFForD CRAUFORD. 


Cobras cRocEUS IN THE WeEsT OF ScoTLAND.-—I saw C. eroceus on the 
island of Kerrara opposite Oban on 15th Sept. This may be worthy 
of note as, I believe, this is not what is known as ‘‘ an edusa year.’’—Ib, 


BrigF NOTES FRoM THE Mipianps (Worcs. aNnD GtLos.).—Gonepteryx 
rhamni and Aglatis urticae both appeared first on 20th March—much 
earlier than last year; the first Pierts rapae came out on 31st March. 
On the same day I got amongst other things two nice Taeniocampa 
miniosa at Bradley Green (Wores.) at light. It is not uncommon 
there. Huchloé cardamines appeared on 21st April, so did Cidaria 
fluctuata. 

On 28rd April I went to Wolford Wood, near Moreton-in-the- Marsh, 
and found a fine Polyploca ridens; on the 28th I got four more, all 
perfect and resting on oak trees. Pieris brassicae appeared on the 5th 
or 6th of May. Leptidea sinapis was observed in its special haunts at 
Malvern on 26th May and a single Ayrotis cinerea was also taken there 
on that day by another collector. 

I spent a day in the Cotswolds on 15th June, and saw (Maculinea) 
Lycaena arion. I believe there is very great danger in taking 
specimens of this species and the time has now come—has perhaps 
passed—when people should refrain from catching any specimens from 
Cotswold localities. I have information about a few collectors, some 
of whom live in the Midlands, which, if published, would be very detri- 
menial to their characters as sportsmen. Jam of the opinion that to 
publish such information with the collectors’ names is the only way to 
stop overcollecting. For seven years I have been searching for arion 
and in that period I have taken two only out of those I have seen and 
I do not propose to keep any more. 

About the same time I noticed how very blue all the female Poly- 
ommatus tcarus were this year. Sugaring in our orchard on 20th June 
I took the second Agrotis saucia to be found in this village. From 
20th to 27th June sugar was exceedingly good and on the 26th I had 
235 moths on the smallest patch! They were mostly Ayrotis exclama- 
tionts at this time, very varied. 

_ I took the first Sarrothripus revayana seen in this district on 26th 
August—it must be very rare here because oak trees (and other oak- 
feeding species) are exceeaingly scarce. On the 31st the second larva 
of Gastropacha quercifolia recorded in this district was found in a 
breeding cage—carried in from our orchard on hawthorn for M. rubt 
larvae. It is now hibernating. 

Two pupae of Smerinthns ocellatus were brought to me in September 
from Mickleton—strangely enough that species and S. populi are both 


432 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. | 15.X1.1985 


rare here. There have been a few Polygonia c-album about this spring 
and autumn—about the same quantities as usual. 

The last two weeks of May and the early part of June were very 
poor indeed, but after that the season was excellent and I have taken 
nearly a dozen species, which J] have not recorded from this village 
previously, one of which species was Aplecta advena—two specimens at 
sugar, 23rd July.—P. Srvirer Smurrg. Pebworth, nr. Stratford-on- 
Avon. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. 


In the current number of Hos (Revista Hspaniola de Ent.) B. P. 
Uvaroy describes and discusses the collection of Palaearctic Orthoptera 
made by our colleague Dr. Malcom Burr, that has been presented by 
him to the Hope Museum, Oxford University. The collection includes 
many co-types of species described by most of the leading orthopterists 
of Kurope, and good series of many species collected by Dr. Burr him- 
self during his various journeys in 8. EK. Europe. 

That veteran student of the purely scientific side of the study of 
Entomology, M. Arnold Pictet contributes two very interesting articles 
to the Bull. Soc. Lep. de Genéve, Aug. 1935, dealing with the ecology 
and genecology of Hrebia nerine and with the hybrid population of 
Erebia gorye as observable in the restricted area of the Swiss National 
Park in the Lower Engadine. The various races and forms are traced 
by their apparent genetic mendelian relationship. 

The Ent. Zeit. for October contains a coloured plate of some very 
striking forms of Colias species obtained recently in Armenia. 

The Annual Exhibition of the S. London Entomological Society 
held on 24th Oct. was again a successful gathering. Most of the 
exhibits this year were of British Lepidoptera, and those present had 
a real treat. 


FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Insect Wonprers or Austratia. By Keith C. McKeown. Small 
oct., 250 pp., 31 illustrations. Messrs. Angus and Robertson Lid., 
Sydney, Australia.—This is an excellent little book, containing short 
and attractive accounts of incidents in the life-histories of insects, 
which are sure to be met with in the ordinary life of the ‘‘ man in 
the street.” The titles of the 28 chapters aptly epitomize their 
contents, such as the ‘“Guestsof Ants,’ ‘Perfumed Butterflies,” 
“ Insect Courtship,” ‘‘ Child Slavery,” etc. ‘The writer’s aim is to 
arouse public interest in natural history. The accounts are terse and 
to the point, sufficiently full of facts but never tedious. The author, 
a member of the Museum staff, gauged the desires of his numerous 
correspondents and chose his material to satisfy those who appear to 
be rapidly becoming ‘‘ nature minded.” Written for an Australian 
public and with all the information based on native material, it should 
be extremely interesting to nature lovers and observers in this country 
to compare the characteristic habits of similar insects in that far eoun- 
try with those of insects which are familiar to us day by day. The 
book is well produced and should have a continuous sale at 6s.— 
Hy.J.T. 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER shouid be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. 

Articles that require InLusTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR 
_ defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers May have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should 
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. . 


Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list 
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. 

Duplicates.—Albimaciula*, sparganii*. 

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ 
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. 

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variéty, 
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. 
_ Desideratax—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychioros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, 
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens 
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. 
jlavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, 
Kingston Surrey. eee 

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, 
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. 

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. 
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. 


For Satz.—A complete set of ‘‘The Vasculum ”’ is on hand for disposal. Particulars 
and price on application to William Carter, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


Cuanaz or Appress.—P. C. Harker from Middlemoor, Tavistock, 8. Devon, to Flat 
4, 11, Lexham Gardens, London, W.8. 


Dr. Malcolm Burr, The Hermitage, Dorney, Windsor. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


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BAGK VOLUMES OF 
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CONTENTS OF Vol. |. (Most important only mentioned.) 


Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— : 
Differeutiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)- 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for th 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
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GCONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


Mzanism anp MetanocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on 
VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima __ 
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys 
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- 
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwieh, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- 
slature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes 
on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora — ~*~ 
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_ CONTENTS. 


Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae, Orazio Querci.. a 133 
Sixth International Congress of Entomology, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E. 8. 134 


Notes on Cotiectine.—Scarcity of C. croceus in 8S. England, C. Nicholson ; 
‘i Some Observations on Immigrant Insects, P. Siviter Smith; Rhopalo- 
cera in Co. Tyrone, Thomas Greer; Lady-Bird and Spider, dH. 
_ Donisthorpe ; Moths at Rest an Houses, P. Siviter Smith “3 Be 135 


“Current Norrs .. ee : : vs 132 


| Review. —A Contribution to a ibiioarsply of the ‘Deserta ee 
Stages of North American pac Spas HD Free Se Eiateeptero: 


 logiea, H.D. .. . 140 
* Corrzctions. ax ae oe ae ie ue 3 a9 oe 140 
- Invex, ETC. of ee 141 


a < ‘Sopenmcnrs: British ankuas, Hy. J. Tie F. Rl E. 18, P. R. H. 8. II (21)-(24) 


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THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. 133 


An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae. III. 
By ORAZIO QUERCI. 
(Continued from p. 126.) 


THe Situation on 25178 SEPremper, 1932. 
Adults of the sixth, seventh and eighth broods emerge together 
and the mixed generations of Pieris rapae increase. Hggs are laid. 
Tae Cruimate From 26TH SepremBer to 28TH OcroBErR. 


On 26th September the climate was lovely ; later it rained and on 
the 30th the temperature decreased. The weather 


2 turned fine again on 1st to 3rd October, but on the 
. .  § 4th to 6th it rained and on the 7th it was cold. 
=| = = On 9th and 10th October the thermometer rose, 
a ¢ # 4 for some time, up to 74°-76°: however, after that 
< ., . 4 date the climate became unsuitable for the emer- 
Fama tates 2 gence of any kinds of butterflies. 
Se. = 2 & 
26 72. 53. 22—FYor the moderate heat only a few emergences. 
27 69. 56. O—It rains. We go to the Park way to get plants for 
28 75. 60. O our larvae and see no butterflies. 


29 70. 52. 5—The eggs hatch after five days, the larvae are but 
30 64. 45. 7 little active and a few of them turn from green to 
Ocr. yellow. 
1 75. 52. 8—The weather is lovely but the butterflies are scarce. 
2 %8. 59. 6 At home many pupae are formed; some big larvae 
3 81. 60. 15 ecollapse. 
4 77. 62. O—The weather is bad. Some larvae pupate. 
5 78. 70. O—Further pupae are formed. 
6 74. 49. O—The eggs haich after six days. 
7 61. 47. O—The larvae do not feed. The country is muddy, 
8 738. 53. O. after the rains, and we cannot collect. 

9 76. 55. 17—We take some recently emerged specimens. 

10 76. 57. 2—We see but two fresh P. rapae and some worn ones. 

Jl 66.47. 8—All the “ Whites” are worn. I believe that P. 

12 59.46. 1 = rapae ceased emerging on 10th October, 1932. 

13 52. 48. O—The big larvae are unable to pupate and some of 
them die. 

1Z 60.41. 6—AlIl the butterflies on the wing look old. 

15 68. 47. O—There are no more P. rapae in the country. Only 

16 69. 55. O a few Pontia protodice and Colias eurytheme are 

17 65. 60. 0. still flying although the sky is cloudy. 

18 69. 62. O—This is the last day of the year 1932 on which we 

19 68. 58. O see a few old Pontia and Colias at the Park Way. 

20 67. 56. O—After 10th October the larvae, kept in the open, 

21 61. 52. O which became mature, were unable to pupate and 

22 67. 47. 0 died because the temperature never reached 70°. 

23 60. 53. O—Many larvae, which we have kept outside the 

24 58. 52. 0 window, collapse. Those which are not yet full 

25 62. 58. OO grown are less injured. 

26 75. 55. O—This is the last lovely day of the year. Some 

27 68. 58. OO larvae pupate, others rot. 

28 58. 48. O—The temperature drops. In November of 1932 the 
maximum never was more than 64°. If a few 
larvae of P. rapae are still in the country they 
must die. . 


15.xi1.35. 


184 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ REOORD. 15.X 11.1985 


Nore.—The earliest specimens of the eighth mixed generation 
brood emerged on 17th or 18th September. Owing to the moderate 
heat they hatched after four days and, in our cages, the young larvae 
grew well until the 25th and 27th when the temperature lowered and 
they rarely fed. From those batches a few pupae were formed on 
28th September. , Being no more hot we expected that a few adults 
would have emerged after nine or ten days (rather than seven, as in 
summer) but on 7th October the thermometer marked about 58° for 
the whole day and at night it lowered to 47°. All the pupae of P. 
vapae, formed at home by the end of September and kept in the open 
air in October, went over the winter. I think that no P. rapae of the 
ninth brood appeared around Philadelphia in the year 1932. 


The Sixth International Congress of Entomology. 
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 


All who were fortunate enough to attend the Sixth International 
Congress of Entomology, held in Madrid from 6th-14th Sept. agreed, 
I think, that it was the most brilliant of all. It was certainly a very 
lusty infant that was born in Brussels in 1910. 

Perhaps it was not the most heavily attended. Perhaps it did not 
excel the previous meetings in the importance of the scientific com- 
munications. But as a gathering of specialists, as a function on 
that social side which is of such importance in our work, it was an 
experience very much to be remembered. 

Spain is a fascinating country, and the charm and courtesy of our 
hosts were exerted to the utmost to enable every visitor to take away a 
wonderful memory, and to see every possible thing, out of all the marvels 
of the country, in the short time available. In fact, the only criticism 
that | heard was that the programme was too full. It was overwhelming, 
and at the end both mind and body were exhausted, not only by the 
variety and interest of the scientific communications, but also by that 
unforgetable word ‘‘merienda.” ‘ Meriendas’’ at all times and in all 
places, on the excursions to the Escorial, to the Alpine Biological Station 
on the Sierra de Guadarrama, to La Granja, Segovia, Aranjuez, and 
Toiedo, in the Playa de Madrid. Then there were the treasures of 
tapestries, embroideries, pictures, and of all the wonderful works of art 
of Spain in the Prado, in the grand old Guildhall, the Casa Consistorial, 
at the reception (including mertenda), given by the Alcalde of Madrid, 
and in the Palacio Nacional, at the great reception given by the Presi- 
dent of the Spanish Republic. Sefior Alcala Zamora mingled with 
the members, many of whom were introduced and enjoyed quite long 
conversations. The President had opened the Congress, and then 
given the members the treat of listening to the full beauty of pure 
Castilian delivered by the greatest orator of Spain. 

There must have been a great deal more than 24 hours to the day . 
during the Congress. Those who went on that great excursion up the 
Picos de Europea arrived in their quarters at four in the morning, and 
when we were given a Miesta de Arte espanol, nobody noticed that it 
was three in the morning before it was over. So much had we been 
amused at the broad comedy of Malbrouk, and above all, by the concert 
of native music and song, presented as an extra by a gifted pair of 
volunteers. 


. NOTES ON COLLECTING. 185 


The number of subscribers was about 400. Among the thirty odd 
countries represented we noted Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Venezuela and 
Hawaii. Great Britain was in good strength. Sir Guy Marshall, 
Captain Riley and Dr. Jordan represented the Government, and our 
leading entomological organisations sent delegates. 

It is generally agreed that the study of Entomology is conducive 
to longevity, and of this we had a notable example in the person of our 
President, Don Ignacio Bolivar who, in his eighty-sixth year, was not 
only a venerable and respected but a very active and personally charming 
chairman. It was a special occasion for the orthopterists, who 
assembled in foree to do honour to our beloved doyen, who had his 
revenge by giving a luncheon to his colleagues, and many wives, with 
the usual bounteous hospitality. With Don Ignacio at the head of the 
_ long table and Don Candido at the other, an unusual and delightful case 

of the inheritance of acquired characters, the table was filled by Uvarov, 
Chopard, Berland, Zacher, Ebner, Capra, Menozzi, Paoli, Willemse, 
Bodenheimer, Sjostedt, Morales, Miller, Beier and myself. We missed 
Dr. Willy Ramme of Berlin, and James A. G. Rehn of Philadelphia. 

Another cause of regret was the absence of any representative of 
the U.S.S.R. Five names were on the list, but none materialized. The 
absence of Rimsky-Korsakov was particularly regretted, as he is a 
member of the Executive Committee, and it was noticed that on the 
occasion of the reception by the Alcalde, the musical programme had 
been specially arranged to include ‘‘ Caprichos espajioles,”’ so that 
Michail Nikolaivich might have had the gratification of hearing his 
oifted father’s composition in a most appropriate setting. 

Perhaps 1 may be allowed a personal note. As I took an active 
part in launching the Congress in Brussels in 1910, and have not been 
able to take part in one since Oxford, in 1912, when I was Hon. 
Secretary, it was quite a peculiar pleasure to be present in Madrid, and 
see what a splendid child the infant has grown into, and to meet so 
many old friends, whom I had not seen for twenty years or more, and 
above all, Don Ignacio himself, whom I had last seen on 8th 
April, 1904, when my wife and I accompanied him and Don Martinez 
Escalera on an excursion up the Sierra de Guadarrama, near the 
Escorial, to look for Mésochelidura bolivari, of which we found a colony. 
In Madrid, both Don Ignacio and Don Martinez signed the snapshot, 
thirty-one years after! 


JOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. 


Scarcity of Couias croceus In §. Enentanp.—My experience here 
agrees with Mr. Seabrook’s. [saw one near Truro on 13th August, 
one near here‘on the 21st and one at Wembury, near Plymouth, on 
21st September, and one or two odd specimens have been seen in other 
parts of Commwall. On the other hand, the Rev. Alfred Thornley tells 
me that it was common on Lelant sandhills on the 21st August, and 
I have records of over a hundred seen in the St. Columb district of 
North Cornwall in the first week of September, and eleven at Porth 
Beach, St. Anthony in Roseland on the 26th of the same month. 
These suggest an immigration in August, but I can get no. further 
‘details.—C. Nicuorson, Tresillian, Cornwall. 


186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X11.1935 


Some OsserRvaTions oN Immicrant Insects, 1935.—As far as I am 
concerned personally, the season seems to have been a poor one for 
immigrant species, although otherwise not bad in spite of the severe 
late frosts, which, while they must have done much harm to some 
species, causing them to be scarce this year (e.g., Rumicia (Lycaena) 
phlaeas, L.), undoubtedly were a benefit in some ways to others, which 
were exceedingly abundant (e.g., Hipinephele (Maniola) jurtina, L.). 

Pyramets (Vanessa) cardui, L. i bave not seen one specimen this 
year. Mr. F. V. Sills tells me that Mr. J. Saunt saw one on 19th 
August, at Stoke, near Coventry, and that he himself saw three near the 
sea edge about three miles east of Swanage on 7th August. 

P. (V’.) atalanta, L. Very scarce, one only at Saintbury (Glos.) in 
the spring, and two or three in our orchard this autumn. I saw a 
sparrow fly at one which settled on the ground and it took a large 
piece out of each hindwing of the insect, leaving it dazed and stupid ; 
it recovered and flew off. 

I think there can be no doubt that this species cannot last through 
the winter except by a lucky chance. Mr. Mead’s explanation given in 
the Hntomologist lately is obviously the reason—the insects must have 
food at least every six weeks. Such occurrences as Capt. Dannreuther 
reports (Entom. Jan. 1985, p. 5) of it occurring in January and up to 
March are the lucky chances due to a mild winter but even having got 
through so far they do not last until the summer and it remains 
unnoticed until the immigrants appear at the end of June. 

It is absurd to produce isolated records as evidence that it hiber- 
nates ; it so very obviously only occasionally doesso. Mr. Sills reports 
that Mr. Waterer saw several at St. David’s (Pem.) on 16th August, and 
that he found it scarce himself, only seeing one near Mickleton (Glos.) 
21st July, and three more there on 18th August. 

Colias croceus, Fourc. Two only seen this year, both by my 
mother in our garden at Pebworth, one on 1st July and the other on 
5th July. The sex was not determined as they flew away too quickly. 
I have not seen any elsewhere but Mr. Sills reports two seen on 7th 
August by Mr. R. E. Warrier at Worth, near Swanage, and three by 
Mr. Waterer at St. David’s (Pem.) on 16th August. 

We did not see any migratory flight such as we saw in August 
1938 (8th-14th) when eleven (nine males captured) passed upa railway 
cutting, flying steadily through a bridge about three feet off the ground 
against a light N.. wind; they stopped at a few flowers when they 
got through the bridge and then almost at once went on up the line. 
This has been reported by mistake as Gloucester Station instead of 
Honeybourne (Glos.) in the January H’ntomologist, 1934, 

Capt. T. Dannreuther says that ‘‘as other species were doing the 
same they were not necessarily migrating ’’—other species were coming 
through the bridge but they had not the flight of the croceus, neither 
did they pass on up the line after reaching the flower-covered bank. I 
have no hesitation in saying it was a definite migration and I think 
that railways with their sheltered and flowery cuttings and banks must 
often influence such migratory flights, possibly to as great an extent 
as any other natural features. 

Plusia gamma, L., I have seen only three specimens this year, two 
at Wye, Kent, on 9th June, and one at sugar, Pebworth, 21st Septem- 
ber. Mr. Sills reports several in Mr, Saunt’s garden (Stoke, Nr. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 137 


Coventry) at Valerian, on 19th August, and one at light in Coventry, 
26th August, in perfect condition. 

Agrotis saucia, Hb. (margaritosa, Hw.). A perfect specimen came 
to sugar in our garden, Pebworth, on 20th June.—P. Srviter Srv, 
Pebworth, Nr. Stratford-on-Avon. 


Ruopatocera 1n Co Tyronz, 1934, wits Nores on Variation. (Con- 
tinued from page 37).—Coenonympha tullia (typhon, Rott.) was observed 
again on 30th June in small numbers on a high-lying bog (500 feet) 
near the little town of Pomeroy. The locality here is very different to 
the Lough Neagh habitat; a deep morass surrounding a small black 
lough with treacherous floating margins ; the butterflies mostly keeping 
to the swampy ground at the lough edge, where they were almost 
unapproachable ; the forms taken here are close to f. scotica, Ster. 

In the same district Polyommatus icarus, race clara, Tutt. was locally 
abundant on 4th July; in several of the ¢s there is a tendency for 
some of the orange lunules on the forewings to spread towards the 
centre of the wings: ab. rufina, Obth.; in one well marked @? the 
orange ray extends to beyond the discoidal spot. 

Amongst the numerous Vanessa (Nymphalis) io settled on the 
scabious on the bogs, several specimens occurred with a distinct black 
spot on the disc of forewings; (there are two examples of this form 
from Co. Tyrone in the Hope Museum, Oxford) ; two others have the 
margins surrounding the ocelli and the space between the costal macu- 
lations, pure white instead of yellowish, ab. pallida, Tutt; these were 
freshly emerged and not faded examples. A few days later a similar 
form of Aglais urticae was netted off a thistle ; in this area between the 
costal blotches, the usual yellowish spots on the inner margins of fore- 
wings are white.—THomas GREER. 


Liapy-Birp anp Sprper.—On 4th October I observed a lady-bird 
Adalia bipunctata, L., caught in a spider’s web outside the front windows 
of my house at Heston. ‘The spider rushed down and was busily 
engaged in wrapping the beetle up with silk. When it thought its prey 
was securely fastend up, it approached it with its jaws. Suddenly, as 
soon as it had touched the lady-bird it left it and darted back into its 
retreat. After waiting some time, when the spider did not return, I 
rescued the lady-bird from the web and cleaned it with a wet paint- 
brush. The beetle walked away unhurt! It is well known that the 
Coccinellidae are distasteful to insectivora, but this was a beautiful 
example, in nature, when even a spider would not eat, or perhaps one 
should say suck one of them.— Horace DonistHorPE. 


Morus ar Resr on Hovusses.—Since my note on the above subject 
(Ent. Rec., May, 1935, p. 66) and Mr. Nicholson’s observations, I have 
kept a sharp look-out for any peculiarities in the resting-positions of 
the three species | mentioned. We moved in the Spring into a different 
house in the same village; it is built of grey stone and seemed to offer 
even better ‘“ parking’’ areas than did our old house, but in spite of 
most careful searching all through the summer I have been quite unable 
te find a single moth of any sort at rest on it anywhere! I am not 
able to explain it at all. Catocala nupta, Polia chi and Metachrostis 
(Bryophila) perla have all been common.—P. Srviter Sirs. 


/ 
138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X11.19385 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


The Report of the Hton Colleye Nat. Hist. Soc. /934-85.—This 
Society has now completed its seventh year, and with well over two 
hundred members and associates and occasionally a hundred or more. 
at the lectures inaugurated by it, is evidently doing thoroughly good 
pioneer work. The entomological matter in the Report includes a 
Supplementary List (with short notes) of Hymenoptera met with 
around Kton. Twenty-iine species are new records bringing the total so 
far observed up to eighty seven. The recorder asks for further material 
which must exist in such an area of varied ground. A short article’ 
deals with the two areas Swinley Woods and Trensham as centres of 
Lepidopterous observations and gives leading suggestions to those who 
may be induced to collect in those neighbourhoods. Brigadier-General 
B. H. Cooke continues his summary of Further Species of Lepidoptera 
observed and fresh localities for species previously reported. There 
seems to be little or no recording in entomology by collegians during 
the past season although much has been done in other branches of 
natural history. The Museum has had considerable attention, the 
establishment of a bird sanctuary has been a piece of real hard manual 
work, while the botanists have made some valuable additions to the 
flora and the bird studies are decidedly good.—Hv.J.T. 


Two meetings of the Entomological Club were held at Oxford. On 
20th July, Sir Edward B. Poulson F.R-‘S. in the Chair, and on 21st 
July, 19385, Dr. Harry Eltringham, F.R.S. in the Chair. Members pre- 
sent in addition to the Chairman:—Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, Mr. H. 
Willoughby Ellis, Mr. Jas. KE. Collin, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors pre- 
sent:—Mr. H. E. Andrewes, Dr. Maleolm Burr, Prof. G. D. Hale 
Carpenter, Dr. B. M. Hobby, Dr. Karl Jordan, Mr. E. Bolton King, 
Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, Capt. N. D. Riley, Dr. Hugh Scott, Mr. W. H. T. 
Tams, Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, Comm. Jas. J. Walker, Dr. C. A. 
Wiggins. On Saturday afternoon, 20th July, the members and visitors 
were received by Sir Edward and Lady Poulton and Dr. Harry 
Hltringham, in the Hope Department, and tea and light refreshments 
were dispensed by Lady Poulton and friends, and the Hope collections 
were available for inspection. Accommodatiou was provided for mem- 
bers and visitors at Jesus College. In the evening dinner was served 
at Jesus College, Sir Edward B. Poulton, F.R.S. in the Chair, and a very 
entertaining evening was spent. Sunday morning was left open for 
individual pursuits and some of the party took advantage of collecting 
in the district. After Luncheon at Jesus College, the whole company 
assembled in the Hope Department grounds for an excursion in motor 
cars to Bagley Wood where the beetle recently introduced to the British 
lists— Philonthus rectanyulus—was found in some numbers and a nice 
series was obtained. In the evening dinner was again served at Jesus 
College, Dr. Harry Elringham, F.R.S. in the Chair, and another 
interesting and enjoyable evening was spent. At the conclusion of 
this pleasant and successful meeting the company dispersed on Monday 
morning.—H.W.-E. 

We suggest that all those entomologists interested in the variation 
and aberration of our native butterflies should consult the articles 
running through the current numbers of the admirable little Belgian 


CURRENT NOTES. 139 


magazine Lambillionea by Herr B.-J. Lempke. In the October number 
Aphantopus hyperantus, L. and its forms are dealt with. There are 3 
synonyms of the nominative form, 25 named aberrations, and 5 named 
races, all of which are discussed and the original descriptions given. 
Consultation of such comprehensive articles will prevent the duplication 
of names which we all deplore so much. 

In the Bull. Ins. Roy. d’ Hist. Nat. Sophia, Dr. Buresch continues 
his study of the Horizontal Distribution of the Lepidoptera in Bulgaria, 
dealing this time with the Noctuiformes. 

Recent numbers of the Ent. Rund. have dealt with the local forms 
of Lepidoptera obtained in Lapland and several descriptions of hitherto 
unrecorded forms are given in the September and October issues. 

We have to thank Herr M. Draudt for several personal separates on 
Heterocera of Asia Minor. 

Part 2 of Vol. II of the Vrans. Socy. for Brit. Entomology has 
recently appeared and contains the usual amount of good, interesting 
and useful matter contributed by the members of this rapidly growing 
and successful organization. Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter’s ‘ Courtship 
and Allied Problems in-Insects,’’ an excellent paper full of research and 
thought. Mr. G, A. Walton’s “‘ Field Experiments on the Flight of 
Notonecta maculata (Hemip.),” with a diagrammatic plate. — Messrs. 
C. B. Williams and F. J. Killington on their Experiences with a Light 
with regard to Neuroptera. Dr. K. G. Blair’s Discourse on ‘* Wegener’s 
Theory.” Mr. EK. E. Syms on the “ Biology of Microdon eggert (Dip.).” 
Dr. Hobby continues his Bibliography of Papers issued by local societies. 
The Journal is issued at the same time and contains the smaller items 
communicated to the Society, of which Mr. Goft’s paper on the T'aban- 
idae (Dip.) of the New Forest is a very interesting and useful series of 
notes. 

Personal separates have been received recently: from Dr. H. Zerny, 
‘Neu Heteroceren aus dem Grossen Atlas in Morokko,” with 3 plates 
of new species and forms, published in the Zeit. Oestr. Hntom.-Ver. 
Wien. From Herr Sigd. Kundsen, Denmark, “ Cidaria truncata and 
CU. citrata (immanata),” by K. Groth, published in Flora and Fauna, 
Aarhus, Denmark, with a coloured plate of 30 figures. From Herr 
Warnecke, Kiel, on three forms of the Genus Caradrina, f. grisea, f. 
albina and f. cinerascens, with figures of their genitalia and a map of 
their isolated distribution, published in the Int. Hint. Zeits. 

Herr Dr. Wm. Junk has recently issued another of his excellent 
Bibliographical Catalogues. This time the Coleoptera, Pt.2. are dealt 
with, in over 160 pages, over 3200 works and separates are listed, forming 
a valuable work of reference with the current prices of each item, to 
many of which very interesting bibliographical and historical informa- 
tion is added. The publication can be obtained from the author 
publisher from the Hague, Scheveningsche Weg. 74. 

We have received the first two parts of the Annales E'ntomologict 
Fennici, the journal of the recently formed Entomological Society of 
Finland. Much of the matter is in English, and of articles in /innish 
a resumé in some well-known European language will always be added. 
A strong point to be kept in view is the bibliography of Finnish ento- 
mological literature. ‘The get up is very good and the illustrations 
adequate and clear. 


140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X11.19385 


FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


‘© A Contripution To A BistiograPHy oF THE DescriseD ImMaTuURE 
Sraces oF NortH American Conzortera.” By J. S. Wade, Cereal and 
Forage Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- 
tine, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. D.C. pp. 
114. September (1935). 

This work renders available to Coleopterists the references, which 
have been accumulated by the compiler consisting of citations to tech- 
nical descriptions, from a series of publications between given periods of 
time, of the egg, larva and pupa of the Coleoptera of America north of 
Mexico. 

Each reference includes the name of the genus; name of the species, 
when known; name of the author of the original description of the adult 
insect; notation of descriptions where the egg, larva, or pupa are cited, 
and illustrations are given; biological data are indicated by the word 
‘biology ’’; names of authors of additional descriptions, and periodicals, 
etc., in which the descriptions appear, with vclume, page and date. 
All the references are arranged alphabetically first the genera, and 
then the epecies under each genus. In all cases of doubtful synonymy 
Ling’s “ Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico”’ is 
followed. ae 

The compiler points out that this is a preliminary contribution and 
that gaps in continuity, etc., must occur. He, however, intends to 
continue to augment this bibliography as opportunity serves. 

At the beginning of the work a list of host plants and an index to 
the same were added, but too many difficulties arose for this to be 
continued. . 

No work lke this has been attempted since Beutenmiuller’s 
‘ Bibliographic Catalogue of Described Transformations of North 
American Coleoptera’? [Journal New York Microscopical Soctety 7 
(1891)]. 

The author acknowledges his indebtedness to various people, etc., 
including our old friend Dr. A. G. Boving whose works on and drawings 
of Coleopterous larvae are so well known. This publication is of the 
greatest value to all who study the earlier stages of Coleoptera, where- 
ever they may be.—H.D. 


‘‘ BiBLIOGRAPHIA CoLEopTERoLOGiIcA.”—W. Junk. Den Haag (Hol- 
land) pp. XV+174 (1935). Frontispiece. Photograph of Herr Sigm. 
Schenkling. 

Preface and Introduction by W. Junk, 15 pp., Index, 12 pp. 

The body of the work consists of Herr Junk’s latest Catalogue of 182 
pp. ; including lists of Periodicals, Papers on Coleoptera, Coleopterous 
larvae, Harmful Coleoptera; with a Supplement on all Orders of 
Insects. 

The whole forms a valuable Volume of Reference.—H.D. 


Corrections.—On page 124 the last letter of the names ab. doro- 
thyae and ab. jJaneae are in the wrong case. 

On p. 126 line 30 read ‘‘ sanctioned’ and not ‘ sanctional.”’ 

On p. 126 line 38 read ‘“ Pencalenick ’’ and not “‘ Percalenick.”’ 


JAN 13 1936 


CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLVII. 


By Hy. 


PAGE 


“¢ 4. albovenosa in 8. Devon,’’ Capt. 
C. Q. Parsons ss 

‘‘ Aberration of P. aegon, An un- 
recorded,’’ Rev. 8S. G. Edwards 

Aberrations of, A. miniatum (C.), C. 
litura (C.), S. revayana, 19; C. 
11-punctata (C.), d. Core 
(C.), P. oblongus (C.) 

Abundance of, EH. aurinia larval 
nests, 37; C. notata (Dip.) in 
Heron’s est GOR TE OCT UUS 
(Col.) in Windsor Forest,’’ H. 
Donisthorpe, 104; ‘‘ Two other 
insects in,’’ Id., 104; ‘‘ blues’’ 
in 8. Dorset in 1934 

‘‘ Additions of Micro-lepidoptera to 
the British List, since the issue 
of Meyrick’s Revised Handbook,”’ 
T. B.-Fletcher : 

‘¢ Argentine Entomology, The Geo- 
graphical Aspect of,’’ K. J. nee 
ward 

‘* Athetis, The Genus, x Hy. J.T. 

‘“¢ B. crini, Fb. in Britain,” Dr. 
Hyak Cockayne os, 

‘* Beating for Calymnia larvae ” 

‘¢ Biology of P. rapae, Studies in 
the,’? O. Querei 14, 47, 60, 73, 

86, 111, 124, 

Bird’s-nest, Species of insects in .. 

Breeding of, B. crini, 5; l-album, 
15, 59; P. c-album in Cornwall, 
71; L.albipuncta, 100; MW. cirri- 
gerella, 1a ayo pinastri 

‘* Brief Notes from the Midlands, Z 
P. Siviter Smith . ei 

* British Orthoptera, Information 
wanted,’”’ Dr. M. Burr 

‘* Broad- bordered Bee-hawk,”’ 
Donisthorpe : 

‘* Broods of P. napi- in the Rhone 
Valley,’ Rev. G. Wheeler 

‘* Butterflies of Salonika (Spring),”’ 
O. Querci .. é #3 

“°C. croceus, in Kent; mA eee Ss. 
Fremlin, 935 in W. Scotland. ‘- 

‘°C. galii in the Shetland Isles’’ .. 

‘* Chortophila species (Dip.) in N. 
Kent,’’ H. W. Andrews . 

““C. nupta flying by day,” 
Nicholson, 38; this autumn 

** Coleophoridae,” Hy.J.T. es 

Coleoptera, in sedge refuse, 2; of 
North America sage stages), 
review us MS ; 

** Collecting, at Ry. (nr. Rouen), 
August, 1934,” P. C. Hawker, 


H. 


C. 


Pia Bs) 


22 


124 


131 
116 


. 130 


. 140 


J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 


PAGE 


33; ‘‘ At Darjiling,’’ D. J. Sevas- 
topulo, 106; *‘and Observing in 
Cornwall,’’? C. Nicholson, 116; 
‘‘in Dorset and Kent, 1934,’’ 
F. H. Lees 
‘* Colorado Beetle, “The, 23 oT. B.- 
Fletcher 
Congratulations 
Poulton 
Congress of British ‘Entomologiste, 
First a : 107, 
Consideration of the names Lep- 
tidea, Leptosia and Leucophasia 
a Ganieeecaiie: Vosges, France, 
1934,’’ Rev. E. B. Ashby hs 
‘* Cornish Notes,’’ C. Nicholson 71, 
Corrections .. af ‘ 
Crickets , 
‘¢ Crippled Moths in 1935,” > Ww. P. 
Seabrook T27; 


HG: hi Ee 


Crosspairing in Lepidoptera 105, 
‘¢C,. terebrella in Bucks. and 

Hants,’’ Wm. Fassnidge | By 
Current Notes 9.26, 42153,,67, 


79, 93, 106, 118, 132, 


‘“‘D. astrantiae, an Oececophorid 
moth new to England,” T. 
Bainbrigge Fletcher vi 

“Day, C. nupta fiying by,” C. 
Nicholson . 3\2 

‘¢ Denmark, West Coast of, eg) Be 
Hofmeyer (Hy.J.'T.) 92, 


Descriptions of, ssp. sheljuzhkoi of 
E. callias, 4; larva of L. l-album, 
16; H.core,18; EH. hypermnestra 
ssp. undularis, 18; Irish aberra- 
tion of H. aurinia, 37; Early 
stages of Indian Lepidoptera, 18, 
49; D. astrantiae, 57; Finland, 
62; N. Natal and Zululand, 75; 
Piedmont, 85; Flora of Finland, 
89; Argentine as a collecting area, 


134 


Differentiation of, larvae of l-allum - 


and albtpuncta .. 

‘* Diptera on Bookham and “Effing- 
ham Commons, peat y Ta. Par- 
menter ae 

** Discomyza incurva 1 (Dip. yi in Corn- 
wall,’’? Rev. A. Thornley : 

Distribution of Brit. yeaa 8; 
L. camilla (sibilla) : 

‘‘ D. nerit‘in Croydon,”’ Hy. i: e. 

“* D. pygmaeus, in Windsor Forest, ” 
H. Donisthorpe 

i ee Emergence of P. “rapae,? 

. G. Harris.. : ; 


142 


KN'TOMOLOGIST' S RECORD. 


PAGE 


‘*Harly Stages of Indian Lepidop- 


tera,’’ D. G. Sevastopulo 18, 49, 106 
Entomological Club Meeting 27, 118, 138 
*¢ Entomology of a Heron’s Nest,”’ 

H. Donisthorpe viet 700) 
‘‘ Fairy tales ”’ 9 
‘*Few Days Collecting at Killarney, 

A,’’ H. Donisthorpe . 65 
«“ Food of A. caja, Unusual,”’ Capt. 

C. Q. Parsons 24 
**Foodplants of P. fuliyinaria, 

Additional,’’ Dr. EK. A. Cockayne 91 
Foods of cotton pests, Wild 98 
‘* Forms of Lepidoptera peculiar to 

Denmark, Some,’’ Dr. Hoffmeyer 

(Hy J2T ) 33 92, 129 
France, Catalogue of the Lepidop- 

tera of 55 
‘* Freedom of P. fuliginaria avec 

Parasites,’? Dr. EH. A. Cockayne 104 
Galls on juniper : ae eh) 
“ G. azaleeila at Southampton,” 

Wm. Fassnidge ae 571 
‘Grecian Butterflies in Spring,” 

O. Querci .. 92 
Grouping of species in the genus 

Dianthoecia 2 9 
Habits of B. aphir ape ssp. ¢ ossianus, 

64; Pancalia sps., 83; Marsh- 

feeding larvae A 90 
Heron’s Nest, Entomology of, H. 

Donisthorpe 3 69 
H. irritans (Dip.) attacked by C. 

tigrina (Dip.), H. Donisthorpe .. 114 
‘* Holiday in Piedmont, A,”’’ Dr. 

H. G. Harris ft. 84 
H. pinastri, W. P. Seabrook . 128 
‘‘Hubner, A rare publication of 

iacob.” F. H. Benjamin, 81; 

Date of the Preface to, Hiibner’s, 

Samml. Eur. Schm., Tee Wi 

Griffin or ii 2 AD 
‘¢ Hybernation of P: atalanta,’’ 

Hy.J.T. 23 
‘* Immigrant Insects, Some Notes 

on, 1935,’’ P. Siviter-Smith 136 
Immigrant species in Cornwall 71 
Insect Mines.. 27 
International Congress of Entomo- 

logy, 55, 126; Malcolm Burr 134 
Irregular mating of, d. paphia and 

P. c-album, 105 ; Lepidoptera .. 116 
Jutland, Lepidoptera of 92, 129 
‘‘ Larvae of H. acuminatana and of 

H. consortana near Southamp- 

ton,’’ Wm. Fassnidge, 106; 

; 4‘ which feed on Laurel,’’ C. 

Nicholson and Rev. G. Wheeler 52 
Larval Habits of M. cirrigerella, 

115; H. pinastri . 128 
“€ Larval Period of A. apiformis, Dr. 

BK. A. Cockayne 78 


‘Late, February and Early M March,” A! 
‘Hy.J.T., 23; ‘‘ Appearance of 


15.X11.1935 


PAGE 


~ P. gamma and of C. siterata,”’ 
Capt. C. Q. Parsons : 

‘‘ Laurel, Larva of P. pedaria feed- 
ing on,’’ T. Bainbrigge Fletcher 

Ais Lepidoptera at Jaca, Spain,”’ 
Wm. Fassnidge, 19, 45; of 
Wandsworth, Major C. Dick, 25 ; 
ditto, C. Nicholson, 39; ditto 
S.W. London, F, D. Coote 

*¢ Teucania l-album,’’ G. W. pi 

Life-history of B. crini 

‘* Light, Captures at, in W. Sussex,” 
Dr. G. S. Robertson, 41; in S. 
Dorset os 

Lists of British Insects (Rev. eae 

List of Council and Officers of the 8. 
Lond. Ent. Soc. and of the Roy. 
Ent. Soce., .. 

List of Coleoptera taken at Wicken, 
1934, 2; speciesin genus Ruralis, 
6; Rhopalocera taken at Contrexé- 
ville, 9; Hemiptera-Heteroptera 
taken at Wicken in 1934, 13; 
Lepidoptera taken at Jaca, Spain 
in 1931-33, 19, 45; species in 
genus Strymon, 20; Lepidoptera 
of Wandsworth, 25 ; Hymenop- 
tera at Wicken, 29 ; Insects other 
than Col. and Hymen. at Wicken, 
29, 45; Heterocera at Contrexe- 
ville, 29 ; Insects other than Lep. 
at Contrexéville, 30; Rhopalo- 
cera at Mormale, 31; Heterocera 
at Mormale, 32; Insects other 
than Lep. at Mormale, 32; Dip- 
tera on Bookham and Effingham 
Commons, 40; Captures at Light 
in W. Sussex, 41; Forms of 
Rhopalocera confined to Finland, 
63; Lists of Coleoptera, Diptera, 
etc. in a Heron’s Nest, 70; Fritil- 
laries and Melitaeids observed in 
Piedmont, 85 ; Listof Brit. species 
noted in Seitz. Supp., 54, 79, 98, 
107; of Pests of Cotton (Rhyn. 
and Col.), 99; Transvaal Insects, 
100; Orthoptera from Yorks, 102 ; 


24 
37 


Additions to the British Micro- - 


Lepidoptera, 112; Migrants in 
Bayonne, 116; Macro-Lepidop- 
tera in Streatham, S.W. London 
‘¢Tiocal species of Hypenides in 
W. Sussex,’’ Dr. G. Robertson, 
‘‘ Locquignol, France,’’ Rev. EH. B. 
Ashby ve 
Macro- Lepidoptera i in 8. W. Lon- 
don,”’ FE.  D. Coote, 116g A.G; 
Nicholson .. 
‘* Marshes and Reed- beds i in July 
and early August,’? A.J.W. .. 
Micro-Larvae Collecting 50, 77, 103, 
‘‘ Migrant Species of Lepidoptera 
in Bayonne, The Presence of 
our,’’ G. T. Adkin 


. 
. 


117 
40 
30 


128 


90 
127 


> 116 


143 


PAGE 


CONTENTS. 
PAGE 
Migratory Species, Remarks on 24, 100; M. roeselit (Orthop.), 102; 
97, 102, 116, 138 C. chrysozona (Dip.), 119; H. 
‘¢ Mormale, Forét of, July, 1934,” pinastri, 127; P. rectangulatus 
Rev. E. B. Ashby 30 ) ‘*Rearing C. exoleta, Notes on a 


‘* Myelois cirrigerella taken near 
Winchester,’’ Wm. Fassnidge .. 
Nep. suberivora at Southampton 
and Worthing, Wm. Fassnidge 
Nest of F. rufa (Hym.) in Cornwall 
New, ab. ireneae of Anthicus anthe- 
cinus, 3; ssp. shejuzhkoi of Erebia 
callias, 4; ab, janeae of C. 11- 
punctata (Col.), ab. dorothyae of 
A. bifasciatus (Col.), both, to 
Science, and ab. floricola of P. 
oblongus (Col.), to Britain Wa 

New Forest Management : 

New to Britain, Brithys crini 

‘* Newly discovered Tinea species,”’ 
Byes 382. ay aie ‘¢ 

‘* Noctuae and vars. in 1934,’’ A. J. 
Wightman ae 58, 

** Nomenclature, The List,’ Hy. J. 
Turner, 6, 20, 32, 49, 108; Hiib- 
nerian, 81; Madrid and Lisbon 

‘* Notes on, a new subspecies of E. 
callias,’’? B. C. S. Warren, 4; 
‘¢ Time of Occurrence of Larvae 
and Imagines of P. carpho- 
dactylus,’’ Wm. Fassnidge, 22; 
Shoreham, Sussex, L. H., Bona- 
parte- Wyse 

Notes on Collecting 21, 36, 50, 64, 

hes a0: 103, 112, 126, 

‘Number of Species of Insects, 
Estimate of,”’ 

Obituary, J. C. Hageart, 11; G: B. 
Routledge, J.P., F.R.E. S., The 
Bro. Dixey, M.D., E.B.S., 
F.R.E.S., 28; Florence Jane 
Kirk, 56; R. Adkin 

O. caerulescens (Orthop.) in Britain, 
Dr. M. Burr 

‘¢ Orthoptera from Yorks, a Few,” 
Dr. M. Burr : 

** Pancalia_ latr eillella, 
T. B.-Fletcher F 

‘* Parasites in the Nests ‘of the 
House Martin, Some,’’ H. Donis- 
thorpe y eG 

Pests .. 

BP. 


“Curtis,” 


68, 
shepherdana ab Southampton, 

W. Fassnidge 

P. stachydalis in Hants, Ww. Fass- 
nidge 

** Puzzle of T. bipunctatum, The, ” 
Dr. M. Burr : Bes 

Races of, Hrebia sp. 

Rare and local species, C. " geminus 
(Hem.), 14; ZL. l-album, 14; S. 
westwoodi (ant), 99\<.-P: napi ab. 
nigropunctata, 37; D. nerii, 91; 
C. croceus, 93; L. albipuncta, 


115 


105 


98 | 


124 


135 


102 | 


. 130 


Method of,’’ Dr. G. Robertson.. 
Rearing C. exoleta, Dr. G. Robert- 
son 
Rearing reed- feeding ‘larvae 
Records for Orthoptera, New 
‘* Reed Beds in Karly Spring ”’ 
References to the literature of D. 
astrantiae .. 


Resting Habit, of C. nupta, P. 
Siviter Smith, 66; of C. nupta 


and B. perla, C. Nicholson ws 
‘‘ Rest, Moths at, on Houses,’’ P. 
Siviter Smith Le 
Reviews 9, 10, 26, 43, 53. 67, 68, 
93, 107, 120, 132, 
‘‘ Rhopalocera in Co. Tyrone, 1934, 
with Notes on Variation,’’ Thos. 


Greer as Bi 
Royal Entomological Society 
‘« Scarcity of, C. croceus in S. 


England,”’ Ww. P. Seabrook, 130 ; 
C. Nicholson 
Scientific Notes , 35, 
‘* Second? Brood of d. pentadac- 
tyla,’? Hy.J.T. and T.B.-F. 
Seitz Supplement to Palaearetic 


Lepidoptera volume 54, 79, 93, 
Societies : 
South London "Entomological 
Society .. RP 
‘« Spider, Lady-bird and,”’ HH: 
Donisthorpe F 
‘Spiders 


Stridulation of a Rhyncotid. 
Studies in the Biology of P. rapae,”’ 
Orazio Querci 14, 47, 60, 73, 86, 


111, 124, 

‘‘ Sugar’? in S. Dorset a ao 

«Pame P:- atalania, A,” HH. 
Donisthorpe 


‘* Tentamen, The, o BH. Benjamin 
‘¢ Three weeks Collecting in Corn- 
wall,” Rev. T. G. Edwards 
Tring, Exhibition of Lepidoptera at 
‘¢Two Aberrations of Coleoptera 
new to Science, and one new to 
Britain,’ H. Donisthorpe 124, 
‘Unusual Foodplants of Noctuid 
Larvae,’”’ T. B.-Fletcher.. : 
Variation in, Anthicus sps. (C.), 3; 
Notes on, in Irish Rhopalocera, 
37; Notes on, in ‘ Lambillionea,’ 
80; L. albipuncta, 101; E. 
car ‘damines soVe 
‘* Venturesome Dragonfly, "A C. 
Nicholson .. ‘ ae : 
Verral] Supper te 
‘* Visit to Wortheenk Natal 
Zululand,’’ J. S. Taylor 


sae 
74, 


138 
39 


140 


137 


a LES 


135 
102 


. 105 


107 
119 


120 


ESE 


68 
99 


133 
122 


114 
82 


. 105 


27 


140 


38 


- 107 


. 126 


54 


98 


Hayward, K. J., F.R.E.S., F.G.S., 


Locauitizs :—Argentine, 109 ; 


Vosges; 7, 29; Cornwall, 71, 97, 105, 116; Dorset, 121; 


Bookham, 40; Box Hill, 106; 


144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.XJ1.19385 
PAGE PAGE 
‘¢ Visits to Finland, Two,’’ Dr. E. Winter Moths ae re Feo sd 
Scott et hg 62, 89 , ‘*Xanthic Forms of #. (M.) 
Viviparity in Lepidoptera, | Pseudo- 35 jurtina,’’? Dr. H. G. Harris ow be 
Wasp, The 2 55 | ** X. camellus in Windsor Forest,’’ 
Wicken Fen Fund .. 66 H. Donisthorpe .. st haf ale 
‘¢ Wicken revisited,’’ H. " Donis- 
thorpe Dass ZO es 
LIST. OF CONTRIBUTORS: 
Adkin, G. T... : a /L16 BCS: svt 109 
Andrews, H. W.., F. R.E.S. 51 | Hoffmeyer, Dr. 129 
Ashby, Rev. KE. B., F, Re SZ S27429 | lees | Bs. 3% Ay ~ 6 oe 
Benjamin, F.H. .. 81 | Nicholson, C. 38, 52; f(t 7S o7r 
Bonaparte- Wyse, L. H. f eed 2A) 116, 127, 128 
_ Burr, M., D.Sc., F.R.E. Ss. 9, 40, Parmenter, L. ae 40 
41, 54, 102, 134 | Parsons, Capt. Cc. Q. if 24, 115 
Cockayne, EH. A., A.M., D.M.., Querci, Orazio 14, 47, 60, 67, 73, 
HERES an. 4,78, 91, 104 86, 92, 111, 124, 133 
Coote, F. D. Ne .. 116 | Robertson, Dr. G. S. gels 40, 41 
Craufurd, (GE 131 | Seott, Dr. E. As sh 62, 88 
Donisthorpe, Fie: F, Z Sas F.R.E. S., Seabrook, W. P. : aed Shula dos 
1,13; 29, 405 56, 65, 69, 79, 104, Sevastopulo, Dy. ‘Gy, F.R.E. BD. Wwl8; 
114, 124, 130, 137, 140 49, 106 
Day, F. R., F.R.E. S a 11 | Siviter-Smith, R. .. 66,43), 137 
Dick, Major C. .» 25. |: Taylor, JS, MA; Ee Eee 
Edwards, Rev. T. ex M. Aue 23, 105 | Thornley, Rev. Hone 38 
Ellis, H. W.-, PUZS EBs es 27, Turner, H.J., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., 
1180138 6,9; 21, 29, 26, 28, 32, 35, 43, 
Fassnidge, Wm., M.A., F.R.E.S. 44, 48, 50, 54, 67, 6859-7509: 84. 
19, 22, 45, 52, 106, 114 92, 95, 105, 106, 119, 132, 138 
Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge- B.N., Verity, Dr. R. th (Supp. ) 
eas PeA SE Ane 2ogoks Warren, B.C. S., F.R.ES. ‘ 

, 52, 53, 55, 57, 82, 94, 112, 120 | Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.R.E. S. a 
es . C.F. , FB... . 24 Wightman, A. J., F.R. E. Sc jue Bs 
Greer, Thos.. 3 fr oa) 1g. 58, 64, 99, 100 
Griffin, F. J., “NatieA ay .. 110 | Williams, Dr.,H: B., ER BeSial ie 
Harris, Dr. H. G. ..52, 58, 84 | Wiltshire, E. P. (Supp. July-Aug.) 
Hawker, Pee: 33 | Wynn, G. W. ar o& we git 


Contrexéville, 
Kffingham, 40; 


Finland, 62, 88; Greece, 92; Jutland, 92, 129 ; India, 18, 49; Jaca, Spain, 
19,45; Karakorum, 53; Killarney, 65 ; Locquignol, 7, 29 ; London, 8.W., 


117, 129; Midlands, 131; 


Mormale, 


Forest of, 7, 29; Natal, 74, 98; 


Piedmont, 84; Purbeck, 121; Pyrenees, 116; Richmond Pk., 69; Rouen, 
33; Salonika, 67, 92; Shoreham, 24; Spain, 134; Streatham, 116, 128; 


Stroud, 57, 82; Sussex, W., 41, 58; 
Wandawortn 25, 38; Wicken, i. 13, 29, oe 


102; Fainland 


Transvaal, 100; Tyrone, 37 137; 
Windsor, 130; Yorkshire, 
oo ny eee 


LiST MOR TLEGSLEATIONS. 
Plate; “1. Biology of Pieris rapae . agg LA 
» Ll. Views in Finland 2B cal alae 
», III. Larvae of Syrian Lepidoptera fe (1) Sup. 


SUPPLEMENTS. 


British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S... Bs 
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Dr. Roger Verity, F.R.E.S. 
Notes on the Larvae of Syrian Lepidoptera, EH. P. Wiltshire 

British Dipterological Literature, II., 


. I (358)-364). II (1)-(24). 


A. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S.  .. (td, 


ae 


4 
Be 
2 : 
; 
g 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. ‘Torner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. 
We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send 18 communications IDENTICAL 


with those they are sending to other magazines. 


Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at 
the time of sending in MS. ~ 

Articles that require InLusTRaTIons are inserted on condition that the AuTrHoR 
defrays the cost of the illustrations. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 
8 p.m. Jan. 15th. 

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 


‘Jan. 9th Lantern Lecture, ‘‘ Fauna and Flora of 8. Africa,’’ by Miss E. L. Stephens, 


University of Cape Town.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, 
Bromley, Kent. 

~ fhe London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the 
month at 6.30 p.m. at the Loudon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel 
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through 
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hil, 
Essex. 

Entomological Section, Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical 
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VOL. XLYII. 


Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. 


(new series) 


(1935.) 


The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation. 


The other Orders arranged by Species. 
Genera, Species, ete., new to Britaan are marked with an asterisk, those new 
to Science with two asterisks. 


PAGE 


COLEOPTERA. 


Anthicus antherinus 
**ab. ireneae 
bifasciatus.. 
**ab. dorothyae 
Anthonomus rufus .. 
Adalia bipunctata 
Bruchidae 
Coccinella 11- punctata 
**ab. janeae . : 
Coryna lugens . 
Decapotoma lunata.. 
ab, omega . 
Dendrophilus pygmaeus 
Dermestes (idae) 
EKupsalis vulsellata .. 
EKurychlora crenata. . 
Goliathus cacicus 
Hylurgus piniperda. . 
*ab. rubripennis 
Lucanus cervus 
Otiorhynchus porratus 


Philonthus rectangulatus .. 


Phyllobius oblongus 

*ab. floricola 
Pterostichus aterrimus 
Pycnopsis brachyptera 
Rhembastus variabilis 
Sepsis cynipsea 
Stenus picipes 
Silpha atrata 

ab. brunnea ; 

**ab. castaneicolor .. 
Stranglia aurulenta. . 


DIPTERA. 


Anthomyiidae 
anthracina, Egeria 
arrogans, Tachista .. 
arthriticus, Epitriptus 
billbergi, Chortophila 
brevipennis, Elachiptera 
Caricea . 
_cervi, Lipoptena 
Chortophila .. Si 
_ehrysocoma, Chilosia 


3, 
3, 


124, 


124 
124 
124 
140 

65 


ee 
" 108 


124, 


69, 


124, 


13 


. 114 


.. 130 


iets 


51 


PAGE 
diaphanus, Syrphus 20 
eggeri, Microdon 139 
glabra, Madiza 13 
Hippoboscidae 130 
hirundinis, Stenepteryx .. 150 
incurva, Discomyza 13, 38 
irritans, Hydrotaea.. ee 
Prosalpia 2 51 
Liriopeidae 26 
mellinum, Melanostoma 35 
Muscidae - 108 

-notata, Chloropisca 70 
pallidipes, Glossina. . 75 
scripta, Sphaerophoria 35 
Syrphidae “a 108 
Tachinidae 108 
tigrina, Caricea 114 
Trypetidae - 120 
vitripennis, Sekphay 35 

HYMENOPTERA. 
camellus, Xiphydria 79 
carnifex, Aritranis . 29 
cordata, Athalia 29 
crabro, Vespa hed ao 
diparopsidis, Apanteles 98, 100 
distinguendus, Bombus aS 
ebenina, Anilasta 72 

Ichneumonidae Ae s0 108 
lutea, Trichogramma 75, 76, 98, 100 
rufa, Formica aps ve 79, 98 
scabrinodis, Myrmica ep?) 
Vespa... 55 
westwoodi, Sienamma 29 

Se a. aan 

Acidalia eee iy, 
Acraea, inae. 27, 28 
acteon, Thymelicus, ‘Adopoea A PAL 
acuminatana, Hemimene .. 106 


addenda (jurtina ab.), Bpinephele 107 
adippe=cydippe 121 
adscitella = megerlella, Elachista.. 127 
adusta, Hadena .. a we, eS 
advena, Aplecta. HE 
advenella, Rhodophaea 78 


ive SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
aegeria, Pararge 33, 72 
aegon, Plebeius ests 2 
aello, Oeneis 88 
aescularia, Alsophila 54 
aethiops, Erebia fe S8o 
affinis, Calymnia G4s5-65 
agestis=medon, Aricia .. Se oe: 
aglaia, Argynnis ..34, 85, 121 
albifrontella, Elachista Bere 
albipalpella, Stomopteryx .. 77 
albipuncta, Leucania 17, 18, 59, 
60, 100, 122 
albistrigalis =taenialis, Hypenodes 40 
albitarsella, Coleophora ... 50 
albovenosa, Arsilonche 115, 130 
alchimiella, Gracillaria .- 103 
alciphron, Heodes .. 86 
aleyonipennella, Coleophora Bea (rh 
algae (cannae), Nonagria_ ..59, 90, 91 
alismana, Phalonia 127 
allisella (udana), Exaeritia 77 
alnifoliella, Lithocolletis 103 
alpella, Cerostoma .. lit 
alsines, Caradrina . 84 
alsoides (minimus ab.), Cupido 89 
alternata, Semiothisa 123 
alveus, Pprppnendee 86 
amata, Calothysanis 80 
amathusia, Brenthis 63 
ambigua, Caradrina 84 
amor, Rathinda 49 
amphidamas, Heodes 88 
angelicella, Depressaria 51, 58, 77 
annulata, Cosymbia 80 
antiqua, Orgyia 38, 52 
aphirape, Brenthis .. 64, 88 
apiciaria =repandaria, Epione 123 
apiformis, Aegeria .. : 78 
arenella, Depressaria 717 
argentula, Coleophora eS 
argiades, Everes te 85, 86 
argiolus, Lycaenopsis RA atiory Ural 
arion, Lycaena 5 Ee Solow 
arsilache, Brenthis.. 64, 88, 92, 129 
artemisiella = cinerosella, Huzo- 
phera : oe 4c sei | 
arundineta (dissoluta ab.), Non- 
agria Pa oe sss oh, a0 
assimilata, Eupithecia Stop tbl by 
assimilella, Depressaria ey 0) 
*astrantiae, Depressaria .. Dit, oe 
atalanta, Vanessa 13, 23, 24, 34, 
12,806, "Li1a: 115, 116, 126, 136 
atomaria, Ematurga 68 
atrata, Odezia 54 
atropos, Manduca, Acherontia 52, 
116, 128 
aurago, Xanthia 59, 101: 
aurantiaria, Hybernia 17 
aurimaculella — nigricomelia, Bue- 
~-culatrix 51, 
aurinia, Euphydryas, Melitaea 37, 64 
auroguttella, Gracillaria 78 
autumnaria, Ennomos 128 
azaleella, Gracillaria 52 


PAGE 
baleanica (pales ssp.), Brenthis 84 
basilinea, Apamea .. serpin 
bellargus (thetis), Polyommatus Peet?) 3) 
benacensis (tyndarus ssp.), Erebia 9 
bergmanniana, Argyrotoxa rir 
betulae, Ruralis, Thecla ee is) 
Bicoloras Mana) 92, 129 
bilunana, Kpiblema, Paedisca 50 
bipunctaria, Ortholitha 122 
bipunctata (ulvae ab.), Senta 101 

- bipunctata =combinata ae 
blancardella, Lithocolletis, 78, 103 
blanda, Caradrina 28 : .. 84 
boeticus,; Cosmolyce, Lampides . 8d 
brassicae, Pieris Bt, pO Rea 
bremiella=nigrescentella, Nepti- 

cula = : Beg Wt" 
Brephinae 54 
brevilinea, Leucania 59 
bucephala, Phalera.. 97 
caeruleocephala, Diloba 52 
caespititiella, Colcepte ois 25 
caja, Arctia .. 24 
c-album, Polyeoue 25, 71, 105, 106, 
116, 121, 124, 131 
Peale’ Krebia rl 
caliginosa, Acosmetia 101 
Calymnia .. ce bik -. 64 
camilla (sibilla), Limenitis 25, 34, 

. 106, 124 
camilla=rivularis *, << 86 
cannae=aleae, Nonagria ..59, 90, 91 
capitella, Lampronia i ee 
Caradrina (Athetis).. ..54, 84, 139 
carbonaria, Fidonia at 2068 
cardamines, Huchloé 34, 37, 107, 131 
cardui, Vanessa, Pyrameis 24, 34, 

72, 106, 116, 130, 134 
carlinella, Metzneria nee Wear 
carmenta (tyndarus ssp.), Erebia . oises 
earnella, Ilythia 78 
carphodactyla, Pterophorus 22 
carpinicolella, Lithocolletis 103 
castanea, Diparopsis a ae 
caulosticta: (cardamines ab.), Eu- 

chloé me od 107 
celtis, Libythea 85 
centaureae, Hesperia 90 
centaureata = oblongata, Eupithecia 117 
centonalis, Nola : 95, 129 
cerasicolella, Lithocolletis LS 
ceto, Hrebia .. 85 
chamomillae, Cucullia 59 
chaonia, Drymonia.. if .. 124 
chenopodiata (limitata), Ortholitha 122 
chi, Polia 66 
chiron =eumedon, Polyommatus.. 89 
chlorana, Harias -.. 129 
chrysoprasaria (vernaria), Hemis- 

tola, Kuchloris .. ss a Bs Peete) 
cinerea, Agrotis 131 
cinereopunctella, Lithocolletis 127 
cinereopunctella, Elachista 127 
cinerosella (artemisiella), Huzo-- 

phera iy oe ee 


SPECIAL . INDEX. 


PAGE 
cinxia, Melitaea pad: 
cirrigerella, Myelois ; LIS 
clavipalpis (quadripunctata), Cara- 
drina - 84 
cleodoxa (adippe ab. ) (eydippe ab. ) 
Argynnls : 86 
cloacella, Tinea 24 
enicella, Depressaria Sh as 
Coleophora (idae) ~-. 25, 80 
Colias 132 
combinata = bipunctata (ulvae ab, ¥ 
Senta Site ‘ 101 
comes, Triphaena 2 ig ae als 
comma, Urbicola 35, 106 
complanella, ‘Tischeria 4 eahiel (4) 53 
concomitella, Lithocolletis.. 78 
conigera, Leucania .. 59 
consortana, Hemimene 106 
conspicuella, Coleophora 717 
convolvuli, Sphinx, Herse.. Bos etal 5 
cordigera, Anarta Gay r29 
core, Kuploea 3 oe Pay nS 
coridon, Polyommatus cone 34, 122 
corylaria (prunaria ab.), Angerona 105 
coryli, Lithocolletis.. Rea 
costaestrigalis, Hypenodes.. 40 
crataegella, Scythropia vie A 
crataegi, Aporia .. iris 10, 63 
eribrella (cribrum), Myelois 25,122, 127 
crinanensis, Hydraecia 92 
*crini, Brithys : ts eed 
croceus, Colias 10, 24, 34, 35, 72, 
85, 93, righ 121, 130, 131 
cuculata, Buphyia Af 105 
cucullatella, Nola .. 129 
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 85, 86, 121 
cytisaria=pruinata, Pseudoterpna 
54, 122 
daphne, Brenthis .. 86 
deplana, Lithosia 123 
Depressaria .. 78 
depuncta, Agrotis 92, 129 
desfontainii, Melitaea, Buphydryas 119 
despila (cardamines av.), Euchloé 107 
dia, Brenthis : 34 
Dianthoecia - 9 
diffinis, Calymnia 64 
dipsacea, Heliothis .. 122 
discordella, Coleophora apes BS 
dissoluta, Nonagria.. 90, 91, 130 
ditrapezium, Noctua te Sa, KOS 
dodonea (trimacula f.), Drymonia 124 
dohrni (grossulariata ab.), Abraxas 130 
donzelii, Plebeius, Aricia .. 85 
dorilis, Heodes : ae 86 
dorylas (hylas), Polyommatus 34 
dromulus (tyndarus ssp.), Hrebia 3, 4 
Dryadaula Ay ae ath a: 
Farias 76, 98 
egea, Polygonia epi SU: 
Elachista, a 127 
elpenor, Eumorpha.. 97 
elymi, Tapinostola .. Hy Shemp 
‘emberizaepennella, Lithocolletis, 
Nepticula (error) .. 103, 127 


PAGE 
embla, Erebia : 63, 88 
emutaria, Acidalia .. ds i Aad 5 
Erebia BCA 9, 85, 86, 88 
eumedon (chiron),-Polyommatus.. 89 
euphrosyne, Brenthis 64 
euryale, Hrebia 86 
evias, EKrebia 85 
exclamationis, Agrotis 131 
exoleta, Calocampa.. 29 
fagi, Stauropus : 123 
faginella, Lithocolletis 103 


fasciellus (s schiffermiillerella), 
Nemotois .. : bie 717 
favicolor, Leucania.. 92 
ferrugalis, Phlyctaenia 97 
festaliella, Chrysocorys 78 
fimbrialis, Huchloris 2 
fingal (selene ssp.), Brenthis 64 
flava {cardamines ab.), Huchloé .. 107 

flavescens (perla ab.), Bryophila, 
Metachrostis se Shake 
flexula, Aventia , i 2223 
floslactata (remutaria), Acidalia .. 117 
| floslactella, Nepticula : 127 
fluctuata, Cidaria, Xanthorhoé 131 
forskaleana, Argyrotoxa 77 
fowleri (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 122 
fraternella, Gelechia 51 
freija, Brenthis 63, 64 
frigga, Brenthis he 63, 64 
fucata (aurago ab.), Xanthia 101 
fuciformis, Macroglossum .. ae the 

fuliginaria, Parascotia, Boletobia 
68, 91, 104 
fulviguttella, Cataplectica . 103 
fusca (neurica ab.), Nonagria . 130 
fuscantaria, Ennomos 38, 117, 128 
fuscocuprella, Coleophora .. . 103 
fuscovenosa, Acidalia oe eae 
galathea, Melanargia 25, 33, 121, 122 
galii, Celerio eh Se eG 
gamma, Plusia 24, 97, 102, aie 136 
gangabella, Hlachista : oped beef | 
garuda, Kuthalia AQ 

geminipuncta, Nonagria 10, 36, 58, 
S0En oil 

gemmaria (rhomboidaria), Boarmia 
bE 238 
genistella, Nephopteryx ie 
Geometridae. . 79 
cleichenelia, Blachista 127 
gnaphalii, Cucullia . a zur teh 
gordius (alciphron ssp.), Heodes .. 86 
gorge, Hrebia : See Ay 
eothica, Taeniocampa, Monima ee Ge 
gracilis, Taeniocampa, Monima .. 9459 
graeca (pales ssp.), Brenthis 84, 86 
grandipennis, Scythris a0 
granella, Tinea : : ae ee 

eraucasica (tyndarus ssp.), Hrebia 
ee 
eriseola, Lithosia 122 
grossana, Laspeyresia .. 103 
erossulariata, Abraxas ‘ 52, 130 
gryphipennella, Coleophora 50 


iv. SPECIAL 


PAGE 
gularis, Paralipsa .. ted) Seago 
haggarti een ab.), Taenio- 


campa : ed aor, Au 
haworthii, Celaena . a ee Rick 
heela, Colias.. ade Seana 
helice (croceus ab.), ‘Colias Spee ENG 
Hemitheinae . - 52 ee 
heparana, Pandemis ss ait Ae 
hero, Coenonympha Ss eg ec 
Hesperia ott “4 te ban Oe 
hiera, Pararge - 552 108 
hippocastanaria, Pachyenemia ety 
hippothoé, Heodes .. Ey 2-.,.88 


hispidaria, Apocheima capes 
hispidus=oditis, Heliophobus .. 26 
holsatica (centonalis ab.), Nola .. 129 
horridella, Cerostoma a prope 
humuli, Hepialus .. it Ai hm Oe 
hutchinsoni (c-album f.), Polygonia 

25, 71, 72, 105, 121 
hyale, Colias : — 34, 116 
hylas, dorylas, Polyommatus aces hc OEE 
hyperantus, Aphantopus .. 73, 139 


hypermnestra, Elymnias .. esp ci els 
hypoleuca, Acraea .. sie sie sie 
icarus, Polyommatus 25, 34, 73, 

106, 117,_131 
ilia, Apatura.. a 31 
interjuncta (napi ab.), Pieris st ecb 


intermedia, Melitaea, Huphydryas 119 
io, Vanessa, Nymphalis Ee Syewer 


116, 137 
iolas, Lyeaena 3 2 a0 
iphis, Coenonympha = eiPSarSGs 7, 188 
iranica (callias ssp.), Erebia 4, 5 
iris, Apatura be zs 1 | Pie | 
jacobaeae, Hypocrita i 38, 117 
jurtina, Epinephele ..34, 02, 107 
jutlandica (crinanensis  ssp.), 

Hydraecia 2's Be tae 
jutta, Oeneis.. Zs ..63, 88, 89 
laburnella, Cemiostoma, mer cones 103 
lacertinaria, Drepana 124 
l-album, Leucania 14, 17, ae 59, 

60, 100, 101 
laricella, Coleophora ds fai ep 
latistriata (bicoloria ab.), Miana92, 129 
latreillella, Panealia e¥ 82, .83 
lautella, Nepticula .. a5 Soham. 
leporina, Acronicta . 5 .. 124 
Lreucania .. ae SU De 
leucophaearia, Erannis “re BAF ting aed 
leucostigma, Apamea of :ceoheles 
leuwenhoekella, Pancalia .. PR 
levana, Araschnia .. ae Sti ppt 
lichenaria, Boarmia ie SP 


ligustri, Sphinx... 122, 123, 128 
limitata = chenopodiata, Ortholitha 122 


linearia, Cosymbia .. 80 
literosa, Miana wd 4c 92 
lithargyria, Leucania ah 59, 122 
Lithocolletis . ie irs i: Weil 63 
Lithosiinae .. ie ate GN 
litoralis, Leucania .. ze ew sian 


INDEX. 


PAGE 
liturella, Depressaria os Oe 
lodbjergensis (trifolii ab.), Mamestra 
92, 129 
lubricipeda = lutea, Spilosoma, Dia. 
crisia ts oe ae 92, 129 
lucilla, Neptis as 5. i. oe 
lucipara, Euplexia .. aie wee. 
luctuosa, Acontia .. si ecai) ee 
lupulina, Hepialus .. a once REN 
lurideola, Lithosia .. 123. 


lutea (lubricipeda), Diacrisia, Sri 
soma, Spilarctia .. ~s . 92, 129 
lutipennella, Calera 2% a | 


Lycaenidae .. if +, eo 
lycaon, Bpinephele .. - io 
machaon, Papilio .. 34, 63 
madagascari iensis, Chrysiridia I 
maera, Pararge ‘ tay | ae 
major (cardamines ab. ANE Euchloé.. 107 
malvae, Hesperia .. ..32, 92, 105 


marginata (brassicae ab.), Pieris .. 37 
marmorinaria (leucophaearia ab.), 


Erannis .. Me Se! ot ae 
maturna, Melitaea .. at 63, 119 
medon (agestis), Aricia .. Bere: |: 
megera, Pararge .. va tg males 
megerlella (adscitella), Hlachista .. 127 
meleager, Polyommatus .. We, £Oe 


menthastri, Spilosoma gi 24, 129 
merularia Gapeces ab.), 


Krannis .. a ta Sig caer 
mesomella, Lithosia Ww ios Doe 
microdactyla, Adaina Ss J ae 
microtheriella, Nepticula .. -~ Lad 
miniata, Miltochrista ¥ 5, 123 
minimus, Cupido .. of pe ene 
miniosa, Taeniocampa .. igh Le 


minora (cardamines ab.), Huchloé 107 
minuta (atomaria ab.), Kmaturga 68 


miscella, Tinea = ae .. 30 
mnemosyne, Parnassius .. psig: OE 
mnestra, Erebia .. oS eng TOU 
morpheus, Caradrina ae .~ _ 9 
mundana, Comacla.. as .« 122 
murina (tyndarus ssp.), Erebia .. 3 
myrmidone, Colias .. - aise al 
nanatella, Depressaria gi 2 eee 
napaeae (napif.), Pieris .. 23... "90 
napi, Pieris .. «2 alge lee 
neoridas, Erebia_ .. Sao ahh aa 
nerii, Daphnis a ay 4) gt ob foneae 
nerine, Erebia “ - ie re 
neurica, Nonagria .. is 58, 130 
neustria, Malacosoma - .. O2 
nickerlii, Apamea .. oe «4, DE 
nigra, Aporopbyla .. * ah 
nigricentella (bremiella), Nepticula 127 
nigricella, Coleophora di 77 
nigricomella (aurimaculella), Buceu- 
latrix ae 51 
nigrinotata (brassicae ab. a Pieris | 
37, 107 


nigrostriata (ulvae ab.), Senta .. 101 
noctuella, Nomophila 2 +n ty eae 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
nodosella, Pancalia.. Suntec: 
Nonagria é 58, 90 
notha, Brephos 54 
nupta, Catocala 13, 38, 52, "66, 78, 

130, 137 
Nymphalidae eat 
obscurata, Gnophos 123 
obsoleta, Heliothis .. 76 
obsoleta, Leucania .. 36 
oblongata (centaureata), Bupithecia 
38, 117, 129 
océllatus, Smerinthus Li) Dag ys aks be 
ochrata (cardamines ab.), Huchloé 37 
ochrea (cardamines ab.), Huchloé 107 
ocnerostomella, Douglasia.. 127 
oditis (hispidus), Heliophobus 26 
Oenochrominae : a 54 
oleracea, Mamestra.. 129 
olivaceella, Coleophora saat 
olivaceo-fasciata (quercus ab.), 
Lasiocampa 8 ps 92, 129 
ononaria, Aplasta 54 
onosmella, Coleophora 51 
onychina (literosa ab.), Miana 92 
operculella, Phthorimaea .. -. O38 
ophiogramma, Apamea 36, 129 
optilete, Polyommatus 92, 129 
orbona, Taeniocampa Sar ae 
orientalis, Euphydryas 119 
orion, Scolitantides.. th Beek 
ossianus (aphirape ssp.), Brenthis 
oe 
ottomana, Hrebia 3 
pactolia, Dryadaula.. - 53 
palaemon, Carterocepbalas 89 
palaeno, Colias : 63, 85 
palealis, Spilodes Je Ao 
pales, Brenthis 84, 86 
pallens, Leucania we OO 
pallida (io ab.), Vanessa cet h 
paludata, Anaitis .. 92, 129 
pamphilus, Coenonympha 93, 34, 

73, 88 
pancratii (crini), Brithys .. eee ae 
paphia, Argynnis (Dryas) 37, 86, 

105, 121 
Papilio He 2 28 
papilionaria, Hipparchus = 79, 123 
paripennella, Coleophora .. ... 108 
parthenias, Brephos =i sae! 
pedaria, Phigalia 37, 52 
pendularia, Cosymbia 22g OU 
pentadactyla, Alucita -» 105 
perfumaria (gemmaria ab.), Boar- 
mia 38 
perla, Bryophila, Metachrostis 38, 

66, 78, 79, 137 
personella, Tinea hs ar aed 
pfeifferella, Antispila 4 7% 
pflugiana, Epiblema ot 50 
phicomone, Colias .. sag Oe 
phlaeas, Rumicia, Heodes “985, 34, 

37, 73, 136 
phragmitidis, Calamia BP ie) 


Vv. 
PAGE 
picata, Huphyia ; -. 105 
pinastri, Hyloicus 10, 121, 127, 128 
| pinguis, Euzophora.. 78 
| Planema 28 
plexippus, Danais .. 71 
| podalirius, Papilio .. ae 93 
pomifoliella =blancardella APE 13) 
populi, Amorpha 52, 121, 128 
populi, Limenitis og i ae 
pronoé, EHrebia ae 85 
prorsa (levana f.), Araschnia . B4 
pruinata, Pseudoterpna 54, 122 
prunaria, Angerona -- 105 
pruni, Thecla, Strymon 121 
Pseudacraea . 28 
pseudathalia, Melitaea 85 
pseudobombycella, Talaeporia 50 
Ptychopoda .. ty 107 
pudibunda, Dasychira 124 
pulverulenta, Taeniocampa, Mon- 

ima “18 Se eB 
punctaria, Cosymbia. 80 
pustulata, Comibaena 79 
pygmaeola, Lithosia 95 
Pyrales : : 122 
pyraliata, Lygris 18 
pyralina, Calymnia.. 65 
quadra, Oeonistis 123 
quercifolia, Gastropacha, Eutricha 131 
quercifoliella, Lithocolletis 103 
quercinaria, Ennomos : SPs, 
quercus, Zephyrus, Thecla 6, 105 
quercus, Lasiocampa 92, 129 
quinquella, Nepticula a 127 
rapae, Pieris 8, 14, 37, 47, 53, 60, 

61, 72, 73, 87, 111, 124, 125, 131, 133 
remutaria = floslactata, Acidalia LEY 
repandaria (apiciaria), Epione 123 
revayana, Sarrothripus.. a oe. 
rhamni, Gonepteryx ..04, 72, 131 
rhomboidaria = gemmaria, Boarmia 

11, 538 
ridens, Polyploca 2) ao 
ripae, Agrotis : ale 92 
rivularis (camilla), Limenitis 86 
roborana, Notocelia -. BO 
rubi, Macrothylacia 121, 131 
rubiella, Lampronia SPe on 
rubricollis, Atolmis.. .. 106, 128 
rufa, Coenobia 58, 90, 91, 123 
rufina (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 137 
rumicis, Acronicta .. io" 38 
ruricolella, Tinea 24 
rutilus, Chrysophanus, Heodes 85, 86 
sajanensis (sedakovii ssp.), Erebia, 9 
salicicolella, Lithocolletis .. .. 108 
saucia, Agrotis 13, 131, 1347 
scabiosella, Lithocolletis Pree § 
scabrella, Cerostoma 17 
scabriuscula, Dipterygia 117 
schiffermiillerella =fasciellus, Nem- 

' otois Betooh (.'f 
schreberella, Lithocolletis . 103 
Scopula be 107 


vi. SPECIAL 


PAGE 
secalis, Apamea | 129 
sedakovii, Erebia .. 9 
selene, Brenthis 3 ei AZ 
semele, Eumenis, Hipparchia 25, 72 
semiargus, Polyommatus, Cyaniris 34 
semifasciata (napi ab.), Pieris 107 
semiobsoleta (coridon ab.), Poly- 

ommatus . , weve Oe 
senex, Comacla , ty d2s 
**sheljuzhkoi (callias ssp. ), Erebia 
shepherdana, Peronea 77, 114 
sibiJla=camilla, Limenitis 25, 34, 
| 106, 124 
silvius, Carterocephalus es) 
sinapis, Leptidea, heptosie 21, 131 
sinuata =cuculata a lOs 
sinuella, Homoeosoma 127 
siterata (psittacata), Cidaria way 
smaragdaria, Huchloris 79 
solandriana, Hucosma fF 
solitariella, Coleophora 50 
sorbi, Lithocolletis .. 78 
sordida, Hadena 92 
Sphingidae .. 119 
spinolella, Lithocolletis eek 
spinicolella, Lithocolletis . 78, 103 
splendana, Laspeyresia .. ae Ae 
sparganli, Nonagria TOS) come. sale 
stachydalis, Pyrausta : li4 
stellatarum, Macroglossum ae 24, 
SDh 9; obo a6, 130 
Sterrha ; ws Be LOW 
steveni (meleager fe i: Polyommatus 86 
stigmatella, Gracillaria : Ligeteic 
straminata=sylvestraria, Acidalia 
38, 117 
straminea, Leucania S305 00 
strobilana, Laspeyresia 51 
suavella, Eurhodope 7 
suberivora, Nepticula a2 <d'Gp 
subnotata, Hupithecia Biol G7) 
subocellana, Eucosma : ae (353 
subrosea, Noctua, Agrotis .. 92,129 
suddhodana (garuda ssp.), Huthalia 49 
suffusella, Phyllocnistis cb eed 
superstes, Caradrina 84 
suspecta, Orthosia .. 122 
swederella =alchimiella, Gracillaria 103 
sylvanus, Augiades . je gS aeod 
sylvestraria (straminata), Acidalia 
B8, aby 
sylvinus, Hepialus .. aa ik OO 
syngrapha (coridon ab.), Polyom- 
matus , a vie) Sere 
syringella, Gracillaria de eipl OD 
taenialis (albistrigalis), Hypenodes 40 
taeniolella, Stomopteryx aaa 
tages, Nisoniades, Erynnis hs coe 
taras (malvae ab.), Hesperia 105 
tendensis (pales ssp.), Brenthis 84, 86 
tenella, Lithocolletis 103 
terebrella, Cateremna ... 51 
terrealis, Phlyctaenia, Botys 103 
testacea, Apamea 92 


INDEX. 


therinella, Coleophora See | 
tiliae, Mimas 3 oy 1268 
Tineidae, Tinea 24, be 
tiphon =tullia, Coenonympha 37, 

88, 137 
tithonus, Epinephele 34, 121 
tragopogonis, Amphipyra .. eta, gene 
trapezina, Calymnia 64, 65 
triangulum, Noctua. beat)? 
tricolorella, ‘Geleckia,. Bee 5) 
trifolii, Mamestra Sa 92, 129 
trimacula (dodonea), Drymonia 124 
tringipennella, Gracillaria .. =<. On 
truncata, Dysstroma Maen Bei ls, 
tullia (tiphon), Coenonympha 37, 

, 137 
tumidella (zelleri), Acrobasis pei 
turfosalis, Tholomiges ae io ED 
tyndarus, Hrebia_. 3,.4,5, 9, 80 
typica, Naenia ie < tons 
typhae, Nonagria 91, 129 
udana=alismana, Phalonia 127 
ulmifoliella, Lithocolletis .. 103 
ulvae, Senta.. : 5 36, 101 
umbrosa (cardamines ab.), ‘Euchloé 107 
umbrosella, Pseudofumea . 53 
uncula, Bustrotia pga 
undularis (hypermnestra ssp.), 

Elymnias .. 18 
unicolor (xerampelina ab. . Cirr- 
hoedia ; mies || 
unicolor (deplana ab. ), Lithosia .. 123 
uralensis (maturna ssp.), Melitaea 63 
urticae, Aglais 13; 37,02, lol, for 
Vanessa a Ne (| 
varia, Melitaea 85 
verhuellella, Teichobia 50 
vernaria, chrysoprasaria, Euchloris, 
Hemistola. . : 123 
villica, Arctia ; 123 
vigintipunctella, Hyponomeuta 78 
viminetella, Coleophora 50 
viminetella = viminetorum ae 103 
viminiella, Coleophora 103 
viminetorum, Lithocolletis 103 
virgaureella, Coleophora -. LOS 
virgaureae, Heodes .. 85, 86 
virgularia, Acidalia.. ree 3!) 
vitellina, Leucania .. te 
w- -album, Strymon, Thecla 20, 34 
williamsi (cardamines ab.), Huchloé 107 
wolfensbergeri, Melitaea, uss 
dryas iis = : . 119 
Xanthia PI) 
xerampelina, Cirrhoedia 25, 101 
zatima (lutea ab.), Spilosoma, 
Diacrisia se 
zelleri=tumidella, Acrobasis 77 
zollikoferi, Xylophasia, Sidemia .. 101 
NEUROPTERA. 
cognata, Panorpa 35 
diptera, Psectra 13 


SPECIAL 


PAGE 
26 | 


Hemerobiidae 13. 
Raphidia . 120 
Sialis .. Eet20 
ODONATA. 
Aeschna = Aeshna . 108 
coerulescens, Oedipoda ae OO 
striolatum, Sympetrum 35, 126 
ORTHOPTERA. 
Acrydium ve VAL 
acuminata (bipunctatum ab. i Acry- 
dium a 102 
albipennis, Apterygida ee 
annulipes, Huborellia 54, 102 
asiatica, Anechura .. Seiten 
bipunctata, Anechura saiiyy (OA 
bipunctatum, Tettix 40, 41 
bipunctatus, Acrydium LS 
bolivari, Mesochelidura 135 
burri, Pseudisolabis. . 54 
calciatii, Anechura .. 54 
caerulescens, Oedopoda 39 
Conophyma . 54 
falcata, Phaneroptera 
fedtschenkoi, Anechura 
Gomphomastax ee ae. 04 
kiefferi, Tettix, Acrydium eG eds 2 
kraussi, Tettix 3 viel i BL 
longicornis, Bulla 76 
planicollis, Forficula ae a 
riparia, Labidura 9, 54 
roeselii, Metrioptera .. 102 
schlagintweiti, Forficula .. . d4 
sjOstedti (kiefferi ssp.), Acrydium.. 102 
sylvestris, Pteronemobius .. 35 
tenera, Pseudisolabis 54 


) 


INDEX. 


tenuicorne, Tettix .. 2 
vagans, Stauroderus 
zubovskii, Anechura 


RYNCHOTA. 


acuminata, Aelia 

bidens, Picromerus .. 
bipunctata, Popilia .. 
campestris, Lyctoris 
Cimicidae : 
culiciformis, Empicoris 
Dysdercus 

geminus, Cytorrhinus 
hirundinis, Oeciacus 
inflexa, Neottiglossa 
inuncta, Podops 
juniperina, Pentatoma 
leucomelans, Pachnoda 
maculata, Notonecta 
maculatissima, Porphrynota 
maura, Kurygaster .. ‘ 
rugifrons, Syagrus .. 
subfasciata, Hotea .. 
testudinaria, Kurygaster 
tibialis, Rhinocoris .. 


76, 


NOT CLASSIFIED. 


amentata, Lycora (Spider) 
Ceratophyllidae (Fleas) 
cervi, Trichodectes (Flea) .. 


ricinus, Ixodes (Tick) 


- 130 


98 


-. 130 
hirundinis, Ceratophyllus (Flea) .. 
2130 


130 


Species names occurring in Lists 
These 
Lists are indexed on p. 142 of the 


without comment are omitted. 


general index. 


teen 
ER 


ae 
5 r 
vr eg 
Le 
a4 
f ' 
i 
thrust 
vl 
Oye 
ys 
, 
€ ote 7 
ities 
a 
ae. 
yt 
ees 


Wad 
vi 
“%f 
; 
t 
i 
i 
H { 
‘ 
4 
¥ 


et 
a 


ri a0 ‘ - 
LN 
E it 
rs 
es ue Sait i 
‘ sey f 
>? >? } 
; et ; 
tas a { 
i « aay h ‘ ij 
2. t 5 ; } 


‘ 

‘ a jue: # 

yon e a4 

2 * 

soe . ae 

ve ‘ 

al . 

ar 

oa : 

re 

duet 2 

| ? 

n* - 

ae * 

ae a 
a wat 

> 

«4 Toy 

“9 

** 

a 


i ‘ 4 
* 

) 

y 
4 

4 et 

: fay ett 
Peau 
a eae Oa 
Bh he a 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (353) 
15.i.35. 
Add on p. (50) to the List of forms of d. ligustri, ab. obscura, 
V. Mell. 
Add on p. (51) six lines from the bottom the description of the 
above form. 
ab. obscura, V. Mell. Lamb. XXVIII. 117 (1928). 
Ontc. Descrip.— Forewings, prothorax and abdomen black with 
the markings greenish as in the type.” Malmedy. 


Add on p. (68) to the List of forms of A. tridens after the last line, 
ab. soltowensis, Schlitz. 

Add on p. (64) after the last line, the description of the above 
form. 

ab. soltowensis, Schltz. Int. Hnt. Zt. XXIV. 185 (1930). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ The forewings reddish grey in the typical form. 
In this present form the colour is dark brown-grey suffused. The 
usual “ psi’”’ mark and basal streak are sharp and stand out distinctly. 
But the hindwings are somewhat more darkened than in the type.” 
Soltau. 

Footnote on p. (87) for p. (63), Seitz Supp. III. p. 11, has nigro- 


maculata, Gelin, in error for nigromarginata. 


Add to the List of Forms of A. euphorbiae on p. (71) ab. debilis, 
Demais, ab. acerbata, Schawer. and ab. farinusa, Bytin. Salz. 

Add to p. (74) after line 3 from the bottom, the descriptions of ab. 
debilis from top of p. (87) and of the above two forms. 

r. acerbata, Schawerda, Zeit. ent. Oestr. Hnt. Ver. XVI. 29 (1931). 

Orig. Descrip.—< Paler grey and thus the markings are not obscure 
as in euphrasiae, Brahm. ‘The black markings are very sharp and both 
the transverse lines in the central area are emphasized. Also the 
underside of the forewings are light grey usually with an indistinct 
whitish outer transverse line. The contrasted markings are very 
sharp.” Corsica. 


ab. farinosa, Bytins. S. Int. nt. Zt. XXVIIIL. 100 (1984). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ This form is distinguished from both the forms 
appenina and acerbata by its general dark colour and more distinct 
marking, but has the basal colour more strongly reduced in the discal 
and outer‘areas than in these. Of the doubled inner and outer cross 
lines only the inner and outer half of each is present: the central 
shading is quite absent. ‘The orbicular and reniform stigmata are 
surrounded by a fine black line.” Sardinia. 


Add to p. (77) line 6 from the bottom to Fie.—l.c. 
‘‘ fio, 10 very obscure.” 


Add to p. (75) after the List of forms of A. rumicis, 9 lines from 
the bottom, ab. polonica, Pruff. and ab. bercei, Sand. 
Add to p. (78) after line 5 from the top, these two descriptions on 


p: (87): 


Add to the List of Forms of A. albvvenosa on p. (79) ab. tanaica, 
Alph, and ab. nocmelaina, Traub. and also ssp. cretacea, Wagn. and ab. 
selenis, Schltz. : 


(354) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Add to p. (81) after line 7, the descriptions of the first two from Ae 
(87) and then the two following descriptions. 

ssp. cretacea, Wagn. Mitt. Miinch. XIX. 68 (1929). 

Orie. Descrrp, _« Chalky white, powdered with fine dark atoms, 
and with sharp black marginal dots. The longitudinal streaks show 
particularly sharp on the pale ground. The hindwings and the under- 
sides are pure white without yellowish colour-tone.” Anatolia. 


ab. selenis, Schltz. Int. Ent. Zt. XXIV. 169 (1931). 
Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Specimens with very strongly developed discal 
moon-shaped spots on the underside of all four wings.” Neustadt. 


Add to the List of Forms of C. duplaris on p. (83), r. malaise, 
Nordstr. 

Add the following description to p. (84) after line 9 from the bottom. 

race malaise, Nordstr. Ark. Zool. 20A (No. 12) p. 5 (1929). 

OriG. Dzscrie. —‘‘The forewings are uniformly grey, with no 
appreciable markings, the basal area quite as dark as the central area; 
the outer and inner “central lines indistinct, not more than a slightly 
lighter shade is apparent; the waved line narrow, indistinct; the two 
spots united into a streak. This streak never stands in the broad 
outer middle line, but goes straight to the edge of the dark central 
area, which last is in no way lighter in the middle, hence a distinct, 
darker line is absent from its outer portion, in which a light waved 
line comes into view, the cell spot is not indicated. The g genital 
apparatus shows a perfect agreement with that of the Swedish 3 
duplaris.”’ Sweden. 


On p. (91) for ‘‘ Tangiers ’’ read ‘‘ Tangier.” 


To the List of forms of L. vitellina on p. (94) add r. decolorata, 
Dohl., ab. saturatior, Dnhl., and ab. grisescens, Dnhl. 

Add the descriptions of the above forms after line 16 on p. Ghee 

r. decolorata, Dnhl. Mit. Miinch. XIX. 118 (1929). 

OriG. Descare. —‘* A race flying about the high lakes of the Abruzzi, 
somewhat similar to an extreme form of pallida, Warr.-S. Very small, 
no example more than 22 mm., while the southern vitellina measures 
about 39-42 mm. in expense. The typical form is only27 mm. While 
in pallida the transverse lines are distinctly marked, mostly quite fine, 
but sharply cut, but beyond the cell spot the dark cloud of the reniform 
shows: the small decolorata is quite without marking ; the tonein it is 
shining straw-yellow, in one it is almost whitish, even turning to 
yellowish white.” 


r. saturatior, Dnhl. Mit. Minch. XIX. 118 (1929). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Completely red, more or less strongly marked ; 
hindwing darker, iridescent, the veins strongly coloured. Mostly large 
individuals.” In the South of Campagna Romana. 


ab. grisescens, Dnhl. l.c. 

Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Appears to be a mountain form. The yellow 
tone was replaced by grey or grey-yellow. It is a very rare form.” 
S. Tyrol and Sabine Mts. | 


a 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (355) 


To the List of Forms of L. pallens on p. (118) add ab. minor, Lamb. 
and ab. nana, Dufr. and on p. (120) after line 29 add the two 0 following 
descriptions. 

ab. minor, Dufr. Lamb. XXXII. 81 (1982). 

Orie. Descare. —‘* Very small examples having at most an expanse 
of 28mm.; like the type in coloration.” 


ab. nana, Dufr. Lamb. XXXII. 81 (1982). 
Orie. Descriep.—‘ Like ab. minor, but colour identical with ab, 
suffusa, Steph.” 


Add to the List of Forms of L. putrescens on p. (109) after line 2, 
ab. pallescens, Dnhl. 

Add the following description of the above to p. (110) after line 
21. by 
ab. eapallescens, Dnhl. Mit. Miinch. XIX. 112 (1929). 
Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ White-grey instead of bright yellow-brown 
ground-colour. Marking very fine; the dark traces beyond the cell 
and on the outer margin are not present. Hindwings white, the 
marginal dots only recognised with difficulty.” Occurs with the species 
in mid-Italy, in the plain as well as in the mountains. 


My colleague Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher kindly points out that on 
p. (116) in the List of Forms of L. impura the ab. arcuata, Steph. has 
been wrongly inserted and also the Orig. Descrip. of the same on the 
same page. These must be deleted as the name is properly included 
on p. (117) under the List of Forms of S. pallens. Ab. areuata, Steph. 
was dealt with by Tutt, B. Noct. I. 40. Reference to Wood’s figure 
364 will plainly show that the illustration is a pallens form and not 
one of impura, That reference too must be deleted from the account 
of impura. : 


At the end of the List of Forms of S. maritima on p. (142) the ssp. 
grisea, Wagn. should be added, and at the bottom of p. (144) the 
following description is to be added. | 

ssp. grisea, Wagnr. Mitt. Minch. XIX. 78 (1929). 

Onic. Desori.——“‘ The specimens are wholly distinctly paler (purer 
grey).” Anatolia. 


To the List of Forms of N. geminipuncta on p. (150) add ab. 
jaeschket, Warn. and the original descrip. below is to ‘ added after 
line 21 on the same page. 

ab. jaeschket, Warn. Int. ent. Zt. XXXIII. 7 (1929). 

Fic.—l.c. fig. 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘On the forewings the transverse doubled lines 
which bound the central area from the marginal and basal areas, are 
strikingly dark.’’ Nieder Hlb area, 


Add to the List of Forms of N. sparganii on p. (154) after line 25, 
ab. nigrescens, Warnk., and the following description after line 36 on 
p- (155). 7 | : 

ab. nigrescens, Warnk. Verh. Ver. nat. Heimalf. Hamburg, XXIII. 
20 (1931-2). | 


(356) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Orte. Descrip.—‘‘ An almost wholly black ¢. The forewings show 
two somewhat paler longitudinal wisps, of which the upper one runs 
to the proximity of the reniform, while the lower one goes off to the 
angle of the wing. In the centre of the hindwing similarly there lies 
a paler longitudinal streak. The anal angle also has paler scaling.” 
Germany. 


Add to the List of Forms of N. typhae on p. (157) ab. punctata, 
Lamb., and ab. obsoleta, Dufrn., and the following two descriptions after 
line 8 on p. (159). 

ab. punctata, Dufr., Lamb. XXXII. 83 (1982). 

Oric. Descrip.— ‘On the forewings the spots before the sub- 
marginal lines are large, much extended and very black.” 


ab. obsoleta, Dufr. Lamb. XXXII. 83 (1982). 

Oric. Descrrep.—* On the forewings the black spots before the sub- 
marginal line are completely obliterated, or reduced to a few black 
atoms.” Belgium. 


On p. (167) Wood’s fig. should be “ fig. 264” and not “ 364.” 
On p. (172) on line 11 ‘ Zris XIII.” should read “ Jris XIT.” 
) 


On p. (168) to the List of Forms of H. nictitans (oculea) add f. 
aurigera, ‘patito and to p. (175) after line 12 add the following 
description. , p 

f. awrigera, Ueydem. Mnt. Zt. XLV. 308 (1932). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ The forewings in the whole central area and also 
at the base, shining golden yellow toned, enclosing the three particu- 
larly clear and large stigmata. These are surrounded with very fine 
pale violet brown. Of the same colour are all the lines, the thinned 
out middle shading, and the marginal area. The apex shows a golden 
yellow spot, before which lies a sharply margined darker violet- 
brown costal flush. Head, breast and thorax golden yellow, a little, 
especially on the neck, violet brown-tone. Abdomen light rosy brown, 
on the back with golden hairs. Hindwing bright grey yellow, 
greyer on the outside, a light yellowish defined central line, thence the 
border area bright grey. powdered. Fringes yellowish rose. The 
underside equally very light, clear light yellow, finely reddish 
powdered, without any grey tinting, crossed by red-brown veins and 
with light red-brown postmedian across all the wings.” 


To the List of forms of X. conspicillaris on p. (187) add ssp. 
anatolica, Hering, and on p. (189) after line 2 add the following 
description. 

ssp. anatolica, Hering, Int. Hnt. Zt. XX VI. 412 (1938). 

Orie. Descrip.— Recognised by the less contrasted colour. The 
ground is almost pure grey, without the brownish tone of the typical 
form but not so black-brown as in the usually met-with form from 
Ankara. The somewhat brownish tone is found mostly in the paler 
costal area of the apex. It is distinguished from the almost unicolorous 
European specimens quite easily by the purer grey colouring and the 
more distinct marking. The thorax has dark grey hair. On the 
underside the forewings and the costal part of the hindwings are much 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (857) 
15,iii.35. 7 
stronger grey than in German specimens. The male has much less 
contrast of colour than the female.” Ankara. 


On p. (192) to the List of Forms of X. monoglypha add ab. albida, 
Osth., ssp. syriaca, Osth., ssp. abriuzzorum, Dnhl., and ssp. moroccana, 
Zerny, and add the following four descriptions after line 4 on p. (195). 

ab. albida, Osth. Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Gesell. XXIII. 71 (1988). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ These are in appearance compared with other 
specimens strikingly pale, the whole of the forewings whitish grey with — 
obscurely developed dark markings, appearing as an extremely developed 
var. corsa, Trt.’’ Syria. 


ssp. syriaca, Osth. Mitt. Minch. Ent. Ges. XXIII. 70 (1983). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘ The form is so constantly distinctive in its 
characters that it seems correct to designate it with a subspecific name. 
Generally somewhat smaller than our Central European specimens. 
Forewings unicolorous brownish-red, suggesting our var. tintacta, 
Peters., but noticeably more uniform in tone than it and with deeper 
reddish tone. The markings sharp and distinct, but more slightly 
developed than in our examples, wanting the special character of the 
pale cloud at the inner angle. The @? in part somewhat darker, with 
more blackish ground tint.” Syria. 


ssp. abruzzorum, Dnhl. Ent. Zeit. XLVI. 259 (1988). 

Orxicinat Dzscrip.—‘‘ While in the Campagna Romana and the 
surrounding mountains there flies a bright brown coloured insect, 
which stands near the typical form and in fact shows much similarity 
with the sardoa, Trti., there exists in the Abruzzi a race, very pale 
tending towards white grey, in which the elements of the marking 
stand out clearly. The outer light transverse band lay quite broad 
well depicted in white: similarly the stigmata are filled in with white. 

‘“¢ Hindwings much lighter than that of the typical form, with a 
broad dull black-brown margin, near the inner half the fine line 
through the central area was often clearly visible. The discoidal spot 
distinct.” Mt. Grande, Velinos and Majella. 


ssp. moroccana, Zerny. Zt. Oestr. Ver. Wien. XIX. 46 (1934). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. VII. f. 80, 31. 

Orie. Descrir.—‘‘ Distinguished from all other known forms of 
monoglypha in both sexes by the hindwings being conspicuously pale 
yellowish white, with a much greater contrast in the clearly defined 
marginal band. It is very near ssp. sicula, with which it agrees in its 
small and elongated orbicular and the absénce of a darkening on the 
inner marginal part of the forewings behind the black longitudinal 
streak in the fold. It wholly wants the characteristic yellowish 
appearance distal to the reniform near the apex. The ground colour 
of the forewing is brownish violet-grey of variable intensity. All 
markings are distinct, particularly the orbicular, well emphasised in 
black and the claviform extending both sides of theelbowed line. The 
underside is distinctly wine-reddish especially on the costal and apical 
parts of the forewings and on the costal part of the hindwings.” 
Tachdirt, Morocco. 


(358) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


On page (200) line 8 from the bottom add to the List of Forms of 
X. rurea, ab. corsa, Schawrd. 

On page (203) before line 8 from the bottom add the following 
description. 

ab. corsa, Schawrd. Zt. Oestr. Hut. Ver. 48 (1928). 

Oric. Descrir.—‘‘ Dark-sand to steel-grey coloured forewings with 
dark grey-brown markings on the basal portion of the inner margin 
and in the proximity of the stigmata on the costal margin. The outer 
margin is darkened as in the typical form, but sprinkled dark black 
brown. The stigmata are clear grey. The hindwings sand-grey, and 
darkened towards the margin.” Corsica. . 


To the List of Forms of D. scabriuscula on page (209) add subspecies 
andreji, Kard. 

And on page (210) after line 15 add the following description. 

ssp. andreji, Kard. Hnt. Mitt. Berlin, XVII. 419 (1928). 

Wie.—l.c. plt. 9, £. 5. 

Orig. Descrip.— They agree in size with European examples, but 
are distinguished from them by the dark anal area and the much dark- 
ened inner margin of the forewing ; they are similarly coloured to the 
ealiginosa of Thibet or China.’ Vladivostock. 


To the List of Forms of 4. basilinea on p. (211) add ssp. alacra, 
Dnohl. 

And on p. (218) after line 11 add the following description. 

ssp. alacra, Dnbl. Ent. Zeit. XLVI. 259 (1988). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Only odd specimens of this species were obtained 
by mein Central Italy. The few good specimens obtained by me 
point to a form almost indistinguishable from the typical form. 
Ground colour much paler, with many milk-white areas, very fine and 
distinct marking, the very narrowed middle band light red brown, the 
strongly developed spots on the costa somewhat darker. The toothed 
line before the marginal area turns out strongly in the middle and 
before the costa. ‘Thus the insect becomes much more variable and 
fresher than Central Huropean specimens.” Albanian Mts. 


Correction.—On p. (223) at the end of the List of Forms of A. 
didyma is the name albo-ewcessa. This name should be deleted and its 
place taken by struvei-eacessa as on p. (228) following. 


On p. (223) at the end of the List of Forms of A. didyma add ab. 
xanthostigma, Schawrd. 
And on p. (228) above the line 7 from the bottom add the following 
description. 
' ab. wanthostigma, Schawerda, Zt. Ostr. Ent. Ver. XVIII. 30 (19382). 
Orie. Descrre.—‘< With yellow stigmata.” 


On p. (236) to the List of Forms of M. latruncula add form and 
ssp. grisescens, Heyd. and f. victruncula, Heyd. 

And on p. (237) add the following two descriptions after line 32. 

f. victruncula, Heydm. Hnt. Zt. XLVI. 80 (1982). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ This form occurs in the melanic forms. They 
have a deep black angulated band, which, running out from the costa 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (359) 


between the two stigmata, reaches the inner margin and forming an inter- 
esting convergence toward the well known but rare bicolora form.” 
Only found in ab. aethiops and ab. wnicolor. 


f. and ssp. yrisescens, Heyd. Ent. Zt. XLVI. 80 (1982). 

Orie. Descrre.— The ground colour of these specimens was almost 
the same as that of the Central Italian form, a unicolorous brown grey ; 
the basal and central area somewhat darker, suffused brownish; the 
latter with a deep black transverse line. The stigmata pale grey 
yellow, internally brownish grey as the marginal area. They were 
especially light beyond the inner margin near to the whitish interior 
of the post-median band. 

The scarcely lighter submarginal in front continued brownish to 
the costa and in the disc, thence to the border shaded indistinctly 
dark grey.” 


On p. (248) to the List of Forms of M. furuneula (bicoloria) add f. 
pseudonychina, Heydm. 

Add on p. (246) above line 8 from the bottom the following descrip- 
tion. 

{. pseudonychina, Heydeman. nt. ent. Zt. XX VII. 831 (1938). 

Fig.-—l.c. plt. I. f. 18. 

Orie. Descrre.—‘ Whitish ochre-yellow and unicolorous grey- 
yellowish specimens. These are often confused with literosa ab. 
onychina, H.-S. South figures an almost similarly coloured g (plt. 
181. f. 15). This form on account of its great similarity with our 
sandcoloured literosa var. may be called pseudonychina.” Schleswig- 
Holstein. | 


On p. (264) to the List of Forms of M. furva add ab. leucorena, 
SEri 

And on p. (265) after line 18 add the following description. 

ab. leucorena, Trti. Nat. Sci. XXIII. 804 (1916). [Reprint p. 102.] 

Orie. Descrip.—This form with white reniform has been pointed 
out by authors since the time of Treitschke. It is tae var. A of Guenée. 
Warren in Seitz copies Hampson in saying that the reniform is white 
in the female but reddish in the male. Turati was the first to name 
it. It occurs generally with the main form. 


To the List of Forms of M. persicariae on p. (273) add ab. ochro- 
renis, Kard. 

And five lines below that add the following description. 

ab. ochrorenis, Kard. Hnt. Mitt. Berlin. XVII. 419 (1928). 

Fie.—t.c. plt. 9, f. 2. 

Orie. Descrrp.—‘ Has a golden yellow reniform stigma. It has a 
few dark scales, and is surrounded by a thin pale yellow line.” Narva, 
Ussuri. 


On p. (278) under the heading ab. diglua add the following Original 
Description which was omitted there. 

ab. difflua, Hb. Zutr. 9. (1823). 

Pie.—l.c. 821-2. 

Oric. Descrip.— Notably like caectmacula (Hb. Noct. 137) in size and 


(860) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


appearance, but distinguished by its deeper greenish-grey coloration. 
Between the usual central markings, lies a brownish shading across 
the width of the forewing, and the outermost of the waved lines is 
inwards zigzaged with black.” Labrador. 


At the end of the List of Forms of maillardi=exulis, on p. (276) 
add ab. variegata, Wehrli, and ab. obscura, Wehrili. 

And on p. (280) after line 16 add the following descriptions. 

These two descriptions are the abbreviated ones quoted from the 
Supp. to Seitz just issued. 


ab. varieyata, Webrli. (Draudt in Supp. to Seitz. III. p. 161). 

Fig.—l.c. plt. 19k (not yet published). 

Derscrip.—‘ Brightly marked specimens, costa and veins dusted 
with grey white, transverse and subterminal lines pale yellow with 
black edges. There is a yellow streak through the reniform to outer 
transverse stripe.” Zermatt. 


ab. obscura, Wehrli. (J.c. p. 162). 
Descrip.—‘ Completely grey black specimens without any brownish 
hue and scarcely visible paler transverse lines.” 


To the List of Forms of dumerilii on p. (809) add the following names: 
spp. hirsuta, Wenr., and r. aequalis, Schaw. 

The abbreviated descriptions are to be found in the Supp. to Seitz. | 
p-l06) volar, 


To the List of Forms of nickerlii (=incerta=gueneet) on p. (816) 
add the following names from the just issued parts of the sia to. 
Seitz Vol. III. p. 167. ab. wnimaculata, Silbernagel ; pseudotestacea, 
Silbernagel ; r. tardenota, Joan.; ab. para Joan.; ab. nigronotata, 
Joan; and r. pieretti, Obth. 3 

And above line 8 from the bottom of p. (818) add the abbreviated 
descriptions of the above six forms, taken from Seitz Supp. 

ab. wnimaculata, Silbernagel. 

Descrre.—“ Has no orbicular stigma.” 


~"S7 Py Oy 


ab. pseudotestacea, Silbernagel. 

Fic.—Seitz Supp. Vol. III. plt. 208. 

Descrir.—‘‘ Pale grey brown specimens of the dark form from 
Prague, that thus closely resembles testacea.” 


- 


r. tardenota, Joan. L.c. : 
Fie.—1.c. ple. 202. 
Descrie.—< The form from around Paris that is inclined to earthy 


grey, thus approaching the Spanish specimens. They are clearly 

marked, but very variable.”’ 
ab. radians, Joan, l.c. ; 
Descrip.—‘ Veins of subterminal area prominently dusted with. 


whitish.” : 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (361) 
15.iv.35. 


ab. nigronotata, Joan, l.c. 

Descrie.—‘ Both transverse lines conjoimed on submedian by a 
black longitudinal bar.” 

This would seem to be the same as ab. iota, Turn. 


r. plerettz, Obthr. J.c. 

Fie.—l.c. 20g. 

Descrip.— Very similar to the graslini from Spain and N. Africa, 
but much smaller and more poorly marked specimens from the lastern 
Pyrenees.”’ 


To the List of Forms of Luperina cespitis on p. (811). add ‘ ssp. 
carbonosa, Trti. and on p. (312) after line 23 add the description of this 
form as follows. as 

ssp. carbonosa, Trti. Nat. Sicil. (1919) ssp. p. 102. 

Bie.—l.c. plt. TY. f. 22. 

Orie. Descrw.—‘‘In ‘this new alpine subspecies collected in 
numerous examples at light in September about 1400 m. in altitude at 
Macugnaga at the foot of Monte Rosa, the colour of the forewings is of 
an obscure brown almost black, with transverse lines which show on it 
like velvet. A single and extremely fine, lutescent line borders the waved 
line and circumscribes the reniform and orbicular stigmata. ‘The hind- 
wings in both sexes are also very obscure, becoming “black towards the 
distal margin.” 


To the List of Forms of Caradrina morpheus on p. (838) add. the 
following names from the recently issued parts of Seitz Supp. vol. III. 
p. 180. ab. fusca, Costni., ab. ochracea, Lenz. and ab. punctosa, Krul. 
and on the same page after line 25 add the abbreviated descriptions 
from Seitz., Supp. l.c. (LI have not been able to obtain the Orig. Des- 
criptions in time for publication here.—Hy.J.T. 

ab. fusca, Costni. Seitz. Supp. LI. 180. 

Descrip.—‘ Is small, of wide wing contour and very dark black 
brown ground colour.” 


ab. ochracea, Lenz., Seitz. l.c. 

Descriv.—‘“ Is a very pale buff with diffuse markings.” In Schm. 
Siidbayerns, Supp. to Vol. XVII p. 306. Osthelder quotes the name as 
ochrea, lienz. and describes it, ‘‘ Clear yellow-brown with very washed 
out marking.” On plt. XV. fig. 19 isa b. and w. figure which certainly 
does not agree with this latter part of the description for the marking 
is quite distinct but as in Seitz, “ diffuse.” 


ab. punctosa, Krul. Seitz. l.c. 
Descrip.—< A very small form, perhaps of a 2nd generation, with 
punctiform orbicular stigma.” 


To tne List of Forms of C. ambigua, on p. (3888) add ab. confluens, 
Vorbrt. from the Supp. to Seitz, l.c. p. 176, and the abbreviated des- 
cription before line 5 from the bottom of the same page. 

ab. confluens, Vorbrt. Seitz, l.c. p. 176. 

Descrie.—* Shows the two cell stigmata confluent, forming a 
longish irregular bar.” 


To the List of Forms of C. blanda (taraxaci) on p. (840) add from 


(862) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Seitz Supp. l.c. p. 175, ab. arcuata, Vorbrdt. and on p. (841) after line 
24 add the abbreviated description 

ab. arcuata, Vorbrdt. Seitz l.c. p. 175. 

Dzsorip.—‘‘ Has a distinct arched row of black dots in the centre 
of hindwings.” Switzerland. 


To the List of Forms of C€. clavipalpis on p. (848) add the following 
names from Seitz Supp. l.c. p. 178, ab. thunberyi, Nordstr., subsp. 
mauretanica, Drdt. and ab. minor, Roths. and add the abbreviated des- 
cription after line 21 on p. (847). 

ab. thunbergt, Nordstr. Seitz. Supp. l.c. 178. 

“ As the name given to this form by Tutt, superstes, Steph. cannot 
be utilised owing to there being a species superstes, Tr.’’ Nordstr. has 
named it thunbergt. 

Fic.—Seitz, Supp. ILL. plt. 21e. 


ssp. mauretanica, Drdt. Seitz l.c. p. 178. 

Fie.— Seitz l.c. plt. le. 

Oric. Derscrip.—‘ Gracefully built, always very pale brownish 
yellow specimens from North Africa, which form a genuine race and 
subspecies there; they are constant and can always be differentiated.” 


ab. minor, Rothsch. Seitz l.c. 
Descrip.—‘* Especially small specimens of the ssp. mawretanica.” 


‘To the List of Forms of Acronicta psi on p. (65) add ab. psideleta, 
and on p. (66) afver line 3 add the description 

ab. psideleta, ab. nov. (1935). 

Orie. Descriprion.—‘‘ With the complete absence of the psi mark. 
A small specimen with very indistinct markings.” Taken at Coventry 
in 1922. In the collection of J. W. Saunt. 


Herr B. J. Lempke (Amsterdam) has kindly sent us the following 
description :— 

To the List of Forms of A. leportna on p. (52) add ab. flavescens, 
Lempke, and on page (57) add the following description, after line 16. 

ab. flavescens, Lempke, Ent. Bericht. 1X. p. 128 (1925). 

Orie. Descrtp.— All the wings pale yellow.” Holland. 


Nore 1.---Since the paragraph on andalusica (barrettii) on p. (809) 
was written, through the kind intervention of M. Derenne of Lam- 
billionea, Brussels, who obtained the loan of an example of the 
Pyrenean form of andalusica from the collection of M. Rondou of 
‘Gédre, Hautes Pyrénées, I have been able to show this form to those 
who have intimate knowledge of our British barrettii. Al! whozhave 
seen it express without any doubt that they are forms of the same 
species. The Pyrenean example is a large robust insect, agreeing well 
with Rambur’s figure but possibly, as pointed out to me by Mr. 
‘Edelsten, it may be distinguished by a strongly emphasized light 
coloured blotch at the anal angle of the forewing, not present in so 
developed a state in other forms. If this is general in the specimens 
from the Pyrenees there may be justification for Wagner’s name as 
race or subspecies gedrensis. 


abjecta 

aceris 

albicolon 

albipuncta 
albovenosa 
algae .. = 

algae (cannae) 
alni ee 
alpium (orion) 
alsines 

ambigua : 
andalusica (barrettii) 
Appendix 

arcuosa = Minima 
arundinis=typhae . 
auricoma 

australis 

barrettii= andalusica 
basilinea 

batis .. ; 
bicoloria =furuncula 
blanda (taraxaci) 
brassicae 

brevilinea 
caeruleocephala 
caliginosa 
cannae=algae 
captiuncula . 

cespitis 

clavipalpis 
comma - 
concolor = extrema aha 
conigera 
conspicillaris 

coryli 

crinanensis a 
derasa=pyritoides .. 
didyma 

diluta 

dissoluta 

dumerilii 

duplaris 
- elymi... 

euphorbiae 

exigua 

extranea : ae 
extrema (concolor) .. 
exulis (maillardi) 
fasciuncula .. 
_favicolor 

flammea 

flavago 

flavicornis 

fluctuosa 

fluxa (hellmanni) 
fulminea (leucophaea) 
fulva = pygmina 
furuncula (bicoloria) 


INDEX. 


186, 
45, 
= 
221. 
309, 
83. 


70, 87, 352, 
273, 359, 
29, 83, 84, 


241, 


PAGE 
furva . 263, 359 
geminipuncta. 149, 355 
eraminis .. 296 
guenéel 315, 360 
haworthii .. 252 
hellmanni=fluxa 128 
hepatica 203 
hispida = odites 294 
impudens 106 
impura 115 
incerta .. 315 
latruncula a aod aes 
leporina ..02, 89, 362 
leucostigma .. ie monn Nt 
leucophaea = fulminea .. 280 
ligustri 49, 353 
Jiterosa .. 246 
lithargyria 99 
litoralis 125 
lithoxylea 195 
loreyi 105 
lucens 175 
lutosa. . : ae aa dog 
maillardi (exulis) 273, 360, 359 
maritima 141, 355 
matura we .. 284 
megacephala ..57, 85, 351 
menyanthidis a ws 9 
micacea i76 
minima (arcuosa) .. 53 aE 
monoglypha ieenee) 189, 357 
morpheus 332, 361 
muralis 37, 349 
musculosa eae OU 
neurica oe .. 145 
nickerlii (guenéei) 315, 360 
nictitans = oculea 167, 356 
obsoleta ss aot au bES 
ocularis 16, 82 
oculea (nictitans) 167, 356 
odites (hispida) .. 294 
ophiogramma .. 214 
or es a 18, 82, 88 
orion = alpium ae oer AO | OSes 
pabulatricula aor cubes 
pallens 117, 355 
pallustris .. 323 
paludis sy BIO 
perla .. 34, 349 
persicariae 272, 359 
petasitis se hho 
phragmitidis os L233 
polyodon = monoglypha 189, 357 
popularis oF -. 289 
pst ors 65, 351, 362 
putris.. 8 .. 182 
putrescens .. 109, apd 
pygmina (fulva) ve tow 


(864) 


pyritoides (derasa) .. 


remissa 
reticulata 
ridens 

rufa 

rumicis 

rurea .. 
sagittifera 
scabriuscula .. 
scolopacina .. 
sordida 
sparganil 
straminea 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


PAGE 

SP cll 
ae) alo 

. 292 

. 32 

pee! is) 
74, 353 
199, 358 
.. 280 
209, 358 
.. 206 
.. 255 
152, 358 
ve Ln 


strigilis 
strigosa 
sublustris 
taraxaci=blanda 
testacea 
tridens 
trigrammica .. 
turca .. 
typhae 
unanimis ay 
unipuncta .. 
vitellina 
zollikoferi 


PAGE 


a. 2s 


60 


-. 198 


338, 
63, 86, 
156, 


93, 


362 
3812 
353 
318 


2 


306 


mele 


o7 
304 


- 89 


Supplement 


TO 


TU is 
eel istld NOCTUAE 


AND 


STIR’ VARIETIES 


BY 
Hy J. TURNER, F.R.ES., F.R.HS. 


(Acting Editor of the Hntomologist’s Record ¢ Jr. of Variation. 


VOLUME I. 


ARCHER & CO., Printers, London. 


1926—1935. 


a ts 


Sint ay i dee is! Si febeky beh ‘sit ig Tex. tf 


fp ‘a 


PREFACE 


Immediately upon the publication of the first volume of the late 
J. W. Tutt’s British Noctuae and their Varieties in 1891, the registra- 
tion of the non-typical forms of the Lepidoptera went forward so 
rapidly that at the present time there is scarcely a single species which 
is without a series of named forms, subspecies, races, seasonal forms, 
aberrations, resultants of experiments, ete. 

The task of research has been an arduous one, and quite impossible 
without ready access to a good library. 

The absence of helpers and of those who at present take interest 
in the Noctuae is, to say the least, by no means encouraging. General 
requests for help have produced little result, but to special repuests 
there have always been ready and kindly response. 

My thanks are particularly due to Mr. Wightman for his practical 
aid and knowledge of the variation of numerous species, also to Doctor 
K. A. Cockayne for careful and critical reading of the proofs. To my 
kind correspondent Herr Lempke of Amsterdam, I am endebted for 
help and criticism, to Mons. Derenne of Brussels for help on one or 
two occasions and to Herr Heydemann and Herr Draudt for ready 
replies to my queries.—Hy.J.T. 


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Rihatt fadeuran, hae Aa tebeeL.g vi AO’ Hate Te ba 


thie eee 49 ye 

oldingcdiul fia pf baa ote min le! 
joaaint oles dunewig jan of Sead Je: bas 
is insT isatgetbaxts. eiilade ostiet fies taking 16 Ok Sy 
ee Lajoags Gtk: Aigtes init Doonan ‘aca . 
windqart the hk ile yong gee 

Lavitoang ait sol mmaianth ale Gran ‘pial raisied é 
veo OOEE wh oata | & bipficge sro riers les andere sek 16) 
an (de! ae Moret edt Wi vcihiane laoitico. boas (tahae | 
0! Bokiat a tae Dade TOF dag titan tell ig 
© 40 and Ho: lark tod BiapAn ey, is + orisoradh wold de 
gba sot dbuanCh. “vt88) ie fat taobyall vo LDy, 

ee | f yh a an 


* 


“The British Noctuae and their Varieties.” (J. W. Tutt.) 


Supplementary Notes. II. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 


Class:—NOCTUAKE, Linn. 


II. Sub-Class :—Genuinagz, Gn. 
4. Family :—WNoctuidae, Gn. 


Rusina, Steph. (1829) most authors [Stygiostola, Hamp. (1908), 
Warr.-Seitz.: Rhusina? Bdv. (i8?) Splr.] tenebrosa, Hb. (1802) = 
umbratica, GOze (1781). 

Spuler gives Rhusina, B. (emend.) but 1 have been unable to trace 
it. 


Tutt selected the figures of Hubner, Samml. Noct. fig. 158 (1802) 
$ and fig. 508 (1808-18) ? as the originals and described the figures. 
Br. Noct. I. 2 (1891). . 

The Orie. Descripe. has since been ascertained to be that in Goeze’ 
Beitrage, UII. 8 (1781) p. 67. 

The description to which Goeze gave the name umbratica was that 
of De Geer, Abhand. zur. Ins. I1(1), 838. plt. 2. figs. 5, 9 (1751). 

‘¢ Phalene & antennes barbues, a trompe, a corselet huppé, a ailes 
rabatues, égales d’un brun obscur noiratre, avec des points d'un gris 
clair le long du bord exterieur.”’ 

Hence the prior name is wmbratica, Goze, and has been adopted by 
Seitz, ete. 

Werneberg overlooked the fact that Géze had named De Geer’s 
insect and with others identified it as tenebrosa, Hb. 

Ernst. and Ener. Pap. d’ Hur. VI. p. 167 (1790) were also unaware 
of the name wmbratica, and with reserve called the species ferruyinea 
after Esper. 

De Villers also described it independently in 1789, as 

tristis, de Vill. Entomologia, II. 261 (1789). 

Oric. Desorie.—‘ Cristata, alis deflexis cinereis, fusco subundatis 
- margineque exteriori punctata, subtus pallidis, fascia fusca.’”’ ‘ Alae 
cinereae, nitentes, strigis undulatis, paucis undatis. Margo exterior 
nigro punctatus. Subtus pallidae, faseia nigra.’’ Sweden. 


Tutt, Brit. Noct. Il. 2 (1891): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is. V. 2388, plt. 
216 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. Illed. 199 (1901): Splr. Schm. l’ur. 1. 236, 
plt. 44, 23 (1906): South, J/. Br. Js. 1. 822, plt. 153 (1907): Hamp. 
Lep. Phal. VII. 44, fig. (1908): Warr.-Stz. ?. Noct. III. 160, plt. 38f. 
(1911): Culot, N. et G. 1.(2), 59, plt. 49, 1 (1909-13). 


(2) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


Ernst and Engr. lc. give in figs. 887 the g and @ of the ferru- 
ginous form, quite recognisable. 

On account of the much pectinated antennae the one authors 
included it with the Bombycids. 

Treit. Schm. V. I, 180 (1825) has cited Hibner’s niyricans, fig. 538, 
to this species, obviously in error. 

Hiibner’s figure /.c. 158 is of a rich brown colour, with very dark 
or black lines and shades, a g ; and his fig. 503 also a rich brown 
with well contrasted blackish lines and shades,a @. Both appear to 
me to represent the ferruyinea form of Esp. and not the wmbratica, 
G6ze, more so than the darker figures of Ernst. and Engrm. In fact 
Hiibner’s figures are more variegated than KHsper’s. 

Duponchel, Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 72 (1824) gives two very good figures 
of the non ferruginous form, more black-brown with the usual specific 
shades, costal spots, reniformand subterminal transverse line quite trace- 
able, and with the hindwings very uniformly dark. 

Freyer, Neu. Beitr. 1. 74, says Esper’s figures “‘ leave much to be 
desired as usual.” His figure of a g on plt. 40 is a very good dark 
blackish (not rich brown) brown form, with the light marking rather 
too emphasized for any British examples. 

Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is. V. plt. 216, f. 1, 1s bad. The text says, 
‘smoky brown, with nervures slightly darker.’ The figure shows the 
reverse and the veins are widely lighter with the ground colour dark. 
Fig. 1b is a variety with very dark f.w. having an irregular patch on 
the l. f.w. and most of the inner margin from the base lighter and on 
h.w. streaks of lighter colour. 

Wood, Ind. Hunt. fig. 125, gives a picture of Stephens’ ferruyinea. 
It is certainly not the ferruginea of Esper, although Stephens, Jd. II. 
112, claims that itis. Orit is an extremely bad figure. ‘here is 
nothing dark about it, the forewing being divided into four transverse 
irregularly margined bands alternately deeper and lighter ferruginous in 
colour. ‘Ihe only character of tenebrosa is the pectinated antenna. 

Meyr. Hand. led. 118, Lled. 65, places it next to L. eaigua. 

Splr. Schm. Hur. 285 (1906) says that Rusina was Bdy. and was 
spelled Hhusina by him. On plate 44 he gives a good black-brown 
figure showing the black central cloud well and also the costal white 
spots very clearly. 

Hamp. Lep. Phal. VIL. 207 (1908), gives a good b. and w. figure. 

Warren in Seitz, Noct. IL]. plt. 38, gives 6 figs. of this species in 
which the differences are shown to be very slight, between winbratica 
(tenebrosa) typical, phaeus grayer, and obscura unicolorous forms; the 
ferruginea torra shows partial fulvous suffusion. He treats obsoletissima, 
Haw. as the same as phaeus, Haw. 


Of the Variation Barrett says:—‘“ But little variable, except that, 
in the hill districts, such as Dartmoor and the hills of Wales and 
Scotland, the colour is darker, even black brown, yet with the faint 
markings blacker and decidedly more distinct; or on the other hand 
the markings obscured by smoky-black colouring and alinost impercep- 
tible. ‘I'he only really striking variation that I know of is of a very 
pale drab.’’ This last is probably the form belliert figured by Culot. 

Most of our British examples seem to be of the form named obscura, 
Tutt, without paler markings and very dark. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (3) 


The Forms and Names to be considered are :— 

umbratica, Goeze (1781) Beitr. III. 8. 67. 

ab. ferruginea, Esp. (1782) (1785) Sch. Abbiid, 111. 246. plt. 47. 5-6. 
tristis, de Vill. (1789) Kntom. Il. 261. 

tenebrosa, Hb. (1808-18) Sand. Noct. 158: 508. 

ab. phaeus, Haw. (1808) Lep. Brit. 183. 

ab. obsoletissima, Haw. (1806-10) J.c. 207. 

(ab.) ferruginea, Steph. (1829) nec Esp. Jl/. 11. 112. 

ab. obscura, Tutt (1891) Brit. Noct. Il. 2. 

ab. longistriata, Warn? (Strnd.) Naturges., LXXXI. A. 11. p. 151 


ab. albistriga, Warn? (Strnd.) l.c. 

ab. olivata, Warn? (Strnd.) l.c. 

ab. interstrigata, Warn ? (Strnd.) L.c. 

ab. bellieri, Cul, (Obthr.) (1909-13) N’. et. @. 1(2). 59. plt. 49. 1. 

ab. kala, Strnd. (1915) Naturges, LXXXI. A. 11. p. 151. 

ab. maja, Strnd. (1915) Lc. 

ab. nupa, Strnd. (1915) le. 

ab. dura, Strnd. (1915) l.c. 

Tutt dealt with (1) the rich brown, dark banded tenebrosa, Hb. ; 
(2) the grey form phaeus, Haw.; (8) the ferruginous form ferruginea, 
Esp. ; and (4) the form obscura, Tutt, “ deep unicolorous brown.” 


form obsoletissima, Haw. Lep. Brit. 207 (1806-10). 

Orig. Descrirp.—< Alis fuscis tinctura grisel, strigis duabus certo 
situ in medio saturatioribus obsoletissimis.’’ ‘‘ Obscurissima omnium, 
at nihilo minus valde distincta. Alae primores antice, etad marginem 
posticum, paululum pallidiores sunt ; vosta pallide punctata; strigae in 
medio at distantes. Posticae pallide fuscae.” 

Tutt mentions this as the female form. It is placed by Haworth 
in the Noctuae whereas phaeus is placed with the Bombycid section. 
Thus Haw. did not connect them. 


ferruyinea, Steph. 1. 112 (1829). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Head and thorax rusty-griseous: anterior wings 
the same, with two obscure dusky spots at the base; a slightly 
denticulated transverse striga near the anterior stigma, and another 
much bent towards the costa behind the posterior one, with a broader 
one between the stigmata, which are very obscure, and a similar but 
considerably undulated one near the hinder margin, bordered exteriorly 
with greyish; the costa at the origin of the first, third and fourth 
striga is pale griseous ash, and between the latter bears three distinct 
pale spots ; the posterior wings fuscescent, with an interrupted dusky 
streak on the hinder margin.” 

Stephens identifies his species with the species ferruginea of Esper, 
but it is not dark ferruginous brown as that form of Esper. ‘I'he 
same species but a different form. 

Of these three names tenebrosa, Hb., phaeus, Haw. and ferruginea, 
lisp. discussed by Tutt, the last ferruginea was the prior so far as the 
- then identification went and should have been recognised by him (Tutt) 
as the priority name. But our present acceptance of the name wmnbra- 
tica, G6ze as the prior relegates Stephens ferruginea to the status of 
a synonym and the name ferruginea, Ksper as the name of a form 
only. 


(4) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, 


ab. bellieri, Culot. (Obthr.) NV. e¢ G. 1(2) p. 59 (1909-18). 

Fig.—1c. pli. 49. 

Oric. Descrie.—‘ A very pale form.’ No trace of black or ferru- 
ginous in the very fine figure. 

Dr. E. A. Cockayne has an example taken in Woolmer Forest in 
1914, which may come under this wide description, but is considerably 
paler. In colour it is nearest to ‘‘ Ridgeway’s pinkish buff.” “ The 
costa is slightly darker showing the white marks. Hindwings paler 
still. There are markings on this very pale buff ground.” 

The ab. obscura, Tutt from Rannoch in the Dobrée coll. all have 
the costal spots except one. (Cat. p. 42). 


In Strand’s article, Archiv. Naturg. LXXXI. A. 11, p. 150, ete. 
(1915) the author calls attention to several forms which I have been 
unable to trace and to which forms I have never seen an approach 
either in specimen or figure. 

ab. interstriyata, with the ground colour much paler. 

ab. longistriata, in which there is the obsolescent white, waved 
streak of ab. kala along the median fold, and before it a black 
longitudinal band parallel with it, and the streak itself broken up 
into spots. 

ab. albistriya, in which the white is absent on the terminal portion 
of the forewing. 


ab. dura, Strand, Naturgesch, LXXXI. A. 11, p. 151 (1915). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘ Forewing with a wide obsolescent dark band 
from the middle of the wing in and below the cell to the margin below 
the apex of the wing.” 


ab. kala, Strand. Naturges., l.c. 


Oxic. Descrip.—‘ Forewing with an obsolescent, curved white streak 
along the submedian fold.” 


ab. maja, Strand, l.c. 
Oxic. Desrip.—‘ Forewing with longish white spots in the sub- 


median fold, before the antemedial line in the submedian internervular 
area.” 


ab. rufa, Straud, l.c. 
Orie. Descrir.—‘‘ The ground colour on the forewing is pale olive 
and not overspread with blackish as is the case in ab. olivata, Warnk. 


Tue Genus AGROTIS. 


Tutt remarked (Brit. Noct. IL. 3) on the difficulty of the differentia- 
tion of the species in the huge genus Aygrotis as then (1891) constituted,* 
and called attention to the great variability of many of the species in 
themselves. He also noted the attempt of Guenée to establish thirteen 
groups in the then known world Agrotids (1852). Subsequently 


* Staudinger in his Cat. Pal. Lep. Iled. (1901) placed 304 species (pal.) in 
his genus Agrotis. Hampson in Lep. Phalaenae recognises 155 world species in his 
much restricted genus Agrotis. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (5) 


Hampson in 1908 (Lep. Phal.) divided the species into Huaoa, Feltia, 
Agrotis (sens. strict.), Epipsilia, Lycophotia, and a number of small 
genera, followed soon after by Warren in Seitz Pal. Noct. 111. who 
combined Feltia with Fuaoa and described the genus Rhyacia dropping 
the genus name Ayrotis altogether, and absorbing the /pipsilia and 
Lycophotia of Hampson into it. Thus the classification remained until 
the appearance of the Supp. to Seitz’ work, when Corti, who had 
specialized in the study of the Agrotidae for many years re-diagnosed the 
genera Huwxoa, Agrotis, and Rhyacia (including Hpipsilia, etc.) although 
he is not fully satisfied that his arrangement is the most satisfactory. 
Unfortunately his decease has closed his illuminating study. 


Ray. 


RK Re Se ae Sle 


x BS NP CPS IESE De 


Corti, Sr1tz 
A 


EKiux. 


EE XD OG 3G OX a XK 


xX xX ae ae ee Xi x xX. X 


WARR. SEITZ 


FELT. 


Hampson 
Ie 
x 
x 


al 
a aT oe Tee OG IE eX x x 


Turr 
AG@RorTIS. 


we 


candalarum, Stgr. (ashworthii, Dbldy.) 


Mite 
= 
se 
= 
| ® 
Ss 
~ 
= 
S 
8 
S 
— 
= 
= 
e 
S 
— 
=) 
= 
3 
C-) 


obscura, Brahm. (ravida, Hb.) 
hyperborea, Zett. (alpicola, Zett.) 


segetum, Schiff. (segetis, Hb.).. 
truz, Hb. (luntgera, Steph.) 


ypsilon, Rott. (suffusa, Schiff.) 
vestigialis, Rott. 


radius, Haw. (puta, Hb.) 


subrosea, Steph. 
cinerea, Hb. 


acquilina, Schiff. 
obelisca, Hb. 
nigricans, L. 
cursoria, Hufn. .. 
tritict, L. 
agathina, Dup. .. 
corticea, Hb. 
exclamationis, L. 
ripae, Hb.-G. 
lucernea, L. 
simulans, Hufn. 


(6) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Hach of these authors gave different values to their idea of the 
comprehensiveness of the genera, and therefore included many other 
species. Especially so was this with Hampson, who placed most 
incongruous species in each of his genera; for instance glarcosa, comes, 
pronuba, etc., canthographa, augur, and others in Agrotis. 

Corti, a Swiss Doctor, was a real student and ever ready to advance. 

Appended is a tabular form showing where our British Agrotis 
species fall in these three modern attempts of re-classification. 


Agrotis, Ochs. (1816-25), most authors [Rhyacia, Hb. (1822) Warr.- 
Stz.: Lycophotia, Hb. (1822), Hamps.: Peridroma, Hb. (1822) South] 
saucia, Hb. (1802-8). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct. Il. 4 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. J., III. 872 (1896) : 
Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 152 (1901): Hamps. Lep. Phal. IV. 536 (1901) : 
Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 163 (1905): South, W.B.7. I. 212 (1907): Warr.- 
_ Stz. Pal. Noct, III. 53 (1909): Culot, N. et G. I. (1), 88 (1909-13). 

Ernst and Engr. Pap. d’Hur. VII, figs. 452 and 453, figure insects 
which much resemble our species, especially fig. 453b. Werne. beitr. 
II. says that 453 a-b are saucia; also that Bork. polygona=saucia; but 
the polyyona of Fb., De Vill. and G6ze is another species which appears 
first in Schiff. Verz. : 

Bork. in turn refers to Fab. Mant., to De Vill. Hut. Linn. and to 
Goze Ent. Beitr. 

Hubner’s fig. 878 named saucia in my copy is a very bad figure of 
that species. It is too large. The ground colour of the forewing is 
deep vinous red up to the submarginal lne with the inner marginal 
area below the stigmata of a dark leaden colour sharply cut off before 
the submarginal, outside of which last the colour is dark grey with the 
slightest tinge of vinous red. ‘he submarginal is irregularly waved 
or toothed, of a dirty white and narrow. ‘The orbicular is indistin- 
guishable, the reniform is very plainly marked in the dirty grey with 
dark and light interior resembling an earmark. ‘Tutt’s figure was 
apparently very different to that in my copy of Hubner which the 
previous owner had marked as ‘“ bad.” 

Hubner’s fig. 564 aequa is at once recognised as a variegated form, 
pale reddish brown with costal area, wide submarginal band, and wide 
transverse lines paler with only a trace of reddish tinge. 

Hubner-Geyer’s figs. 811, 812 are excellent representations of the 
dark reddish brown form, the first with markings very clear, the other 
with a sparsity of markings and deeper in shade; both have the pale 
costa. 

Haw. Lep. Brit., 218 (1810), himself suspects that his majuscula is 
only a dark form of the aeqgua he has just described. (‘‘ affinis fere in 
omnibus”’). 

Treit. Schm. Hur. V. (1) 149 ete. (1825) says that aequa has great 
similarity with saucia, but quite unlike suffusa. He referred it to the 
polygona of Bork. and also to a figure in the Pap. d’ Hurope. 

Steph. /dlws. 1. 115 (1829), speaks of a variety ‘“‘ Anterior wings 
pitchy black or deep fuscous ; the posterior smoky-white, tinged with 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (7) 


violet, with the nervures and hinder margin as in the main form, but 
nearly black.” 

Dup. Hist. Nat. V. plt. LXIX. (1824) gives figures of aequa and 
saucia, both extremely dark, hardly to be called red. The hindwings 
of both are dark fuscus almost black towards the hindmargin. | have 
never seen any specimens so dark. The descriptions (pp. 258 and 260) 
do not warrant this depth of colour. 

Wood, Ind. Ent. fig. 128 (1884), gives a figure he calls aequa, a 
reddish form with two pale streaks from the base to about the middle 
of the wings. The costal area is not paler as in the typical form of 
Hub. 564, and the red is much more than a trace. As Tutt says 
almost every author describes this form differently. He himself says 
‘“‘red, with pale costa,” and thus differs from Hubner’s figure. 

Frr, Neu. Beitr. plt. 525, is by no means 2 good figure. The shape 
is quite wrong. 

Frr. J.c. Vol. IL. plt. 112, figures a very grey form as aequa without 
the pale costa and not red, and on p. 28 he says it is very closely 
related to saucia (1836). 

Gn. Noct. V. does not recognise the polygona of Bork., etc., as a 
saucia form. 

Newman, Brit. M. p. 819 (1870) gives three figures which show 
the indefiniteness of the marking, but with rather too much contrast 
between the lighter and darker areas. 

South, M.B.J. I. plt. 104, gives figs. of saucia and margaritosa of an 
indescribable brown coloration, not red, but quite ee in 
shape, marking, contrasts of shade, and hindwings. 

Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. plt. If hi. has 4 poor figures as to said 
colour, and with hindwings quite wrong in colour and appearance. 
Neither the red nor the grey variable areas are shown, even ochreacosta 
is with only the very slightest shade of ochreous on the forewings; in 
fact one familiar with saucia would not recognize it at first. 

In Lep. Br. Is. III. plt. 188, Barrett’s fig. 1a is dark umbreous with 
abundant darker markings, with the lower half of the basal area marked 
with a group of slate- coloured dots. 


Of the Variation Barrett says.—‘‘ Always and everywhere variable 
in the degree of red-brown, umbreous or smoky-brown dusting or 
clouding below the subcostal nervure; or the whole surface is of one 
of these shades. But in some individuals the dark clouding is absent, 
the forewings being of the pale brown ground colour, with all the 
markings more distinct, though the stripe along the costal region 1s 
usually paler. In other cases this stripe, with a large portion of the 
forewings, is of a smooth red-brown or purple-red colouring; while in 
another series of forms the costa is broadly shaded with smoky black, 
softening off to umbreous in the middle area, and with the orbicular 
and reniform stigma deeper black. These variations seem to occur 
equally in both sexes, and are accompanied by every possible phase of 
intermediate colouring. Aberrations seem to be rare. 

He describes a form “ Small, pale drab, with the margins dark.”’ 


The Forms and Names to be considered are :— 
saucia, Hb. Saml. Noct. 378 (1802-8). 


} : ; 5 : 
(8) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


f. margaritosa, Haw. Lep. Br. 218 (1806-8). 

f. majuscula, Haw. l.c. 

f. aequa, Hb. l.c. 564 (1808-18), 811-12 (1834). 

{. orophila, Gey. Aut. Kur. Schm. V. 7, plt. 809-10 (1841). 

inermis, Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass. 823 (1841). 

stictica, Blanch. (Gay), In. Chiie, VIL. 738, plt. 6, 8 (1854). 

infuscata, Blanch. (Gay), l.e. 74. 

differens, Walk. Lep. Het. X. 887 (1856). 

impacta, Walk. l.c. 888. 

intecta, Walk. l.c. 888. 

ambrosiodes (Moritz) Walk. l.c. XI. 738 (1857). 

angulifera, Wllgrn. Wien. ent. Mon. IV. 69 (1860). 

ortontt, Pack. 1st Rep. Peab. Acad. Sc. 63 (1869). 

unica, Smith. Revis. Agrot. 70 (1890). 

ab. nigrocosta, Tutt, B. Noct. II. 5 (1891). 

ab. ochrea-costa, Tutt, l.c. 5 (1891). 

ab. rufa, Tutt, l.c. 

ab. brunnea, Tutt, Z.c. 

ab. philippst, Casp. Jhrb. Nass. LIT. 187-201, plt. 4, f. 10-12 (1899). 
Soc. Hnt. XIV. 89 (1899). 

ab. fusco-brunnea, Hamp. (Strnd.), Lep. Phal. IV. 587 (1908). 
[Arch. Naty. LXXXI. 146, abt. A, Heft. 12 (1915)]. 

ab. cyrnea, Splr. ris, XXI. 287, plt. LV. 8 (1908). 

ab. nigrocosta, Gelin. Cat. Lep. Ouest Fr, 97 (1912).. 

ab. decolur, Rbl. Rov. Lap. XXIII. 108 (1916). 

ab. tenebricorsa, Schaw. Zt. oestr. Ver. XIV. 57 (1929). 

Tutt dealt with the following forms (1) Grey clouded with ashy= 
margaritosa, Haw. (2) Fuscous grey, with black costa=nigrocosta. 
(3) Blackish-grey, with ochreous costa=ochrea-costa. (4) Blackish- 
grey with vinous red costa=saucia (typical form). (5) Unicolorous 
red=rufa,. (6) Red, with pale costa-=aequa, Hb. (7) Bright brownish- 
ochreous=bruanea. (8) Unicolorous black=majuscula, Haw. 

He then dealt with the American forms stictica, Blanch., differens, 
Walk., impacta, Walk., intecta, Walk., ambrosioides, Walk, turris, Grote. 
and texana, Grote., giving but little beyond the orig. descrip. But on 
p. 172 of Vol. II Tutt deletes the twrris, Grote., on Smith’s assertion 
that it isa true species. In Vol. [V. 118, Tutt deletes texana on 
Grote’s assertion that is “a perfectly good species”? and notes that 
Cockerell says “‘ unica is almost the same as brunnea.” 

Warr. (Seitz.) places aequa as a syn. of saucia, III. 53. 


f. orophila, Geyer, Zut. Hur. Schm. V. 7 (1841). 

Iieg.—l.c. f£. 809-10. 

The fig. does not suggest saucia to me. The colour, marking and 
general appearance is rather a suggestion of augur. The deseription 
on p. 7 does not help. It is compared with sordida by Hb. 

Orie. Descrre.— Longer narrower f.w., colour is a smutty brown, 
in which the usual markings are defined by fine black edging. The 
brownish grey colour of the hindwings extends to the base as a dirty 
white. The underside is devoid of all marking.’’ 

sordida is f. 154 of Sammi. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (9) 
15.ix.35. 


f. inermis, Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass. 323 (1841). 

Orc. Descrrp.—< Destitute of the lance shaped spot on the fore- 
wings. The f.w. are light brown, shaded in the middle and towards 
the h. marg. with dusky brown ; they are crossed by four, more or less 
distinct wavy bands, each formed of two blackish lines: the kidney- 
spot is dusky ; and there are several blackish spots on the outer thick 
edge of the wing (? costa) H.w. are pearly white in the middle, shaded 
behind, and veined with dusky brown.” 

‘“* Resembles telifera in form.” 


ssp. stictica, Blanch., Gay’s Chile. VII. 73 (1854). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 6, f. 8. 

Orie. Descrie.— Pallide luteo-cinerascens ; alis anticis concolori- 
bus nitidis, atomis obscurioribus adspersis, maculis ordinariis, vix 
distinctis ; posticis albidis, apice cinerascentibus.’’ Chili. | 


ab. infuscata, Blanch., Gay’s Chile. VII. 74 (1854). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Fusco cinerea, alis anticis concoloribus, obscure 
variegatis, maculis ordinariis vix distinctis; punctoque ue posticis 
pallide cinereis.”’ Chili. 


ssp. angulifera, Wilgrn. Wien. ent. Mon. IV. 69 (1860). 

Orie. Descriep.—‘ Alis anticis supra griseo-fuscis, lineis ordinariis 
obsoletissimis in lineolis costalibus nigricantibus incipientibus, lineis 
3 subapicalibus ad costam flavescentibus, maculis 2 ordinariis cellulae 
tenuissime nigro-cinctis maculaque claviformi angulum nigrum tenuis- 
simum formante; posticis infuscatis, disco albido.” ¢@ Buenos Ayres. 
A. ravida, subaffinis. 


ssp. ortonit, Pack. Ist. Rep. Peabody Ac. Sct. 68 (1869). 

Orre. Descrie.—< Brown ash- colour, with a very slight reddish 
hue. On the costa are four blackish patches, enclosing a paler spot 
concolorous with the rest of the wing. The two basal spots are the 
beginning of two lines, which cross the wing, of which the basal is 
near the base of the wing, and is very zigzag and the outer is zigzag, 
the bends having acute-angles. The round inner discal spot is large 
and conspicuous, and below is a longitudinal oblong spot connected 
with the second transverse line. The reniform spot is large and well 
marked. There is a square dusky spot on the costa near the apex, and 
a few dusky spots near the outer edge, with the usual marginal row of 
minute black intervenular lunules. The head and thorax are con- 
colorous with the forewings. Hindwings white, dusky on the outer 
edge. Beneath the wings are pale, whitish, ashen on the costal and 
outer edges, the forewings being whitish on the central portion.” 

“Tt resembles in its form A. suffusa though smaller and with simpler 
markings on the forewings.” 


ab. unica, Smith, Revis, Gents Agrotis, 70 (1890). 
Orie. Descrie.—‘ Very distinctly marked specimen without any 
confusing shades.” 


ab. philippsi, Caspar I1., Jahr. Nass. LI. 187-201 (1899). 
Fie.—l.c. plt. LV. figs. 14-15. 


(10) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Orie. Desorie.—‘' Ground colour:. f.w. dark grey to blackish, a 
few specimens paler grey, marking in the paler forms very sharply 
defined (in typical saucia there are but few markings noticeable, the 
orbicular and reniform stigmata are certainly difficult to discern). 
The costal margin is dark (not cherry-red) almost quite black. The 
wide dark margin stands out sharply from the rest of the coloration. 
The elbowed line usually with a very well-marked W, the band 
generally very broad and clear. At the outer margin between the 
fringes and the waved line the border is filled in with black.” 

‘‘ This form varies much in definition, depth and development of 
markings.” 

Fig. 14 is comparable to a dark segetum. 

Fig. 15 is a paler form of this variation.” 


ab. philippsi, Casp. II., Soc. Mnt. XIV. 89 (1899). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ This form shows no red nor yellow generally, 
and is more or less grey or blackish, almost as wanting in marking as 
is A. segetum. “The chief characteristic is that the costal area is 
neither reddish nor yellowish suffused, but is black or blackish.” W. 
Caspar II. (Cf. Jahr. Nass. LII. 187.) 


ab. fuscobrunnea (Strand), Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. 1V. 537 (1908), and 
Strand, Arch. Naturg. LXXXI. 146, Abt. A. Heft 12 (1915). 

Orig. Descrie.— Head, thorax and forewing dark brown, the last 
with the costal area, orbicular and subterminal area, and an apical 
patch grey.” 


race cyrnea, Splr. Iris, XXI. 287 (1908). 

Iig.-—l.c. lt. TY. 3: 

Orica. Descrie.—‘ It is distinguished not by gray but by aainoeny 
brownish coloration, by the emphasized marking of the forewings and 
also by the grey suffused, dark veined hindwings. ‘The forewings show 
grey suffusion in the basal area, the discal marks are grey and differ 
from the ground colour distinctly, the central lines, which in the type 
form are obsolescent, are fine but distinct, interrupted in places, black, 
toothed, lined with grey in most specimens on the outside.”” Vizzavona. 


ab. nigrocosta, Gelin. Cat. Lep. L’ Ouest France. 97 (1912). 

Orie. Desrie.—‘‘ Sometimes the costal part instead of being light 
varies in an inverse way, and becomes of an intense black.” 

Probably referable to philippst, Casp. (H.A.C.) 


ab. decolor, Rbl. Rov. Lap. XXIII. 108 (1916). 
Ortc. Descrip.—‘ Has markingless reddish-grey forewings and 
brown grey-veined hind wings.’ Hungary, ¢. 


race tenebricorsa, Schawd. Zt. Oestr. Hint, Ver. XIV. 57 (1929). 

Orie. Descrip.—< The ground colour of the Corsican saucia is dark 
black brown. Only the costa is a little reddish. The hindwings are 
strikingly deeper black than in the typical form, and even up to the base. 
Thorax and the rest of the body are blackish. ‘The underside is 
dark.’ A mountain form of the Corsican Highland. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES, (11) 


Ayrotis, Ochs. (1816-25), most authors. [Rhyacia, Hb. (1822), 
Warr.-Stz.: Peridroma, Hb, (1822) Butler in error} ypsilon, Hutu. 
(1766) = [suffusa, Schiff. (1775) }. 

Note.—Hufn. wrote tysidon. But every author since has used y. 


Tutt took the ypsilon, Rott. (1776) as the type, although he must 
have seen the references of Bork. Natury. 1V. 550 (1792), where the 
species is redescribed under the name suffusa, which name is referred 
back to Schiff. Verz. (1775). Further, Bork. says it is the ypsilon of 
Rott. and of Hufn. Berlin Mag. III. 416 (1766), which last is thus the 
Original Description. ‘The name should be ypsilon, Hufn. and not 
Rott. Of which the following is the 

Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ Pale brown, with a dethifortn spot and a dark 


brown widish ‘ ypsilon”’ mark or double toothed fork on each 
forewing.” : 


Tutt, Brit. Noct. Il. 7 (1892): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. LIT, 288, pit. 124, 
f. 2 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. fed. 151 (1901): Hamp. Lep, Ph. LV. 368, 
fig. (1903): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 162, plt. 35, f. 13 (1905); Seuth, 
M.B.1.1. 209, plt. 104, f. 7, 8 (1907): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. ILL. 37, 
plt. 8e (1909): Culot, V. et. @. L.(1), 84, plt. 18, f. 17-18 (1909-13). 


lisper. Abbild, IL]. 820. plt. LXILI. 6-7 (1782) described and figured 
this species as a Bombycid under the name spinula. His figures 9? 
and g are fairly recognizable. 

* Ernst. and Engr. l’ap. a’ Hur. VII. p. 62, says it was figured as 
spinula by lisp. but that it appears to be the aguilina of Schiff. Vere. 
Their figures are very fair. 452a ¢ b Q@. It cannot be aquilina as 
the larva of that species is said to feed on Galium verum. See Vere. 
Supp. 813. 

Don. N. A. Brit. Ins. plt. 845 has two good figures; 2 a dark 
female, 8 a very small variegated male. Haworth says that Donovan’s 
figures are almost always small. Donovan uses the name spinula, of 
Ksp. | 

Hubner’s fig. 134 suffusa is good but unusually large. 

Haw. Lep. Brit. 217 (1809) describes spinifera and suffusa 
undecided as to whether two separate species or forms of one, or that 
the latter is the female of the former, and refers them to Donovan’s 
figure 2 and 3 on plate 345 of his N. H. Brit. Ins. (1862). 

Steph. //d. plt. 22, f. 2, anneva, is a rather remarkable one with a 
fuscous cloud along the inner margin of the forewing from the base to 
the anal angle, while another similar cloud is on the near apical: part 
of the costa. It is probably (according to some authors) not the 
annexa of I'v. but a purely American species. 

Godt. Hist. Nat. V. plt. 69. f. 1-2 (1829), gives 2 excellent figures, 
alight g anda dark ?, outer marginal area broadly paler. 

Treit. Schm. V.(1), 152 (1825), treats suffusa as a Bombycid, but 
his references give Hufn. as the authority of ypsilon, and Schiff. as that 
of sugfusa, and described anneva as a species very closely related to 
suffusa but smaller. 

West. and Humph. (1842) figure poorly coloured ypsilon and 
annexa, but the characteristic markings are correct. 

Freyer’s fig. New. Beitr. plt. 329 is unrecognisable. 


(12) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


Newman, Brit. V., p. 818 (1869), has three good h. and w. figures, 
of different forms all more or less dark. 

Barrett, d.c. plt. 124, gives 8 figures: 1 and la, g and 2; 1b, a 
light female, lighter than the maje, but having unusually dark hind- 
wings. 

Butler, Trans. nt. S. (1889) 380, erroneously places saucia, Hb. as 
a synonym of ypsilon, Rott, and uses the genus Peridroma, Hb. with 
ypsilon, as type. But saucia is the type of Peridroma. (See Hb. Verz.) 

South, .W.br.J. I. plt. 104, gives two well marked figures but much 
too brown. 

Spuler, Sch, Hur. I. plt. 35, 18, has a good flgure of a dark 
suffused 3. 

Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. treats suffusa, Schiff., spinula, Hsp., 
and spiniferus, Haw. as synonyms. He refers ypsilon to Rott. Ab. 
anneca and ab. pallida are the only forms recognized. 

The figure in Seitz plt. 8c, is a good one of a typical g. 

Culot, N. et G.I (1), gives 2 excellent figs. on plt. 43. f. 17 a fine 
variegated g, f. 18 a dark suffused ¢°. 

Meyrick, Hand. 98, calls it suffusa, Hb.; in his Revis. Hand. he 
calls it ypsilon, Rott. 


Of the Variation Barrett says—‘ Very constant in colour and mark- 
ings, but in the female the dark colouring of the middle of the forewings 
is in some cases extended to the base, so that two-thirds of the length 
of the wing is black-brown. On the other hand, the male is occasion- 
ally of a pale brownish-drab, with only the costal region and the 
stigmata dark. Specimens from Ireland appear to show a tendency to 
pale variation.” 

He describes a form, ‘“‘ Less than one half the ordinary size and 
very pale in colour.” 

Forms of this species or very closely related species occur all over 
the American continent. 


The Forms and names to be discussed are :— 

ipsilon, Hutn. (1766) Berl. Mag. ILI. 416. 

suffusa, Schiff. (1775) Verz. 80. 

ypsilon, Rott. (1776) Natur. 1X. 141. 

f idonea, Cr. (1782) Pap. Ha. ILL. 150. plt. 275. ; 

f. spinula, Esp. (1782) Abbild. III. 320. plt. 32. f. 6-7. 

f. subterranea, Fb. (1794) Int. Sys. emend., IIL (2) 70. 

eS spiniferus, Haw. (1806-10), Lep. Brit. 217. 

f. annexa, Tr. (1825) Schur. V.(1), 152. 

. annexa, Steph. (1829) Zid. 11. 117. 

. telifera, Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass. 3823 (1841). 

. robusta, Blanch (1852) Gay’s Chile. 75, plt. 6, f£. 9 (S. Amer.). 
. bipars, Walk. (1856) Walk. Lep. Het. X. 334 (S. Amer.). 

. frivola, Wligrn. (1860) Wien. ent. Mon. IV. 169 (S. Amer.). 

. pepolt, Bert. (1874) Bert, Bull. ent. It. VI. 89, 146, plt. 3. 

ab. pallida, ‘Tutt (1892) Brit. Noct. IL. 9. 

ssp. aureolum, Schaus (1898) Jr. N. York Hut. Soc. 107 (S. Amer.). 
ab. fusca, Dnhl. (1925-6) Hnt. Zt. XX XIX. 1385. 

ab. obscura, Lenz. (1927) Schm. Sudbay. I1.(2), 252. 


Be RR eR RE RP PP eF 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (13) 
15.x.35. 


Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form dark reddish brown shaded 
with black brown ; Rott. (2) the anneva, Stephs., pale brown hind por- 
tion of f.w. dark; (3) the idonea, Cr. of America; (4) pallida, from 
Western Isles of Scotland; (5) the g spiniferus, Haw. and refers to 
several American forms. 

These South American forms are not discussed here. I am not 
aware that any comparison of the genitalia has been systematically 
carried out. 


NN. suffusa, Schiff. Verz. 80 (1775). , 
Orte. Descrie.—‘‘ Noctuae Rusticae. Larvae Terricolae. With a 
black collar. Thesow thistle earth larva. Foodplant Sonchus arvensis.” 

Illig. Neu. Ausg. Verz. (1801) accepts suffusa as the name. 


spinula, Esp. Abbild. Bomby. II. 820 (1782). 

Fie.—l.c. plt. LXIII. 6-7. 

Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Alis superioribus griseo-fuscis, stigmate reniform1 
inserta parti anteriori macula triangulari seu spiniformi.” ‘The ¢g 
antenna is feathered but this thins out gradually towards the ne 
Those of the female are feathered throughout. The ground colour (? ) 
of the more than usually long wings, is a very dark reddish brown with 
blackish shading. On the margin are 2 very abruptly shortened lines. 
The reniform stigma has in front of it a black apex considerably 
extended. The hindwings are white without a discal spot and are only 
shaded at the margin.” 


ssp. or f. subterranea, Fab. Ent. Sys. emend. III. (2), 70 (1794). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘ Alis incumbentibus fuscis: costa baseos mar- 
gineque postico cinereis. Caput et thorax fusca crista arcu duplici, atro. 
Abdomen cinereum. Alae fuscae ad basin late pallida margo posticus 
itidem pallidus, interdum litura fusca.  Posticae albidae.” America 
meridionalis. 

This is placed by Fabricius adjoining sujfusa, and no doubt repre: 
sents an American form of ipstlon. : : 


spiniferus, Haw. Lep. Brit. 217 (1806-10). 

Orie. Descrip.—Refers to Donovan’s figure 3 on plt. 345 as “ agrees 
with this, except in wanting the essential spine shaped mark in: the 
sinus of the reniform stigma.” ‘ Foemina mari simillima, vel paululum 
saturatior, antennis setaceis.” The figure omits the spina character. 


annexa, Tr. Schm. V(1). 154 (1825). 

Treit. compares this small form with his own description of suffusa 
and in almost every detail the characters are the same, only differing 
in a degree. The insect is smaller than average suffusa. He suspects 
it is an American insect which got into Ochsenheimer’s collection from 
Herr Radac’s collection. Some authors (e.y. Guenée) consider the 
annexa of Stephens to be a different form. Both were of small size. 
Stephens’ insect came definitely from the British Isles whereas the 
example of Treitschke was probably American. 


f. telifera, Harris. Rep. Ins. Mass. 323 (1841).. 
. Orie. Descrip.—‘ Fw. are light brown shaded with dave brown 


(14) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


along the outer thick edge, and in the middle also in the 9; these 
wings are divided into three nearly equal parts by two transverse bands, 
each composed of two wavy dark brown lines; in the middle space are 
situated the two ordinary spots, together with a third oval spot, which 
touches the anterior band; these spots are encircled by dark brown, 
and the kidney-spot bears a dark brown lance- shaped mark on its 
hinder part: the hindmost third of the wing is crossed by a broad pale 
band, and is ornamented by a narrow, wavy or festooned line, and the 
several small blackish spots near the margin. The h.w. are pearly 
white, semitransparent, shaded behind, and veined with dusky brown.” 
«Tt closely resembles Agrotis suffusa.”’ 


ssp. pepoli, Bert. Bull. ent. Soc. It. VI. 39. 146 (1874) 

Fie.—l.c. plt. 3. 

Description oF THE FicurE.—Narrow forewings. Fig. b.and w. Well 
marked submarginal streaks black. The arrowhead in the sinus of 
reniform very clear. Reniform and orbicular united by dark streaks. 
Stigmata outlined in black and darkish edging. Claviform present 
but confused in the transverse double line interior to the stigmata. 
Upper part of this line confused. The elbowed line very straight in 
direction, double crenulate, upper portion confused or absent. Costa 
and base darker in shade. Dark shade below reniform to inner margin. 
Extreme outer margin of f.w. black narrow band, attenuated at both 
ends. Apex, a blotch, the lightest part of wing. 


f. fusca, Dannhl. Ent. Zeit. XX XIX. 185 (1925). 

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ 1 found extreme specimens in which the darken- 
ing covered the whole basal area so that only a broad pale-brown outer 
margin was left.’ Terlan, Klausen, 8. Tyrol. 


ab. obscura, Lenz. Ost. Schm. Sudbay. II(2). 259 (1927). 

Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Much darkened grey-black.”’ 

The South American robusta, Blanch., bipars, Walk. and avreolum, 
Schaus, are also ascribed to this species. 


Agrotis, Ochs. (1816-25), nearly every author. [Huaoa, Hb. (1822), 
Warr., Meyr. (Rev. Hand.)] seyetwm, Schiff. (1775) = segetis, Hb. (1802). 


Several modern authors have ignored the above reference to Schiff. 
Verz. (1775), although it is supported by a figure on Plate I., and also 
by the references in Bork., Fb., Treit., etc., and have adopted segetis, 
Hb. or segetum, Hb. as the name. 

Those who in recent times have taken Hiibner’s figures (1802) as 
the type, on referring to the plate (there is no description) found 2 
figures, 146 called segetis and 147 called segetwm, and hence have used 
seyetis, Hb. as the prior name. But this, as shown above, is in error 
as the prior name is that of the Verz. of Schiff. (1775). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct. IL. 9 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is. III. 291, plt. 
1% (1896): Steger. Cat. I[led. 151 (1901): Hamp. Lep. Phal. IV. 167, 
t. 59 (1903): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 162, plt. 85 (1905): South, Moths 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (15) 


Brit. Is. I. 201, plt. 104 (1907): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. II]. 25, plt. 5, 
d, e (1909): Culot, NV. et G. I(1), 85, plt. 14, 1-3 (1909-18): Corti.- 
Stz. Supp. Pal. Noct. U1. 48 (1982). 


The b. and w. figures on the only 2 plates of Schiff. Verz. are quite 
recognizable. 

seyetis, Fab. Spec. Insect. II. 223 (1781). 

Orie. Descrir.—“ Noctua cristata, alis incumbentibus ferrugineis, 
strigis undatis obscurioribus, posticis albidis,” ‘‘ Phalaena segetum 
spirilinguis cristata, alis incumbentibus, superioribus fuscis, stigmatibus 
ordinariis lineisque transversis undulatis obscurioribus, inferioribus 
lacteo-griseis.”’ 

Fab, gives the Verz. reference but alters the name to segetis. 

Tutt quotes seyetis to Hb. whereas it should be segetis, Fb. =seyetum, 
Verz. (teste Fb.) 

Bork. Naturg. gives clavis, Hufn. Berl, Mag. III. 426 (1766) as this 
species. If so clavis is prior, but Rott. Naturf. VIII. 109, redescribes 
clavis as quite different from segetum, and recent authors have considered 
the probability that it is ewclamationts or vestigtalis. 

Criticism of the figures of such a variable species is of little use. 

Hsper, Abbild. {1I. 323, plt. 64, f. 3-4 (1782), treated a form of it 
as a Bombycid, because of its pectinated antennae, under the name 
caliyinosa, and the generally darker form under the name fuscosa. 
The figures are recognizable but very poor. Treit. and H.-S. both 
consider both these figures segetwn forms, but Wern. Beitr. II. 31 con- 
siders f. 8 as nigricans on account of the short antennae and the 
reddish brown of the f.w., the slightly feathered basal portion of the 
antennae, etc., etc., all characters of the latter species. 

Hib.’s figs. 145-146 do not show the characteristic hindwings, the 
pearly gloss is absent. 711 fervida is a bad fig. and the white of the 
hindwing is leaden. 

Wern. Beitr. II. 117, considers fig. 448, Vol. VII. Ernst. and Engr. 
Pap. @ Eur. to be a seyetum. To me it is more like a testacea form. 

Treit. treated this species as an Ayrotis and not a Bombycid. 

Hampson, Lep. Phal. [V. 167, says nothing of the extreme varia- 
bility of this species, only recognizing the form pallida, Stgr., and 
places sicula, Bdv., dimidia, Zell., sicania, Gn., marginalis, Walk., 
obliviosa, Walk., aversa, Walk., correcta, Walk., denticulosa, Wllgrn., 
conspurcata, Walk., repulsa, Walk., certificata, Walk., inyrata, Walk., 
pallida, Stdgr., fucosa, Btlr., and lassa, Swinh., as synonyms. He 
takes Schiff. Verz. as the Orig. Descrip. 

Barrett, J:c. on plt. 125 gives 7 figures: general coloration too 
brown not sufficient grey mixture. 1b J, 8 transverse lines; basal 
terminates before the inner margin; the anteorbicular considerably 
doubled and very irregular; the next line of much emphasized lunules 
between the veins, concave on outer side; somewhat lighter ground. 
le g, darker, very dark marginal band inside which is a submarginal 
line of lunules, the line usually near the reniform is absent, the inner 
line is regularly doubled, the basal one doubled with lower half wanting. 
1d ¢, much paler, all three lines doubled and more uniform. le @, 
as the last but spaces between the double lines white or nearly white. 
1f @, irregularly suffused, with very fine transverse single lines, the 


(16) THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. 


basal absent and a white elongate cloud towards centre of basal area. 
Claviform plainly marked in all figures. ae . 

Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. 25, plt. 5d, e (1909), gives 6 figures, 
generally good, segetum gf 2, two pallida, subatratus, and segetis, Hb. 
He treats praecow, Hb. (nec L.), fervida, Hb., stcula, Bdv., dimidia, 
Zell., sicania, Gn., ingrata, Btlr., certificata, Walk., and fucosa, Butlr., 
as pure synonyms. Besides recording the Amur pallida, Stdgr., he 
treats the remaining 12 forms as aberrations. 

Culot, N. et G. plt. 14, gives three very excellent figures. No. 1 is 
a very fine ? ab. nigricornis. 

In the Supp. to Seitz (1932), p. 48, Corti uses the name segetis, Hb. 
as the orig. name; adds marginalis, Wlkr., obliviosa, Walk., aversa,. 
Walk., conecta (misspelled for correcta), Wlkr., denticulosa, Wllern., | 
conspurcata, Wlkr., repulsa, Wlkr., certificata, Wlkr., and fase Swinh., 
as additional synonyms. He points out that pallida is no doubt a 
subsp. in Central Asia, and pallida- obsoleta a southern race from 
Bolzano (Botzen). 

Of the form named glaucina, Kozh., Corti says it is igen more 
than a pale grey coloured segetis (seyetum). May be termed a race 
perbaps. From Minussinsk, Siberia. 


_ Of the Variation Barrett says.—‘‘In the male the ground colour 
occasionally varies to pale drab or even to whitish grey and in this and 
the paler brown forms, the markings are in some instances very sharp 
and distinct or so as to give the impression of another, more beautifully 
marked, species, the second line resembling a graceful necklace of fine 
markings, and the whole appearance being so elegant that some diffi- 
culty is found in recognizing tbe usually homely dingy insect. In 
other cases the male varies to dull dark brown, with a darker central 
shade, and obscure markings as in the female. In that sex the varia- 
tion is equally great, from pale grey much dusted with darker, and 
having a conspicuous pale yellow or whitish subterminal line, through 
various shades of obscure brown, to smoky black, but in neither sex do 
the hindwings vary much. Casual aberrations are almost endless.” 

He enumerates os 

“A spotless pale brown male.” 

‘A coal black female.” 

‘(A female of grey colour, with the two transverse lines distinctly 
double, and black, but enclosing white lines.” 

“ Another of an extremely pale slate grey, devoid of markings.” 

‘“A g of one half the usual dimensions.” 

‘A 2 of a smooth pale slate colour, with a singular soft bloom.” 

“ Others of a peculiar grey-brown, much dusted with darker grey, 
having the transverse lines very distinct, and in one place neh 
further apart than in the other.” 

“A g most exquisitely shaded with grey, the lines black edged 
with white, and the orbicular stigma white ringed.” | 

oy Another, brown with the orbicular stigma greatly eliamentaal and 
united by a narrow neck to the reniform stigma,” 

“ Another, of a very pale brown, has a black central shade.” . 

eck greyish- white ¢, shaded ‘with dark grey at the apex ae 
ar ound the reniform stigma.” | . . 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (17) 
15,xi.35. 

«Some pale brown males with remarkably rich markings and dark 
hind-marginal clouding.” 

“One of a smooth clear pale brown, with the first and second lines 
elaborated into series of long distinct loops, or scallops with long points 
and the reniform stigma very well marked.” 

“A female of a peculiar purple grey colour, all the nervures and 
the dorsal margin striped longitudinally with dark grey.” 


The Forms and Names to be considered are :— 
segetum, Schiff. (1775) Verz. 81. plt. la. 3. plt. 1b. 38. Warr.-Stz. l.c. 
plt. 5d. 
segetis, Fb. (1781) Spec. Ins. IL. 2238. 
caliginosa, Esp. (1786) Abbild. III. 323. plt. 64. f. 8 (Bombycid). 
fuscosa, Hsp. (1786) Abbild. III. 324. plt. 64. f. 4 (Bombycid). 
nigricornis, de Vill. (1789) Linn. Ent. IT. 175. 
segetis, Hb. (1802) Samml. 145. Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. plt. 5d. 
segetum, Hb. (1802) Samm. 146. 
f. praecox, Hb. (1802) Sammi. 359. 
f. catenatus, Haw. (1803) Lep. Brit. 114. 
f, pectinatus, Haw. l.c. 115. 
. monileus, Haw. l.c. 115. 
. sptnulus, Haw. l.c. 115. 
. connexus, Haw. l.c. 116. 
. corticcus, Haw. l.c. 116 (presumably corticeus). 
. venosus, Haw. l.c. 116. 
. subatratus, Haw. l.c. 116. 
. nigricornutus, Haw. l.c. 117. 
. sordida, Haw. (1809) J.c. 222. 
. fervida, Hb.-Gy. (1826-8) Samm. 711. 
ssp. sicula, Bdv. (1840) Ind. Meth. 109. 
dimidia, Zell. (1847) Isis, 439. 
sicania, Gn. (1852) Hist. Nat. Noct. V(1), 275. 
obliviosa, Walk. (1856) Lep. Cat. X. 340. 
dividens, Walk. (1856) J.c. 342. 
aversa, Walk. (1856) J.c. 345. 
correcta, Walk. (1856) l.c. 345. 
marginalis, Walk. (1856) l.c. 349. 
ssp. denticulosa, Wligrn. (1860) Wien. ent. Mon. LV. 168. 
conspurcata, Walk. (1865) Lep. Het. XXXII. 696-7. 
repulsa, Walk. (1865) J.c. 
certificata, Walk. (1865) J.c. 
ssp. ingrata, Btlr. (1878) Ann. M.N.H. (5)1. 162. 
ssp. pallida, Stdgr. (1881) Stett. e. Zeity. XLII. 423. Warr.-Stz. 
Pal. Noet. III. plt. 5de. 
ssp. fucosa, Btlr. (1881) Tr. Ent. Soc. 179. 
ssp. Jassa, Swinhoe (1886) P.Z.S. 444. 
ab. anthracitica, Alph. (1908) Hor. Ross. XX XVIII. 590. 
ab. unicolor, Pill. (1909) Rovart. Lap. XVI. 185. 
ab. nocturna, Stauder (1915) Int. Ent. Zts. 1X. 16. 
ab. wirilis, Stauder (1915) J.c. 
ssp. albiptera, Trti. (1941) Att. Soc. It. Sci. Nat. LX. 225. [Lep. 
Ciren. | 
ab. minorata, Trti, (1924) J.c. LXIII. 61. 


Be Rh RP ee eb Rb ep Fe RP 


(18) : |THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


ab. pseudocos, Trti. (1924) J.c. | 
r. pallida-obsoleta, Dnhl. (1925-6) Ant. Zeit. XXXIX. 135. 


ab. glaucina, Kozh. (19) : Corti-Stz. Supp. Noct. Il, 44 
plt. 5f. (1932). 


Tutt dealt with (1) catenatus, Haw.. whitish-grey with distinct 
markings; (2) segetts, Hb. whitish-grey with distinct markings and 
reddish-brown costa; (3) monileus, Haw., whitish-grey, indistinct 
markings, suffused lines, irrorated and clouded with black; (4) segetum, 
Schiff. clear reddish-brown, clear and distinct markings; (5) reddish- 
brown, more or less indistinct markings, clouded black, sordida, Haw. ; 
(6) Pale grey, reddish tinge, distinct markings, fuscosa, LEsp. ; 
(7) subatratus, Haw. black, a row of pale dots parallel to the hind- 
margin ; (8) nigricornis, Vill. =nigricornutus, Haw., unicolorous black ; 
(9) caliginosa, dark, red brown with outer margin blackish. 

He also deals with five sub-varieties of the catenatus form. (1) pec- 
tinatus, Haw., with smaller claviform, a double angulated line beyond 
the reniform; (2) spinulus, Haw., with reniform not touching. the 
elbowed line, and exterior striga. becomes a row of pale dots; (8) con- 
nexus, Haw., with reniform and orbicular joined by a double line; 
(4) corticeus, Haw. (corticeus ?), with denticulate orbicular and strigae 
partly obliterated ; (5) venosus, Haw., with the veins broadly fuscous. 

He then dealt with (1) dividens, Walker, a dwarf, pale 9 from 
Natal; (2) aversa, Walk., from the Punjaub; (8) marginalis, Walk., 
“from §. Africa; (4) obliviosa, Walk., from’ the Cape; (5) correcta, 

Walk, from N. India; (6) inyrata, Btlr., from Yokohama; and (7) 
pallida, Stdgr., from Central Asia. 


f. praecox, Hb. Saml. Noct. 359 (nec. L.) (1802-8). 

Fic.—l.c. 359. 

Orie. Descrie.—Made from the figure. F.-w. Slate ground colour, 
dark brown marginal area including submarginal light transverse line ; 
elbowed line of black dots on costal portion of basal area, reniform 
white with black dots and pale brown surround ; orbicular brown dull; 

several iuconspicuous clouds of varied sizes. H.-w., dirty white with 
very definite dark brown margin, commencing at anal angle and 
gradually widening until along the costa it is somewhat wide, the same 
shade as the hindmargin of f.-w. Thorax and spot at apex of f.-w. 


of the slate ground colour. Most authors have called this a form of 
segetum. (H.J.T.) 


f. fervida, Hb.-Gy. Saml, Noct. 711 (1826-8). 

Fie.—t.c. 711. 

Oric. Descrir.—Made from the ficure. This figure is usually 
considered a segetum form. In my copy, otherwise in exceptionally 
good condition, this figure has so altered that colour is unreliable. 
Markings areas in normal segetum but all of somewhat aberrant shape, 
e.g., Claviform Y shaped, reniform << shaped interior marking, etc. 
Hubner died in 1826 and Geyer continued the work. Possibly this 
figure is one of the latter’s early figures and the ‘‘ white” colour used 


particularly for the hind-wings was not good, and thus now appears a 
leaden smudge. (H.J.T.) 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (19) 


ssp. sicula, Bdv. Ind. Meth. Iled. 109 (1840). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Intermediate between A. cos and A. seyetum: 
forewings somewhat less ashy-fuscous, transverse lines, toothed, more 
obscure ; usual stigmata ashy-white; orbicular weak, oblong, placed 
longitudinally ; hindwings white.” Sicily, Naples. 

Gu., Hist. Nat. Noct. V(1). 275 (1852), redescribed this form more 
fully under the name sicania. He stresses the obscure, geminated 
transverse lines, the claviform as being muck elongated, the presence of 
a slight reddish suffusion, etc. 


ssp: dimidia, Zell. Isis, 489 (1847). | 

Orie. Descrir.—‘ Is distinguished from segetun by its antennae 
and shortness of the forewings. In segetum the two rows of teeth 
extend along the shaft to about half the length of the antennae, and 
each carries from 44 to 60 teeth. In dimidia they extend to half the 
antenna-length; they stand further apart (are easier to count); each 
row has from 34-86 teeth; the shaft is brownish and darker than in 
seyetum. The forewings in segetum are narrow and long; in dimidia 
they are narrower and shorter, but not so wide as in trua.”’ The rest 


of the long description is that of an undoubted form of the very 
variable segetum. | 


ssp. denticulusa, Wllgrn. Wien. Hnt. Mon. LV. 168 (1860). 

Orie. Descrie.—* Alis anticis supra griseo-ferrugineis, ad basin et 
marginem anteriorem fuscis, lineis ordinaribus 2; extrabasali duplicata 
indistincta, sed intermedia undata, valde denticulata ex arcubus nigris 
composita; macula claviformi ordinaria fundo concolor, fusco-limbata ; 
macula rotunda minuta, nigra maculaque reniformi nigro-fusca magna 
et normali; posticis albis et subhyalinis “‘ g ”’ Caftfraria. 

A, segetum affinis, sed minor. 


ssp. conspurcata, Walk. Lep. Het. XXXII. 696-7, Ceylon. 

repulsa, Walk. l.c. Coimbatore. 

certificata, Walk. l.c. China. 

These three exotic forms are practical identical with Kuropean 
forms already considered is the opinion of modern authors, so that it 
seems unnecessary to reproduce the iong descriptions of Walker. Tutt 
dealt with five of the forms described as species by Walker. 


ssp. pallida, Stgr. Stett. e. Ztg. 423 (1881). 

Fic.—Warr.-Stz. l.c. plt. 5de. 

Orte., Descrie.—Tutt dealt with this in Brit. Noct, IV. 113. 
Hampson, Lep. Phal. [V. 167, describes it as ‘‘Ground colour grey- 
white ; the markings of forewing indistinct.’”’—C. Asia; Amur. 


ssp. fucosa, Btlr. Trans. H.S. 179 (1881). 

Orie. Descrie.—“ Nearly allied to A. seyetum; primaries with the 
same colour and pattern, except that they are slightly shot with lilacine, 
and that the outer or discal dentate-sinuate line is extremely indistinct; 
size, form and coloration of secondaries asin A. saucia.” Tokei, Japan. 


ssp. lassa, Swinh. P.Z.S. (1886) p. 444. 
Orie. Descrip.—‘ Antennae, head, thorax, and forewings dark 


(20) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


brownish fawn colour. Forewing of g very narrow. Forewing of 
both sexes with some brown marks like strigulae, here and there; in 
the g the usual stigmata are not visible; in the ? the orbicular is 
represented by a black ring, and the claviform and reniform are both 
visible but obscure and black ; the latter is like asmall smudged figure 
of 8. Hindwings white semi-hyaline, with the costa and outer border 
tinged with fawn colour. Abdomen grey, with the segments marked 
out with some white hairs.”’ Allied to repulsa. Mbow, India. 


ab. anthracitica, Alph. (1908), Hor. Ross. XX XVIII. 590. 
Oric. Descrip.—‘ Alis anticis omnino atris unicoloribus, linea 
limbali lutescente excepta.” 


ab. unicolor, Pill. Rovart. Lep. XVI. 185 (1909). 
Orie. Descrie.—* A typo differt alis unicoloribus, haud picturatis.” 
Hungary. 


ab. virilis, Stauder. Int. Hnt. Zts. IX. 16 (1915). 

Orig. Descrip.—23-25 mm. ‘‘ Colour upper and underside bright 
ochre-yellow as in normal orientaria $ g without the slightest trace 
of whitish, so that one thinks he has a typical g before him, if it were 
not for the @ abdomen and antennae.” ‘Terlan, 8. Tyrol. 


ab. nocturna, Stauder. Int. Hnt. Zts. UX. 16 (1915). 

Orie. Desorie. —“ H.-w. upper-side unicolorous brown -black with- 
out yellowish tinge. F'.-w. upperside only in the disc with no appre- 
ciable brownish-yellow powdering, but unicolorous dark brown-black, 
fringes chequered white, abdomen and antennae black, the former 
somewhat slightly yellowish tinged. Underside paler than the upper 
side with very slight paler powdering.” Terlan, 8. Tyrol. 


ab. albiptera, Trti. “‘ Lep. di Cirenaica,” Att. Soc. It. Sci. Nat. LX. 


225 (1921). 
Ficg.—l.c. fig 6, a dark suffused form, a good figure in’b. and w. 
Oric. Descrir.—< There was a single g taken at Derna of a very 


pure silky white; while in the other forms hitherto known the hind- 
wings have the veins neatly marked out in brown and the marginal 
line marked in black and frequently also preceded by a slightly obscure 
shade particularly towards the anterior angle, and along the anterior 
margin, this one has the ground of the wings uninterrupted, including 
all the fringes of a very pure white.”’ 


ssp. minorata, Trti. Att. It. Soc. Sct. Nat. LXIJI. 61 (1924) [* Lep. 
Cirenaica.’’] 

Fies.—l.c. plt. III. 1-2, excellent figures in colour. 

Orie. Descrie.— Description of fig.1. Grey with blackish markings. 
Small in size. Very pure white hindwings, g. Fig. 2. Very black 
grey with markings all present but much overpowered by the the dark 
ground colour. H.-w.. a shade less pure white. Thorax as dark as 
the wings. ‘Taken at light at Berca, Cyrenaica. {Hot-weather form ? 
—T.B.-F.] 


ab. pseudocos, Trti. Att. It. Soc. Sci. Nat. [Lep. Cirenaica], l.c. 
Fie.—l.c. plt. III. 8, excellent fig. in colour: 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (21) 
15.xii.35. 

Orie. Descrip.—F rom the figure. Grey ground, somewhat darker 
than minorata with marking much diminished. Very slightly less 
white than minorata. Small; wings tend to be broader. From 
Cyrenaica. 


ab. pallida-obsoleta, Dnhl. Ent. Zt. XX XIX. 135 (1925-6). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘' The ground colour is smooth grey-yellow, with 
the orbicular and reniform stigmata wanting, the marginal spots 
strongly emphasized, often becoming an irregular broad submarginal 
band.” Terlan, Bozen, Central Italy. 


ab. glaucina, Kozh. 

ef. Corti.-Seitz. Supp. Pal. Noct. III. 41. plt. 5£. 1982. 

“From a 2 from Siberia (Minussinsk). Is said to resemble robusta, 
Ev. From two @ ? received from the Petrograd Museum. However, 
this is nothing else than a segetis with pale grey-coloured forewings, 
such as occur among @? ? from Asia Minor and occasionally in 
Kurope.”’ 


Agrotis, Ochs.-Treit. (1816-25), most authors [Huaoa, Hb. (1822) 
Hamp., Warr.-Stz., Corti.] duntyera, Stephs. (1828) =trua, Hb. (1826). 


Tutt accepted the opinion of the time that lunigera, Steph. was a 
good species and thus did not consider truw, Hb., although he quotes 
the opinion of Guenée, who said (Noct. I.(V) 280), ‘ It is closely allied 
to trux, and although it appears to have a very different shape, I should 
not like to affirm that it will not be recognized at some future time, as 
simply a northern form of this species.” In his Cat. Iled. (1871) 
Staudinger had noted of Stephens lunigera, “ praec. sp. Darwiniana”’ 
suggesting it was a form of truw. In his led. of his Cat. (1861) he 
had treated it as a separate species. 

The Original of trua is the figure of Hub.-Gey. Samml. Noct. 728 
g and 724 2 (1826). 

The figure 723 of the ¢ can be thus described :—General colora- 
tion of forewings ochreous grey suffused with rufous to fuscous brown, 
strongly irrorated, striated and largely suffused with fuscous brown. 
Markings indistinct and almost hidden in the ground colour: ali 
incomplete and undeveloped. Reniform outlined with lighter, filled in 
with darker shade and standing on a dark clouding. Orbicular with 
partial surround of lhght with ditto dark outside ring, imperfect 
basad. Claviform almost untraceable. Lines double, indistinct, in- 
complete, lighter between the doubled lines; fringes pale fuscous with 
black points. (Described from the figure.) The hindwings an impure 
white. I have not met with a British specimen of the same general 
depth of colour and appearance. 

The figure of the ¢ 1s darker (724) even blacker brown in places. 
But the outstanding marking is the very large conspicuous light area 
upon which the dark reniform is placed, itself surrounded by a lighter 
but yet dark-margined ring. The other markings are more diffuse 
than in the g figure. The hindwings are of a similar dirty white to 


(22) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. 


those of the g but the outer margin has a very dark grey wide band 
with dirty white fringes and the inner margin also suffused with the 
same cloudy colour comparable with the abdomen. Of this form I 
have not met with a British example. 

Warren (Seitz.) describes it thus. ‘Forewing ochreous grey, 
dappled and striated, and often especially in females, suffused with 
dark fuscous ; claviform stigma black-edged ; reniform large filled in 
with black; orbicular small, round with a pale ring; fringe rufous; 
hindwings dull whitish, with fuscous terminal suffusion, broader in @ ; 
or with a curved row of dark dashes on veins and no suffusion.” 

Stephens, Jl/. II. p. 114, says that, “I have seen but three speci- 
mens of this very distinct and prettily variegated insect” ; “they were 
taken in June, 1826, near Cork, in Ireland.” Tutt remarks on the 
description and figure of Stephens, ‘‘It is rarely one sees such a 
mottled form.” Brit. Noct. II. 15. 


Tutt, Brit. Noct. II. 14 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is., Il. 318. 
plt. 128 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. 151 (1901): Hamp. Lep. Phal. IV. 245 
(1908) : Splr. Schm. Eur. I. 162. plt. 85 (1905): South. Moth Br. Is. 
I. 205. plt. 105 (1907) : Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. 80. plt. 6ef. (1909) : 
Culot. N. et G. 1(1). 86. plt. 14. 5-11 (1909-13): Corti (Draudt)-Stz. 
Pal. Noct. Supp. III. 51. plt. 6ed. (19338). 

Tt is remarkable that the figures given by different authors purport- 
ing to be typical of truw are, perhaps, the most divergent of those of 
any species. Hiibner-Geyer himself gives two other figures, 768 and 
769, which are utterly unrecognizable in colour, shape and marking as 
being representatives of truw. Were it not for the name on the plate 
there would be not the slightest suggestion of their being that species. 

Spuler, Schm. Eur. I. says of the variation that the forewing colour 
varies from yellow-grey and brown-grey to red-brown and brown-green. 
The critical markings are wantiug or only represented by dark contour ; 
the hindwing darker towards the margin in the male, paler, whitish, in 
the female darker. The markings very variable, sometimes the least 
traces are wanting. (Continental form.) 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb. figs. 17, 18, has 2 excellent figures of trua forms, 
not at all like the figs. of Hb., but I have specimens which agree with 
them. 

Tutt gives Stephens’ original description and adds a detailed 
summary of the variation in this British race of which many hundreds 
passed before him. The following are further notes on this form, 

In the g luniyera, the usual variegated form has 8 very prominent 
stigmata. These stigmata with the prediscal and postdiscal lines 
form an extraordinary resemblance to a human profile. The claviform 
is the mouth widely open, the white orbicular the eye, the reniform a 
dark mass of hair on the back of the head, the chin and throat are well 
portrayed by the large angle in the praediscal transverse line, and the 
nape of the neck is well shown by the curve in the postdiscal transverse 
line. The profile is more or less indistinct in the females, where the 
dark coloration subdues the markings. In trua a similar profile occurs 
in all the light and variegated males, but the features are not so pro- 
nounced; the orbicular is black, the claviform is not emphasized in 
black. There are many specimens of continental trua, probably a 
large proportion of both sexes, in which this profile cannot be traced. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (23) 


The variegated males of the luniyera-like trua have the profile as in 
British lunigera. 

Stephens’ figure of the dunigera type, an Irish example, is a very 
inferior, hard and lifeless one. The above mentioned profile is seen on 
the right side only, but not emphasized by a black claviform as in all 
S. of England lunigera. The left side is a jumble of markings with 
misshapen and misplaced stigmata, and transverse lines; and the 
colouring green, ved brown with black lines and dark scratches, etc. 
There is no yellow in the coloration, on thorax, at base of wing, on 
transverse waved strigae, between stigmata, towards inner margin, as 
stated in the description. Had it not been for the profile on the R. 
forewing I should have doubted the figure as representing the insect we 
now know as lunigera or trua. 

I have not seen any examples which correspond with either the 
figure or the description of Stephens. 


Barrett describes the Variation in this species as “not great; in the 
male it consists in greater or less clouding of smoky-grey on the fore- 
wings; in the female mainly in the distinctness of the stigmata, or 
their suffusion with black colouring—which occasionally even 
obliterates the white orbicular, leaving the forewings wholly smoky- 
black. In this sex the hindwings are rather uncertain, being in some 
examples pure white.” 

He describes ‘- A curious aberration of the pale brown of eaclama- 
tionts with all the markings sharply defined.” 

On plt. 128 Barrett gives 4 figs. la. a normal g of the British 
form. 1b.a very dark ?. le. a § with more dark clouding than 
normally. 1d. a gynandromorph. 

Barrett’s description of lunigera, Lep. B. Isles, III. 318, is a very 
good one of the ordinary g and ?. He has ignored the description 
of Stephens in which ‘ yellow’ figures so repeatedly. In his figures of 
lunigera the $s show the submarginal area dark suffused.. They shew 
the profile well. In his remarks on the variation Barrett calls 
attention (1) to the ‘‘ greater or less clouding of smoky grey on the 
forewings ’’ of the male. This would be Tutt’s sugfusa g. (2) to “the 
suffusion with black colouring ” of the female. This would be Tutt’s 
suffusa @. (8) to ‘‘the suffusion with black coiouring—which 
occasionally even obliterates the white orbicular, leaving the forewings 
wholly smoky black.” This is the rare form Tutt’s nigra. 

Every example of lunigera I have seen has the three stigmata, 
particularly the claviform, very distinct indeed. 

Only one of the five dozen specimens of continental trua, whieh 
through the kindness of Mr. Wm. Fassnidge lie before me, has a facies 
comparable to British luniyera ; it would be an easy matter to separate 
the British from the continental were they mixed and unlabelled. It 
is interesting to find a species evidently splitting into two, probably 
owing to geographical isolation, aided by variant circumstances of 
climate, etc. Fig. 525 of H.-S. Sys. Bearb. and 770 of Hb. Samm. 
Noct. are continental Junigera-like insects. 


The following is a list of the forms to be dealt with. 

truw, Hub. Sammi. Noct. figs. 728, 724 (1826). Central Europe. 

race ? lenticulosa, Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. 18. plt. 72. figs. 5-6 (1826). 
France. 


(24) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


race lunigera, Steph. Idd. II. 118. plt. 20 (1829). Ireland. 

ab. terranea, Frr. Neu. Beitr. I. 68. plt. 84. Zut. 178 (18338). 

ab. pallida, Tutt Brit. Noct. I]. 16 (1892). (5 abs. of race dunigera.) 

ab. virgata, Tutt l.c. 

ab. rufescens, Tutt l.c. 

ab. suffusa, Tutt l.c.: Splr. Schm. Eur. I. plt. 85. fig. 14d. 

ab. nigra, Tutt l.c. ; 

ab. olivina, (Hb. 768, 769): (var. A. Gn. Noet. V. 279. 1852) : 
Stdgr. Cat. ed. 8. p. 152 (1901). 

ab. amasina, Stder. l.c. 

race alpina, Splr. Schm. Hur, I. 162. plt. 35. £.14a-d (1905). 

{. pseudolunigera, Trti. Att. Soc. It, Sci. Nat. LXIII. 71. plt. IL. 
12-13 (1924). 

f. conclamationis, Trti. l.c. fig. 10. 

ab. rubofusca, Schaw. Zeit. Oestr. Ver. Wien. XVI. 85 (1981). 

ssp. svbalba, (Corti.) Draudt.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. Supp. LI. 51. plt. 
6ed. (1938). | . 

Tutt. dealt with (1) the typical Jwnigera form, both sexes of which 
are well figured by South; (2) the pale whitish grey pallida; (8) the 
virgata with a dark transverse shade across the reniform; (4) the 
blackish grey sufusa ; (5) the unicolorous blackish nigra; (6) rufescens 
with reddish shade. 

Due to the kindness of Mr. W. Fassnidge, I had the pleasure of 
minutely examining a long fine series taken on the continent and made 
the following summary.— 

The series before me has heen identified as containing specimens 

(1) Like fig. 728 g of Hubner’s trua, the typical g form of the 
species. 

(2) Like fig. 724 9 of Hubner’s trua, the typical ° form of the 
species. 

(3) Other forms which may be grouped around these as included 
in the typical form. 

(4) Like fig. 768 g¢ of Hubner, named trua, but subsequently named 
olivina, 3 , Stdgr. 

(5) Like fig. 769 @ of Hubner, named tru, but subsequently 
named olivina 2, Stder. 

(6) Other forms which may be grouped around these as included 
in this form. 

(7) Like plt. 34 of Freyer, New. Beitr. named terranea. 

(8) Other reddish forms of numerous shades, which group around 
this form. 

(9) Several forms which seem to agree in having a dark medial 
shade, named amasina, Stdegr. 

A proportion of the series are Junigera-like in having all three stig- 
mata well expressed, particularly the claviform. 

(1) Some are typical dunigera-like. 

(2) Some are olivina, lunigera-like. 
(3) Some are terranea, luniyera-like. 


race ? lenticulosa, Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. 18. 

Fies.—l.c. plt. 72, figs. 5-6: Calb. Ints. I. 229, plt. XII. £. 10. 

Oric. Descrie.—‘ The male has the upper side of a pale grey 
dotted with brick-red, with the two ordinary spots very much 


Notes on the early stages of some Syrian Lepidoptera. (Plate J/J.) 


With the description of a new Ichneumon, 
by Claude Morley, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S. 


By KE. P. WILTSHIRE. 


I hope soon, with Mr. R. E. Ellison’s co-operation, to publish a list 
of species, with notes on season and distribution, observed during my 
stay of two years, and his of longer, in the Lebanon. The preparation 
of that list has proved a longer labour than that of these notes, which 
were originally intended as an appendix to it. They consist of obser- 
vations of the life-histories of certain species, whose identity is not 
in dispute, but whose early stages seemed to me to be unrecorded 
previously. J am indebted to Mr. Claude Morley for the identification 
of the ichneuinons referred to hereinafter. 


Zygaena cuvieri, Bsd. ssp. libani, Breff. 

Plate ILL, fig.1. The larva, fullgrown at the Bsherre Cedars in May, 
is pale yellow, tinged with green. ‘The subdorsal line is represented 
by a large black oval dot on the front of each somite, and a small one 
next to it, on the rear of every preceding somite. The spiracles and 
feet are black; the head, black, with white cheekpoints; the short 
bristly hairs, white. Feeds at night on Ferulago frigida. Pupa in a 
creamy white spindle-shaped cocoon, low down. Imago comes to light 
freely ; end June, July. 


Paidia murina, Hb. ssp. albescens, Stgr. 

Plate ILI, fig. 2. The larva, fullgrown in early May, is dull black, 
paler grey below the spiracles. Hairs long and black. Head and first 
two somites, small; on 3rd, four conspicuous white spots. On 11th, 
two conspicuous white blotches. On the intervening somites, two less 
conspicuous white dots per somite, set in the band of hair-bearing warts. 
Head, legs and claspers, dull pale brown, the head marked with darker 
on top. Hides by day in terrace wall crevices or underside of rocks. 


Euprepia oertzeni, Led. . 

Plate III, Fig. 5. Imago, at light, late Sept. (hills) and October 
(coast). Ova laid on 18th October, hatched 2nd November. Young 
larvae were black on back and white striped low down onsides. Later, 
warts appeared brownish, head, black and glossy. ‘The mature larva 
is black, with pale brown bands of bristle-bearing warts, creamy white 
subdorsal lines, not showing on the first four somites, a broad whitish 
zigzag line along the black spiracles, and often a paler dorsal area, 
The head is black, marked with red, the feet reddish. It feeds on 
grass and low plants at night from January to March on the coast. 


(4 RAS THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Lasiocampa terreni, H.-Schaff. 

Plate III, Fig. 3, 4. Distinguished by a cloven black velvet collar 
on the firstand last somites. The pale hairs, becoming redbrown on the 
first three and last two somites stand up in a ridge along the back, often 
dividing into tufts, between which are patches of the black ground 
colour. Spiracles, strikingly white; white oblique dashes on the spira- 
cular area. Above the spiracles, an interrupted white line on a velvety 
black ground. Hairs other than the pale dorsal ridge hairs are golden 
brown. Coils up promptly when frightened. [Feeds on grass but often 
suns itself on thorn bushes. Extremely difficult to breed, in fact I 
have never managed to bring it through: my identification of this is 
circumstantial only. I saw a skin of this larva in Cremona’s Ksara 
collection labelled davidis; but an imago was there also wrongly so 
labelled. Differs from eversmanni in absence of crimson hairs on 
thoracic segments. | 


Anytus leuconota, H.-S. 1849 (= Anytus trisignata, Menet. 1848). 

Plate III, Fig.6. Fullgrown on the coast towards the end of March 
(though, of course, later in the hills) the larva feeds at night on Plan- 
tain, Polygonum, Calycotome, Ephedra, Lonicera, Sonchus, wild cucumber, 
rosemary, and many other low plants and shrubs. It is either green or 
pale brown when mature. A series of greyish Ms along the back is 
usually visible, though some green forms are very faintly marked. 
The usual dots are half white, half grey; the spiracles, white, black- 
rimmed, are placed on a broad, slightly paler stripe that separates the 
darker dorsal from the paler ventral area. Imago emerges in November 
or December on the coast, or, at Bsherre, at end of October. 


Amathes kindermannt, F.v.R., ssp. pauli, Stgr. 

Plate III, Fig. 7, 8. Imago to sugar in the second half of December 
and early January at 800-2000 feet. Lggs laid 19.xii.84 hatched 
14.1.85 ; they were covered with loose hairs and laid in a continuous 
line in a crevice, and pale honeycoloured with a faint apical dot. The 
young larvae at first were greenish grey with yellowish heads. They 
fed up on low plants and grass, but when bigger, showed preference for 
flowerheads of Compositae. Linear markings appeared with the 2nd 
instar. and the white sublateral stripe with the third. The fourth 
instar is green with a fine yellowish dorsal line edged with darker green ; 
dorsal dots, yellow ; somital joints, yellowish on back; subdorsals, faint 
yellowish green faintly edged with darker green. The pure white 
spiracular stripe is bordered above with darker green. Feet, green; 
pro-thoracic plate behind yellowish green; head, whitish in front. 

The fullgrown larva is green or pinkish brown, with the broad 
white or cream spiracular stripe very sharp. In the brown form, the 
underside remains green. The head is ochreous grey, or, in the brown 
form, orange netted with brown. On somites 2-9 the white stripe is 
marked above with a large black dot behind every spiracle; the 
spiracles are yellowish-orange (or darker in the brown forms), black- 
rimmed, and not outstanding. ‘The dorsal and subdorsal lines are 
double, wavy, and powdery grey; the usual dots are white with a 
minute black centre. The final claspers and anal somite are marked 
with orange in the brown form. . Fullgrown, March. 


NOTES ON EARLY STAGES OF SYRIAN LEPIDOPTERA. (3) 


Amathes mansueta, H.-Schaff. 

Plate III, Figs. 9,10. Ova, solitary, white, turning pale pink-grey 
later. Those laid 7th December hatched 27th-28th December. The 
larva feeds on low plants and looks bristly from the outset. With the 
2nd moult the dorsals and subdorsals appear clearly, forming three 
similar fine white lines. The spiracular stripe is broader, pale white 
or creamish, undulates slightly. Colour, pale or dark green; setae, 
pale, almost white. Head, pale yellowbrown. In 4th instar (Figure 
10) the larva adopted general colour-scheme of imago, pale greyish 
olive green, with blackish and white mottling and lines, and orange 
suffusion in between the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th somites. Detail: 
white hairs or setae, longer than usual; tubercles, larger, and placed 
in centre of rings or large circular dots, of which the subdorsal, that 
is, those just on the upper edge of the pale, darker-edged subdorsal 
lines, are most striking, being large and white, or, later in the instar, 
pale yellow, and partly rimmed (7.e., on the upper and front edges) 
with black. Dorsal line, double and darker grey. On somites 2 and 
3, a black spot on each side of each somite; on a level with these, on 
the remaining somites, a black circumflex mark capping the white- 
ringed tubercle on the side of each somite. Slightly below these are 
the black spiracles, placed on a pale undulating stripe. Head, grey- 
freckled ; behind it a plate on which the subdorsals are usually very 
plainly drawn in white. Claspers, edged with orange. The whole 
larva tends to become more orange-suffused towards the end of the 4th 
instar. The last instar (Fig. 9) is similar except in ground colour, 
which is darker, almost blackish grey. On the thoracic somites an 
orange line, also present but less in evidence in the 4th instar, runs 
along the now yellowish-white black-rimmed spiracles; this line is 
narrower and brighter than the broad undulating spiracular stripe 
running the entire length of the larva. Feeds up quickly, being full- 
grown 7th to 15th Feb. 


Polyphaenis propinqua, Stgr. 

Plate III, Fig. 11. Larva found feeding in numbers at night on 
honeysuckle in February on the coast. Pupation, end of Feb. ; first 
emergence, 17th April. Imago noted in hills in early July. Larva is 
brown with a deep brown-black interrupted dorsal line, forming a chain 
of spearheads each connected by a finer, fainter, dark-edged, pale line to 
its successor. On the dark plate behind the head the dorsal line is 
fine and whitish. On the sides, a pale dot on each somite; on the 
hinder somites these dots tend to be crowned with a vague upward 
oblique dark bar, pointing back. Below this row of dots the ground 
colour, pale red brown, is darkened by a thick grey powdering in which 
the spiracles stand out white. Head brown, marked with black. The 
profile of the 12th and 13th somites is not rounded but in steps. 
Cocoon, silky woven between leaves or in litter. 


Scioptila eriopoda, H.8. 

Plate III, Fig. 12. Larva feeds at night on Rubia oliviert, Hphedra 
campyloda, honeysuckle and rosemary, being full-grown on the coast in 
March. It is then dark greyish or brown, with a white frosted diamond 
pattern on the back, each diamond, especially the hindermost, having 
the outer angles dark-outlined; or this pattern might be described as 


(4) THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 


a series of whitish or paler arrowheads each with two black dots inset, 
from somites 4 to 10. Head, brownish, marked with black; dorsal 
line, whitish; spiracular line, zigzag, interrupted and darker, and 
marked with a large white dot on the 4th and 5th somites. Similar 
but smaller dots, lower down, on the front of the 2nd and 8rd somites. 
Usual dots, black and white. Spiracles, small and white. 

Pupa in a papery cocoon amid leaves and litter, glossy, dark red- 
brown. Pupation, end of March on coast. Imago flies in early 
September in the hills, later on the coast. 

Ova, some laid loose, some in small batches, flattened above and 
below, of an ivory colour at first, with a vaguely more dusky brownish 
apical dot and incomplete ring ; after a few days turn greyer, and ring 
and dot become clearer. Laid 12th, 13th Sept., hatched 23rd Sept. 
Young larvae, greyish pink, transparent-looking, with pale brown - 
glossy head. 4th instar like last but reddish-brown. This coloration 
sometimes persists to 5th instar. 


Clitye sanota, Stegr. 

When mature, the larva is usually dull red-brown, sometimes 
blackish-brown, and prettily mottled. Three white dots per somite on 
each side stand in a broad, freckly-grey, subdorsal stripe; the dorsal 
line is fine. A fairly broad freckly-orange stripe runs below the black 
spiracles. On the 4th somite is a larger orange dot on each side just 
under the subdorsal line. When younger, the larva is often green 
with the subdorsal lines showing clearly yellowish or whitish, and 4th 
and 5th somites each showing two white dots on the back. The 11th 
and 12th somites are slightly marked with black, the former being 
slightly prominent. 

It feeds at night on tamarisk, though the younger larva may be 
freely beaten by day from the branches. Pupae may be found under 
the bark during the winter months, the imago first appearing at the 
end of March. The pupa is fairly stout, with white spiracles and a 
bluish bloom. [Some produced the ichneumon Aglaojoppa rex, nov. 
spec.| The imago continues to fly till July, having two or perhaps 
three broods. 


AGLAOJOPPA PeX, Sp. Novy. 


[A rich-red species with the head, antennae, pro- and meso-thoraces, 
black bearing pale flavidous markings. Head not buccate, black with 
the eye-margins, except narrowly at both cheeks and ocelli, pale; labrum 
prominent; mandibles flavous with apices piceous and bidentate, upper 
tooth slightly the longer; clypeus flavous and apically truncate, its 
centre rufescent and apically produced; face deplanate, deeply punctate, 
centrally ferrugineous and hardly discreted from clypeus. Antennae 
rather shorter than wings, black with only base of scape flavous 
beneath ; flagellum setaceous and not serrate. Thorax black, with 
notauli distinct ; pronotum linearly, lines before radices, two on meso- 
notal disc and two before scutellum, flavous; metathorax totally rich- 
red; areola finely striate, subrectangular and distinctly broader than 
long; juxtacoxal and pleural areas not carinately discreted; spiracles 
linear. Scutellum deplanate, nitidulous, sparsely punctate and black 
with whole sides, apex and a transverse line beyond apex, pale flavous. 
Abdomen stout and totally rich-red, its segments neither strongly 


NOTES ON EARLY STAGES OF SYRIAN LEPIDOPTERA. _ (5) 


discreted nor laterally produced; basal segment bicarinate and discally, 
like base of second, coarsely striate ; valvulae darker. Legs somewhat 
slender and not elongate, rich-red with merely the front coxae apically 
flavous beneath and hind tarsi infuscate; claws simple and nearly 
straight. Wings not unusually ample (Morley, Revis. Ichn., LV.,1915, 
p- 112), hyaline with nervures black, costa and stigma rufescent ; 
tegulae flavous ; areolet large, pentagonal and broad above; nervellus 
continuous and intercepted below centre. Length 12mm. 4g only. 

The type alone was bred from a pupa of Clitye sancta, Stgr., the 
capital extremity of which was bitten quite round, at Beirut in Syria 
on 14th February, 1933, by Mr. KE. P. Wiltshire-—Ciaupre Mortey, 
P.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S.; 26th March, 1935.] 


KMutelia adulatria, Hbn. 

Plate III, Fig.18. Larvais green, occasionally pale blue, and tapers 
at rear. The dorsal line is represented by whitish dots and circles of 
dots. The subdorsals, which join on the anal somite, are bright 
yellow ; so is the spiracular line. Spiracles ochreous, dark-rimmed. 
One or two larvae were bright vermilion instead of green. Pupal 
period, indefinite: larvae that pupated about mid-May produced 
imagines 28rd July, 2nd Sept., and 12th Oct. Foodplant, Terebinth. 


Hadjina viscosa, Frr. 

Plate III, Fig. 14. Larva feeds by night on Inula viscosa on coast, 
in several broods from October to March. Young larvae may 
occasionally be found on plant by day too. In its typical position it 
arches the mid-fore somites, tapering, or rather shelving, to the head, 
of which two antennae are prominent. If is green or purplish-brown : 
the green form always turns brown about a day before burying and 
stops feeding with this change of colour. Dorsal line, pale, dark- 
edged ; subdorsals, pale. On each somite, a darker V mark, pointing 
forward. Dots half white, half dark. Spiracles, dark-rimmed, set in 
a pale stripe. Above each spiracle, a white dot like those on the back. 
These dots are nowhere so conspicuous as on the swollen third somite. 
The 10th is transversely crested and marked with three yellowish 
white marks. In the green form, “pale” signifies yellow. The 
somital joints are yellow in the green form. 

Pupa, redbrown, glossy, small, fragile; in a stiff oval earthen 
cocoon close to the surface. HKmergences of imago: 28th Oct., 2nd, 
8rd, 4th, Nov., 18th March, lst May. Pupal period is never long. 

Imago seldom in evidence; once taken on the wing at dusk on 
23rd Oct. 

The ichneumon Paniseus testaceus, Gr. was bred from H. viscosa 


pupae. 


Crymodes bischoffii, H.-S. 

Plate LII, Fig. 15, shows dorsal pattern. Ova; white at first, later 
greyish with slightly purplish ring and dot. Laid 30.1x.33, hatched 
6.x.38. Some larvae, brought down to Beirut (coastlevel), were full- 
fed by November; others were then only half-grown. They fed on 
Sonchus, Taraxacum, and other Compositae. 

Larva is grey, tinged greenish by its food, with fine blackish mott- 
ling. Head and prolegs, pale brownish grey. In the 8rd instar the 


(6) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


sublateral line is marked with black on the rearmost three or four 
somites. 

In the 5th instar, the first five somites are distinguished by a large 
black blot on each, placed along the subdorsal lines, which however 
are nowhere clearly defined. The rest of the black markings are finely- 
pencilled, though sometimes there is a dark blodge above the anal 
orifice, and leave a paler dorsal chain-like area, whose centre, the dorsal 
line, which appears clear and white only on the front of each somite, 
bears a vague suffused V or Y mark, in the last instar almost an X- 
mark, in darker mottling on each somite. In the 4th instar this 
chain of Y-marks is perhaps the clearest character of the larva, 
but sometimes, especially before the final stage, all markings are faint. 
The immature larva often tends to be of a bluish-green, though this 
hue is not due to pigmentation in the skin. In all stages, below 
the black spiracles, is a paler area, freer of black or grey mottling. 

Imago in September, to sugar, at about 4000 feet. 


Anaitis mundata, Stder. 

Plate III, Fig. 16. The larva feeds on Hypericum serpyllifolium and 
is fullgrown in April; it is green, with a crimson-lake spiracular line, 
white-edged above. A few days before burying it turns greyish,. but 
this white-edging remains white. Dorsal and subdorsal lines are very 
faint, the former bluish-grey, the latter paler. There are also 3 pale 
ventral lines. The imago sits after dark on grasses and shrubs in 
places where its foodplant abounds in September. It also comes to 
light occasionally, but is not an active flier. Ova are oblong-oval, laid 
flat, pale yellowish. Those laid on 23.1x.33 hatched about 1.xi.33. 
The pupa is glossy redbrown, the pomt of the wingcases being free from 
the body, and tapered. 


Cidaria cupreata, H.-S.=basochesiata, Dup. 

Plate III, Fig. 17. There seems no longer any doubt that the 
original basochestata is a local form of the species cupreata common in 
Cyprus and the Lebanon during the winter months. Larvae found on 
Rubia oliviert were fullgrown in March and agreed with Milliére’s des- 
cription of basochesiata larvae. 

The oval period is ten days. Imago flies on coast, October to 
March. 

The larva exudes from its mouth a deep blue ink when alarmed or 
hurt ; its blood and excreta are of the same deep indigo hue. This 
was observed, though to a less degree, in a salicata larva found on the 
same foodplant. Iam told by Dr. EK. A. Cockayne that all Galium- 
feeding Geometer larvae show this peculiarity. 


Cidaria adlata, Stgr. 

Plate III, Fig. 18. The larva feeds at night on Potertwm spinosum 
(‘ billan’’) in January and February, and is stoutish, not unlike other 
Entephria, varying from brown to pale greenish grey, with a series of 
diamonds on the back, edged in front with purplish ; in the brown form 
these diamonds are whitish. Subdorsal lines, pale, very faint, darker- 
edged. In some brown forms there are other purplish marks edged 
above with whitish. Often the lateral area is distinctly paler. Ventral 
line, fine, dark, widely interrupted. 


NOTES ON EARLY STAGES OF SYRIAN LEPIDOPTERA, (7) 


The imago sits on its foodplant at night in November and December 
on the coast, and inland too; it also comes to light sometimes. The 
foodplant is the commonest thorn in the country and almost ubiquitous 


Ptychopoda affinitata, B. Haas. 

Ova, whitish bone-coloured, laid in clusters, 7.v.83, hatched 
15.v.88. The larvae feed up slowly, much slower than camparia. 
They eat almost any low plant, e.g., Compositae, Umbelliferae, Atriplea, 
Plantago, Polygonum, ete. The larva is fairly stout for its length, 
roughened, olive grey or greenish, suffused with black except on the 
last three or four somites. A paler, ridged line runs along the sides; 
darker, spear-headmarks along the back, each having a whitish tip, 
clearest on somites 7, 8, and 9. Dorsal line, fine, whitish, dark-edged, 
narrowing to form a black shaft for the last spear-head along the back 
of the paler rear somites. Underside, vaguely lined with pale and dark 
wavy lines. Head small. 

The imago flies in early May in Beirut. Imagines of the 2nd 
brood emerged 81st July, 6th, 7th August, ete. 


Oulobophora eaternata, H.§8. 

Plate III, Fig. 19. Larva feeds on Terebinth in April and early 
May, and is dark green, darker between the somites, 2 inch long, with 
a yellow-green spiracular stripe. Dorsal and subdorsal lines, almost 
invisible. On the anal somite, two small points, brownish below. 

The imago emerges in the early morning in March, and is not un- 
common on the wing or at light at night; may sometimes be put up 
by day. 


Dasycorsa modesta, Steger. 

Plate III, Fig. 20. Larva is green, with a broad whitish spiracular 
stripe and a finer dark green dorsal line and yellowish subdorsal line ; 
occasionally it is rich brown, with a bright creamy white spiracular 
stripe and a dark grey dorsal line. In the green form the segmental- 
joints are usually yellowish, and the slightly flattened head is green, 
marked on the cheeks with a whitish bar, which is a continuation of 
the spiracular stripe. ‘The spiracles, just above the stripe, are black ; 
and the stripe itself is bordered below, at a late stage of growth, with 
violet shades. 

The larva is a great wanderer and may often be found at night on 
the wrong foodplant. It feeds, on the coast, on low trefoils and plants 
of the pea-family, especially the genus Lotus; in the hills itis common 
in broom bushes by day. It is not so much in evidence by day on the 
coast. In the hills I have even beaten it by day from oak, of course 
not as a foodplant. The plate shows a brown form. 

The ova are laid in a neat-rowed batch; they stand on end, are 
slightly pear-shaped, point downwards, glossy, and bright green, 
turning gunmetal-colour later. The oval period varies: one batch 
laid 26.111.38 hatched after ten or eleven days; another, laid 3.1iii.84, 
hatched 20.iii.34. 

The larva is full grown in April or May; the imago flies on the 
coast in February and March. ‘The male, larger and redder than the 
female, flies to light vigorously and is also sometimes attracted to 


(8) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


flowers such as rosemary. The female, and the male less often, may 
be found sitting after nightfall on blades of grass, stems of flowers or 
shrubs, generally fairly near the ground. 


Gnophos poggearia, Led. 

Plate III, Fig.21. Onelarva beatenin May from Rhamnus punctatus 
at Afka proved to be this species, producing an imago on 2nd June. 
It was grey-brown with lateral spines, two white dots per somite on 
back of somites 4 to 11; subdorsal warts or spines on somites 4, 5 and 
6. The head was notched, marked with white subdorsally, and 
black. 

Pupal period, short. Pupa, very glossy, dark brown. Imago also 
noted in July and May. 


Itame berytaria, Stgr. 

Plate III, Figs. 22,23. The ovaare laid flat, long-oval, bright green 
at first, then greyer. [Ova laid 14.xii.383 hatched 3.i1.384.] The young 
larva is quite smooth, walks with great rapidity, seems at first dark 
brown, paler sublaterally, but soon turns green, 

When fullgrown the general appearance is still smooth, though 
under a lens a few hairs are shown; can it then be congeneric with 
wauaria? Itisdull grey-green, or grey-brown. In the green form a paler 
line runs just below the white but faint spiracles; immediately below this 
line, and slightly behind each spiracle, is a series of short horizontal 
black streaks, each surmounting a purplish shade. The underside is 
slightly yellow-tinged. The dorsal line is fairly broad, composed of 
dark grey mottling and edged with paler. Subdorsal lines, and parallel, 
similar lines running one on each side just above the spiracles, are 
faint, yellowish, and darker-edged. 

In the grey-brown form (Fig. 23), these lines are much more 
distinct than in the green form (Fig. 22), and the feet are not tinged 
with purple, as they often are in the green form. In the third instar, 
the dorsal area appears as a broad pale stripe, contrasting with a 
darker lateral area, but centred with the darker dorsal line. The larva 
feeds up quickly in January and February on the coast on Calycotome 
villosa (‘‘ thorny broom ”’), and is most easily found by night. It rests 
by day extended on the twigs and is then hard to see. It is much 
subject to an ichneumon, Cymodusa antennator, Hig. The imago is out 
from November to early January on the coast. In captivity one 
emerged on 23rd Oct., the next on 14th Dec. The ichneumon pro- 
duces imagines in February and March. 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (41) 
15.i.35. 
expected in the region we are dealing with ; it belongs to the nomino- 
typical form of daplidice. 

/  Synchloé callidice, Esp., must be included here, because Favre has 
reported its having been found during several consecutive years on the 
dyke bordering the Rhone, near the Branson bridge, in the Martigny 
region. The race is, presumably, the usual nominotypical one, for no 
local variations are known in the Alps, in general. 

v Pieris napi, L. race praenapaeae, Vrty., and race subnapaeae, Vrty., 
with I gen. napi, L. :—At Bex the first generation* emerged all through 
June; a few lageard individuals were quite fresh even at the beginning 
of July, whilst old ones of this I. generation were occasionally met 
with till the end of this month. This generation is noteworthy in 
that it does not belong, in most individuals, to the widespread 
septentrionalis, Vrty., of Central Europe, including the south of 
England, whence I have described it; it comes much closer to the 
nominotypical napi of Linnaeus, which is racial in Central Scandinavia 
and which is mixed with septentrionalis in my series from Scania, but 
which I have never seen, even as an individual variation, from Central 
Hurope: its features are the broad and very deep black basal suffusion 
on the upperside of the male, the neuration of the forewing markedly 
bordered with a grey suffusion on the underside and the very broad 
and blackish-olive ‘‘ veins ” of the hindwing; the Bex race only differs 
from nominotypical napi by the lesser development of the black apical 
crescent, which in the North, renders the latter often very similar to a 
small bryoniae. 

The II gen. began to emerge on the 10th of July and became more 
and more abundant everywhere till late in August. Here two distinct 
races are detectable: the one of the damp meadows and the outskirts 
of the woods in the neighbourhood of Bex is larger, has prominent 
black markings, of a deep black tinge and has the greenish grey ‘‘ veins” 
of the underside well pronounced up to the exterior margin of the 
hindwing; in half the individuals they are sharp in outline and of a 
dark grey; in the other half they are less distinct and greener in tinge ; 
these forms exist in both sexes, but the first is more accentuated in the 
male and the second in the female. Two females of Bex stand out 
amongst the rest by their entirely different facies, giving one the 
impression they belong to the I gen. by the features of the upperside, 
but not at all by the underside, where the green ‘“‘ veins” are thin, 
light and effaced outwardly; on the upperside, instead of the large, 
sharp and deep black spotting of the other femaies, they have the 
neuration nearly entirely bordered by a grey suffusion, the discal spots 
small and grey and the apical crescent split into nervural streaks. 
These exceptions, might be due to a strain of the bryoniae and arctica 
exerge, considering that in the neighbouring Anzasca Valley I have 
discovered, at as low an altitude as Vanzone, 700m., the existence of 
highly characterized bryoniae in all three of the generations of nap, 
which are produced there (II gen. bryonapaeae, Vrty. and III gen. 
metabryoniae, Vrty., described in the Entom. Rec., 1926, p. 178). The 
difference between the Anzasca and the Rhone races is most remark- 
able: as stated in the Hntom. Record, the true napi belong, in the 
former, to leovigilda, Frhst. and are found mixed with a considerable 


* Never in my experience has the I gen been over before this.— G. W. 


(42) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


number of the aforesaid bryoniae forms. The race of Bex, is, on the 
contrary, nothing bnt the usual northern praenapaeae, Vrty., as far as 
its summer generation is concerned, the second underside form, des- 
cribed above, evidently pointing to subnapaeae, Vrty., but those speci- 
mens are quite unlike it in size and by the upperside markings. 

On the hot and dry slopes of La Batiaz, at Martigny, there exists a 
distinctly different race and, notably, a fully characterized subnapaeae, 
Vrty., by its smaller size than the preceding, by the smallness and 
paleness of the spots on the upperside and by the strong reduction, in 
extent and in tone, of the green ‘‘ veins”’ on the underside. I must 
also record a rather noticeable family of dwarf praenapaeae, about the 
size of cardamines, which I found emerging, on 9th August, on the very 
hot and arid mountain-side above Lavey-les-Bains, whilst other 
individuals, on the wing there, were of normal size. These dwarfs 
contrast strongly with a few giant specimens from Bex, which resemble 
Hsper’s true Alpine napaeae. JI must again lay stress on the fact that 
the latter name was given to the enormous race of high altitudes from 
specimens which are stated to have been collected, in company with 
callidice, ‘in the month of August, on various high Alps near Geneva.” 
Many individuals of that race, which Turati and I collected also at the 
Baths of Valdieri, at 1400m., in the Maritime Alps, are considerably 
larger than Esper’s own figure; they quite agree with it by the small 
and pale grey upperside marking very different, and strikingly so in 
the female, from the much bolder ones of praenapaeae, but more 
similar, on both surfaces to those of subnapaeae, which differs chiefly 
from true napaeae by its much smaller size. 

I cannot omit to say that at the Pont de Nant, 1400m., I found 
the association of true napi and of bryoniae, which exists in so many 
Alpine localities and which always leaves one in a state of perplexity 
with regard to the nature of their relation. The dryontae were nearly 
all of the most highly characterized form, with extremely extensive 
dark markings in both sexes, and the napi only differed from those of 
the plain by their slightly smaller size, contrasting with the very large 
one of most of the bryoniae. Very few examples could be suspected to 
have been produced by crossings of the two. The most surprising fact 
I witnessed is, however, that on 4th June both sexes of the first gen- 
eration of napi were still emerging, together with those of bryoniae,. 
whereas on 13th June the latter was still emerging, a few old males of 
the former were on tke wing and a few perfectly characterized and 
unmistakable individuals of both sexes of its second generation were 
already emerging together with the second of P. ,apae. These 
distinctly exhibit on both surfaces the reduced and pale markings, 
which are, as I have noted above, the features of Esper’s true Alpine 
napaeae, but they lack its very large size, so that they differ very little 
from the subnapaeae of Martigny. It seems one must conclude that 
napi and bryoniae do not interbreed at the Pont de Nant, although 
they inhabit the same grounds, or only interbreed very exceptionally, 
and that the first generation of napi emerges earlier than bryoniae, so 
that its most precocious females are in time to produce an offspring, 
which completes its life-cycle before bryoniae has finished to emerge 
for the first time. At the Baths of Valdieri, 1400m., I have, myself, 
bred napi in captivity and seen that its life-cycle is of 28 days or a 
moon, so that the aforesaid swbnapaeae would have been produced by 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (43) 


ova laid in the middle of June; it is quite possible and even probable 
this should have taken place in the orchard, situated on the sunny 
side of the valley and near which I collected the suwbnapaeae and the P. 
rapae. My impression, so far as my own experience goes, in all the 
localities of this sort I have visited in the various parts of the Alps, is 
that the bryontae are the aborigines and feed on the wild bryonia, 
whilst the napi and the rapae have spread up the valleys following 
human habitation and feed chiefly on the cultivated Cruciferae: a con- 
stitutional difference thus presumably does exist between the two 
strains, but itis only of a low exergic degree, so that they intereross 
more or less frequertly and this introduces some of the bryontae 
features in a certain number of napi of all three of the generations, 
which the latter produces even at high altitudes and which I have 
described from Valdieri and from the Anzasca valley in Rhopal. Palae- 
arctica, p. 833, and in the nt. Rec., 1926, p. 173. 

t Preris rapae, L. race secunda, Vrty.: I gen. metra, Steph.; Il gen. 
secunda, Vrty.; III gen. rapae, L.—On 2nd June, 1988, I found both 
sexes were abundant everywhere and some were distinctly old; emer- 
gence went on till the middle of the month and a few laggards were 
still fresh at the end of it, when a few precocious individuals of the 
second generation began to appear in the Vaud. In the lower Valais 
emergences were delayed by the cold wind, which blew all through 
June, aS it is apt to do in that valley ; the result was most of the rapae 
were seen aud were quite fresh at the end of that month and in the 
first days of July, between Vernayaz and Martigny, where I carried on 
observations regularly; they were all perfectly characterized metra. 
In 1932 rapae must have been on the wing rather earlier in the Vaud, 
because when I got there, at the end of June, not one was to be seen 
and the second generation made its appearance on 10th July, after 
which it increased rapidly in numbers till the beginning of August; 
towards the middle of that month only old individuals were on the 
wing, although there were large quantities of them. This II generation 
exhibits quite constantly the features of secunda, Vrty., as it does both 
northwardly, in Central Europe, and southwardly, in Italy, being of 
large size and having markings of a grey rather than of a black tinge. 
Where a distinct difference comes in, between this race and that of the 
southern watershed of the Alps, as observed by me in several localities, 
but more exactly in the Anzasca Valley and in the Susa one, is in con- 
nection with the third generation. There the II one emerges earlier 
and it is immediately followed, in August, by the II], which, on the 
whole, is distinctly different in aspect: in the Anzasca Valley it comes 
very near that of the southern tertia, Vrty., by its considerably smaller 
size, its sharp and very deep black markings and its underside with 
very little or no black dusting over the hindwing; at Oulx, in the 
Susa Valley, as I have described it in the Entom. Record, 1926, p. 174, 
it is similar to the nominotypical summer form of Northern Europe, 
and to the III of Central Europe; in both those Valleys the result of 
the emergence of the III early in August is that it produces a IV one 
in September. On the contrary, in the Rhone Valley there were no 
signs of the III on 21st August, when I looked out for it, before 
leaving, so that the latter must be the last one of the year and, as in 
September it can only have the faceis of nominotypical rapae, evidently 
form tertia, Vrty., is entirely skipped over on the northern watershed 


(44) THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 


of the Alps. In other words, rapae behaves, in the Rhone Valley, in 
the same way as in Central Europe, producing three generations, and 
the waterparting of the Alps is the limit between this mode of emer- 
gence and the southern one, which produces four or five, according to 
localities. In Central’ Europe the race of localities where the II gen. 
belongs prevalently to the large secunda, Vrty. can usefully be desig- 
nated by this name, as a whole; I see that in many localities of that 
region both the II and the III belong to nominotypical rapae in the 
majority of individuals and in this case the race can only be called 
rapae, like that of Scandinavia and of England, which is considered to 
have only one summer generation, besides that of the spring. I have 
remarked in my paper of the Hntom. Record, mentioned above, that 
the right name for the southern race would be either tertia, Vrty. or 
phaiosoma, Vrty., according to the form which prevails in the III gen- 
eration, peculiar to and characteristic of this race, as we have just 
seen. 

, Pieris manni (Mayer), Turati, race veragra, n. nov.: I gen. ante- 
veragra, n. nov.: II gen. veragra, Vrty.; III gen. postveragra, 
n. noy. :—A few old males were met with all through June 19338, both 
on the slopes above Lavey-les-Bains and under the cliffs, from 
Martigny to Vernayaz, but the emergence had evidently taken place in 
May, in accordance with the date of 15th May on some very fresh 
specimens I have, collected by Reverdin; nevertheless, a sudden 
change in the weather, which had been exceptionally cold in June, 
brought out some late females at Vernayaz, which I found, on the 
26th, still drying their wings after emergence and which are perfectly 
characteristic of the I generation; with them were males of the II 
generation in the same condition, as well as old males of thel; on 8rd 
July, at the same spot, there were also fresh females of the II and on 
the 10th there were many, but they were all quite worn at that spot. 
At the La Batiaz tower of Martigny the II generation appears much 
later: in 1988, on 25th July, many males were on the wing, but J only 
found one female; on the 81st also this sex was plentiful; on 10th 
August all the individuals I collected were old, but on the 19th 
another lot must have finished developing at that place, for a few 
individuals of both sexes were quite fresh on that day ; they differed in 
no way from those of the earlier one. On the contrary we will 
presently see that specimens from Martigny of 14th September, sent 
to me by Bainbrigge Fletcher, and one of Wullschlegel have quite a 
different facies and can only belong to a III generation, so that mannt 
evidently has three in the Rhone valley, like rapae. I have found the 
species also under the Follaterres and Vorbrodt reports it from Sierre. 

As to the features of the three generations, the first stands nearest to 
farpa, Frhst., of Central Italy and the §.-E. of France, distinguished 
from the nominotypical one of Dalmatia by its reduced and lighter 
grey markings on the upperside and by its more thickly darkened 
underside, but it differs from it in that the latter surface has a distinctly 
brighter yellow ground-colour like nominotypical manni, and the 
females have, also on the upperside, a slight yellow tinge, which farpa 
never exhibits. On account of this constant peculiarity in the colour 
and the combination of the features I think it should be distinguished 
by the name of anteveragra. 

The II generation is, in the female sex, strikingly distinct from all 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (45) 
15.ii.35. 

the other races of the species, so that I propose taking it as typical of 
the race and naming it veragra, like the inhabitants of this valley in 
the days of the Romans. In size it is very variable, some individuals 
equalling race creta, Vrty., of some localities in Italy, which is the largest 
form known, others being quite small; the males differ from creta and 
from secundogenita, Vrty., of Italy by constantly exhibiting a broader 
and darker black suffusion at the base of the wings on the upperside 
and by a brighter yellow underside. The females are nearly invariably 
yellow on the upperside, such as is never seen in any other race; there 
is a very broad light grey suffusion over the basal third of the wings ; 
the black markings are usually very large and, notably, the anterior 
discal spot is often enormous, whilst in half the individuals there is a 
corresponding one on the hindwing, which is pale, but often of a 
peculiarly large size, between the third Median and the first Cubital 
nervure. All the markings are, however, quite different from those of 
rossi, Stefanelli, because they are never of a deep black tinge and they 
never have a sharp outline, as in the latter ; they are very much varie- 
gated with grey and they shade off into grey suffusions, so that they 
are, in this respect, transitional to the spring farpa ; in the same way 
the anterior discal spot is usually not connected to the outermargin by 
any streak and only occasionally by a faint grey suffusion; they thu 
resemble more secundoyenita, Vrty., of the IL than rossi of the III 
generation by the latter features, although the size of the markings is 
more like the latter ; also the underside is more like that of the former 
by the amount of grey dusting, but the tone of yellow is much brighter 
and often saturated to a degree unknown in any other race. It must 
be noted that race alpigena. Vrty., of Piedmont, resembles verayra by 
its large size and rather bright yellow underside, but that the females 
have quite another facies, because they are perfectly white, their 
markings are black and sharp, as compared with veragra, and their 
extent is particularly reduced, as compared with all the other races, the 
apical crescent being narrow and with a sharp angular indent in its 
inner outline. 

The III generation of the Rhone Valley, I have mentioned above, 
is markedly different from the two others: it resembles the first one 
by its size, which is even smaller than that of the latter, and by the 
thickness of the black scaling on the underside, but the black markings 
of the upperside are quite as dark and sharper in outline than those of 
the second generation, although their extent is much less; one of my 
females has a remarkably rich yellow underside. I name this Sep- 
tember generation postveragra. 

As I am dealing with manni, I must take the occasion to note that, 
in deseribing and naming the race of the west of France, Delahaye, in 
his “ La Pieris manni en Maine-et- Loire,’ Angers, J. Serandean, éditeur, 
_ Dee., 1910,” applies the name of andegava to both generations, placing 
it after manni and after rossi, Stef. in a mistaken quadrinomial way. 
I restrict his name to the I generation by naming the II postan- 
degava, thus excluding rossi from that race; there does not exist 
any form like the one described by Stefanelli from Florence, either in 
Catalonia or in the north-west of France, as far as 1 know; the July 
specimens from Collioure, on the coast of the Pyrénées Orientales, 
figured under this name by Gelin in the Annals. Soc. ‘Hint. de France, 
1918, pl. I., seem to be similar to the IV. generation of Florence, E 


(46) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


have named septembrina, and so are August ones I have from Vernet- 
les-Bains, which belong to a II generation, with much larger and 
darker black markings than the II one of July from the latter locality ; 
as this II. generation comes nearer to the secundogenita; Vrty. of 
Florence than to the III gen. rossi, one can say the latter is entirely 
lacking in the west of France, where there seem to be three generations, 
instead of four, as in Peninsular Italy. Gelin figures a male of 2nd 
July from the Maine-et-Loire, a male of 18th August and two females 
of the middle of September from the Deux-Seévres; this makes it 
obvious that those three generations are produced up to the extreme 
northern limit of the species, in the Anjou and the Poitou. The three 
last mentioned I take as ‘“‘cotypes”’ of postandegava and I presume 
their II generation of July has the same facies, considering the II of 
the Vernet is exactly ike them. I must furthermore note that my 
examples of the I gen. of the Vernet and of Barcelona are, on the 
contrary, not the northern andegava at all, but quite similar to farpa, 
Frhst., of Italy. The various forms thus combine seasonally in 
different ways, according to regions. 

Pierts brassicae, L. race brassicae, L. with I gen. chariclea, Steph. :— 
The number of individuals and the times of emergence of the gener- 
ations of this species are very variable, in the Rhone Valley, yearly, 
according to the weather: in 1932 and 1938 the spring was cold and 
rainy and brassicae behaved, more or less, as in Central Europe; in 
1934 it was warm and fine and that insect emerged as it does constantly 
south of the Alps, so that, when I arrived, on 22nd June, 1 found both 
sexes, with the features of the II generation, already rather worn and 
quite common and there can be no doubt that they produced a III 
generation during the summer, as they do in the Anzasca Valley. 
Instead, in 1938, the emergence, which had begun in May and went 
on during most of June, consisted of chariclea, in scarce numbers, and 
the second generation was, before I left on 20th August, still scarcer 
than the first, so that I only saw single individuals here and there. 
In the preceding year the males had begun to emerge at the end of 
July, followed by the females at the beginning of August, and both 
had then become more and more abundant, till I left on the 22nd. 
This is, more or less, what happens everywhere in Central Kurope and 
the aspect of the second. generation is also quite similar to that it has 
in southern Scandinavia; it thus is perfectly nominotypical and it 
exhibits no signs of transition to aestiva, Z.=catoleuca, Rober, the 
characteristic form of the second generation in the Mediterranean 
region, where it emerges much earlier, in June, and there is a long 
pause, during the summer drought, before it is followed by the third 
one of September and, usually, by a fourth one, in November (in 1932 
this last was extraordinarily abundant and destructive to cabbages all 
over ltaly, owing, no doubt, to the very late warm weather). 

_ As soon as one passes the waterparting of the Alps, one meets with 
these three perfectly constant generations and the summer ones are 
distinctly transitional to aestiva, by their thinly scaled undersides; as 
near to that boundary as the Anzasca Valley, I found there occurs a 
second emergence in June and till the middle of July and a third one 
beginning about 5th August, but becoming more abundant after the 
middle of the month; the latter is thus not very much later than the 
IT is, in some years in the Rhone Valley. 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (47) 


v Aporia crataegi, Li. race crataeyi, L.:—Many individuals were quite 
fresh till the end of June and some even till late in July. It can be 
said of this race that it is of small size and otherwise perfectly similar 
to the nominotypical one of southern Scandinavia, as the males 
constantly have a well marked grey triangle or streak at the end of 
the nervures of the forewing and the females have a very limited 
transparent area in the middle of those wings. On the contrary, in 
the neighbouring regions, both of Geneva and of the Anzasca Valley, 
the races must be referred to basanius, Frhst., which was described 
typically from the Maritime Alps and which I have restricted to the 
intermediate forms and races, such as they are there, by erecting the 
name of meridionalis for the extreme southern ones, with no trace of 
grey at the end of the nervures in the male and with broadly trans- 
parent females, either prévailingly, or exclusively, according to 
localities. 

Vv. Parnassius apollo, L. race valesiacus, Frhst. :—It is most remarkable 
how this species, not only comes down and reproduces, as shown by 
the females one can see ovipositing, at the very low altitudes of 
Martigny, Lavey and Sierre, in the Valley, but is found in these 
localities, in perfectly fresh conditions, till the middle of August. Con- 
cerning the race, much need not be said, because it has been worked 
out, described and discussed by several authors. Pagenstecher, in 
particular, has compared series from many localities of the Valais, 
pointing out small differences he has noticed, but concluding the same 
race exists from the top of the Simplon and Zermatt to the plain, as 
far as Martigny, whence he figures two females (Uber die Verbreit. und 
die Lokalformen von P. apollo, in the Jarhb. Nassawischen Ver., 1909, 
pp. 147-156, pl. VIT.). 

Vorbrodt, instead, states that “the alpine examples of the Valais 
have a distinct tendency to resemble yeminus, Stichel, and those of the 
plains to resemble nivatus, Frhst.”’ of the Jura. I can confirm this 
fully, for my materials show it very plainly: at the Pont de Nant, 
1400m., and on the road to Champéry, at about 1000m., there exists a 
distinctly different race from that of the plain, by its much smaller 
size, duller colouring, more extensive black markings, especially the 
submarginal bands, and smaller ocelli; it seems to agree with the 
more extreme montana, Stichel, still better than with geminus. Never- 
theless, my specimens of the Simplon and Zermatt, although they are 
from still higher altitudes, quite sustain Pagenstecher’s conclusion 
that the race of the plains does not differ from them and must be 
referred to valesiacus, Frhst., for this author, in 1906, gave Zermatt as 
the locality of his typical series, adding the Simplon to it, as well. In 
the Entomol. Anzeiger of 1921, p. 42, he figured a female and confirmed 
the fact that his males were from Vispeterminen, 1500m., above 
Stalden, and his females from Bérisal. I have collected this race, not 
only in the Valais, but also in the Vaud, at Lavey-les-Bains, on the 
hill of St. Triphon (both sexes of large size and particularly similar 
to nivatus, just emerging on 27th June; and on the road to Sépey. 

J Parnassius mnemosyne, L. race helvetica, Vrty. (=mixtus, Frhst.) ;— 
In the Entom. Zeitschr. XXIV., p. 155 of October, 1910, Frihstorfer 
had referred the race, which exists from Vernayaz to Bérisal, to the 
one he describes, there, from “ types”’ of Macugnaga, on the opposite 
watershed, and names symphorus. Had this been maintained, my 


(48) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


name of helvetica, published in Rhopal. Palaearct., p. 320, in January, 
1911, would have been a synonym, for my cotypes are from the 
“ Valais,’ and one of the females more exactly from Bérisal, although 
I omitted to state this fact in my original description. All seem to 
agree that in that Valley there exists only one race, from the 
plains to high altitudes. When Frihstorfer collected it in the Léts- 
chental and saw it from several localities, including Vernayaz, he ~ 
realized how different it was from the symphorus of Macugnaga and in 
Societas E’'ntomol., 1922, p. 28, he described it at length and named it 
mixtus, Owing to its remarkable individual variability; his lengthy 
description is very good, but the name is synonymous of my helvetica. 
It must be added that Bryk, in the same Societas Entomol., p. 19, 
redescribes the race of Macugnaga and nameg it sire, quite ignoring 
the existence of symphorus. Subsequently he has attempted to justify 
this mistake and save his name, in Strand’s Lepidopt. Catalogus, 27, 
p- 189 and in the Supplement to Seitz, by using the name of symphorus 
for the Valaisian race alone. This will not do at all, because Frth- 
storfer explicitely selected his types from Macugnaga and his description 
‘fits that race perfectly, but not that of the Valais, as his remarks on 
miatus have shown later. My description of helvetica is very inadequate 
to illustrate the race of the Valais in particular, in the light of modern 
analysis, as I only compare it with the northern, nominotypical one, but 
the comparatively small size, the considerable extent of the dark 
pattern and the very pronounced sexual dimorphism, I lay stress on, 
are features, which, on the whole, are particularly conspicuous in this 
region and validate helvetica quite well also as the name of this parti- 
cular race, now that it has been restricted to it by the distinction of 
other Swiss races. I was wrong in not giving the exact locality of the 
‘types,’ but Rothschild and Jordan have already expressed the opinion 
that this is no reason for considering helvetica as a nomen nudum, as 
some German authors have done, and it must be taken into account. 

I have collected it at Martigny, during June, and found it still 
quite fresh on the 28th, but always singly and only on the slopes by 
the La Batiaz tower, although Vorbrodt states it is not uncommon on 
the swampy grounds near Vernayaz and the Follaterres, and Rutimeyer 
has found it to be so on 20th May, 1934, when he collected a good 
many specimens (quite similar to the Martigny ones), which he has 
sent to me. 

Papilio machaon, Li. race biyenerata, Vrty. (1919=gorganus, Frhst., 
1922), with II gen. aestivoides, Vrty.:—The mode of emergence is, as 
in P. brassicae and in L. sinapis, that of Central Europe, where the 
second generation is on the wing rather late in the summer and there 
is no time for a third one to be produced regularly and to generate 
chrysalids before the winter, although Vorbrodt mentions records of 
machaon in Switzerland till the beginning of October, which may 
apply to a third, exceptional, emergence or to laggard individuals of the. 
second ; Wheeler knew of none even in September. As in the afore- 
sald Pieridae, the limit between this digoneutic and the regularly trigo- 
neutic race of Italy is, apparently, the waterparting of the Alps, for 
just beyond it, in the Anzasca Valley, where machaon is considerably 
more abundant than in the neighbouring Rhone one, I have witnessed, 
at Vanzone, 700m., the emergence of the II generation from 18th July 
to 8th August and of the III one from the 24th to the beginning of 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (49) 
15.iv.35. My, 

September; the latter was much less abundant than the former, 
evidently being the offspring only of the earliest July females and the 
later individuals presumably hibernating and constituting a digoneutic 
strain. The III generation exhibits, on the whole, a distinctly different 
aspect from the II: it is considerably smaller in the male sex (not in 
the female one) ; all the black pattern is more extensive and, notably, 
the discal band is broader and, on the hindwing, more dentate inwardly ; 
the dark suffusion along the hindmargin of these wings is darker, more 
uniform and more extensive; the blue scales are fewer and less bright, 
being more violet in tinge. In other words the II generation of the 
Anzasca valley and of northern Italy in general is aestivoides, Vrty., of 
Central Europe and is transitional to the enormous and thinly marked 
gigantea, Vrty., of some regions of the south and especially of Dalmatia 
and the Balkans, whilst the III generation, which is produced in North- 
ern Jtaly, but not in Central Europe, including the Rhone valley, 
whence, as I have just noted, no records exist of its regular production 
in September, is transitional to sphyfoides, Vrty., of Peninsular Italy 
and the south of Europe generally. I think the III generation of 
Northern Italy can usefully be named tertiana, taking my series of 
the Anzasca valley as typical of it, and this name can designate the 
race it characterizes, as a whole, to distinguish it from race bigenerata, 

which does not produce it. 
In the Rhone valley the I generation was all quite worn and not 
uncommon at the beginning of June and nowhere to be seen, in the 
plains, at the end of the month, but I found some old individuals at the 
Pont de Nant, 1400m. as late as 11th and 13th August. All those I 
collected were quite similar to my typical higenerata of May from the 
Vendée and to those I possess from many localities of Central Europe. 
The II gen. aestivoides, Vrty., emerged at Bex and at Martigny from 
25th July (except a precocious female at Bex on 17th July, 1983), to 
the middle of August, after which only old individuals were met with. 
Iphiclides podalirins, L. race valesiaca, Vrty., with I gen. plenissima, 
Vrty. :—I have pointed out the striking features of this race many 
years ago, when I named its summer generation in Fhopalocera 
Palaearctica. Since then, I have, in the Fntom. Record of 1926, p. 176, 
named the I gen., taking Merano (Upper Adige) individuals as typical, 
but noting that my Martigny ones agree with them; I was mistaken 
in saying they are not quite as large and yellow. I added that in the 
neighbouring Anzasca valley the II generation is entirely different, 
being quite a characteristic zanclaeus, Z.; its I generation is unknown 
to me; as usual, the waterparting thus is the limit between the race 
of Central Europe, which plenissima stands nearest to, only differing 
from flammaeus, Fourcroy, of that region by its larger size and richer 
colouring (besides the great difference between their II generations 
valesiaca and zanclaeides, Vrty. or aestiva, Fuchs), and the southern 
nominotypical race podalirius. In this case, however, valestaca passes 
the waterparting into some valleys of the Alps, for it is most highly 
characterized in the Upper Adige and it exists in the Susa valley, though 

it shows some signs of transition to the true podalirins of Piedmont. 
The I generation was on the wing and some were still quite fresh 
at Martigny in the first days of June, but I saw nothing of it in the 
Vaud, so that I suppose it had flown there in May, for I found a very 
old female at Lavey-les-Bains on the 6th. The II generation I observed 


(50) . THE. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


in several localities, from Bex to Martigny and to Sierre, but it was 
decidedly scarce both in 1932 and 1933 and I never found it further 
down the Valley than Bex: its emergence began about 25th July and 
fresh individuals were to be seen till the middle of August. 
_ Coenonympha pamphilus, L. race postemiaustralis, Vrty. trans. ad 
centralis, Vrty. with I gen. emiaustralis, Vrty.—Here again, as in many 
other species, there is a most remarkable difference between the races 
of the two watersheds of the Alps: on the south, Italian, one there 
exclusively exist.races belonging to the marginata, Ruhl, group or exerge, 
as I have made it out in my paper.on pamphilus in Zeitschr. fiir wissen- 
schaft. Insektenbiologie, XXI, p. 191-208 (Nov. 1926), 7.e., characterized 
by a sharply marked, deep black, marginal band on the upperside ; 
quite near the Rhone valley, in the Anzasca one and in the: region of 
Lake Maggiore, there is, in fact, the highly characterized ferrea, Vrty. ; 
as soon as one passes the waterparting one finds, on the contrary, fully 
characterized races of the Northern and Central European nomino- 
typical group or exerge pamphilus, L. The only remark I find there is 
to be made.in this respect is, that, in the Rhone valley, from Bex to 
the Follaterres and to Sierre, wherever I have collected the II generation, 
which emerged more or less abundantly, during the first half of August, 
the upperside marginal band is of a slightly darker grey tinge and 
slightly more pronounced than it is in the more northern races, so that 
it is similar to that of the races of the south of France; these, however, 
unquestionably belong to the Northern exerge all the same. By the 
features of the underside the aforesaid Rhone race not only belongs to 
emtaustralis, Vrty., described from Geneva in the I generation, which 
was already abundant in the first days of June and which went on 
emerging till the 15th, and to postemiaustralis, Vrty., whose cotypes are 
from Dombregsson, in the Jura of Neuchatel, in the IL generation, but 
it is to be noticed that the differences between the latter generation and 
my Gotypes, are, if anything, in the direction of the more northern race 
centralis, Vrty., of the northern portion of Central Europe: that 
surface is, in both generations of the latter, more variegated, because 
the basal part of the wing is of a darker grey than the outer one, the 
white spaces are more extensive and the ocelli stand out more. Some 
specimens I have, collected by Wullschlegel, presumably in particularly 
dry and hot spots near Martigny, belong to the summer form I have 
named infraestivalis, taking them as co-types; this form is frequent 
and highly characterized in localities of that sort in southern France ; 
they can be described as transitional to the more extreme senvilyllus, 
Kroul. by their chestnut and fulvous underside markings, replacing the 
grey to a greater or lesser extent. Amongst them 1s the peculiar 
specimen I have named bipertita and taken to be transitional between 
the true pamphilus and the lyllus, Esp. exerge; I have described it in 
detail and discussed it at length in the paper mentioned above. I 
unfortunately can add nothing to what I said there, because pamphilus 
was so scarce on the hotter slopes above Martigny that I only saw two 
on 19th August by the La Batiaz tower; presumably it emerges, on 
those arid grounds, at a later date, when the drought is over. On the 
dyke below the Follaterres, where the soil is damp, it was abundant on 
3lst July. in the meadows of the Vaud the second generation 
suddenly appeared in a mass on 24th July, on the golf-links of Bex, 
but only about 15th August on the banks of the Gryonne, below 
Bouillet, so that its time of emergence varies considerably. 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (51) 


V Coenonympha arcania, L. race cephalus, Fourcroy.—Evidently very 
local or scarce in this region for neither Warren or I have met with it 
anywhere, although Wheeler states it to be common at Martigny, Sion, 
Loéche, Visp and Brigue. My examples, from Wullschlegel, and 
presumably of Martigny, differ in no way from the widespread race of 
Central Europe, including Paris, so that the name given, there, by 
Fourcroy to the species, is the right one to use for this race, as distin- 
cuished from the smaller, paler and more dully coloured nominotypical 
arcania of Sweden, to which the existence of the former name restricts 
the latter in connection with individual and local forms. 

In my paper on the variations of this species in the Ent. Record, 
XXXIX., p. 39 (1927), I stated that Scopoli’s name of amyntas might 
be the one to be used and that cephalus and saleviana, Frhst. would be 
synonyms of it. Since then J have been collecting materials to settle 
these points and they have shown that facts stand as follows: The 
race of Carniolia is the very distinct and magnificent one called 
triumphans by Fruhstorfer, still larger and more richly coloured and 
boldly marked on the underside than insubrica, Frey, of the southern 
watershed of the Alps, so that amyntas applies to it and should have 
been used instead of triuwmphans if it were not that it is a homonym of 
amyntas, Poda, which, we will presently see, must be revived in the 
place of iphis, Schiff. As to saleviana, there actually is, in Central 
HKurope, a considerable difference of size and a perceptible one in rich- 
ness of colour, which is individual in some localities, but even racial 
in others, so that this name can be made use of to designate the largest 
and brightest form, restricting cephalus to the smallest and dullest, 
which stand nearest to nominotypical arcania, without ever being quite 
like it. I possess saleviana even from Berlin and from Vienna. 

According to this distinction, my specimens of the Valais are quite 
similar to my Parisian ones and so are some collected by Bainbrigge 
Fletcher at Chillon, near Montreux, on 8rd and 5th July, and very 
kindly sent to me: they are all particularly small, pale and dull and, 
distinctly, not even saleviana, so that they stand very far from the very 
large, bright and boldly marked insubrica, Frey, of the south side of 
the Simplon and this name is one of those which must decidedly not 
be used for any specimen from the northern watershed. One of the 
Chillon males belongs to the form with a broad, diffused fulvous 
space occupying part of the hindwing, above, as it is figured by 
Hubner (fig. 240), but it extends more towards the base and it is less 
sharp in outline than in this figure; Oberthiir has named it huebneri. 

A little series of specimens from Iclépens, in the neighbouring Jura, 
sent by the same collector, shows that, there, saleviana is racial. The 
same cannot be said of the Geneva district, for even my examples collec- 
ted by Reverdin at Versoix, one of the localities mentioned by Fruhstor- 
fer in his original description, belong to cephalus rather than to saleviana ; 
also at Dombresson, in the Jura of Neuchatel, both forms are mixed. 
A very large series from Hospitalet, 800m., in Causse du Larzac of the 
-Cévennes, consists entirely of cephalus. On the Mediterranean coast 
race balestrei, Frhst., described from Menton and which I have from 
Marseilles, is exactly like cephalus in colouring and pattern of both 
surfaces, but is quite a giant, as compared with it, being of the same 
size as insubrica. Up in the mountains of the Maritime Alps, such as 
at the Baths of Valdieri, 1400m., there is a race intermediate between 


(52) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


balestret and insubrica: it has the upperside colouring of the latter, of 
a rich, warm fulvous, or even of a decided chestnut tinge in some males, 
and a very broad black band extending inwards along the nervures, 
whereas the underside colouring is distinctly lighter, as in balestret, the 
ocelli small, as a rule, and the white space of the hindwings very broad ; 
at Valdieri the individual form macromma, Trti. and Vrty., with very 
large eye-spots, is evidently an occasional nearer approach of a few 
individuals to insubrica. On the west coast of France, Oberthur has 
already pointed out that the frequency of deeply fulvous coloured 
individuals, with an extremely broad black band, is quite a local feature, 
from Rennes to Cauteret; in the Hautes Pyrénées, and I can add that 
iny large series from St.-Céme, in the Gironde, is, in every way, exactly 
similar to that of. Valdieri, except for that increased frequency of the 
chestnut colour and for the complete lack of macromma individuals. 
It is well worthy of being distinguished by the name of fulvosatura, 
nov., whereas the Valdieri one must bear its original one of macromma, 
inappropriate ag it is to the race, as a whole. The very different, but 
still darker, race of the Hautes Pyrénées I have named maesta (l.c., p. 
40). The Barcelona race is surprisingly similar to my tergestina of the 
neighbourhood of Trieste, on the Carso. 

I must mention three interesting specimens collected for me by a 
friend, in July, at the Simplon Hospice: they constitute a perfect 
transition from true arcania to the Alpine gardetta, De Prunner (1798) 
=satyrton, Esp. 1805=philea, Hub., which is invalid on account of 
primary homonymy with philea, L., but it is replaced. by neoclides, 
Hoffmansegg, 1804: a couple are philedarwiniana, Vrty., as described 
by me from the mountains above Lake Maggiore in the paper mentioned 
above, whilst a third one is nearly a yardetta, but betrays a strain of 
the preceding, on the underside, by the size of the ocelli, which are 
much larger than yardetta ever palo so that it corresponds, in this 
respect, to the preceding grade of variation, Rebel has named epiphilea, 
although its upperside lacks the extent of fulvous, which is usual in 
this race, and resembles the dark yardetta one. The Simplon race is 
thus extremely variable and evidently fluctuates, according to altitude 
and spots, from philedarwiniana to the more extreme gardetta ; I possess 
the former also from Gondo. As to other localities of this region, my 
Zermatt examples belong to epiphilea, Rebel, whilst at the Pont de Nant, 
1400m., above Bex, I found a pure gardetta race, exactly similar to the 
Piedmontese nominotypical one by its rich and deep colouring, contras- 
tive with the less saturated one of race neoclides, Hoff.=satyrion, lisp. 
from the Hastern Alps (see my paper, p. 74). 

Coenonympha amnyntas, Poda.=iphis, Schiff. race amyntas-bertolis, 
Poda-de Prunn.—Kirby, curiously enough, gives amyntas, Poda, of 1761, 
as a synonym of iphis, Schiff. of 1775, but Mrs. Nicholi has pointed 
out in the T'rans. Mint. Soc. London of 1897, p. 428, that the former 
should be used and it is time this should be done, both for the species 
and for the nominotypical race, which is the same at Gratz, in Styria, 
and at Vienna, so that it holds good with either name. ‘The species 
has only one generation in the Upper Rhone Valley, as in most regions, 
from the middle of June to the first days of July, but Hofer states that 
in Carniolia there are two and the II is distinguished by its smaller 
ocelli. My specimens of Martigny and of Bex cover a very broad range 
of variation, from the nominotypical form to the facies of the race of 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (53) 
15.v.35. 


the Western Alps, for which I have revived the most ancient name of 
bertolis, de Prunner, of 1798, in the Ent. Record, 1927, p. 122, noting that 
carpathica, Horm., subalpina, Reutti and belisaria, Obth., fall before it ; 
this form is the one with no ocelli and no premarginal silver streak on 
the underside; in the Rhone Valley it is quite frequent, together with the 
nominotypicalamyntas and theintermediate anawayoras, Assmuss, so that 
I think the right designation for the race, as a whole, is the combination 
of the two names given above. The colour of the upperside varies 
considerably too, from chestnut to black, as Osteldher describes it from 
southern Bavaria and as my Vienna series exhibits it. A form which 
does not seem to exist here is evommatica, Rebel, with large ocelli, 
whereas it occurs individually at Vienna and in Carniolia, showing the 
tendency there is to vary in the opposite direction to bertolis. 
Vv Aphantopus hyperantus, L. race hyperantus, L.:—EKmerged from the 
end of June to the beginning of August. This race shows no signs of 
variation either towards the very large maatma, Vrty., of the Po Basin, 
or towards rufilius, Frhst., which has a reddish tinge on the underside. 
¥ Pyronia tithonus, L., is reported from Charpigny and Aigle (middle 
of July to middle-of August) by Wheeler. One can expect the race to 
be the nominotypical one of Germany, which is the only race known 
north of the Alps, but I have not seen it and Warren tells me it must 
be very local indeed, for he has never met with it either.* 
VY Hyponephele lycaon, Rott. race fluminius, Frhst.: The few specimens 
I have collected at Martigny on the 19th of August are not sufficient 
to judge the race; according to Fruhstorfer’s original statements, in 
his description of iphisius, it would belong to it, but it must be remem- 
bered that Courmayeur is explicitly the “type” locality therein and 
that he then (1909) had a very inclusive view of the race, including the 
one of Haudéres, Arolla and Zermatt, which he separated later (1917) 
under the name of fluminius and from which I again separated degener 
of this last locality, and including his Jura (Gex) race okeanina. In 
his description of the latter, of 1910, he still considered the ‘“ Stalden, 
Zermatt and Arolla”’ race as similar to the Courmayeur iphisius, but, 
since he has separated fluminius, the Martigny race should, most 
probably, belong to the latter. 
Y Maniolajurtina, L. race janira, L.: Emerged everywhere from early 
in June, and in some spots swarmed from the beginning of July, when 
the females appeared in numbers, to the middle of August. I have 
collected a large series of both sexes and compared it with the nomino- 
typical race of Central and Northern Europe and with race phormia, 
Frhst., of hot valleys of the Upper Adige and other regions of 
the southern watershed of the Alps. I have detected no difference 
between examples from the damp meadows of Bex and those of the 
dry slopes of Martigny and the Pfynwald. Individual variation is 
considerable, as it is, more or less, everywhere, but all those series 
distinctly belong, on the whole, to the nominotypical janira and dis- 
tinctly differ from phormia, notably in the female sex: the size is lesser, 
the apical ocellus is smaller and the fulvous area of the forewing 1s 
smaller or very much smaller and more broken up into several patches ; 


* It is (or was), although very local, quite common at Charpigny in a restricted 
area at the east end of the road, scarcer at Aigle near the Grand Hotel. 1 have 
also taken it near Lausanne by the high railway bridge in the east road.—G.W. 


(54) PJ HE ENTOMOLOGIST’S: RECORD. 


the lesser, diffused patch, which extends inwards. to the cell, is. oe 
shaded, and, usually, very inconspicuous ;. males witha marked fulvous. 
patch are rare, whereasin phormia they are quitefrequent. Frihstorfer 
has named phormia the form and race which used to be recorded from 
S. Switzerland under the name of hispulla, Esp., and Wheeler had 
already remarked that in the Valais there only exist transitions to it; 
in fact, I have not found, there, anything more than the form I possess 
also from Holland, whence it has been named subhispulla by Schultz, 
and not more than one fifth of the females can be referred to it, the 
rest being perfectly typical janira. 

Tee liyea, Li. race meridionalis, V.d. Goltz.: A few individuals, 
which had evidently just emerged, appeared for a few days, in the middle 
of July, on the golf grounds of Bex, along the outskirts of the woods, 
and then totally disappeared, having, presumably, flown up the mountain 
to higher altitudes. These and the race I have collected on the road 
from Aigle to Sépey, belong, to the largest and most badly marked form 
of liyea, “which V.d. Goltz describes as an extremely widespread southern 
race, from southern France to Vienna and the Carpathian Mts., and 
which Seitz has well figured in his Supplement, I. pl. 9. It might be 
discussed as to whether this is not the same as Fruhstorfer’s carthusia- 
norum, but I think the latter can be kept separate on the strength of 
the smaller size and the darker rust-coloured bands mentioned in the 
original description, in which it is compared with the ligea of southern 
Germany, named, since then, meridionalis. I might mention that at 
the Pont de Nant, 1400 m. above Bex, I have found a distinctly smaller 
race, which consists partly of car et) un, with large, white-pupilled, 
ocelli, and partly of monticola, Vorbr., deseribed from Létschental, 
1600-1800 m., examples, according to V. d. Goltz, and in no way 
different, according to him, from the nominotypical ligea of Scand- 
inavia; this remark seems fully confirmed by my own specimens. 
Fruhstorfer states that in the Valais there exists, at Arolla, a still 
smaller race than his very small nikostrate of the Upper Adige. Atthe 
Pont de Nant ewryale, Esp., began to emerge about the 4th July, and 
ligea about the 13th; on the 25th they were both abundant and it is 
worthy of notice that they flew, and I even saw them emerge, together, 
on the same plots of grass. This decidedly contributes a proof to the 
effect that they are perfectly distinct species, not a single individual 
being intermediate in this, or in other similar cases, either in general 
aspect or in connection with the androconial patches, not to speak of 
the genitalia. 

: Cie. euryale, Esp. race tramelana, Rev.:—Although Vorbrodt 
records this species in the Erstfeld valley of the Uri at 470 m., I was 
rather surprised to come across a fresh male of it, on 26th July, 19338, 
at Bex, along the outskirts of the woods in the park of the Hotel des 
Salines, by the gardener’s house. It distinctly belongs to the same 
race as the specimens I have collected in numbers in the same moun- 
tain mass, at about 1500m. on the road from Les Plans to Javerna, on 
9th August, and at the Pont de Nant, 1400 m., from 4th July to 13th 
August. These afforded another surprise, for, although I possess no 
examples from Tramelan, in the northern Jura, to compare with them, 
it seems to we, judging from Reverdin’s very good figures and deserip- 
tion, there can be no doubt that, if they do not actually belong to race 
tramelana, they are a very near approach to it. They are certainly 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (55) 


markedly different from the usual Valaisian race, as represented in my 
collection from the Simplon, Zermatt and Arolla, and they differ from 
it precisely by the features Reverdin lays stress on: larger size; broader 
russett band in most individuals and of a more even breadth, but broken 
by distinct black streaks on the nervules ; ocelli oval, instead of round, 
and with no white pupil, but often very large, and, finally, individuals 
with four and even five ocelli on the forewing quite frequent (25% of 
the males and 50% of the females at Pont de Nant), instead of being 
exceptional. It must, however, be added that the race of the Pont de 
Nant plainly shows a connection with race segreyata, Rev., of the neigh- 
bouring Bernese Oberland, in 10% of my males, which are quite similar 
to the figures of the latter by having the russet bands reduced to 
separate spots of comparatively small size. It is thus obviously 
connected in several ways with, and it decidedly belongs to, the 
“northern strain,’ which V. d. Goltz has shown to be readily distin- 
guishable from the ‘“ southern’ one, including the usual Valaisian race 
helvetica, Vorb. According to that author tramelana cannot be differen- 
tiated from the Bavarian isarica, Rubl., which he says ‘‘also occurs on 
the entire northern slopes of the Swiss and Austrian Alps,” so that, if 
this is an absolute fact, the latter name must apply also here, and 
tramelana is only a synonym, but we will presently see that this may 
be doubtful, because V. d. Goltz is apt to overlook minor racial features. 
The group of dark races, ocellaris Stdgr., seyreyata, phoreta, Frhst. and 
antevortas, Vrty., no doubt, belongs to the ‘“ northern strain,” too, as a 
branch modified in aspect in a conspicuous way, but, in reality, closely 
connected to it: some of its features, its distribution and the number 
of transitional individuals and races prove it clearly, whereas no such 
thing exists between it and the “southern strain,” etobyma, helvetica, 
and rusca. 

I need not repeat the endless discussions, which have gone on for 
years, 1n connection with the nomenclature of this species and of its 
races, but I must recall that a full agreement has not yet been 
attained between the various authors on some points bearing on the 
widespread Valaisian race’s nomenclature. 

To begin with, however, it is certain that the specific name must 
remain evryale, Esp., because that of philomela, published by Hiibner 
(1799) and soon after by Esper (1800 or 1802) and which Frubstorfer 
thought it necessary to revive, on account of priority, is a primary 
homonym of Papilio philomela, Joh. (1764) and of Fabr. (1793) and is 
thus invalid, according to the Rules of Nomenclature, now being 
followed. é 

The other point, which seems to have been settled in this century, 
is that it has been quite a mistake of the past to have referred 
Hiibner’s figure of adyte to a small mountain ligea, as one may be 
tempted to do at first sight. Meyer-Dur, followed by Frey, had 
already used the name of adyte for the Swiss race of euryale, but 
Reverdin was the first to examine Htbner’s figure in detail again in 
1918 (Bull. Soc. Lép. Genéve, p. 28) and to conclude that it was the 
rigbt view, adding, at the same time, that Hubner’s philomela belongs 
to the same race (p. 32) and that helvetica, Vorbrodt, is a synonym of 
adyte. Vorbrodt accepted this conclusion in his first supplement, but 
he fails to see that, if adyte is a rather unusual individual form of the 
race he has named helvetica, but, nevertheless, belongs to it, as he, no 


(56) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


doubt, quite rightly recognises, it follows Hiibner’s name must be used 
for that race as a whole. .In the Jris of 1926, p. 80, V. d. Goltz 
expressed the opinion that there is only one race from the Maritime 
Alps to the Stelvio and the Mendola, in the Upper Adige, including 
etobyma, Frhst., of the former Alps and rusca, Frhst., of Tessin; this 
inclusive race he makes the mistake of calling helvetica, very simply 
discarding adyte by saying it is a nomen dubiosum and quite overlooking 


the other fact that etobyma was described in 1909 and helvetica.in 1912. 


Gaede, in Lepidopt. Catalogus of Strand, 48, p. 564, has carried on this 
impossible procedure, only correcting it as far as considering adyte a 
Separate race, with the indefinite habitat: ‘Alps,’ but placing 
etobyma as a synonym of helvetica. 

As I have collected all these races in their own haunts and I have 
a considerable amount of material before me, J venture to suggest 
that etobyma, helvetica and rusca, although they certainly resemble each 
other very much, should be recognised as distinct, for it is equally 
certain they are not quite alike; I also suggest that adyte should not 
be used for the widespread race, whose usual aspect is not the one of 
Hubner’s figure, but should be restricted to the peculiar race one meets 
with, not infrequently, in the eastern Alps and which actually is, im 
many individuals, perfectly similar, or, in others, similar by some 
features, to that figure: it is of small size, with short, round, wings, 
the white pupils in the ocelli are particularly accentuated, the under- 
side is of a dark, blackish tone, instead of the more usual chestnut 
one, and there is a very distinct and continuous, pure white, space, 
which extends across half the hindwing and which has no projection 
protruding from its inner side towards the end of the cell, as there is 
in most euryale, but not in diyea. At Bormio, in the Valdidentro, at 
1500m., and on the Stelvio road near the If Cantoniera, at 1800m., I 
have found this form, and transitions to it are as numerous as the 
other individual forms, which make up the helvetica race in most of its 
localities. Dy restricting the name of adyte, Hib. to local races of 
this sort (not to be confused with alticola, V. d. Goltz, of ligea, from 
the same Alps, but always distinguishable by the androconial patches 
of the latter, which lack entirely in ewryale) and that of etobyma to the 
race of the Western Alps, for which it was erected, the name of 
helvetica becomes the one to be used for the most widespread race of the 
Alps, as the German authors have done, but established, thus, in 
accordance with the Rules of Nomenclature they had ignored. 

Erebia aethiops, Esp. (=medea, Schiff.: prim. hom.) race depressi- 
vaga, 0. nov. :—The emergence of both sexes began, at Bex, on the 
1st of August, but the females only became less scarce, in proportion 
to the males, about the 12th, when no more fresh males were met 
with ; a few females were still emerging on the 21st. The species, or 
rather its males, were common in most localities I visited. All con- 
sidered, I think one can safely say the race of the lowlands and namely 
of Bex, Colombey and Martigny, is not the same as the nominotypical 
aethioys of the lowlands of Central and southern Germany and most 
of Austria; it is smaller and the rust-coloured bands are, on the whole, 
much less extensive; those of the female are particularly so and less 
yellow ; all these features constitute a marked variation in the direction 
of the still smaller and extreme, high mountain, race altivaya, Frhst. ; 
a greater or lesser approach to that extreme exists higher up in the 


—— 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (57) 
15.vi.35. 

mountains, as, for instance, along the Sépey road, at 900 m., and at 
the Pont de Nant, 1400 m., where the size is distinctly smaller and 
the bands are reduced in extent. These races of the Rhone valley are 
thus strikingly different from the Jura and Bernese Oberland sapandia, 
Frhst., which is much lighter in colour and has larger ocelli, as 
Vorbrodt had observed it, and they are equally different from rubria, 
Frhsi., of the Tessin and, it, seems to me, of the Anzasca valley, where 
it is larger and more sharply marked, approaching taurinorwn, Vrty., of 
the Po Basin. Therefore I suggest naming the lowland Rhone race 
depressavaga, and my Bex series can be taken as typical of it. 

Erebia meolans, de Prunn. (=stygne, Ochs.=pirene, Hb.=pyrene, 
Hisp.=‘rene, Hb. ; the three last names, being primary homon.) race 
stygne, Ochs. :—A few males appeared along the cliffs, from Vernayaz 
to Martigny, about the 20th June, but the mass and the first females 
only emerged on the 28th and a certain number went on doing so till 
about 10th July ; I found a female, in good condition, still on the wing, 
on 19th August. 

There would be a zood deal to say about the nomenclature of this 
Species and its races, but we must limit ourselves here to the following 
remarks: The Rule of primary homonymy preserves the name of 
stygne, in general use, because pirene and irene, which Fruhstorfer 
thought it necessary to revive, had been used previously in the same 
Linnean genus Papilio; that is exactly the reason for which 
Ochsenheimer had replaced them by styyne and, as he quotes Hiibner 
first and the latter actually has a slight chance of priority more than 
Esper, Htibner’s figure 223-4, with the locality: “Swiss Alps,’? must 
be taken as the “‘ type”’ of stygne. This figure, it seems to me, agrees 
perfectly with my lowland specimens from the localities of the Valais 
mentioned above, both in size and in pattern, and, if there is a difference, 
it is that the rust-coloured band is slightly more broad and continuous 
than in most specimens. I thus cannot see at all how Frubstorfer can 
have referred the Martigny race to Esper’s figure, in which those bands 
are very much more extensive, and, in fact, enormously so, and the 
ocelli enormous too: according to me, it represents charea or praerutilia 
and Esper had precisely received it from the ‘ Alps near Geneva ’”’ 
whence came the P. napi napaeae he figures on the same plate; this, 
however, has no more importance, since its name of pyrene is not to be 
used. What has importance is Htubner’s figure, as the “ type” of 
styyne. Here again I fail to see why Fruhstorfer refers it and its name 
of irene to the very small and dark race of very high altitudes (Dent du 
Midi and Col de Coux, at 1900m.) ; as stated above, the rust-coloured 
band of that figure is even more extensive than in the average lowland 
Valaisian form, far from being more reduced than in the latter, as it 
ig, characteristically, in that mountain race. To my mind one should 
use the name of stygne, O., for the lowland race and that which 
Frubstorfer called irene, a name not valid, anyhow, because it is a 
primary homonym, should receive the new name of altivolans.. That 
author rightly points out the confusion created by Elwes in naniing 
valesiaca the form with next to no mahogany patches around the 
ocelli, which only occurs occasionally on the Simplon, which was 
actually described from cotypes of the Spluga and of Graubunden and 
which is quite characteristic of the eastern Alps and of the Bernese 
Oberland, where it exists racially, so that the meaning of that name is 


(58) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


very misleading. Race valesiaca stands, with tetrica, Vrty. of Central 
Italy, opposite praerutilia, Frhst. of Savoy in the scale of the extent of 
the mahogany markings and between them are stygne, charea and 
nominotypical weolans, of which evbei, Frhst. is an absolute synonym. 

Erebia triarius, de Prunn.=evias, Godt. race eurykleia, Frhst. ;— 
Reported from Vernayaz, Martigny, Saillon, Sion and the Pfynwald. 
According to Vorbrodt, in the plain, the time for the butterfly is April 
and May, so that this would account for my not having been able to 
find it. 

Hrebia medusa, Schiff. race generosa, Frhst.:—A few, still fresh, 

everywhere in the first days of June and old females at St. Triphon as 
late as 2nd July. Fruhstorfer refers the race of the Valais to his 
yenerosa, described from the Tessin (Mt. Generoso) and, according to 
Warren, also the race of Fusio, which that author separates under the 
name of cercida, should be included in the former, whilst at Geneva 
there exists the distinct charila, Frhst., which Warren makes outto bethe 
same as the German brigobanna, Frhst., and in the Jura there exists 
hippomedusa, O., which is typical from there.* 
V CG neis aello, Hib.:—Favre had already reported the exceptional 
existence of this species in the plain, at the foot of the Mont d’Autan, 
near Martigny, and Vorbrodt confirms it by stating, in June, 1908, he 
has found several individuals in the Rhone valley, near Vernayaz. 

Satyrus galathea, Li. race nereus, Frhst., race nigriornereus, n.noy. 
and race nereine, n.nov. :~-The males were already abundant every- 
where at the beginning of June, together with a few females, and the 
latter became numerous from the first days of July to the middle of 
August, when a few were still fresh. Fruhstorfer had at first, in 1910, 
erected the name of meres in a very much broader sense than that he 
gave it later, but in the Societas Hntomologica of 1916, p. 38, he con- 
cludes that the race of the Rhone valley, in the Valais, is quite peculiar 
to this region and that name must be restricted to it; nevertheless, it 
is still, to use his own words, a miatum compositum, even within this 
limited area; namely, he states that the race of the higher slopes of 
the Simplon and other mountain localities of the Valais are an approach 
to pyymaea, Frhst. of Geneva, both by its smaller size and by the 
aspect of the chequered pattern, as compared with that of the plain. 
This is quite true, and I note that also my examples of the Pfynwald, 
which is well known for the mountain-like appearance of many 
species, belong precisely to it. I thus think the name of nereine will 
be necessary for it, to obviate confusion, taking the Simplon race as 
typical. It isalso worthy of notice that the race of the damp meadows 
of the Vaud, from the Bex neighbourhood to the Lake, is, on the whole, 
rather smaller and distinctly darker than the typical nerens of the dry 
slopes of Martigny, at the La Batiaz tower: notably, the males are 
nearly always yellow, instead of pure white, and, in both sexes, the 
premarginal row of clear spaces is markedly lesser in extent, owing to 
the general increase of the black pattern, affecting also that part of it: 
nigriornereus can thus designate it well. 

Notre.— Wheeler, in his Butt. Switz., p. 148, has actually included 
S. lachesis, Hub., on the strength of a report in the Bull. Soc. Ent. 
Suisse, Vol. [X., n. 2, based on two specimens, which were supposed to 


* The Jura race differs greatly in different years; in some years almost all are 
hippomedusa, in others few or none of this form appear.—G.W. 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (59) 


have been taken at Bex by M. Borel. Vorbrodt includes it too, with 
the naif remark that they can only have been immigrants. I think I 
have been fortunate enough to settle the fact that this species can be 
cancelled from the Swiss fauna, with perfect confidence. Wheeler says 
that *‘ Borel’s collection consists only of a few cases of insects taken by 
himself in the neighbourhood of Bex, so that there is no possibility of 
mistake as to loc.” I have traced those cases, which are now in the 
little museum of the local school. It is quite true that nearly all the 
insects are unquestionably of that neighbourhood, but there is one 
exception, which removes the lachesis doubt, and that is a Tisiphone 
pasiphaé, Esp. As one would have to be insane to believe this insect 
could have “ migrated’ to Bex, as well as the lachesis, it is quite clear 
those three specimens must have been sent to somebody from the south 
of France and Borel had, in some way, received them and mixed them 
up with his own captures. There is no trace of the lachesis, or of their 
pins and labels, left in the cases now and the collection has been partly 
destroyed by mites. 

Y  Pararge achine, L. race latealba, nom. nov.:—The male sex 
emerged abundantly during the beginning of July in 1932 and 33 and 
from 20th June in 1934, in certain spots on the outskirts of woods, 
such as the golf-grounds of Bex; the females appeared much later and 
were much more rarely seen, on account of their habit of flying very 
little and sitting amongst thick foliage in trees and shrubs; on the 
81st they were all quite worn; on the Sépey road, at 900 m., I met 
with one as late as 17th August. There exist two principal extreme 
forms of achine in Europe, which unquestionably constitute two races, 
in the sense usually accepted in most other species and, as a matter of 
fact, more distinct from each other than are a great many of those now 
recognised. ' Nevertheless, when Lowe pointed this out, in “ the E’nto- 
mologist’”’ of 1904, p. 272, it roused, in those days, the criticisms of 
several authorities on the subject (l.c. p. 822); he was quite right in 
sustaining his arguments in 1905, p. 60, but none of his critics seem 
to have discovered the point, in which he has actually been at fault: 
that was in not ascertaining which of the two forms and races was the 
nominotypical achine of Scopoli. He unfortunately hit on the wrong 
one and renamed mendelensis the very one which is perfectly recog- 
nisable in Scopoli’s rough figure, as might have been expected, 
considering the latter’s insects were from the Kastern Alps (Carniolia), 
where that form is highly characterised and distinctly racial; a race, 
there and elsewhere, it certaialy is, although it is not confined to that 
region, as remarked by Lowe’s critics, who contest it on this account, 
and although it does occur in some localities of other regions as a simple 
individual variation, mixed with the opposite extreme form. Such is. 
the case in my Bex series, where I have found that about 4% of the 
individuals resemble nominotypical achine, or rather resemble the less 
highly characterized ones of it, such as they exist in the series I have 
collected in the fir-woods of S. Stefano di Cadore, 900 m., in the Carnic 
Alps. In this intermediate form the white, band-like, space of the 
underside, broadens outwardly to beyond the ocelli in the three anterior 
internervular spaces of the hindwing. In nominotypical achine it does 
not do so in any part of the wing, so that it lies entirely within the ocelli. 
In the opposite extreme variation it broadens out to the margin of the 
wing, across the whole of the latter, so that all the ocelli stand out on 


(60) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


a broad white surface. The extreme degree, in breadth and clearness, 
of this surface I find in my specimens from Auzay in the Vendée, which 
I consequently select as typical of this form and race, giving it the 
name of latealba. Another distinct racial characteristic of it is that 
the black spots on the upperside and especially those of the hindwing 
are smaller than in the achine of the eastern Alps and less oblong in 
shape; a third characteristic is the larger average size of the butterfly. 

All the Bex examples can, practically, be said to belong decidedly 
to latealba and the most highly characterized ones are nearly as much 
so as the Vendée ones. According to the researches made by Lowe’s 
critics a very extreme latealba exists in Podolia (S.W. of Russia) and 
my Vienna series certainly belongs to it; no nominotypical achine has 
been found by them anywhere in France or in western Switzerland. 
The latter has been found, as the constant racial form, in eastern 
Germany (Dresden) and at Buda Pest, and I possess a series of the most 
highly characterized specimens from St. Amata, in Lettland, besides 
those of the eastern Alps. Local conditions must be the chief causes of 
the difference, because both forms extend, side by side, all the way to 
eastern Siberia. 

I must record the very fine race of the Venaria Park of Turin, 
which surpasses all the others, I have seen, in size and is worthy of 
the name of gigas, nom. nov. The nominotypical achine race has a 
forewing measuring, from its joint to the apex, 24 to 25mm. in the 
male and 25 to 26 in the female, the latealba one 26 to 28 and 27 to 
28, respectively, whilst the female of gigas reaches 30mm. or more. 
In pattern gigas could not be ascribed correctly to either of the two 
other races, because the features of both surfaces are quite intermediate, 
so that this is a further reason for keeping it apart from them. 

Pararge aegeria, Li. exerge vulyaris, Z. (=eyerides, Stdgr.) race 
vulgaris, Z., with II gen. aestivalis, Frbst.:—A few old females of the 
I generation were on the wing at the beginning of June; then, I saw 
nothing of this species anywhere, till a few individuals appeared at Bex 
from 8th to 20th of August, when I left and missed the end of the 
emergence ; on the contrary, I have a series of perfectly fresh males 
taken at Geneva all through July. I take it that the latter belong to 
a II generation and that it is followed, there, by a III one in 
September, whilst at Bex there are, presumably, only two. Also the 
facies of those specimens are different and the Bex race quite follows 
the general rule in the butterflies of this region, in that it cannot be 
referred to elegantia, Frhst. of Geneva, but it corresponds perfectly to 
the widespread rulgaris=eyerides of Germany and Northern France, 
excluding its western coast zone, where true exerge aegeria, L. has 
extended from the Iberic Peninsula. The Bex specimens are, in fact, 
much more clouded with black and colder in tinge than elegantia, on 
the underside, and the fulvous is not as warm on the upperside either. 
They quite correspond to Fruhstorfer’s description of the summer 
generation, drawn from Coblence specimens: fulvous markings lesser 
in extent and suffused slightly with black, so that the general tone is 
duller than in the spring generation, which has broad pale yellow ones. 

a Lasiommata megera, Li. race megera, Li. trans. ad vividior, Vrty.: I 
gen. megera, L.; II gen. filipluma, Ball. trans. ad vividior, Vrty.:— 
Fresh females existed till the beginning of June, both in the Vaud and 
in the Valais ; the species then, very soon, vanished entirely and nothing 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (61) 
15.vii.35. 

more was seen of it anywhere till lst August, when a single, very fresh, 
female turned up at Bex, but the real emergence only began with the 
males, after the middle of the month and the females followed on the 
21st.; also at Martigny they appeared at the same time; one can thus 
be pretty certain there are only two generations. As to their facies, 
the I gen. could only be nominotypical megera, considering its only 
racial variations are those of Peninsular Italy and of Sicily and 
presumably of the southern Balkans and Asia Minor, as I have shown 
in my little monograph on this species in the Hntom. Record of 1922 
and 1923. Concerning the II gen. which varies much more geographi- 
cally and can be divided in a few races, I have remarked that in Central 
Europe it exhibits a change of aspect from filipluma, Ball, to the more 
southern vividior, Vrty., of the Iberic, the Franco-iberic and the 
Northern Italic zones, but that the change is gradual, both locally and 
individually, so that it is often difficult to draw the line between those 
two races. The waterparting of the Alps does constitute a sharp 
demarcation, for in the Anzasca valley, just south of it, there is one 
of the most highly characterized vividior, of a rich and vivid tone of 
colour, whilst in the Rhone valley, just north of it, some signs of a 
brighter colouring than that of the typical flipluma, of the north are 
already detectable in a certain number of individuals, but only to a 
slight degree. That is why I think the ‘trans. ad.’’ denomination is 
the correct one to use for the latter. 

Lasiommata maera, L. race macroleucocinia, nov., with II gen. 
postleucocinia, Vrty., and race macroleucocinia trans. ad herdonia, Vrty.- 
F'rhst.:—On 3rd June I found several males, which had just emerged, 
in the meadows from Bex to St.-Triphon, and during the rest of the 
month they became abundant all over the region here dealt with; the 
first female appeared on the 15th of June and freshly emerged ones 
were met with till the end of July, after which they were all old. 
Vorbrodt states the existence of only one generation in Switzerland, 
from June till September. Wheeler had previously maintained there 
were two in the plains; he gives July to September as the time of 
emergence of the second, but such an early beginning cannot be correct. 
In the Anzasca valley the latter begins to emerge in the middle of 
August and I have named it postleucocinia, on the strength of its much 
smaller size than that of the first, which is lewcocinia, Frhst., as far 
down as Vanzone at 700 m., and of its remarkably large ocelli, often 
belonging to form triops, Fuchs. I have seen nothing of it in the 
Rhone valley before I left, on 22nd August, and I believe it cannot 
have been produced at all in the short and bad summers of 1932 and 
1933. 

In this region there are two races: One is that of higher altitudes, 
characterized chiefly by its markedly smaller average size (length of 
forewing, from base to tip, where fringes begin: 22 to 25 mm. in both 
sexes) and also by its slightly darker tone of colours, lesser extent of 
fulvous and duller and more clouded underside. This is lencocinia, 
Frhst., of which he figures the male genitalia, from Zermatt, in the 
Entom. Zeit. XXII, p. 123 (1908), contrasting them with those of a 
specimen from Moravia, and which he describes as “‘a new subspecies 
or form found all over the Alps of southern Switzerland and namely 
at Zermatt and on the Simplon, whose female is characterized, amongst 
other features, by the chestnut-brown suffusion of the forewing.” In 


(62) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


the Entom. Zeit. Guben, 1909, p. 188, he creates some confusion by 
again describmg it from “the Simplon, Zermatt and Courmayeur”’ 
as a distinct individual form, especially of the female sex, of the wide- 
spread race he describes, there, under the name of herdonia; the first 
description is, of course, the valid one and it leaves no doubt as to the 
proper use of the name for the aforesaid mountain race, as a whole, now 
that we find it convenient to split herdonia and separate the former 
from it. 

The second race of the Upper Rhone valley is that of the plains and 
of the lower altitudes, distinguished by its larger size than the preceding, 
leucocinia (the wing measure defined above varies, in both sexes, from 
25 to 27 mm.), by its slightly clearer colouring in most individuals, 
notwithstanding their great variability, by the slightly more extensive 
fulvous areas and by the clearer underside, usually with a more distinct 
silvery sheen. I propose naming it macrolencocinia, because none of 
the existing names applies correctly to it. Frubstorfer included in his 
herdonia the races of all altitudes in the Jura, the Valais and Piedmont, 
in a comprehensive way, stating his type was from Arcine, in Savoy, 
but he lays stress on the point that his name is meant particularly for 
the race which is always spoken of, quite wrongly, as adrasta, Hub., 
whereas it differs markedly from the true and very distinet adrasta of 
France and Spain and it stands between the latter and his ordona (a 
synonym of the true Aiera, F.) of southern Germany. In the Ent. 
Record, 1927, p. 154, I have already pointed out that the approach of 
herdonia to adrasta is, in fact, quite true and obvious in the greater part 
of the herdonia zone, as made out by Fruhstorfer, and notably in the 
Western Alps and in the Jura, but that in the Anzasea valley, and I 
must add, in most localities of the Upper Rhone basin, the aspect of 
this insect is instead, distinctly different, because there are no adrastae- 
formis, Vrty.. individuals or they are quite exceptional and not well 
characterized ; it thus stands, there. nearer to hiera=ordona than to 
adrasta, and that is why I use the names of leucocinia and of macro- 
leucocinia for the races of those two valleys. 

To be still more accurate one can, however, note that on the hot 
and dry slopes, such as those of La Batiaz, above Martigny, 10 or 20% 
of the individuals could, broadly speaking, be called adrastaeformis, 
Vrty., on the strength of the fulvous areas they exhibit, so that the race 
could be designated as macroleucocinia trans. ad herdonia, Vrty.-Frhst., 
whereas in the damp meadows of Bex and that part of the Vaud such 
forms never occur at all, as stated above, and the opposite individual 
variation, resembling hiera=ordona by the great reduction of the ful- 
vous, is, on the contrary, quite frequent: about 20% of the females are 
of this description and have no trace left of the fulvous patch on the 
inner side of the band of that colour. This second, darker race, I take 
as typical of macroleucocinia. Its second generation, recorded by 
Wheeler from Aigle, is evidently the same postlencocinia as in the 
Anzasca valley, according to that author’s statement that he has found 
triops, Fuchs, there, at the end of August, for this form, with the ocelli 
increased in number, is precisely characteristic of that small genera- 
tion. 

Minois dryas, Scop. (=phaedra, L.) race dryas, Scop., and race 
tassilo, Frhst.:—The males made their appearance in the first days of 
August, when I collected a series of them at Colombey and, on the a 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (63) 


on the dyke below the Follaterres ; the females did so some days later 
and on the 21st they were still emerging at Bouillet, near Bex. 

The geographical variation of this species is very simple and it can 
be summarized by saying it consists in a series of grades passing from 
the giant drymeia, Frhst. of the warmer valleys of the Upper Adige 
(S. Tyrol), which is culminating, besides size, by the enormous ocelli 
and by the accentuation and sharpness of the white bands on the 
underside of the hindwings, through julianus, Stauder, which spreads 
from Istria to the Veneto, to Kmilia and to northern Tuscany, through 
armilla, Frhst., described ‘from Schénberg, above Innsbruck, but 
existing also in the Tessin and found by me to be the race of the 
Anzasca Valley and to extend as far south as Saint Martin de Vésubie, 
in the Maritime Alps, and, finally, through tassilo, Frhst., described 
from Worishofen, in 8. Bavaria, and constituting, I think I am not 
wrong in stating, the race of the Grand Saleve and Geneva, to the 
opposite culminating grade, consisting in the nominotypical dryas of 
Scopoli. This last race was described from Carniolia and Fruhstorfer 
suggests distinguishing that of central and northern Germany from it 
by the name of phaedra, L.; he does not, however, say which are their 
distinguishing features and, to my mind, there are none and they both 
belong to the most widespread race of the species, which extends from 
the Carpathians, across Central Europe, to the Atlantic coast of 
France; all my series from many localities of this vast region are 
perfectly identical with each other and, curiously enough, so is the one 
I have collected in the Venaria Park of Turin and a female from Susa, 
which suggests it is also the race of the plains in the western Po Basin. 

If it be taken, by the comparison of these races, that tasstlo only 
differs from the nominotypical one by the larger size of the females and 
of their ocelli than is ever found in the latter, whereas armilla is 
distinctly larger and more deeply coloured in both sexes, and only 
differs from julianus by never producing its enormous ocelli in the 
female, one must conclude that Vorbrodt was wrong in referring the 
race of the Valais to armilla: the males are decidedly of the smallest 
size everywhere; the females are so, too, in the mountain localities, 
such as on the Sépey road, at 900m., and do not surpass the size and 
the ocelli of tassilo even in the plains. 

Vv Karanasa ferula, F. (=cordula, F.) race inframilada, nom. nov. 
and race conspicuella, nom. nov:—At Martigny males were numerous 
and the first female emerged on 10th July; on the 25th and 31st 
there still were newly emerged individuals of both sexes. At Bex a 
single, perfectly fresh, male appeared, close to the Hotel des Salines, 
on Ist August. At about 900m. of altitude, at the “ grands rochers,’ 
on the Sépey road, males were beginning to emerge on 27th July and 
the females were mostly still fresh on 17th August. The series of 
specimens I collected in these localities distinctly belong to two different 
races, which only overlap in a certain number of their most extreme 
variations. Any attempt, one might make, to refer either of them to 
those which have been described and named can only lead to a mistake 
and convey a wrong impression of their aspects. The race of Bex 
and Sépey shares the mountain features of very small size (length of 
forewing 25mm. in the male and 27 in the female), of small ocelli, and 
‘of no white dots between them in the male, with milada, Frhst. of the 
‘Upper Valais, described from Tasch and Zermatt, but it cannot be 


(64) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


identified with it, because the underside is much darker in both sexes 
and has either no silvery white spaces at all or a very narrow and 
indefinite central one in the male, whereas their sharpness and extent 
is a characteristic of milada, and because the females have nearly no 
fulvous on the upperside even of the forewings, whereas a broad band 
of a light ochreous yellow is another prominent characteristic of the 
latter; my Sépey specimens can well be defined as belonging to a 
dwarf race, quite similar in pattern and colouring to the gigantic one, 
of the Anzasca Valley, I have named conspicua in the Hnt. Rec. of 
1927, p. 173, which measures 30 to 31mm, in the males and which 
reaches 82 in the female sex; they are respectively the smallest and 
the largest European races of ferula; I thus propose naming the Sépey 
one conspicuella. 

The race of the Simplon has, curiously enough, remained undeter- 
mined to this day and I cannot give a definitive judgment of it, for 
all I have seen is a couple from Bérisal, Bainbrigge Fletcher has very 
kindly sent me; I can only say it seems to be very similar to my 
conspicuella of the Vaud by its very uniform underside and other features, 
although the male is not quite as small and more specimens are necess- 
ary to establish whether it actually belongs to that race or it is, on the 
whole, a nearer approach to milada. 

As to the Martigny race, Fruhstorfer defines it as intermediate 
between milada and that of the upper Adige (8. Tyrol), for which he 
wrongly suggested using the name of hippodice, Hb., and which I have 
named orientalpiim (1.c.); he notes in particular, that the Lower Valais 
race is much larger than milada and that it has a tendency to produce. 
four ocelli on the forewing, whereas in milada they are often actually 
reduced to one only, thus constituting, according to him, a transition 
to actaea, Esp., which the sharp white markings of the underside recall 
too. I will not enter here in a discussion of this view, which Oberthtr 
shared in connection with his actaeina of the Cottian Alps ; it involves 
the question as to whether actaea and ferula (=cordula) are two very 
distinct exerges of the same species or two entirely distinct species, a 
point on which no one has as yet been able to furnish exhaustive 
arguments. Fruhstorfer ended by concluding in the Soc. Kntom., 1910, 
p. 59, that they were species, on the strength of the genitalia, and, in 
this case, his previous view of milada would not be correct, but Powell, 
who has bred the two insects, side by side, and compared them, from 
the ovum onwards, has not been able to make up his mind, as he states 
it in an article in Oberthiir’s Ftude Lép. Comp., Vol. X, p. 284. In 
connection with the Martigny race, I should add to Fruhstorfer’s remarks 
that, now I have discovered conspicua in close proximity to the Rhone 
valley, it is more exact to say the former is intermediate between milada 
and the latter, both in size and in pattern, for conspicua very much 
resembles orientalpium by its dark underside in both sexes and by the 
very limited amount of fulvous on the upperside of the female and 
these are precisely two of the features in which the Martigny race is 
intermediate between them and milada. It is not transitional, because 
it never produces either a conspicua or a milada amongst its individual 
variations, but it is a perfectly distinct race from both, which, to my 
mind, should receive a name of its own; I thus suggest that of tnfra- 
milada, which conveys its position in facies, as well as geographically. 
I must note that Vorbrodt is not correct in stating peas, Hb., only to 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (65) 
15.ix.35. ee 
be found between Sierre and Aigle; it comes froin ‘his using this name 
to designate individuals with four or five ocelli on the forewing, such 
as race inframilada is, in fact, weli known to produce more than other 
races, but which should be called ornata, Schultz ; the peas of Hiibner 
and of Ksper is the female form with an unusually broad ochreous band 
on the upperside and with an unusually white underside, which is, on 
the contrary, peculiar to milada of the Upper Valais and to orsiera, de 
Prunner, of Piedmont, or, that is to say, to the two races whose pecu- 
liarity is the maximum development of the clear spaces on both surfaces 
of the two sexes; there is no doubt the original specimens were sent 
to those two authors from Piedmont’ and the small size of Hubner’s 
suggests its belonging to a race of high altitudes, similar to milada. 
— VY Hipparchia statilinus, Hufn. race onosandrus, Frhst. :—When I last 
visited Martigny, on 19th August, there was no trace of this species 
yet; it is well known to be abundant there: a series of both sexes, in 
perfectly fresh condition, I possess, from Les Follaterres, bears the 
date of 26th August and Bainbrigge Fletcher found fresh females on 
14th September. This race was described principally from specimens 
of the Upper Adige, but others, from Sion, are included in the original 
bs ae 

/ Hipparchia alcyone, Schiff. race genava, Frhst:The | time of emer- 
gence of the males is the middle of July in all the localities, from 
Sierre to Aigle, after which only worn individuals are met with; afew 
females appear even before the males, at the beginning of the month, 
but the mass emerges about the 20th and a few laggards quite late in 
August. We need not go back to the question of the specific distine- 
tion between fagi, Scop. =hermione, L. and alcyone, which was so much 
discussed before 1909, when there seemed to be no way of drawing a 
line between them, owing to the great resemblance of some races of 
one to some of the other, giving an impression of continuous transition. 
The problem has, apparently, been satisfactorily solved by Jullien’s 
discovery of the abdominal appendices (Bull. Soc. Lépid. Genéve, 1909: 
Un probléme résolu), which Fruhstorfer has called: ‘ Jullien’s organs ”’ 
and which have different characteristics in those two insects, so that — 
the latter author was able to separate their races and separate syriaca, 
Stdgr. and ellena, Obth., as two more species (Stett. Hut. Zeit., 1910, 
p- 71, with 22 figures of microscopic photographs by Jullien). Amongst 
other facts, that discovery proved that fagi= hermione does not exist at 
all in the Upper Rhone valley. as it had been suspected by Wheeler, 
Culot and others, who believed, however, in the presence, there, of inter- 
mediate forms, owing to the aspect of the race of alvyone of that region, 
which does point, superficially, to that of fayi and which only has the 
extreme alcyone facies in some individuals. Fruhstorfer has described 
this race as yenava, from Martigny, laying stress on its darker 
appearance.and on its broadly yellowish bands, as compared with his 
vivilo of the Jura, in which the bands are very developed and of a pute 
white, with slight traces of yellow only along their outline. I have 
noted no difference of aspect in any sort of locality, from Bérisal and 
Sierre to Sépy; at 900 m. in the Vaud, and I have sought in vain to 
witness the difference of habits, which Wheeler says exist at Aigle’ on 
opposite sides of the valley, 7.c. that of resting chiefly on trees on one 
side and on rocks on the other. What I noticed was, ‘that, in July, 
when the weather was cloudy and less hot and the ailégone were young, 


(66) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


they liked to settle on the warm stones in the full sunshine and that, in 
August, when it was very hot and they were less vigorous and active, 
from old age, they usually looked out for shady spots and retired 
amongst the foliage, settling on the boughs of trees or on the stems of 
thick bushes; in the former case males were mostly seen, in the latter 
one, females became prevalent. I think some of these causes must, by 
a coincidence, have given Wheeler the impression that the side of the 
valley had to do with the difference of bebaviour. 

Aulocera circe, F.: -I have seen nothing of this species, which is 
reported from between Aigle and Sépey and from between Visp and 
Zermatt, so that I can only presume it belongs to the nominotypical 
German race, as does the one I have collected, in 1985, above Montreux, 
on the road from Glion to Val-Mont, 700 m., and in the garden of the 
Grand Hétel du Mont Pélerin, $00 m., above Vevey, where males were 
emerging just before the middle of July. 

Eumenis (according to Wheeler this and the following species 
actually belong to a different tribe than the preceding, whereas, accord- 
ing to Fruhstorfer, in Seitz’s Ff. Indo.-austr., p. 307, they should not 
even be separated generically from the Hipparchia ; I think an inter- 
mediate conclusion is the most likely to be the correct one) semele, L. 
race cadmus, Frhst., and, probably, also race teres, Frhst. :—I first saw 
this species at Martigny on 31st July, when the males had evidently 
just begun to emerge, and both sexes were common, there, on 19th 
August, worn and fresh; Bainbrigge Fletcher has found a few fresh 
females as late as 14th September. The race is distinctly the dark 
cadmus with very reduced fulvus markings, of a deep and dull reddish 
tinge, and with no, or nearly no, white band across the hindwing on 
the underside, and, as a matter of fact, when Fruhstorfer described it, 
selecting specimens from the Upper Adige as typical, he also included 
those he had from ‘the Valais, the Simplon road, Zermatt, Geneva.”’ 
Nevertheless Wheeler states that the form ‘“ with large reddish-or. band, 
of large size,’ which he actually refers to aristaeus, Bon., as Tutt had 
done in connection with English specimens, ‘“ is not uncommon as ab. 
in the Valais and is the more usual form at Bérisal.’”’ We need not 
be too astounded at the blunder in the name, which is only one instance 
amonest the many, which used to be made in times when geographical 
variations had not been worked out sufficiently to discern their real 
peculiarities and names were used on the strength cf the most con- 
spicuous feature in the original figure or description, regardless of the 
other more subtle, but racially more important, ones. Suffice it. then, 
to put things straight here, by making it clear that the form and race 
of semele described above belongs in some cases to cadmus, with 
unnsually broad fulvous bands on the upperside, but with its chavac- 
teristic deep, reddish, tone of colour and with no, ora very small, white 
band on the underside, and in other cases to teres, Frhst., with those 
bands of a yellowish, ochreous tone above and with a broad white band 
across the underside of the hindwings; the latter was described from 
Digne but I have found it to be widespread in the Alpine region and a 
single female I caught on the Rhone dyke, below Les Follaterres, 
belongs to it; there remains to be seen whether there are localities in 
the Rhone valley where it predominates, such as one finds them in 
other regions and notably where surroundings are arid. 

Eumenis briseis, lu. :—I have not seen any Valaisian specimens from 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (67) 


either of its two known localities, on Mt. Ravoire, above Martigny, and 
at Naters, near Brig, nor have I found any data concerning the race 
to which it belongs. 

V Apatura ilia, Schiff.:—Although I have not met with this species 
in any of its recorded localities, from Aigle to Martigny and Turtmann, 
there can be no doubt the race is the usual nominotypical one. 

VY Apatura iris, L. race iris, L.:—In 1982 the emergence was distinctly 
later than usual: the mass of the males only appeared, for instance, 
at the Coulet, above Bex, about 5th August and a male, which had 

- evidently just emerged, settled, on the 18th, on the top of a motor-car, 

standing before the door of the Hoétel des Salines, at Bex, where the 
porter captured it with his fingers and brought it to me, after I had, 
in vain, spent the morning stalking iris on the precipitous ravines of 
the Coulet ; a female was very fresh on the Sépey road on the 17th. 
In 1933 I found some equally fresh males, in this locality, on 27th 
July. The race is quite of the typical average size and contrasts with | 
the giant race praegrandis, Turati, of the Anzasca valley. 
VY Limenitis popult, L. race diluta, Spuler. :—According to Wheeler, 
“widely distributed, but very scarce in HK. Vaud; not quite so scarce 
in the forests of the Valais.” That author also informs us that the 
ordinary form in the HK. Vaud, at any rate, at the lower elevations 
(Veytaux ; Aigle; Tiniére valley ; a mile beyond Sépey; all recorded 
from 13th to 26th June; a further record isa more recent one by Fison 
of a couple at Charpigny, north of the Tour, on 20th June) is the one, 
which is transitional to tremulae, Esp., with the white spaces very 
narrow and much suffused with brown, and the ground colour brown, 
without a trace of blue-black ; also Fison names his couple tremulae. 
It seems to me this should be dealt with as a local race and designated 
by Spuler’s name of diluta, described as having, in both sexes, “ besides 
the spots of the discoidal area, only darkened smears in the marginal 
cellules above and beneath”; Seitz figures it in Vol. I, pl. 56e, as 
tremulae, but corrects this name in his text. 

¥ Tamenitis drusilla, Bergstr. {=camilla, auctorum, nec L.=rivularis, 
Stichel, nec Scopoli, whose figure represents perfectly clearly Neptis 
lucilla, F., so that his name is not the one to be substituted in place 
of camilla, as Stichel has done) race drusilla, Bergstr.:—In 1982 a few 
very fresh individuals of both sexes turned up at Bex, on the outskirts 
of the woods, along the golf grounds from 19th to 25th of July and I 
then saw nothing more of the species, either there or anywhere else. 
In 1983 it was on the wing in the same locality and at the same time 
of year and [| also found males just emerging at the ‘‘ Grands rochers ”’ 
of the Sépey road on 27th July. In 1984, evidently owing to the warm 
spring, emergence at Bex, in the usual place, was actually as early as 
the 20th of June. Wheeler states there certainly is a second generation, 
in this region, at the end of the summer. My specimens of the male 
sex are quite similar to Bergstrasser’s figure and, as far as size is con- 
cerned, they are thus rather on the large side, whilst the females sug- 
gest transition to the very large herculeana, Stichel of the south, like 
the prodiya of Geneva, described by Fruhstorfer; they, however, only 
exhibit a slight trace of the characteristic additional white space of the 
latter, on the disc of the forewing, and it is entirely missing in the 
male, so that I take it, the Vaud race must not be considered race 
prodiya ; there remains to be seen whether that feature is more accen- 


(68) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


tuated in the September emergence ; in Italy it is so quite constantly 
and [ have applied that name to the III generation, so that it seems 
very likely the same should happen here, near the original locality of 
that form. There seems to exist no record of a spring generation, such 
as the one which emerges in Italy in May and which I have named 
primigenta ; there it is in time to produce the second generation at the 
end of June and in July. 

Limenitis camilla, L., 1764, (=sibilla, L., 1767, et auctorum) race 
camilla, L.:—At Bex and at Lavey I found a few individuals on the 
wing at the end of June and fresh females still existed about 20th July. 
They all distinctly belong to the usual nominotypical race of Central 
Hurope, as figured by Roesel, ITI, pl. 70, f. 1-8, to which Linnaeus 
gave the name of camilla in Mus. Lud. Ulricae, p. 804 (1764) and which 
are thus the “types”? and unmistakably establish, as pointed out by 
Stichel in the Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1907, p. 29 and 35, that this name is 
the one the species must bear and not the later one of sibilla. The 
previous existence of this camilla, L. also makes camilla, Schiff. a 
homonym, which can, on no account, be used for the other species of 
Europe and must be substituted by drusiila, as I have mentioned it 
above. The race of the Upper Rhone valley, of camilla, thus follows 
the usual rule of most species and resembles that of Central Europe 
more than the neighbouring race of Geneva and the Jura, which 
Fruhstorfer has named puellula and which is transitional to anguste- 
tasciata, Streckfuss, of Carniola and Italy, where it is particularly well 
characterized at Turin. 

JV Euphydryas aurinia, Rott. race artemis, Fabr.:—A lageard female 
I found in the quarry by the St. Triphon station on 8th June and those 
collected by Bainbrigge Fletcher at Villeneuve, on 14th June, and 
kindly sent to me, belong to the form with a dull, uniform, fulvous 
colour on the upperside and an equivalent ochreous underside, to which 
Tutt applies the name of artemis. More specimens are required to 
make sure it is constant and racial in this region. It is found, as a 
rule, mixed with the brighter and more variegated form, Tutt considers 
nominotypical of aurinta, and it is so also in my series of Geneva. 
The interesting form frigescens, intermediate on both surfaces between 
true aurinia and glaciegenita, Vrty. (=merope, auctor. nec de Prunn.), 
I have described from a female collected by Wullschlegel, is probably 
from Jour-Brulée, 1500 m., above Branson, as Vorbrodt says the 
latter collector had found true awrinia in that locality. 

v Euphydryas, cynthia, Schiff. race cynthia, Schiff.:—Although this 
is not a regular inhabitant of the lowlands, in the Valais, it must be 
mentioned here, as an occasional visitor, because Warren informs me 
he has met with one individual at Branson, in the Martigny district. 
It is noteworthy that this is the locality where callidice was observed 
during some years. I have recorded in this Journal that I found a 
couple of cynthia at Oulx, in the Susa Valley, at an altitude of about 
900 m., which, considering the differences of climate and surroundings © 
on the two watersheds, correspond pretty well to the 500m. of Branson. 

v _Melitaea didyma, Esp. race ignea, Vrty. and race subtarlonia, Vrty.: 
—In the forward year 1984 Riitimeyer found males on the wing on 
20th May; in the late years 1982 and 1933 there were none even in 
June and the males appeared on 10th July and were only abundant’ at 
Martigny on 25th July, whilst the females were only found on the 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (69) 
15.x.85. 
31st and several old ones were still on the wing on 19th August, when I 
actually also met with a perfectly fresh male; in the Vaud I only 
found it on the road to Sépey, at the ‘“ grands rochers,’ where both 
sexes were beginning to emerge on 27th July; at Sierre both sexes 
were fresh and old on 29th July, in the Pfynwald; in other localities 
I found a few individuals during the same time. Those three 
localities seem to afford good examples of the extreme local variations 
in the lowlands of this region, for they produce two perfectly distinct 
races. If we charitably abstain, as in other similar cases, from com- 
menting on the frightful lists of misapplied names, beginning with 
meridionalis, graeca and occidentalis, we find in writings on the Valais, 
and we compare those races with the others which have been described 
and named, we find that they quite resemble the two I have recorded 
from Northern Italy in the Hint. Rec. of 1929, p. 74. At Martigny 
and at Sépey I was interested to find didyma, on the whole, has the 
same facies as race ignea I have described from the shore of Lake 
Maggiore, at Intra, where, however, it is on the wing at the end of 
April and at the beginning of May, instead of July, as in the Valais ; 
the difference of surroundings is, thus, evidently made up by that of 
the season ; the interesting point of this resemblance is that I had 
remarked, in my description of iynea,. how its features very much 
recalled those of the nominotypical didyma of Central Europe, and I 
had concluded it was a branch of the latter exerge, which must have 
come down into Italy and mixed, there, with race tarlonia, Frhst., of 
the Central exerge, whose haunts are the greater part of the Ossola 
valley, receiving from it a strain one can detect in about 25% of its 
individuals. The fact that ignea exists also in the Valais strongly 
sustains my hypothesis that it is ‘‘a large and gaudy southern race of 
the nominotypical exerge,’’ to quote my own words, as we have seen 
that, in most species, the Valaisian race is either the same or closely 
allied to that of Central Kurope; the other fact that the larvae, on 
Lake Maggiore, feed up in March, instead of May and June, points, 
too, to their having the constitution of the Northern exerge. Vice 
versa, I have also pointed out in my aforesaid article, p. 72, that, in 
the case of didyma, it is quite obvious that the Central exerge has 
spread northward considerably, overlapping and interbreeding with the 
Northern one and producing the synexerges rubida and subrubida. 
Here again, then, it need not surprise one that in the Valais, in the 
dry and hot Pfynwald, one should meet with another race, which 
belongs precisely to the Central exerge and which is nearly the same 
as its race tarlonia of the south side of the Simplon, but much smaller. 
I had recorded a race of this sort, giving it the name of subtarlonia, 
from the Pian del Sole, 900 m., above Lake Maggiore, where I had 
collected it from 2nd to 9th June, 1922, and that name applies. 
perfectly to my Sierre series of specimens; amongst them there are 
even some, which exactly resemble, by their yellowish tone of fulvous 
and by their thin black markings, recalling the less extreme examples 
of marsilia, Frhst., the form praemarsilia, Vrty., of the late emergence 
of subtarlonia at the Pian del Sole, and thus complete the resemblance 
between the didyma from there and frem Sierre, remarkably. 

I must furthermore note that there exist, in the Valais, two races 
also at high altitudes, corresponding to the two former of the lowlands 
and presumably belonging to the Northern and to the Central exerges, 


(70) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


respectively : Some specimens, I have from Zermatt and Chandolin, 
belong to the first and consequently are very similar to its alpine race 
rectealpina, Vrty., described from Bormio, in the Rhaetian Alps; they 
differ from ignea by their smaller size and by their duller colouring in 
both sexes ; the males are of a deeper fulvous tone and the females are, 
on the contrary, paler and often yellowish white, rather than fulvous, 
besides being preponderantly of the melanic form usually known as 
alpina, Stdgr. The other race is larger and more like the darkest 
tarlonia also in colouring and pattern ; the female figured by Seitz, pl. 
66, under the name of alpina is of this sort, as stated by me in the 
Ent. Rec., l.c., p. 89, where I have named this race atralpina. I have 
shown, there, that the name of alpina, Stdgr. cannot be used for any 
Alpine race: only for the dark female individual form of any region. 

Melitaea cinwia, Li. race pilosellae, Rott. :—Not uncommon in certain 
areas, such as the golf ground of Bex, the meadows along the Gryonne 
and the clearings in the woods on the hill of St. Triphon, where I 
found both sexes emerging and some individuals already old during the 
éarliest days of June, 1933, whilst a few, in the latter condition, were 
still to be seen at the end of the month. In the survey of the races of 
this species, I made in the Ent. Rec., XL, p. 143 (1928), I noted that 
they are nothing like the striking geographical races and exerges of 
most other Melitaea. J added “ the nominotypical one of Scandinavia 
is small and of a bright, clear, fulvous, with a thin black pattern. In 
the whole of France one usually meets with a form, which only differs 
from the preceding by its slightly larger average size, sd that one is 
scarcely justified in distinguishing it and utilizing the name of pilo- 
sellae, given by Rottemburg to the Parisian insect described by 
Geoffroy and figured very well by Esper, pl. 47, fig. 3,”’ under this name, 
two years later. In most localities of France the average pattern is 
thicker than in this figure and so it is in the Vaud, but not as much so 
as in race delia, Schiff. of Austria and, although individual variation is 
considerable everywhere, on the whole, this Rhone race is quite like 
the widespread French one. The most important feature of race 
pilosellae, is that it produces, very often, a partial second generation, 
of minute size, which never occurs either in Scandinavia or in Italy. 
Wheeler mentions no records of it in Switzerland; Vorbrodt says it 
does occur there, exceptionally, in August, whilst Fruhstorfer actually 
goes so far as stating that at Geneva, in the Valais and southern 
France it produces every year a very distinct summer form, he names 
phaira, recognizable from the I generation by its paler colouring and 
by its thinner black bands, especially on the forewing. 

Melitaea phoebe, Schiff. (previous to Knoch and not to be discarded, 
asa nom. nudum, unless the same is done in connection with most of 
the names of that author) race monilata, Vrty.:—Vorbrodt states two 
generations are usual in Switzerland, in May and June and in July 
and August. There seems to be something wrong about this, as the 
second, if it existed, would be more likely to be on the wing at the end 
of August, like the ones of dejone and parthenoides in this region and 
like phoebe’s in Italy, whereas there are no records of the species at that 
season. The dates of captures, he has collected, distinctly point, like 
my own, toa single, long-drawn, emergence from June to the end of 
July. I witnessed that emergence, between Vernayaz and Martigny, 
from 3rd July to about the 18th, after which all the individuals were 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (71) 


decidedly old, and I found both sexes abundant, but not very fresh, in 
the Pfynwald on the 29th, whereas some specimens collected there by 
Reverdin on the 11th are quite fresh. I was glad to find that the low- 
land race of these localities, for whose name of monilata | am respon- 
sible, having erected it on the strength of a few examples obtained from 
Wullschlegel’s widow many years ago, is decidedly very well charac- 
terized in the great majority of individuals; it gives one the impression 
of being a synexerge between the Northern and the Central exerges of 
the species: its clear fulvous tone and the comparatively thin and light 
coloured black markings recall those of the widespread lowland race 
tusca, Vrty., of Italy, whereas its characteristic central row of large, 
deep black, spots, standing out and contrasting with them, in a way 
which is not seen in tusca, seems to reveal a strain of the nominotypical 
phoebe of Vienna, where they are often seen to the same degree, but 
associated with a thick black pattern and with a rich colouring in 
general, standing quite opposite that of monitlata. ‘Thesynexerge theory 
is, moreover, suggested by the remarkable individual variations of my 
Sierre series: some are quite similar to alternans by their large size 
and their compar atively thick black pattern and variegated fulvous 
colouring, others are quite tiny and have a thin pattern and an even, 
ochreous, ground-colour, so that they are a close approach to the form 
emipauper, Vrty., which constitutes the II generation in Italy. 
Concerning alternans, Seitz, described from Zermatt, it may be 

said that that name applies to the race of all the Valaisian mountains, 
which is distinctly characterized, as compared with most others of the 
species, by the variegated colouring of the fulvous, alternating reddish 
tones to ochreous ones in the various parts of the wing, and thus 
resembling, in this respect, swboccitanica, Vrty., of France, from which 
it chiefly differs by the thicker black pattern, so that it is transitional 
between the latter and the still blacker nigroalternans, Vrty., of Pied- 
mont; in all three some individuals exhibit a sharp contrast of fulvous 
and yellow colours and some are nearly of an even, fulvous, tone, but 
those names can and must certainly be used for the races, taken as a 
whole. The much larger, less variegated and more deeply coloured 
race of the neighbouring Anzasca valley agrees, on the contrary, well 
with koios, Frhst., described from the Upper Adige, but found in many 
warm valleys of the southern watershed of the Alps. 

~~ Melitaea diamina, Lang. (=dictynna, Esp., prim. homon. I have 
pointed out in the Hut. Ree. ., 1980, p. 151) synexergic race composita, 
nom. nov. :—limergence. took place in the plain, between Vernayaz and 
Martigny and on the golf-links of Bex from 20th June to about the 
same day of July, a remarkably late time, considering there are years 
when it appears in the middle of May, such as in 1984; on the left 
bank of the Rhone, at Bouveret, whence Wheeler records ‘“‘ remarkably 
fine specimens ” the species must have been quite over on 2nd July, for 
I was unable to find it on that day, whilst Bainbrigge Fletcher found 
it just appearing at Villeneuve on 14th June and, in 1934, I found both 
sexes fairly common, but extremely worn, on the 28th June, in the 
meadows to the north’ of the St. Triphon hill; on the road to 
Champéry, at about 900 m., it was, instead, still fresh on 8th July; 
at the Pont de Nant, 1400 m., its emergence lasted from the 4th 
to the end of the month and at Javerna, 1700 m, there were many 
perfectly fresh individuals on 9th August. 


(72) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


In all these localities, and also in the Létschental, there exists 
nearly the same race, notwithstanding the remarkable differences of 
altitude and of surroundings. At first I was quite puzzled as to how 
it stood in the classification of the races of diamina, I have made out 
in the Ent. Rec., XLUI, p. 66 (1981), but an analysis of its features 
soon showed that its chief peculiarity consists precisely in not belong- 
ing fully either to the Northern or to the Central exerge, but in 
exhibiting a mixture of certain characteristics of both, which have 
evidently ‘ met and interbred, in this intermediate region, in very much 
the same way as those of didyma and of wheen?, but with a more com- 
plete combination as a result. 

The chief points to notice are, as el in this species, on the 

underside: The bright russet colour, I have pointed out as the prineipal 
characteristic of the Northern exerge, In the transverse bands of the 
hindwing, notably in the nominotypical diamina of central Hurope and 
to the highest degree in its alpine race ortentalpestris, Vrty., of the 
Eastern Alps, is not exhibited to its fullest degree of richness and 
brightness in any of my specimens and exists, in a paler tone, only in 
about 10% of them ; the darker chocolate tone, which replaces it, not 
uncommonly, in central EKurope, is much more abundant here (40%) 
and it is accompanied, to about the same extent, by an unusually 
blackish colour, which constitutes a peculiarity of this race, for ] have 
rarely seen it from elsewhere; the remaining 10 or 20% consists of well 
characterized alpestris, F'rhst., of the Central exerge, with the aforesaid 
markings of a pale yellowish russet or partly quite of a straw yellow, 
such as one never meets with in any pure strain of the Northern exerge. 
The latter, scarcer, specimens also betray their origin from the Central 
exerge by the considerable reduction and partial effacement of the black 
markings on the underside of the forewing, which is the second 
characteristic feature of that exerge, when large series of both are com- 
pared. Instead, in all my other Rhone specimens those markings are 
more complete and prominent than I have seen them in any other 
European race, except the peculiar wheelert, Chapm. of Reazzino so 
that, when they exist together with corresponding thick ones of the 
hindwings and the deepest colouring described above on these wings, 
they strongly recall the Siberian mountain race erycina, Led. I propose 
naming this race composita, selecting the latter form, as its typical 
individual one, owing to the fact it is the most peculiar and the most 
abundant. I might mention that a single couple I have from the 
Simplon (either Bérisal or the Hospice) is, on the contrary, a highly 
characterized alpestris, with thin markings and the palest colouring on 
the underside. This form seems to be decidedly more frequent in the 
plains than at the Pont de Nant, where, therefore, composita is most 
typical. I might add all my specimens from Geneva (Versoix) are 
perfectly nominotypical diamina, with a bright russet underside. 
V Melitaea parthenoides, Kef. (=parthenie, auctorium, nec Borkh.) race 
completa, Vrty., with I gen, completa trans. ad communis, Vrty. :—Both 
sexes of the I generation were emerging, during the first days of June, 
in many localities between Lavey-les-Bains and St. Triphon, in the 
damp meadows ; the species then entirely disappeared until the 18th 
and 21st of August, when, in 1988 and in 1982, respectively, I found 
large numbers of it, emerging in a mass along the Gryonne, under 
Bouillet, but it was not out anywhere else before I left. In 1934 
Riitimeyer found both sexes at the Follaterres on 20th May. 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (73) 
15.xi.35, 

Although individual variation is extremely broad, the II generation 
seems to agree very well, on the whole, with the most widespread one 
of Central Kurope, I have named completa, from the Parisian district, 

In my paper on this species in the Hnt. Rec., 19381, p. 186. The I 
generation, on the contrary, is not like the communis, Vrty. of that 
region, which differs distinctly from completa by its much larger size; 
in the Rhone valley there is scarcely any perceptible difference between 
the generations and, at the utmost, one might-call the I one completa 
trans. ad communis, on account of its slightly larger size and thicker 
pattern. A considerable number of individuals of both generations 
vary in the direction of the more heavy black markings of semiplena, 
Vrty., of some localities in Central Europe, thus accentuating the con- 
trast between this race and sphines, Frhst. of the Geneva district, in 
which they are, on the contrary, very thin and the fulvous colour is 
lighter and brighter. 

Nore :—As I am dealing with this region, I take the oceasion to 
record that in the mountains there exist two distinct races of varia, 
Meyer-Dur.: in the Fntom. Rec. of 1981, p. 152, I remarked that the 
nominotypical one of the Kastern Alps does not exist in the Western 
Alps and that the specimens from the Valais (no exact locality) figured 
by Herrich-Schaffer, figs. 270-4, belong to the western race, I ‘have 
named, there, vartabella, although they are not quite so distinct from 
the former as is usual in the Cottian and in the Maritime Alps, whence 
‘are my typical specimens. As a matter of fact, only figures 273 and 
274 are distinctly like the latter ; the male and female of figures 270 
to 272, which correspond exactly to specimens of the Simplon Pass, 
presented to me by Bainbrigge Fletcher, are small, heavily marked and 
transitional to the nominotypical eastern varia. It must also be added 
that a series | have from Zermatt belongs entirely to the same race as 
the latter by its very small size, frailness, pale, dull, colouring and very 
melanic and rather translucent females. There remains to be found 
out what localities of the Valais the two races respectively inhabit; it 
is evidently the transitional zone between their (eastern and western) 
areas. 

V-—- Melitaea parthenie, Borkh. (=aurelia, Nick.) race: micromelanica, 
~ nom. nov. :—It is difficult to define races in this species, because indi- 
vidual variations are considerably more conspicuous than the subtile. 
local ones. Fruhstorfer, in his little monograph in the Archiv. fiir 
Natury., 83 Jahr., 3 Heft, p. 174, lays stress on the surprising amount 
of local variation there is, however, in the Valais. The opposite, 
extreme ones, are, according to him, that of the Simplon (‘“ very large, 
with distinctly large, light ochreous yellow markings,” in his own 
words), which I have described as transitional to rhaetica, Frey. in the 
Ent. Rec., 1931, p. 188, and named poenina, and that of the lower 
‘Valais, as represented in his collection by a series from ‘“ Chiélboz, 
1200 m.,” above Fully, and opposite Martigny: ‘large, dark, entirely 
aureloide individuals, with clear, male-like females, which are thus not 
variegated.’ Some specimens, I have, collected by Wullschlegel, who 
‘frequented that locality very much, correspond to this description and 
I have already remarked in the Ent. Rec., l.c., that, to my mind, they 
can be defined as similar to Nickerl’s race and form awrelia, which is 
the most common and widespread one in central Kurope, but with 
‘distinct: signs of transition to race imitatriv, Vriy., of the Cottian Alps. 


(74) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Fruhstorfer, then, mentions a transitional race, between those two 
extreme ones, from the Rohrberg, above Brig, and a fourth race, he 
found between the Bistenen Pass and Vispeterminen, which is charac- 
terized by its smaller size than any of the preceding and by being. 
much darker than the Rohrberg one, so that it gives one the impression 
of being an alpine race. Specimens from Evolena, 1500 m., in the 
neighbouring Val d’Hérens, sent to me by Bainbrigge Fletcher, answer 
this description perfectly, as they might have been expected to. 

What, on the contrary, might have surprised one is that the race of 
the plain, in the Pfynwald of Sierre, belongs to it too, if it were not a 
known fact that many species have quite an alpine facies in this locality. 
It is the most heavily marked and the smallest form of the species, the 
forewing, from the base to the tip measuring, in both sexes, about 15 
mm., against an average of 17 in poenina. The name of micromelanica 
will be useful to designate it and can be used for the race, as a whole, 
where it predominates. At Bérisal I have found it mixed with poenina 
and Uberthiir’s figures in his Etudes Lépid. Comp., IV, figs. 859-60, 
from this locality, are a near approach to it, but it only occurs there 
occasionally, whereas, inversely, in the Pfynwald and still more so at 
Evolena transitions to poenina are the exception. 

Melitaea athalia, Rott. exerge helvetica, Rtthl (=pseudathalia, Rev.) 
race veragrorum, n. nov., and race sublucifiua, n. nov. :—Curiously 
enough, the athalia of this region, although they are amongst those 
which have been collected most, have remained undetermined to this 
day, as regards their position in connection with the other described 
and neighbouring races. Frubstorfer has described the widespread 
one of the Western Alps under the name of celadussa and that of warm 
and dry localites, from Geneva and the Jura to the coast of Hastern 
France, under the name of luciflua. He has given an account, in his 
monograph of this species, in the Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 83 Jahr., 
Abt. A, 3 Heft., p. 182 (July 1919), of its variations in the Tessin, 
where his melida of dry localities corresponds to luciflua, a larger, 
brighter and more boldly marked race resembles his delminia of 8. Tyrol 
and a small, dark, one of high altitudes approaches nominotypical 
helvetica of Graubiinden. Rocci, in the Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital., LXII, p. 
188 (Dec. 1980) and in the Memorie, X, p. 10 (Sept. 1931) has discussed 
at length and illustrated also genitalically the two forms and races diver- 
gens and mawximaeformis of the the lowlands of Lombardy and Piedmont, 
which correspond to the largest race of the Tessin just mentioned. He 
has shown that the name of delminia cannot be applied to them because 
they somewhat differ from it in general looks and especially because 
its genitalia belong, on the whole, to true athalia, with only a few 
transitions to helvetica, whereas divergens and maaximaeformis are per- 
fectly pure helvetica. To diveryens I think one can refer also the race 
I have collected in the mountains around Lake Maggiore, at Pian del 
Sole, 900 m. and at the Passo di Colle, 1200 m. and that of Vanzone, 
700 m. in the Anzasca valley. They are all on both surfaces, of a rich, 
bright fulvous, with bold, black, markings. standing out sharply, and 
a more or less limited amount of black suffusion at the base, as in del- 
minia, and the females do not differ as much from the males as 
they do in most races, the fulvous not being paler and more varie- 
gated, or very little more, and the pattern not being broader, nor 
shaded in outline and diffused, Only in the totally alpine locality of 


LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (75) 


Macugnaga, at 1300 m., is a tendency to vary in the direction of 
nominotypical helvetica discernible, and then in size more than in colour 
and pattern. The race of hot and dry localities in Piedmont, corres- 
ponding to luciflua, of the other watershed of the Alps, by its small 
size, pale colouring and thin pattern, has been called hastensis, Rocci 
(Memorie Soc. Ent. Ital., X, p. 208 (June 1932). 

Comparing the athalia of the Valais and the Vaud with the preced- 
ing, one finds their local variations, although they blend individually 
and locally into one another, can be classified in the three usual 
standard forms and races: one of the damper lowlands, one of the drier 
ones and a third of the higher and more alpine surroundings. None 
of these can actually bear any of the existing names and, notwithstand- 
ing that they are, all three, intermediate between some of them, their 
aspects are, on the whole, so distinct and constant that the “ trans. ad”’ 
expression would not convey them and determine their peculiarities at 
all satisfactorily, besides being cumbersome and unpractical for butter- 
flies which are very much handled in collections. I thus propose 
naming them as follows: 

Race veragrorum, as represented by a large series J have collected, 
from the first days of June to the middle of July, in the damp meadows 
from Bex to the Lake, is most nearly allied to divergens; the male, in 
fact, can be called exactly like it, by its size, its rather broad and 
rounded wings, and, on both surfaces by its rich, warm, fulvous and 
its thick black pattern, more or less uniform in extent on all the parts 
of the wing, standing out sharply. The females, are on the contrary, 
entirely different from those of divergens, because very few resemble the 
other sex, as they usually do in the latter; they are of larger size than 
the male, and some are very large, somewhat as the mawximaefurmis 
found amongst the divergens in some localities, but far less frequently, 
according to my experience; they recall celudussa, much more than 
divergens and maximaeformis, by the tone of fulvous, which is usually 
distinctly paler and duller than in the male and with a tendency to 
be more variegated, and by the black pattern, which is usually less 
deep in tone and more shaded in outline, but all these features are not 
as pronounced as in celadussa and the underside, in particular, is always 
warmer in colour and bolder in pattern than in the latter, so that it 1s 
intermediate between it and divergens. 

Race subluciflua of the dry and hot, rocky, mountain sides, such as 
along the path that rises at the back of the La Batiaz tower, at Mar- 
tigny, is smaller than the preceding, of a less saturated tone of fulvous 
on both surfaces and has a black pattern which is either thinner, and, 
in some cases, very much thinner, all over the wings, or leaves, at least, 
a broader space of fulvous between the central, S-shaped, band and the 
thin inner submarginal one; the underside is, especially in the females, 
but even in some males, quite discoloured and with the thin black 
streaks of celadussa, such as one never sees them in veragrorum ; never- 
tnoeless, none of these characters, which are precisely those of luciflua, 
ever reach, in the specimens I have met witb, the extreme degrees 
they usually exhibit in the latter, in its typical Geneva locality and in 
many of the §.-. of France, though Fruhstorfer states luciflua does 
occur in the Valais, without furnishing further indications; as no 
spots would be more likely to produce it than those mentioned above, 
I conclude it can only be an unusual individual variation there and 


(76) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


the name can, anyhow, certainly not be used for the La Batiaz race, 
as a whole. 

Race subhelvetica, nom. nov. is another of those which are a 
cause of vexation to the student and especially to the collector, on 
account of its intermediate features, which cannot be correctly classified 
under the heading of the most extreme variation in the same direction 
and notably under that of nominotypical helvetica, Ruhl. This, in its 
typical locality of Graiibunden and Filisur, in the Grisons, is small and 
remarkably pale and dull in colour, on both surfaces and in both sexes ; 
the black pattern is brownish in tone, even in the male, usually broadly 
diffused and shading off into the ground-colour, but mostly, as well 
described by Ruhl, with an unusually broad space on the disc, beyond 
the central S-shaped band; on the hindwing that space is increased, 
as a rule, by the obliteration of the latter and contrasts with the 
broadly darkened basal area, as well as with the thick submarginal 
bands, whilst on the underside there is a corresponding broad area of 
pure silvery white.and very broad submarginal lunules of the same 
colour; the black streaks, on this surface, are even thinner than in 
celadussa and in the females the russet is replaced by a pale brownish 
yellow, and, in some males, by a dirty brown. The widespread moun- 
tain race of the Valais and the Vaud, though closely allied to veragrorum, 
shows a more or less decided tendency to vary in the helvetica direction ; 
none of its characters, except the small size, are, however, ever fully 
reached and, compared with it, it at once strikes one as being richer 
in colour, less broadly and more sharply marked and in not having the 
peculiar broad space on the disc at all as prominently, on either surface. 
I name it, in consequence, subhelvetica from a series of the Létschen 
(Wyler-Ried, Ried Fafleralp and Platten). A few specimens [ have 
from the Simplon seem transitional to veragrorum, being less alpine in 
looks. ) 

~  Melitaea dejone, H.-G., exerge berisalii, Ruhl, with II gen. berisa- 
lella, nom. nov. :—Although the spot, where these insects come down 
the mountain-side to the plain, near Martigny, in considerable numbers, 
has been very much encroached on and spoilt by the construction of 
the new road to Finhaut, I found them there from 28th June to 10th 
July, when the females were numerous too. I possess the II generation 
collected by Reverdin on the 22nd August. It is distinctly different 
from the I by its smaller size: the actual measurement of the forewing, 
from its root to the apex, where the fringes begin, is of 18 mm. in the 
male, against 19 to 21, and 18 to 20 in the female, against 21 to 28, 
but the wings are strikingly longer, narrower and more pointed, so that 
their surface and their size are, in reality, smaller than those figures 
seem to show; the black marginal band is comparatively rather broader 
in many examples; I thus consider it worth distinguishing by the 
name of berisalella. The area of this species seems to extend from 
Martiony as far up the valley as Stalden and Varen, near Loeche, 
Saillon and Sierre being the chief intermediate localities whence it is 
known, for it is very local and more usually found in the vineyards, 
though plentiful where it exists. The II generation is said to be on 
the wing till September. 

Sheldon has shown, in the Ent. Rec. of 1916, p. 268 and pl. IV, 
that berisalii differs genitalically from dejone in the few specimens he 
has examined, but he states he considers it would not be wise: to 


British Dipterological Literature (II). 


An annotated List of Systematic Monographs and Books, published in English, 
dealing with British Diptera. 


By H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S. 


The following Papers and Monographs have come to my notice 
since the publication of my first “ List”? in The Hntomelogist’s Record 
for March 1931. 


General.—Percy H. Grimshaw, F.R.E.S. : ‘‘ Introduction to the Study 
of Diptera, with a Key, for the Identification of Families.” 
(Published in Proc. Royal Physical Society, Vol. 82, pt. 
4, pp. 187-215: also obtainable as a pamphlet, price 2/-, 
from Dr. A. C. Stephen, The Royal Scottish Museum, 
Hidinburgh). This is a publication, not only for begin- 
ners, but for ali students of British Diptera. The 
introduction is very lucid and illustrated with figures of 
chaetotoxy, venation, etc. The Key is adapted from 
Lindner’s Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, and 
there are six plates. It is to be hoped that the author 
will continue with similar publications for the indivi- 

dual families. 

do———F. W. Hidwards: ‘‘ Some Perthsnire Diptera ” (Publi- 
shed in The Scottish Naturalist, May-June and July- 
August, 1938, pp. 87-117. Gives records and descriptions 
of Mycetophilidae, Chironomidae, Ceratopogomidae, 
Tipulidae, Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Phoridae and 
Syrphidae. Over 20 species new to Britain are recorded, 
including 4 new to science. 


NEMATOCERA. 
do- PF. W. Edwards: ‘‘ Notes on Highland Diptera, with 
descriptions of six new species.’’ (Published in the 


Scottish Naturalist, March-April, 1982, pp. 48-54). Brief 
notes on sundry species mainly Nematocera with detailed 
description of six new species, 1 plate of wing venation. 
Tipulidae. —H. Audcent: ‘ British Tipulidae” (Diptera Tipulidae). 
(Published in Transactions of the Entomoloyical Society 
of the South of England, Vol. 8, part 1, October 1982: 
pp. 1-54; can also be obtained as a separate publication 
from H. Rivenhall Goffe, Hon. Sec., Society for British 
Entomology, 102, High Street, Southampton : price 4/-). 
A comprehensive and up-to-date monograph consisting 
of Introductory remarks, Analytical tables, and notes on 
species, with localities ; Bibliography, Index, Label list 
of genera and species, and 3 plates of Ee and structural 
details. 


(2) BRITISH DIPTEROLOGICAL LITERATURE. II. 

15.xii.35, 

Cecidomyiidae.—Richard 8. Bagnall: “The Gall-Midges (Cecido- 
mytidae) of the Aspen (Populus tremula) in Scotland, with 
Description of a New Harmandia Gall.” (Published in 
The Scottish Naturalist, May-June, 1932, pp. 18-70). 
Gives a key to the galls concerned and a list of Scottish 
records. 

———do.———-Richard 8. Bagnall: “A Preliminary Account of the 
Scottish Gall-Midges (Diptera—Cecidomytidae).” Pub- 
lished in The Scottish Naturalist, May-June and July- 
August, 1932.) After Introductory Remarks gives a list 
of over 400 species recorded from Scotland. 

Ptychopteridae.—H. Audcent: ‘‘ British Liriopeidae (Diptera Nema- 
tocera).” (Published in Transactions of the Sodiety for 
British Entomology, Vol. I., Part 2, November, 1984, 
pp. 108-118.) Descriptions of the genus and species of 
Lirope, Mg. (Ptychoptera, Mg. of Verrall’s List), with 
Analytical tables, Bibliography, and 4 Plates of wings 
and structural details. 


BRACHYCERA. 


Tabanidae.—E. Rivenhall Goffe: ‘“ British Tabanidae (Diptera) with 
an account of the principal variation, with descriptions 
of a number of New Forms and of some Additions to the 
British List.’ (Published in Transactions of the Hntomo- 
logical Society of the South of England, 1980, pp. 48-114. 
Obtainable separately price 5s.: see under Audcent, 
‘“‘ British Tipulinae” above). A revision of the Tabanidae 
in Verrall’s British Flies, Vol. V. Analytical tables 
with short descriptions and localities : 2 Plates: Biblio- 
graphy and Synonymic List of The British Tabanidae 
with their named forms of the Palaearctic Region. A 
most useful monograph especially in view of the cost of 
Verrall’s Vol. V., the only other publication I know of 
containing this group. 

———do.———J. E. Collin: “A review of Mr. E. Rivenhall Goffe’s 
yaper on T'abanidae.”’ (Published in The E’ntomologiet’s 
Record, March, 1931, pp. 37-89.) A critical review of 
Mr. Goffe’s work above with notes on several species. 

———do.——-—E. Rivenhall Goffe: “‘ Male Tabanidae (Dipt.) in the 
New Forest, Hants, 1934.” (Published in Journal of 
the Society for British Entomology, Vol. 1, Pt. 4, 
October, 1985, pp. 100-109.) Notes on habits, variation, 
etc., of male Tabanids, forming a useful supplement to 
the author’s “ British Tabanidae’’ above, 

Asilidae.—B. M. Hobby: “A Key to the British Species of Asilidae 
(Diptera).’’ (Published in Transactions of the E’ntomo- 
logical Society of the South of England, Vol. 8, Part L., 
November, 1932, pp. 45-49. Obtainable separately 
price 1s. 9d.--see Audcent *‘ British Tipulinae ” above). 
Analytical Key to the British species of the four sub- 
families of Asilidae with brief biblhography, but no 
detailed descriptions or localities. Again, a help to 
students who have not got Verrall, Vol. V. 


BRITISH DIPTEROLOGICAL LITERATURE. II. (3) 


PROBOSCIDEA. 


Platypezidae.—J. Hi. Collin: “ Notes on British species of the genus 
Microsania, Ztt., Diptera (Platypezidae).”’ (Published in 
the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, 
1938, p. 146.) Analytical table of 3 British species of 
this genus with notes on habits, 

———do.———F. W. Edwards: ‘‘ Microsania pectinipennis, Meg. 
(Dipt. Platypezidae) attracted to bonfire smoke,” and 
“Some further records of smoke-flies.”” (Published in 
Journal of the Society for British Entomology, Vol. 1, 
Part 2, October, 1934, pp. 31-32.) These are not 
analytical papers but contain notes on the extraordinary 
habits of this smoke frequenting genus. 

mipenan dae: —J. EH. Collin: “The British Species of the genus 
Verrallia (Diptera).”” (Published in the Hintomologist’s 
Monthly Magazine, October, 1931, pp. 234-236.) A 
vevision of the genus as given in British Flies, Vol. VIII. 
Analytical table, notes on species and localities. 

Syrphidae.—J. E. Collin: “Notes on some Syrphidae (Diptera).” 
(Published in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, July 
and August, 1931, pp. 153-159, 177-182.) Corrections 
of Nomenclature and descriptions of several species new 
to Britain. 

Oestridae.—Austen, E. E.: ‘Notes on the Oestrine parasites of 
British Deer.’ (Published in the Entomologist’s Monthly 
Mayazine, January, 1898, pp. 8-13.) Records, and 
Notes on habits with brief descriptions. This paper was 
accidentally omitted from my first ‘‘ List.” 

Tachinidae.—C. J. Wainwright: ‘The British Zachinidae (Diptera).”’ 
First Supplement. (Published in Z'ransactions of the 
Entomological Society of London, Vol. LXXX., December, 
1932, pp. 405-423,) This paper in the author’s words 
‘records and describes a dozen or more additional 
species to those given in British Tachinidae (vide my 
“List”? p. 5) and adds further information regarding 
some of the earlier known ones.’ 

Anthomyiidae. ‘Notes on Perthshire Anthomyiidae, 
ete.” (Published in The Scottish Naturalist, July- 
August, 1988, pp. 119-123.) Records and describes 5 
species of Anthomyiidae and one of Cordyluridae; all 
new to Britain. 

Cordyluridae.—R. H. Meade: ‘A descriptive list of the British 
Cordyluridae.”” (Published in the Entomologist’s Monthly 
Magazine, July and September, 1899, pp. 169-177, 217- 
224.) Analytical tables and brief descriptions of species. 
This was omitted from my “ List’ and I record it with 
some doubt as being out-of-date, but in view of the 
scarcity of the literature on British Acalyptrates, I give 
it for reference. 

Trypetidae.—M. Niblett: ‘Some Gall-causing Trypetidae.”” (Pub- 
lished in The London Naturalist, 1930). Notes on the 
host-plants of several gall- making Trypetids. 


(4) BRITISH DIPTEROLOGICAL LITERATURE. II. 


——-—do.———M. Niblett: ‘‘ Plant Galls and their causers.”” (Pub- 
lished in Proceedings of the South London Entomological 
and Natural History Society, 1932-38, pp. 86-45.) 
Explained by its title, deals “inter alia’’ with several of 
the Trypetid caused galls. 

—_-—do.———M. Niblett: “Some Notes on British T7rypetidae.” 
(Published in The Entomoiogist’s Record, June, 1984, 
pp. 66-69.) A very useful paper on Trypetids and their 
host-plants ; the life-history of some 19 species of Try- 
petids dealt with. A note on “ Trypeta (Orellia) 
winthemt, Mg. an addition to the British list,” is recorded 
by Mr. Niblett in the same magazine for March, 1984. 

——-—do.--—-—_M. Niblett’ ‘ Some observations on the T'rypetidae.” 
(Published in The Proceedings of the South London 
Entomological and Natural History Society, 1934-35, 
pp. 132-139). A paper on the same lines as his previous 
one ‘' Some Notes on British Trypetidae.” 

—— —do.——— J. W. Saunt: “ Trypetidae in Warwickshire.” (Pub- 
lished in The Proceedings of the Coventry Natural History 
and Scientific Society, 1931, pp. 48-51.) Notes on the 
life history of 17 species bred by the author. 

The above five papers, though not systematic, will be 
found very useful by dipterists for field work. 

Drosophilidae.—J. E. Collin: “ Five new species of Diptera.” (Pub- 
lished in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, December, 
1938, pp. 272-275.) Descriptions of a Helomyzid, a 
Sapromyzid, and three species of Drosvphilidae, genus 
Canilla. Analytical table of the British species of this 

genus. 1 Plate of genitalia. 

Chloropidae.—J. E. Collin: ‘The British species of the genus 
Haplegis (Diptera Chloropidae) with description of a 
new species.” (Published in the E'ntomologist’s Monthly 
Magazine, May, 1982, pp. 112-118.) Descriptions of the 
four British species, with localities. 


Though not strictly covered by the scope of this ‘‘ List’ those who 
can read French and pay the somewhat high price of fr. 8300 will find 
that Seguy’s “‘ Muscides Acalypteres et Scatophagides’’ (forming Vol. 
28 of the ‘* Faune de France,” and published by Paul Lechevalier et 
Fils, 12 Rue de Tournon, Paris VI.) fills up a big gap in our British 
Dipterological Literature. There are 832 pp., 903 text figures and 27 
plates each with 12 wings. 

I would thank various correspondents, especially Mr. Perey H. 
Grimshaw, for their help in compiling this List. 


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