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THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


AND 
EDITED BY 
MALCOLM BURR, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., 
FE. A. COCKAYNE, /A-M., D:M., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
FLR.ES:, BR-C.B. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. 
Jin Ee COLLINGN- Pk ReESS. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., 


F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 
G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus, 
and 
HENRY J. TURNER, F:R-E:S:, F-R-H-S., 
Editorial Secretary. 


VOL. LIII (New Series). 
JANUARY TO DECEMBER 194]. 


PRICE 12s 6d. 


Special Index (with every Reference), 1s 6d. 


of Camps, 


sen 
jee Zoran 
13.820 WAN 18 1949 


4 pe 


SPECIAL INDEX. ys ao 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E:S., F.R.A.S 
VOL. LIII. (New Series), 1941. 


[3 AO 


pr 
» Aw? 
1 ni” 
\ , € 


ces Zoology oN 
“FEB 24 1943 


aoe IBRAE - 


The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. 


Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other Orders arranged by Species. 
Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new to 
Science with two asterisks. 


COLEOPTERA. 
PAGE 
ATIVE GALES .eciecteeseccstecstecenseneeeee soto ce eens 84 
INTIAL, AUT AVST EOD IS) Ue opGpeceonsecgcooooudEcse 70 
AMT MOROMUS) DONMIOLUIM Ai 22-..c.ceesneer 126 
JNMUlovanhoHAN Tes UCR RATHI Wsoosencspcbodess 18, 19 
TeYaTeNS, TISTOUCI . goscdoanendecénecodobsbbencdosacesa6e 70 
TERAKOVOSIes), THUUKOMNEVCWUIENKEY, “Grodededscocanancoate 82 
TEVOIUKO CASTES: THENVIL cacéccacessceenconobapascenseccee 133 
IGWCNGIS MY | eabsconadaseseadaneedbonesacBecsbuasuaenoe 133 
COPMANE ENS GITUAELOIAIS) Boo5sécosecns6oco0sscedsEoo 127 
ITGANOIGS | eh a BNeaod astasaesndacesuadadouscagodesesaae 127 
Capnodis temebrionis .............-..:..:.00+- 126 
(OBIBRAIOMGIDIEY  Besdoucaceddsonccocacbodscbddocubbeqaaeda: uD) 
GAR MOGCADSH. | seeseesesere see cee oe aes eo ccanene 127 
Carpophilus hemipterus ...............-... 127 
**Cerylon PYLiIMTOSeae ...............22---ees 133 
(CHGMMAGSIS, GERI OSSINEIG) Gbecbsesaseecceodosestonc 87 
Cryptocephalus bilineatus ................ 69 
i), GHEUOCIMNEKCUIS)  Aadeascedddasenodecoudadedosse 69 
TOTUSTL HUTS aah eM Hes scoueneeraeseeeesbcbecoods. 69 
VOW NAS pW leer secs e-cecties tare ce-en-cns= sec cuensnann a: 84 
Epicometis squalidus ..............:sesseeeees 126 
TTAOSINS TMTIMNIETON, 9 pAgssoceSadedbabcoddbcodeduccsnnd ot 
Gibbium psylloides ...............-:..-....-:. 51 
Gynandrophthalma limbata ............. 126 
JRULUGPTICR IN Ti aeegeanesuceosbbesccocecesoccuebeetccto 126 
TUSITEGYS "TG (i ieee Seon eSeR aR cesete otto geese ricoconcaror 70 
ThilaavOlanwiss TeVeTHSRWLIS) “Gosacdasroosabbdoeqosesceqonc 126 
Longitarsus pellucidus ............-:.ees 127 
MagdalisS CeLasi .........::.ceeseeseteeee eee ees 126 
Malathius bipunctatus ..................0+ 126 
IWWESTUTAN SIMIAN ta puabonocSeeecnacsehseqoeosondsocnc 51 
INTO UMS a COM COLON eeasccseeesseas sceieee sees r 51 
CRCMAGIIGHL necro ee eeee cces oe oten eee 51 
LEEVNOCTICYOTTIS) st Gaeeicebeesthooussacbusdoclanbceads 51 
BRANT TSN i oc ace cecisietoeelsenaenters eis einenrignsins einai ie 4A 
Pempheres @mimis’ .-..... 7... ce en. .see ne. 82 
PHIOCOdrOMa COMCOLO Secuccpes-eeosesacrer 133 
12s; {iTTini(G FE Keen eee ea hehehe oocebe sadbeabpgocodde HO 152 
SEED CSCCINS: coecnnccet ere ccm scconssenee 52 
ZS-aUNIGI INCU RARRAEA Bee Bonde lie uerasasHeprnoccdsar 51 
GEPIMANUS — ou... cesceesceeneesececmesecsserner D1 
THAnLT Py SLT Ok ae eee hae cokes deadncoskbaopodte ap) 
NARI pone Seceeee scree nserarcce seceoe mee sence 52 
TIT] MERATE TOT Ae eee AR AA Heh 6 \Goeassosboceebqunod D1 
PO ULV AGUS. Pacuctecececns stu steptenvadoas-mewsc ot 
WUNOSUS: / ae ccescascsesoucputansencceeamecesensers 52 
TADUOL) | ccncon corse easeigeeresscdtecsbiewicsisncwaars 51 
SOXPUMCTATUS 9... per ecncrecpencerseecvoe 51 
SU DULOSUIS) | coer cncceec costae ecnemeerises cc esens 52 
VOSUACCUIS Pin we tececcuccep ep met innes ce tiete Nantes 52 
83 


Pimelia 


mec ccc r eee e essence nnceecseesesssssseseces® 


PAGE 
Phydloizetaecruciierges eee 108 
ab. nigrobasis ...... ae ee ORIEL: Se 108 
Prenolepis, Meee seen eed eas Meee ee 84 
QUTEHINTSS ACTLOMMISH sce eee eee eee 133 
IRMA NCIONI SY SCINIUISHO, Seecconenecesosenscuseeé cae 126 
GUD OE Qememe eats | aes lk Mate aiey era ts een Ys be 2 126 
IRM Aa OAD KS: | OUNCE ANTI) oe cokeneebeakect coke 126 
Scolytus* destructor 0. 3 ee 1g. Ag 
TOMO WTSI TENA AWS y ss ee Se sos a 18 
DELO HR DUO LSU Sit’ Sehaas ame it Rees era ER alain 127 
SiImOxsvAOM DELO ANS, Scgeeeerieeeeeeeeee ee 126 
PSH FEY) Os] Ful LT OND IGF iy A ee elo ed “Ne ae 
CACSANCIUTS tape cou un sueatee eee ee cee te 42 
(SEAN [HL PUTECOY] OLIVE OU ES eee ae See cn ea 42 
aC BW LNya ty OVEXSts, le paar wee ls oo 100s een 2D 
PALUMMATOMENCOSUSH sees eeeeeeee eee 42 
DUDESCOM See eee an een a eee 4Q 
SUCRCOLRAIEHUIS I reece sce escent 42 
ABTEEXC! AUIS CESIMENEH AUIS) 4 2 renbenodbaabedasnceecnacacs 108 
TUNTTNUNLUISE oes nceeosceee casein eames ees 108 
SHAD eMule yywOVMpNMaVeres ISS A AaAcasuadeoae 108 
PLO PUGeTMAMUS. MOIR UO GUS eee 126 
ZEW OVNOKA, SUOSMEMTO Sa sees eee seen 108 
List of Carabidae in the Weald of 
KEM TEUGS Un At © LOW SON meeeseeee oe 9-10 


List of Coleoptera taken on a trip to 
Leicestershire, H. Donisthorpe 132, 133 


DIPTERA. 

ampelophila, Drosophila ................... 127 
bergenstammi, Apiomyzia ................ 127 
Capitatay \CCvauitls: =o te cc seasee eee cee 127 
DES USTAICG Fx ILS Pa Se SE gg RS a Ft 
IMAMISe MOLUGEIL A) ev aeenseeoe ceneectaene ‘lal 

IGAUER ATIVE AG Ly back coe eoseusa- cond one oct ope torte 77 
TACO UES IMGT OC Ollk meas eeeeseaeee eee 38 
SA ROMY ZUG. i conc ceraerececesces see eee 77 
SCA DUOMIIZC Mat ee. sence erseaseetaces see eetee iba 
SaalGAs WPM RUS weet case hear aaocnasdencneeeee 127 
PALS ANS ee Lab yiCMiT WSs ecccce.canccseseeeeeesee 133 


List of Lauxaniidae taken in Surrey 78 
List of Diptera visiting the Devil’s-bit 


S Gal DOU S geese cn ca aes eames tee coace weno 134 
HEMIPTERA. 

ASPTLSUTTAUS:» > red bee wee eee etwas Sowodetswcdecssees 127 
GWOCCTAAG 4 she DRE ER ols Sos ade 82 
COPNUS LeCARI UA ce ccottte esti cede 127 
GevVaStans, HM POASEA © occ ceccdoccsecsecsceves's 82 
hederac, ASpiGiotUS. ici actin. 127 
lanigeraky (BAOSOMIA! . Si aCe. «de dveces 127 
TELA aes APIS AIMRS is stec.iew cence swewssicesdac aesseee 127 


7 SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
HlCAC.. PALA OVA re ssh esse es coteen cee 127 
DELESTCAC MEA CIS a 5ce wi sscascescccateeseeeeee st 127 
DOU PAD IS) psec sccth scat cosnes ceslansiee cco seeuetec 127 
DV Llny CUM OMS) cae cer tsieae-cuctereceoeces tenes 127 
DY TICOLATMIPS yall alo. 2 Bo. Ls osetees seamen 127 
TIS CIMMMO CT ODI ASTES) ces sce-t hans eeecesess <eseeee 127 
HYMENOPTERA. 
SACU TENS, CHESINDEKOSEISELE  Sococnnegdacscer 36 
INGLOGIMUC AN Wee sacacacctesacsssetesics<eespeeeeaeeeneae 37 
NANNIES aes ae sea ws eee. whe ceoeeeer eee stGass 99 
PATA See ohirsk acec gogec siswncs seem een arose eke 88 
baLchawuisy aCaAmPOMOLUS! eesseereresce seer 36 
TEYOV A MPIO WMA YIATRVED | “Soegpnceneasoscctosonsasoncsea. 100 
ON MA CONAVOUTISI| PrquabescodonudaandanconosGoconsasKoccin 37 
WEL COIS rehash atae stad tohe a cos eeecee pes eee 88 
WHTOMOVASIUS: | Wave. cansisdkosecspaaceecneceeemceee 37 
ELADO NAVIES Ae ten tten nesncehresdCier tomer peRrcee 20 
CARSIM AROSE Scoasgadonsocpcocdnosnonagec05000% 36 
CIMHONDING, SjOeVHINBISY “Gogssaosnoosaasnasbocencoucet 82 
OWAMOCIOCEEE, ANTRERS ~ sacoonssonosveccoseos00006 128 
NPE Y MG waGN,  ALEyonaVOMMOks), Soncooseacsacennoneneooc 37 
ASCE, LOMTONCEH -{.doososooassasogasnosonoqa2060cC 37 
eiligixe, (CAMP COMO PTIS) so scbobueapsooneeseassdesss 37 
IANS, IOSISIUIS)  stucosdononsoonscoopasabesodosascoce 37 
TENOTPIAMIVOZY~  MnscnobobbosnoennusosHoucoobsnpegasdeaee™ snOL 38 
ORM CIMACI asscn-coee sere Sil Gazi, OF, IO, evA 
TVISOZ,  IPOTEMMICE))” abosancsneccosonooocossagsENdps030% 38 
graminicola, Niyammecimay frn.s-...---.2s0 21 
hortoruM, BOMbDUS  ............002:0.-.eeeeees Oy 
humeralis (quadrimaculatus  ssp.), 
(Oia OVey- Gu amerneMen per eRedonecuccoGosesdaauECaaed: 128 
TIGINTAGWATNOMMIOEYE  S.doncosconcesosncananoesosnsaccs isle 
THMBIMNG., | \WESIORY > Gdsocsassadassance cossecboncaspssoase 44 
imaeimas EOCAMP OCS wy crea eesecee 128 
mandibularis, Neurotoma ................. 72 
Myrmammophilus — ............:0.eeeeeee eee 37 
DN Toya GUNA ye eo ie tenis seer eee teem Q4 
IN GSyTETPONIC RY Oe Saecneetcaysbnbeossonsesa0 aoccdoosdE acoso. 109 
niger, AcanthoMyoDs .............----s-1e 109 
ELGG IZ), | LEMUSZEMMOIS YM SBapdanBeNagsessoopdjsso2ubaE00R. 73 
parietum, OdyNnerus .............-.-.-02.00++ Ad 
polytoma, Gilpinia ..................-....2++ 12 
TRYOTINETRIOIYE, “TMB YWSy* Gadgoooogsesdosossssocansnonoocss 84 
TESOWCOMAVTRMNVED — “senpcosacanousoocoasuassus Foil, 238 
pubescens, Periclista ................-.20--++ Te 
quadmmacilatus-Cimbex ones eeece 128 
STIMMIOTA INOS,  IBYONCM OWES. A eonosessdsosobosoc 87, 119 
ST CLEVES 2 2h Maa vt gh Goer cue | Anata AD 
SHUTATIS AM AMUCIES Se ecnessesncceeseeeet eer 110 
syriaca (cyanocrocea ssp.), Arge ...... 128 
{MAY OA IAVO DAMIEN UM 1 nanddeoaohoosdasdoaadccoccodesanocuoabse 37 
SOWIE. AVESIORY | soasoocebosdoosoondddodant os 20, 44 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
aberdoniensis (grossulariata abD.), 
AIT ARAS) 0) ool aGeesedo ee sneecueec ss ocereeees (4) 
ADMUPUALIA. LCMeETODMM a essrce-s rete: (3) 
ACerS, SACTOMICTA, \s.c:1....aeeer eres owe 34,043) 
INCLOMUCTA oih.ccccoesccesce ene see eeeee eee eeu acns 90 
aaauchas) EVeMWOtMiSh ieee seneere tee seaseee (5) 
addenda (bellargus ab.), Polyomma- 
LIDS: 9) BERR nae SRE beat oo cdcasdeod Sodan dos doocopHadc 68 
adjunctella, Coleophora ................---- (8) 


PAGE 
AGUS Cava dnl Gila eee ene 54) 5S 
aeveriay (PaTvareew see 18, (2), 4133 
aegon (argus), Plebeius ......... (4), 98, 110 


aeruginaria = immaculata, Iodis ... 33 


aestiva (agestis f.), Aricia .................. 99 
aestivaria, “Hiemiltheaye se ee 80 
aethiops, Erebia, .. vote (6) 
agathina, Agrotis 3222s eee 40 
AGES EIS! AVICTAl cee koe eee 18, (2), 99 
AGATA AE SeyN TS) eee 41, 90, 129 
alba (phlaeas, ab.), Heodes ........ 129, 130 
albanica, PEOCKIST sc. eee 23 


albimaculata (agestis ab.), Aricia .... 98 


alcetas, EV@Lre@S) 2::.:.:5: tee ee 43 
algae (cannae), Nonagria ...............25 124 
algirica, ;PrOCEIS) 4.2:5-2 eee 23, 
alous (agestis var.),- Aricia, =... (2) 
alpina (aegon f.), Plebeius ............-... 110 
alsoides (minimus /f.), Cupido ............ 88 
AMAtTHES.  ocoscccccccateacuteenn ee eeeee ene Eee eee 6 
ampelophaga, Procris) -er-ceneece eee 22 
amurensis, Rhyparoides ..................- (5) 
anatolica, PrOCrIS) 2s nee ee Lee eee 23 
angelicella, DepressSatiai ese eee eee 44 
antijuncta (coridon ab.), Polyomma- 
PWS sikidecdeessccncce sds sce. eee (2) 
antiopa, Nymphalis ......:-:scee eee (1) 
antiqua, ORB VIS. ..osss.2c0 he seeee ee eee eee 120 
apennina (coridon f.), Polyommatus 69 
Aporophyla.. 2.222sccesieieeseeeeee eee none 6 
applana, Depressaria, -222eetse eee (7) 
arcua (icarus ab.), Polyommatus ..... 56 
arenella, Depressaria, =2:.cceees eee (7) 
areola. Xylocampa), 3..c-sescce cence eee 4 
areiades, KVereS 0 2..5:2..seeceeeeeree eee 43 
argiolus, Lycaenopsis (4), 43, 55, 96, 129 
argus = aegon, Plebeius (2), (3), (4), 
93, 110 
argyrosnomon, Pleberus 2-2-2 110 
avion, LeyCaeNa. ifsc. ..-cseceseesecsee eee 43 
arragonensis (coridon /f.), Polyom- 
THVACUS: — ccseieolcseke wus. onhe eee eee eee eee eeneee 69 
artaxerxes (agestis 7.), Aricia ........... 98 
artemis = aurinia, Euphydryas ...... 40 
arundinis, Phragmites ~2i2sece-e--- eee 16 
aspersana,  Peromea  .....se-ssseee sete (7) 
associata = mellinata, Lygfris ......... 417 
astrarche — agestis, Aricia .............. (2) 
atalantia: ViaNeSSa.) shs.-s-cseeeeeeeee 41, 80, 110 
atrata, Ode@Zia ....:.0:-c4ceee eee (6), 107 
auricilia, Diatraeal -eeices-sees eee 81 
auriflua = Phaeorrhoea, Nygmia ... 94 
aurinia, Buphydryas 2.2e.--e: 55, 98, 110 
auronitens (phlaeas ab.), Heodes ....... 17 
autumnaria, ENnoOmoOs 72eseeeseeeee (5) 
Ritumnava, (OPOLinita sees eee ee eee eee 4119 
aversaua, Acidaliay -oie-ceses see seee ne seaeeee 80 
avis, Callophrys  <..is..5.2:7--ee=-Ge eee 19 
badia, . OFSyiIa ...-....e5- es see 120 
badiata, PBurophila 3.-2.2-c-eeescseteeeeeere D4 
basalipunctata, Hydroectia) \2.-2 ee (5) 
basalis (trifolii ab.), Zygaena ............ 113 
batis, Thyatita) _......25.-cs.sceser eee eee ot 
baumanniana, Chiidonia 222-2. 5D 
bellargus, Polyommatus ...... (3), 67, 68 


SPECIAL INDEX. 3 


PAGE 
bellieri = tenuicornis, Procris ........ 23 
TOSIDUEE. SIE ANIKOIIY Gasscacena seoscnecccecos 12, 129 
lone ie nae, ATOVOWDISY Be hosnohcodosorsousaccntacs (7) 
DICOLOLAN AS Eayow Nilay recede esseece 29 
bicoloriay PWemcodomtany joes sosceeeeesseccr- 73 
JONG OMS,  (CEIPUNR)  conocusedecubsannscceussesccoge 40 
loi), | (CKELEWHES)  Soneosebecoacouccususeeosseedaaodede 73 
bilineata, Huphyiay sybils. .2:.2.2--.----- 29 
lor aevieits]s 21 Dh es) Of2h 0k2 ho yeeesneeresanesecscpescaeenasod: 28 


bipunctata (maritima ab.), Senta ... 14 


blanchardiella, Lithocolletis ............ 126 
DOCTECUSS ACOSIMOLY.CE oseees cee eeceeee= are 134 
hoxreata, Operophteray e.lsc.s-s-cescsessse-e 107 


borussa (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 69 


brassicae.) sManMlesiVay | o..csss-ccseeseeeasecheee 94 
brassicae, Pieris ... 18, (2), (3), 80, 128, 135 
Terelialiley, ANIPHSRIOLIEIIIEY aha sebedoanetesondddoduocse > (8) 
brumata, Operophtera ............... 94, 107 
brunneata (abruptaria ab.), Hemer- 
DO) AVL St enn ses enh Me I et a at A RN (3) 


DUWAENSIS SSP LOGGRIS” Bkuscccceceseeeeeesenet ees 22 


butlerowi (w-album ab.), Strymon, 
FIST CCNA Eee oe rset ose eaten eteneten dec eemese 12 
CACOECIAn ise: FE CCOR CERO OTR CCE CREO RIOR 125 
caeca (coridon ab.), Polyommatus ... (2) 
caeruleocephailay VON Oba. 25. -..-44224-546 125 
caerulescens (coridon @ab.), Polyom- 
TVA GUS pet Bl ek, SL apt hee cals 69 
CACSIAUA MeL SDMA | aeaene ee cmap. sseaeete 119 
GAA AT CHA eases sacemece asec seut ays 29, (8), 116 
G-AbinMN VE Oly SOMA ee ncaeceee deen: (1), (6) 
CAGOMI AIA COWS Amiens. assesses seers (7) 
CRUUNCEY (EISSN) Po) WANTAGE Sdoccpcoocndeced: 99 
Camelimaze NOtLOGOMUA) ...csetea et eene esse: (4) 
GCamelinas LOD ODECHYXiercessnas sec. ey I 
Canomiullley, IoiienveronnAlsy Waeeosesee-eoceee (4), 92, 129 


cancellaria (clathrata ab.), Chiasmia (5) 


candida (salicis ab.), Stilpnotia ...... (5) 
CaMauata TUSIPOLUA, Coit sacassses: tee secese (5) 
canmae = algae, Nonasria =2..)-.c.s 124 
capsophila, Monima, Dianthoecia 21, 69 
Capiinntcuilan eNOUNEMES) se nseescesasseee eee (6) 
CALGAMIUMeS, VET CMIOEG He c.ascseccsecsecee yA. is 
Carduella, Depressaria. ..................0 (7) 
CALCU PVaAM CSSA) ceo ich vockceetges soqeslon 109, 110 
Carmelita MoO DMOMUCIVEX. -5.c.cscte eaceeeee. 73 
carpinata, Nothopteryx, Lobophora 
D4, 107 
CAD OCD OSA esis treo accancaseemeenlnr 125, 126 
Castanea. INOCUUWAY " cecessccosaueste eee 40, 76 
castaneae, Phragmatoecia ............... 5, 6 
eastrensis, MalacoSOmd ................ HA tae 
GATOCAINNA Ch: Masccesicrcssecaccccn canote nanan (5) 
celina ((icarus ab.), Polyommatus .... 56 
ceronus (bellargus ab.), Polyomma- 
UES MM on onccitcrces cee ae cee MEMO Inacio HE 68 
cerridifolia (quercifolia ab.), Eu- 
GRUCIAR ate cee tare at saree tee (4) 
certata = cervinalis, Calocalpe ........ ala 7) 
cervinalis (certata), Calocalpe ......... 117 
cervinata = clavaria, Ortholitha ..... 107 
CHAOH aaa DG VIMOMLAN poecssmecuceee: scasael ne nec 40 


charlotta (cydippe ab.), Argynnis .... 93 
chenopodiata (limitata), Ortholitha 107 


PAGE 

(Plow, EXON) Cano Sennccogneacee A Cn ee toc Gon oc ote 39 
(SIAIGIEN Mn IBSND RIG oe aopcosotcnsesbedosuacueonee 29 
CHTOLROSH WE ROCTISR acces neercaees tee seen eee 23 
chretieni (clathrata ab.), Chlasmia (5) 
christyin Oporabia, Oporiniay -. 2-2-7 53 
chinysone IP hyiOme bran esses se s-e eos (5) 
chrysoprasaria = immaculata, Iodis, 

EV EMUUSTO LA shee eee tee Sah ORe wD 
Ciligbla #'\Depressariant...-2- teehee (7) 
cirtana, Rhagades, Procris ............... 22 
CIELAG OM Ma Uae Seat cee eee eence ese 54 
citrata (immanata), Dystroma ... 71, 113 
clara (icarus ab.), Polvommatus ...... 55 
clathina tap hia Smita ret race ores seers se (5) 
clavaria (cervinata), Ortholitha ...... 107 
Clerckelllan  WmyOnetiahercse esses cer eetcas 126 


coelestis (bellargus ab.), Polyomma- 
LLU CHAE Re BeBe osc ce inc et iacSSRaS DRE SoHE RBHGSEE 68 


coelestissima (coridon 7.), Polyom- 
VALS! Woes scorer oar amare Pee aec sees 69 
GOLN Alay Whew ar eee oseh sates eee: 118 
combinata (maritima ab.), Senta ...... 15 
COMpPlaMaeelAGMOSTay essere eee eee cer 30 
conjuncta (maritima ab.), Senta ...... 15 
confluens (paphia ab.), Argynnis ...... 93 
CONTUSATISR INOTA) sesh ce caease sed. eens ea 29 


coridon, Polyommatus, Lysandra 17, 
(3), (4), (6), 44, 68, 71, 96 


corsica (accon@b.) Plebeus 222-2 110 
conylata, (Cidanmilag pies. ees eee cose 118 
CORI ts uD CMAS mee. ssseeertree hee reece ee 31, 108 
Cravaccella | SCODARI ame ease eaeassaeetae (7) 
Crataegi,, APOTIA. co eoe.- an ee eee Lee eae 
CLataeaiy EriChinim@ ay pee eee cee ee 20 
Grenata,. Glu Wista ween esses cece eee 73 
cretacea (aegon ab.), Plebeius .......... 110 
CribruImM,* | COSGIMIa See eee. eee 30 
GriNadlis Ele rMiini a eetesese eae ee eee (6) 
Groceus, Coliasi esse 12, (1), 109, 120, 129 
Cuca tela wN Ola yee spss eee eae eee ee 29 
CuCcullas THOPNODUCIVEe sate eee eee eee 713 
Gri culls | Abe ee. Ge eis0 est 
eultrarias SDrepanial eeessce- sateen ee 28 
GYaiIppPes ALO VMS ee eee (3), 938, 129 
Onna Woy OLOVONMIG ENE” 9 8Se 5 osonecsone ssocedoaocoueons as 40 
davus = tullia, Coenonympha ......... (6) 
demoleusw PapillOy is metees pase eee 106 
GEMTUMOS Ae SLM abe cececees  saeeeeeas seas cle Eta ee | 
deplana: WitWOSiay 2o5..cs.20 sess sess ee eens 30 
GCEDUMGaR, INOGCLU Aig waa see8 once ee teeter 40 
GeELASAR ELA TOS WING geeecre cco eee eeeee Si wie 
GELUVALISS AELOP UMMA S ees ctee engage sedan cater (6) 
Gesionatay NMaMUnOrNOGs....ca scene eee 118 
GIGTAEOLGES- MEMEOSTA te... ccseseceee cose 39 
Giavmaba:, KGAULOSHISLA) — cctensssems scopes 119 
digitata (coridon ab.), Polyommatus (2) 
diluta, Asphalia, Cymatophora ........ 31 
Gilutaias, OPOLIMILA pie. ncaccey texeceser seu corse 119 
GUNA we Atey LODLOCGS arcs sv edscncrner (7) 
diminutana = biarcuana, Ancylis ... (7) 
GULPSAClA ELEMOUDISy cesscessheesses «cone (5), (7) 
Gispar. Diy WMWawBeria dvs cienesusiyess. (5), 125 
GitvapeZ uN SINO CUA, -rostebasesecrpec. ears: 40 


dominula. (Callimorpha prt: cere. 05e 30 


4 SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
drenowskii = statices, Procris ......... 23 
dromedarius, Notodonta ....... 3195 AY) 783 
dubitata gy Delph oOsa asaseseence eeccsceere eats oles 
duplaris, Palimpsestis, Cymatophora 
81, 46 
edusa = Croceus; Colas) Hanssen 97 
Ehiowmlabta, | Arata sce ccs eaeeee eee 107 
elouUErziGar VA SLOUISE Mie ieee Neer e eens 8 
eleus (phlaeas f.), Heodes .................. 42 
elongata (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 17 
elunata (machaon ab.), Papilio ........ 89 
emaria, Hemerophila .........0 ........... (5) 
ESCHETI EE OlVOMIMNATUS ae eee ee eee 4114 
ASU CIN OTIS) tack ac eh beeen edit oe ol ee Meenas once 34 
euphorbiae, ACronicta ............-.:-. QS 
euphrosyne, Brenthis ............ 93, 109, 129 
SuiryuiMneni eas C OMS wants cccsssenee eee eee i112 
eversmanni (tiliae ab.), Mimas ......... (5) 


excelsa (undana f.), Dendrolimus ... (5) 
extensa (icarus ab.), Polyommatus ... (6) 


GRGUMOMENUS, “ (ONROIENE), -dednocosasonsbocssouedoosse (6) 
TA CIRM SCAUIEOD UG Gere eee tee te 48 
PALACE AY ASC yl IIISH es oa ety ke (7) 
HAMI@zieweNs),, DIAS OWE) soos cesedoenesonee: bass,  ax8) 
fAlSSMISs  CMAMMOUS! ee see te hese eee (6) 
FEMS AS: BE OViSe MeN ce eke 32 
HSTETEUNSN Ee, DENT MONAMOLS \ passococsebanesusdosse 118 
fervaidas (rut Wo.) Calophnys. ..-.2.. 12 
HOSE), “IPN WOO AVERY oo aad gonencnoareseoco: (5) 
HES CLVAS: DLATSIAL: Fes ics sea.7 Saeed he sate sees (1) 
HESLUCAE, VIP IM AT HOMME), Socccanboaucesaderousne: (6) 
filipendulae, Zygaena ............... isles. IW 
tava: VDMNER Ar ia neecacsee eae eae (6), 1418 
inkenye), (Geol GAO) (CEMIGIOIMNIETS) Sojdoses- Gia) EKG 
HavicOLrMmis, Poly ploca erases. 2 ole 2) 
flaviventris, Aegeria, Synanthedon ... 71 
inOuelovereeililey, Senne) bos oseceoocadoscooaose \8) 
CCHOSA,. CymatOphota nets. cele 40 
POPMCALISAN IP LOMCES, .ockiaisn eens ele (6) 
ROM CUA) cA SLOUS, .c.v: 2: ees ee Gy al 
LOTIMOSAKIA | ASPiGAteS -y) ee eee (3) 
formosella, Borkhausenia, Schiffer- 
MOU OL Ai eae tie seae sc Gee ee A 126 
TU SUALIS. | OXOSHERE cn eee ee 108 
Pihienitarias PATascOtia+ oo. eee rel 
EWE iGO pyuat sca 01, HL ls Main alee etn ow We, 20 
MPL LVCbare MOTO Tt ooh eh neat en te aay ee 117 
fumida (dispar ab.), Lvmantria ...... (5) 
TUES CAC: EOYs nus ahhh Ake naan eet (6) 
fuscocapraea = fletcherella, Scythra 7, 8 
HISCOVEMOSAN NELOAIIA. tere were wee 80 
galathea, Satyrus, Melanargia ... 16, 129 
Paliica(@aSestis: 7), Alicia ee 99 
SIG WOIN G2 hepa Sel UCIT Rian erie ea Spe UR eae ri) 
PSMA TAU ATI Cals eee mere hw ee em 81 
feminipuncta. Nomacria .s5.-74500. (iy ils} 
RE OMMEURUM ACA: een ee ene ten Hay 4 
PeLMIM cana eile One eee seeeeee (7) 
CPS AMAT ME POCLIS) weit eee eee mae ean anaes 22 
rSeH EW UW GreY Fre havent Oy HL Tb. Rammed lla 29 
Pvc Ae IUCALCLT A,” 2). cease aeeee Henne 68 
gracilis, Monima, Taeniocampa 21, 54 
STACCA PPLOCKIS GS mauccos nkche ee eeieern 23 


grisea (maritima ab.), Senta ............ 15 


PAGE 
Briseatas INNZeGray eee eee eee (5) 
Srossulartavas Alprakas lee (4) 
gueneei (nickerlii 7.), Apamea ......... 24 
halterata,) Wobophoray tee oe ALLA 
hazeleighensis (grossulariata els 
ADPaXaS (....0nickolse eee 
hecius, 7 Hepialus (ees ere 75 
heegeriella, Lithocolletis (2.2222... (8) 
hemerohbielila, | Coleopnoray seas 126 
Hepial@ae oie sci sctkeosss sees eee 75 
FIG@SPETMGAC «desis. dec ceecsccstteeeee eee ee 112 
hippoctrepidis, Zycaena -.-e eeee 143 
hirsutella.” Steroptery x - 2. (8) 
Hirtarias WGyiGla sess cee eee ee 40, 53 
hispidaria, Apocheima ............... Be a BE 
hum Hepialtis 5. eee 715 
hyalinalis;” Psamimodes 7...) eee (6) 


hypochiona (aegon ab.), Plebeius .... 111 
hypophlaeas (phlaeas ssp.), Heodes ... 43 
iberica (quercus 7.), “thecla. =. eee 12 


icarinus (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 56 
icarus, Polyommatus 16, 17, (2), (3), 
(4)> ay 56: 
immaculata (chrysoprasaria), Iodis, 
Hemistola: - ..260.A..00082. eee 33 
immanata = Ccitrata, Cidatiay 118 
immundanay Hu cCOSmia) ia: iee eee 54 
incerta (nickerlii 7.), Apamea .......... 24 
incerta (inornata ab.), Acidalia, 
SterP a: soyvectdesccsscs sos eee 80 
incerta, Monima, Taeniocampa ........ 99 
inclara (agestis @0.), SriGiaes ae 95 
inconsTuella, Atphishbatis) 5a (7) 
inframaculata (grossulariata abD.), 
ADPARAS 00 iio. eee (4) 


interjectaria = fuscovenosa, Acidalia 80 
interjuncta (brassicae ab.), Pieris .... (2) 


NOS) INALA OMENS So ecdncadhoscosecossccc (4), 54, 140 
VOLAS,,, LaVi CHCA soc. .cescoheoosecn eee eOree teeenee 134 
TOCA, PIISTAS va... scucag Jcoscsesuceet eee eee eee ener 70 
iphis (icarus ab.), Polyommatus ....... 56 
ITS, APAlUTA: o..04A..ccccsos spear nee este ee nee 7,8 
jacobaeaes (EMipOCriial ese aee ee ee 30 
jablusa, (Chataxes 2.0 eee 109 
eMC, —— jbueningl, MWiewaOlle, 505... 63, 64 
japonica (dispar ssp.), Lymantria ....° (5) 
juniperata, PMeta (sic2 sce eee 118 
JUNO, Dermavlelpa fsssseeeeeeeee eee (5) 
HUnRbIna. MaAMOLa. .... aaa 1%, Qo he 
kiimuneliay  lachiStal sess (7) 


kirghisica (castrensis f.), Malacosoma 4, 5 
krodeli (bellargus ab.), Polyommatus 69 


lacerhimaria Drep analy esses ee Q9 
lactalis (salicalis f.), Colobochyla .... (6) 
lactearia, Euchloris, Iodis ...... 34, 36, ‘79 
I-allibua sWeulCanian -cecsssssseeeteeeee eee 129 
TaneStris= EO @ASUEIN ase e eee eee eee 20 
legatella (spartiata), Chesias ............. 107 
lepida (carpophaga), Hadena ............ 69 
lepoOrinay Mer OmMNCTA Ler se eeneeneE Eee 31, 40 
levantina = anatolica, Procris ........ 93 
libanotica, Blastodacna .............. 125, 126 
ibatrixs }Scoliopteriyessn- ess sae eee (5) 
lichenea, VE WMH CHGIS ss 47 


SPECIAL INDEX. : 5 


PAGE 
lipula, Conistra, Cerastis s)....1..:.02..... 44 
litiheata’,-- CelLeriOy\ cia.csececonceccustobee ebee tesa 109 
lineola: Ad ODOCA.) -xierssc.-sueibeadeseea-caates 129 
lipsiana,, Peromea, ...niiiiiiidwe ees. desde (7) 
litoralis, ewcamia ..5..0.ca-c-p seis sc. ses 715 
litoralis, Poly GHVOSIS\. ...ax. 245-4 45-543..033 (8) 
livornicas, Deilepinila, sissetiesssoe-astsetee “4 
lengicornis,, Gelecuiari:yh...esce0-- 4-<-24et8 a2 (7) 
lonicerae, Zygaena. ................ dd, 113, 114 
lubricipeda (menthastri), Spilosoma 30 
uternea, ASrObIS) 2......00s etek eeds-cceeeter a 40 
LMNGiNAa AME ALIS) sees ntetlerssescacts se 18, 134 
Man Gania SrA Gy lise csc: deseeeeeneastesss cose tee 54 
luridaria (mucronata ab.), Ortholitha 
Oi, OSG 
MEN OVARE AGM OSTA mess. tessa sess occateenees: 30 
lutea (lubricipeda), Spilosoma ... ....... 30 
TTPO, LEIAIZAEO HES), bs dophoobodeeebooncecceodeuoeouls (5) 
ibyclamntaSs Cu Culley wees eseeee eee ncse eer 130, 131 
MrACHhAOMy WapiwlitOy Vee eee 88, 89, 102, 134 
MUAY, MELES OTA oe-eeceeneneerecae-nens 18, 129 
Mandarina. | CMMEOMMT A terest esac sees +. ce (4) 
IMS MOU MNL GEN ROY CHRIS), Mh SobeoopdoadedoopacbeccaseeneaoUde 23 
Marcaritellus, CramiyousS) fo2..-cecceonssoce es (6) 
marginana=oblongana, Endothemia 55 
AAU Ua MUG Wa EIN Actes ise esecscecems (8) 
VALUE Ae SCIRU AM ete nook teense see ncteccesee 14 
masseyi (aegon ab.), Plebeius ............ 110 
LIMB TAS ANO RY 1 IPAMOCTEIS) 6 lose cuubeedosasouuoos 23 
medesicaste (rumina f.), Thais, Zeryn- 
LOGIT be (AM EU Bas EOE Las Soe Dea ve eae te AN 90 
medon = agestis, Aricia .............. 18, 98 
mecacephala, ACTOMICtA  .i2-...021heke.. 31 
WUE CET As PAPAL GO. vasacdensssoneeedganedens sees 18 
melaina (paphia ab.), Argynnis ........ 93 
melaina-ocellata (paphia f.), Argyn- 
LOWISTAE s Cres 0h cae Coe ABP ee ie Ate Ce mn Aa ea 93 
melanaria (pedaria ab.), Phigalia .... 95 
INICTHGA CAM Meda Ratosae coac ond MONA othe ceedees 124 
mellinata (associata), Lygris ............ 117 
MECMAICA, DLA OMOTAl ascacdecooeee 30, 54, 55 
menyanthidis, AcrOnicta) 1......4.0s.c... 53 
IMMELCUMIA ME EGUGCOSIMA naa innseseactentrer ne (7) 
MCSEHTM ARE BELEN OMS Himetinieets..c.ceeeners « 108 
TMESOMELL AME Gy OSes: -aeek. Leste eee 30 
meticulosay PHIOSOPHOTA ~s.-c.-cee, 75 
meine, (Papacy fs)e VeVerIS Als. keetk eee 136 
IPMN SAD KGL NG Itsy eee per eee ree tn ct enn SU ee 54, 119 
MMV Aa, \CUMALWA re beepcseces cde eeoek woes dee cke ees 118 
micans = Manni, PFOCTIS’ ......0-......: 23 
Muna xe EY PWOTMMAs &ceece he eects eee eee (5) 
AMON aes VON COCMEISUAe) anenee ote nee cee 30 
ineatanaonbisy, (Orn OVC KO) Me ee cane vRandassecactmeciane 5d 
MUMS ORAaMAy UBUULTAY Suess chee enereasdese esse 55 
MONET AAT PMOSLE eile ak tere nacseeeet ty. 47, 80 
montana (semiargus 7.), Polyommatus 98 
HNO 13 OM Varker cea ee Nc eee (4), (5) 
mucronata, Ortholitha .... 2%, 26, 67, 80 
MuUliStricania, CalOStimvade <..tecsceetereees 118 
PMU Gama). NMG ara ee ks. cee tdecece toes 28 
MMUMIMBIC ATA, \SUELT ING 7 sa eee caeeooee ener 80 
MMISCULOSAx, “OPI "Ne, tyes eee A eeiaeee ee 71 
myopaeformis, Synanthedon, Aegeria 125 
mamelia, Recurvemria . ..0.ce inet eaeae: 126 


PAGE 
MADL., PICTUS Meise: conse doodes ae taass 18) 54 
ING PGTC WAS Soc oscocss osaseeetea sewn sake svoretaas 126 
NEL DewWephilal Ventre. ceetee eatee es eae 41 
NEUStr lay ial a COSOMay sa) ateneses esas eee 19 
TLE. PITS Asa oncwsesectuenacenceammmeemeaeerncc = 70, 80 
nickerlii, Luperina, Apamea ...... Pallas ith 
nictitans = oculea, Hydraecia ......... 71 
nigrescens (mucronata ab.), Ortho- 
WN PEAR SIME BRE ES eee eet %, 26 


nigrescens (scotica ab.), Ortholitha 25, 26 
nigrocostata (maritima ab.), Senta ... 15 


nigrosparsata (grossulariata abp.), 
ADPAXaS: apie sel: ck MLO CAmMaaeny. (4) 
nigrostriata (maritima ab.), Senta ... 15 
OVO Vel Ake)2 bal Ba ey 0) KOS! aka g aS ReB eee OacSotebacaotoncnos 69 
nubeculosa, AsteroSscopus .................. 73 
mupta, Catocalaytees---..... iliWAy alahaye alia, slaty! 
nhyctymerina, Rhyacia ...................... 5), a 
nymphaeata, Hydrocampa ................ (6) 
OWEMSCATAIINCES, “5 Lasser cccnsassessueceunacee 118 
OMKoTee hag) IBMCKORANEI ONE, Gaede ssanoscbrodcbose 5D 
OWSGUMA ME EOGTISS taseccates-eeeeens eragnclen ote be 23 
obscura (camilla ab.}, Limenitis ....... 93 


obsoleta (bellargus ab.), Polyommatus 68 
obsoleta (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 


(2), 68 
obsoleta (icarus ab.), Polyommatus (2) 
obsoleta (maritima ab.), Senta ......... 15 
obtuselias Coleophora, {asec (8) 
ocellana, Depressaria” .....-ieree eee kes (7) 
Ocellarvuasy SMERUMGMUTS Meese eeeeeete ets (4) 
ochracia (rubi ab.), Rhyacia ...... Ty Ake 
QENOLV MA. cssssteecyias CLA eee 6 
octogesima, Palimpsestis ................... 31 
Oliviatay; Calostiedaly Ae saesseses-ceescee seek 118 
opima, Monima, Taeniocampa .... 40, 80 
Orana = alsirica, ProcriS, ©......ccesk 23 
paleana.. TOrCPI x: - | eee eect. oo (7) 
pallidactylay Platypus. 5. ssseeee te 96 
pallidula (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 17 
palpina, Pterostoma ............ Qa eed | LD 
DaAludatae (CALSIaAy a wvecccccceeoe. tae nCerrere (6) 
palumbaria = mucronata, Ortholitha 
25, 80 
pamphilus, Coenonympha ...... 15) 22, 
(3), (6), 87, 129 
Dap hia AG yA: wien ssuseneetess 92, 95, 129 
papilionaria, Geometra, Hipparchus 
84, 39, 79 
DaALUMENIAS: SB LEDMOSWieiecsentecesteeeeneeee eee 39 
DAVOMMay IS aUUUPIAUE seaccoceriease tes seeers aan Eee 20 
rayevelinientipmeney. (OR NIOSIEMEY, Wea sce ecceo oc: 118 
Dedarias, BWI aAla x ncsceccetes ecmceee 95, 120 
pedatoria, Eupelmella .............0...0.0 82 
DelUIMeray TELCLIOMMIS yy cceteeeceth eases ceeencers 96 . 
pendW@lanriar CosyanlDlamaenes-cec nessa cesta 55 
perfusca (dromedarius ab.), Noto- 
CLOWGAN esse sackan Haase ceseceepiat cacsieeoin ees 40 
DELlLeuiIS es CranibiSen seeseecstcres sh eset (6) 
perlepidana, Laspeyresia .................. D4 
DELBICKelia. BAGS :. wcecu tors ce sont use (7) 
persica (icarus 7.), Polyommatus ...... 56 
pfeifferi = anatolica, Procris ........... 23 


phaeorrhoea (aurifiua), Nygmia ....... 94 


6 SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
phasianipennella, Gracillaria .......... (8) 
TOON HT OVORSLS  IDIPIWOYSNSEIE | 5. s55snsnecaboon4- 16, U7 
philodice (eurytheme f.), Colias ...... 112 
phlaeas, Heodes ...... iS apt 2O2) YA a10,8) ° 718%0) 
IST Bh A a a BN A trad 128 
pityocampa, Thaumetopoea ............. 5G 
DlaAeiata; vAMAUbIS) Pees eh sees eee 107 
plantaginis, Parasemia ..................... 30 
plexippus (archippus), Danaus ......... 82 
OlibeaMiow Wee) OWS PAVOVMAOR) so secasscodscoccoecone 107 
PLUM er aE HlODMORA is eae E eee 73 
POGAELUST PAP IOge os3% ae cee 125 
TOKOML Ie Fas Bee) 2) 01 Ls Win SA Sara ed 5D 


polonus (bellargus f.), Polyommatus 68 


polysperchon (argiades ab.), Everes 43 
polyxena, Thais, Zerynthia ............... 89 
pomonellay CaTLVpOCAPSA) c..0 eee 125 
TOOVOUUIG UIE ILA VPSTETG) “Nee Sa asonedbonseondenasoosoe 117 
FOOOWUUT, LEW XCMNC CR MANORY Go anessenenecancnancoons 20 
porphyrea (strigula), Agrotis ...:........ 40 
potatoria, Cosmotriche ................. 20, 99 
DEASIMAa Ma < ayd@rolillian ey ete eee 29 
LEA ROY STEIN Aes D3 is Bee slo a 22 
pLodromMana.  PAMedomene. ....40.50 D4 
ROMMSS AR KC aLOCAA sete) ton aa 115 
DLomuba, MeplWavemaeec ee... ee 11 
propinquella, Depressaria ................. (7) 
Protea wHadenays, cn Syl) teks 113 
pruinata, Pseudoterpna ..................... 79 
PAMUMA LAS VIG VOTES ya ae eee eee REE 117 
LUI ELOCRISY 4.4. ete. oll 22, 129 
pEeUMiY Theelas An eae eee Tae 12 
promiana, \Carpocapsal soso. oe 125 
SIAC OMICLAY =: vesicle een ee 31, 108 
pulchella,, ADeiopeldy ess eee 30 


puncta (bellargus ab.), Polyommatus 68 


punctifera (bellargus ab.), Polyom- 
MVE TUS) core AS ee ae ork ad 68 
PUsStwlata, WSuchloriss 4 eee ye meee 34 
pustulata, “Comibaenhis.2.. 4 eee 79 
putaminana (pomonella ssp.), Carpo- 
GAMO SAR Lyi hac heres cles A Sie OG a Ren GR aie 125 
YSN ACA Ane A COSIM alee eee ees (7) 
Dyeimdeata, Hupithecia..2.) ee D4 
DYyxaidta. \Cldarian oe 117 
DY MAN ae. COs th in lew sie aie 109 
ORIG ye RLY AeY VAS) che Ka EN Eee eG Uy 125 
quadratum (rubi ab.), Rhyacia ........ 715 
quadrifasciata, Xanthorhnoé 2... 7 118 
quercifolia, Gastropacha ............. 20, (4) 
CRUMIKCUIS, “AMavereligy,, IBIRTMAYS) sos5500- 12, 42, 129 
CUMEHCHS,, ILC CSIINOR, Seossaeccccbnsacsseshosce 20 
TPB ORNS 0 IP INS AUS) de, ne caeaoahase 18, 102, 128, 136 
LEE) sO be WARS ICG 16 54 es a Rem nee NED AAR yall 81 
rehnensis (nyctymerina ssp.), Rhvacia 5, 7 
EWE AUME) PSEMPCON MONON) sos cnosdonnscocoaconn 29 
rhamnata = transversata, Philereme, 
SCOUOSTIAN ei vee.h MeN arn Ontet mCHLar 1B, ke 
PICKINGS, IPOUNTONOCEY, gdecdancossdbocaseoaoosseseoce: 31 


roseofilava ‘nyctymerina ssp.), Rhyacia 5 
rothschildia (ocellatus ab.), Smerin- 
EL OSTD ISS ee ae SEEN So ae EY oS 5 oe EAN) Uh (4) 


ruberata, Hydriomena, Ypsipetes 55, 119 
mobi Callopimvse sees i) ash, fir, Gis}, aOdg) 


PAGE 
rubi,. Macrothylacial =... {Sea 20 
rubi, -Rhyacias:..2.5.,... 4 ee 75 
rufana,. Peronea......:.....:2) ee (7) 
rufana, Argyroploce 2.2.23 32) ] (7) 
rufata,:Chestas. |...) ee 107 
rufina (icarus ab.), Polyommatus ... (4) 
TADEMOUUCTIS\. ANCIAOIOUU OEY Soncsacoscncsocone 3la38y 12 
rumina, Thais, Zerynthiays see 90 
rupicola, Phalonia. .....82.22—..5e (7) 
rustica (mendica 7r.), Diacrisia .... 54, 55 
Sacittatay, Cidaria: eee abo. RE 118 
salicalis, Colobochyle 2 (6) 
Salicata, Calostigia. .2... 582.25 nope Osmeels 
saliciseStilpnotial) 25.45. {5) 
Sanioy DiaCviSias co:sc...sscecs eee ee eee 30 
saucia;, AS@OUIS: s..c.cssssscassheer ree te eer dul 
Saxiirasaes I Sten Op iii sae 85, 86 
Sscoticas ,Ortholibhays..- eee Da Oe 
Scrophullanian Cucullliaee-eeeereee 130, 131 
secalis, .AD@MCA | 2. cccc.ccosspeee eee renee (1) 
Selene, Brenthis (5. (2), 90, 93 
Semele; EU CMS eee 30 ae 18 
semiargus, Polyommatus .................. 98 
semidentaria, Xanthorhoé ................ 118 
semi-nigrina (camilla ab.), Limenitis 
(1), 93 
semipersica (icarus ab.), Polyomma- 
TUS | sincskectocaba died s Bihasce a eee eee D6 
Semiramis, acGydes) ieee Mee ays 7h 
seminubellas) iithiyiia eee eeee (6) 
semisyngrapha (coridon ab.), Poly- 
OMIM AUS aes hohe seeeR eee eee 68 
semivedrae (agestis ab.), Aricia ......... 98 
Senex, (Comacla: : ccnci.c0sceeee ee 30 
Sepilum, = chloros.| PrOckwisee 23 
Seriata » ACidalia,) 3250.5 eee 80 
sexalata, Lobophora, Mysticoptera 
WT, oe 
Simapis,, Weptideal f2c) eee eee 102 
smaragdaria, Euchloris ................ 4, 19 
SOCIA XOVAING. -.o...0) :c0.c6 ss cee 39 
solidaginis, Calocampayee. sso 40 
Sororculla, WilWOsiaeesscssetee tee eeeeee 31 
Spargani. INOMAS Cia eee eee eee 6. 16 
sparrmanni (maritima ab.), Senta ... 15 
spartiata = legatella, Chesias .......... 107 
spectabilis, Volgaretica ............ hy (OU 
sponsa,.Catocala, ......¢.s0.86-e eee 115 
Statices,  ProOcrisS) 5... ...sseee eee eee O33}, OS 
Sticticraspis, Age yillalt...23 eee 81 


straminata (sylvestraria), Acidalia .. 80 
striata (coridon ab.), Polyommatus (6) 
striata (semiargus), Polyommatus .... 98 
striata (icarus ab.), Polyommatus (5), (6) 
striata (Semiargus), Polyommatus ... 98 


strigata = aestivaria, Hemithea ...... 80 
strigilis, Oligia, Procus ............... SO eel 
strigmllaa NOVA: | .2:<0220 Saenger: ce eee 29 
subalbidella, Elachista ............... (7), 96 
subsericeata, Acidalia ..........1.....--.:-.-- 80 
SullumMata, Lam propteryeaeseeeesese eee 418 
suffusa (crataegi ab.), Aporia ............ 135 
suspecta,, ADBARAS se cc eee (8) 
sylvanus (venata), Adopoea ............... 129 


SPECIAL INDEX. Fi 


PAGE 
Srylly@seaweney, ANCHIG MINE Ys ncoetocasenocéoodosnd 80 
syngrapha (coridon ab.), Polyomma- 
LLU Sh) eee ane niga tiene aarp Se CoRR Ae aCe EPMA 5 69 
SVPIACAR we PROCS eo erke secsce see sececaaseee sete 23 
CASES FAG YMAMS, Weel eke aeceescasncanes 18, 129 
tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha ............. (6) 
atari vale Callillaialo Ullsyaxemsseseeeeseeee cere (5) 
TEMULCORMIS S120 CSe eeeseeeeee coerce ee cece 23 
territa, Phragmatoecia ................. by, @, 7 
testacea, Luperina, Apamea ......... Pal, “al 
THOSE NY © JUN ER ISS 82 caso betas obese sapaocqsuaeceoseS ata 
Mae HIGy es ay Aen casa ane aI) We a eee noronaciadcaenee 89 
Thaumetopoea (idae) .................. By, Gs. slits! 
thaumas (sylvestris), Adopoea ... 39, 129 
thersites, Polyommatus ....................5 56 
(HULA e GMONTOEIS | se cosb sonononsecebasenanobece SSE Ae aE (5) 
TMUENOMN OS, IMWONOUB, jssccosccsocnsbc0ns 7, Cpe 1049) 
TRON AT CIM AG ar es ce ante meme sac Seoainsennisce raise sahara 125 
transversata (rhamnata), Philereme 117 
TRIPE OSVAUME), (CRUD TMA), Gascosepesoccucegcoousober 99 
trepida, Notodonta ............ 39, 40, 41, 73 
{enG Vera ANCIKO TANCE), GonoconsdoasncnseconcoSaenade ol 
IPO NL, ZAVEREKEING) | Gacéedsouqcodencescooo0ee 113, 114 
eit ntre vere Whi NGA AIG) Sea cacanesaucadoceoncduaasonee (6) 
irivian IMelihae as eaesnactenccsecsecst dense des cacce 102 
HOUUOCZ NIG), IBIREWULES «scconssancooscodocteonsedcons 109 
(HOUNMVOR NIE, IDNVSSIMROUME), Sedscccosnceuoss0ese 71, 118 
THICUIMCHCONEIIFY, COTE WANIOUIS Sosdescoscososooncece (7) 
TV IO CUE Sey CM Oe ncsrerens cena aes SN aatnehiantenunt 81 
tullia (davus), Coenonympha ............ (4) 
turatii = tenuicornis, Procris .......... 23 
TNVIGINENS., INKOMMBVETEIE) coodcocodoguesosdaoonggcesdooad 53 
UAE, IPlaresysamNjOOVUIE), pooodcoososossoonu 5: 6 
umbrifera, Ortholitha ...... 0G), PD, BS. 
67, 107 
WIMNCGWINA,- TWISUTROUNE,  gascoscedsancocacdasaucoosudse (5) 
WUNGENME),, IDYSraVeHROMATTONWIS,  coocorsoscacoodesoesces (5) 
aamGlolenis), (CEAKOXCENTOS: Zactccspesonosoccosucdodese 117 
TUN CAC PANU AISY cease seitacaeconeeee no mnee 54, 129 
WHEUTCB®, STOUWNOSOMNE). -so5cnesconsoeoobocHsoaononce 30 
WHENCEUNNNS,, IBWUPOAVORNEE)  Socsscccasecosonensapcace (6) 
WENOCHIMIBVNE), ~ IBIOVOOSINNE:, 4 asseonctoncosassnooooe (7) 
WAGE, * (CYOTMISHTEE), Sosocsuoosousbsacdooauedcores 44 
valezina (paphia f.), Argynnis .......... 95 
IVIAMIESSA an (MCLE) eee sacs elon wauecosmoscoss as 18, 97 
NUCERIGUIE LIS hs UI MAS Gee Pe arene eoccanmer anc Roreee Tal, aks 
variegana, ArgyroplOce .............«c.-+- 125 
WEVPI@SB IME), IEXSIOINGE  Copssnoosododedasondeosneocs 125 
WECUNS RABY, TRING WIGIANIE), Ao sccdaasoosceoanmacHsooee (8) 
vedrae (agestis ab.), Aricia ............... 99 
velocellan (GOleChiai ee ee teense eee (7) 
VENOSAta. IDVALFACA: Seis enenentesstecetee: 81 
Wieidoesen, (CWC WHINE), joonocoecneonee Be by, SO. ail 
VELMA NO GIS: pvcts stone -car aan dateewesec sees 33 


vernaria=chrysoprasaria, Hemistola ‘79 
VETSTCOLOM mE LOCUS mictseinececeecteeeeascee deer (4) 


versicolora, Endromis 
VELUICALIS SLO XOSLCRC sas ccck oc eee eee (6) 


vetulata, Scotosia, Philereme ...... By, lily 
gyal Wore ie De W616) rs Cad le SR ae ae nae 29 
Wane), “ID WCTERMTPAY oo sAcnasncescontopecsne 73, 119 
Nair Pata sVECSOUMDO) teres ey ee eee 107 
virgatus (podalirius f.), Papilio ........ 125 
virgularia = seriata, Acidalia ......... 80 
viretata, Acasis, Lobophora ............... 107 
viridaria = pectinitaria, Calostigia 118 
Vil Et@aitas s CHLORISS ay © le, forest serie ae 79 
VISCanIellay Pnthorimaecae see (7) 
VOSIELIA NC neTronilaey- see ee eee 136 


Wallowa, IMAC) -sscccooddencessasocasceses 12, 96 
warringtonellus (perlellus f.), Cram- 
US 2 ee ce Se a te are (6) 
wilkensonii, Thaumetopoea ............... 141 
wismariensis (maritima ab.), Senta 15 
xanthe (castanea ab.), Noctua, Rhy- 


oa) (Gi lks eeaa ae Sane oe See ess auth eh eee ae 76 
ANOS. INIOWOCWINUG. - dacoacnacnacdcocoasonconsecbese 73 
ZOMAT IAG INIVSSIAn esc. cset ca ecetsetecee ene Bu 
PAGANS) I DUS ACO). meeanaca meet onesealedusanonacauase 81 
PESOS SN Ua Th wea e ae eee a aa Be a) ui a De ee bs} 


List of species exhibited by, Dr G. V. 
Bull). AY leeds! (2)- Rew J: 
N. Marcon, (3); Messrs W. E. Min- 
nion and B. S. Goodban, (3): K. 
Wivio Sei, (4s Iehy, do “ubwueneie, (Ae 
Baron de Worms, (6); L. T. Ford, (6) 

hist; of hairstreaks.? ss copperse: 
and “ blues ’”’ considered from a 
colour point of view, Rev. G. 


AYA Gey 5) ot OR Ne ene cence AN eye DE ee 121 
List of Butterflies of Wood Walton 

Tein) Thal aya IBIS JN. IUSETIS coccsceadeb: 128 
List of Irish Lepidoptera, B. P 

1 BYSNI Da eee rein A cetace ere Cee Ne eh) 47-56 
ILA Oi IPSC WKOKOTTOR AINE, Soncosceconcnoon. Pala OAS 

ODONATA. 

depLEeSSamp lee lhl anes cea cacceeeneeeeeee 95 
NaAvescens, antalaiiesscc- ce eeeeeeee eee 95 
STADE ANNA BUSY VG OG ND Connie Ns ELA eee ee ee 95 
Pe SUDAN ACs ye ee ee ee Re AO a 95 
rubicundulum, Sympetrum .............. % 


quadrimaculata, Libellula 


ORTHOPTERA. 
BISA OUMCUNCT, AMMEXCTONONNINOT Saasassuedceeosoce 128 
1 ICTR ho! eae pee nacence ner amobar ncn csbeansreadteeaséne 84 
CVLELALAn WSCOISUOCEEGA, ars cceeucetteeetcente 82 
List of Orthoptera from Macedonia, 
DPS Mie BU Ra ee sect aere nee 57-63 


Subscriptions for Vol. 53 eta are now due. Please send promptly. 


Vol. Lil. 


No. 1 


JANUARY 1941. 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD 


Le  Lovlegy 
FEB 13 194) 
LiBRAKS 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED with the assistance of 


> 
Z 
oO 


MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.ES. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., P.R.E.S. 
FRCP. H. E. PAGE, F.R.ES. 


J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.ES. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 

nei A MATTER OF LIGHT. Az: OU BMoth-HUnter iin as ees ha ce hadiens 1 

THE REPUTED HYBRID NYSSIA ZONARIA, SCHIFF., ¢ x APOCHEIMA 
HISPIDARIA, SCHIFF., 9, EF. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.ES. ..... 3 

THE SUMMER FLIGHT, IN COLD CLIMATES, OF VERNAL AND AUTUMNAL 
TAP EOE RAS CRP oh WALES IRORE TR SH BS hk yc ocbdos Vis ictedeivad tngntaevuabesdastueeien ys 4 
LARVAL HABITATS OF APATURA IRIS, A. J. Wightman, F.R.E. S. Ree TS he 7 

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SPECIES OF 
CARABIDAE IN A SECTION OF THE WEALD, R. A. Crowson, B.SC. ......... 8 


COLLECTING NOTES: Smodicum cucujiforme, Say. (Col. Cerambycidae) 
taken in England, Horace Donisthorpe; Staphylinus fulvipes, Scop., in 
Winodsor Forest, Jd.; Agrotis saucia: an Attempt to Survive the Winter, 

C. Q. Parsons: Volucella inanis, L., at Bexley, Kent, H. W. Andrews, 
F.R.E.S.; Notes on Variation from the Worthing Museum Collection, Rev. 
Gi Whéeter, MAL PARE Soe oe oe, Deas DUS LU beh acute eet e oon Pad ae as 5 Wc aie 10 


Br POURRENT. NOTES foi icick es doce dcega lacey sanahece gavseadsdppeddans ederosengeererginesssbecaseautes estes 12 
K SUPPLEMENT - 
wy) The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J.. Turner, F.R.E.S., 

FR PY 6 i a aan Msn BUCA Iepliny eS UNUM D pba a POY iG yD atk SUD Bi aD ARE Pea ORY B DEERE (265)-(268) 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


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Journal uf Wariation. 
VO bli 15th JANUARY 1941. A a a cea No. 1. 


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A MATTER OF LIGHT. 
By An Outp MorH-HUunNTER. 


He who breeds larvae for the sole purpose of observing and studying 
their habits is debarred from ‘“‘ sleeving ’’ them, and some species are 
exceedingly difficult to rear in a wooden cage no matter how large the 
cage may be. But you will sometimes find that such species can easily 
be brought to maturity in a cage of the round celluloid type. Ptero- 
stoma palpina, L., the Pale Prominent, is a case in point. For some 
years | had reared larvae of this species in wooden cages and: I found 
that a percentage of them always left the foodplant and climbed to the 
roof of the cage, where they remained till they died. Then [ tried 
rearing them in round celluloid cages placed in the open, and at once 
reared practicaliy every larva that was not ichneumoned. Unfor- 
tunately, I was content with the result achieved and did not trouble 
about the why and the wherefore. I[ had long since found that palpina 
appreciates being sprayed with tepid rainwater; but as the larvae in 
wooden cages left the foodplant whether they were sprayed or not, it 
could not be a matter of dew. Nor was it a matter of fresh air, for my 
larva. cages are always placed where the wind blows through them day 
and night. So J put it down to the natural cussedness of the beast. 

Then, quite by chance, I stumbled upon the reason why palpina so 
often refuses to remain upon his foodplant when confined in a wooden 
cage. It happened like this. 

One day Gt was 20th July) I found on Salix cinerea, L., a palpina 
larva in its prepupal instar. All my celluloid cages were in use, so f 
put the larva on Salix cinerea (gathered from a bush in my garden) in 
a wooden cage, hoping that as he was so near pupating time he would 
put up with the inconvenience for a day or so and complete his stadium 
like a respectable caterpillar. Half-an-hour later I saw that he was on 
the roof of the cage. With camel hair brush and dessert spoon I re- 
moved him and replaced him on the sallow. Thirty minutes later he 
was on the roof again. Once more [ put him where he ought to be. 
When I visited him half-an-hour later he was slowly perambulating the 
ceiling. 

There was only one thing to be done: [ should have to remove some 
larvae from a celluloid cage and deposit him therein. So I pushed him 
into the spoon once more and carried him a few yards to a trim bush 
of Salix cinerea which had been planted near my larvarium with entomo- 
logical design, intending to transfer the larvae in the celluloid cage 
straight into the wooden one. He could crawl slowly about the bush 
while I effected the transfer. 


2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/1/1941 


I held the spoon against a leaf at the top of a shoot. He crawled on 
to the leaf and looked it over carefully. It was no good to him. He 
marched, via the leaf-stalk, to the main stem and turned down this. 
At the first leaf-stalk he came to he stopped, then marched along it to 
the leaf. To and fro he swung his head, crawled half on to the leaf, 
then turned round and walked back to the stem. He did this with four 
consecutive leaves, and I was completely mystified. There was nothing 
wrong with the leaves; they were, in fact, identical with all the other 
leaves on the bush. I pulled out my pocket lens and scrutinised these 
rejected leaves; they were good healthy leaves, exactly like the leaf 
upon which I had found him feeding only a couple of hours before. 
What was his game? 

When he had prospected six leaves and rejected them all he turned 
round and marched up the stem again. ‘ Silly ass,’ | murmured; 
‘“you’ve already looked at those.”’ 

At that moment someone called me and | turned away. I -was 
absent little more than two minutes, but when I returned P. palpinu 
had disappeared. There was the twig and there were the rejected 
leaves, and no larva. One of those accursed sparrows that inhabit the 
maytree by my larvarium must have seen me stooping over the bush and 
have tumbled to it that I was watcling a caterpillar, thought I; the 
moment my back was turned the wretched bird must have hopped down 
and eaten my palpina. I walked round the bush to go indoors. 

As I did so I caught sight of P. palpina. Not only that, but in a 
flash discernment came to me. I saw it all. I saw the reason why he 
had rejected toothsome leaves, the reason why he dies so often in wooden 
cages. It is a matter of light. 

P. palpina is hypersensitive to light, and for this reason. His ves- 
ture is so arranged that when the light falls upon his back he is the 
most conspicuous caterpillar in the universe. Walking along a stem 
of sallow (or aspen or willow) with his back to the light he could be 
seen a mile off. Any bird within half-a-dozen yards would have him. 
Therefore he is particularly careful never, never, never to walk any- 
where with his back to the light. 

Why, then, you may ask, has Dame Nature garbed him with such a 
suicidal suit of clothes? The answer is that, so far from being suicidal, 
the cclour of his back, so conspicuous against a dark background, is 
the exact tint of the underside ofa leat of Salix cinerea (or aspen or 
willow). In fact, if you skinned him and stretched his skin on the 
underside of a leaf of his foodplant I don’t believe you could tell where 
skin ended and leaf began if you were standing six feet away. 

Now comes the interesting part. The waistcoat of P, palpina is a 
dull green, the ground colour being a pale green which is reticulated 
with a rich green exactly the colour of the wpper surface of a leat. 
Here and there among the reticulations are minute black spots—such 
as you will often find on the leaf-stalks of Salix bushes and trees. But 
there is more in it than that. The powdery white of his back is sharply 
cut off from the green of his underside by a cunning spiracular line, 
which is pale yellow edged above with black and below with pink. This 
not only prevents any merging of the colours on back and belly but 
creates an illusion of light and shade. It is camouflage at its very best. 

His underside exactly matches the upper surface of the petioles or 


& 
wa & 
Py 


y Biehl. 


ft 


NYSSIA ZONARIA, SCHIFF., G X APOCHEIMA HISPIDARIA, SCHIFF., 2. 3 


leaf-stalks of Salix cinerea, So that when he is in his customary posi- 
tion, half on the lower surface of the leaf-stalk and half on the lower 
side of the leaf, with his tummy to the light, viewed necessarily against 
the green background of the bush, he just disappears from sight. It 
doesn’t matter a bit if the wind blows the leaf about; he will be viewed, 
as to his anterior segments, against the underside of the leaf (which his 
back exactly matches), and as to his posterior segments against the leatf- 
stalk or stem, always against the gradations of green which compose 
the hackground, namely, the bush. 

That was why he rejected leaf after leaf, vet returned towards the 
top of the stem. It wasn’t the leaves that were wrong but their position. 
The setting sun was on one side of the bush, the dark wall of a barn on 
the other. He wanted a leaf that pointed in such a direction that, when 
he had taken up his position upon it, he would be head-and-tail to the 
sun, which would then be shining upon his feet. As soon as he found 
the right leaf he took up his position upon it and vanished into the blue. 

Next day I confirmed all this—as I hope you will; for it is really most 
interesting to watch—and IT twisted the leaf-stalk upon which he re- 
clined so that the sun irradiated his side. You would have chuckled as 
I did when he at once moved sideways and brought his camouflage into 
play. 

So remember that if you have difficulty in rearing certain species 
in a wooden cage, try a round celluloid one. It may be that these par- 
ticular larvae leave the focdplant because Nature has bidden them 
orient themselves in a certain way to the light and in your cage they 
are unable to do so. In the meantime you can speculate on the physio- 
logical mechanism that actuates P. palpina in finding, and taking up 
the correct position on, the correct leaf. 


THE REPUTED HYBRID NYSSIA ZONARIA, SCHIFF. ¢ x 
APOCHEIMA HISPIDARIA, SCHIFF. ©. 
By E. A. Cockayns, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. 


In the Proceedings of the South London Ent. and N.H. Society, 
1914-1915, -p. 90, Mr A. A. W. Buckstone reported that he had bred 
one crippled male and four females of the hybrid Nyssia zonaria g¢ x 
Apocheima hispidaria 2. He has kindly sent me the male and three of 
the females. J have examined them microscopically, though without 
dissecting the genitalia, and they differ in no way from normal his- 
pidaria. The curious spines on the dorsal surface of the abdomen of the 
female are in size and number like those of normal hispidaria. I showed 
them to Mr Ll. B. Prout and he agreed that to the naked eye they had 
no trace of any of the characters of zonaria. I then wrote to Mr Buck- 
stone to ask him if there had been any possibility of the female having 
paired previously with a male of its own species, and he replied giving 
the following history of the specimens: ‘‘ May 11, 1912.-—Larvae of 
kispidaria taken at Wimbledon. January 5, 1913.—Moths began to 
emerge and apparently all had emerged by the end of the month. Feb- 
ruary 4, 1913.—Imagines of zonaria began to emerge in another pot. 
February 5.—I was surprised to find that a female hispiduria had 


4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/7/1941 


emerged in the pot containing pupae of zonaria. The larva must have 
been placed there by mistake. This female was ovipositing between the 
flower pot and the leno cover. There had been zonaria males in the pot 
with the female hispidaria, but I am quite sure there had been no male 
kispidaria, for all of them had heen killed before the end of January. 
No pairing between a male zonaria and the female hispidaria was seen.” 

From this account there can be little doubt that the reputed hybrids 
are parthenogenetic specimens of Apocheima hispidaria and it is not 
unlikely that a pairing with a male zonaria did take place and that 
the foreign sperm stimulated the development of the eggs. On the 
other hand it may be a simple case of parthenogenesis, though it is a 
rare phenomenon in the Geometridae and no example of it occurring in 
this species is given by Tutt. 


THE SUMMER FLIGHT, IN COLD CLIMATES, OF VERNAL AND 
AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA, 


By EK. P. Witrsutre, F.R.E.S. 


My previous paper, ‘‘ Notes on the winter flight, in mild climates, 
of vernal and autumnal moths ” (Hnt. Rec., 15.xi.1938), drew attention 
to the convergence and overlapping of the time of flight, in Syria and 
Palestine, of certain moths whose time of flight in more strenuous climes 
was separated by winter. The converse phenomenon, that is, the con- 
vergence of the time of flight, in northerly latitudes or at high eleva- 
tions further south in the Palaearctic zone, of species whose time of 
flight elsewhere is separated by high summery, can also be remarked, 
though the overlapping is in most of these cases less complete. Early 
August 1s the ‘‘ separating season ’”’ for this second phenomenon, just 
as late January is the ‘‘ separating ’’ time of the species mentioned in 
the first article, where they do not overlap. Phenological tables, drawn 
up on the analogy of the previous table, illustrate this tendency. 

I here regard as vernal not only the very vernal species, which both 
aestivate and hibernate in the pupal stage (e.g., CO. verbasci, D. areola, 
S. dentinosa), but also the numerous early summer insects whose larvae 
hibernate; and as autumnal, not cnlv those that pass the winter in the 
egg stage, but also the late summer species whose larvae hibernate. T 
do so because the high summer’s heat, in warm climates, may be as im- 
portant an obstacle in the life-cycle as winter’s cold in other climates; 
the fact that a species prefers to fly well before or well after early 
August puts it in quite a different class from those that appear, in spite 
of the heat, exactly at the hottest part of the summer (a smal! class) or 
those which appear in successive broods throughout the summer (a more 
numerous class). These two classes alone really deserve the name 
‘“summer insects,’’ and most single-brooded insects can without diffi- 
culty be divided into vernal or autumnal from a knowledge of their 
time of flight throughout their range. The species discussed in this 
and the previous article are all single-hrooded. 

The species considered in the tables are: —A poria crataegi, L., Mala- 
cosoma castrensts, L. (Europe) and castrensistkirghisica, Stgr. (Iran), 
Lacydes semiramis, Stgr., Volgarctia spectabilis, Tausch, Thawmetopoea 


a 


SUMMER FLIGHT OF VERNAL AND AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA. 3) 


pityocampa, Schiff. and wilkinsont, Tams, Simyra dentinosa, Frr., 
Agrotis forficula, Ey. and elbursica, Drdt., Rhyacia mnyctymerina, 
Steger. (ssp. roseoflava, Cti. in Syria, ssp. rehnensis, Wagn., in Iran), 
Cucullia verbasci, ., Phragmitiphila typhae, Thnbg., Phragmatoecia 
custaneae, and Phragmatoecia territa, Stegr. 

In the tables, closely-related species or subspecies of the same species 
are, for the sake of brevity and also to illuminate the comparison, in- 
cluded under one name. 


PHENOLOGICAL TABLES, jllustratine article on The Summer Flight, in Cold 
Climates, of Verna! and Autumnal Lepidoptera. 


HOT 
S65 = 2 
2m Ss SS 
saad ore D4: 
ics Fas) 28 
se =[ a 
a ap Ze 
oe ze ele 
aq oF Belay fa = 
(CVD LA OH AG | Spe mame eae ee ite tetra tet ait a Ca ieee = — TV-V 
COSEREMSISM © SEAS TRA VEE EASE RE age — — W 
SCMULTOMUUSD Meteors feet ae -- — 28.1V-V 
SC CUMOUES eo ee eee ee a ere tle c e -- — IX-X 
LEQ OLMMMODIDOCT ba jcseheebooseccasanbeccenosec = x = 
EICETTUG'S CRONE 2 NCAR SS RES | a eee. eae — IV IV 
GTTUCTELOM) HAVER: 20 SVE SRS SS ES re oe V V-VI IvV-V 
UU LETES 1 Opt mae sao th ee as Ee a oS 3 = —~ V-VI 
TU GEURTUCIATUA ae gasses ode ccnesnesecsssceeeioes — — Vv? 
DCO ES CI Sa OE eo meee oc Ree ne, Sele — te ? 
CU DTUGOM att TET Ls cae Part Oe AEE Ne a VI VI-VII Vil 
GUSTAVE DC, wed A as cee Roe IV -— 2 
UOT Gwe Fe he eco ee sia hos doses eset — — TEX 
COLD 
SF Ne a 22 oy, 
. oD i Ge OO 5 aS oO + re 
Sanne wn 4s oS ice 6p & ; 
ao =e ITH rie =a) Z 
aan! ae ayes ieee Se 8 
oo aS Pas Sis eRe ®o © 
ion oo ANS aS eS Co: 
ey =) = +5 = oD ai 
hy (=) ==, pe ES a 2 =~ & 
=~ as = 5 By Ss cS ge 
CROLACGL. “aeeueceees V-VI V VI 2 V-VII VI 
GCUSULENStSO — 2 ? ? VII VII-VIII 
SCUUIT GIVES | Weta. — ? VI-VII VI VI-VII _ 
SDECTODILUS |) has scece — ID v ? VIII-IX a 
Thaumetopoea ... 4.VIII ~- — _- VII-VIII 
QEVuUnGSGa tee Vv ? -- V-VI ? -- 
TOTMCUOUU Sete VI-VII VI-VII VI-VII VI V-VII _- 
CUOUTSUCOM A. 2heae ee —_ % ? 2 VII-VIII — 
ny ctymerina So AAMT 2 VI-VII VI V-VII — 
DETOGSCIn a) cecueeeeee VeVi ? ? 7 v* IV-V 
GUDINOE neente eee ? ? -- — ? VIII-IX 
GUSTANECE Eas — =: — — ? VI-VII 
CONT eee needs. eee — ? VII 2? VII —- 


*Times of wild emergence calculated from wild larva’s size. 


6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/1/1941 


Under the heading ‘‘ Mesopotamia ” are included records both from 
the plains and the lower Zagros hills. Mt. Alvand and the Barfkhaneh 
(near Yezd) are both high Persian peaks; the latter has only received 
one visit, in early June, while the former has only been worked in June 
and July. The other localities in the tables have been the subject of 
longer attention. 

Most of the biological facts in this article and most of the dates given 
in the tables are from my own records, but some are taken from stock 
reference books such as South and Blaschke, or from recently published 
works by other authors, such as Schwingenschuss’s Beitrag zur Lepi- 
dopterenfauna von Tran (Ent. Zeit., J., 52-53, Nos. 46 ff). 

In the first table (the hotter localities) the respective times of flight 
of vernal and autumnal species are well separated ; the tendency to over- 
lap may be traced in the remaining columns, the colder localities. 

In ‘general, the first table clearly indicates whether a_ species 
is vernal or autumnal, the notable exception being typhae, which has a 
marked vernal tendency in hot climes. Jn briefly considering this case 
in my previous article I suggested that the oval hibernation, being un- 
necessary in a hot climate, suggested typhae's having originated in a 
cold climate; I still consider this argument sound, and regard typhae 
as normally an autumnal species. The other autumnal species on our 
list do not occur at all in northern latitudes, and are far less stenoecous 
than typhae, which in hot climes is only to be found along perennial 
streams and springs. With typhae must be classed the other Archanaras 
which react in the same way to hot climates (geminipuncta and spar- 
gant). Castaneae, on the other hand, is known to take two years to 
mature in cold climates, and is evidently not in the same class; it may 
be regarded as vernal, in contrast to its congener territa. (I should 
perhaps here mention, in view of Schwingenschuss’s record of the 
presence of reeds at one of territa’s Elburz habitats, that this moth flies 
in profusion high up on mountains in Persia, where there is no sign 
of any Phragmites-growth). 

Are there any cther cases where speculation is profitable as to the 
possible place of origin of the species, or at least the sort! of climate in 
which their specific characteristics crystallised? Does a study of the 
time of flight and life-history of other species beside typhae shed any 
light on such a hazardous question? Jn the previous article I suggested 
that the pupal or larval aestivation of autumnal species whose larvae 
hibernate, being unnecessary in colder climes, suggested a southern or 
warm climate origin, such species being the Amathes, Aporophyla and 
Ocnogyna species named in that article. To them we may now add 
spectabilis and (probably) territa (whose early stages are not yet known) 
and the pine-feeding Thawmetopoea group. In this last case, the fact 
that pityocampa sometimes in Europe fails to emerge from the pupa till 
the following year is surely an expression of the group’s ingrained habit 
of pupal aestivation, such as occurs in 2 more normal wavy in wilkinsont. 
The previous article also suggested a warm climate origin, on account of 
their pupal aestivation in England, for the vernal anthemis-feeding 
Cuculua group. As for castaneac, which, as already stated, takes 
two vears to develop in N. Furope, we may conclude that it originated 
in a warmer climate if we regard the annual cycle as the norm in lepi- 
doptera in cool climates. There is not room, however, here to discuss 


LARVAL HABITATS OF APATURA IRIS. / 


the mullein-feeding Cucullia. group or the case of castrensis, whose egg 
overwinters in Europe and also (presumably) in Persia; a confident in- 
ference of their origin seems impossible. There remain a number ot 
species of more restricted range which, not occurring in very different 
climates, offer no chance of comparison in their reactions to local 
climate; for these, therefore, also no suggestion, based on the above 
criteria, is here offered as to their origin; we should, however, probably 
not go far wrong in postulating for territa, semiramis, spectabilis, elbur- 
sica, forficula, nyctymerina, and dentinosa an origin on the steppe moun- 
tains of Anatoha and Iran, beyond which their range does not extend 
very far. Such a postulation, however, will rest on zoogeographical 
grounds, 

It is indeed interesting to compare the guesses made above on the 
basis of biological and phenological criteria with the zoogeographical 
classification of the same species. For instance, the vast range otf 
castaneae puts it almost in the Geopolitan category; it seems to be a 
primitive species of great adaptability that originated in a tropical or 
semi-tropical climate. 


LARVAL HABITATS OF APATURA IRIS. 
By A. J. Wieurman, F.R.E.S. 


Having been officially requested, in common with the rest of the 
public, to keep off the roads on Easter Monday last, I abandoned a 
projected trip to Kent for pupae of A. cinerea and found myself at a 
dead end in my home locality, with a whole day in front of me. 

I had for several years intended, when the time and mood should 
be upon me, to try and find just how widespread and plentiful A. aris was 
around this area. Occasionally, when beating for other things, I have 
found the larva of iris on the sheet, but always singly (and the idea being 
at the moment in mind, as a result of finding a small larva of the species 
among sallow catkins J had taken for larvae of Xanthia fulvago), I spent 
the day among the sallows in the woods. JI used a car to get from one 
place to another and so covered a considerable area, sampling rather 
than searching each selected locality. 

I had been advised to ignore sallows in open and dry situations and 
so spent most time in damp and narrow rides in rather heavily wooded 
country. 

I worked only large-leaf sallows, not because all the ‘‘ books ”’ say 
this is the right thing to do, but because those of the small-leaf varie- 
ties, in common with all the foliage around, had been stripped by 
thousands, probably millicns, of larvae of Geometers, Noctuae, and 
Micros. It was May, but most trees and shrubs were as bare as in mid- 
winter. I have never seen such devastation before. 

I first searched the selected bushes and then beat them and in this 
way had taken several half-fed iris larvae, widely separated from each 
other, when I chanced upon an old stone quarry, in which there was a 
large tree-like sallow, the branches of which were 20 feet from the ground 
and out of reach except at one spot, where a high mound of earth made 
it possible to clamber up and hook down a single fair-sized branch. 


8 . ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, 15/1/1941 


This I carefully searched and was about to release, when I noticed a 
half-grown larva of iris near the extremity of the branch I held in my 
hand, and when taking this found two more on the same shoot, on 
adjacent leaves. I was now satisfied that the insect is widely spread and 
by no means rare around this area, and so gave up active search and 
merely wandered around to see if there were any similar sallows in near- 
by areas. I found several very similar indeed, but no larvae, so | am 
still no wiser as to what the special requirements of this species are. 
Indeed, on the way out of the woods I beat a fallen sallow which was 
lying prone and took a larva from it. This fallen sallow was absolutely 
in the open. 

These larvae were kept in a leno cage 24 by 18 by 12. I provided 
them with a fresh small branch of large-leaved sallow daily, and they 


changed from the old to the newer branch about every other day. This 
larva is hard to see. I knew there were eight larvae in the cage, 


but could seldom see more than five or six, even when I took the branches 
out and looked them over, until the second or third try. One larva was 
always on the underside of a leaf. All pupated the same week and all 
used a sallow leaf to pupate on. They pupated about sundown and IL 
watched several ef them go through this stage. The previously inactive 
larva would suddenly begin to sway from side to side violently and at 
the same time to expand itself from the normal larval shape to that of 
the pupa. This caused the larval skin to spht at the bottom (head) and 
from this stage until the pupa was completely free averaged three 
minutes. The violent movement was continued after the pupa was free 
until the larval skin had actually fallen and even after, apparently 
to make sure that the skin was gone. I saw no sign that this pupa is 
especially liable to fall at this time; they all seemed well anchored, 
and to know it. The imagines all emerged befcre mid-day and there 
were 6 ds to2 Gs. The season was early, all out by July 20th, and all 
of large size. Being used to dealing with Nectuae, | was not equal to 
dealing with this species. Three emerged one day and while I was 
taking one out of the cage the other two, as quick as thought, were 
out and away through the outhouse door. 


ON THE CCCURRENCE OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SPECIES 
OF CARABIDAE IN A SECTION OF THE WEALD. 


By R. A. Crowson, B.Sc. 


For the last three years I have been engaged on a detailed study of 
the beetles of the district around Tunbridge Wells. The precise area 
covered by my investigations is as follows: —Northern boundary—the top 
of the escarpment of the North Downs hetween Westerham and the 
Medway gap; Southern boundary—the Forest Ridge of Sussex between 
West Hoathly and Mayfield; Western boundary-—the road from Wester- 
ham to East Grinstead and West Hoathly ; Kastern boundary—the River 
Medway between Halling and Yalding, the river Teise to Goudhurst and 
the road to Kilndown, Flimwell, and Mayfield. It will be seen that this 
defines a sector of the Weald with the outcrops of all the Geological 


NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SPECIES OF CARABIDAE. 9 


formations from the Chalk to the Ashdown sands. I have subdivided 
the area into the following Geological parts: the Chalk escarpment, the 
Gault valley (or Holmesdale), the Lower Greensand ridge, the wide low- 
lying marshy Weald Clay belt, and the diversified hilly Hastings beds 
country. The Chalk forms a steep scarp facing South and mostly covered 
with grass and scrub with some Beech-woods; the Gault is mainly covered 
by lush pastures with many Elm trees; the Lower Greensand supports 
woods and heaths, and to the South forms a bold scarp which is largely 
wooded ; the Weald Clay belt is mostly pasture with stretches of damp 
Oak-wood and marshes, while the Hastings beds include small-scale 
examples of almost all types of scenery. As the latter group covers the 
largest area of my subdivisions, and I live in the middle of it, it has 
naturally provided much the largest number of the specimens collected. 
But even allowing for this, my records suggest that a greater number 
of species occur in the Hastings beds area than in any of the others. 
I had more than once noticed that species of beetle occurring on the 
Chalk downs and not elsewhere in our area were recorded by Joy as 
lhmited to S.E. England, while species frequenting the wet cold soils of 
the Weald Clay were recorded as ranging up to the North of Scotland. 
This prompted me to try to find out which species were, in cur area, 
near the northern limit of their range (Southern species) and which 
were near their southern limit here (Northern species). Using the 
Calwers Kaferbuch (Stuttgart, 1893) on the European forms and Joy’s 
Handbook for the British species, I listed those species which were re- 
corded from Scotland and Scandinavia but not southern France or Italy, 
and those whose range included Italy, southern France, and South Ger- 
many but not Scotland or Scandinavia. The occurrence of the species 
of each group in our area was then analyzed. In the Carabidae the re- 
sults may be summarized as follows:—Southern Species: Chalk, 4; 
Lower Greensand, 7; Hastings beds, 21; Weald Clay, 2. Northern 
Species: Chalk, 1; Lower Greensand, 1; Hastings beds, 18; Weald Clay, 
11. The Gault Clay belt is omitted as I have almost no data from it. 
The results may be tabulated as follows :— 


NORTHERN SPECIES. 
Species. Cen Ge PE: 
Elaphrus riparius, a. — — 


Bie MGUDTCQUSE: MU UMIG 3 a han Pete Atak ede meetee = = 
ISOCAM: GHOUMUCOTHNUDS IRE ciseeseesocbenoncdcee. = — 
Clivina: fossori rT. ..Ut..0e een za a. 
DAYS GASTON LIE (CMM saceerace oucheens saceoeae = - 
LCUMOCIIOO, CIOLOS., JB%s” ceacondocoreoactesee Arik — — 
BST OULU EUULITE Ms Ae eRe esate eas tee ciate = 

EP = TU CCLUOLOUT Uses Rene an mee eee ay 
BATUDESEREN TAPERE PR Pa teh eet dette cot == = 
BS UiSTUUG UUTU ast loe, saeeck ten ceean. «facet teens sods — _ 
BOGUSterVOUDUSUUECTUS ME seen eee eee — — 
POU OOUS) CGCODCUUSAe Kee eee _ ~ 
BRAGUGECUUUS  SUITUULUSHED Ie acco nee eee = Ee 
ACUPAGLPUS MeETLAtaNUS) Thats eek a _ 
AMOLD(GCTUCU. MIG 1Gr . wa. tet acs. eetieas aes — af 
Rlernosvichus mviger, Schall... = = 
Ps eTUiG hits Bhi Ok SAO ae = — 
BUTODRUUS OTACUUSS Giylle parece seaeneee — - 
VEO TULUS AUG UULS sa Beg iieet trecneten inn ek eta ces ~ 


MWCTOOUCUUS TTUTUCALCLIUS. Tae sect eccceseeene Be == 


_ 
— 
ee 


Ss 
Pitti iti ttee so 


+H+tt+t+tets+ i t4+t¢ttet 


10 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, 15/1/1941 


SOUTHERN SPECIES. 

Species. C..- iG. Hee, Wate 
Carabus monilis, F. 
WE COUSUUS SAUL ODT OFS 1D et te eee een ee nee 
Notiophilus aquaticus, L. 
N. palustris, Dj. 
Nie EY CUM EHO AUIS! AD) eee daneoseooadnedeasssc08en = 
INES RUTUDES. GUUS: isis Se ccccseens seeieeaes <eee + 
NEOSUOSTTUG EUS!) NNIACCIEN: Ile enone tenses 
ORYSHRATL PALO CS} SCEV 9) ees = 
BOT OIDUOWON. CHURIINHIKGL,, VE.” sasbecneov0s5550x0e80000 
B. 4-pustulatum, Serv. 
B. tibiale, Duft. 
BAaGUster CUCtatis, ChanG= Ween se 
Bradycetlus harpalinus, Serv. ........... 
Be CTO AS GL. TOU as 2c cco ssgee sees peeeee eee = 
IPUBOSUIVEVUS TOGO CHUS., Io scsccconsocdsooo00e —- + 
IPs GOOKEO UNIS, INIBWESIN. pebsacédosceocoooccoaccee 
Calathus fuscipes, Goez. 
Geyprceus., Naas. He. Geeta ee Pees sae + 
SUTIUCINUS TWODCHAS. IPs s5sncassarss005306080000" = 
Metabletus obscuroguttatus, Duft. .... = + 


In the above table + in the column C. means that the species has 
been found in the Chalk belt, L.G. the Lower Greensand belt, H.B. the 
Hastings beds area, and W.C. the Weald Clay. It will be observed that 
nearly all of both Northern and Southern species are recorded from the 
Hastings beds, and that the Lower Greensand, like the Chalk, has an 
unusually high percentage of Southern forms. | 

A similar analysis of the records of Staphylinidae did not show any 
notable difference in the proportions of Northern and Southern species 
on the Chalk and the Weald Clay. But it must be remarked that many 
of the Staphylinidae are not really terrestrial insects, and in any case 
their Kuropean distribution had not been so well studied as that of 
Carabidae at the time of Calwers’ book. 

If any readers of the Hntomologist’s Record can add anything to 
these results, I should be very pleased to hear from them. 


=a 


Se cry 


| 
+tteettteteet+et+ettt 
| 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


SMODICUM CUCUJIFORME, SAy. (Cot. CERAMBYCIDAE) TAKEN IN ENG- 
TAND.—On 27th August 1934, Miss Irene Kirk took a specimen of this 
North American longicorn on the floor in a room in her sister’s house 
in Oakhill Road, Putney. J had intended to record this capture at the 
time, but forgot to do so. As pointed out in British Ants [2nd Edtn., 
p. 385 (1927)], 1t seems advisable to enumerate all foreign species of 
insects captured in this county, as it shows how and where they were, 
or might have been introduced, should they obtain a footing here. When 
Irene found a specimen of the pretty little Clerid beetle, Denops albo- 
fasciatus, Charp., in the same house on 20th August 1933 [Hnt. Rec., 
45, 164 (1933)], I pointed out there were many oak logs in the cellar 
from Windsor Forest; many sticks in the garden brought up from the 
same locality, and the fence one one side of the garden consisted of oak 
panelling from Windsor Great Park.—Horacr DonisTHORPE. 


STAPHYLINUS FULVIPES, Scop., IN Winpsor Forest.—On 28th June 
1940, when collecting in Windsor Forest, I noticed a beetle running 
across a pathway some distance ahead of me. On capturing the insect 


COLLECTING NOTES. 1l 


I found it to be a specimen of the very rare and local, but somewhat 
widely distributed, ‘‘ Staph,’’ Staphylinus fulvipes, Scop.; a new record 
for Windsor Forest. I have only once taken the species kefore; at 
Pamber Forest, where I took one example which was running along the 
side of a ditch.—Horacre DonistTHORPE. 


AGROTIS SAUCIA: AN ATTEMPT TO SURVIVE THE WINTER.—Last Sep- 
tember I found a few fat Noctuid larvae feeding on tobacco plants in 
nry garden in a sheltered spot facing south, between two bow windows. 
They soon burrowed, being then quite full fed. I didn’t recognise them 
and just thought they might be Triphaena pronuba somewhat out of 
season. However, in October I got a 2 A. saucia at ivy in the garden, 
and when her offspring grew up I recognised my mistake. J hastily 
dug up the pupae and forced them, Agrotis saucia appearing in a few 
weeks as an imago. The pupa is at first a pale brown object turning 
nearly black shortly before the moth hatches. On 15th December I 
thought I would try excavating under the tobacco plants. There I found 
one blackish pupa close up against the house: there was frost in the 
open early that morning. The moth, 4. sawciu, undersized, hatched in- 
doors on the 17th December.—C. Q. Parsons, Torquay. 


VOLUCELLA INANIS, L., at Bextey, Kent.—This large and conspicuous 
Syrphid is not uncommon in the south of England, but until this year 
I had never taken it in my immediate neighbourhood. On 20th July 
and 3rd August last I took one ¢ and two °° on the outskirts of 
Joydens Woods, Bexley. I also saw, but failed to capture, several other 
specimens. My only previous records for this species in N. Kent were 
two at Chattenden in August 1901, and one at Eynsford in August 1937. 
Incidentally I have never seen hornets in these parts, but Continental 
records refer to V. tnanis as breeding in the nests of Vespa vulgaris as 
well as in those of V. crabro.—H. W. AnprEws (F.R.E.S.). 


Nores oN VARIATION FROM THE WoRTHING MtuseumM CoLieEction. I.— 
Mr Turner having written to ask me for notes, { replied that the above 
was the only subject on which I could supply them; but as it would be 
easy to write a whole book on the subject, he suggested taking the species 
that occur in Britain and comparing them with specimens trom other 
countries. In doing this I am merely stating facts which could be 
gathered by any student of the collection, and shall rarely suggest in- 
ferences, as the scope of the collection and the number of specimens of 
any species are both too limited. In order to give any value to these 
notes it seems to me necessary to explain both these limitations. The 
scope of the collection is confined to Europe and the Mediterranean 
basin (including, however, Madeira and the Canaries when IJ can obtain 
specimens from either) and the numbers are limited to the contents of 
156 drawers each holding about the same as the two sides of a large 
store-box. The bulk of the collection is from Switzerland (just over 
4000), France (just ander 4000), England (1775), and Italy (1365). After 
this is a big drop in numbers: Algeria with Morocco gives 354, closely 
followed by the Tyrol and Corsica, and about 100 less from Greece, 
Spain and Lapland; between 120 and 200 from Germany, Belgium, Syria 
(with Palestine), and Scotland; between 60 and 80 from Finland (ex- 
clusive of Finnish Lapland), Cyprus, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria; 
rather less from Norway (exclusive of Lapland), Ireland, Russia, the 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, 15/1/1941 
Channel Islands and Asia Minor, and a few specimens trom eight other 
places, the whole amounting to 13,468 at the present date. 

C. iubi.—The only considerable difference that | find among Huro- 
pean specimens is that in a few, not very fresh, specimens that | took 
at Rognan in Norwegian Lapland the androconial patch is almost black. 
Specimens from north-western and central Italy are rather larger than 
English ones. The ab. immaculata may occur anywhere. Specimens are 
here from the N. Downs and the White-Horse Hill in England, trom 
the French and Italian Riviera, and from the top of the Rochers de 
Naye in Switzerland. 

The Algerian race fervida is small, much lighter on the up.s. and 
much duller on the un.s.; it is in appearance so different that one 
wonders whether it is not a separate species. It certainly differs far 
more in appearance from C. rubi than does ('. avis. There is a short 
series of the latter, mostly from those bred by Dr Chapman from which 
the separate species was determined. 

T. pruni.—All the English specimens are bred, and there are too 
few Swiss ones, taken wild, to make any comparison. The latter are 
rather larger and the orange not so bright, but the specimens are not 
fresh. 

C. w-album.—One trom the Swiss Jura, one from Italy, and two 
from the Tyrol are decidediy larger than the Knglish (bred) specimens. 
There are two English and two Swiss specimens of the ab. butlerowi?, 
without the white w. . 

B. quercus.—This is poorly represented in English specimens. There 
are two taken at Wolford, Warwickshire (one of them 50 years ago), and 
four which I took this year on the S$. Downs, only one 2 of which is 
very fresh; this has the most brilliant blue on the disc, without a trace 
of purple, that I have ever seen, though it is run close by the only 2 
from Italy. The French, Swiss and -Italian specimens are all larger 
than the English except one small ¢ from Switzerland. The Algerian 
race, tberica (also found in Spain), has the under-side pale and only 
very slightly marked. There is a good series of this form. 

Z. betulae.—None of the foreign ds, French or Swiss, have the least 
touch of orange inside the discal spot of the f.w. but all have a lighter 
shade in the same position. The Swiss specimens are generally larger, 
but here again the English ones are bred and the Swiss are taken wild. 
—Rev. G. WHEELER (M.A., F.R.E.S.). 


CURRENT NOTES, 

THe Society For British Entomotogy.—Owing to enemy action, 
almost the whole of the archives of this Society and practically the whole 
of the stock of back numbers of transactions and journal have been com- 
pletely destroyed, including the current list of the names and addresses 
of the members. Any members of the Society who happen to see this 
notice would facilitate matters very materially for the officials of the 
Society if they would be good enough to communicate their present 
addresses to: —W. Parkinson Curtis, 17 Christchurch Road, Bourne- 
mouth. 


Will those who intended to exhibit at the cancelled Annual Exhibi- 
tion of the 8, London Entomological Society kindly forward their Notes 
on the Exhibits as mentioned in the December number, p. 140. 


. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (265) 


| weno | iP ootay RD 
(" FEB 13 i944 
APPENDIX TO VOL. I, 1926-1940. A. BRARY 

(To be followed by the 1 area to Vol. II, 1935- 1910 


P. (28) Add to the List of Forms of A. diluta after line 10 from the 
bottom the race hartwiegi, Reis. 
P. (29) Add the Orig. Descrip. of race hartwiegi after line 11 from 
the bottom. 
race hartwtegt, Reis., Zt. Oestr. Ent. Ver., XII, 14, 24. 
Fie.-—l.c., plt. 3, figs. 1-2 (1927). 
Descrip.—Seitz, Pal. Bomb. Supp., II, 192: ‘‘ Has on the forewings 
a@ very prominent dark antemedian transverse band of about 2 mm. 
width and a narrower similar post-median band. Between these bands 
the pale ground colour contrasts very clearly. The north German form, 
whilst the typical diluta is the southern, especially Austrian form.”’ 


P. (16) Add to the List of Forms of C. ocularis, ab. clausa, Lempke, 
ab. discolor, Lempke, and ab. confluens, Lempke, after line 16 
from the bottom. 

P. (82) Add the Original Descrip. of the above three forms after line 
13 from the bottom. 

ab. clausa, Lempke, Tids., 81, 250 (1938). 


Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ The transverse lines, which margin the central 
area, unite on the inner margin.’’ Holland. 

ab. discolor, Lempke, Tijds., 81, 251 (1938). 

Orig. Descriep.—‘‘ The transverse lines are feeble or absent.’’ Hol- 
land. 

ab. confluens, Lempke, Tijds., 81, 251 (1938). 

Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ The orbicular and reniform stigmata are united, 
so that they no longer form more than a single spot.’’ Holland. 


P. (20) Add to the List of Forms of C. or, ab. interrupta, Lempke, 
“after line 15 from the top. 
P. (82) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. interrupta, Lempke, at the 
bottom. 
ab. interrupta, Lempke, Tids., 81, 249 (1938). 
Orig. Descriep.—‘‘ The line, which borders the central area on the 


outside, is cut by the reniform. where the line borders this area on the 


inside is crossed by the orbicular.’’ Holland. 


P. (380) Add to the List of Forms of P. flavicornis, ab. angustifasciata, 
Heydm., ab. lapponica, Rang., and ab. clawsa, Lempke, after 
line 10 from the bottom. 

ab. angustifasciata, Heyd., Ent. Zt., LIL, 48 (1938). 
Fie.—l.c., plt. 1, f. 13 (this is not helpful). 


(266) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. | 15/1/1941 


Orig. Duscrrp.—‘‘ Of the double black lines, which normally enclosed 
the discal area, the outer are almost wholly obsolescent, and only the 
inner remains, but only black marked on the costa; this remaining por- 
tion is at an angle so that the enclosed discal area is much restricted, 
and the grey outline of the reniform is incomplete and only slightly 
evident on the inner margin.’’ Holland. 

ab. clausa, Lempke, Tijds., 81, 253 (1938). 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ The transverse lines, which border the central 
area, are united on the inner margin.’ Holland. 

ab. lapponica, Rang., Ent. Rund., LII, 223 (1935). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. 3, f. 28. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Marking normal, colour generally similar to the 
light grey form (and near related to finmarchica, Schy.). The mid costal 
area beyond the somewhat greenish stigma slightly filled in, as well as 
the light apical spot.’’ Lapland. 


P. (35) Add to the List of Forms of Metachrostis perla, ab. gazeli, Luc. 
P. (849) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. gazelt, Luc., after line 8 from 
the bottom. 

ab. gazeli, Luc., Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. (95) (1931). 

Orica. Drescrip.—‘’ Forewings above, white ground and not yellowish 
or greyish, as in the other races, with the markings distinctly set out in 
black. Hindwings above with the marginal band of a blackish grey.”’ 
Corsica. 


P. (37) Add to the List of Forms of B. muralis, var. barbaria, Schawd. 
at the foot of the page. 
P. (850) Add the Orig. Descrip. of v. barbaria after line 3 from the top. 

var. barbaria, Schaw., Int. Ent. Zt., XXVIII, 415 (1934). 

Ficg.—l.c., plt. 4, 5, d and Q. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour creamy-white. This is a greenish 
muralis. The fine black toothed transverse lines are complete and not 
interrupted. The stigmata finely outlined. Three blackish spots on the 
costa, above the two stigmata and at the commencement of the fine 
transverse outer marginal band (lappenlinie). The latter partly absent 
in the ¢. The striking feature is the appearance of grey in the centre 
of the disc and on the inner margin, and in the 9 also somewhat in the 
outer margin. In barbaria there is no black complex marking in the 
disc, nor in the outer marginal band. Between the grey disc and the 
base hes a cream coloured (gelappte) band reaching from the costa 
towards the inner margin, but which ends before it in spherical shape.’’ 
Great Atlas. 


P. (116) Add to the List of Forms of DL. impura, ab. nigrolinea, Turn., 
after line 8 from the top. 

P. (117) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. nigrolinea after line 10 from 
the top. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (267) 


ab. nigrolinea, Turn., Ent. Record, L, 22 (1938). 

Orie. Descrrp.—‘‘ In which there is developed a jet black line along 
a fold of the wing below the apex extending about half-way along the 
wing to the hind margin.’’ Torquay (Capt. Parsons). 


P. (59) Add to the List of Forms of A. ligustri, race gigantea, Drdt. 
P. (353) Add the Orig. Descrip. of race gigantea after lhne 7 from the 
top. . 
subsp. gigantea, Drdt., Ent. Rund., LIV, 375 (1937). 
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Agrees with the type in marking, but of ontstand- 
ing size, the colour a deep black brown with slight coppery shimmer. 


Hindwing whiter with wide dark marginal band.”’ N. Yunnan. 


P. (53) Add to the List of Forms of A. leporina, L., f. murella, Rang., 
f. grisescens, Rang., f. minor, Rang., ab. fasciata, Lempke, 
ab. sagittata, Lempke, and ab. continua, Lempke. 

P. (362) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above six forms after line 15 
from the bottom. 

form murella, Rang., Ent. Rund., LII, 223 (1935). 

Fig.—t.c., plt. 3, fig. 29a. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewing silky mouse-grey, the outer marginal 
band obsolescent, central costal spot strong, a black basal spot and six 
indications of bands along the costal margin but completely markingless. 
Hindwing unspotted, body mouse-grey as the forewing.’* Lapland. 

form grisescens, Rang., Ent. Rund., LI, 223 (1935). 

Fig.—l.c., plt. 3, 29b. 

Ornic. Drscrip.—‘‘ Forewing grey suffused on a white ground, three 
indications of bands on the costal margin, central spot and marginal dots 
quite black, but outside the four last dots of the outer band and the 
basal portion markingless. Body as the forewings.’’ 

form minor, Rang., Ent. Rund., LIT, 223 (1935). 

Hire. l.c_ pli, 29¢. 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Only 11 mm. expanse, brownish tone, almost mark- 
ingless. Borders of all the wings with brown streaks, which do not reach 
the margin, between the veins.’’ Lapland. 

ab. sagittata, Lempke, Tiyjds., (1939), 209. 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘' A row of large sagittate, black spots appears in 
the marginal area of the forewings.’’ Hilversum. 

ab. fasciata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 209. 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ A somewhat large blackish median shade lies on 
the forewings.’’ Holland. 

ab. continua, Lempke, Tiujds. (1939), 209. 

Orta. Descrirp.—‘‘ A subterminal line complete and strongly toothed 
extends from the costa to the inner margin of the forewings.’’ Amster- 
dam, etc. 


P. (58) Add to the List of Forms of A. megacephala, ab. igdyrensis, 
Teich., and ssp. dungerni, Rang., after line 7 from the top. 


(268) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1941 


P. (851) Add the Orig. Descrip. of these two forms after line 15 from 
the bottom. 

ab. igdyrensis, Teich., Korres.-blatt. Riga. (1901), p. 44. 

Ornic. Descrip. —Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., II, 238 (1936)—‘‘ Has the 
pale ground colour of acerts with faintly yellowish tone. Markings are 
as in type form, but only faintly indicated with the exception of the 
posterior transverse line, which is very distinct and has finely outlined 
black dentations. Hindwings white, barely darker at margin.’’ Near 
Ararat. 

ssp. dungerm, Rang.. Hnt. Rund., LII, 233 (1935). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. 3, 39. 

Orig. Descrip.-—‘‘ Great contrast in the black marking on the light 
erey ground. The whitish light spot between the margin and the cen- 
tral spot-is often enclosed by the black cross lines. Hindwing giey in- 
stead of whitish shimmer.’’ Lapland. 


P. (62) Add to the List of Forms of A. alni, L., ab. intensiva, Drdt. 
P. (86) Add the Orig. Deserip. of ab. intensiva after line 19 from the 
bottom. 

ab. intensiva, Drdt., Ent. Rund., LIV, 397 (1937). 

Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ Larger than typical European; ground much 
darker grey, more purple brewn. The black brown of the inner margin 
very deep and thick, the black markings distinct and clear hecoming 
irregular and thinned out above. Hindwings very pure white not dark- 
ened at the margin.’”’ S. Shensi, China. 


P. (63) Add to the List of Worms of A. tridens, Schiff., race obscwrior, 
Lattin. at bottom of the page. 

P. (853) Add the Orig. Descrip. of r. obscwrior after line 19 frem the 
LOp. 

race obscurior, Lattin., Zeit. Oestr. ent. Ver., XXIII, 27 (19388). 

Fig.-—l.c., plt. 8, figs. 13-18. 

Oric. Descrre.—‘ A relatively small race, distinctly divergent from 
other mid-European races, especially in the females. Forewings in both 
sexes generally brownish-grey. The black markings are sharp and well 
developed, the stigmata are clearly margined all round and above all 
have the dark longitudinal markings a definite expression. Both dag- 
ger marks are quite twice as strong and lengthened outwardly. The 
subapical streak also similarly increased in length and strength; in all 
female specimens there is a second costal streak which in a few cases 
extends to the reniform. Hindwings of male whitish, of the female clear 
brownish, in both sexes with a wide darkening of the border; the mar- 
ginal dots are quite clear.’”?’ Herzegovina. 


P. (65) Add to the List of Forms of A. psi, L., r. crassistriga, Latt., 
and r. solimana, Drdt. 

P. (862) Add the Orig. Descrip. of these two species after line 21 from 
the bottom. 


} 3, dao 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.AS. 42 zoo 


VOL. LII. (mew series), 1940. 


FEE 


i3 1944 


The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation. 


Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. 


COLEOPTERA. 

PAGE 
ACAIIZ, JON OWEN CUBE, “cescdodcrosccqsoSsvonepdoncec 138 
NE OTUUTI — SACS! epee cece cremos eas erceeeneecss 138 
ANSIMOWSS -SOIOTENINUIS)  dodsdoossobccsncossaoadeoddees U 
Bembidion mannerheimi .................. 138 
CArAOUS  WiGEMS Oo is csc eesusenceacmeee emcees 41 
(CITB NONIG ee kaa Ade BES nS pce Sue RCEDOSE EEE eee Q4, 67 
COCCIMENMTAC Beat ass soe eer ee eee eee 138 
lilé5 OLD UO CLE AS Wl Geaeeeanteeondaseacedusaeauncodadoo 138 
Cryptophagus dentatus <.............2:...- “Hl 
“SUD IMleNATISO) EN VENEWIS) \odsosodeadoodssboudsEe vi 
TEISCIOOI), TMMNOSIBIEVINS, Gacodudonsnsosboopsoosedoce 7 
TET yO EINE), TANIA | a ouacnasssesoocosoocosbobsHecc fi 
AEH ed WMA arene sceulacoaaeke cacaceetemmters: ff 
TNO SITU AMTIS SM hes eters gu Neubert cay at 
NEON GUC AIGI eae ae neta secan ces acsenetaes oecuccnae 64 
JIA VTAEL MUU)» GIEYCCIAWIS). | Condodoadsoscaosonogdodeuae 138 
PSVlTOdeS” MADMIN Ges: cece usesreceteicsscecsoetes 120 
ie em ALM CATM UT seater saree ts peace nae elanvoctanines 120 


List of Coleoptera added to the Brit- 


ish List by Sir T. Hudson Beare 108 


DIPTERA. 
ASMCWUSk a: HAAS GANMIS so ccek asoecccsiedeiiaeteree sents 81 
JNU ORIN Sears er eR ene aces ee ennan eco na a. 115 
AUNTOMIMIMNBNNIG, ALENOWONBIS! “GoosecoocacecosseccoscuG 89 
LORTECIATINES, ANSOIMNTENTS, “Gocebeoccocsce cosogsn0oa080 58 
Voli) NYO ONES pa coenccecacospoocose VA, 7S TG) 
IOOWISS” JENVOGCleIenAey Gesoncosooso0ocodaoosooB0NKe 67 
HREVATOSLGIS) CISOWOGOM, fecn-scesscecceeeesesl 90 
CAIRO wil, CB BITE ONSy w Eee ehsddassadesccdosooseaseobucce 15 
centaurae (heraclei ab.), Philophylla 100 
CELanOceran OCLIOGELA) --crseeaseecceeee sees 56 
COLON “ONEMMA sce yas conooreonen se desea 57 
COMM ODO APSA VClAOG LE), —Ssdcnsoddesddosoodosceooscode 10 
COMMAS ANGOUNTEIMIS, jesssstdossoosodasodeasedodece 17 
crabroniformis, ASsilus .-.............. 90, 106 
(GUISIOUOG AEA) LEWIN ONMEY  GascebssacusAuocosebocesoded 413 
GIMACSANIEs LBW ONE 5 54csnnsecdounbcdon00ducee 17 
IDOI ElaOySoya GIDE” sonscuonsaebacoonssocsesicaosoesbe 115 
QMO ONCE. LBWHM ONE) sosdesado=sosonnedoosdecdce 17 
CRLTUGME yp WEN AO) ONIN) "Ggaebsasonooacunboad 1 FT TD) 
PASCUAUA AG OMA acocccaccuseqsnescecculelesioos 81, 104 
HEIOD, — IDCVATTMGHAMAVTIE),  SesddaunnbaoboAdoeccacoaeoee 90 
THLE NALTOSTATANIS AO BNAVIME hoceeeededosadeonseeuskoc 16, 97 
riley oxsian ans, MbejolaielilnSs Geeebadeepesseocoe 90, 91 
HOTMMOSE) MUETOMMIEM INS). - gsadesBodEcqsdouneedessoeses 16 
frauenfeldti, Myopites ........... lay artsy Zit, 
grandinata, Campiglossa ................+. 16 
GROSSa ae OLN OM Ale asecemee secs ecacectasssssiseetecsis St 
CAMA TENS IDM PICONE» BoncodonbhssssubboooobasKne 16 


The other Orders arranged by Species. 
Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new to 
Science with two asterisks. 


PAGE 
1 ANE) CXS Nea DEH 0) OV CT ALS anne Mane ee Por ees 78 
INETIASTEN,  ANSTOVOTENIGIS,  Gocononeonaanascdeobesdonmooce 58 
IneIPaClien, IPloniloyalaavEy ..cccocoscoecapoe 56, 100 
ETP OD OS COACH EEE tee Eee eee eee eee 84 
lOO Cy Mls  MNETOMMIPIUNS, ~ ,connccoscscososonoceseos 58 
HIMCOMSOUCTIS) SiMGTATTS), soccscacscosccocoscocaes 89 
WM PNCHANWIS.,  IDTMISTBVMNG “sa cocéccéaccoceacceoconte $1 
TITUS, IMINVOVOIUWES) socodesdseseksadsesccscanee 718, 79 
FEVCCANME),, IEW OBER). .ssconseabsoocseocadsoss ils, » 1A 
NS ONMECYOKoranNS., IETONIENTAS,  Sodsseadcosesscseonese 58 
IDGAMOBNEC AE, MMNVOOIUES\ Goosscecescenesuescoosse 719 
IIMS FehOUAMS  TEN OO ETA NZ), sceadecsnncddssosuseees 67 
NC Ola Te GIS Eee eS eer ee 90, 91 
longirostris, Myopites ...... Aa, 78 79) 
TGNENASIMNE HE. STOMNEINEIING), Goscdsnsosodoosnonscuse- 15 
MUNCrOCeRWUSY (CEMIOCERA ceo shee 59 
TAMMIE), GYVIDINOSUB) — bednosscsosocasndongocdscse 58 
NOUS IREIKODAVING)  Locecacosescdtodadedessonst G6 
IMU SGiGalGs. Mamees eaeamere ttre ah tants hoa eran es 84 
IVEY ODICE SN ree aee hee eee neetnane ee heme eekens Ue aT 
INGTOBUOSEY, ORBAN),  scusacodacasnesscoasocnaces 16, 97 
INivcberibliGdalensae rer te skcn te sent eeete ten 84 
OelandiCay e DilO Gita ee ee ts setae 90 
onopordinis (heraclei ab.), Philo- 
olaayalillahss se srcceer saat he neve tesa tees ee enn ee 100 
parietina, Oxyna, Tephritis ... 16, 96, 97 
CELE VON WIS, SIDIMNEVEROOCRWE OWS | Sabsdcdsconcde toes D6 
IPA WIP CZUOAC’ «cascacccetc- cases nak eee ec seeeee 90 
JOIROIQOSICIOKES COMAVINE © ebdcbedcnecnesocecbounoses 97 
JOU OMUMIE WE: INIDSS Ul Bac dodedoosdske SaonsehusSode ac 15 
QUAGII AS Clatala Es WG pease eee senor eee 56 
nel Ais Hoel BAILA RAYA OXY AG Wii te eR Son US RAS = eee es 90 
PULA OBA ONS IB WAKOMTTMOIS) Sehesastascccaseace 90, 91 
TATUM UIC MOIS scd8sccsebbbcdhohoondededesec 57 
BUPAISe Nem ieiGl Swen ese ae et eee eae 16 
serratulae.. Nereitiay esos scccsccscssasseseteee 57 
SLOMataa SOMeCMOLAy Reccsesacas cee see aces 78 
SHAME YH am MMETOINTCUUTIS) yoko sspobeccbebneacocboGaneobe: 79 
SOUS MATS SV BWP ONE), Ggebee sbaseke sk eakas sl oa: 13 
SOMGCHE ee MSNA see see cee cae cet cased occa eemeee 58 
STOOIIE HI el DOU ell ONAN) eRe ae baeee ube seeecceas Coser 56 
SUIGTIN s FRUIM MOT Ae accu cea aac eles ods ce eee ili) 
Stays aidan EEVUITOVAN co rsceacesu cen esasasesueeeeeee 13 
ERAN GMCS: ir accisteceseceo at ascot sakeeur in comer 67, 84 
PAC IMUTINO AC! Jc aosasacaau secs doen’ sas Genes aes NO 
EMA BERT SUITS, | co. ah smse ccaat aor eoce ee eeeeEe 81 
tigrina, Eulalia, Odontomyia ......... 106 
AMEN OST EVER eSB ge 13, 56, 59, 77, 90, 100 
GUS ACMMLSE LOMEIA, sscecennseeseeeesesenae 57 
VECUCUSIS. (OPCML Ais 7 vocussiecanstaseoseates lost de 58 
WESTOTA TTA BY ME] OTT ANTI See Se sees 58 
WATTURNCHI nes OEM cle ee cceeemaseseneasceree Si) SY 


A 


SS 


2 SPECIAL INDEX. 


HYMENOPTERA. 

PAGE 
ay aiiencel,  IBIKONFIAIMIWAL) Gasscoococ aassecdanodeooe Pil, ap 
DUSUMACAS MMCSD Ay eercetenencce escent eee = 139 
CLAWTOA WES Oil aeesseseeceswaceecasesennceseeseeee 65 
(GUUTEUE |) IBADUENAKONIOIBY tscoddenocde dosueoceoneedsenadacdo 14 
(Bare aula FeWey We A soe ane <8 ee es ee eo a ee 31 
GIPDINCMS, IMNIGTROLOTEVCOM, “soconscconcosasososde 57 
ENCULS. IMIMGTHOCGRAOVETEWIS) Soscsscbcososnadsoudesboe 65 
fulyicormmism MetoOpilIs ey. Lee 89 
CHT AS OUT OKy MAL ab bite Sl. nese creten eee 22, 129 
EVES.» COON KONAIS Mayan oqneenoetenpeonsncoceoeonds 89 
© GivsV US Det ascat secs casee sda denenaeestcssscnace 65 
TORUMNICIA,, TBO OIE) soosscsbadscnconssaccead yA, Bie 
OATS AM, OCYCHGGVEIEUIS:. juosasocpsoscodboseancaosod Q2 
TAU AMY MAVICSID lament Seas a ae aaatastettclen etse shiek 139 
UCT ALS eR OLAS hie ne Vea nemceeiact enacts 31 
WAIEUZKOIE,,  WMOUCIRO) ONCE YCOTM)  4on5annccneccenacebade 15 
List of Aculeate Hymenoptera of 

HastoneHeN. CumberlanGdr te).eesrece- 7 

LEPIDOPTERA. 
AIMEE, IBWHOM AEC,  ccapopoonossenneoeoss 5D 
SVasiManiisy (OIC URNMNE)  Geaccovsspnestooasecncocba: ites 
ACCTIS Sy PACH OMIM TAN ass cece ohio tase forme 124 
BYCIMMUIEAE,  ZAVBEVEIMIEY Scosacsccsneaaone cee 135, 136 
actaea (cordula 7.), Satyrus ............ 31 
RECOM, AVOAVTAEINCWISY sjponcoscndnndcosnseononees 76 
AVOKWSTA KES” VANOEXCLEE., = Gancoscdhoonoceoo scanantaccanases 715 
AS TANVOD Sie Hae ila ans eeeeeeseteeceas. vacecererses 29 
ACLCMMAL MARA OC mee sean ces ecee i seer eee 63 
HOW OO OCMEUS See one casese sooo escnse teres coco ent 2 
aeruginaria = lactearia, Iodis ......... 162 
ASSCUIIEWENS). IBIRPATMIONS  Srcocsnasnsconsnodecooccne 36 
aestivaria, Hemithea .......... 1alO, alata, alah 
OmnMaS,s (COSTMTA: sc ascwsderccosces onsen ee eee 134 
agrestraria (pruinata ab.), Pseudo- 

IRSIE| 0) Ae Ree atane cera te Aosacdniocactos ston seaaekee 124 
OTP MPT STA sysceceacstiace seme oretene ease eeeet eeete Q 
albercanus = eto, WMrebiay <.2c---4------ 60 
albidior (vestigialis ab.), Agrotis ...... 118 
Bley rey, IEEIAWACIONG) “scccecddoosuocdos- ooddoans DD 
alichemneliianGmalcililansiaweecrse-eseseeeeeee sea: 9 
AN CONE IG ViGA CIMT mencces-eatentecceceese erasers 51 
SHOMENOWISIEh, ANIASAAMIMIISI™ SSadncosooasesddecddoouc 2 
BWaMoneo ls), (CRVPACUMUAE, Sooccpnddoseodonancsssond 134 
AI OIEKME LS” IdonSClM AN) —ochocossc0dso00danec 3 
amurensis (vestigialis 7.), Agrotis ... 118 
andrenaeformis, Synanthedon ......... 53 
antevortes (euryale f.), Erebia ......... 30 
BUONO OS, INVAMNVOMBNING) sodcedccooosocandocosnonsor 65 
BOOM, IPEWAMESISIOIS)  soodocnboonandosoocnqcdeoces 31 
areractan ciWernresiay aeenanecseecesrtecseseree: 50 
BYKEIMNBNEIe. IDM CESHIIR) bosdnopsocoobanoade lemiiice 
arete (claudina in error), Erebia 59, 60 
BASU we INGA ady OLMEW IGE S588 ccogsdsosascoscooodooses 80 
argentea (oditis ab.), Heliophobus, 

EV AVC IVA Ciao ve vnsa seman esseeae catestsecosce 119 
astenis, (Cwmemllia oo 02s ccccesesccet weteeeeosese 77 
atalanta, Pyrameis, Vanessa 19, 64, 129 
athalia. Wvielitaea:tc.c..csueeseceeeemeeree cst 134 


atlantica (zonaria ssp.), Nyssia 20, 34, 130 
atralis, Heliothela 
aurella, Neptis 
aurinia, Melitaea, Euphydryas 

Be}, We alee 


PAGE 
australis, Aporophyla ee 33 
barthaey Cucullia\y)..2 ee 45 
benigna, AG@rous 2.094 eee pa 
betulae, Thecla ....) eee 3 
betularia, Biston ... 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99 
**bicolor {(pudabunda ab.), Dasychira 86 
bidentata, Gonodontis) 63 
bipunctidactyla, Stenoptilia .. 27, 28, 29 
practea)'’ Plusia ¢), 2. eee eee Pepe i127) 
ibraissicae, Pierish, eee 64, 115, 130 
brumata, Operophtera, 3 36 
**brunnescens (filipendulae ao.), 

ZYLACNA. » “5.0us e305 eee G1 
caeslata, Entephria. 3... eee 86 
Caja; Arctia “2 eee 12 
calbum, Poly sonia) eee 63 
Callerebia”’ ..:...scc:csssosee eee (lal 
cCamelina, Lophopteryes —2 ee 62, 8) 
camilla; LIMeni tis. .22..5e eee 7d 
capsophila, Harmodia, Dianthoecia .. 127 
carbonaria (betularia ab.), Biston 

94, 95, 96 
cardamines, huchiloe. ee 128, 129 
Cardepia  ......2,5:cssccasesen ene eee 72 
carding Py ramels ae 19, 65, 114, 128 
Carnioli¢a,” ZyGaenay eee eee 3 
Carpinata, INOLHODUEI yeaa eee 5D 
carpophaga = lepida, Harmodia, 

Dianthoecia ..... dete. «cette eoree Eee 127 
Castanea, NOCtUA | ca2ee eee 119 
castaneae, Phragmateectian eee 50 
casirensis, Mala COSOmla EEE esEeEeeEeeeeeeee 75 
cervinalis (certata), Eucosma, Calo- 

CAIP EC» 4..ec0nazeesoaee: Soe ee 76 
cesSpitis, Thalera, Luperima |....2.22.-.5 134 
ceto = alberganus, Erebia ......... 59, 60 
chlorane, Earias cesses eee 
chlorosata (petraria), Lithina .......... DD 
chrysanthemi (filipendulae ao.), 

ZY GAC A sh iscask aco eee 91 
chrysitis,; Plusia“:. 22:2 118, 134 
chrysony (PlUSTa 2 eee 118, 134 
chrysoprasaria (vernaria), Hemistola 

ffl Ales 
chrysorrhoea = phaeorrhoea, Nyg- 

MIA oosesedeocdesodes estes eee AB) 
cinctaxia, Boarniiay ene eee 5D 
cimereal (AG rOtisS” -.. kes eee eee 118, 129 
citronea (napi @b.), Pieris. 31 
clara (icarus ab.), Polyommatus ...... 137 
Claudina (arete), Erebia ............ 60, 80 
cleanthe (japygia f.), Satyrus, Mel- 

ANAS. occ. socacngeeee eee eee Bo, Bile ee 
CLytie so. 47 
complana, ithosiay pee eee 62 
*concolor (pudibunda ab.), Dasychira 56 
consonaria, Ectropis, Boarmia ... 55, 86 
conspersa, Harmodia, Dianthoecia ... 74 
constans (manto ssp.), Erebia ...... 29, 20 
Contiguay, AViaimNeS ames ceseeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 15 
conyzae, (Coleophora ees tesee eee 105 
coprodactyla, Stenoptilia .................. 29 
cordula, SatyruS, Ateescsceeeese- eee 31 
Coridon, “Polyiominlayis ees eee e eee 76 
crataegi, ADOVla.-...-:-c:s0ccsessdee eee 2 


SPECIAL INDEX. 3 


PAGE 
CROGEUS EL COllas tr Bees 24 
cucubali, Harmodia, Dianthoecia ... 130 
GucuilatelilarpuN Olay. ewusese none esee, eee 15 
culiciformis, Synanthedon ......... Be, | A 
Cyinnslmgey, ’< IMICMMURVER YS “Coconcossssodebocoscconbdadodc 2 


cytisaria = pruinata, Pseudoterpna 121 


**decolorata (betularia ab.), Biston 
93, 96 
CEMDUNOSA See SMV TANS ese seee cece ee eee. 45 
] DTIC Te ITU RE ae ane eco e ecto acoorunanpocaEEasean 48 
CliGlhyarne). IM Kel VEK), . AisassocoosaobosacdocposnBtad 3 
Chistitnesh. TEXON yy OI OY), | SopoqconedcotoodoKsdcosedoosee 62 
DIS CEST Ae May Aten aie ARM ENanr ee kU Mn eM Loe 72 
GCUIS|OR MRS IE\VTTOENONGIETS) dpbucododueacdebocmoodses 45, 48 
CHSSIIMTOVLITISS IMIR WOES). os dabeconedocssesaacesede 75 
distinctata (pictaria), Bapta ...... 48, 54 
adromedaniuisn Notodonta, 25.02.4100. se0s- 62 
GUNA On Cayenne tenet eee WC, We 
CI CAMO AAS Cte saree rte c.a cs taseroesareces cece c 31 
INNO UEHENS) » » VACHICIE WUE), “Go pueabessocedaobesonsnoses 75 
SOMOMUROM.»  JRIESIONE), aot asdosusenessasedonsedesrodos Q9 
CLOSH EE Oi OMMIMNATU SMe eenes ae ceeccneesecece 3 
TDTES) OI Wee posnaadancunApANE Sr TaRaee ne iil, - BOS Bil, 749) 
ericetaria, Selidosema ............ US, We, 137 
erysimi (sinapis f.), Leptidea ............ 31 
euphorbiae, Acronicta ................ 20, 53 
UIE), 1 DIAS ONE ceoboopumieosdeoobEcodoses 29, 30 
\AIAIS! = TPIBNPNIS), IBIAS) ONE) oheppeoooee 59, 60 
Go<Olleug.<. (CEnlOCce inl OZ)! Geccceccecoonobocbecednooos 54 
PAMMERSTAULOMOUS! ate cee ome ences tees ree 
**fasciata (lapponaria f.), Nyssia, 
TRG YEXCTIKO) OSS Nae Ae aconblae pebonoabaeaaedocHan 34 
fasciata (marginaria ab.), Erannis .., 35 
TALS TARE ACM ae ste core etc act at nokereetes 3 
TANAIGONOIE, ILWIOINNIE) © SdsbssedeodoacenBoososdsoac 715 
HEMeESiMAa Vay UNONMECIA Teccs-sdeseceeessenee: Q 
festiva, Noctua, Diarsia ............... 74, 85 
TESTUNC ACH. MISA ee Meee ous eeu nc aaa 134 
fea aGraciilarians ets hua ten vest ee 9 
filicivora, Mnesipatris ................. 61, 105 
filipendulae, Zygaena 91, 92, 134, 135, 
slo. als7/ 
THOMIO TENS VWI. OCU: oopheovsnbooeooooonstone 101, 102 
flava (filipendulae ab.), Zygaena ...... 91 
flava (galathea ab.), Melanargia, 
SEHUIATI EIS aor ao nde RoBp see ion CopOR CBE AOM OSCE aoree 31 
flavicornis, Polyploca ............ Pe, Bi, IAS 
hUilicinanrian arascOula wees. ete Bas 7H 
HUTS MO SA ee ACMA TOWTAN sete een e 50 
fumosa (ericetaria ab.), Selidosema 137 
*fusca (pudibunda ab.), Dasychira ... 86 
calathea, Satyrus, Melanargia ......... 31 
INNA Aiea USA th Oho pemen aes west ns sot ee seen se 51 
geminipuncta, Archanara ................ 50 
OVACTAIS MERE Dilla). ass eter mnete ns 59 
GSriByomeriih. KCwKe wiley coscocasosscasseocsogo0 coc 134 
enathene (constans f.) (manto ab.), 
IBTAS) OVE a denen suannaee nate BE mei cictie ie) 3.0 
goante = montanus, Erebia ............ 60 


eothica, Taeniocampa, Monima 54, 55 
gothicina (gothica ab.), Taeniocam- 
pa, Monima 
Gracillaria 
gracilis, Taeniocampa, Monima 54, 
5b, 134 


PAGE 
STaMMIMists Changease ways. e eee 134 
graphodactyla, Stenoptilia ......... DY, (SR 
SIS COA MeL UM OSTAM tne eae ee a 62 
PLOSSulaialaltaee AD TANAS meee eee 12 
MastianianyePeronea ice eet 3 
Weligen(cCroceussp) MColias “ie 24 
ere) OBL EWING Fe Koha eee N Saan me a Ae tae clan ey Su os a 68 
THUGS OVE TE te Vere an. de nae sAntencasapbones 67, 84, 114 
ilatigse” Zywacna OG ah i eee 2 
hippocastanaria, Pachygastria ........ TS 
hippocrepidis, ZAyeaema 2... 91, 92 
ILEANA Ey Clase hoot tite Runes aae 54 
hispidarira.yApocheinmay 2s... 30, 00 


hispidus = oditis, Heliophobus 118, 119 
hyperantus, Aphantopus ............. 93, 80 
icarus, Polyommatus 
immaculata = smaragdaria, Eu- 
chloris 
TUONO WUE, ILAIKCR OUI, “2S cecusccocbdbasncocesvedoboos 7D 
incerta, Taeniocampa, Monima ... 54, 55 
*ingenua (australis f.), Aporophyla .. 33 
insularia (betularia abv.), Biston ...... G4 
TIME ICISCUA),, - AL COIOEEINE), saasaccchesscoconsoese 76 
intermedia (oditis ab.), Heliophobus 119 
intermedia-fumosa (ericetaria 4dD.), 


SCIGOSCMTAMAS cera sea neon. 2 en anemaee 137 

TOS AVIANINES SAR Rin eee eee ncehee nae oer enone 128 

japygia, Satyrus, Melanargia ... 31, 52 

jurtina, Maniola, Epinephele ...... 20, 130 
lactearia, Iodis, 101, 102, 103, 109, 110, 

124, 125 

eB WUowan, ILE WICENMIIBY  .soskésshosoaoooeosdanbace sc 117 
lanceolata (hyperantus ab.), Aphan- 

ODDS) crac cstnecen set thee cone cce ten eee aceeee nee: 53 

IGNORES IBTOSASWEIE Subdnescsdensacoses Wale 515) 

lappona = pandrose, Erebia ...... 59, 60 


lapponaria, Poecilopsis, Nyssia, 33, 


34, 35, 954 


lepida = carpophaga, Harmodia, 
Dian thoecciaee seen lett oh itt 127 
IGoOreMNe,; ANCIROIMINOCWB. ‘siccdbotibdedecobosaososdous 74 
IGUICOSie ON), IPECMIMOLOIE) Sssoseasdossoocoese Hats) 
leucomelas (galathea ab.), Satyrus, 
WMICT AMAT Gay Te fc nce ecavecemaeieccaeenae seer 31 
leucophacany  Pachetrayeecccsscteesceers cece 74 
leucophaearia, Erannis ............... SH. Re 
Inchentamiat a ClCORAn tecssscccca-redes=scaeccasse re 76 
Limear ME PeWPaN cease ascosee cen ceace sec cee 29. 
LAGS ETE NeASY g) Ali Oy een heey eae BapbbEeasddscecondnenes ac 75 
nines, (IRIE. G0), MOGHS sascdtecosseccc 110 
PMC AA SS CORMAN c-cacsacesssenace cottner aca neteances 74 
NiME Olas A GdOP aa setae. eeee cess cee ese $0 Sil 
lithareyrellias ‘Cramilbusy es eects. ceeees- oe i} 
HitOraliSa WEeUuGamial sees os. -seeeeetee sess 76 
lO MIAN ass (PCROMCAMM ice: sc.cntseeteseeee este ees 2 
lomasaria (betularia ab.), Biston 93, 96 
lubricipeda = lutea, Spilosoma ...... 19, 
hidovilciae, - AMODAGA” Hi. ccc. ese eseeec cee see 30 
TMU EISS VIS ASW» Es iee scree «deem cieseteets S 
GMS ars SAM OUUSIah as atewnesonses san aemereaeetts 76 
TUMOSAT CAMIGIIOGELISH G8 oo.ceeeeseceneeee coe 134 
iimnenta Wevouly, bat aXe }ss2]) 9 essa adosdouusbaccsocouseuc 62 
lychnitish: Cucullian cee eiectsccs.. nes 76, 134 
mMmachaonu. Papilio Sine. PoP R1E 89 
TMalabaniGus, PHAaASSuUS sett ce.ncers eee 68 


4 SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
MAIOGOr MERON A en. cee eee een sae haee aes 29 
INMEVOLTIN ION: IBTPRNMIAMIS) 3 ooqaenoocoe Bm, 33, BA 
LM ATT UUINE:, SES CINGAY 1 cocci aoa aepachetote ct eee 134 
THA LDUSFe MORIBIAS OMIM) Wee ao soko sachenecpdosaccocobeanc 60 
MINE LSS - ZAMAN Gey 1a heute ee cca 128 
BASIE WON OWS, ' IBIRSIONE, » Cosoopesopsinasodnesosoaooose 60 
AVEC Tea arene aseaise scnc hued clots waiciesan/sontslsere Naat tea 131 
meolans = stygne, Erebia ............... 60 
merularia (leucophaearia ab.), Eran- 

TMNT siete oer rey ra Seem ch, ene bop dhe 35 
WAMIMUENE, IMMUNO CIMIPISWA, srcosconehasanseznoacnce 62 
TOMILTMNTAMSY, (CWYOMCIO.  Sscncccdhossoonasconmonssenasoacc 129 
monacharia (pedaria ab.), Phigalia 35 
IMMOMEUG, IPINDISIIBY <cocescassoccces coosssseobonbonnec 138 
montanus = goante, Erebia ............ 60 
TAMU eels), (CWO MENEZ, .oo.cconcocncese> D4 
TANWUNCIEWNS),  INWICIETENB), — s .nooncosonceonocesaese0008 62 
MONUSCWUOSE,, Orel, AMNG, ssncsosoncccnee Ole 
MAINE), BOYOMIMEEME, connanascconsncoo once 15, ‘a 
IQUEWONL © SL EAIGN GIRO NaNG Manan Spee nae Shen c mmn on aon 31 
TACIOWUOSA,, “ANIDICCUEY Sasosocoavesces0sscnesecceccoc 74 
TMOONGIAS, IBISOME) sosscancosscnoneonnoopcsnac De | 2S) 
nereine (styg@ne), Erebia ................... 59 
INGIONMNE == SUS, INASIONE) Gecononosaee 59, 61 
TUSTONCEMMS,  ANGAPOUIST "Apananccsopogsedceeeosnonsa. oc i 
nigricans (filipendulae ab.), Zygaena 91 
IMIAVOSNME) 5)” IEXETRONAUEEE) | Goncoontanosaunotonacnoceonsde D4 
norbertaria (lactearia ab.), Iodis ...... 110 
nubeculosa, Brachyonicha, Astero- 

SC OJOS nese in PN Bioee ee Hateiericeoms Raw mabeiack D4 
o-album (l-album a@b.), Leucania ...... aly 
OLOSCWILAIE, GCHMOMMOS  srococorcosconcsscoavsecase 76 
OCOWEAL MENU OIS Gare ets acer eee enee canteens 55 
ocellaris (euryale /.), Erebia ............ 30 
oditis, Hadena, Heliophobus ...... 118, 119 
OEMNES MEET, CeeneeC Aero Wan eee ene mente 29 
OlleraGeans Maile Shta were eee eee T 
Olivacea (vestigialis ab.), Agrotis ...... 418 
Omens, GCresvCwMAiAS, — ccaccsosonacsconsnanc 9 
onobrychidella, Leucoptera .............. 1 
OmMUSueley, GAPVCWMATAIBY sosccoscooaccosnoscsoec. 9 
OOP PID ING Vi CT Aeterna eR Re 134 
OIDCCIIMBY IESKTCIME) she dacheSnctocvonosovoocdocouss 104 
OUIDOME),, “AMENOINEVSING), ga. saccadeaasacosvedases060 76 
orientalis (australis f.), Aporophyla 33 
OUUAS, COUSOMINOHA, sherdsoonacooncassccsotosdoce 115 
DAUM CMSH RSC UCANNT a ahh cee qo ak Sone ee 75 
OAVEMChwHAMN.  APTENCIMNGVOUTUNOISS ~ cooacececooscsoononace 10 
pandrose = lappona, Brebia ............ 60 
papilionaria, Geometra, Hipparchus 

Hilal, abil), 1198}. 138) 
JDAWCINIBY, ANPOAVIMIANIS) ~“Goonbosecosconeesadcoocee soos WD 
paradoxa (caesiata ab.), Entephria 86 
(ORV MSTOMES), IBIPSOINOS cooooconsssosccseoces bys, (65) 
AU, NAMA TIMES i sere. ecacaseeecen ee cee ne en 69 
pavonia, Saturnia, Eudia ...... A NS, BY 
joeGlevrigy, IPI INE, sacesancsasceseooc GD, eo, ys} 
pelle dalciylawIStEMO DAA eee: 28 
elite eras ELCIOtIMTS eee eae alae. lal 
(OSIMIMB TENS), TENUIMEIFE), | cododcccouscoonoon eoosuoadeln 99 
phaeorrhoea (chrysorrhaea), Nygmia ‘5 
Dharte, Hrebia |. ost nese ieee eee Q 
pheretes,  Plebeius — peiteene.. eased Q 
DINU, (COSIMOMVAINONGY, scsnscccnccnsessoconeser Dy 
philippsi, Eriogaster ......... 69, 70, 87, S8 


PAGE 
phlaeas, Heodes, Chrysophanus 51, 

128, 129 
pinastri, Hyloicus .. 2 51, 104 
piniaria, Bupalus? 233222 81 
PlatYSaMia) .n0.ic:ccckos eee eee eee 82 
plume se Tilo NO 80 
pluto, (glacialis), Erebia) 2222. 59, 60 
pneumonanthis, Stenoptilia ...... 28, 29 
podalirins, VPapillion ee 89 
polielinss (Cram iiSi) see 3 
popull (eti), Laeniocampass eee 55 
DoW SMiareuinaly a eee 48 
POtLAtOnIAy OdONESUISi see eee eee 12 
praegalliensis) Eeliovhelayeee eee 1 
prasinaria = pruinata, Pseudoterpna 121 
procida (galathea /f.), Satyrus, Mel- 

ANALLILA, ..ccsaciunyyeocee eee eee ee 31 
progemmaria = marginaria, Erannis 36 
PLOmIISsay Cavocallay ieee eee TD 
provincialis (apollo 7.), Parnassius .. 31 
proxinnia, Chillenayeee ese ily Te 
pruinata, Pseudoterpna ...... AES ali 1198} 
DRUM. (Ste yAMNOM) | sess eee eee 36 
pseudolatruncula (versicolor ab.), 

U7 21 6 ke ee et ee Scogoaaasane 20 
pseudopretella, Borkhausenia .......... 106 
plerodactyla. StTeNOpiillilayesseeeteeees 29 
pudibunda. Dasy,chista sess 86 
pulla, | Epichnopienyexc ieee 125 
purpuralis, Zygaena ........ 2) eos alo Osman 
pustulata, Comibaena ......... AOD. AS titel 
pycenacella, iGracillanian eee 8 
TONAMOUOMDNAN,  ISTMMOVAWANE) sees s.cccsceceonc sce 1192 
quadra,, OCOMESELIS, sascce-seneeee eee eee eee 77 
quercus, Zephyrus, Thecla ......... Bye 1919) 
radiatenuss \CeroOStOni ates tess eta 63 
radiella = pulla, Epichnopteryx ...... 125 
IPS OVE, = IRAETEIG So onsancepdouscodcoconnee 52) LOG alates 
Repandaliss GE yira Sita esses eee ee eee 3 
Liam elia, Chin SO.ClS i ah ———===—= a 105 
ridens,, ACromictia, foicss-e eee eee eee 2) 
PIP ACs» AST OUMS) ..s.cececceo eee eee eee 22, 119 
rossica (lapponaria f.), Poecilopsis ... 34 
THOPSMMENINOIS, — (OTENMMUOWIS “Gocscscccoass2ccnccnccacoc Q 
ruberata, Cidaria, Hydriomena ...... 1194 
nubescana. (Cavophiciay see 15 
PUL BOMBYX. | vceeos cee eeceee ee eee 129 
rubi, Callophirys » i435. eee 437 
wuibricosa, Pachnobiaiie ee 3 
TETVNOOMCHES,  VANCTEOVOUUCUZY 5055 nceccsscsc2-seorscec6~ 129 
Piplcaprancial. ah eisia esse 36, 54 
Salicis, ILeuCoOmMal: 3s... eee 7D 
Salauneliws) (Cram ibtiSi ese eee WB 
Saiellitia, “Scopelosomal es eee 99 
SA@tUINIIGAGC. . asccassacmens sss seeE ee eee 12 
satyrion (philea f.), Coenonympha ... 2 
SAUGia,,, ASTOLIS. | A sasceteneieeeeeee oo eee 104 
**saxifragae, Stenoptilia 5, 27, 28, 

Ze (Bil 
scabiosata, Bupithecia 2.0.5.2... GER TS) 
scabriuscula, Dipterygia ...... AOS VELA. (7A 
schwingeschussi, Libanopacha ......... 7 
SCIPIO... Wr ebia sc cecsascccseeeee eee 1 SO ire 
Scitella, piceuicoplierayi esac te eee 24 
SCOea), > TER CWbaA Aocccassanccees shee 60 


SPECIAL INDEX. 5 


PAGE 
scriptura (australis f.), Aporophyla .. 33 
S@@alliis,, ANOBII,  cccccssocecoobaobscanqoao00aeCods 85 
semele, Eumenis, Hipparchia 20, 76, 130 
SeSimmilorewnmiaes),, MAAN, coosddccoacsadcosnon65c0 133 
SSSIM,,  IBICRNWEIEE),- Scagoasocacnonconso 0000806000 74 
SSTENCSAL, ILINHOVOISTIE),  cooccoqcooesccq0nnsecdcseqc94000 62 
SKiNayoNS, ILSOVNOlEk). — caoceecassososboooeonoobapeced 31 
SIVA, LAPASOMA ...2......ccceocesereresss 0, 7 


smaragdaria, Euchloris, Phorodesma 
US, WC, aslo, all, aOaL 


GOTMINS., OiweOMEINE),  Gsoancavsooceousonanc0cen68 3 
SOIC, IBXOTE Ko, IslEWONE) socagsucsscoccnconodooeee 75 
SOMO, Wiesel, Clowns), scoscocoososecooanue 71 
SOR ONCEUIE, SSIBVESIE), “Gospsecnonccooseoubaccccoand 3 
SOSTeTE ON, AACINENMENRE, Gooccaoogobcoccon000800 50 
SHSCWAIONINIS, ILBVCAGCIES. scosnasccossosdeo0n0 69, 74 
Soman: “AN GVeellp yi sa aancesshconccrasrceesnEeencasocter 514 
splendida (jurtina ab.), Eumenis ... 20 
SUOMI, IPIKOOOIIS,  oopocoadeneqeocoos0or 50 
stirius (merine), BErebia ................. Gil 
SMA Aes USCOME cresivescesesteedcectisne seeeeer 35 
SIELCAUNTS, INTIME, IPIROCTAIS) 5. cocensncnop00000 20 
SEUNG IPGIRCONMIIG) soooceessconsocpcecconeT (4 
SUIS), ANGIROIIS: sosoccnscsesscocnabsccase0N SG 
stygne = nereine, Erebia ...... 29, 59, 60 
SUOMI EIS, Oy ONMBISIIG) concbsancooasooobosues 75 
SUUTTOMANEHIs), ILBuTA ORO) OKSIEVAS “Gosasncnocoodooc 4 
suffusa (lineola f.), Adopaea. ............ 30 
Waalorel, (OBTECIETOIE, © Gassentoopncconscasuscobacoso: 72 
PING IA eae ee eas su Ul cctnath maeilsasemiatestelviebiaaueiecet 104 
NING CAM ANIE CHAN re cei oecligataeracamenbieneenue 74 
tiphon = tullia, Coenonympha ....... 63 
UEC IMSEN onal, ZAM INE) - “coososcpooaneeosboeoeobe 91 
WEB OSVAUMEY. 1 COSINE), WaR hon Antesnapaeanseasenesouce 99 
Pema raul MmOCOMEGISN sae ceesetetee see eee 3 
EIRETONGIS),. INO WOCIOMNEEY  socsacoacosnoonsoodeancosear D5 
ULES TENG (EXEIS)), IBTRSIONIBY anoucecuasenaseance 60 
IPMN YOUU), IDF WATNOIMIG),  sosccboonsoscnccec 62, 74 
HEUIOILL, SOCOM ONIINE, scocoscacoeondooue We, WE 
IPO), AN ONORIKONE),  sccoscsssosoosudboeueosoe 134 
ast CT ACOs OUISy. o5.15-4 cee aecssoec ene e suas eoasenouns 76 
twekernin MMietTArWEIE: iecc.c.ccccecnece: 125, 126 
tullia (tiphon), Coenonympha ......... 60 
UAVINCIAIAUIS,, IBTREIOIBY Sorossosonscosdsousoononoacoces 29 
iynbacweehracmeatiplilay sete: 50 
MIM OTFENAICE), WIC WIIIMNE)  \sconsassocoosponones 74, 134 
IMMA,  ANTOBVIMES), Secbocccooanedosooooonsbones 134 
urticae, Aglais ... 19, 51, 65, 116, 125, 130 
WIPENCE YE, pSOWWOROMME), coccecooceseoodosoconon 141, 129 
WISHES, MGOSONGTMIMTIS » coconcocsscooasononsceoe 63 
valesina (paphia f.), Argynmnis ......... 78 
VCTIUIS MIE CLO cass sacse ai ace camecmecuntae eet area 67 
WIEN). JOH ONNOONE),  Soncescconuenonooconor 2 
vernaria = chrysoprasaria, Geomet- 
ae SEVETMUSTOLAY sce. ciosccesteenne ADI 102 121 
versicolor, Miana, Procris ..... 19, 86, 129 
NELSLCOLOLAN SE MOLOMIUS: s.ccc.udcernceteseatenee 54 


PAGE 
vespiformis, Synanthedon ........... 5p, U4 
vestigialis, Agrotis ................ 165 148 1133 
WEIS, CEIIGCANIMNDE,  GoccascosdooesseuoKesocddue 54 
Vib Gay, AA Caius etce nanench saccieeoseseaeas 99 
Vailltosellan, (PSyCHiey eeisnesceetecsescteoneencaee 104 
violescens (vestigialis ab.), Agrotis .. 118 


virellata (pruinata ab.), Pseudoterpna 122 
virgaureae, Heodes, Chrysophanus .. 2 
Varidata, INCMOLIay <c.-.-s.-+--e- fakd), all. as 
waiensis (consonaria ab.), Ectropis .. 86 


Veo ian, MPOVEYeIE) Gocococosopunsececoapdaccqo6oos 2 
Wallacein lay elas (hsv hori) see cesse-eaces- ss 116 
WOSUOIN, ANSIAOWIS) Gosccossaceces wiosencwaciuseneset 52 
WOSIIGIN, IBWEXO@Z),  cossecsoancoseacssconsnonsoDDe0000 a1 
VAOWEYG, INOIWOVOIOIRIEEY ceacssnonscncoseobsapcucaKodS 62 
TAOIMENAIB). INVES) scocooscne¢anenca 20, 33, 34, 1380 
zophodactyla, Stenoptilia ................. 29 
VAS pSREVEIONO BIE: (2) “Gonscsabeeanecscopoecaoeo56 134, 137 
List of Geometrid larvae with a 
special unknown organ above the 
SHAE ZORIGY OXE8: BossannvncbcoduasedcunoonoEadtonc 111 
List of Lepidoptera abundant at 
INGNVACIN®, ANODE GBS cooccscossanoqcoce il 


List of Lepidoptera taken at sallow 36 

List of Lepidoptera found in Suther- 
land 

List of Melitaea species in the athalia 


(GREG 0} ve see ee ne hcriaaernnstemonldonpaspoosont noo 132 
List of Noctuae taken in N. Wales, 

PNUUWERD ISA AIS B1S)" Roccagoeordouscpooonscouccuccoecce 63 

ODONATA. 
cyathigerum, Enallagma ................... 22 
CLNMAS,  SNAMMOEWIADHOM — coosonospoceshooecooscweoec 22 
qn ace, WAESIah Ok) acacecooscedoconcoueduoseaecoc ace 22 
nymphula, Phyrrhosoma ................... 22 
quadrimaculata, Libellula ............... 22 
ORTHOPTERA. 
INGIPIOIGIEVE. “scecconndsodnovaasacconecocooooHEncSeoaeqooC 65 
albomarginatus, Chorthippus ........... 66 
albipennis, Apterygida ...................--- 103 
TENCONO, CLNOIEUOMOOWIS  coscossconsscossonc 66, 129 
maculatus, Mymeleotettix ................ 66 
NeETVOSUS, EHuaAcanthus ...........ceeeeeeeeees 129 
parallelus, Chorthippus ............... 65, 66 
YU LEWMAEXONMNIGIEYS, ~ soooccasscasooqabsceoccoDaLCTee 65, 66 
WALANG RINE MRCOG oossseecconnaccuccec 129 
VLC UCULIS He OMNOCESTUS  tercenssctocenacensntoee 66 
RHYNCOTA. 

PAUIGTONEOYG ICIS, * Agron dospecocoonsuaGancocsoocbonocodKeoe 129 
DUCENS He LLCLOMVETEUS eescrresccascanseseansestes 129 
philiyrae, “AlGUTOGES) <:.5-:....c-sscsesesensne 129 


Pabteolas, AVEWLOGES | Sec. ccs--c+e+csecccernenne 129 


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EDITED with the assistance of 


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“ig | CONTENTS. 


AN EARLY NOTICE OF BEDBUGS, Malcolm Burr, D.SC.; F.R-E.S., etC. cu 13 
THE VARIATION OF SENTA MARITIMA, TAUSCH, 4. J. Wightman, F.R.E.S. 14 


THE SEASON OF 1940 AT WOOD WALTON FEN DISTRICT, H. A. Leeds, ...... 16 
AULONIUM TRISULCATUM, FOURC., EXTENDING ITS RANGE IN ENGLAND, 
H, Donisthorpe, TERPS She SHEN ERY Ae rasta eta Ey ci ct) ty gas aaee or eciad Sno Leeman nek suede ees 18 


COLLECTING NOTES: Notes on British Moths, FE. Ernest Green, F.R.E.S.; 
Volucella inanis, L., at Bexley, Kent, H. W..Andrews, F.R.E.S.; Luperina 
nickerlii, race incerta, Tutt, or rate gueneei, Doubleday, A. J. Wighiman, 
F.R.E.S.; Myrmecina graminicola, Fabr. (Hym. Formicidae), at Heston, 
H. ponisthorpe; Notes on Monima (Taeniocampa) gracilis, Dr G. V. Bull, 19 


»OURRENT NOTES ....:. TOMAR SMES Uae We IUM med Cea RIMS Nae (wert Eau. SU Ce vale daecaun el dat datbalce 22 
VEE 'G D1 Aa a Pe La Rr eM RMR MON eae Ns AUER IS oe See dak A ae 24 


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Zoology 
{3,30 By Maxtcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., etc. MAR 24 1949 
LIBRARY 


A year or two ago I had occasion to look up the early history of the 
pest of bedbugs in our country. The first allusion in our literature 
that I could find was in Moufet’s Theatrum Insectorum, published in 
1603, but written at least thirty years earlier, when Dr Penny, a Court 
Physician of Queen Elizabeth, who may be regarded as the first English 
entomologist, was called in to advise two Noble Ladies in the village 
of Mortlake about a curious stinging rash from which they were suffer- 
ing. Dr Penny diagnosed the trouble without hesitation, and prescribed 
fumigation. 

It is true that Dr Penny had travelled in the south of France, and 
in Switzerland, and so may have made the acquaintance of the dittle 
beasts on his travels. He certainly had a good knowledge of existing 
continental literature on Natural History, and personally knew Gesner. 
Anyhow, it is clear that he put his finger on the spot, and was probably 
the only man in England at the time who knew what the creatures 
were, and how to deal with them. Yet the fact that they were already 
swarming in what was then an obscure village shows that they had 
already become widely spread in the country. 

A century later Pepys and his friends had their sleep spoilt by bugs 
in an inn on the road to Bath. They had a disturbed night, which made 
them right merry, as Pepys wrote. An odd reaction. 

Recently I have come across another allusion to them, in the journals 
of Dr Covel, a distinguished Cambridge scholar, who went to Constan- 
tinople in 1670 in the suite of Sir John Finch, our Ambassador to the 
Porte. Covel spent six and a half years in the Turkish capital, and his 
diary 1s most interesting, but the mention of bugs does not occur in 
the Turkish part of his travels. | 

It was on the journey, at Malaga, that he met them. He writes :—- 
“ After supper and a little chat, we thought of our lodgings. All that 
lay on twills and bedsteads were sorely bitten with little bugs, which 
left hard knobs and pimples wherever they seised. I, with one or two 
more, had the fortune to put our twills for coolness into the middle of 
the floor, which was laid with brick, and we escaped all these pestilent 
companions. These insects, so well known in all hot countryes (but to 
us never seen before), are called chismes and chinches, and in Italian 
cimict, from the Latin cimex, in French punuises. They are shaped 
much like a spider, but far lesse, with six legs and a bottled breech, the 
back often being reddish. They are truly called by Pliny most nasty 
animals, animalia joetidissima, for besides their venomous bite they 
have .. . a most intolerable filthy smel. One of our comrades, catching 
one in the night as it were preying on him, and thinking it had been 
a flea (after a slovenly custom which he had got), bit if with his teeth 
thinking so to kill 1t; but the abominable stink set him vomiting in such 
a manner as he verily thought he had been poyson’d, which made me 
amazed how they came to be prescribed inwardly by the antients as a 
medicine against feavers .. .” 

After discussing whether these, and similar vermin, have any sense 
of smell, the doctor decided in the affirmative, not only ‘‘ because these 
never stir out of their holes and lurking-places till the steam and per- 


14 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD. 15) 10/1944 


spiration of your bodies invite them, but because all strong smels drive 
them away .. .” and he quotes a string of herbs, including Russia 
leather. He concludes, logically, that ‘‘ it is manifest that the fierce 
efluvium of these things very grievously affect these vermin, and seeing 
they all have eyes why may they not as well have organs of smelling, 
or something analogous to 1t?”’ 

All of which goes to show that Dr Covel was a good observer and of 
an enquiring turn of mind. 

He was educated as a medical man, but on being elected to a Fel- 
lowship of Christ’s College, Cambridge, took Holy Orders. He was 
widely known for his erudition, and his writings show a wide breadth 
of reading. He was certainly ahead of his time, and his comments on 
the bedbug, and on insects senses, are shrewd. He would have made 
a good entomologist. 

The extract is from ‘“‘ Karly Voyages and Travels in the Levant. II. 
Extracts from the Diaries of Dr John Covel, 1670-1679,’ edited by J. 
Theodore Bent. (Hakluyt Society, 1893.) 


THE VARIATION OF SENTA MARITIMA, TAUSCH, 
By A. J. Wieutman, F.R.E.S. 


The typical form of this species appears at first sight to have a rather 
indefinite pattern, but if it were fully examined with a lens it would 
be found to be far better marked than a superficial examination had led 
one to suppose. 

The ground colour is always some shade of buff, very pale to brown, 
and the markings consist of a deeper shade than ground colour; longi- 
tudinal lines on costa; a slightly darker shade than the ground colour 
streams from the base through the orbicular and reniform stigma to 
the outer margin. 

Below this hardly discernible streak the only darker markings are 
due to scattered dark scales along the inner margin. There is a row of 
crescentic or triangular dots along the outer margin, a dot on each of 
the nervures representing the outer line and two only to show the posi- 
tion of the inner line, while there is a dark mark at the base of wing: 
the stigmata are little darker than the background. 

The costa is lined in white longitudinally, the nervures are heavily 
white suffused, the outer marginal spots have a white inner edge, and 
the stigmata have a partial white edging. It is the strength or weak- 
ness of these white lines which gives us the silvery buff and plain pale 
buff examples. 

The well-known striking aberrations are all produced by the intensi- 
fication of the darker markings of the typical form and the suppression 
of the white suffusion. | 

In ab. bipunctata, Haw., the white suffused lines are reduced to a 
minimum although present on the outlines of the black stigmata, and 
on the extreme outer area of the wing with a trace on the costa, but 
the more intense the black stigmata and black longitudinal lines just 
beyond the stigmata towards the outer margin, the less the white suf- 
fusion is apparent. 


THE VARIATION OF SENTA MARITIMA, TAUSCH. 15 


In ab. nigrostriata, Stdgr., the white lines on the costa and along 
the nervures are tinged with the ground colour and the dark lines on 
costa and below are black. 

In ab. combinata, Edels., the black stigmata of bipunctata are pre- 
sent in what is otherwise a nigrostriata form, but these black stigmata 
are not so intense as in the first, or the lines so wide and black as in the 
second. Apparently there is not enough black pigment to meet the 
double demand. 

In ab. wismariensis, Schmidt, the deeper than ground colour streak 
of the typical form becomes black, as also do the two stigmata, but the 
costa has now lost the deeper than ground colour lines and the wider 
and more intense black the streak is, the paler the costa and area below 
‘the streak become. There is in fact a sequence from the typically 
marked form to ab. nigrostriata, the dark markings becoming more in- 
tense, the pale markings less white, and it is hard to say where the typi- 
cal forms ends and the aberration begins, but of course the extremes are 
very different. It might be said that in nigrostiata the black streak 
of wismariensis is present but broken up by pale longitudinal lines and 
the typical pale stigmata, and that combinata is a step nearer to the 
wismariensis form, but to produce the black streak, the black in the 
black lines on the costa is needed, and wismariensis never has any black 
lined costa. The less heavily marked examples of the wismariensis 
form are little more marked than the extreme nigrocostata forms, for 
the black streak is line-like for the greater part of its length and be- 
comes a mere blackish suffusion towards the outer margin, while the 
two black stigmata stand out clearly. The width and intensity of this 
black line increases in various forms until in the most extreme forms 
the black streak really reaches from the base to the outer margin, where 
it is one-third the width of the wing, but the outer portion of the streak 
is broken up by the white on the nervures being strong, and although in 
these extreme examples the black stigmata are lost in the streak, their 
position is shown by the white outline being present in the black back- 
ground. 

ab. nigrocostata is an extreme form of ab. nigrostriata in which the 
black lines on the costa are wide and the pale ones narrow. While the 
black lines below the costa are less intense than in the bulk of examples 
of this form (nigrostriata), it is not really different from nigrostriata. 
The greyish-brown form is produced by an otherwise typically marked 
form being powdered with fine black atoms all over the anterior wings. 
Seitz, Pal. Noct., plt. 48e, ulvae, is a good figure of this scarce form. 
I have never seen an example of any of the black marked abs. with this 
background, which again suggests lack of sufficient black pigment to do 
more than the typical markings and the powdering. 

ab. nigromaculata, Schmidt, is the same as bipunctata. Haw., 1926. 

ab. spormanni the same as combinata, Edels. 1910. 

ab. conguncta, Rangn, is a bipunctata with a bar between the black 
stigmata. 

The ab. grisea, Wagnr., simply has more white suffusion. 

There is a form which, being very much like the typical one at first 
glance, has not been described or named. J call it ab. obsoleta. 

Unicolorous, the white and darker than ground colour lines of the 
typical form being absent there is a faint row of dots along the outer 


16 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD. 15/11/1941 


margin and along the outer line and the two stigmata can just be dis- 
cerned as slightly darker than ground cclour, but only with a lens. 

This species passes the winter as a nearly full fed larva, although 
I have had them in the Spring in the penultimate instar. 

It nides by day in open ended or broached stems of Phragmites or 
the hollow open stems of nearby plants. The emergence holes of Non- 
agria geminipuncta seem to offer a great attraction and I have found 
it in the old pupal cavity of N. spargani and P. arundinis on Typha. 

On mild nights it parades and drinks freely, and in the spring cer- 
tainly feeds at times but only intermittently. 

In captivity the larvae will eat dead pupae if the moths are well 
formed within, also mutton fat, lard, butter, and such like, but food 
is less important than drink, without which it becomes cannibal. 

They pupate in hollow stems, sealing up the opening through which 
they have entered before doing so. 

As this larva is unable to open up reed segments to suit itself, it 
pays where the species is plentiful to open up reeds just at the water 
line in the reed beds in October and to examine these open reeds in 
April, when the water level will be much the same and the stems easily 
got at. In most years a good many will be tenanted by the larva of 
this species. 


THE SEASON OF 1940 AT WOOD WALTON FEN DISTRICT. 
By H. A. Le&eps. 


I have not been away this last season (1940) so had to confine col- 
lecting to about three miles. We are not actually quite lonely here. 
There are eight semi-detached houses in this corner of Wood Walton 
and not far away 24 other houses at ‘‘ Green End.’’ Then about a mile 
and a quarter away close to the fen is another hamlet, ‘‘ Church End.’’ 
Rothschild’s Nature Preserve (with its ‘‘ Large Copper ’’) is about two 
miles from this last, but its access is via a bridge over a large Navigation 
Drain near the Hamlet of ‘‘ Ramsey Heights.’’ Although the preserve 
is In Wood Walton parish, it is difficult to reach from here, as the road 
is so circuitous, viz., seven miles; so I do not visit it. 

Monk’s Wood is about twelve minutes walk by the Westward Road ; 
Strymon pruni is still scarce there, but the wood is untouched. A noted 
S. w-album plantation of elms has been cleared recently and many other 
trees felled. The rough grass lands have mostly been ploughed, but 
two hillside Satyrus galathea fields remain, and I have worked them 
every day in the season for an hour or two. It was days after males had 
appeared fairly plentiful that I saw a female and they continued 
so scarce that, I think, not more than a dozen emerged. I took one 
male underside of washed out and faded appearance, quite fresh out. 

The Great Northern section main line runs close to us on the huge 
‘‘ Walton ’? embankment, which extends gradually for over two miles 
from the fen. A short distance southerly from us there is a very wide 
and deep cutting for nearly two miles. I have a permit for collecting 
on or in them. There I found a few clumps of Polyommatus icarus in 
its first brood during evenings search and I obtained a few nice upper- 
sides of the female, including some of very greasv annearance; a bril- 


THE SEASON oF 1940 aT WOOD WALTON FEN DISTRICT. U7 


liant all blue form (not ordinary lilac or lavender tinted blue); and a 
very thinly scaled Javender-blue specimen. One male was very pale on 
the upperside, pallidula; another on the underside was the elongata 
form, otherwise the undersides were practically typical. |The second 
brood hardly put in an appearance, only an odd specimen liere and 
there. I think they perished in the pupal stage as we had such a severe 
drought. 


Throughout October I found Heodes phlaeas in swarms on Walton 
(railway) Bank; it was the third brood. It was then lovely sunny 
weather and compensated me for not getting away for P. coridon, and 
for the failure of second brood P. icarus. Although I got a few nice 
Coenonympha pamphilus, that species was not plentiful, and I had to 
walk many miles for them. I caught a good many aberrations of H. 
phlaeas, but did not see ab. alba, which I have never taken. Mostly 
the embankment extends to the boundary ditch and fence, but on its 
West side here it does not do so in one place where its side is ragged 
and irregular, thus leaving a flat portion for about 400 yards and 
varying in width from eight to twenty yards, which :s on the level with 
the adjoining grazing fields. For the first two weeks on this flat part 
there were considerable patches of ragwort flowering at its best; often 
I took four or five H. phlacas at one sweep and once I got eight on one 
flower head. There were three wasps nests on this area and they 
hunted H. phlaeas in the air, taking a piece out of the wing. I watched 
the sharp fluttering before H. phlaeas tore away. Many otherwise fresh 
specimens had three or four pieces out, hence some J wanted had to be 
released. One of these last was a fine ab. auwronitens, with the upper- 
side hindwings dark areas shot with gclden, but shortly afterwards I 
took another, small and perfect, of this form. While here | moved 
about very quietly and the wasps left me alone, but in the meadow 
adjoining, the wasps from another nest attacked a shepherd and he got 
badly stung; he ran away, discarding his coat and flinging it into the air, 
which seemed to divert their attention. 

In the first emergence of H. phlaeas there were, as usual, only a few, 
most occuring on a wide rough verge by the roadside; here there was a 
lot of dock and when the second brood was out I visited it most mornings 
for about two hours, and for a few days I examined, I should say, about 
180 each day. They were a most ordinary lot, but one day in an isolated 
spot, I took a fine male of the ab. elews. In this area hardly a specimen 
of the third brood appeared, except in a stockyard adjoining where a 
few comparatively shaded plants continued green, otherwise as in most 
areas the drought had dried up the docks during the larval stage. But 
on the West side of the embankment, where the docks were well green- 
leaved, even up to 2nd November, | saw the last fresh ‘‘ copper.’’ 

Of Maniola jurtina there were very few aberratious, but its best 
fields had been ploughed, two of which in the past had yielded me more 
aberrations than I have seen anywhere else. My M. iurtina are in 
twelve store boxes and would at least fill twelve cabinet drawers. 

M. tithonus was far from plentiful and in colour and spotting showed 
only slight variation; only a few had any additional spots, which were 
always small. I have seen none better than some in my collection, which 
T have taken in the Isle of Wight, S. Devon, Bucks and Herts, under- 
sides of both males and females, 


1s ENTOMOLOGISIS’ RECORD. 15/11/1941 


We were inundated with Pieris rapae and P. brussicae. Of the 
latter | took a male underside, with black peppering all over the hind- 
wings. P. napi was also abundant. All “ fritillaries,’’ Vanessa. and 
‘* hairstreaks ’’ were scarce. I saw only one Colias croceus, and no 
Tlamearis lucina appeared although J looked especially for them. I saw 
ne Huments semele and not more than four Pararge aegeria. J did not 
trouble much for the ‘‘ Skippers,’’ but know that Hesperia malvae and 
Krynnis tages were scarce; the latter had a second appearance, of which 
I retained the first one seen, 3rd August, and I saw other worn ones in 
the same place three weeks later. On 12th October I noticed several 
Pararge megera high up on a railway bridge, but only one came down 
low enough to capture, a 9 ; this was a third emergence, as I kad taken 
a few aberrations of the first and second broods. JI had almost over- 
looked reporting that Aricia agestis (medon) was hardly seen in either 
brood and these were quite ordinary. Their best spots were ploughed 
up. 


AULONIUM TRISULCATUM, FOURC., EXTENDING ITS RANGE iN 
ENGLAND. 


By H. DonistHorer, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 


In 1904 C. J. C. Pool discovered this beetle at Enfield in the burrows 
of Scolytus destructor, Ol., in an elm stump. He subsequently found 
it in elm trunks infested by S. destructor, Ol., and S. multistriatus, 
Marsh., at Edmonton, Waltham, Palmer’s Green, and Winchmore Hill. 

The beetle was not found elsewhere until 1926, when I took a single 
specimen in Windsor Forest in an elm log infested by S. destructor on 
2nd August. I had been especially hunting for this beetle in the 
Windsor area, as many elm branches, logs, and stumps were frequently 
found to be attacked by this Scolytus. Just before I took the 
Auloniwm I had told Miss Kirk, who was with me at the time, what I 
was looking for. It was not found again until 21st July 1931, when a 
second specimen was captured in Windsor Forest, and recorded. 

In the Windsor list, 1939, I wrote: —‘‘ Very scarce in Windsor Forest 
until the last two years, when it has occurred in large numbers in elm 
logs and branches infested by ‘8. destructor.’’ 

Miss Kirk found three or four specimens in burrows, and running 
on a live elm tree infested by S. destructor in Windsor Forest on 7th 
September 1933. This tree was probably diseased, as it was blown down 
a year or two afterwards. 

The record of my second Windsor specimen produced a note from 
Mr R. C. Fisher, who recorded that he had bred Auloniwm from elm, 
infested by the two species of Scolytus, from Richmond Park in 1922 
and 1923. 

This year Mr S. O. Taylor, of Leicester, wrote and told me that he 
had taken Aulonium out of a fallen elm at Pilton, Northamptonshire, 
on 13th July 1940. 

I believe Mr Ashe has also taken this beetle in Devonshire. 

It has been suggested that the elm disease may account for the in- 
crease in numbers, and the extension of its range, of Auloniwm trisul- 


COLLECTING NOTES. 19 


catum; for it is known that diseased, and recently dead, elms attract, 
and cause the increase in numbers of, the host beetles of this parasite. 

Mr Laidlaw, however, points out In connection with elni trees :— 
‘A healthy, vigorous tree is the least liable to fungus, or beetle, attack, 
though attack by either is possible. A sickly or less vigorous tree is 
always liable to fungus or insect attack. Its loss of vigour may be due 
to drought, old age, root injury, acid fumes, artificial and heavy prun- 
ing, accidental damage, and many other chemical, physiological, and 
mechanical causes, and also, on occasion, to the presence either of fungi 
or of bark beetles.’’ 

‘“‘Tt is reasonable to assume that any primary imorganic cause of 
weakening by reducing the flow of sap will favour fungus or beetle 
attack; remembering that in addition either of the two latter may on 
occasion become a primary cause themselves. Which happens to be the 
first in any case is purely a matter of chance and thus of no conse- 
quence. A sickly or less vigorous tree is always open to many ailments, 
and the sequence of attack is not fixed and unalterable, but rather the 
reverse.’’ 

I am indebted to Mr F. Laing for kindly calling my attention to 
Mr Laidlaw’s paper. 

x 
LITERATURE QUOTED. 
Donisthorpe, H. St J. K. ‘A Second Capture of Aulonium trisul- 
catum, Geoff., in Windsor Forest.’? Hnt. Mo. Mag., 68, 14 (1932). 
—— ‘A Preiiminary List of the Coleoptera of Windsor Forest.” Lon- 
don, p. 60 (1939). 
Fisher, R. E. ‘ Aulonium trisulcatum, Geoff., 12 Richmond Park.” 
Ent. Mo. Mag., 69, 90 (1933). 
Laidlaw, W. B. R.  ‘‘ The Enemies of the Elm Bark Beetle (Scolytus 
destructor, Ol.). Trans. R. Scottish Arbor. Soc., 46, 117-129 


(1932). 
Pool, C. J. ©. ‘ Aulonium sulcatwm, Oliv. (trisulcatum, Fourc.), a 
species of Colydid Coleoptera new to Great Britain.” Ent. Re- 


‘ord, 16, 310 (1904). 
Entomological Department, British Museum, Nat. Hist. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


_ Notes on BritisH Morus :—Malacosoma neustria.—Larvae are fairly 
common about Camberley. I tock a bunch of the caterpillars off a pear 
tree, in my garden, on 18th May. Larvae were feeding on Oak, 21st 
June. On a visit to Wood Walton Fen, in July 1919, I found that the 
place had been visited by a plague of ‘‘ Lackey ’’ caterpillars, which 
had completely defoliated the Birch and Sallow trees. Their cocoons 
were to be seen on all the surrounding bushes. The moths vary con- 
siderably both in colour and in the width of the median band. Males 
vary from pale fawn-colour to dull chocolate-brown; females range 
through deeper shades of the same colours to reddish-brown, with darker 
median bands. Moths have emerged, in my cages, during July and 
August. 


20 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD. 15/11/1941 


Trichtura crataeg?.—I have taken these larvae, in June, on Cratae- 
gus, Betula and Salix. Ova were hatching out, in my cages, on 17th 
April. Moths have emerged in August and September. 

Poectlocampa popult.—l have seldom come across the larvae of this 
moth; but | used frequently to find the dark brown coccons, in crevices 
at the vase of Oak trees, when I was digging for pupae. I have taken 
beth sexes in my moth-trap, at Camberley. A female, trapped on 25th 
November, deposited a number of ova. 

Ericgaster lanestris.—I have received nests of these larvae, in June, 
from several localities, from which I have raised moths in the following 
vear, in mid-February and early March. Two females emerged, in my 
breeding cage, on 8th November. These cocoons were constructed in 
the previous summer and should have produced moths in the following 
spring. | 

Lasiocampa quercus.—Larvae of this species do not appear to be 
common in Camberley. I have, on one occasion, beaten one out from a 
stunted Birch. 

Macrothylacia +wbi.—Larvae are abundant on heather-clad commons 
about Camberley. I have been able to bring them through the winter 
by including plants of heather and bramble in a bottomless crate, 
covered with wire-zgauze. Moths emerged towards the end of May. 
Virgin females, exposed on the common, very quickly attracted numer- 
ous males. 

Cosmotriche potatoria.—lL have had Jarvae of the ‘‘ Drinker ”’? from 
many parts of the country; but the species is not common in the neigh- 
bourhood of Camberley. I have bred dark forms of both sexes. 

Gastropucha quercifolia.—I have found the huge larvae of this species, 
on several occasions, on ‘‘ Blackthorn.’’ When disturbed, the cater- 
pular arches the front part of the body, displaying transverse bands of 
needle-like hairs, which—when touched—penetrate the skin and cause 
intense irritation. When constructing its cocoon, the larva distributes 
these special hairs—a veritable ‘‘ chevaux-de-frise ’’—on the surface. 
On one occasion a caterpillar escaped from the cage in which it had 
been kept Gn my bedroom) and selected the toe of one of my boots as 
a convenient site for making its cocoon. When, later, I introduced my 
foot, the result was extremely painful. 

Saturnia pavonia.—Larvae have been taken on heather, bramble, 
Potentilli, Mountain-Ash, Birch and Aspen. The resulting moths have 
emerged in April. <A virgin female, exposed in my garden on 9th May, 
attracted males within an hour. The warts on the full-grown larvae 
vary through lilacine to yellow and golden with a metallic lustre.— 


(To be continued.)—K. Ernest GREEN, F.R.E.S. 


VOLUCELLA INANIS, L., at Brxiry, Kent.—This large and conspicu- 
cus Syrphid is not uncominon in the south of England, but until this 
year I had never taken it in my immediate neighbourhood. On 20th 
July and 3rd August last I took one ¢ and two ¢ 2 on the outskirts of 
Joydens Woods, Bexley. I also saw, but failed to capture, several other 
specimens. My only previous records for this species in N. Kent were 
two at Chattenden in August 1901, and one at Eynsford in August 1937. 
Incidentally, I have never seen hornets in these parts, but Continental 
records refer to V. inants as breeding in the nests of Vespa vulgaris as 
well as in those of V. crabro.—H. W. Anprews (F.R.E:S.). 


COLLECTING NOTES. 21 


LUPERINA NICKERLII, RACE INCERTA, TUTT, OR RACE GUENEEI, DOoUBLE- 
pAay.—In the revised edition of South’s Moths of the British Islands, 
Vol. I, pages 334 and 335, we are told that the original specimens of 
gueneet, Doubleday, from near Rhyl in Wales, one of which was sent 
to Guenége and which he declared to be identical with his var. A of 
testacea, are in fact identical with the British race of LZ. nickerlu later 
taken in such profusion at St Anne’s-on-Sea, Lanes., by Baxter and 
-others. 

This is not in accordance with the findings of H. J. Turner. See 
Noctuae and Vars., Vol. I, pages 315 and 316, where the Rhyl specimens 
are treated as genuine pale abs. of testacea and in no way connected 
with DL. nickerli. ; 

This point of difference in acceptance of the status of the Rhyl speci- 
mens is of greater importance than at first appears. 

The late J. W. Tutt, Brit. Noct., I, 187-140, refused to see that 
these Rhyl insects were anything more than testacea forms and he also 
considered the St Anne’s insects simple testacea forms, but he considered 
them such different forms that he gave the name ab. incerta, Tutt, to 
the St Anne’s insects. 

If the Rhyl insects are indeed forms of L. nickerlii and not of LD. 
testacea, then the name of the British race of L. nickerlii is L. nickerlir, 
race gueneet, Doubleday, but if the Rhyl insects are in fact testacea 
abs. then the British race of DL. nickerlit is L. nickerlii, race incerta, 
Tutt, and gueneei is simply a pale form of L. testacea. 

I feel personally that H. J. Turner must be right, because the races 
of L. nickerlu are extremely specialized, those of France being as dif- 
ferent from ours as are those of Bohemia, from which the typical form 
comes. Yet 1f the Rhyl insects are, like the St Anne’s ones, LZ. nickerlii, 
then Guenée had a continental specimen exactly like the British race. 

Probably this can only be settled by an examination of the genitalia 
ot the Rhyl examples; the genitalia of nickerlii and of testacea being 
very distinct, there could be no doubt about the verdict thus arrived at. 


—A. J. WicHTMAN (F.R.E.S.). 


‘€ MYRMECINA GRAMINICOLA, Fase. (HyM. Formictpar) at HEston.’’— 
On 7th July 1940 I discovered a few workers of this interesting little 
ant under a stone in the churehyard at Heston. This is another in- 
stance of how odd specimens of alien local species turn up in uninfected 
places. There are only two or three other records for Middlesex, but 
nearer to London. Hertford is at present the most northerly county 
known for JJyrmecina.—Horace DOooNIstTHORPE. 

P.S.—Earlier in the year an oil bomb was dropped in Heston Church- 
yard; several tombs were destroyed, and that of the late Rev. Ashby 
was all plastered with mud and oil. Fortunately it fell too far away 
to desecrate dear Miss Kirk’s last resting place.—H. J. D. 


Notes on Monima (TAENIOCAMPA) GRACIIIS.—Apropos of the remarks 
on page 134 of Vol. LIT of the Hnt. Record, I should like to record that 
at Rannoch three years ago I and other collectors had no difficulty in 
finding full-fed larvae of M. (T.) gracilis on Bog Myrtle by the take-side, 
both by day and night, more of course at night, unprotected on the 
food-pland.—G. V. Butz (Dr.), Sandhurst, Kent. 


22 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD. 15/11/1941 


CURRENT NOTES, 


Our colleague, Dr Malcolm Burr, is in Istanbul, Turkey, and he 
would be pleased to hear from all his old friends, to whom he sends 
ereetings for the New Year, 1941. Those who write him would do well 
to send their communication to the Foreign Office, Whitehall, the en- 
velope being marked ‘‘Per favour of the Foreign Office Bag to Istanbul.” 
Dr Burr is well known to many scientists in the near East and has 
already met many acquaintances he made while in Macedonia a quarter 
of a century ago. It was there in Salonica, near the end of 1918, that 
all his notes and collections picked up during the campaign were com-- 
pletely destroyed by fire. With his letter Dr Burr enclosed an article 
on a ‘ beastie’? one meets with too frequently in the countries of $.E. 
Europe, a pest to man. 


Mr H. A. Leeds, to whose intensive observation and intensive study 
we owe so much of the matter in the volume on ‘ The British Aberra- 
tions of the Chalk-hill Blue,’’? by P. M. Bright and H. A. Leeds, is now 
engaged in working up the aberration and variation in the three com- 
mon Satyrids, Maniola tithonus, M. jurtina, and Coenonympha pam- 
philus. He would be pleased to know of any items which would be of 
help to him in his fresh line of study. His address is H. A. Leeds, 
Wood Walton, Huntingdon. 


The Royal Entomological Society (London) has just published the 
completion of its Annual issues for the year 1940. The J'ransactions for 
the whole period consist of 626 pages of 22 memoirs with numerous 
plates and many text figures. The A. Proceedings consist of 124 pages 
with plates and figures, the B. Proceedings (Taxonomy), 218 pp. with 
plates and many figures. There now remains only C. Proceedings, the 
record of the Annual Meeting in January. This recent issue contains 
among other memoirs ‘‘ The British Tachinidae (Dip.), Second Supple- 
ment,’ by C. J. Wainwright. ‘‘ The Life History of the African Lycae- 
nid, Lachnocnema hibulus, Fab., in Kenya,’’ one of those species whose 
remarkable association with ants has not previously been fully investi- 
gated; there is a coloured plate; by C. Cripps and T. H. E. Jackson. 
W. J. Kaye adds to his previous accounts of the Lepidoptera of Trini- 
dad; G. Talbot contributes Revisional Notes on the genus I[deopsis 
(Lep.); H. EH. Andrewes continues his information on the Carabidae 
(Col.). Other memoirs deal with Coccidae, Orthoptera, Odonata, Dip- 
tera, Voleoptera, Aleyrodidae, ete. 


Volume XIII of Hos, the Spanish Review of Entomology, was 
published in June 1940, consisting of over 100 pages with 8 piates, of 
which 7 are diagrammatic, illustrating the main article on the non- 
Spanish Zygaenid genus Procris, by R. Agenjo. The species the author 
recognises are :— 


Procris (Theresimima) ampelophaga, Bayle. Dalmatia, etc. 

P. (Rhagades) pruni, Schiff. Austria, etc. 

P. (R.) cirtana, Lucas. Mauritania. 

P. (R.) gigantea, Nauf. (cognata, Luc.) (maroccana, Nauf.). Algeria. 
P. (R.) budensis, Spey. Hungary. 


CURRENT NOTES. 23 


. (Jordanita) chloros, Hb. (sepium, Bdv.). Austria, Hungary. 
(J.) tenuicornis, Zell. (belliert, Rmb.) (twratu, Bart.). Sicily. 
(J.) syriaca, Albt. Palestine. 

. (J.) graeca, Jord. Greece. 

(J.) algirica, Roth. (orana, Jord.). Algeria. 

(J.) anatolica, Nauf. (levantina, Jord.) (pfeiffert, Nauf.). Anatolia, 
Turkey. 

Procris statices, L. (drenowskiu, Albt.). Europe. 

P. albanica, Nauf. Albania. 

P. manni, Led. (micans, Rocci). Austria, Dalmatia. 

P. mauretanica, Nauf. Spanish Morocco. 

P. obscura, Zell. Turkey, Taurus. 


ry ry ty Pty ty 


The plates deal with the structures in detail and there is a Biblio- 
graphy of about 8 pages. The article is a valuable summary of what 
has been done in the study of this small and difficult group of the Palae- 
arctic Zygaenidae (sens. stric.) 


We understand that the Entomological Club has suspended its social 
functions until circumstances are more propitious. One of our note 
books reminds us that the customary meetings were held a hundred years 
ago at the famous Birch Wocd hostelry in N. Kent. The poet (sic) said 
semewhat unkindly of these gatherings— 


Giving to small things mighty names 
A very artful dodge I call, 
Since rifles, skittles, quoits and victuals, 
Are termed En-to-mo-log-i-cal. 
Ent. Club, Birch Wood, 1850. 


The South London Entomological and Naturai History Society at 
their Annual Meeting, held on the 11th January, elected the following 
members as Officers and Council for the ensuing twelve months :—Pre- 
sident, F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S.; Vice-presidents, E. A. Cockayne, A.M., 
D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., and S. Wakely; T'reasurer, T. R. Eagles; 
Secretaries, F. Stanley-Smith, F.R.E.S. (Corresponding), and H. G. 
Denvil (Minuting); Curator, S. R. Ashby, F.R.E.S.; Librarian, E. E. 
Syms, F.R.E.S.; Hditor of Proceedings; Hy. J. Turner, F.R.ES., 
I'.R.H.S. Council—R. W. Attwood; A. Bliss; G. B. Bull, B.A., M.B.; 
Re Je Burton; D827) B.C:S) | Hug.) 7S. Coulson; S. Ps Doudney; 
W. J. Finnigan; C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S.; S. N. A. Jacobs; and Baron 
de Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. 


The Royal Entomological Society held its Annual Meeting 15th 
January. The following Fellows were elected as Officers and Council 
for the ensuing year :—President, K. G. Blair, D.Sc.; Treasurer, Brig. 
W. H. Evans, 0.S.1., C.I.E., D.S.0.; Secretary, N. D. Riley, F.Z.S.; 
Council—Prof. P. A. Buxton, M.A.; Prof. H. G. Champion, M.A.; E. A. 
Cockayne, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.; A. S. Corbet, D.Sc.; Ph.D., F.1.C. ; 
G. Fox-Wilson, N.D.H.; Col. F. A. Labouchere; Hugh Main, B.Sc.; C. 
Potter, B.Sc., Ph.D.; O. W. Richards, A.M., D.Sc.; The Hon. Miriam 
Rothschild; W. H. T. Tams; and A. Welti. 


24 ENTOMOLOZISIS’ RECORD. 15/I1/1941 


In continuation of the Supplementary Notes on Vol. IIL of Tutt’s 
‘‘ British Noctuae and their Varieties,’ the following species will be 
dealt with: Orrhodia (Cerastis) erythrocephala, Dasycampa rubiginea, 
Scopelosoma satellitia, Hoporina croceago, and the Xanthia sps., viz., 
citragu, fulvago (cerago), flavago (silago) (lutea), awrago, gilvago, and 
ocellaris. Particularly wanted is the variation of this last species. 


It would be a great help if any one who has followed the Supple- 
mentary Notes on the Noctuae can give us other forms we may have 
omitted or which have not hitherto been described. 


‘There is a pleasure in the pathless woods, 
There is a rapture on the lonely shore, 
There is society, where none intrudes, 

By the deep sea, and musi¢ in its roar; 
IT love not man the less, but Nature more.” 


Byron. 


REVIEW. 


To the Proceedings A of the Royal Entomological Society of London 
the Registrar, F. J. Griffin, A.L.A., has contributed an article of much 
interest to many of us. ‘‘ The first entomological societies. An early 
chapter in entomological history in England.” At the time of the 
celebration of the Centenary of the Society in 1933 Dr Neave and 
Mr F. J. Griffin wrote a short history of the Society and the 
present memoir is an expansion of the earler portion of that account, 
to include not only the growth of the Society, but also the rise and growth 
of Entomological Science itself. The author gives details of ‘‘The [first ] 
Aurelian Society [1742-1748], with which the notorious Benjamin Wilkes 
was connected.’’ The [second] Aurelian Society [1762-1766], of 
which ‘‘ Moses Harris ’* was for a time Secretary. The next Society is 
‘< the Society of Entomologists of London [1780-1782], of which Haworth 
was President and Secretary and Drury, Francillon, Jones and Bentley 
were fellow-members. Haworth was not only an entomologist but a 
botanist of considerable note (1767-1833), and it was he who attempted 
to form a Society in 1801. ‘‘The [third] Aurelian Society [1801-1805].”’ 
On the break up of this Society a new one was almost immediately 
formed and called ‘‘ The [first] Entomological Society of London [1801- 
1822?].”?> The whole account is packed with personal details of all 
contemporary entomologists, who were in any way connected with these 
various societies, extracted from their letters, their writings, private 
minutes kept by individuals, the minutes whenever kept of the different 
Societies, financial statements and documents of various sorts, most of 
which are now kept in the Library of the present Royal Entomological 
Society of London. ‘The memoir is a very fine selection of mat- 
ters of note compiled by a masterly hand into a record of attempt after 
attempt, to be finally stabilized and welded into the present R.E.S. of 
London, now of wide fame in the world of Science.—Hy. J. T. 


‘“ THE BRITISH NCCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES ” (J. W. TUTT). 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. III. i 
By Hy. Ji Turner, FORE.S), FR BUS: zon of Compara» 
m se” =Zoology en 


“MAR 24 1941 
LIBRARY 


|, cae 


CLASS .—NOCTUAE, LINN. 


Orrhodia, Hbn. (1821), Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot [Glaeu, (Hb.), 
Steph. (1829), Wood: Cerastis, Hb. (1821), Frr., H.-S., Barr.: Conistra, 
Hb. (1821), Meyr., Hamp., (South), Warr.-Stz., Meyr., Drdt.-Stz. ] 
vaccintt, L. (1761). 


Glaca, Hb., was a Tentamen name, discarded wrongly as many 92f 
us think. 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 1 (1892): Meyr., Hamd., 66 (1895): Barrett, 
Lep. Br. Is., VI, 12, plt. 284 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., I1led., 209 (1901): 
Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 454 (1906): Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 255, plt. 46, 
to, (1907) 2 south, MOBI, ll 24) pit Gt 2-6 (907)e . Wear. Suze 
Pal. Noct., 111, 147, plt. 36 abe (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 12, plt. 39, 
f. 16-18; plt. 40, f. 1-8 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 119 (1827-8): Drdt.- 
Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 149, 258 (1934) (1937). 


Schiff., Verz., p. 85, R. 2 (1775), listed vaccinit, the Preusselbeer- 
Rule: /.c., 85, R. 3, polita, the Dunkelbraune, glanzende EKule, the dark 
brown glossy Noctua: [.c., 86, R. 4, nitida, the Ehrenpreis EKule: and 
also [.c., R. 10, glabra, the Blass honigbraune, diisterstriemige Eule, © 
the pale honey-brown dark-streaked Noctua. 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 1 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 66 (1895); Barr., 
Lep. Brit. Is., VI, 12, plt. 234 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 209 (1901): 
Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 454 (1906): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 255, plt. 46, 
32a (1907): South, M.B.JIs., II, 24, plt. 11, 2-6 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. 
Nocis Miienia7 yy plt: 36-abe (910)-" Culet, Nives Gs 1 2), 12 pli. 39 
f. 16-18; plt. 40, f. 1-8: Meyr., Rev. Hand., 119 (1928). 


KEspr., Abbild., IV, plts. 161 and 162 (1789?—), gave 12 figures which 
he labelled as varieties of vacciniti. Werneb., Beitr., 11, 48 (1864), ac- 
cepts plt. 161, f. 1-6, as giving varieties of vaccinii; but plt. 162, 1-4, he 
called crythrocephala (3 and 4 var. glabra) and f. 5-6 named canescens 
by Esper he called dolosa. Plt. 161, f. 5, has been named mixta by 
Stdgr. It is the most variegated form on the plate. The figures are 
quite recognisable. 

Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Hur., VII, 153-4, f. 514 ab, 515 ac, 516 b 
(1790), gave good figures which one can identify as v. polita, v. spadicea, 
and vaccini f. respectively, teste Werneb., Beitr., II, 122 (1864). 

Bork., Naturg., IV, 739 (1792), referred to the variation but named 
no forms. He treated the forms nitida, p. 744; spadicea, p. 748; polita, 
p. 743, of Schiff., as separate species. 

Fab., Ent. Sys. emend., III (2) (1794), treated p. 20, polita; p. 23, 
vaccinu; p. 31, nitida, as separate species. 


(2) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1941 


Illiger, Verz. New. Ausg. (1801), pp. 297, 301, referred the above 
four te the first, viz., vaccinii, as varieties, citing Fab. and Bork. in 
each case except glabra; nitida was bred from vaccini [?]. 

Hiibner, Samml. Noct. (1800-3) gave figures 177, vaccinit; 178, polita; 
179, spadicea (a form of vaccinit); 180, nitida. The ground colour of 
spadicea. is very dark red almost black, that some authorities have 
taken it for ligula, but the latter has no red form. The figures are ‘ery 
good. | 

Haw., Lep. Brit., 233 (1809), described vaccinu, No. 212, and polita, 
No. 213, with which he included nitida as a synonym. Of polita he said 
‘‘ praecedenti omnibus simillima.’’ 

Treit., Schm., V (2), 401 (1825), included polita, Schiff., spadicea, 
Hb., Schiff., ligula, Esp., but not glabra, Schiff., nor nitida, Schiff. 
Esper’s ligula was considered a vaccinu form. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 92 (1826), has given a good figure of the dark 
spadicea, Hb., form of vacciniu ‘‘ because it is the commoner form with 
him.’’ He treated glabra and erythrocephala as two forms of the same 
species. The figures of glabra and erythrocephala are too deep in ground 
colour. (The plate is very dark as a whole.) 

Stephens, Jll., II, 161 (1829), considered vaccinti, spadicea, subnigra, 
and polita a single species, but as previous authors had held them to be 
distinct species he described them separately although he had taken all 
four together when collecting, subnigra being the least plentiful. In l.c., 
iv, 389 (1835), he corrected the above, ‘‘ I have no doubt but that sub- 
nigra and the two following Glaea are referable to one very inconstant 
species.’ 

Frr., New. Beitr., I, 87, plt. 46, 1-2 (1833), gave two figures, both 
good, one vaccini the other similar to f. spadicea, Hb. He placed the 
figures 177, 178, 179 of Hb. to this species. Glabra he would attach to 
potita, Hb., 178. 

Wood, Ind. Entom., p. 45, plt. 11, 209-212 (1884), gave four good 
figures illustrating Stephens species of Glaea, viz. vaccinii, spadicea, sub- 
nigra and poliéa. 

H.-s., Sys. Bearb., II, 322 (1850), considered the three figures =f 
Hb. 177, 178, 179, all good. That of Frr., Neu. Beitr., I, 46, as useless. 
His own fig. 459 is abnormally large = v. brigensis [ 7]. 

Gu., Hist. Nat. Noct., V (1), 379 (1852), included only polita with 
his vaccint, but described two other forms, a yellow one, which Tutt 
subsequently named ochrea, and a yellowish marbled form, which Tutt 
named variegata. The spadicea, Hb., is placed with ligula. 

Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 209 (1901), gave ab. signata of Klem. as a 
synonym, named the vaccinia of Esp. 2 (3) as ab. spadicea, Hb., 179; 
the vaccintt, Esp. 5 as mixta, Stdgr., Cat., Iled., 118; added ab. seb- 
douensis, Obthr. 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV, 454, considered the spadicea, Schiff., and 
spadicea, Hb., as the same form. 

South, Moth. B.1., U1, 24, plt. 11, figs. 3-6 (1907), gave four very 
good figures. 3, typical; 6, spadicea; 4, mixta; 5, suffusa. 

Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 255, plt. 46, f. 32a, 32b (1907), gave ten aber- 
rational forms of which ocellata was new. The figures are not good, 
much too dark and indistinct, somewhat larger than average British 
examples. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (3) 


Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 147, plt. 36 abc, gave thirteen figures, 
vaccnu Sg and 9, mixta, glabroides 3 and 9, spadicea 2 ¢ and 2 9, 
signata S and Q, rufa, and suffusa, all quite useful. 

Culot, NV. e¢ G., I (2), 11-18, plt. 39, 16-18; 40, 1-8 (1918), gave an 
excellent series of eleven figures after discussing the variation at length. 
His figure 16 of the typical form has fawn forewings with hghter lines 
and in parts darker; but all the lines are well expressed and quite de- 
finite. His first aberration is grisescens, Obthr., f. 17, of a uniform 
ferruginous red, with markings only very slightly expressed, the fore- 
wings are concolorous; plt. 39, f. 18, is polita, Schiff.; plt. 40, f. 1, is 
robusta (Engr.) Obertr.; f. 2 is spadicea, Hb.; f. 3 is spadicea-grisea, 
Obthr.; f. 4 is mixta, Stdgr. = vaccinii, Hb., 177 (Hb. 177 is not typi- 
cal); f. 5 and f. 6 are two forms of mixta, with nervures lost in the 
eround and with finely expressed nervures respectively; f. 8 is the 
polita, Hb., renamed by Oberth. hiibneri (nec polita, Schiff.); f. 7 is 
another form of hiibneri, transitional (mixta-hiibnert). 

These results are somewhat confusing by the mixing up of the names 
as previously defined by the older authors. 

Corti-Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 149, 258, added ten addi- 
tional aberrations on p. 149 (1934), and one more on p. 258 (1937). 

Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 4, called attention to the three almost uni- 
colorous forms of vaccinit, viz., (1) the dark reddish vaccinti, Linn. ; 
(2) the bright reddish rufa, Tutt, and the blackish uwnicclor, Tutt. 


Of the Variation Barrett wrote :— 

Variable in the depth of the ground colour and in the degree of 
marbling, or rippling of purple-brown; often this darker colour suffuses 
the whole surface except the hind margin, and the forewings become 
of a very smooth uniform dark purple-brown, or the whole is of an 
equally smocth chestnut-red; or it is ornamented with short white lines 
upon the nervures.. When this last character is added to the usual 
typical form the variety seems to be called var. mixta; when to the very 
dark form, var. spadicea; but these names are somewhat arbitrary, all 
the variations being inextricably intermingled. 

He spoke of a “‘ curious specimen of an unusually bright red-brown, 
shading off to drab.’ Bred. 

Another ‘The darkest purple brown form with the hind-margin 
normal is usually a Western variety, from South Wales especially.’’ 


Spuler, in Schm. Eur., I, p. 255 (1907), gave a good summary of the 
significance of the various aberrational names which were then in use— 

‘¢ The sparsely marked form, which is uniformly rust-brown on the 
forewings, is Linné’s type. The ground colour of the forewing can be- 
come rosy-red, and, according to Gn., become wholly ochre-yellow, ab. 
echrea, Tutt, with rosy transverse and marginal marking; one finds 
the underside dark red-brown and red-brown, black. In the dark uni- 
colorous forms the surround of the stigmata, and the veins become yel- 
lowish-white, and frequently well in evidence: ab. canescens, Esp. 
The ab. obscwra, Tutt, is the extreme form, which I have never seen. 
In the form in which the forewing has lost its ochreous or reddish colour 
and has become greyish or greyish-black, the veins, the stigmata sur- 
round, etc., are usually very pale. From Basel Seiler reports a black 


(4) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1941 


aberration—in which case one probably meets with a ligula form with 
a blunted apex. The waved line and a parallel streak inside the dark 
marginal dots (the so-called watered band), part of the marginal area 
and most of the discal area can often be lightened up yellowish: ab. 
miata, Stdgr.; for the most part the veins are appreciably lighter also. 
The mixta-form with darker ground up to the sharply margined clay- 
yellow ‘ watered band’ and with clear stigmata, costal and marginal 
marking is ab. glabroides, Fuchs. It becomes quite distinct when the 
watered band becomes merged with the dark veins into a row of reddish- 
vellow-ochre black centred «yes, the dark red-brown colour which ex- 
tends to the base of the wing and its out-lying portion well emphasised 
by the rhomboidal blackish spots on the veins: ab. ocellata. In an- 
other form one finds inside the inner and outside the outer transverse 
lne an intensely blackish transverse band of varying width, sometimes, 
but not always, blackish or blackish-grey spots, isolated or as a band 
outside the waved line, the ground is uniform: ab. spadicea, Hb. The 
ab. signata, Klem., has only the band of black spots before the margin 
according to Stdgr. The costa as well as two-thirds of the discal area 
are darkened grey or blackish evenly, and the transverse lines and the 
discal veining are distinctly paler in the ab. suffusa, Tutt, but in which 
also the black spots of the marginal band can be well developed. This 
form will show the mixta character when it has the pale markings near 
the black-grey cross band: ab. mixta-spadicea.”’ 


The List of Names and Forms to be considered : — 
COCCHI, Ming JMils Sle 3V40) (Glob): 
f. spadicea, Hb., Samml. Noct., 117, 179 (1800-83). 
vaccinit, Esp., Abbild., IV (1), 549, plt. 162 (1789-?). 
ab. mixta, Stdgr., Cat., IIed., 118 (1871). 
r. sebdouensis, Aust., La Nat., 221 (1880). 
ab. ochrea, Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 3 (1892). 
ab. variegata, Tutt, l.c. 
ab. rufa, Tutt, l.c. 
ab. unicolor, Tutt lee4. 
ab. NStUusas suibteitacas ns 
ab. obscura, Tutt, l.c., 4. 
ab. signata, Klem., Spraw. Kom. Fiz., XX XIII, 141. 
ab. conspadicea, Fuchs, Stett. e. Zt., XLII, 130 (1901). 
ab. glabroides, Fuchs, l.c., 131. 
ab. ocellata, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 256 (1907). 
ab. mixta-spadicea, Splr., l.c. 
ab. nigra, D. Luc., Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 483 (1910). 
ab. flavofasciata, D. Luc., L.c. 
ab. grisescens, Obthr. (Culot), N.-et G.; 1 (2), 12) pit2 30s iy aes, 
ab. robusta, Hrnst! & Ener. (Obthr.) Gries ex plt. AO, f. ile 
ab. hiibneri, (Obthr.) Culot, t.c., f. 7-8. 
ab. polita, (W.V.) Culot, l.c., plt. 39, f. 18 (nec Hb.). 
ab. obsewro-spadicea, Heinr., Deut. ent. Zt., 521 (1914). 
ab. caerulescens, Preiss. et G., Verh. Ges. Z.-b. Wein, LXX (85) (1920). 
ab. fusca, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbey., TI (2), 320 1927). 
ab. mixta- _grisea, Lenz., l.c. 
ab. elegans, Horm.., Bit: Zts., V1, 359 (1936). 
ab. albovenosa, Soe. Ent. Rund., LV, 524 (1938). 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (5) 


Tutt dealt with (1) vaccinu, L., the dark reddish, almost unicolorous 
type of Linn. (2) unicolor, the blackish-red almost unicolorous form. 
(3) ab. suffusa, with base and central area blackish-grey. (4) obscura, 
whole area blackish-grey, with pale nervures. (5) ochrea, yellow-ochre- 
ous, reddish transverse lines. (6) variegata, yellow-ochreous, marbled 
with red, and pale nervures. (7) vufa, bright reddish or chestnut, almost 
unicolorous. (8) spadicea, reddish or with dark transverse lines. (9) 
mixta, reddish with paler subterminal area, and pale nervures. 


ab. mixta, Stdgr., Cat., Iled., 118 (1871). 

Orc. Descrip.—‘‘ Al. ant. exterius (et in medio) dilutius. fasciatis.”’ 

In ab. mixta, Stdgr., the two shades (chestnut-brown typical Hb. 
and ochreous light-brown ochrea, Tutt) become prominently mixed, 
hindwings paler, and a diffuse rufous outer band, and terminal area 
as well as fringe. cf. Warr.-Stz. 


race sebdowuensis, Aust., Le Nat., 221 (1880). 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ It is a little smaller than rubiginea and of quite 
a different appearance. Forewings narrow, of a hepatic brown, shining 
above with all the lines and spots obsolete. One notes, however, readily, 
some black dots grouped at the base and along the inner margin; a 
double row of black dots, one along the edge of the wing preceding 
the fringe, the other in place of the subterminal; another dot of the 
same colour at the lower portion of the space, which is occupied by the 
reniform if it were visible. Costa blackish in the middle with a white 
dot badly arrété at the origin of the elbowed line. Fringe mixed with 
brown. Lower wings of a uniform blackish with the fringe reddish. 
The underside of the forewings is deep grey on the dise with the costa 
and external margin reddish. The latter is marked by a line of brown 
dots which reproduce those of the above. The underside of the lower 
wings is of a somewhat clear flesh brown. One notes on it with much 
clearness a median row of dots and antemarginal lunules of a deep 
grey. The body is brown with the head a little yellowish.’ Algeria. 

Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 454 (1906), described it briefly, ‘‘ Fore- 
wing with the lines hardly traceable, subterminal and terminal series 
of black points.’? Algeria. 


ab. conspadicea, Fuchs, Stett. e. Zeitg., XLII, 130 (1901). 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘ Forewings red-brown, darkened, with two black 
transverse lines, the second widened on the costa. The margin below 
the apex is somewhat cut in and then more strongly curved out than 
in vaceimit, and thus the apex appears a little produced. That of the 
hindwing is narrow and long. But ligula varies somewhat in this re- 
spect. I have Hungarian specimens in which the wing shape is not 
different from that of our vaccinti. Hence the determination is ren- 
dered more difficult. In both species the markings vary in the same 
direction, producing parallel forms, so that the correct determination 
often lies only in the somewhat more noticeable size of ligula, the breadth 
of the forewing and its usual denser colour, on which the black trans- 
verse lines are mostly less apparent. Usually the lower part of the 
reniform has a round black central spot.”’ 

This form was described by Fuchs as an ab. of ligula. Warr. deter- 
mined it as belonging to vaccinii (Pal. Noct., III, 147), a development 


(6) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1941 


of spadicea, Hb., a red form with distinctly darker transverse lines, and 
which has the median and submarginal areas paler, the shade before 
the inner line generally more or less reaching the base and which be- 
yond the outer line as well as the narrow terminal space become black- 
brown or black. 

» ab. conspadicea, Fuchs, is the form spadicea, Hb., where the ground 
colour is sometimes dark brown, or grey-brown, as well as hght. (Hamps.) 


ab. signata, Klem., Spraw. Com. Fiz., XX XIII, 141 (Seitz, l.c., 148). 

Ficg.—Seitz, LI, plt. 36 be. 

Descrip.—‘ When the form conspadicea, Fuchs, has the black shad- 
ing restricted to the outer band and stigmata only with ground colour 
pale or dark grey.”’ 


ab. glabroides, Fuchs, Stett. ent. Zeit., XLII, 131 (1901). 

Orte. Derscrip.-—‘‘ Bright red-brown, with a bluish sheen, lighter 
on the costa, with light leather-yellow stigmata, and bright Jeather- 
vellow waved line before the margin. The distinction on which this 
aberration relies is signified in the name: it bears the characteristic 
of the well-known erythrocephala aberration glabra.’’ 

This form was described by Fuchs as an ab. of ligula. Warr.-Stz. 
determined it as belonging to vaccinti (Pal. Noct., III, 147), a develop- 
ment of mixta, Stdgr., a form with the two shades prominently inter- 
nixed, hght brown and darker shadings, and 

ab. glabroides, Fuchs, is one development of mixta, Stdgr., where 
the whole of the forewing, except the pale band containing the sub- 
terminal spots, 1s suffused with dark rich brown, sometimes mixed with 
blackish. 


ab. ocellata, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 256 (1907). 

Orte. Drscrir.—-‘‘ This form is quite distinctive; the waved band 
becomes broken up by the dark veins into a row of reddish ochre-yellow 
black-centered eyes, which stand out plainly on the veins, through the 
dark red-brown suffusion which reaches to the base of the wings, and 
their blackish, rhombic small spots lying on the outside.’’ 


ab. mixta-spadicea, Splr., Schm. EHur., I, 256 (1907). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ In ab. suffusa, Tutt, the costa as well as the out- 
ward two-thirds of the disc are evenly darkened grey or blackish, the 
cross lines and veins of the central area are lighter, but in this form 
the black band of marginal spots can be well developed. This form 
thus by the clear markings on it, shows by the black-grey transverse band 
the mixta character ’’ = mixta-spadicea. 


ab. nigra, D. Luc., Anm. Soc. ent. Fr., 483 (1910). 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis supra fere totis nigris.’’ Tarf, 
Algeria. 

‘‘ Frequently the forewings are of a uniform black. The thorax and 
head the colour of the forewings. The antennae are slightly darker 
than in the reddish forms. There exists a whole series of transitional 
forms between nigra and mixta, passing from red to grey, then to 
brown, finally to black.’’ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (7) 


ab. flavofasciata, D. Luc., Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 483 (1910). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis brunneis fuscis vel nigris; proxima 
marginis, sinuosa linea punctorum flavorum.’’ Tarf, Algeria. 

‘“The forewings are brown mixed with reddish, or completely black, 
and possess parallel to the fringe, and not far from it a sinuous line 
very clearly composed of a series of yellow dots. The upper portion of 
this line is expanded into a very clear yellow spot which is extended 
to the apex.’’ 


ab. grisescens, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), 12 (1918). 

Fre.—t.c., plt. 39, f. 17. . 

Orte. Descrip.—‘‘ Differs by the grey colour largely suffused or 
spread over the reddish-brown ground of the forewings; the thorax 
remains a little red as in the type; sometimes clearer.’’ 


ab. robusta, (Engr.) (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), p. 12 (1913). 
Mane Var. CC.) 

Bree Gl pite4)) toh. 

Ortc. DEescrip.—‘‘ The wings are entirely of a fawn-yellowish with 
only the lines and the outer margin ferruginous.”’ 


ab. hiibnert, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), p. 12 (1913). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. 40, f. 7-8. 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ This var, which has the ground of the wings more 
or less blackish, is the polita, Hb., which is in no way referabie to the 
polita, Schiff. Hiibner did not refer it to the polita of W. V. (Schiff.), 
although apparently belonging to the same stem species, and Obthr. has 
called it hiibneri to avoid confusion. It is certainly in error that 
Stdgr. & Reb. have attributed polita, Hb. (178) to ligula. They have 
confused vaccinu-polita and staudingeri-polita; there is no ligula- 
polita.”’ 


ab. polita, (W.V.) (Gn. var. A.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), 12 (1918). 

Fie¢.—t.c., plt. 39, f. 18 (nee Hb. 178). 

Oric. Descrre.—‘‘ Of a uniform ferruginous red with the marking 
very little apparent; the upper wings are unicolorous.’’ 


ab. obscuro-spadicea, Heinr., Deut. Ent. Zts., 521 (1916). 
Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ Uniting the characters of obscura, Tutt, and of 
spadicea, Hb.”’ 


ab. caerulescens, Preiss. et Galv., Verh. z. b. Wien, LXX (85) (1920). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ According to Warren in Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 
148, this appears to be a divergence of ab. glabroides in which the dark 
suffusion of most of the central area of the forewings has decreased, but 
the suffusion is not deep brown, but slate-grey or black, for which we 
suggest the name caerulescens.’’ Klosterneuberg, near Vienna. 


ab. fusca, Lenz, Osth. Schm. Sudbey., II (2), 330 (1927). 
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour blackish-brown without the light 
bands.”’ 


ab. mixta-grisea, Lenz, Osth. Schm. Sudbey., II (2), 330 (1927). 
Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ Forewings with light marginal border, and with 
grey discal suffusion.”’ 


(8) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1941 


ab. elegans, Horham, Ent. Zts., L, 359 (1936). 

Orte. Descriv.-—‘‘ The ground colour is dark chestnut-brown. The 
band marking is clear blackish as in ab. spadicea, Hb. But to this is 
added the marking of ab. glabroides, Fuchs, the clear yellow margined 
orbicular, the clear yellow filled reniform and the broad yellow marginal 
band.”’ §S. Bavaria. 


ab. albovenosa, Schwda., Ent. Rund., LV, 524 (1938). 

Oris. Descrip.—‘‘ A completely unmarked dark red-brown male with 
fine white vein marking takes the name albovenosa, n. ab.’’ Albarracin, 
Spain. 


Orrhodia, Hb. (1821), Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Culot [Glaea, Hb. (1806), 
“ Tent.’? = Glaea, Steph., Curtis (1829): Cerastis, Hb. (1821), Dup., 
Barr.: Conistra, Hb. (1821), Meyr., Hamp. (Sth.), Warr.-Stz., Meyr., 
Drdt.-Stz.] ligula, Esp. (1788-?). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 4 (1892), IV, 121: Meyr., Hand., 65 (1895): 
Barr., Lep. Br. Is., VI, 17, plt. 234, 2 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., Illed., 209 
(1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 455 (1906): South, M.B.J., Il, 25, plt. 
11, 7-10 (1907): Splr., Schum. Eur., I, 256, pit. 46, 33 (1907): Warr- 
Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 148, plt. 36 ed (1910) :, Culot, Neh Gani 
plt. 40, 9-13 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 119 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. 
Noct. Sup., ITI, 149 (1934). 


Reliable differentiation of the named forms is practically impossible. 
Scarcely any author can be sure of what form is meant by the name. 
The same name has been used for more than one form. The collation 
of the various forms has not been possible so that Warren and Draudt 
in both volumes of Seitz have simplified their summaries omitting much 
that was inexplicable. 

The older authors seemed to confuse the two species so much that 
it appears futile to give notes on the illustrations or on the descriptions. 
Even Herrich-Schaeffer in his figure labelled brigensis, 459, said to be 
an ab. of ligula, has not the distinctive shape of ligula. He does not 
consider the species in his text. 

Esper, Abbild., IV, plt. 162, f. 6, gave a figure of an insect he called 
var. vanescens of vaccinti, LL. Wernebg., Beitr., II, 48 (1864), generally 
very reliable in judgment, places this form to dolosa, Hb., but Draudt 
in Stz. (1931) considered it a form of ligula. The build of canescens is 
not that of ligula, which has a more pointed forewing and is slightly 
hollowed out below the apex, nor has it much resemblance to dolosa, Hb., 
which has more and different marking. According to the figure of 
Esper the striking feature is the radiation of the marginal markings 
of the underside forewing, with a much lighter ground of the hindwing 
below amd contrasted darker markings. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, f. 459, named brigensis, is stated by Culot to 
be referable to vaccinii-polita, Hb., 178, and not to ligula-brigensis, 
Bdv. H.-S. gave no letterpress on ligula. 

Gn., Noct., V (1), 381, did not recognise ligula, Esp., as the typical 
figure, a form practically unknown in England, but took the spadicea, 


i 


Fo-penaietiog 


as 8 oy 
Beare 
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TOMOLOGISTS RECORD 


CONTENTS. 
THE MELANIC FORMS OF ORTHOLITHA MUCRONATA, SCOP.. AND Q. 
SCOTICA, COCK AY IN Be AY COCKAYNE: 12M AINE |B RG Ty coool eo. k cs Sayees 25 
GLANURES MYRMECOLOGIQUES, Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.ELS. 0... 27 


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THE MELANIC FORMS OF ORTHOLITHA, MUCRONATA, SCOP. 25 


THE MELANIC FORMS OF ORTHOLITHA MUCRONATA; SCOR, ~ 
AND O, SCOTICA, COCKAYNE. ee Zoeloay "2\ 


= 
12820 By E. A. Cockayne, D-M., A.M., F.R.C.p( AUG 221941 


LipRaR* 

Since I wrote my paper showing that three species, all found in Great 
Britain, were included under the name Ortholitha mucronata (Proc. 
South, Lond, Ent. and N.H. Soc., 1939-40, p. 59) I have seen melanic 
forms of both O. mucronata and O. scotica. The recognition of 0. wmbri- 
fera, Prout, and O. scotica as species distinct from mucronata has made 
the names applicable to the melanic forms uncertain. Hitherto both ab. 
luridaria, Bkh., and ab. nigrescens, Cockerell, have been regarded as 
synonyms for the melanic form of mucronata, the former accepted as its 
correct name in the original edition of Seitz and the latter in the Supple- 
ment. I appealed to Mr L. B. Prout for help and he kindly wrote as 
follows: —‘* You will notice that Cockerell’s name (Entom., 1889, xxii, 
55) is founded solely on a bibliographical reference (Entom., 1883, xvi, 
188), and that therefore the indisputable type is a specimen, which 
Porritt took on Strensail Common, July 14th, 1883. It is described as 
almost uniformly sooty-black. The rust-coloured lines, which in the 
ordinary type are so much darker than the ground colour, are paler in 
the variety. It is erected as an ab. of palumbaria (mucronata) and should 
under normal circumstances be attached to that species, unless the plac- 
ing can be proved erroneous.”’ 


Fortunately, the type is in the Tolson Memorial Museum, Hudders- 
field, and Mr Aubrook, the Curator, very kindly sent it to me for identi- 
fication. It is the only melanic specimen in the Porritt collection and 
isfaemales ivir’ WBS Prow:s Mr W-. H) T. Tams, and i agreed ain- 
dependently that it was a form of mucronata, and Mr Tams confirmed 
this by an examination of the genitalia in situ. Ab. nigrescens, 
Cockerell, is therefore a form of mucronata. The figure in Barrett’s 
British Lepidoptera (Pl. 378, fig. 1c), although it does not agree very 
well with Porritt’s description, must be a figure of the type, since 
Porritt only possessed the one specimen. 

Borkhausen’s types are lost, so that it can never be proved to which 
species ab. luridaria belongs. All we know about Borkhausen’s palum- 
baria is. what is found in his own volume (vol. v, pp. 59-61). Its two 
lines were almost straight, and it was common with him and flew twice 
in the year, in May or the beginning of June and again in July and the 
beginning of August. As to luridaria as a new species (p. 62), Bork- 
hausen had taken it only once at the beginning of June in a wood near 
Darmstadt, where it flew with the palumbaria. Mr Prout says that if 
we could find out that both species occur there and are tolerably regular 
as to their times of appearance, we might from the date early June find a 
definite argument for making luridaria = melanic umbrifera or scotica. 
The former is the more likely, since it is doubtful if scotica occurs in Ger- 
many. Unfortunately, Mr Prout has no material from Darmstadt and 
if is uncertain whether only one species occurs there or whether both 
mucronata, and wmbrifera are found there in the same locality. Most 
of the central European material, so far as tested, seems to be muc- 
ronata, and as Heydemann was the first author to attach it in any 
critical sense to mucronata rather than to wmbrifera or scotica, it may 


26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/117 /1941 


be allowed to rest there unless the determination can be proved 
erroneous. 

Borkhausen’s lwridaria had ‘“‘ dull black glossy ground colour nearly 
as in Ph. Bombyx jacobueae, the hindwing becoming lighter at base, 
shading off in some measure to black-grey. Lines of forewing straight, 
on their reverse sides light-edged; in addition traces of a sub-basal line. 
Hindwing unmarked.”’ 

The melanic form of O. scotica is as yet unnamed, and I propose to 
name it 


ab. nigrescens n. ab. 

The large discoidal spot often separated into two parts and the wavy 
lines of typical scotica are visible. In some specimens the antemedian 
from the costa to the subcostal nervure runs towards the base and not 
towards the apex as in mucronata. The ground colour is blackish grey, 
not so dark as in melanic mucronata, and the lines are blackish, show- 
ing little or none of the rust colour so characteristic of melanie muc- 
ronata. The sub-basal line is edged distally by a clear light line and 
the antemedian is edged proximally and the postmedian distally by a 
line equally pale and clear. In some specimens the line distal to the 
postmedian is not sharply defined, but merges into the ground colour, 
which becomse gradually darker towards the termen. In such speci- 
mens the submarginal line is clearly visible. The ground colour in 
some is darker in the basal and median areas, so that the space be- 
tween the sub-basal and antemedian appears distinctly hghter. The 
light edges to the lines are much more conspicuous than in melanic 
mucronata. The hindwings are grey with a darker grey transverse line 
edged by light grey, and the discoidal spot is more distinct than in 
melanic mucronata. Like typical scotica, it is smaller and has narrower 
wings than melanic mucronata. 

There are 9 males in beautiful condition in the British Museum (EK. 
R. Bankes Coll.) taken at Aviemore, Inverness-shire, 9-22,vi.1909, by 
E. R. Bankes. I have a slightly damaged female without abdomen 
with no data from Canon Cruttwell’s collection. All these can be taken 
as syntypes. I have a male also without data from Canon Cruttwell’s 
collection. This 1s darker without light lines, but with large discoidal 
spots in both fore and hindwings. The lines, though straighter than 
in most scotica, are not rust coloured. It is probably a melanic scotica. 
It is not unlikely that these came from Rannoch, where Canon Cruttwell 
used to collect. We have, therefore, Ortholitha mucronata, Scop., ab. luri- 
daria, Bkh., 1794 (ab. nigrescens, Ckll., 1889) and O. scotica Ckyne., 
ab, nigrescens, n. ab. So far no melanic form of OU. umbrifera, Prout, 
has come under my notice. 

O. mucronata, ab. luridaria appears to be rare, but widely spread. 
There are three in the Zoological Museum, Tring, a male labelled New 
Forest, 15.vii.1886, and two females, one from the O’Reilly collection, 
labelled Tunbridge Wells, 1868, and the other without data. Mr CG. N. 
Hawkins has a fine male from the New Forest, and Mr A, A. W. Buck- 
stone has some taken the first week of July at Headley. Apart from 
those mentioned above, I know of no O. scotica, ab. nigrescens. 


GLANURES MYRMECOLOGIQUES. 2 


GLANURES MYRMECOLOGIQUES. 
By Horace DontstHorpez, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. 


HyYMENOPTERA—F ORMICIDAE. 


In Dr F. Santschi’s ‘‘ Fourmis d’Indochine. Faune Entomologique 
de L’Tadochine Frangaise, 8, 95-117 (1924),”’ all the species and varieties 
described, and recorded as new, had already been described by him in 
Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 60, 158-176 (1920). In fact, the two papers are 
almost identical, except that the figures in the 1920 publication do not 
appear in that of the 1924; and in the latter a few forms are recorded 
from Indo-China not mentioned in the 1920 paper! 

This is very misleading, as, of course, the dates for the publication 
of the species are incorrect when recorded again in the Zoological 
Record for 1926 (in which the 1924 names appear). 


PSEUDOMYRMINAE—TRIBE PsEUDOMYRMINI---PSEUDOMYRMA. 


De Dalla Torre (1893) and Wheeler (1911) give Lund as the author 
of this genus, and Emery (1921) gives Latreille. As neither of these 
views is correct, I have gone into the matter, and give the results of 
my investigations in full as follows :— 

Lunn [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 23, 137 (1831)] in a letter 
addressed to M. Audouin on the habits of some ants from Brazil, after 
rnentioning some species with very large eyes and solitary habits, says— 
“ M. Latreille, 4 qui j’ai fait part de ces individus, a proposé de leur 
donner le nom de Pseudomyrme qui leur convient en effet parfaitement. 
J’en ai rapporté cing & six espéces.’’ 

EF. EK. Guértmn Ménevitze [‘‘ Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. 
Cuvier,’’ Insectes, p. 427 (1844), Paris, 1829-1858. Sub. ‘‘ Sous-genre 
Pseudomyrma’’] gives a good description and writes—‘‘ Aprés avoir 
écrit ces lignes, nous trouvons a la fin d’une lettre de M. Lund sur les 
habitudes des Fourmis du Brésil (Ann. des Sc. Nat. ist Série, t. 23, p. 
137) Vindication d’un groupe de Fourmis solitaires, dont les yeux sont 
erands et dont le pédicule de Vabdomen est formé de deux noeuds. 
Latreille, a qui M. Lund avait montré cing & six espéces différentes, a 
en la méme idée que nous, et il se proposait de créer un genre avec ses 
especes sous le nom de Pseudomyrme. Nous adoptons cette dénomi- 
nation.” 

Smitu [Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3, 156-7 (1855)] in a paper on some 
ants from Brazil under Pseudomyrma, writes ‘‘ Genus Pseudomyrma, 
Guér. The name Psewdomyrima. is proposed for the insects comprised in 
this genus by Lund in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1831; but 
the only character there given is the extraordinary size of the eyes; 
the genus is fully characterized by Guérin in the Iconographie du Réegne 
Animal.’’ 

SmirH [Cat. Hym. Ins. Brit. Mus., 6, Formicidae, 153 (1858)— 
“Genus 9, Psewdomyrma. Pseudomyrma, Guér., Icon. Reg. Anim., 427 
(1835-8).”’ 

De Datta Torre [Cat. Hym., 1, Formicidae, 55 (1893)]—‘‘ Pseudo- 
myrm2, Lund, Ann. Sc. Nat., 1831, p. 137.” 


28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /TI1/1941 


WHEELER, in a paper ‘‘ A List of the Type Species of the Genera and 
Subgenera of Formicidae’? :Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 21, 171 (1911)]. 
sives “ Pseudomyrma, Lund, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxiii, p. 137, 1831.” 

Emery, Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 174 A, p. 28 (1921), gives ‘‘ Pseudo- 
myrma, Latreille, in Lund. 2sewdomyrme, Latreille, in Lund, Ann. 
ScmeNate Vol) 23. Isles) 

Suprporn, Index Animalium, 1801-1850. March, 1929, p. 5196, 
gives ‘© Pseudomyrma, F. FE. Guérin, M. Iconographie, 1844, Ins. 427, 
Hem. (sic!). Pseudomyrme, Watreille, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxiii (90), June, 
USS Sys lela 

NoMENCLATOR ANIMALIUM, 1758-1922, Preus. Akad. Wissens. Zw. 
Rerlin, Bd. 4, N-P., p. 2916 (1935). Berlin, 1932-35, gives “ Pseudo- 
myrma [pro. Pseudomyrme, A. W. Lund, 1831]. F. E. Guérin, Méne- 
ville, Tconogr. Régne an., V. 3, Ins., p. 427, 1844, Hym. Form.” 

Neave, Nomenclator Zoologicus, Vol. iii, M-P., p. 998 (1940) :— 
“ Pseudomyrma (pro. me, Latreille, 1831). Guérin Meéneville, 1844, 
Iconographie, Ins. 427, Hem. Pseudomyrme, Latreille, 1831, Ann. Sct. 
Nat., 33 (90), 137, Hym.”’ 

Lund (1831) did not describe the genus sufficiently; furthermore, 
‘* Pseudomyrme ’’ is in the vernacular and cannot stand. 

Latreille did not describe it at all. 

Guérin (1844) gave a good description, and was also the first to 
latinize ‘‘ Pseudomyrme *’ into Pseudomyrma; therefore he is the author 
of the genus. 

Smith was correct (1855), only he overlooked the fact that in Lund 
‘“‘ Pseudomyrme ”’ was yroposed, not Pseudomyrma. 

Smith (1858) correct, except for the date. 

It is curious that such authorities as Dalla Torre (1893), Wheeler 
(J911), and Emery (1921) should go >ack to Lund, and Latreille, as the 
authors of this genus. 

Sherborn (1929) showed that the part containing Pseudomyrma was 
published in 1844. He unfortunately writes ‘‘ Hem.’’ (Hemiptera) in- 
stead of Hym. (Hymenoptera), no doubt as a slip; and Neave (1940) 
repeated the error by “opying Sherborn. 

I should quote the reference to this genus thus :—Pseudomyrma, 
Guér., Iconogr. Reg. An. Ins., 427 (1844). 

(To be continued.) 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Notes oN Britiso MorHs.—Continued from page 20. 

Drepana falcataria.—I have taken these larvae, fairly commonly, on 
young Birch bushes, from July to October. Moths have emerged as 
early as the 17th May; but the main emergence appears throughout June. 
Stragglers (of ? a second brood) have come out in July and August. 

Drepana binaria.—I have beaten full-fed larvae, from Oak trees, 
throughout September. Moths have emerged, in iny cages, during the 
following May. [I caught a female, in my moth-trap, on the 28th of 
August. 

Drepana cultraria.—\I have never succeeded in finding the larva of 
this beech-feeding species; but I have disturbed the moths from Beech 


COLLECTING NOTES. 29 


trees in May and June and, again, in September. When on the wing, the 
moth might be mistaken for the common ‘ Yellow Shell ” (C. bilineata). 


Drepana lacertinaria.---I have found full-fed larvae of lacertinania 
throughout August and September, up to early October. Moths usually 
emerge in May, but have appeared as early as the 17th of April. A 
second brood is ‘‘ on the wing ”’ in July and August. The earlier emer- 
gencies produce moths of a browner colour and more closely striated 
pattern. Moths of the second brood are of a more uniform tawny 
colour. 

Oiiz glaucata.—Full-fed larvae oceurred in September, on Crataegus 
oxyacantha. Their presence is indicated by the skeletonization of the 
upper surface of the leaves. Moths have appeared in May and—again— 
in July and August. 


Earias chlorana.—l have usually found these larvae within leaves 
cn the terminal shoots of willow. But, when collecting Tortrix larvae 
on Sallow bushes, in a swampy field near Aldershot, I was surprised to 
find a larva of this species amongst my collection of Sallow shoots. This 
larva formed a boat-shaped cocoon on the 18th of August and the moth 
emerged on the 22nd of the following March. JLarvae found on willow, 
in July, have not appeared, as moths, before May 

Hylophila prasinana.-—Full-fed larvae are common on the underside 
of Oak leaves, towards the end of September. They are recognizable by 
the crimson line on each side of the anal claspers. Moths have appeared, 
in my cages, towards the end of April up to mid-June. 

Hylophila bicolorana.—l have beaten out young larvae, from Oak 
trees, in September and October; but have never brought them throngh 
to the adult stage. I have taken the moths, at light, in June and July. 

Sarrothripus revayana.—Larvae are abundant on Oaks during July 
and—again—in September. They may ke recognized by the sparse white 
hairs on the back. I have found the boat-shaped cocoons, surmounted 
on a short pedicel, attached to Oak leaves in June. Moths have emerged 
towards the end of July and during August. The moth apparently 
hibernates as I have beaten it out from bushes quite late in the year. 

Nola cucullatella.—I have not seen the larva of this species; but have, 
on several occasions, found the cocoons attached to twigs of hawthorn. 
The resulting moths have appeared in July. 

Nola strigula.—I have collected moths, on tree-trunks in the New 
Forest, in July. 

Nola confusalis.—This species is common at Camberley, where J have 
taken it, on tree-trunks. in May and June. TI have also taken it, at 
light, early in July. 

Arctia caja.—lLarvae of the so-called ‘‘ Garden Tiger ’’ are common 
ohjects in most gardens. My first interest in entomology dates from 
when, a child of six vears, I was allowed to keep une of these cater- 
pillars in a cardboard box, with a panel cut out of it and muslin pasted 
over it, and was encouraged to watch its transformations from larva 
to cocoon and then to the gorgeous moth appearing in July. JT have 
never succeeded in raising any of the remarkable varieties that appear 
in many collections. 

Arctia villica.—A friend (Mr Gordon Cuff) raised, from ova, a series 
of larvae, which he fed throuch the winter on ‘‘ Chickweed.’’ He gave 
me some of the cocoons, which produced moths in April and May. 


19) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TIT /1941 


Callimorpha dominula.—I have taken this moth at Bere Regis, in 
Dorset, and have received larvae from the neighbourhood of Dover. 
These latter emerged in mid-July. JI have also had larvae from Stroud 
(Glos.), which I turned down in my garden at Camberley, in a thicket 
of nettles and Comfrey (Symphytwm), hoping to establish the species 
here, but with no success. 

Spilosoma lubricipeda (menthastri).—Larvae of this species, to be 
recognized by the reddish stripe along the middle of the back, are abun- 
dant in my garden. It is not particular upon what it feeds; but I have 
usually found it upon Tropaeolum. The moth flies readily to light and 
I have taken it from April to June. 


Spilosoma urticae.—I have received young larvae of the ‘‘ Water 
Ermine,”’ raised from ova by. Mr Charles de Worms. The moths hatched 
out (in captivity) during May and early June. TI have taken other 
moths at Wicken Fen. 

Spilosoma lutea (lubricipeda).—This larva, marked by a whitish line 
on each side of the back, is equally common on low plants in my garden. 
I have reared it many times but have never obtained any striking varie- 
ties. Moths are on the wing in June and July. 


Diaphora mendica.—I have bred the larvae from ova. The resulting 
moths appeared in May. 

Parasemia plantaginis.—l have taken the bara on the wing, at 
Emsworth, Hants, early in June. 


Diacrisia sanio.—] have never taken the larva of this species, but 
have, occasionally, found the cocoons amongst heather. The moth, which 
is abundant on heaths around Camberley, is on the wing in June and 
July. The males are seen more commonly than the females. 

Coscinia cribrum.—I have taken the moths, at light, on a heath near 
Wareham, in July. 

Deiopeia pulchella.—The only British caught that I have seen was 
shown me by a school-boy who knocked it down with his hat, on a cricket- 
field at Eastbourne, in the year 1917. 

Hipocrita jacobaeae.—The larvae of this species are abundant wher- 
ever ‘‘ Ragwort ”’ occurs. 

Nudaria mundana.—I found moths, at rest, in Wales, at the end of 
July, and I have raised it from larvae taken at Stroud (Glos.). 

Comacla senex.—The moths were common at light, in the Wicken 
Ien, in early July. T have seen it at Camberley on one occasion only, 
when a single specimen came to light in my moth-trap. 

Miltochrista miniata.—This pretty little rosy moth is common in the 
Camberley district. JI have beaten it out from shrubs and trees in July 
and August. 

Cybosia mesomella.—The ‘‘ Four-dotted Footman ’’ occurs, commonly, 
amongst heather around Camberley, where it may be disturbed through- 
out the month of June. 

Inthosia deplana.—I have taken this moth frequently, in my moth- 
trap, in July, and, occasionally, the varieties ochreola and wnicolor. 

Inthosia lwrideola.—Abundant everywhere. The moth is on the wing 
in July and August. 

Inthosia complana.—I have found the so-called ‘‘ Scarce Footman ”’ 
to be equally common, at Camberley, as the previous species. 


COLLECTING NOTES. SIL 


Lithosia sororcula.—I have taken this species only in the New Forest, 
in June. 

Habrosyne derasa.—lWarvae of this species may be beaten from Rasp- 
berry and Bramble bushes, at night, in September. The resulting moths 
emerge the following June and July. 

Thyatira batis—Larvae of the pretty ‘‘ Peach-blossom ’’? moth have 
the same habits as the preceding species. In beating brambles it 1s 
advisable to be provided with a beating-tray armed with corners of tin. 


Palimpsestis octogesima.—Almost fuil-fed larvae were taken on 
‘‘ Silver Poplar ’’ on 28th August. The resulting moths emerged early 
in the following June. Others have been taken, in my moth-trap, in 
July. 

Palimpsestis duplaris.—I have not found the larvae of this species, 
but the moths frequently come to light in July. 

Asphalha diluta.—I have taken the moth on street lamps on the out- 
skirts of Camberley, in September. 

Polyploca ridens.—I have frequently beaten full-grown larvae of this 
species from Oaks in the Camberley woodlands, towards the end of June. 
The larvae are unusually flaccid and might be mistaken for diseased 
caterpillars. But they pupate and have emerged, in due course, in 


March and April. 
Polyploca flavicorms.-—Larvae of the ‘‘ Yellow Horned’’ may be 
beaten from small Birch bushes in June, and the moths are common, 
at light, in March. 

Demas corylt.—-I have found larvae in various months from June to 
October. A half-grown larva was beaten from Beech on 10th October. 
Moths have emerged, in my breeding cages, as early as the 20th cf April, 
and, again, in the middle of July. 

Acronista leporina.—These larvae occur commonly around Camberley, 
in all stages, from July to late September. The resuiting moths have 
emerged throughout June and I have taken fresh examples, at light, 
towards the end of July. 

Acronicta aceris..—I have not seen the larva in the neighbourhood 
of Camberley, but I have taken it elsewhere. The moths have appeared 
early in June. 

Acromcta megacephala.—I find the larva commonly on Aspen and 
‘Silver Poplar.’? They often rest on the stems of these trees where 
their colour harmonizes with the bark. I have taken the moth, at light, 
in June and July. 

Acronicta psi.—Larvae of the ‘‘ Grey Dagger ”’ are abundant every- 
where, on the foliage of various trees. They may be known by the tall 
and slender hump near the front of the middle of the back. I am quite 
unable to distinguish between the moths of psi and tridens. I admit, 
in my cabinets, only such as have been bred by myself. Moths appear 
in June and July. 

Acronicta tridens.—The only larvae of the ‘‘ Dark Dagger’ that | 
have seen were given to me. They are distinguished by a smaller and 
tufted hump in the same place. 

Acronicta rumicis.—I used to find larvae of this species in Kent, 
feeding on thistles. The resulting moths emerged towards the end of 
May.—E. Ernest Green, F.R.E.S. 


39 ENTOMOLOGIST’ $ RECORD. 15/111/1941 


Heopes (LycAENA) PHLAEAS IN NortH Scortsnp.—Though this species 
was reasonably common at Keiss in the autumn of 1935, not more than 
two individuals were seen in each ot the following four years. I could find 
no explanation for this sudden disappearance, and I can offer none for its 
reappearance in 1940, when about forty were seen. I saw one in good 
condition ou the moors on 11th June, and, during the following two 
days, four more in widely separate places of differing character. This 
first brood lasted until 25th June. On 12th August, two fresh specimens 
were seen at the seashore, and a week later five, in fine condition, on 
the moors. During the rest of the season nine more were observed, the 
last being among sand dunes on 2nd October. This note should dispose 
of the widely-held theory that phlaeas does not occur north of Forres.— 
Sincuatr Swanson, M.A., Keiss Village, Wick, Caithness. 


Varyine Actions oF Brzs.—dth April 1940, being a very fine day, I 
decided to try some experiments with bees suggested by Frangon’s book. 
Accordingly I primed three bees on a mixture of sugar and water, and 
observed the results. 

As soon as I marked the first bee, it flew away hastily, but returned 
to the sugar after 144 minutes (the hive was about three hundred yards 
distant). It remained for 14 minutes, then flew to the side. It returned 
for a few seconds, after which it again flew to the side and cleaned itself. 
Tinally, it flew away and did not return for 23 minutes. It visited the 
sugar several times for a few seconds, and also visited flowers nearby. 
Ten minutes after returning it flew away and did not come back. 

The second bee did not return to the sugar, though I saw it several 
times visiting flowers. Perhaps it was not properly primed. With the 
third bee there was no such doubt, yet it did not return to the garden. 

While I was making these experiments, other bees from the same 
hive, which were visitiug flowers in the vicinity completely ignored the 
sugar.—SINcCLAIR Swanson, M.A., Keiss Village, Wick, Caithness. 


Borys FERRUGALIS, H8., IN CUM3ERLAND—NEWwW County ReEcorp.— 
This moth appears to be somewhat erratic in its occurrence and there 
are also wide gaps in its recorded distribution in the British Isles. 

Barrett (Vol. 1x, p. 215) says it is ‘‘ scarcer in Durham, possibly ab- 
sent from the three other northern counties.’’ Over the border, how- 
ever, he mentions it from Kirkcudbright. Nothing was known of it in 
Cumberland, when the Carlisle Natural History Society published its 
‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera ”’ of the county a few years agu in Vols. 
i to v of its Transactions. 

It will therefore be of interest tc record that it can now be added to 
the Cumberland list. I tock a specimen in September last in my garden 
in Carlisle, presumably an intruder from outside, as this small plot of 
giound nas been under observation for many years and I have never 
ncticed the species before. A casual sccurrence like this is, however, 
in keeping with the moth’s erratic habits.—F. H. Day, 26 Currock Road, 
Carlisle, February 5, 1941. 


CURRENT NOTE. 


We regret to record the death of Mr P. M. Bright, of Bournemouth, 
as the result of an accident. 


AUG 22 i944 
LipbkAKL- 
13620 
RECORDS AND FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES AND 
ABERRATIONS, 
intended for the Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological 
Society which, owing to the war, could not be held. 


Compiled by S. G. Castre Russevt and Hy. J. Turner for publication 
in the Entomologist’s Record and for the Proceedings of the Society. 


Mr J. L. Atkinson.—Nymphalis antiopa, L. A specimen taken by 
the exhibitor sunning on a fence in his garden at Tankerville, Kent, 
at 6.30 p.m. on the 8th November 1940. 


Mr F. W. Andrews.—Polygonia c-album, L. <A suffused form with 
pale spots of submarginal area obsolete. Mid costal spot rather broad, 
ctherwise forewings have only two points of aberration—(a) suffused 
marginal area, (b) only one black spot in region of inner margin: this 
is the central one and is larger than normal. Hindwings almost entirely 
suffused with dark scales having two central darker blotches only, one 
above the other of which the upper one is larger than normal. Under 
side is of the dark type with metallic green submarginal spots heavily 
marked on upper and lower wings. Taken at Brockenhurst, 22nd July 
1940. Sex dubious but probably ¢. Also an extreme ete form 
nearly approaching Frohawk’s fig. 19 on Pl. 21. Taken in the Oxford 
district, 8th July 1940, by Mr Andrews, Junr. Nymphalis 10. Lie A 
example with the ocelli obsolete on hindwings: they appear as pale grey 
circular patches with two small brown spots in the centre. There are 
no signs of blue scales. Somewhat similar to Frohawk’s fig. 16 on Pl. 24. 
Limenitis camilla, L. An example of ab. semi-nigrina taken in the 
Forest, July 1940. Colias croceus, Frery. A remarkable specimen of true 
hyale primrose colour taken at Folkestone. 


Mr E. S. A. Baynes.—Apamea secalis, L. A gynandromorph taken 
at sugar at the Lizard, 10th August 1939, left side being g and right 
side 9. Diarsia festiva, Hb. A somatic mosaic: the head collar and 
thorax are beautifully divided with the two colours. Antennae, frenulum 
and (so far as can be seen) genitalia are @ on both sides. Taken at 
Aviemore, 24th July 1909. Procus (Miana) versicolor, Bdv. An unre- 
cognized form identified by Mr Tams and taken with two other similar 
specimens in North Wales, June 1917. In this form the ground colour 
is pale brownish, the central band darker with a cherry reddish tinge, 
while the stigmata being of the same tint as the ground colour, stand 
out distinctly from the central band. Notodonta camelina, L. Bred 
from a larva taken in Anglesey, September 1907. The general colour of 
the upper wing on the left side is a typical reddish-brown, but on the 
right side the colour is reduced to a pale buff with traces of reddish- 
brown at the base. The reduction in colour on the right side extends 
to the hindwings and is presumably due to some fault in the pigment. 
All the above insects are figured in the Hntomologist's Record for 1940, 
vol. lii. 


Dr G. V. Bull.—Pieris rapae, L. Females with the spots on the fore- 
wings nearly united by black scaling. Preris napi, L. Semitransparent 


(2) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ TIT /1941 


with veins showing through on upper side. Aglais urticae, L. A dark 
suffused example; one with the spots on the forewings absent; 2 polaris, 
Stdgr., the two large costal spots united; another with the blue lunules 
or. the hindwings elongated; and one in which the spots on the fore- 
wings were absent with the hindwing dark suffused. Vanessa 10, L., 
in which the ground colour is of a curious brown coloration. Argynnis 
aglaia, L., from Rannoch had a suffusion of black scales below. Hrebia 
aethiops, Esp. (blandina, Fb.), with the outer half of the forewing very 
pale, possibly a scale defect. Pararge megera, L., with the central area 
of the forewings darker than usual. Brenthis euphrosyne, L. A fine 
suffused form of all four wings; another with the hindwings suffused 
while the forewings were devoid of nearly all the black markings; an- — 
cther heavily blotched; a straw-coloured form; and two examples with 
strongly marked forewings.  Brenthis selene, Schiff., one with the cen- 
tral markings on the forewings absent with some radiation on the mar- 
gins; and two examples dusted with black scales. Mantola jurtina, L., 


with xanthic, almost pure white areas on the forewings. Maniola 
tithonus, L. Three examples of the addenda, Tutt, form from Royston, 
Devon, and Ashford respectively. Aphantopus hyperantus, L., ab. 


lanceolata, Frohawk, and ab. obsoleta, Tutt. Heodes phlaecs, L., the 
straw-coloured ab. schmidtii, Gerh.; ab. elews, Fb., the dark suffused 
form; ab. caeruleo-puncta, Stdgr.; and some partially obsolete forms, 
Polyommatus icarus, Rott., obsolete forms. P. coridon, Poda, ab. bi- 
arcuata, Tutt, and P. bellargus, Rott., ab. digitata, Tutt. 


Mr A. A. W. Buckstone.—Pieris brassicae, L. Two males with a black 
spot on the disc of the forewings: bred from ova obtained from Ashstead 
in May 1949. Pararge aegeria, L. Series of dark examples of spring, 
summer and autumn broods: bred from I. of Wight ova. Polyommatus 
icarus, Rott., ab. obsoleta, Tutt, taken at Dorking, May 1940. Aricia 
agestis, Schiff, (astrarche, Bergs.); a short series form alous, Hb., taken 
at Fetcham, Surrey, 1940. 


Mr S. G. Castle Russell.—Argynnis selene, L. An aberration with 
primary and secondary wings suffused with black, New Forest, July 1940. 
Pieris brassicae, L. Three 2 examples of ab. interjuncta, Cabean. 
Black spots on upper wings coalesced and forming a bar.  Plebejus 
argus, L. A gynandromorph showing mixed male and female colouring: 
the right side wings are mostly male and the left side wings mostly 
female. Taken by the late E. C. Joy, New Forest, July 1940.  Lysandra 
coridon, Poda. Examples of abs. obsoleta, caeca, digitata, and anti- 
juncta. A Q example of ab. caeca all wings being of 9 colouring, but 
the body is conspicuously male: probably a gynandromorph. 


Mr H. A. Leeds.—Captures near Wood Walton, Hunts, in 1940. 
Satyrus galathea, L., and Coenonympha pamphilus, L., under sides of 
faded and washed out appearance—ab. transformis, all wings. Polyom- 
matus icarus, Rott. d upper side ab. pallidula-caeruleo. 3 under side 
ab. post-discoelongata; 92 upper sides abs. syngrapha-caeruleo, syn- 
grapha-lavendula, syngrapha-transparens, glabrata, and postcaeruleo- 
signata. Ifeodes (Lycena) phlaeas. 3 upper sides abs. eleus, Tutt, and 
auroradiata; S under side ab. costajuncta; 2 upper sides auronitens, 
Tutt, anti-transiens, antijuncta, anti-discoelongata, and anti-centre- 


RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (3) 


juncta; 2 under side ab. confluentiae (semi-costajuncta-busyuncta). 
Pieris brassicae, L. CG under side with hindwings peppered all over with 
black scales, ab. post-metallica. Euchloé cardamines, L. 3 upper side 
ab. flavescens. Except where Tutt is added the terms are from the 
‘Monograph of Lysandra coridon, Poda.’’ 


Rev. J. N. Marcon.—An example of the form called polonus, assumed 
to be a hybrid between ZL. bellargus and LL. coridon, taken in Sussex, 
15th June i940. Lysandra coridon, Poda. G upper side abs. margo- 
transformis, viridescens, pulla, semt-livida, fowlert; 2 abs. albescens 
and pulla. Under sides of abs. caeca-antijuncta, etc. Lysandra bel- 
largus, Rott. ¢ upper side of ab. argentea; ab. radiata, a 2 with six 
extensive stripes on each forewing and short radiations on the hind- 
wings on chalky-white ground. Lunules on all four wings white, giving 
the insect a striking appearance. Another somewhat similar 9, the 
radiations being on forewings only and very thin. Hind wings normal, 
white lunules on all wings.  Polyommatus icarus, Rott., a male example 
of ab. radiata. Plebejus argus, L. An under side ab. glomerata. 
Coenonympha pamphilus L. An homoeotic example: on the left under 
side hindwing is a large patch of forewing colouring almost filling veins 
3and4. Maniolajurtina, 1... A fine golden female. Argynnis cydippe, 
L. A @ heavily banded on fore and hindwings. All above were taken 
by exhibitor in Sussex. 


Messrs W. KH. Minnion and B. S. Goodban.—Insects bred or cap- 
tured in 1940. (1) Series of Saturnia pavonia, L., bred from larvae taken 
at Robin Hood’s Bay, N.E. Yorks. (2) Series of Lasiocampa quercus, L., 
var. callunae, Palm., bred from the same locality. (3) Series of Biston 
betularia, L., var. carbonaria, Jord. (dowbledayaria, Mill.), bred from 
Banstead ova; the series included 3 typical and 1 intermediate assembled 
at Chalfont. (4) Series of Arctia caja, L., full fed in October and forced 
at the end of November. (5) Insects taken at Chiddingfold, 25th April 
1940: 3 Leptidia sinapis, L.; 6 Eulype hastata, L.; 3 Numeria pulveraria, 
L.; 1 Anagoga nebulata, Scop. (obliterata, Hufn.); 1 Ectropis extersaria, 
Hb. (luridata, Bork.); 3 Cepphis advenaria, Hb.; 1 Synanthedon spheci- 
formis, Schiff.; 6 Pyrawsta octomaculata, Fb.; and 2 Chesias legatella, 
Schiff. (spartiata, Hrbst.) bred from larvae taken at the same time. 
(6) Insects taken at Ruislip during 1940: 10 Lobophora halterata, Hufn. ; 
3 Boarmia roboraria, Schiff.; 1 Hipparchus papilionaria, L.; 1 Polyploca 
flavicornis, lu.; 1 Zeuzera pyrina, L.; 1 Stauropus fagi, L.; 12 Endo- 
tricha flammealis, Schiff. ; 1 Boarmia lichenaria, Hufn. (7) Insects taken 
at Chalfont Field Meeting, 1940: 1 Stauwropus fagi, L.; 12 Hydrelia 
testaceata, Don. (sylvata, Schiff.); 8 Discoloxia blomeri, Curt. 


Mr C. G. Priest.—A series of extreme blue forms of 2 Polyommatus 
icarus, Rott., taken at Box Hill, 7th August 1940, summer brood. Pieris 
brassicae, LL. Spring brood, bred in May 1940, all with exceptionally 
deep black markings. Endromis versicolora, L., bred in March 1940, 
and a Q bred 19th October 1940, but somewhat ill developed. Biston 
betularia, L., a fully black form, ab. carbonaria, Jord., bred May 1940. 
Hemerophila abruptaria, Thbg., ab. brunneata, Tutt, captured in Hol- 
land Park, May 1940. Acronicta aceris, L., bred June 1940. 


(4) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ TIT /1941 


Mr A. E. Stafford.—Lysandra coridon, Poda. A fine male radiata 
on a white ground with heavy black radiations: the upper side is ab. 
ultra fowleri. A similar form of 9 ab. radiata more extreme than the 
above on a cream ground with intense black radiations. Three antico- 
eaeca males, one with white forewings and grey hindwings. A series of 
ab. obsoleta forms including caeca and post-caeca: all males except one 
? post-caeca. Upper sides abs. pulla, fowleri, and a gynandromorph 
with left hindwing three-fourths blue, the other wings brown. Ail above 
insects were taken by the exhibitor in Sussex. Plebejus argus, L. 
(aegon, Schiff.). A series of female forms banded or margined with blue 
on the upper sides. A series of twenty-one intersexes, some almost halved 
brown and blue, and one splashed with blue over all wings. Several 
examples of under side abs. including costa-juncta, basyuncta, and a 
2 ab. striata. All Surrey. Polyommatus icarus, Rott. A male upper- 
side with forewings of normal colour, hindwings opalescent: a series of 
females including extreme brown forms to extreme blue forms (supra- 
caerulea), a banded form and a specimen of the rare ab. rufina, Obthr. 
Lycaenopsis (Cupido) argiolus, I. A male underside ab. antico-radiata. 
All Surrey. 


Mr G. H. Stovin.—A series of the hybrid Laothoé (Amorpha) populi, 
L. SSmerinthus ocellatus, L., 2 rothschildi, Stndf. Abraxas gros- 
sulariata, LL. Striking aberrations of (1) nigrosparsata, Rayn., in vary- 
ing degrees of black pigmentation; (2) inframaculata, Raynr.; (8) aber- 
domensis, including specimens with almost. completely black forewings ; 
(4) hazeleighensis, Raynr., and (5) sundry asymmetrically marked forms. 


Mr K. W. Self.—Maniola tithonus, L. A white 9, ab. minckii, New 
Forest, 1940. Maniolajurtina, 1. A 2 with four well defined spots on 
each forewing, a very rare form. Another with bleached hindwings. 
Coenonympha tullia, Mill. An example of ab. lanceolata, Westmorland, 
1935. Argynnis paphia, L. A CG with confluent spots on hindwings, 
New Forest. Coenonympha pamphilus, 1. A white example, ab. pal- 
lida, New Forest. Aglais urticae, L. An example with melanic hind- 
wings, South Hants, 1940. Aricia agestis, Schiff. An obsoleta under 
side, Westmorland. Lysandra coridon, Poda. Four male examples of 
ab. cinnameus, and a female of whitish ground colour. Also forms of 
obsoleta, South Hants, 1940. Heodes phlaeas, L. A male example of 
ab. alba and another of ab. schmidti and other forms including abs. 
radiata, eleus, etc. Strymon w-album, Knoch. An under side form in 
which the white line on the right lower wing is duplicated. Polygonia 
c-album, L. An example with melanic hindwings, South Hants, 1940. 


Mr Hy. J. Turner had prepared a further selection of species of 
Heterocera from Manchuria, exhibiting the Palaearctic nature of the 
fauna, just as did the two sets of Rhopalocera previously received from 
that area of Eastern Asia. Many of the species received are non-British, 
but belong to the Fauna of Western Europe. Gastropacha quercifolia, 
L.—A ¢ of a bright reddish-brown with costa of hindwing having a wide 
orange streak. The transverse markings are practically quite absent cn 
the hindwing, those on the forewings are narrow and not very clear, ab. 
cerridifolia, Fldr. Theophila mandarina, Mre.—A ¢ of a species closely 
allied to the well known Bombyx mori, L., but of an olive-brown ground 


RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (5) 


colour. Shape very similar to B. mori: falcate forewings. Dendrolimus 
undans, Walk.—An East Indian species, which has a few forms in the 
Palaearetic Region. < forewing light reddish-ochreous with basal and 
marginal areas and the hindwings dark brown. Markings very irregu- 
lar: the © is much larger, dull greyish-brown. This Amur form is 
known as f. excelsa, Ster. Callambulye tatarinovi, Brm, & Gry.—The 
only Sphingid sent me: a very beautiful insect standing close to Mimas 
tiliae, L. Seitz’s figure does not do justice to the beauty of the green 
form or of the brown form eversmanni, Evers, with its beautiful shades 
of delicate green. Rhyparoides amurensis, Brem.—A ¢ of this purely 
E. Asian species of Arctiid in which the usual sparse marking on the 
bright yellow forewing was less than that of the figure in Seitz, there 
being no trace of the three discoidal spots. Arctia caja, L.—A 3 example 
in which the usual two elongate central blotches on the costa were com- 
pletely united into one large feature, which was united to the usual 
hlotch in the centre of the inner margin by a very small extension. This 
form occurs in this country occasionally. Stilpnotia salicis, L.—Two 
specimens of the Hast Asian form candida, Stgr., a glossy pure white 
form and more thickly scaled than the European specimens. Lymantria 
dispar, L.—A very dark brown 6, darker and smaller than r. japonica, 
Motsch., and probably to be classed as fumida, Btlr., a smatler and 
darker form. Hyphorma minaz, Walk.—Two examples of a Lymacodid 
described by Walker from N. China, and according to Seitz not since re- 
ported from that area, although occurring in India. The marking is 
quite distinct, the two transverse bands form an inverted A starting 
from near the apex of the forewing. Abundance of reddish-golden-brown 
hair on body. 


Ennomos autumnaria, Wrnbg.—A ¢ like British examples. Abrazas 
suspecta, Warr.—A 3: a smaller and more heavily marked species than 
our A. sylvata, Scop., of S. China origin. Hemerophila emaria, Brm.— 
Somewhat similar to abruptaria, Thbg. Timandra amata, l.—A very 
pale specimen, probably worn. Aspitates formosaria, Ev.—A pretty 
species very local in West Europe but common in EH. Asia. Chiasmia 
clathrata, .—The Eastern specimens are a combination of chretieni, 
Th.-Me., ground colour pure white without yellow admixture and can- 
cellaria, Hhb., in which all transverse bands are present but often nar- 
rowed into mere lines. One example sent is an extreme cancellaria. 


Dermaleipa juno, Dalm.—A long-known striking Indian species of the 
subfamily Catocalinae. The forewing shades of brown, the hindwing with 
hasal area jet black containing a light blue irregular and incomplete band, 
with a wide outer margining area crimson. Found also in Japan, China, 
and the Amur. Phytometra chryson, Esp.—The brassy blotch somewhat 
ill-defined. Scoliopteryx libatrix, lu.—A typical example: this species 


is found also in Canada. Rhizedra (Calamia) lutosa, Hb.—The usual 
dull white dusty form, not the griseata, Warr., of Japan, etc. Hustrotia 
uncula, Cl-—A very pale example and unusually small. It may have 


been paled by long exposure. EH. candidula, Schiff.—A normal form like 
those from Eastern Europe. Heliothis (Chloridea) dipsacea, L.—A typi- 
cal form and not the large Eastern Asia form adaucta, Btlr. Hydroecia 
basalipunctata, Graes.?—A small species of a deep yellow ground with 
orange-red dusting. Another Phytometra is P. festata, Graes.—This is 


(6) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ TIT /1941 


a paler and smaller species than P. festucae, L., of which it takes the 
place in the Kast. 

Amongst the Pyrales received were Orobena extimalis, Sccp., Botys 
fuscalis, Schiff., Psammotis hyalinaiis, Hb., Loxostege verticalis, L., 
Pionea forficalis, L., Endotricha flammealis, Schiff., Crambus perlellus, 
Scop., and f. warringtonellus, Stain., Ilithyia semirubella, Scop., Eur- 
rhypara urticalis, l., and Hydrocampa nymphaeata, Schiff. 

Amongst the Deltoids identified were Coiobochyla salicalis, Esp., and 
ab. lactalis, Stdg., Herminia derivalis, Hb., H. crinalis, Hb., Aéthia 
triinealis, Brem., Zanclognatha tarsipennalis, Hb. 


Mr H. O. Wells.—Lysandra coridon, Poda, ab. striata, from Epsom, 
where the insect was abundant. Coenonympha pamphilus, L.—An ex- 
ample without spots and one with white blotches on three wings. 


Baron de Worms.—Bred series of Callimorpha dominula, L., Wilts. 
Acronicta tridens, Schiff., from Cotswold ova. Agrotis ashworthi, 
Dbldy., from larvae collected in N. Wales. Triphaena comes, Hbn.—A 
series of 80 examples bred from a Q taken at Forres, including many 
forms of ab. consequa, Hbn., ab. rufescens, Tutt, ab. curtisii, Newn. 
Nenagria geminipuncta, Hatch., Dyschorista (Orthosia) fissipuncta, 
Haw., and Triphosa dubitata, L., from the Salisbury area. Huphyia 
rubidata, Schiff., from ova laid by a Sussex 9. Callumorpha dominula, 
I..—A remarkable bred specimen having the forewings ochreous, the 
hindwings rosy red with the black markings replaced by pale brown, 
Wilts. Oria musculosa, Hb.—Specimens taken near Salisbury with a 
batch of ova, the first to be obtained in this country. Captured series 
cf Harmodia (Dianthoecia) nana, Rott. (conspersa, Esp.), from the Sur- 
rey downs, and Chlorissa (Nemoria) viridata, L., from Surrey heaths. 
Aberrations and rarities taken or bred in 1940. Pieris napi, L.—A 
diminutive specimen measuring 3 ecm. taken near Salisbury. Maniola 
(Epinephele) jurtina, l4.—Several xanthic examples and others with large 
and small ocelli. Coenonympha pamphilus, Iu.—A straw-coloured 9, 
Salisbury. Heodes phlaeas, L., with much enlarged spots on under side. 
Aricia agestis, Hb. (astrarche, Brgstr.).—A diminutive example from 
Wilts. Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon, Poda.—A male ab. obsoleta, 
Tutt: a form with white under side: a fine ab. caeca 2 and other obso- 
leta forms: an ab. fowleri, Sth.  Polyommatus (Lysandra) bellargus, 
Rott., ab. parvipunsta, Tutt. Polyommatus icarus, Rott.—An example 
of ab. extensa on forewings. 


Mr L. T. Ford.—A large number of species collected around More- 
eambe, Lancs., a district quite new to him. His captures were mainly 
Micros. The few Macro-Lepidoptera noted were Hrebia aethiops, Esp., 
Cceenonympha tullia, Mill. (davus, Fb.), Phothedes captiuncula, Tr., 
Polia chi, L., Odezia atrata, L., and Carsia paludata, Thnbg., and in 
addition a Vanessa c-albuwm, lu.—March. <A freshly killed and somewhat 
battered specimen lying on the road near Torrisholme; probably hit by 
a car. 

Amongst the more interesting species captured or seen were :— 
Crambus margaritcllus, Hb.—30th June. Abundant on Meathop Moss, 
resting in the daytime mainly in small fir trees and flying wildly when 
disturbed therefrom. Crambus falsellus, Schiff.—June. Larvae of this 


RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABPRRATIONS. (7) 


species could be found feeding on moss growing on the top of stone walls 
all over the district. Imagines emerged throughout July and until the 
middle of August. Scoparia truncicolella, Stain., and s. crataegellu, 
Hb.—17th August. At 7.30 p.m., S. crataegella were flying freely on 
the middle slopes of Warton Crag, over mixed bracken and heather. At 
the same time S. truncicolella could be found at rest on the large lme- 
stone rocks amongst the bracken, harmonizing very closely with the 
stone. Phalonia rupicola, Curt. Philedene gerningana, Schiff.—3rd 
August. Imagines flying freely in the late afternoon on the southern 
slopes of Arnside Knott accompanied by swarms ot Peronea aspersana, 
Hb., fortrix paleana, Hb., and Peronea rufana, Schiff. Peronea lipsi- 
ana, Schiil., and P. rufana, Schiff.—l4th July. Larvae plentiful on a 
moss near Whitbarrow feeding in the spun shoots of bog myrtle. About 
80% of the larvae were parasitized; the remainder produced a varied 
series of P. rufana and about a dozen P. lipsiana. LP. calidoniana, 
Steph., and Hucosma mercurianu, Hb.—4th August. Both of these 
species were plentiful flying over the heather on the slopes of Barn Fell 
in the late afternoon. Ancylis biarcuana, Steph. (diminutana, Haw.). 
Eucosma vacciniana, Zell—lst June. Flying about 6 p.m. in large 
numbers over bilberry growing on the roadside banks approaching the 
top of Caton Moor from Brookhouse. EH. pygmaeana, Hb., and Argy- 
roploce dimidiana, Sodof. Argyropioce rufana, Scop.—s80th June. Mr 
Wright kindly showed me a locality near Witherslack for this very locai 
species. The imagines are, it seems, only to be found amongst bramble 
growing on stony ground. From such a patch ot bramble, a few square 
yards in area, J dislodged several specimens, which fly freely when dis- 
turbed in the daytime. The land surrounding the bramble patch was 
grass-land with bramble bushes, thistles, etc. I could not find a single 
specimen except on the stony patch. Gelechia lonyicornis, Curt., and 
G. velocella, Dup. Phthorimaea viscariella, Logan.—April. Larvae 
feeding in the spun shoots of Lychnis in lanes near Bare. The larva 
lives in the stem and comes up to feed on the fiower buds. Amphisbatis 
incongruella, Stain.—28th April. Imagines flying at mid-day over the 
waist-high heather on a Moss near Witherslack. The imago did not fly 
except on a still sunny day—a very rare event in this locality. Depres- 
saria, ocellana,. Fb., and D. carduella, Tr. Depressaria angelicella, 
Stain.—May. Larvae feeding in the young leaves of Heracleum sphon- 
dylium, L., spun together in a thick sticky mass, each ‘‘ spinning ”’ con- 
taining 5 or 6 larvae. Hitherto I have found the larvae of this species 
only or Angelica. I was much struck with the extraordinary abund- 
ance of the larvae and also larvae of D. propinquella, Tr., D. arenella, 
Schiff., D. ciliella, Stain., and D. applana, Fb., the last occurring in 
vast numbers in the lanes near Bare and Torrisholme. Hlachista kilmun- 
ella, Stain.—l19th May. Plentiful on Meathop Moss, commencing to fly 
about 5.30 p.m. for an hour or so. Hlachista perplexella, Sta.—April. 
Larvae in fair numbers feeding in the tips of leaves of Aira caespitosa, 
L., growing by the roadside near Aughton. EH. subalbidelia, Schi.—26th 
May.—Imagines beaten out of the lower branches of small birch trees 
on Meathov Moss. Scythris fallacella, Schlag.—26th May. Flying freely 
in the early afternoon over Helianthemwm with which some rough ground 
near Meathop Moss is carpeted. This species was on the wing through- 
out June. The larva feeds on the leaves of Helianthemum, spinning 


(8) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1I1/1941 


a silken tube extending from the roots to the lower leaves of the food- 
plant. In sunny weather the larva can occasionally be seen on the upper 
leaves; if disturbed it quickly retreats into the silken tube. S. fletcher- 
ella, Durr. (fuscocupraea, Meyr.). Coleophora adjunctella, Hodgk.—dth 
June. The salt marshes at Bolton-le-Sands extend for some miles, the 
herbage thereon being very short—quite different from the salt marshes 
in the Thames estuary. The evening of the 5th June was still and warm 
and at 8 p.m. the imagines of C. adjunctella, Aristotelia brizella, Tr., 
Bucculatriz maritima, Stain., Phalonia vectisana, Ww., and Polychrosis 
littoralis, Curt., were on the wing in countless numbers. In September 
I found the cases of “. adjunctella feeding on the seeds of Juncus ger- 
rardi, Loisl. Coleophora obtusella, Stain.—November. Larvae feeding 
on the seeds of Juncus maritimus, Sm., growing on the salt marsh at 
Carnforth, in considerable numbers. A new record for Lancashire I have 
been told. In the following September JI found cases of this species in 
quantity on the Lochorham salt marshes. Gracillaria phasianipennella, 
Hb.—18th Angust. Larvae abundant, feeding on Polygonum persicaria, 
L., growing on cultivated ground near Whitbarrow.. The larva makes 
a cone with a strip bitten off the edge of a leaf, feeding on the inner side 
oi the cone. Each larva makes 2 or 3 cones and pupates in a cocoon 
inside the cone on which it has last fed. About 90% of the larvae I 
collected were parasitized. In early September the imagines could be 
smoked out of clumps of heather growing at least 100 yards from the 
feeding ground in great 1umbers. Lithocolletis heegeriella, Zell. Ster- 
rhopteryx hirsutella, Hb.—23rd June. I found two cases of this rare 
species on Meathop Moss, each attached to the upper side of a leaf of a 
-small birch tree. One case produced an ichneumon fly, the other still 
has a living larva in it. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAR AND THEIR VARIETIES. (9) 


Schiff. (1775), as the typical form, and the figure of Hb., 179, for his 
description. 

South, MW.B.1., U, 25, plt. 11, figs. 7-10 (1908), gave four very good 
figures of ligula, which compare well with the good figures of vaccini on 
the same plate (figs. 3-6); 7 is subnigra, 9 is polita, Hb., 10 is spadicea, 
Haw. (nec Hb., which is raccinit), and 8 is an ab. from Kent. 

Watr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., Il], 148 (1910), considered subnigra, Haw., 
as a synonyvin of ligula, Esp., the polita, Hb., as the dolosa, Dup. (nec 
Hhb.), the subspadicea, Stdgr., as the spadicea, Haw. and the polita, 
Dup. (nec Hb.). They considered the canescens, Ksp., and the turtur, 
Hamps., as forms of ligula. They added a paler form as canilinea, and 
recognised the brigensis, Bdv. 

They gave on plt. 36 cd 11 figures, ligula, 3 and @Q ; polita, d and Q ; 
subspadicea, G and Q ; canilinea, g and @ ; canescens, and turtur. 

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 14 plt. 40 (1914), gave five figures, three taken 
from the Guenée collection. f. 1, ligula, dark markings, grey lined; 
f. 10 and f. 11, spadicea, the actual specimens from which Gn. made his 
description (var. A.); f. 12, pulverwlenta, Gras., from the Gn. coll., 
and was near ab. brigensis; and f. 13, brigensis, Bdv., also from the 
Graslin coll. There appears to be so little difference between the figures 
10, 11; 12, 13 that one is almost unable to separate them; Culot’s 
figures, almost without exception, are generally most reliable. 

Culot, /.c., Il, 15 (1914), stated that two examples of brigensis were 
in the Bdv. collection with two others in the collection of Bellier, and 
that fig. 459 of H.-S. was not referable to brigensis as stated. 

Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct Supp., IIT, 149 (1934), recognized in addi- 
tion the pulverulenta, Culot (Gras.), and julient, Culot. The latter 
was described as a species, a small pale sand-brown form, a ‘‘ transition 
to brigensis, Bdv.’’ Vorbrodt declared that iulieni, Culot, was a local 
form of the Valais and not a species. 


Barrett remarked on the Variation :— 

“ Rather variable in colour, varying from reddish-chestnut to deep 
dark purplish-brown or black-brown, sometimes with a pale stripe be- 
fore the hind margin; this in the redder forms is hght chestnut, but 
in those of the darkest colour occasionally greyish-drab and conspicuous. 
These striped forms seem almost confined to the West, and are most 
frequent in Wales. Probably this is the supposed species called subnigra 
by Haworth.’’ 


He reterred to a series *‘ Of unusually large size, many specimens 
having forewings more than usually broad, and the hind margin rather 
increasingly expanded yet angulated and the apex pointed.”’ 


What evidence have we of the genitalia distinction of vaccinit and 
ligula (spadicea)? KF. N. Pierce, Gen. of Brit. Noct., 59-60 (1909), gave 
the following description of the genitalia of vaccinit:—‘* Harpe long, 
slender and pointed, without corona; clasper long, slender and twisted ; 
uncus flattened at the tip; vesica has a long cornutus at the base, a 
bunch of *cornuti in the centre, and a bulbed cornutus above; juxta 
peaked, indented at the tip.’’ 


(40) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/J11/1941 


spadicea (ligula):—The description agrees exactly with that of vac- 
cin with two exceptions, (1) the word ‘‘ long ’’ is inserted at *, and 
the last word “ tip ”’ 1s altered to ““ top.” 

Examination of the structural figures on plate 20 give no material 
help and we are thrown back upon the ancient differentiation of shape 
of forewing. 


The Names and Forms to be considered :— 

ligula, Esp, (1789-?), Schm. Abbild., IV, 598, plt. 166, 8. 

mea). Gamescens, LKsp. (139-2), len D49aplts. GZ amaawn 

ab. cruda, Hb. (1800-3), Noct., 172. 

ro yooh lallome (lees aoe dl 702 

f. spadicea, Haw. (1809), liege BIE ee as 

ft. subnigra, Haw. (1809), lc. 

[ polita, Dine. (1826), VI, 124, plt. @1, 1 = ‘spadicea, Haw eUs0oy mee 
Hb. (1800-3). | 

f. brigensis, Bdv. (1840), Gen. Ind. Meth., 148; Gn. (1852), Noct., V, 380. 

ab. pulverulenta, Grasl. (1863), Ann. S. ent. Fr., 318 (mec 314). Culot 
gave a figure of this actual example. 

f.. subspadicea, Stdgr. (1871), Cat., Iled., 119 = spadicea, Haw. (1809), 
and polita, Dup., 1836. 

ab! ochrea, Tutt (1892), Brit) Noct., Lil; 4. 

f. turtur, Hamp. (1906), Lep. Phal., VI, 455. 

ab. caine Warr.-Stz. (1910), Pal. Noct., ll, 148, pit 36a: 

ab. julient, Culot (19i4); NevetuG 2 iQ), 14, plt. 40, f. 9-13. 


Tutt dealt with (1) ligula, Esp., dark chestnut colour, lines deep 
reddish-brown, often shaded with greyish, paler on the outer margin. 
(2) polita, Hb., very deep veddish, unicolorous, no pale nervures hke 
the type, white (not ashy-grey) subterminal band. (3) ab. ochrea, Tutt, 
pale nervures, pale outline to stigmata, ochreous (almost orange) sub- 
marginal band. (4) swhnigra, Haw., unicolorous, with an ochreous sub- 
terminal. (5) Unicolorous with subterminal obsolete [subspadicea, 
Stder. = polita, Dup.] = spadicea, Haw. (1809). (6) ab. subspadicea, 
Stder., reddish-brown ground mixed with yellow-zgrey. (Lepsa, Asia.) 
[(7) £. politina, Stdgr., light ashy-grey forewings, faint reddish-brown 
band before the reddish-white fringe. (7) f. subspadiceana, Stder., 
like politina, but with hindwing light in colour. (Central Asia.)| The 
last two are now considered to belong to another good species, staud- 
ingeri, Gras. 


ab. cruda, Hb., Saml. Noct., 172 (1800-03). 

The shape is compatible with ligula, but the size is rather larger 
than the average specimen, nor does there seem the ligula black-brown 
ground of average ligula. It has been considered as a form of dolosa. 
The transverse lines are somewhat too thin and not diffuse enough for 
hgula. 


f. brigensis, Bdv., Index Method., 148 (1840). 

Fig.—Culot, N. bi G., plt. 40, 13 (Gann the Bdv. collection). 

Oric. Drescrre.—‘’ Alis longior(ibus) cinerea-marmorat(ibus).’? The 
figure is the ligula shape and size; there is a slightly lighter submar- 
ginal band, with a somewhat darker and narrower band between that 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (11) 


and the marginal band along the base of the fringe. The ground is per- 
haps not the original after about 100 years in the cabinet. The black 
spot at the base of the almost non-existent reniform is clearly apparent. 
There are traces of other bands. Culot gives no description. 

For Herrich-Schaefter’s brigensis, fig. 459, see above under H.-S. 


f. pulverulenta, Gras., Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (1863). 

Fic.—Culot, N. et G., plt. 40, f. 12 (from the Graslin collection). 

Desorie.—Shape and size of ligula but ground lighter than 
most specimens in both fore and hindwings. ‘There are no appreciable 
markings except where the lighter submarginal band is marked out 
but not present. No doubt deterioration from age has affected it. 


ab. subspadicea, Stder., Cat. Lep. Hur., led. (1871). 

Orig. Descrivp.—‘‘ Ruta sive brunnea, saepius albido reticulata.”’ 

‘On the extraordinary variability of this species it is very difficult 
and almost impossible with certainty to say, regarding many specimens, 
to which form they can best be placed, it is not therefore certain whether 
ligula be a species differing from vaccinit.’? Amur. 


ab. turtur, (Bang-Hs.) Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 404 (1906). 
Ortic. Descrip.-—‘‘ Similar (to polita, Hb.) but forewings with the 
grey markings distinct and the veins streaked with grey.” 


ab. canilinea, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., I1I, 148 (1910). 

Fig.—l.c., plt. 36 d. 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ A pale form, red-brown or rufous, has the inner 
and outer lines pale leaden-grey or ochreous-grey.”’ 


t. wulivent, Culot, N.-et G., I (2), 10 G9T4). 

Fies.—t'c.. plt. 39; f. 13. 

Orica. Descrip.—*‘ The main characteristic 1s the regularity of the 
elbowed line, in the place of being festooned or maculate; the markings 
here consist of two double lines, clear, regular, without appreciable 
festoons nor discontinuous between the costa and the inner margin. 
The median shade, in place of oblique position to the internal border, 
runs vertically in qulienr.”’ 

Nore.—Mr A. J. Wightman, who hag had long experience with the 
two species vaccini: and ligula, considers the 26 figs. on plt. 36, if the 
shape and colour be reasonably correct, that only 4 figures represent 
ligula, viz., A.4, 0.4, 0.5, C.6. Also the fig. of canescens is not at all 
like the poorly executed fig. of Esp. 


Orrhodia, Hb. (1821), Stdgr., Sth., Culot [Cerustis, Hb. (1821), 
Hamp., Barr.: Conistra, Hb. (1821), Meyr. (Sth.), Warr.-Stz., Meyr., 
Draudt-Stz.] erythrocephala (Schiff.) Fab. (1787). 


The names erythrocephala and glabra were both used by Schiff. (1775), 
the former Wien Verz., 77, the latter 314 (in the Appendix), and con- 
sidered in Vienna as an aberration of »acciniz (Illiger & H., Neu. Ausg. 
(1801). I, 301). There were no notes with these names, which could 
serve as adequate descriptions, although the former is distinguished as 


(12) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1941 


having ‘ blackish dots on the outer margin,’’ and is called the ‘* Plant- 
ago lanceolata Noctuid,’’ and the latter ‘“‘ the pale brown dusky 
streaked Noctuid.”’ 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., I11, 6 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 65 (1895): Stder., 
Cat., IlTed., 208 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 449 (1906): Splr., 
Schm. Eur., I, 254, plt. 46, 28a (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., 111, 146, 
plt. 35e¢ (1910); South, M.B.J., II, 23, plt. 11, 1-2 (1907): Culot, NV. et 
G., I (2), plt. 39, 2-4 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 118 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., 
Fal. Noct. Supp., III, 148 (1934). 


Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., If, 146 (1910), recognized only ab. glabra, 
ab. impunctata, and ab. pallida. No notice was taken of the glabra, 
Schiff., nor of erythrocephala, Schiff. They gave four figures on plt. 35g. 
The figure labelled pallida is by no means pale, it is the darkest of the 
four figures, whereas the impunctata figure is pale. 

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 7 (1914), treated erythrocephala, Hb., as a 
‘‘ nolymorphic species,’’? with three principal European forms, which he 
designated as (1) intricata, Gn.—plt. 39, 2; (2) erythrocephala, Hb. (fig. 
176)—-plt. 39, 3; (3) glabra, Hh. (fig. 438)—plt. 39, 4. 

Notrr.—intricata, Gn., is not intricata, Dup., which is a var. of vau- 
cunctatum, Esp. 


Form intricata has scarcely any marking on the forewings, which are 
of a uniform reddish-brown, But there is a subterminal series of dots 
better develcped. 

The typical form has the forewings clearly and neatly marked. 

The form glabra has a strong melanic tone on the forewings, which 
are of a deep brown. while the reniform and orbicular stigmata and the 
submarginal are of a clear ochreous tint. 

An extreme melanic form from Algeria is ab. lucasi, Obthr. The 
forewings are of a very strong and shining black-brown, with the stig- 
mata and points also more emphasized. 

South, W.B.1., 11, 28, plt. 11, 1-2 (1907), gave two very good figures: 
(1) is a typical reddish-brown, almost unicolorous form; (2) is a capital 
figure of ab. glabra. 


The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 
erythrocephala, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 77, M. 
glabra, Schiff. (1775), l.c., 314, R. 
erythrocephala, Fb. (1787), Mant., IT, 176. 
ab. glabra, Hb. (1805), Saml. Noct., 438. 
ab. intricata, Gn. (1852), Noet., V, 383. 
ab. pallida, Tutt (1392), Brit. Noct., IN, 6: 
ab. impunctata, Splr. (1907), Schm. EFur., I, 254. 
ab. glabra-impunctata, Splr. (1907), l.c. 
ab. unicolor, D. Luc. (1910), Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 482. 
r. lucast, Obthr. (1918), Lép. Comp., XVI, 119. 
fab. caeca, Lempke (1934), Hnt. Rec., XLVI, 89.] 


Tutt dealt with (1) erythrocephala, Fb., the reddish-ochreous form; 
(2) ab. pallida, pale whitish-grey, without reddish or ochreous; (3) ab. 
glabro, Hb., the purplish-brown and much mottled. 


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VOL. Lill. 


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PLATE 1. 


IODIS CHRYSOPRASARIA, Esp. 


Det. Cl RAIN. Burros 


= IMMACULATA, Thnbg. 


& 


IODIS CHRYSOPRASARIA, ESP. 33 


. 3 oO am of Comp,> 
1IODIS CHRYSOPRASARIA, ESP. A Zo0l0gy “7S 
By the Late Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S. \ MAY 9 194g 


LIBRARY 

Again I have to introduce the insect, which we have to consider, by _ 
a somewhat unfamiliar name—unfamiliar inasmuch as it has not as yet 
come into common use. But Mr Prout in his paper on the ‘‘ Synonomy 
of Some of the Emerald Moths ” (Hntom. Record, 1900, p. 180), threshed 
the matter out, rejecting vérnaria of Schiffermiiller (1775), volulata, of 
Fabricius (1775), aeruginaria of Borkhausen (1794), as all invalid, leav- 
ing chrysoprasaria, of Esper (1794), as the correct name. Prout has now 
revised this name to immaculata, Thnbg. (Seitz, Pal. Geom. Supp., iv, 
219). The passage to which I have been so much indebted is too long to 
quote, but is well worth bearing in mind when dealing with this 
‘‘ Emerald.’’ Staudinger in his last Edition of the Catalog, 1901, re- 
tained the name vernaria with which we are so familiar, and gave 
chrysoprasaria as a synonym. In Buckell and Prout’s ‘‘ List of the 
Fauna of the London District ’’ lodis chrysoprasaria is substituted for 
vernaria. So far for the name. 

Mr Prout in his paper before quoted from the Hnt. Record speaks 
of this insect as a ‘‘ non-variable species.’’ I have certainly not myself 
observed any signs of variation, although, judging from several of its 
relatives, it would appear not unreasonable to expect such. The two 
lines upon the upper, and the single line upon the under-wings, appear 
to be invariable, so far as published records go, and I would sug- 
gest to those who are so circumstanced as to be able to collect this 
insect, that it might be worth while to rear it for aberrations, and 
aberrations would be worth having. 

I confess that I have become somewhat impatient of colour varia- 
tions of this most delicate group of insects. Suspicion arises—the loss 
of colour through fading or change of colour through accidental stain- 
ing. The ‘‘ Emeralds ” are sometimes given to producing individuals 
in which mal-nutrition or some purely accidental cause has reduced or 
possibly removed entirely the normal green colour. I feel some sort 
of respect for a white ‘‘ Emerald,’’ but none for a yellow one. The 
colour of our present species must be fairly permanent for my very 
ancient specimens still retain almost their original appearance. I 
am not then surprised when turning to my ‘‘ Index Entomologicus ”’ 
(which is, however, not brought up to date by many years) that aber- 
rations of [odis chrysoprasaria are not often recorded. In the Ento- 
mologist for 1873, p. 363, Mr H. W. Green records a specimen of “‘ a 
pale yellowish green.’’ And in the same magazine for 1889, p. 212, the 
Rev. G. M. A. Hewitt records the capture of ‘‘ a variety of G. vernaria, 
pale salmon colour, with the green tint showing in a dash on the two 
under-wings only.’’ To this is appended an editorial note, suggesting 
that the effect was brought about by the result of moisture upon the 
fugitive green colour. 

I am not able to say much about the life-history or habits of this 
insect. For a great many years I have lived away from its haunts, 
although I believe that it generally occurs at least in the South of 
England, where its food plant, Clematis vitalba, is fairly common. 
This plant chiefly affects chalky districts, but is by no means rare in 


34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1941 


places which cannot be called chalk localities, and I believe that where 
Clematis occurs there our insect is also found. The food plant 1s some- 
what rare in the Mucking district, especially on the low lands, and I 
have not so far taken this ‘‘ Emerald ’’ thereabouts. Meyrick gives its 
locality as South England and Hereford and Norfolk. Kanes gives one 
specimen from Ireland, ‘‘ probably imported with a plant of Clematis.” 
The life-history was published in the Hntomologist for 1872, p. 168, and 
from time to time there have been notes in this magazine upon the 
wonderful protective coloration of the naked larva. 


I have beaten the larvae from Clematis from 1st September until 
4th June. A little later, about the middle of June, it pupates, and 
the moth emerges in captivity before the end of June—but wild about 
the beginning of July. It can be beaten out of Clematis during the 
daytime, or netted at dark. It also flies freely to light, but I have no 
record of its capture at sugar. The male assembles freely to a virgin 
female, and has been observed (L. W. Newman, etc.) to evolve a strong 
scent. 


When I commenced my examination of the early stages of the 
Emerald Moths I scarcely realised the importance of the work which I 
had taken in hand, nor have I yet been able to sift and systematize 
the information which I have obtained, and J feel, now that I have 
arrived at the end of the eight British species upon which I set myself 
to work, that there is still a vast field of work needed to bring the 
whole into line. I had asked myself whether it would not be possible 
to use the evidence of the early stages of the larvae to amend or re- 
arrange the generic distribution of the species. Now at the end I feel it 
safe to remain dumb until I have been able to put together the result 
of the examinations. 


The unwisdom of jumping at conclusions is very evident when one 
takes in hand the present species, which, although lumped with papilion- 
aria in the genus Geometra, by Staudinger, and in Huchloris with pus- 
tulata, smuragdaria, and lactearia, by Mevrick, appear to be separated 
widely from all these by the structure and form of the egg, as well as 
the habit of oviposition, and from all but lactearia by the larval struc- 
ture. The eggs of this species are laid upon the leaf stalks or stems of 
the food plants in columns. I believe a most unusual method of oviposi- 
tion amongst Lepidoptera (Figure VII of my drawing) will give an im- 
pression of this habit. The series figured is a column of 7 eggs which 
have been vacated by the larvae. The eggs are set cross-wise on the 
base, so that they present the end view of the egg. It will be seen that 
the larva has not always emerged at the centre of the egg. So regular 
is the position that there is not one egg but is placed in an exactly 
parallel position. The number of eggs laid in series varies according 
to the will of the mother; sometimes only one or two, but sometimes 
as many as 12 to 14 (E. Newman, Hntom., 1865, p. 314). I have myself 
counted 13 in one column. 


I have represented (Figure VIII) a short series of eggs actually at 
the point of hatching. Unfortunately, I cannot say—for the series was 
broken from its support when it reached me—which is the top and 
which is the bottom of the column, but that point does not seem very 
material. It will, however, be observed that the highest egg is a failure 


IODIS CHRYSOPRASARIA, ESP. 35 


—either infertile or injured, or not ready to emerge. The yelk-mass has 
collapsed and split; no larva has been formed within. The second is 
intended to show the larva which has emerged to the greatest extent, 
and I have indicated with some lack of success how of these three fully- 
formed larvae there is a distinctly—though infinitely small—progression 
in the advance of the larval head from below, as also in actual develop- 
ment. The fourth egg is another failure and the fifth appears not to 
have become sufficiently developed to begin its exit. 


But it is not only in the matter of oviposition that this insect is so 
abnormal compared with the rest of the ‘‘ Emeralds.’’ The shape of 
the egg itself is (Figure V) quite different, resembling more the ‘‘brick”’ 
form of some of the “‘ Thorns.’’ The severely flattened sides are, of 
course, a matter of necessity; while the square base—if one may call 
it the base—compared with the rounded micropylar face is more or 
less abnormal. 


In the rest of the group the sculpturing of the egg surface is more 
or less regularly and distinctly hexagonal, without any additional 
irregularities. In our present insect, however, the sculpturing is ex- 
tremely indistinct and difficult to detect, for it is dominated and 
obscured by the multitude of pits (or points) which cover the surface of 
the egg and between which the hexagonal sculpturing is only by care- 
ful foscussing to be seen (Figure VI). 


The freshly-hatched larva is not a very remarkable creature, and 
does not differ much from that of the other ‘‘ Emeralds.’’ It is chiefly 
remarkable for the prominence of the subsegments, which bave given 
me the greatest possible trouble and anxiety. 


The figure (1) proves (as is very often the case) to be unsatisfactory, 
as it has taken upon itself a nasty tilt which throws the parts out of 
their relative position. As a result the spiracles and their tubercules 
are not represented as they should be. There are no remarkable hairs. 
The body is wrinkled longitudinally, so closely and intraceably that I 
have been unable to follow the convolutions, while the before-named 
subsegments intrude themselves, hopelessly obscuring the lateral 
flange, which, however, exists. I can find but one tactile hair upon 
the first thoracic segment and one upon the second, but both are thick 
and blunt. Again on the sixth and seventh abdominal segments are 
to be seen these same thick-blunt hairs. The bifurcated front of the 
first thoracic segment seems rather remarkable and I have drawn it sepa- 
rately and in larger scale (Figure IV). This great projection is in dupli- 
cate, that is to say there are two projections, side by side, separated by the 
central ridge, which is shown in part. I may remark that the sculptur- 
ing upon this figure represents the larval countenance or complexion, 
whichever you like to call it. I can imagine no more terrifying feature 
than this seen at close quarters by the eyes of another larva. The en- 
larged first abdominal segment is shown in Figure IT. 


A more advanced larva in the first stadium is represented in Figure 
III. There is nothing much to remark about it. It is larger and older. 
The same hairs are present in the same positions. The bifurcate front of 
the first thoracic sezment has given me some anxiety, for in all my speci- 
mens arrived at the same stage the points have disappeared. I conclude 
that they have become modified, and tend towards a simple bluish bifid 


36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V/1941 


‘‘ frons’’’ so usual in the ‘‘ Emerald’’ larvae. I would also ask atten- 
tion to the subanal organ whose presence I first noticed in the larva of 
I. lactearia. My material fell short of my requirements, and I was, 
therefore, unable to follow the larval development further, much to my 
regret. 


I feel that I owe some sort of apology for the poorness of my re- 
marks. I have perhaps given more attention of late to other matters, 
and I find that I have most certainly got out of touch with fine micro- 
scopical details. Working, as I have been for months with objectives 
of small enlargement, has more or less unfitted me for minute investi- 
gations. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE, IODIS CHRYSOPRASARIA, ESP. 
I. The larva newly emerged. 
a. Tactile hairs on Ist and 2nd thoracic segments. 
b. Tactile hairs on 6th and 7th abdominal segments. 
e. Bifid front of Ist thoracic segment. 
II. 1st abdominal segment. 
III. Larva further developed, but in same stadium. 
f. Buifid front of 1st thoracic segment modified. 
j. Sub-anal organ. 
IV. Bifid head of newly emerged larva further enlarged. 
d. The frontal projection. 
e. The complexion or countenance. 
V. The egg. 
VI. The egg sculpturing. 
VII. Series of eggs. 
@. Emergence holes. 
VIII. Eggs hatching. 
h. Dead egg. 
1. Larva emerging, more advanced. 


GLANURES MYRMECOLOGIQUES. 
By H. DonistHorps, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. 


(Concluded from p. 28.) 


MyRMIcINAE—TRIBE CREMATOGASTRINI. 

Crematogaster, Lund, Ann. Sci. Nat., 23, 132 (1831), is given by De 
Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., 7 (Formicidae), 79 (1893), as Cremastoyaster. 
Lund, however, did not spell it with two s’s; therefore Crematogaster 
is correct. F. Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., 6, 134 (1858), gives it cor- 
rectly, as does Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 56, 272 (1912): Gen. Ins., 
174B, 127 (1922). Emery (1922 l.c.) gives the type of Crematogaster as 
Formica acuta, F., because Lund was writing about species from Brazil; 
but as Bingham had definitely cited C. scutellaris, Oliv., as the type, 
Faun. Brit. Ind. Hym., 2, 124 (1903), that species must stand. 


GLANURES MYRMECOLOGIQUES. 37 


TrisE LEPTOTHORACINI. 

Myrmammophilus, Menozzi, Atti. Soc. Nat. Mat. (6), 3, 32 (1924). 
Modena, 1925. Subgenus of Leptothorax. The reference to this sub- 
genus is not given as such in the Zoological Recerd (1925), nor is it 
mentioned at all in Neave, Nomenclator Zoologicus (1940). 


DoLicHODERINAE—TRIBE TAPINOMINI. 

Tapinoma erraticum, Latr., subsp. ambiguum, Emery, ‘‘ Revision 
des espéces paléarctiques du genre Tapinoma,” Rev. Suisse Zool., 32, 57 
(1925), rests on the characters of the male ant, for Emery states that 
the only differences between it and the typical form in the worker and 
female are the smaller size, especially in the 2. Concerning the ¢ he 
writes as follows:—‘‘ Le caractére le plus remarquable de cette sous 
espece réside dans la lame sous-génitale, qui est large du point qu’elle 
apparait, dans la vue dorsale de l’armure génitale, lateralement a la 
squamula; l’échancrure de cette lame est large, évasée et séparé des 
lobes latéraux étroits et arrondis comme chez nigerrimum. \/’armure 
génitale est faite d’ailleurs a peu pres comme chez le type d’erraticum ; 
le stipes est un peu plus petit et moins courbé. fongeur = 4 mm. a 
4 mm., 5.’’ One of the localities he mentions for this ant is—‘‘ Sud de 
Angleterre (Donisthorpe) ¢,’’ and he adds it is probable that a small 
3 and 9, given to him by Crawley, also belong to this same form. This 
subspecies, therefore, must be added to the British list. I gave him 
males from the New Forest. 


FoRMICINAE—TRIBE LASTIINTI. 

Chtonolasius, Ruzsky, Kas. Zap. Vet. Inst., 29, 630, 633 (1912), is 
spelt incorrectly by Emery, Gen. Ins., 183, 228, 231 (1925), as Chthono- 
lasius hy adding a second h, which was not used by Ruzsky. Emery also 
gives the reference as Arch. f. Naturg., 79, 59 (1913), and states that 
Ruzsky did not cite a type for this subgenus of Lasius; giving L. wm- 
bratus, Nyl., as type. In the reference given by us, however, Ruzsky 
distinctly cites L. flavus, De G., as type; which must stand. 


TRIBE FORMICINI. 

Adformica, Lomnicki, Polsk. Pismo ent., 3, 164 (1925), founded the 
subgenus ‘‘ Adformica’’ for the species of Formica in which the head 
is excised posteriorly in the worker, female, and male. He did not, how- 
ever, cite either as type, but he had overlooked the fact that Miiller, 
Bol. Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat., 28, 133 (1923), had already founded a sub- 
genus Coptoformica for the same two ants—F. exsecta, Nyl., and F’. 
pressilabris, Nyl., but he also did not cite a type. I cited F. exsecta, 
Nyl., Brit. Ants, 2nd Edition, 316 (1927), as the type of Adformica, 
Lomnicki, but as that subgenus falls into the synonymy, I now propose 
F, exsecta, Nyl., as the type of Coptoformica, Miiller, by present desig- 
nation. 


TRIBE CAMPONOTINI. 

In 1926 Wasykiewicz gave the name of barbatus to a subspecies of 
Camponotus :—Camponotus (Myrmentoma) fallax, Nyl., subsp. barbatus, 
Wasyk., Trans. Tomsk. St. Univ., 17, 118 (1926); but Menozzi had 
already given the same name to a species of Camponotus in 1925 ;-- 


38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. . 15/1V/1941 


Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) barbatus, Menoz., Atti. Soc. Mat. Nat. 
Modena (6), 4, 94 (1925). 

As Wasykiewicz’s name sinks, I propose the name of barbiger nom. 
nov. for this subspecies. 


DIPTERA—SYRPHIDAE. 


Microdon: M. H. Maneval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 42, 67 (1937), says 
that the myrmecophilous larvae of these flies live at the expense of the 
plant-lice cultivated by the ants. This, however, is quite incorrect for, 
as pointed out by Wheeler, Nat. Acad. Sci., 10, 244 (1924), ‘‘ The nature 
of the food of the Microdon larvae in the ants’ nests was for a long time 
problematic till Donisthorpe [Ent. Record, 24, 36 (1912)] succeeded in 
proving that the British species, M. muwtabilis, which lives with ants of 
the genera Formica, Lasius, or Myrmica, is a scavenger and feeds on 
the minute pellets expelled by its hosts from their infrabuccal pockets.”’ 

I reared a very young larva of this fly in a colony of Formica fusca 
housed in a ‘‘ Janet ”’ plaster nest. It became full grown, hilernated 
during the winter, pupated at the end of April. and emerged in May, 
having lived in the observation nest for just over twelve months. I 
pointed out that it was quite clear that the food of the larva consisted 
of the droppings and pellets (‘‘ Boulettes de nettoyage ’’) of the ants. 
See ‘‘ Guests of British Ants,’’ 126 (1927). 


Hntomological Department, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 10.11.41. 


LOOKING FORWARD. 
By An Otp MotrH-HunTEeER. 


January 19th. Two days ago the barometer, after standing high for 
several days, due to an east wind which brought twenty degrees of frost 
at night, fell to 29.2, and it began to snow. It has been snowing ever 
since. Snowing heavily and incessantly. The hills, which rise steeply to 
1750 feet about the house, are blotted out and J might be living on an. 
ice-floe. The lane down to the village two miles away is impassable, 
for it is sunk below the level of the fields and the snow has now topped 
the hedges. There is no telephone; I am cut off from the world—or 
should be were 1t not for a strange voice which remarks, at monotonously 
regular intervals, ‘‘ This is the B.B.C. home service.”’ 

Supplies? J have plenty of tobacco. I have the wherewithal to re- 
fresh the inner man several times a day and to give him a grateful feel- 
ing amidships last thing at night. The cows are munching contentedly 
in their byre. We killed a pig not so long ago. From the kitchen de- 
partment comes the scent of freshly-baked bread. The churn was busy 
this morning long before dawn. But I cannot go to the village for my 
weekly ration of margarine: I shall have to eat butter instead, per- 
haps for weeks on end. Such is war. 

Like many another I have been driven far afield. Fate has set me 
down, nolens volens, in a country like that of my birth but utterly un- 
like my habitat of fifty years. Entomologically it is, for me, terra 
incognita. Indeed, I cannot find that an entomologist has ever 
‘‘ worked ”’ this particular part of our island: the aged librarian in 


LOOKING FORWARD. 39 


the nearest town has never heard of such a being. The textbooks ignore 
it. What, then, shall I find here in the way of moths when spring and 
summer come? 


Polia chi is, I know, as common as a barndoor fowl, for a boxful 
was sent to me, in Hertfordshire, last summer. Socia was found, in 
autumn, roosting high up in the chink of an oak. Trepida—trepida ot 
all moths—occurred in the shape of a full-fed larva beneath an oak hard 
by the front door, after a torrential downpour. And who, before, ever 
heard of trepida at his very doorstep? These things, sent to me by a 
forerunner (gifted with such eyesight as can spot a sleeping socia in a 
chink of oak-bark ten feet from the ground) have set me wondering. 
- What else shall I find if Fate keeps me prisoner for spring and summer 
in such a wonderland? 


There is no poplar nor aspen, but much alder, sallow and willow. Ash 
grows everywhere, in the valleys and up on the hills. Hazel is the chiet 
hedgerow plant, hawthorn being almost uncommon and blackthorn rare. 
Oaks, ancient oaks, are still unfelled, with plenty of beech and an occa- 
sional elm. Higher, on the hills, there are birches, both trees and 
bushes, and, of course, heather and bilberry. Scots pine and larch are 
now the chief forest trees in a land that once was famous for its oaks. 


It is, of course, the birches that will claim my first attention in the 
spring. Moonlight aiding me I shall, I am sure, gather tincta larvae 
from them and, later, ova of both dromedarius and dictaeoides. And I 
shall find the wee larvae ot papilionaria, awakening from their :ong win- 
ter sleep, no matter how cunningly camouflaged they may be. I may even 
find versicolora—no, not the silly little moth that most of us still call 
strigilis, but the great, the noble, the handsome Glory of Kent, as old 
Moses Harris delightedly dubbed it. For these birches on the hillsides 
are sturdy bushes five and six feet high, such as versicolor hikes. They 
are sprinkled among the bilberry and hracken which add ochre, brown 
and purple tints to the grey limestone of the crags. Surely versicolor 
must be here. 


In April, too, perhaps even at the end of March if the Gods are 
benign, I shall find flavicornis perched at all sorts of angles on twigs 
and bark and dead bracken stems. Parthenias would not be out of 
placa in-such a spot, and if indeed he be here [ shall need no net: I 
shall try again, as I have tried so often in the past, to box him as he 
sits, his wings a-pent like a sleeping thawmas (but right way up), on a 
twig within easy reach. For it is one of my ambitions to box a roosting 
parthenias. He has eyes all over his wings, and in his tail, too, I think: 
one inch is the nearest I have ever come to him with a box. Like a 
hare in her form he watches me approach, notes the stealthy movements 
of my hands, eyes the nearing box, measuring its distance with critical 
eye, and then, just as I am about to cry Got him! he takes the words 
out of my mouth and sideslips off his perch in the twinkling of an eye. 
Notha, is just the same; a family trait I suppose. But notha will not 
be here: aspens are non-existent. 

Perhaps the birches will also provide me with Pebble Hooktips; for 
falcataria hits it off well with parthenias and indeed rivals the Orange 
Underwing in its dislike of pill-boxes—when it condescends to fly low. 
Happily its larva is easy to find and often prefers ridiculously small 


40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/IV/1941 


bushes, whereon, full-fed, it is as conspicuous to the entomologist’s eye 
as is a unicorn in a water-meadow. Three of the Cymatophoridae should 
come my way in addition to flavicornis—duplaris, dilutu, and fluctuosa ; 
and since trepida is here J see no reason why ridens should not be pre- 
sent as well. Not that I am particularly fond of this family, for the 
larvae of all of them, except perhaps ridens, are wrigglers, and I prefer 
a caterpillar to move with becoming dignity. But it is pleasant to pit 
one’s wits against their attempts to defy inquisitive eyes. 

In the valleys, and indeed in every little bottom among the hills, 
alder and sallow flourish. Furcula, doubtless, I shall find; but 
biscuspis? Never yet have I taken bicuspis. Shall I indeed have the 
thrill this year of seeing my first bicuspis larva browsing or sleeping on 
an alder leaf swaying gently in the hot August breeze? And JI shall 
expect fagi too; for there are beechwoods in plenty, just the kind of 
woods that fagi iikes. Will he, I wonder, be of the palest grey, like 
some of those which, years agone, we took from sapling trunks on the 
Oxfordshire bank of Father Thames; or will he be as dark as Erebus, 
akin to ‘us Epping brethren? Whichever he be, he w2ll be weicome; for 
fagi has a personality. He sits as no other British moth sits, and he 
sleeps ike Rip van Winkle. Not even jirtaria sleeps more deeply. He 
eschews, too, the great beeches of his wood, preferring a sapling that can 
lull him to sleep as it sways in the morning wind. He is a most digni- 
fied insect. 

The alders will, I know, yield me dromedarius in perfusca form, for 
I have found this moth in plenty on the hills of a neighbouring county. 
On birch, too, I shall come across him and, what is more, high up on 
wind-twisted trees close to the 2000-foot contour. Leporina should 
gladden me sometimes, and surely the abundant hazels on the hillsides 
will harbour coryli. 

Chaonia I shall find at half-past four, as he runs a foot up the trunk 
of some ancient oak to dry his wings before seeking safety aloft. And 
in June I shall cut a hazel wand from a neighbouring hedge, strap my 
walking-stick to one end, and, hooking the crooked handle over high 
branches, shake his larvae from their lofty seats. 

On the 7th June I shall look for the Wood Tiger. He may be, as 
he so often is in the south, local, occurring in swarms in some grassy 
hollow of the hillside and nowhere else for miles. The Ruby Tiger, too, 
buzzing along in the sunshine for all the world like a red beetle a-wing, 
should remind me of his presence in the first week of May. He isa 
cheery little fellow and can sham dead as well as any beetle. Emperor 
moths there will be in plenty, and Fox moths and Oak Eggers will career 
about me when J cross the hills in June. 


And what of the Noctuae? Nearly forty that I have never set eyes 
on in Hertfordshire. Porphyrea, lucernea, pyrophila, agathina, 
castanea, depuncta, ditrapezium, sobrina, contigua, glauca, furva, 
nigra, turca, anomala, leucographa, opima, fulvago, solidaginis, both 
the Swordgrasses—all these and many others are ‘‘ possibles.’’ 

Butterflies? They do not interest me; but I shall notice small brown 
hairstreaks with green undersides flitting about the brooms that grow 
so freely on some of the hills. And on scabious plants in the meadows 
I expect to see, presently, nests of artemis. The Marsh Ringlet I shall 


COLLECTING NOTES. Al 


look for high up in the mountain bogs where cotton-grass abounds. 
Aglaia, of course, will be everywhere in July, on both low ground and 
high. There will be Blues and Graylings and Vanessids and 
Skippers . . 

Will be? Who knows what Fate hag in store for us in these times? 
We live from day to day, and when spring comes I may be far away 
from these lovely hills, these ancient oaks, these shaded beechwoods. 
But not even Fate herself can rob me of my daydreams, and come what 
may I shall go on dreaming until... 


It is still snowing? Then hand me that tumbler; put two lumps 
of sugar in it and a small stick of cinnamon; and give me that bottle. 
_ Now put the kettle on. To-morrow I shall clear the snow from that oak 
on the lawn and dig for trepida. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


HIBERNATING P. ATALANTA.—A boy told me to-day (24th February) 
in the museum that he had that morning caught a ‘‘ Red Admiral.” 
On making enquiries I found that it had been taken in his father’s yard 
when a quantity of scrap iron was being overhauled. It is quite obvious 
that this specimen could not be a this year’s immigrant; it had evidently 
hibernated among the scrap iron and had been disturbed when this was 
being sorted.—Rev. GrorGE WHEELER, Worthing. 


SPHINGIDAE FROM THE BourNeMoutH District, 1940.—Sphinx pin- 
astri, Linn., was seen as early as 19th May, when a male was found 
drying its wings at the foot of a Scots Pine. This species was fairly 
common during 1940. A specimen of Deilephila nerti, Linn., was found 
at rest on a fence at Southbourne on 14th September. It was a fine 
female. I have seen the moth. It is in the possession of a local collector. 
Another nerii, also a female, was found at Fawley, near Southampton, 
and sent alive wrapped in cotton wool to a friend of mine. Consider- 
ing how it was sent, it is not in bad condition. This one was taken on 
16th September. Deilephila livornica, Esp., has been noted twice in the 
district. One taken at Southbourne on 21st July and another taken in 
May at Hengistbury Head by Mr R. L. Ford ot the Imperial Institute 
of Entomology.—S. C. S. Brown, Bournemouth, 14th February. 


Errecr or Rain on Cetus oF ODYNERUS PARIETUM.—Last July cells of 
this species were lashed by heavy rain (aided by a stream of water from 
a roof). Half-completed cells were washed away, but the finished ones 
were unharmed. A few days later the wasps had made new cells to re- 
place those destroyed.—Sincuairn Swanson, M.A., Keiss Village, Wick, 
Caithness. 


Notes ON THE GENUS STaPHyLinus, L.—Fowler restricts this genus 
to six British species, but Beare’s Catalogue of 1930, by incorporating 
the genus Ocypus, Er., enumerates sixteen species. Following Fowler 
I find that five of his six species occur in Cumberland, two being fairly 
common, one of infrequent occurrence, and two rare. 


42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V/1941 


S. pubescens, De G. I meet with almost every season in dry horse 
dung, which in colour it very much resembles. I have seen as many as 
half-a-dozen on one heap of droppings in a field in which horses were 
grazing, and the beetles were well-nigh invisible until they moved. 

S. erythropterus, L., is often picked up running on roads in spring 
and under stones on mossy hedge banks, while later in the year it may 
be found in flood rubbish and in tufts of herbage and at tree roots. 


S. stercorarius, Ol. I do not often see in Cumberland but have taken 
a few in the entrance to rabbit burrows on the coast sandhills, and also 
in the Eden Valley. A year or two ago I met with it in Ross-shire near 
Loch Maree, and also have a specimen from the Isle of Skye. 


S. parumtomentosus, Stein. (caesareus, Ceder.—of Fowler’s book) 
appears to be a southern species. The only Cumberland specimen I have 
seen is one [I captured on the wing in Carlisle in 1931. 


S. fulvipes, Scop., which Mr Wonisthorpe recorded from Windsor 
Forest in the January number of the Hnt. Record, p. 10, is rare in Cum- 
berland, as it is everywhere. I took one under a stone near Keswick, 
while working nests of the Wood Ant, so long ago as 1898. Some years 
later (1912) my old friend, the late W. E. Sharp, took another near the 
west end of Buttermere, so the Lake district is evidently where further 
cecurrences may be expected.—F. H. Day, 26 Currock Road, Carlisle, 
February 5, 1941. 


Notes ON VARIATION FROM THE WoRTHING Musrtum.—Z. guercus.— 
The specimen of ab. fisoni 9, with yellow replacing orange, not being 
very fresh, might be supposed to be merely faded. This is not so, as the 
eriginal specimen in Mr Fison’s collection is very fresh. 

R. phlaeas.—The first brood specimens in England are lighter than 
those of later broods. There is one August specimen from Scotland (Fife) 
which is very bright. The French spring brood specimens are not so 
bright as the English; the summer brood from Digne, though definitely 
eleus, have only short ‘‘ tails.’ June specimens from the Tyrol are very 
bright, as is also an Italian spring specimen, which has also a very broad 
border to the hindwing. The Italian examples from Fiesole, both in the 
summer and September broods, show a dark suffusion but are not eleus, 
they might be described as suffusa, Tutt, but not with ‘‘ ab.”’ before it. 
The Corsican specimens are puzzling. July specimens from Corte are 
mostly eleus, but one is very bright without suffusion; others, both June 
and July, from Corte and Vizzavona are also bright and show no suf- 
fusion. The Swiss spring brood are much like the English, but rather 
paler; the second brood from Berisal are dark, and though one shows 
much suffusion, they generally show very little. Summer specimens from 
Reazzino and the Val Naggia vary a good deal with regard to the amount 
of suffusion they show, some being quite of the elews form, while others 
of the same date show no suffusion at all. Specimens of the early brood 
from Cyprus are less bright than the Kinglish ones, the summer brood are 
of the eleus form. April specimens from Greece are much like English 
ones but rather lighter and with much duller border. There is one April 
specimen from Palestine, small, with a rather dull broad border to the 
forewing, while May, June and July specimens are much suffused on the 
upper side while the under side of the forewings is of a pale buff colour. 
There are two specimens from S. Finland both of a pale colour. This is 


CURRENT NOTES. 43 


somewhat remarkable, as further north the bright hypophlaeas occurs. 

L. arion.—This species is not very well represented from the Con- 
tinent. There is a good series of Cornish specimens all lighter and 
brighter, and on the average smaller, than any other specimens in the 
collection. Those from the lower levels in Switzerland, e.g., from Weson 
on the Walinsee, approach them most nearly; those from Alpine locali- 
ties are generally of the form obscura, the blue, though bright, being 
almost covered with black. These are generally of large size on the 
Simplon, but smaller from other mountain localities, some from the 
Laquinthal being decidedly small. There is one very large specimen 
from Iselle entirely black and another from the Sarnthal in the Tyrol 
almost as dark. One small specimen is from the Pyrenees (Vernet), 
and a few from the Abruzzi almost as small as the English, but dark 
and dull. There are only two french specimens, a ¢ from La Grave 
and a ¥ from La Chambotte, above Lae Bourget, both large and bright, 
especially the @. 

L. .rgiolus.—I do not find the border of the Q noticeably broader in 
the second generation, though slightly so in one Q from Royston, but 
the under side is less spotted in both sexes in most cases. In the case 
of Italian specimens, all of which are less spotted, those of the second 
brood are generally almost without. Further south the border of the 9 
becomes much broader, e.g., from Digne and Corsica, and in Cyprus it 
covers most of the disc. Most specimens from France, Switzerland and 
the Tyrol are large. In Italy the specimens of the first brood are small, 
those of the second brood are large. 

This species is generally quite common in my garden at Worthing in 
both broods, and I have taken it as early as March 31st. Outside the 
town it seems to be rather scarce, but I have taken it on the way up to 
Chanctonbury. 

E. argiades.—It is hardly necessary to say that there are no English 
specimens in this collection. At Mendrisio (S. Switzerland) the 9 is 
brown with two orange spots on the upper side of the hindwing. At 
Hautecombe on the Lac Bourget I have taken this species and the closely 
related E. alcetas at the same time in the same field. Here the 9 
argiades is blue and suffused with black and easily separable from @ 
alcetas which is entirely brown in all specimens from France, Switzer- 
land, Italy and the Tyrol. All the small specimens of the latter are of 
the second brood, so if polysperchon belongs to alcetas it is quite wrong 
to speak of this as a spring brood. The first brood specimens of argiades 
from Hautecombe are also at least as large as the summer brood from 
Mendrisio.—Rev. G. WuHertErR, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


We are very pleased to record the election of Dr Hugh Scott, an 
Assistant Keeper of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) to 
the Fellowship of the Royal Society. It will be remembered that some years 
ago Dr Scott went on a Natural History Expedition to Abyssinia. 


We have just received notice of the early issue of the final volume of 
the series commenced by Mr F. N. Pierce, F.R.E.S., and the late Rev. 


44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1941 


C. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., on the Genitalia of the Lepidoptera of the 
British Isles, viz., ‘‘ The Genitalia of the British Butterflies and Larger 
Moths.’’ Subscribers in advance can obtain a copy for 12/6, by sending 
to the Author at’ The Old Rectory, Warmington, Peterborough, 
Northants. Dr Bryan P. Beirne, F.R.E.S., of the Dublin Museum, is 
joint author of this present volume. 


In the Jast number we regretfully reported the death, by an accident, 
of Mr P. M. Bright. Our readers will doubtless remember that an in- 
tensive study of the Variation of Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon was 
issued by Messrs Bright and Leeds a while ago. We now have to report 
that the whole of the specimens detailed in that work contained in a 
cabinet of 52 drawers has been bequeathed to the well-known and popular 
South Londen Entomological and N.H. Society. The collection will be 
on view in the Hope Museum, Oxford, under the care of Frof. Hale 
Carpenter for the duration, after which it will be housed in the rooms 
of the Society at the Chapter House, St Thomas Street, Southwark. 
As a member of this Society for over 50 years we can be a witness to 
its continued steady stability and advance. It has a most useful Lib- 
rary for those interested in the British Fauna and Flora and its collec- 
tions of all orders are very complete. Just at present, of course, its 
activities are somewhat restricted, but still a limited number of meet- 
ings, both indoor and in the field, are in the printed programme for the 
summer sessions, and several papers are to be read as is usual. 


EXTRACT FROM A LETTER FROM A. H. Hamm.—‘‘ [ have just been read- 
ing your note in the current number of the ‘ Record’ on V. wants in 
Kent, which caused me to remember that I once took a 9 sitting in the 
entrance of a wasp’s nest, and on looking it up in my collection found 
the specimen mounted with the wasp that I caught by placing my net 
over the entrance of the nest. Here is the note copied from the label: 
‘© V. inanis, sitting in entrance to nest of Vespa vulgaris in bank, 
Hollands Wood, New Forest, August 16, 1908. Fly anc wasp caught in 
nest together.’ Two others were captured near Brockenhurst, cne 6, 
14th August 1914, and a 9 16th August 1908. Have also taken it in §S. 
Devon, Newton Abbot. ¢ 11th Avgust 1900, ¢ 8th August 1902. I be- 
lieve hornets are scarce in Devon. Have only once taken it here at 
Oxford, Shotover Hill, ¢ August 1897. If you care to supplement your 
note with the above or any portion you are welcome to do so.’’—A. H. 
Hamm. 

[I think the facts in Hamm’s letter about the association of V. inanis 
and Vespa vulgaris are worth putting on record. I do not think we 
have any ‘‘ direct’ evidence that it breeds in nests of that species in 
this country, and his capture is fairly strong ‘‘ circumstantial ’’ evidence, 
much more so than my record if the capture of V. inanis in a locality in 
which I have not noticed hornets.—H. W. A.] 


Our correspondent, Mr A. J. Wightman, writes me: ‘‘ As regards 
vaccinu and ligula, in Nature they are unmistakable. I never saw a 
specimen which could equally well be either species. Vaccinti is a wood- 
land insect, ligula a low country species, most abundant just above the 
marshy wet ground, but it occurs in most places outside the woods.’’ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (269) 


ssp. solimana, Drdt., Mitt. Miinch., XXVIII, 29 (1938). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings clear soft bluish-grey; markings fine, 
especially the very narrow black basal streak. Quite distinct from pst 
by wholly dark brown-grey hindwings. Hindwing fringes esj-ecially 
white with indistinct fine blackish streaks between the veins. Underside 
strongly suffused with black.’’ Elburz. 

race crassistriga, Latt., Zeit. Oestr. Hnt. Ver., XXIII, 96 (1938). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. 8, figs. 1-12. 

Orte. Descrire.—‘ The ground colour of this race is a pure clear 
ashy-grey, which only in the female appears somewhat brownish; the 
transverse lines and marginal dots are only slightly developed, etc.’’ 
Corsica. 

This is a long comparative description, the sum total of which is that 
the markings and emphasis, are moderately increased in all the Corsican 
specimens as compared with a series of typical forms. 


P. (66) Add to the List of Forms of A. auricoma, Schiff., ab. virgo, 
Lempke, and ab. obscura, Lempke. 
P. (852) Add the Orig. Descrip. of these two forms after line 16 from 


the top. 
ab. virgo, Lempke, Tids. (1939), 206. . 
Orta. Descrie.—‘‘ The marginal area of the forewings is darker 


than the rest of the wings.’’ Breda. 

ab. obscura, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 206. 

Orig. Descrie.—-‘‘ Ground of the forewings of a very dark blackish- 
grey-brown, markings in general less in evidence.’’ Groningen, etc. 


P. (71) Add to the List of Forms of A. euphorbiae, v. andalusica, 
Schwrd. 
P. (352) Add the Orig. Descrip. of v. andalusica at the bottom of the 
page. 
var. andalusica, Schwrd., Int. Ent. Zt., XXVIII, 416 (19384). 
Fies.—l.c., 7, .10. 


Ortg. Descrip.—‘‘ Many oo near Algeciras have somewhat nar- 
rower and more pointed wings, a brownish tone of colour of the fore 
wing and the inner marginal portion of the darkened discal area, which 
suggest at first that there is a new species. Examination of the geni- 
talia shows that it is ewphorbiae.”’ 


‘‘ Interesting from the contrast in marking of the forewings. Around 
the stigmata and in the inner marginal area there appears a strong 
black coloration, especially in the basal and the outer area. Between 
the stigmata at the base, on the costa in the transverse double streak 
and in the stigmata whitish-grey. The fringes strongly chequered black 
and white. Distinguished from montivaga and acerbatu by the strong 
whitish-grey, from ewphorbiae by the decided black. This form and the 
typical form do not have the black spots on the forewings.’’ Algeciras. 


(270) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1941 


P. (79) Add to the List of Forms of A. albovenosa, ab. tjurana, Drdt., 
and ab. geminipuncta, Boldt., after line 12 from the top. 
P. (354) Add the Orig. Descrip. of these two after line 7 from the top. 

f. tjurana, Drdt., Ent. Rund., LIII, 457 (1936). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. a 1. 

Ortc. Drescrip.—‘‘ Forewings white sparsely brownish powdered, the 
dark, longitudinal streaks bronze-brown, that below the median extends 
from base to margin and touches the length of the white vein 5. Veins 
are streaked with bronze-brown. Marginal dots absent. Hindwings 
white with brownish veins and marginal line.’’ Central Asia. 

ab. geminipuncta, Boldt., Tiyds. (1939), 199. 

Orta. Descrip.--'° The forewings have two black dots in the upper 
and lower corners of the median cell.’’ Amsterdam. 


P. (85) Add after line two the Orig. Descrip. of ab. concolor, Lempke. 
ab. concolor, Lempke, Tijds., 81, 245 (1938). 
Orie. Drscrip.—‘‘ Ground colour uniform deep grey, no white, nor- 
mal marking.’’ Holland. 


P. (146) Add to the List of Forms of N. dissoluta, Tr., ab. brunnescens, 
Rang. 

P. (147) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. brunnescens, Rang., after line 
15 from the bottom. 


ab. brunnescens, Rang., Int. Ent. Zt., XX VII, 531 (1934). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Has black sealing in the discal area of the fore- 
wing and a very prominent black discal spot on all four wings, as well 
as a more distinct row of black dots just before the margin. Further, 
the underside is much more glossy.’’ Vienna. 


P. (151) Add to the List of Forms of N. algae, Esp. (cannae, Ochs.), 
ab. fusca, Bowles, ab. rosea, Bowles, and ab. obsoleta, Bowles. 

P. (152) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above three forms after line 7 
from the bottom. 

ab. fusca, Bowles, Ent. Rec., X, 287 (1898). 

Ornic. Drscrip.—‘‘ Anterior wings very dark fuscous-brown, with the 
markings scarcely visible. @ Fuscous-brown, the markings distinct.’’ 
Norfolk Broads. 

ab. rosea, Bowles, Hnt. Rec., l.c. 

Orica. Derscrip.—‘‘ Anterior wings and fringe of hindwings of a 
warm red in the males, and suffused with a rosy shade in the females. 
This is much brighter in fresh specimens, and after drying fades away 
slightly.’”’ Norfolk Broads. 

ab. obsoleta, Bowles, Ent. Rec., l.c. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Anterior wings pale yellow, with wainscot mark- 
ings wanting, except the two lowest black dots.’’ Norfolk Broads. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (271) 


P. (154) Add to the List of Forms of N. sparganit, Esp., ab. immacu- 
lata, Dufr., ab. uniformis, Dufr., and ab. obscura, Duir. 
P. (356) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above three forms after line 6 
from the top. 
ab. immaculata, Dufr., Lambill., XXXV, 54 (1935). 


Ortc. Drescrip.—‘‘ Like the typical form, but on the forewings the 
dots forming lines, even those of the outer line, have completely disap- 
peared.’’ Vallée de la Sambre, Belgium. 


ab. uniformis, Dufr., Lambill., XX XV, 54 (1935). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Like the typical form but less dark, with less red- 
dish ; the only remaining, as markings, are the dots forming the external 
line of the forewings. The hindwings deeper than in the forewings.’’ 
Vallée de la Sambre, Belgium. 

ab. obscura, Dufr., Lambill., XX XV, 54 (1935). 

Orica. Descrie.—‘‘ The forewings are regularly strewn with reddish- 
grey atoms, and among them are easily seen the dots forming the external 
line. Hindwings very dark.’’ Vallée de la Sambre, Belgium. 


P. (176) Add to the List of Forms of H. crinanensis, Burrows, ab. jut- 
landica, Hoffmr. & Kndn. 
P. (176) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. jutlandica after line 18 from the 
bottom. 
r. jutlandica, Hoffmr. & Kndn., Flor. og Fn., 65 (1935). 
Descrip.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 262 (1987), ‘‘ is the Danish 
form; specimens with small dark and narrow wings.’’ 


P. (178) Add to the List of Forms of H. micacea, Esp., ab. discolor, 
Krul. 
P. (179) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. discolor, Krul., after line 6 
: from the top. 
ab. discolor, Krul., Bull. Soc. Mosc. (1893) sep., p. 60. 
Descrip.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 188 (1935)—‘‘ Specimens with 
grey or black-brown colour, frequently with greenish, but not coppery, 
sheen.’’ Wiatka. 


P. (181) Add to the List of Forms of H. lewcostigma, Hb., ab. pallida, 
Heydm. 
P. (182) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. pallida, Heydm., after line 11 
from the botton:. 
ab. pallida, Heydm., Ent. Zt., LIT, 47 (1938). 
Bies—l-¢., 1st 
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ This Dutch (Lobith) captured, with perfect fringes, 
is wholly pale reddish-brown, the dull grey marginal area having wholly 
disappeared, so that the forewings show only the yellowish-white reni- 
form stigma. Hindwing dusky-white, equally paler than in the typical 
form, with dull grey veins and marginal line. 


(272) . ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1941 


P. (184) Add to the List of Forms of A. putris, L., ab. jwncta, Lempke. 
P. (185) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. juncta, Lempke, after line 13 
from the bottom. 
ab. juncta, Lempke, Tyds. (1939), 237. 
Orica. Drscrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata touching, but with unbroken 
encirclement.’’ Holland. 


P. (187) Add to the List of Forms of X. conspicillaris, L., ssp. ankar- 
ensis, Hrng. 

P. (189) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ssp. ankarensis, Hrng., after line 
2 from the top. 

ssp. ankarensis, Hering, Int. ent. Zt., XXVI, 412 (1933). - 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘' Recognizable by the slightly contrasting colour. 
The ground colour is almost pure grey, without the brownish toning 
of the typical form, but not so black-brown as in the likewise distinctive 
form melaleuca from Ankara. The somewhat brownish toning is found 
chiefly in the paler costal area before tne apex. The new subspecies 
differs from the otherwise almost unicolorous European examples 
easily by the pure grey colour and more distinct marking. The thorax 
has dark grey hairing. The underside of the forewing and the costal 
marginal area of hindwing is strongly powdered grey as in our native 
specimens. The male has much less contrast of marking than the 
female.’’ Ankara. 


P. (243) Add to the List of Forms of M. furuncula, Schiff. (becoloria, 
Vill.), ab. pseudonychina-striata, Schultz, and ab. antitherts, 
Schultz. 

P. (246) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above two forms after line 9 
from the bottom. 

ab. pseudonychina-striata, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zt., XXVIII, 419 
(1934). 

Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ [See Int. Ent. Zt., Heydemann, XXXVIT, 331 
(pseudonychina)| with the following very conspicuous marking: 
from the fine black basal streak there extends a straight-line black 
longitudinal streak through the whole of the forewing to the margin. 
This is the same marking as given by Warren in his form longistriata 
(Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 173, plt. 40 1).” 

ab. antitheris, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zt., XXVIII, 419 (1934). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The outer half of the forewing chalk-white, the 
marginal portion of the whole slightly tinged brownish. The waved 
line on the outside slightly margined with brown. The fringes sharply 
chequered pale and dark. The inner haif of the forewings light brown- 
ish with darker marking. <A deep black V-like marking stands out very 
distinctly in the centre of the wings somewhat above the inner margin 
(the so-called conjuncta-streak). Of the reniform stigma only the fine 
black inner marginal line is present. Orbicular stigma white, dark 
centered, basal and marginal sides lined finely black. Hindwing uni- 
colorous grey, consequently causing u sharp contrast with the chalk- 
white ground of the forewing. Fringes whitish with dark lining. On 
the underside the hindwings are almost unicolorous whitish.’’ ‘‘ Quite 
different from the description of ab. pallida, Tutt.’”’ Borkum. 


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CONTENTS. 


R YEARS’ CAPTURES OF INSECTS IN LIGHT TRAPS IN IRELAND, 


LLECTING NOTES: Acronicta eupl orbiae, Fab., in Ross-shire, Prof. J. W. 
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| FOUR YEARS’ CAPTURES OF INSECTS IN LIGHT TRAPS IN 
IRELAND, 


By Bryan P. Berrne, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. 


During the years 1936-39 I have regularly used a moth trap during 
the summer months for collecting specimens, particularly Microlepidop- 
tera, but unfortunately, beyond noting the different species that came 
to the trap, no detailed records as to the number of specimens, weather 
conditions, etc., were kept. 

The trap used was of the box type, four and a half feet square and 
open at the front, the insects entering through a vertical slit between 
the edges of three sheets of glass, two at one side and one at the other, 
extending vertically from floor to roof and inclined inwards and slightly 
overlapping, but not touching, in the mid line, leaving a space of an 
inch or so between their inside edges. The inside of the trap was 
painted white and illumination supplied by a 100-watt pearl electric 
bulb suspended in the middle near the back. 

The primary disadvantage of this type of trap is, of course, that the 
illumination is given out, and the insects enter, at one side oniy and for 
this reason the type of trap described by Williams (Trans. R. Ent. Soc. 
Lond., 83: 523) and de Worms (Hntom., 63: 226), in which the insects 
enter at all four sides, would probably be more efficient. The chief ad- 
vantage of the large box type is that there is plenty of room inside for 
the insects to fly around and consequently less chance of their escaping, 
as nothing was used to kill or quieten them once they were inside the 
trap. I also used a smaller trap, two and a half feet square and il- 
luminated by a 40-watt bulb, but this was much less efficient. In pre 
vious years I had experimented with different sizes and arrived at the 
conclusion that the larger the trap the greater its efficiency, rot merely 
for attracting the insects, but for retaining them after their entry into 
the trap. Even in the large trap the proportion of escapes was probably 
high, perhaps 15-30% of the moths; or, at least, the larger and more 
active species, entering the trap, were not there in the morning, but 
in the smaller trap perhaps at least half, if not more, escaped. Natur- 
ally, the proportion of escapes was higher amongst the larger and more 
active Agrotidae than amorgst the Microlepidoptera and probably few 
of the Tineina ever escaped. In the trap the moths tend to fly up and 
down the glass and for this reason there is probably less chance of their 
escaping from a trap with a vertical aperture than from one in which 
the entrance is horizontal. 

The large trap was in use in my garden at Szapoint, Co. Dublin, 
during the summers of 1936-39 every night from about the middle of 
April to the end of October and in it were captured 310 species, or 28% 
of the total definitely recorded Irish Lepidoptera. The small trap was 
in use at Flesk, Killarney, Co. Kerry, for about ten days during August 
1936 and 1937, and from the middle of June to the middle of July 1939. 
In this 41 additional species were taken, bringing the total up to 348, 
or Sito Z : 

The Seapoint trap was elevated about five feet from the ground on 
four railway sleepers and faced north, over Dublin bay. It overlooked 
a garden, with fruit trees and various shrubs ard plants, at the end 
of which there is a sloping grassy bank, about thirty feet high, followed 


46 ENTOMOLOGIST 8 RECORD. 15/V/1941 


by a small area of waste ground bordered on the far side by a railway, 
on the other side of which there is a high wall separating it from the 
sea. On either side of the trap, about 15 yards away, was a house 
with a road in front, the garden being situated between the ends of 
two blind roads which were strongly lt with arc lamps until 0.30 a.m. 
every night. One of these lamps shone directly on the front of the 
trap from each side, with the result that they probably attracted the 
majority of insects before 0.30, and most of those entering the trap 
must have done so between that time and dawn. About 30 vards be- 
hind the trap was another house and behind, or rather in front of, this 
main road which was well hghted all night. 

The situation was by no means tavourable for Lepidoptera, as the 
nearest open country is at least two miles away behind the trap, the 
nearest woodland and heath over three miles to the south, and the 
nearest ponds or streams about two miles away in any direction; there 
are no sandhills on this, the south, side of the bay, but there are 
extensive areas about five miles away directly across the bay and ex- 
tensive heaths and some woodland at Howth, also on the north side of 
the bay and about six miles away. I consider it probable that many 
of the heath and sandhill species came directly across the bay from 
Howth rather than up along the coast from Killiney or other locality. 

The species of Lepidoptera captured during the four years were 
made up as follows, the figures in brackets representing the number of 
species, taken in the trap at Killarney, which were not taken at Sea- 
point : 


Total %, of total 

Spp. captured. Irish spp. Trish spp. 
BOmlbyGeS WietGe \csees ee 20 (+3) 90 22 (+8) 
Noctuidae (Agrotidae) ..... 82 (+3) 220) 37 (+1) 
GEOnvehiG@aee sy. ceceeet eee 44 (+15) 204 24 (+8) 
Py Tadae ete. odes cee 42 (+8) 98 42 (+8) 
MOTEELCIIVAN oe ee eae vee 51 (+2) 194 26 (+1) 
ONPG ETO sian Regnee Peter anemia we 8. 71 (+10) 300 24 (+8) 
AMG H UM i ea enn 1 ae 310 (+41) 1106 28 (+8) 


In addition, ten species of Trichoptera, all Limnophilidae, were 
taken at Seapoint and two more, both Leptoceridae, at Killarney. As 
stated above, the nearest breeding-ground for these insects is about 
two miles away from Seapoint. ; 

The species of Lepidoptera may be divided into four greups: 1. Rare: 
those of which not more than three specimens were taken over the 
period of four years, ana in most cases only one or two specimens; 121. 
Occasional: those of which more than three specimens were taken but 
which did not occur every year; it2. Frequent: those whick occurred 
every year but not in any numbers; iv. Common: these which securred 
in considerable numbers every year. The following are the proportions 
taken in the Seapoint trap: 

Rare. Occasional. Frequent. Common. 


Bombyces, ete. 2.2... 35 Y 20 % 30% 15 & 
Noctuidae (Agrotidae) 28% 20% 33 °/ 18 ¥ 
Geometridae ............. 25 144 41 % dSe 
Pyralidaics Mere y meee: 1977 26 14 °% 4ty 
POTETIUCIBA) Wha. Aes a eee 37 18 227, 24 9 
AACA | Fea Sepak sodaks. eee 24 Mh 28 32 


' 


FOUR YEARS’ CAPTURES OF INSECTS IN LIGHT TRAPS IN IRELAND. AT 


Over half (53%) of the species taken at Seapoint came in each of the 
four years, but only about 45% of the Bombyces and Tortrices were re- 
gular visitors, while about 60% of the Tineina and Geometridae were 
regular. The fact that the Geometridae in genera! fly early in the night 
probably accounts for the fact that only 24% of the total Irish species 
appeared, as compared with a general average of 28%. The low pro- 
portion of Bombyces (22%) was probably due to the general scarcity of 
most of the species in Ireland, and the low proportion of Tortrices and 
Tineina to their weaker powers of flight and more localised distribu- 
tion, while the large proportion of Noctuids (837%) may be due to their 
strong powers of flight. 

Many interesting species were captured, including a number new to 
the Irish list, all Microlepidoptera with the exception of Plusia moneta. 
A particularly interesting species is Hwmichtis lichenea, which occurred 
in large numbers every autumn, as many as 147 in a single night—far 
commoner than any other species of Noctuid during September. There 
were only four previous Irish records for this species, odd specimens 
from three localities in Co. Dublin and a record from Rossbeigh, Co. 
Kerry. It apparently flies very late at night, perhaps just before dawn, 
and certainly. later than 0.30. The Irish specimens are green and 
strongly marked and tend to be large in size. 

The following is a list of the species captured, specimens marked 
“ Killarney ’’ were taken in the Killarney trap, but not at Seapoint, 
the remarks as to the abundance or otherwise of each species apply to 
Seapoint only: 


1 sp. A. trux jlunigera). Rare. 

A. exclamationis. Common. 
A. ipsilon (suffusa). Frequent. 
A. ripae. Rare. 

Euxoa nigricans. Rare. 

E. tritici. Frequent. 


Sphingidae. 
Laothoé populi. Frequent. 
Notodontidae. 5 spp. 
Pheosia tremula. Rare. 
P. gnoma (dictaeoides). Rare. 
Notodonta ziczac. Rare. 


Lophopteryx capucina (camelina). 
Rare. 
Phalera bucephala. Frequent. 
Thyatiridae. 2 spp. 


Habrosyne derasa (pyritoides). Rare. 


Thyatira batis. Rare. 

Drepanidae. 1 sp. 

Cilix glaucata. Frequent. 

Nolidae. 1 sp. 

Celama confusalis. Occasional. 

Arctiidae. 9 spp. 

Spilosoma lubricipeda (menthastri). 
Common. 

S. lutea (lubricipeda). Common. 

Diacrisia sannio. Killarney. 

Arctia caia. Occasional. 

Callimorpha jacobaeae. Occasional. 

Nudaria mundana. Frequent. 

Lithosia quadra. Rare. 

Eilema liurideola. Frequent. 

E. deplana. Killarney. 

Noctuidae (Agrotidae). 85 spp. 
Apantele (Acronicta) psi. Frequent. 
Cryphina (Bryophila) perla. Com- 

mon. 
Agrolis segetum. Frequent. 
A. vestigialis. Occasional. 


Lycophotia varia (porphyrea). Fre- 
quent. 

Graphiphora augur. Rare. 

Amathes c-nigrum. Frequent. 

A. xanthographa. Common. 

A. sexstrigata (umbrosa). Frequent. 

Diarsia brunnea. Frequent. 

D. festiva. Frequent. 

D. rubi. Frequent. 

Ochropleura plecta. Rare. 

Azylia putris. Killarney. 

Triphaena comes. Frequent. 

T. pronuba. Common. 

T. ianthina. Frequent. 

Mamestra brassicae. Frequent. 

Diataraxia oleracea. Common. 

Hadena nana. Occasional. 

H. cucubali (rivularis). Occasional 

H. bicruris (capsincola). Occasional. 

H. lepida (carpophaga). Occasional. 

Tholera popularis. Occasional. 

Cerapteryx graminis. Frequent. 

Eumichtis adusta. Frequent. 

E. lichenea. Common. 

Dryobates protea. Rare. 

Luperina testacea. Common. 

Apamea obscura (ravida). Occasional. 


48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


. Sordens (basilinea). Occasional. 
. secalis. Frequent. 
. ophiogramma. Rare. 
. crenata (rurea). Frequent. 
. lithoxylea. Occasional. 
. monoglypha. Common. 

Procus strigilis. Occasional. 

P. fasciuneula. Occasional. 
Antitype chi. Occasional. 
Meganephria oxyacanthae. Rare. 
Euplexia lucipara. Rare. 
Phlogophora meticulosa. Frequent. 
Naenia typica. Frequent. 
Hydroecia oculea (nictitans). Fre- 

quent. 

H. micacea. Common. 

Arenostola pygmina (fulva). Rare. 
Rhizedra lutosa. Rare. 

Leucania pallens. Common. 

L. impura. Common. 

L. comma. Frequent. 

L. lithargyria. Occasional. 

L. conigera. Frequent. 

Meristis trigrammica. Frequent. 
Caradarina clavipalpis. Occasional. 
Amphipyra pyramidea. Rare. 

A. tragopoyinis. Frequent. 
Orthosia gothica. Common. 

O. stabilis. Common. 

O. advena (opima). Rare. 

Cosmia trapezina. Rare. 
Omphaloscelis lunosa. Common. 
Agrochola circellaris. Rare. 

A. lychnidis. Rare. 

Citria lutea (flavago). Killarney. 
Xylocampa areola. Occasional. 
Cucullia umbratica. Occasional. 
Pyrrhia umbra. Occasional. 
Eustrotia uncula. Killarney. 
Rivula sericealis. Frequent. 
Scoliopteryx libatrix. Rare. 
Polychrysia moneta. Rare. 
Plusia chrysitis. Frequent. 

P. bractea. Rare. 

P. festucae. Rare. 

P. pulchrina. Rare. 

P. ni. Frequent. 

P. gamma. Common. 

Abrostola triplasia. Rare. 

A. tripartita. Rare. 
Hypeninae. 3 spp. 

Zanclognatha tarsipennalis. Rare. 
Z. grisealis. Rare. 

Hypzna proboscidalis. Occasional. 
Geometridae. 59 spp. 


po Pe PP 


Pseudopterpna pruinata. Killarney. 
Hipparchus papilionaria. Killarney. 


Hemithea aestivaria. Common. 

Sterrha aversata. Common. 

S. biselata. Frequent. 

Larentia clavaria (cervinata). Com- 
mon. 

Ortholitha mucronata (plumbaria). 
Killarney. 

O. chenopodiata. Frequent. 

Andaitis plagiata. Rare. 


15/V/1941 


Operophtera brumuta. Frequent. 

Ecliptopera silaceata. Killarney. 

Lygris prunata. Rare. 

L. testata. Killarney. 

L. pyraltiata. Occasional. 

Cidaria fulvata. Rare. 

Dysstroma truncata. Frequent. 

Chloroclysta miata. IFrequent. 

Thera firmata. Killarney. 

T. obeliscata. Killarney. 

Xanthorhoé ferrugata. Frequent. 

X. designita. Occasional. 

X. montanata. Common. 

X. filuctuata. Common. 

Colostygia pectinataria. Killarney. 

Epirrhoé alternata (socia). Frequent. 

Euphyia unangulata. Killarney. 

Lyconometra ocellata. Killarney. 

Perizoma alchemillata. Rare. 

P. albulata. Frequent. 

P. bifaciata. Rare. 

Euphyia bilineata. Rare. 

Hydriomena coerulata (impluviata). 
Frequent. 

Earophila badiata. Frequent. 

Caenotephria derivata. Rare. 

Eupithecia centaureata. Common. 

E. pulchellata. Frequent. 

E. absinthiata. Occasional. 

E. vulgata. Occasional. 

3 other Eupithecia spp. 1 frequent 
and 2 rare. 

Chloroclystis rectangulata. Frequent. 

Orthonama lignata. Killarney. 

Abraxas grossulariata. Frequent. 

Cabera pusaria. Killarney. 

C. exanthemata. Killarney. 

Anagoga pulveraria. Rare. 

Campaea margaritata. Rare. 

Deuteronomos ulniaria. Rare. 

Selenia bilunaria. Common. 

Gonodontis bidentata. Common. 

Colotois pennaria. Occasional. 

Crocallis elinguaria. Frequent. 

Ourapteryx sambucaria. Frequent. 

Opisthograptis liteolata. Frequent. 

Cleora rhomboidaria. Occasional. 

C. lichenaria. Killarney. 

Ectropis crepuscularia. Killarney 

Itame wauaria. Frequent. 


Phycitidae. 7 spp. 


Pempelia dilutella. Rare. 

Salebria fusca. Rare. 

Ephestia elutella. Occasional. 

E. kuehniella. Occasional. 
Homoeosoma binaevella. Killarney. 
H. saxicola. Common. 


Galleriadae. 2 spp. 


Achrooia (Meliphora) grisella. Oc- 
casional. 
Aphomia sociella. Common. 


Crambidae. 9 spp. 


Crambus pascuellus. Common. 
C. culmellus. Common. 
C. pratellus. Common. 
C. hortuellus. Common. 


FOUR. YEARS’ CAPTURES OF INSECTS IN LIGHT TRAPS IN IRELAND. 


. perlellus. Common. 

. inguinatellus. Killarney. 

. geniculeus. Common. 

. tristellus. Common. 

. selasellus. Rare. 

Pyraustidae. 21 spp. 
Schoenobius mucronellus. Killarney. 
Cataclysta stratiotata. Rare. 


ge) Sa) (Says) 9) 


Hydrocampa nymphaeata. Killarney. 


Notarcha ruralis. Frequent. 
Eurrhypara hortulala (urticata). 
Frequent. 

Phlyctaenia lutealis. Common. 

P. ferrugatlis. Common. 

P, prunalis. Occasional. 

P. fuscalis. Occasional. 

P. sambucalis. Frequent. 
Nomophila noctuetla. Common. 

Pyrausta purpuralis. Killarney. 

P. cespitalis. Killarney. 

P. olivalis. Frequent. 

Scoparia angustea. Occasional. 

S. resinea. Rare. 

S. cembrae. Occasional. 

S. dubitalis. Common. 

S. ambigualis. Common. 

Evergestis straminalis. Killarney. 

Mesographe forficalis. Common. 
Pyralidae. 1 sp. 

Pyralis farinalis. 
Alucitidae. 7 spp. 

Platyptilia gonodactyla. Frequent. 

P. pallidactyla. Occasional. 

Alucita pentadactyla. Occasional. 


Rare. 


Pterophorus monodactylus. Common. 


Stenoptilia bipiunctidactyla. Com- 
mon. 
S. saxifragae. Common. 
S. pterodactyla. Frequent. 
Phaloniadae. 5 spp. 
Phalonia cnicana. Rare. 
P. atricapitana. Common. 
Euxanthis straminea. Frequent. 
E. zoeqana. Common. 
E. hamana. Common. 
Tortricidae. 19 spp. 
Cacoecia oporana (podana). 
sional. = 
C. rosana. Rare. 
Pandemis ribeana. Common. 
Tortrix paleana. Common. 
T. viburniana. Rare. 
T. forsterana. Occasional. 
T. costana. Rare. 

T. unifasciana. Frequent. 
Cnephasia chrysantheana. 
sional. 

C. conspersanda. 
C. incertana. 


Occa- 


Occa- 


Frequent. 
Common. 


Argyrotoza bergmanniana. Frequent. 


A. conwayana. Occasional. 

Peronea holmiana. Frequent. 

P. contaminana. Rare. 

P. latifasciana (schalleriana). 
mon. 

P. variegana. 


Com- 


Common. 


P. hastiana. Rare. 


P. sparsana (sponsana). Rare. 
Eucosmidae. 29 spp. 

Spilonota ocellana. Common. 

Acroclita naevana. Occasional. 


Ancylis lundana. Frequent. 
Notocelia uddmanniana. Occasional. 
N. rosaecolana. Killarney. 


N. suffusana (trimaculana). Rare. 

N. aquana (roborana). Frequent. 

Eucosma trimaculana. Rare. 

E. cand. Common. 

E. hohenwarthiana (scopoliana). 
Rare. 

E. tripunctana. Common. ~ 

E. solandriana. Rare. 

BE. semifuscana. Rare. 

Bactra lanceolana. Occasional. 

Polychrosis dubitana (littoralis). 
Common. 

Endothenia ericetana. Occasional. 


E. antiguana. Occasional. 


Argyroploce nubiferana (varieganda). 


Frequent. 
A. pruniana. Frequent. 
A. Striana. Rare. 
A. lacunana. Frequent. 


A. decrepitana (bifasciana). Rare. 
Pammene fasciana (juliana). Kéil- 
larney. 
Pammene regiana. Rare. 
Laspeyresia formosana (woeberi- 
ana). Rare. 
L. pomonella. Rare. 
L. succedana (ulicetana). 
Gelechiadae. 16 spp. 
Telphusa fugitivella. Rare. 
T. vulgella. Rare. 
Bryotropha domestica. 
B. terrella. Common. 
Gelechia diffinis. Occasional. 
G. mulinella. Occasional. 
Phthorimaea plantaginella. 
P. obsoletella. Occasional. 
P. instabilella. Rare. 
P. costella. Common. 
P. leucomelanella. Rare. 
Stomopteryx anthyllidella. 
quent. 
S. sangiella. 
Acompsia cinerella. 
Anarsia spartiella. Frequent. 
Brachmia rufescens. Rare. 
Cosmopterygidae. 2 spp. 
Blastodacna atra (vinolentella). 
Common. 
Batrachedra praeangustda. 
sional. 
Blastobastidae. 1 sp. 
Blastobasis lignea. 
Oecophoridae. 12 spp. 
Endrosis lactella. Common. 
Borkhausenia fuscescens. Common. 
B. pseudospretella. Common. 
Carcina quercana. Frequent. 
Depressaria heracliana. 


Rare. 


Common. 


Rare. 


Fre- 


Frequent. 
Killarney. 


Occa- 


Common. 


Occasional. 


49 


. badiella. Occasional. 

. costosa. Frequent. 

. umbellana. Rare. 

. liturella. Rare. 

. assimilella. Killarney. 

. propinguella. Occasional. 

. yeatiuna. Rare. 

Orneodidae. 1 sp. 
Orneodes hexadactyla. 

Elachistidae. 6 spp. 
Elachista cinereopunctella. 
ney. 

. atricomella. 

. kilmunella. Rare. 

. obscurella. Killarney. 

. rhynchosporella. Rare. 

. cygnipennella. Common. 

Hyponomeutidae. 6 spp. 
Argyresthia semitestacella. 

ney. 


SIS HIS) Ss) 


Rare. 


Killar- 


Common. 


See & 


Killar- 


Swammerdammia lutarea. Common. 


S. pyrella. Frequent. 

Prays curtisellus. Frequent. 
Hyponomeuta padella. Frequent. 
H. cognatella. Frequent. 


50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Acrocerops brongniardella. Fre- 
quent. 

Ornix guttea. Rare. 

O. anglicella. Common. 

O. scoticella. Common. 

O. betulae. Killarney. 

Gracilaria phasianipennella. Kil- 
larney. 

. syringella. 

. tringipennella. 

. elongella. Rare. 

. alchimiella. Rare. 

. sStigmatella. Killarney. 

Epermeniadae. 1 sp. 
Epermenia chaerophyllella. 

quent. 

Plutellidae. 4 spp. 
Cerostoma xylostelia. 
C. vittella. Frequent. 
Plutella porrectella. Occasional. 
P. maculipennis. Common. 

Lyonetiadae. 4 spp. 
Opostega salaciella. Killarney. 
Leucoptera laburnella. Frequent. 
Lyonetia clerckella. Occasional. 


Occasional. 
Common. 


RAAQAR 


Fre- 


Common. 


15/V/1941 


Eupistidae (Coleophoridae). 8 spp. Tischeria marginea. Frequent. 
Eupista (Coleophora) spissicornis. Tineidae. 6 spp. 
Frequent. Monopis rusticella. Frequent. 
FE. deauratella. Frequent. M. ferruginella. Common. 
E. frischella. Frequent. Tinea cloacella. Common. 
E. pyrrhulipennella. Rare. T. insectella (misella). Killarney. 
E. discordella. Frequent. T. lapella. Frequent. 
E. annulatella. Common. T. semifulvella. Common. 
E. apicella. Rare. Hepialidae. 4 spp. 
E. glaucicolella. Occasional. Hepialus humuli. Frequent. 
Gracilariadae. 13 spp. H. fusconebulosus. Occasional. 
Lithocolletis messaniella. Common. H. lupulinus. Frequent. 
L. mespiliella (pyrivorella). Com- H. hectus. Killarney. 
mon. 
TRICHOPTERA. 
Limnophilidae. 10 spp. L. sparsus. 
Glyphotaelius pellucidus. Stenophylax permizta. 
Limnophilus lunatus. Micropterna sequax. 
L. vittatus. Halesus digitatus. 
L. auricula. Leptoceridae. 2 spp. 
CL. hirsutus. Leptocerus albifrons. Killarney. 
L. luridus. Mystacides azurea. Killarney. 


‘THE PTINIDAE OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.” 
(By H. E. Hinton.) 
Bull. Ent. Research, 31, 331-81, 59 text figs. (1941). 


This paper appears to us to be well written; the key to the species 
mentioned seems to be sound; the descriptions good; and the figures 
and dissections, of the genitalia excellent. 

This review must, of necessity, be imperfect, for we do not profess 
to possess the knowledge required to criticise the morphological part of 
the paper. To do this properly a study of the Ptinidae would require 
to have been made, extending over a period of many years. We are 


‘‘ THE PTINIDAE OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.”’ 51 


only more or less well acquainted with the British Ptinidae, having 
taken all the well-established species and all but one or two of the more 
recently imported ones ourselves 

Therefore, we can only accept the species mentioned to be such as 
the author considers them to be. 

The paper, we believe, is chiefly based on the specimens in the fine 
general and British collections in the British Museum, so weil arranged 
by our Dr Blair. 

Considering this fact, the principal criticism we have to make is 
that the British point of view of the subject has not been sufficiently 
ventilated, and considerable information that the British coleopterist 
might ask for is wanting. | 

We propose to add some small details, which may be of interest, on 
some of the species dealt with. 

Mezium affine, Boield. In fresh specimens the elytra are covered 
with fine yellow hairs. We have taken it alive in a sugar castor in a 
hotel at Windsor, 

Gibbium psylloides, Czem. The Gibbium scotias, F., of nearly all 
the British catalogues, etc., was found by B. G. Rye, in 1893, in a beer 
cellar in a public-house in Shoe Lane in some numbers, and where we 
had the pleasure of taking it with him. The insects occurred in saw- 
dust, etc., damp with the drippings from beer casks. 

Niptus wnicolor, Pill. & Mitterp. The Niptus crenatus, F., of 
nearly all the British catalogues, etc., occurred on the wall of an out- 
door lavatory in a hotel at Windsor and in a bedroom at Old Windsor. 

Niptus hololeucus, Fald. It has been found in some numbers in 
‘““ nenny-in-the-slot ’’ meters, which seems curious. We took a speci- 
men in a fungus dump in Windsor Forest. The only explanation ap- 
pears to be that it had been introduced in the food for pheasants. 

Trigonogenius globulus, Sol. Was first taken in Britain in corn 
refuse in a mill at Oldham in 1900 (Tomlin), and has since been spread- 
ing, occurring at Hoylake, Manchester, Birmingham, Gurningham, etc. 

Eurostus hilleri, Reitt. Had not been recorded in Great Britain be- 
fore 1939; Scotland (Howe, 1940); England (Blair, 1940); London, 
Liverpool, Newcastle, etc. Mr Hignett took it last year in a granary at 
Oswestry. 

Ptinus raptor, Sturm. This species is not recorded as British by 
Hinton. It was recorded from Harrietsham, Kent, by Stephens in 1841, 
and there is a specimen in the National Collection labelled ‘‘ Pentland.’’ 

Ptinus palliatus, Perris (1849). As this beetle has always been re- 
corded as P. germanus, F., in British literature (except in Beare Cat., 
1930, and Newbery and Sharp’s exchange list, 1915) the synonyniy should 
have been given. 

Ptinus lichenum, Marsh. Pool took it in the green mould (on which 
we believe it was feeding) on an old fence at Enfield, and where we also 
obtained it. 

Ptinus exulans, Er. The late Frederick Bates took a number of 
specimens feeding in the dry carapace of a crab (Tropical) at Chiswick, 
and Tomlin records it in imported shells from Ealing and St Leonards. 

Ptinus sexpunctatus, Panz. Is said to be ‘‘ of no economic import- 
ance,’’ but we doubt this, as Laing records it as damaging a lead roof 
and it is also often found in houses. We have taken it in houses at 


52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1941 


Putney and in the tower of a house (‘‘ The Mansion,’’ our father’s 
country house) at Earls Shilton, Leicestershire, 1879. 

Ptinus hirtellus, Sturm. The author gives the synonymy as P. 
testaceus, Oliver (1790), P. brunneus, Duftschmidt (1825), P. hirtellus, 
Sturm (1837), and points out that as P. testaceus, Oliv., is a homonym 
of P. testaceus, Thunb, 1784, and P. brunneus, Duft., is a homonym of 
FP. brunneus, Gemelin, 1789, P. hirtellus, Strm., is the earliest available 
name for this species. This is the insect taken in some numbers by 
Hignett by beating dry skulls of cattle in a tannery at Oswestry, and 
where we took it with him in 1935. In the British Collection, beyond 
the specimens presented by Hignet and oneself, there are only two 
others, 99, taken by Power at Birdbrook and Mickleham, and con- 
sidered by Hinton to be this species. One bears a label brunneus in 
pencil. A specimen which we recorded as P. brunneus, Duft., on the 
authority of Fowler and Gorham, was taken by us on Purley Downs 
among dead leaves in 1892. This we had personally determined as P. 
subpilosus, Sturm, and Hinton agrees with this determination. DP. 
brunneus, Duft., has also been recorded in Britain from Bermondsey, 
Smallheath, Knowle, Edmonton, Oxford district, and Reading. It is 
decidedly doubtful if these are all P. hirtellus, Sturm. 

Ptinus latro, F. There are only two specimens in the British Col- 
lection now standing under that name (teste Hinton) from Symons 
Tolley. Fowler states that on the authority of two examples in Mr 
Waterhouse’s Collection, one from an old Collection with no history, 
and the other labelled ‘‘ Scotland, Turner,’’? Waterhouse apparently in- 
troduced the species into his catalogue. These specimens should be in 
the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, now. 

The specimen we took in a bathroom in Kensington Mansions, and 
recorded as P. latro, F., Hinton considers to be a large form, or var., 
of hirtellus, Strm. To our mind it is certainly not a typical specimen 
of hirtellus, even if it is that species at all; though, of course, it is not 
the latro of Hinton’s paper. It agreed exactly with a foreign speci- 
men of latro in the collection of the late Frederick Bates. 

Ptinus pilosus, Mill. This species is left out of Hinton’s paper alto- 
gether. Fowler records it as from Horsell and Enfield (Power), Chat- 
ham, and Tilgate. Hinton has determined the two Power specimens as 
subpilosus, Strm. It stands in Beare’s Catalogue (1930) as a British 
species; and, in any case, as our author states, that ‘‘ embodied in this 
paper is a revision of all the British species of the family Ptinidae,”’ it 
should at least have been mentioned.—Horace DonistHORPE, Hntomo- 
logical Department, British Museum (Natural History). 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


ACRONICTA EUPHORBIAE, I'as., IN RoOSS-SHIRE.—-Some time ago I had 
occasion to cross Ross-shire and, in doing so, was compelled to camp 
just under Ben Wyvis. Naturally, I took advantage of the fact to study 
the insect fauna of the adjoining moorlands, when quite a number of 
larvae rewarded my efforts. Amongst these, I was greatly surprised to 
capture all three members of the Acronicta euphorbiae group feeding on 


COLLECTING NOTES. 53 


the same patch of ‘‘ Eared Sallow ”’ (Salix aurita) bushes. Of the three 
species concerned, I have taken A. euphorbiae itself from birch, sallow, 
and heather on the Isles of South Rona and Raasay and from sweet gale 
in Coll. A. menyanthidis, for the most part, has been obtained from 
birch, although captures from sweet gale, heather, and sallow formed 
the bag in the Outer Hebrides; whilst at least 80% of the A. rumicis 
larvae came from Iris, both in the Inner and Outer Isles.—Prof. J. W. 
Hestop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham. 


LyciA HIRTARIA, Ci., IN MoraysHtre.—For many years I was ac- 
quainted with the existence of a colony of this insect on birches on the 
Culbin Sands a mile of two from Forres. However, I fear that this 
insect no longer exists there—a state of affairs brought about by the 
felling of the bulk of the birches and their replacement by conifers. 
Still, it is pleasant to be able to record that the species may still be 
obtained in the district for I have beaten larvae from ash (Fraxinus 
excelsior) in an old quarry lying south of the Altyre Woods, themselves 
two or three miles south of Forres.—Prof. J. W. Herstop Harrison, 
University of Durham. 


A ScotrisH OccurRrENCE OF NONAGRIA TYPHAE, THUNB.—If one is to 
believe Meyrick, the British range of this insect is ‘‘ England, Ireland, 
local.’”’ This, however, seems to be almost impossible in view of the fact 
that the insect exists in every suitable locality with which J am ac- 
quainted in Northumberland and Durham. Moreover, to my certain 
knowledge a strong colony exists far to the north of Scotland on a 
large bed of Typha latifolia growing in the old course of the Findhorn 
river, a mile or two west of its present mouth. Sureiy other labitats 
exist in the area between Northumberland and Morayshire? That the 
insect is overlooked is amply demonstrated by the fact that, for Non- 
agria typhae, Robson, in his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northum- 
berland and Durham,’’ was only able to report it from North Northum- 
berland in our area. In spite of this, it occurs in many parts in both 
counties, one within the Borough of Gateshead!—Prof. J. W. Hrstiop 
Harrison, University of Durham. 


THE NortrHern Limits oF APOCHEIMA HISPIDARIA, F'.—For this in- 
teresting insect Meyrick supplies the range ‘‘ England to York, local.’’ 
In making this statement he has evidently overlooked Robson’s record 
in his ‘‘ Catalogue ’’ of an occurrence in Chopwell Woods, Co. Durham, 
in which station it still exists. In addition, I have detected it in two 
Northumbrian localities, one on each side of the Tyne. In one of these, 
at Styford, I beat larvae from oak whilst in the other, in a wood lying 
along the Devil’s Water, larvae were secured in numbers from wych elm. 
As they came down a curious combination of captures was obtained in 
the form of Oporabia christyi and A. hispidaria. The hispidaria forms 
bred were very light examples, indeed; in fact they were the palest I 
have ever seen!—Prof. J. W. Hrstor Harrison, King’s College, Uni- 
versity of Dudham. 


CaLLOPHRYS RUBI, L., IN THE TWO NoRTH-EASTERN CountTiEsS.—Of the 
“Green Hair Streak ’’ Robson’s ‘‘ Catalogue ’’ remains silent. Until 
recently it was supposed to be absent from our district although far 
from rare in the Vaccinium areas of the adjacent Cleveland district of 


54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1941 


the North Riding of Yorkshire. The “ ice’’ was broken by my detec- 
tion of the insect on Waldridge Fell in Durham followed almost imme- 
diately by its discovery in Dipton Woods, Northumberland, by Mr J. 
R. Johnson and Major F. W. Gardner. Next, it turned up in the 
Shull area of Durham, and lastly, its occurrence last season in Redes- 
dale in North Northumberland provided a station for the Watsonian 
vice-county 68. In my opinion it will be found to exist in many other 
places where bilberry grows in sufficient quantity.—Prof. J. W. HEsLop 
Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham. 


Tur RerutED OccURRENCE oF LiIgpIA ADUSTATA, SCHIFF., AND OF 
XANTHIA cITRAGO, L., IN THE OUTER HeBripes.—Meyrick and South both 
report these two insects from the Outer Hebrides, and there can be 
no doubt but that they are relying upon the material discussed in the 
paper appearing in the 1888 Entomologist (Vol. xxi, pp. 24-27). Frankly, 
IT cannot understand these records, for the first named insect feeds on 
Spindle-tree (Huonymus europaeus) and the second on lime (2ilia ewro- 
paea), neither of which plants grows, or is likely to grow, in the Outer 
Isles. Can anyone throw light on the matter If they can, are they 
able to supply the exact localities of the captures? As is probably well 
known, this Department is preparing a Flora of the Inner and Outer 
Hebrides, and it will be seen that the reported occurrence of these species 
there, if not a mistake, has a direct beaiing on our work.—Pref. J. W. 
Hestop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham. 


Ranpom Notes From East Tyrone, 1940.—After a very hard winter 
with much frost and heavy snow, Philedone prodromana first appeared 
on 5th April, the ds flying in plenty over the heather; Nymphalis io 
and Aglais urticae were observed. 

On llth April at the sallows Taeniocampa gracilis was fairly com- 
mon and varied from almost white to a deep pink form; Nothopteryx 
(Lobophora) carpinata and Earophila (Anticlea) badiata were flitting 
around the bushes. 

On the 24th, the first of a brood of Diaphora mendica race rustica 
emerged; some of the ¢s with forewings light buff and hindwings smoky- 
grey; later Qs were fairly common flying in the afternoon sun. The 
fcrm named venosa by the late Robert Adkin (Hntom., 59, 1922, p. 79) 
came from this district; a worn Q obtained in May 1918, which laid a 
few ova, when boxed (Entom. Record, 31, 1919, p. 73) was sent to T. 
Salvage of Arlington, who supplied Mr Adkin with this form. Needless 
to state, this streaked form has not been found at large since. 

On 4th May Hucosma inmundana, Spring emergence, were flying in 
numbers around birch and alder; and Ancylis lundana and Laspeyresia 
perlepidana were abundant in rough meadows among Lathyrus pratensis. 
An aberration of Huchloé cardamines ¢ was taken on the 7th with dis- 
coidal spot very small on left forewing and large on the right. 

Near Pomeroy, on the 28th, in a deep valley beside the railway 
which here has a stiff rise of 650 feet to overcome on its passage through 
the Tyrone hills on the way to Omagh, in damp meadows Pieris napt 
was flying in swarms and some nice dark forms were selected. Heodes 
(Lycaena) phlaeas was also abundant, but with little variation; it was 
here in May 1939 that a fine golden aberration was found; Huclidia mi 
was frequent, and a number of Eupithecia pygmaeata were netted flying 


COLLECTING NOTES. 55 


over Cerastium, the food plant here; several Ortholitha wmbrifera were 
disturbed from gorse. 

Just before leaving a nice pale yellow ¢G EH. cardamines was taken. 

On Ist June Euclidia glyphica was observed in a boggy meadow 
with numbers of Procris statices. 

At Cregganconroe a heather covered hill crowned with a rocky out- 
erop, on the 2nd, Calostigia salicata was in numbers at rest on the rocks, 
Tortriz rusticana was flying over Myrica gale, and Eulia politana among 
the heather. 

D. mendica race rustica 9 was again observed on 3rd June, a very 
late date; and os of Euphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia freshly emerged 
were flying in a damp meadow, other scabious frequenting lepidoptera 
- present at the same time were Chlidonia baumanniana and Endothenia 
ablonguna (murginena). 

On the 5th Ligdia adustatu. and Hydriomena ruberata were beaten 
out of rough hedges consisting mainly of sallow and some Huonymus; 
birch scrub produced Cosymbia pendularia and numbers of Hulia minis- 
trana. 

At Altadiawan glen on the 6th Lycaenopsis argiolus was common 
flying over hollies on the steep hillside. On the hills near Pomeroy on the 
16th the ds of Polyommatus icarus race clara were just out, and the 
first Zygaena lonicerae emerged from collected cocoons; these later pro- 
duced several confluent aberrations. The habitat here is a very swampy 
meadow often flooded; the cocoons are generally formed on rushes; if 
left in situ a great many are destroyed by the Reed Bunting, which 
tears them open and eats the enclosed pupae.—THomMAs GreER, Dungan- 
non, 0. Tyrone. (T'o be continued.) 


Notes ON VARIATION FROM THE WorTHING Musrom Coutection. II. 
—C. minimus.—Specimens from France and Switzerland differ slightly 
in size from the English, being on the average rather larger. In Italy 
T have always found this species scarce. Three specimens which I took 
at Bédé in the Arctic Circle came rather as a surprise, one of these is 
very small. The form alsoides, which is racial in the Laquinthai on the 
Simplon Pass, is very large, the largest specimens being quite as large 
as an average English icarus; those which I have seen from the other 
side of the pass near the 6th Refuge are not quite so large. 

P. icarus.—There is a long and very varied series of Qs from the 
N. and S. Downs, the Chilterns, the Cotswolds, Royston, Witherslack, 
and Bude, ranging from entirely brown to entirely blue up to the border 
of orange spots; the finest of all are from Grange-over-Sands. Specimens 
of the 2nd brood always average smaller than those of the Ist brood, 
the blue ¢s being also commoner in the latter, though the blue, when 
it occurs, is quite as bright in the former. In the N. of England where 
it is single brooded the specimens are considerably larger than those of 
the double-brooded areas. The finest of all come from Borrowdale, those 
from EK. Durham are not quite so large, especially the Qs; all of the 
latter show a good deal of rather dull blue. In single-brooded areas 
they are out in July. Qs from Derry, though larger, are no brighter 
than those from the N. Downs, Chilterns, and Cotswolds. French speci- 
mens from Aix-les-Bains are very much like English ones except that 
blue on the Qs is rare and dull. The same is true of most of the Swiss 
forms, but those from the Rhone Valley are larger. Further sovth the 


56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1941 


Qs show no blue except for one 2nd brood 9 from Digne, though there 
is also a very slight trace of dull blue on two small 9s from Granada. 
This holds good for all those from the Lido and elsewhere in Italy (three 
broods), from Corsica, the Tyrol, Cyprus, and Palestine, the last two 
are rather small, and those from Palestine have small spots on the 
underside, which is unusually lizht. Amongst the Italian specimens 
those from Assisi, Palena in the Abruzzi and Subiaco are generally large 
except for the 3rd brood which is small. The underside of Italian ds 
varies much in colour, but a beautiful golden-brown is quite common. 
There is also a ¢ from Guernsey with a deep brown underside having 
quite the appearance of a 9. 

Specimens from Finland and Scandinavia are generally large, but 
one or two from within the Arctic Circle are small, though this is ex- 
ceptional. There is a very fine ab. striata from Veytaux, a good ab. 
semi-persica from Bex, and a good ab. persica from Altmatt. Ab. arcua 
is frequent; there are specimens froin Engl.nd, France, Switzerland, 
and Italy. Neither ab. iphis nor ab. tcarinus is at all uncommon, most 
of the specimens however come from England and Switzerland. 

The ¢ form celina is a southern one and does not appear to be racial 
anywhere. It occurs in specimens from Corsica, Turkey, Cyprus, and 
Paiestine, and is common in some parts of Italy, e.g., Assisi, Sulmona, 
and the Lido, but the black spots vary very much in size and distinct- 
ness, those from Palestine look as if they showed through from the 
underside. The mest strongly marked specimens come from the most 
northern locality, Faido, the oniy Swiss specimens J have ever seen. 

A. thersites.—This species has never so far been taken so far north 
as England, but was for so long looked upon as P. icarus ab. icarinus, 
that it would be quite worth while keeping a look out for it. The simplest 
means of distinguishing the two is to be found on the underside of the 
hindwing. In icarus (and of course icarinus) the first orange spot is 
much further removed from the ist of the post-discal row than in ther- 
sites, or to put it in another way, if lines were drawn making a triangle 
with the Ist orange spot and the first two of the post-discal row, it would 
be an acute-angled, or at the most a right-angled, one in thersites, 
whereas in icarus it would be definitely obtuse-angled. The specimens in 
this museum show how one may be deceived by those in any one collec- 
tion. There are a number of specimens here from France, Switzerland, 
Italy ‘San Gimignano) and Bulgaria, and one would say that the Qs 
very rarely exhibited any trace of blue, whereas both Mr Warren and 
Mr Temperley (Hnt. Rec., xxv, p. 255) have taken in the Rhone Valley 
specimens showing almost as much variety in this respect as icurus in the 
same district. The series here shows great variation in the matter of 
size; the largest is from Bourg-St-Maurice, where it is probably single 
brooded. In lower localities it is regularly double brooded.—-Rev. G. 
Wueeter, M.A., F.R.E.S. | 


CURRENT NOTE. 

Recent obituaries of well-known Entomologists include Dr Hans 
Rebel (born 2.1x.1861, died 19.v.40), the eminent Austrian lepidopterist; 
Dr Felix Santschi (born 1.xii.1872, died 20.xi.1940), the Swiss myrme- 
cologist ; and William Holland Ballett Fletcher (died 4.iii.1941, aged 88), 
who was the most senior Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (13) 


var. intrieata, Gn. (Culot), V, 388, ‘‘ Noct.’”’ Atlas, plt. 8, f. 18 (1852). 

Fic.——Culot, N. et G., I (2), p. 7, plt. 39, f. 2 (1914). 

Orig. Descrirp.—‘‘ The form intricata (which it is not necessary to 
confound with intricata, according to Duponchel, this latter being a 
variety of vau-punctatum), has almost no markings on the upper wings 
which are of a uniform reddish-brown. One can see, however, a darker 
subterminal series of dots.”’ 

The form considered as the type and which has been represented by 
Hiibner under No. 176 has the markings of the forewings thinly em- 
phasized, but clear. 

Culot adds the following :—‘*‘ Hora one can place to erythro- 
ccphala a variety whoily black, of an Orrhodia which has been met with 
at Tarf, near La Balle, on the Algerian littoral. This is probable but 
not certain.”’ 


ab. impunctata, Splr., Schm. Hur., 1, 254 (1907). 
Orig. Descrirp.—‘‘ The black spots in the reniform may be wanting.”’ 


ab. glabra-impunctata, Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 254 (1907). 
Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ The black spots may be wanting in the ab. glabra, 
Bb., but very seldom.”’ 


f. unicolor, D. Luc., Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 482 (1910). 

Oris. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis supra unicoloribus nigris.’’ Tarf, 
Algeria. 

‘‘ Forewings above unicolorous and of a very clear black.’’? Some 
examples have the stigmata distinct as well as the black line near the 
apex, and some examples are clouded with a reddish-brown in place of 
a uniform black. This is a melanic form. 


r. lucasi, Culot, Obthr., Lép. Comp., XVI, 119 (1918). 

Fic. —Culot’s fig., NV. et G., I (1), plt. 39, 5. 

Oric. Descrip.—‘’ Of a very deep and shining black-brown, with the 
subterminal dots and some small spots near the reniform of a dull 
black.’’? Algeria. 

Culot said:—‘‘ This is an extreme melanic aberration of the Al- 
eerian form. The upper wings and the thorax are of a very deep black- 
brown and glossy, with subterminal dots and some small spots near the 
reniform of a dead black. lt is quite possible that lwcasi constitutes a 
distinct species. Analogous melanic forms, but specifically different, 
have been found at Aflou in the S. Oran.”’ 


ab. caeca, Lempke, Ent. Rec., XLVI, 89 (1934), Onze Vlinders, 215 
(1902-3). 

Orica. Descrrp.-—‘‘ The lower halt of the reniform is usually sharply 
filled with hack, but not always. These sub-varieties could be named 
caeca.’ Holland. This is a redundant name for impunctata. 


Dasycampa, Gn. (1852), Dup., Barr. (Sth.), Culot [Cerastis, Hb. 
(1821), Frr.: Conistra, Hb. (1821), Meyr., Hamp., Warr.-Stz., Meyr.: 
Orrhodia, Hb. (1821), H.-S., Stder., Sth., Splr.: Glaea (Hb., 1806), 
Steph. (1829)] rubiginea, Fb. (1787). 


(14) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1941 


Schiff. Verz., 86, R. 8 (1775), first introduced the name rubiginea 
for a Noctua whose larva fed on the wild apple (Pyrus malus). Fabricius 
was the first to describe it and adopted the name from Schiff., who gave 
no description. 


Also l.c., S. 8, Schiff. gave the name sulphurago to a Noctua whose 
larva fed on Betula alba. This name was stated by Illiger, Rev. Verz., 
I, 507 (1801), to be the tigerina, Esp., which latter name would fall to 
sulphurago, were there any description by Schiff. But sulphwrago is, 
teste Werne., l.c., I, 212, the fulvago of Clerck, and now held to be a 
good species. 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 7 (1892): Meyr., Hamd., 65 (1895): Barr., 
Lep. Br. Is., VI, 6, plt. 233, f. 2 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., Ifled., 210 (1901): 
Hamps., Lep. Phal., VI, 457 (1906): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 287, plt. 47, 1 
(1907): South, M.B.1., 11, 26, plt. 11, f. 11-12 (1908): Warr.-Stz., Pal. 
Noct., III, 148, plt. 36 e (1910): Culot, N. et G., II, 15, plt. 40, f. 14-16 
(1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 118 (1928). 


Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 19, fig. 418, and p. 150, fig. 512 € 
(1790). The former figure is a fairly good figure of rubiginea; the latter 
is said to be a f. of tigerina, Esp., but it is doubtful as a rubiginea form. 

Werneburg, Beitr., II, 115 (1864), considered f. 41S as rubiginea, 
and also f. 417, but this is probably a form of vau-punctatwm, there is 
no tint of rubiginea shown. He also considered f. 512 as the form 
tigerina, a rubiginea form. 


Esp., Abbild., IV, 330, plt. 128 (1788-?), gave two figures (3 and 4) 
labelled tigerina, which have been considered as forms of rubiginea, Fb. 
The colour in my copy is too ochraceous without any of the usual deep 
red-brown. Fig. 3, gd. Wig. 4, 9. Esp. said figs. 5 and 6 resembled the 
same species, and were very closely related to vaccinu. 

In his text Esper gave the description of rubiginea, Fab. (1787), and 
thus his text and plate were published after that appeared; he gave 
the Verz., Schiff., as a reference. | 

Werneb., Beitr., II, 41 (1864), considered figs. 3 and 4, tigerina, as 
a form of rubiginea, but figs. 5 and 6, conigera and trigraimmica re- 
spectively. 

Bork., Naturg., IV, 679 (sulphwrago): 750 (rubiginea) (1792), said 
that the former was the tigerina, Esp., 1.e., a form of rubiginea, and 
not a separate species. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., pulverea, Hb., 169, and neurodes, Hb., 568, are 
certainly not rubiginea, but probably dolosa, Hb., or veronicae, Ub. 
Fig. 183 is a good average of the typical form. Gn. suggested pulverea, 
Hb., was dolosa. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VIL (),\ 1387, plt. 109, £..6 (1827)6 save ame 
cellent figure of a somewhat sparsely marked form of this species. He 
save sulphurago and tigerina as synonyms, probably from Esper’s work. 

Frr., Neu. Beitr., I, 84, plt. 45 (1838), gave a figure of an unusual 
form, a transition to the ab. unicolor, Tutt, in which there are very 
sparse markings. Jt is quite good, 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 322 (1850), said that Frr., f. 45, was recog- 
nizable; that Hb., 188, was a small and sharply black-dotted example ; 
and that sulphurago, Bork., was a form of rubiginea, W. V. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (15) 


Stdgr., Cat., IIIed., 210 (1901), queried the forms neurodes, Hb., 
pulverea, Hb., and rubigo, Rmbr. (1871), also ab. vaceinit, Gn., var. D, 
V (1), 380. 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 257 (1907), 363 (1908), said that the figures on 
plt. 8, 4-5, in Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., could, in his opinion, oniy denote a 
form of ligula referred to on I.c., p. 314, as stawdingert, Gras., and he 
could not see that the text on l.c., pp. 318-319, referred to anything 
but a rubiginea form, therefore he substituted the name obscura, Splr., 
for the name staudingeri, Grasl., of the corresponding form in the 
species rubiginea, Fb., which had also been referred to the same figures, 
and causing confusion. 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 257, plt. 47, f. 1, gave a dark figure of the 
typical form but too much influenced by the dominant rich brown 
colour of the plate. 

South, M.B.I., II, 26, plt. 11, f. 11-12 (1908), gave two good figures, 
11 typical, and 12 transition to wnicolor, Tutt. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., I1I, 148 (1910), considered pulverea, Hb.., 
neurodes, Hb., and rubigo, Ramb., as representing typical forms, and 
only recognized the four forms tigerina, Esp., wnicolor, Tutt, modesta, 
Hamps., and completa, Hamps. (note the error in the authors of the 
last two). They gave four good figures: rubiginea ¢ and Q, tigerina, 
and completa on plt. 36 e (1910). 

Culot, N. et. G., II, 15, pit. 40, f. 14-18; plt. 41, f. 1-4 (1914), gave 
a series of excellent figures. Oberthiir had in Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1900), 
p 352, etc., discussed the variation of this species and in some cases 
the Stdgr., Cat., IlIed., 1901, is in conflict owing, no doubt, to the 
death of the latter author before he had finished his final revision of 
the Catalog. Culot said that Oberthiir and Staudinger had been in col- 
laboration shortly previous to the death of the latter. Culot’s figures 
were rubiginea, plt. 40, f. 17; modestina, f. 14; modesta, f. 15; fere- 
unicolor, f. 16; completa, f. 18; delicatula, plt. 41, f. 1; favre, f. 2; 
graslini, f. 3-4. He named one of Barrett’s figures, viz., plt. 283, f. 2b, 
from the collection of Sydney Webb, as ab. barretti. 


Barrett summed the Variation as follows :— 

Slightly variable in the degree of black dotting over the surface of 
the forewings and rather more so in the orange red dappling; sometimes 
this colour in a great measure suffuses the whole surface, in which case 
the black dots are diminished in number or almost obliterated, and in 
a form, well known on the Continent, the colour is smooth orange- 
chestnut without other markings except small black dots in the reniform 
stigma and along the hind margin. 

He referred to ‘‘ a somewhat similar, but deeper red form, almost 
unicolorous but having one or two white dots on the costa.”’ 

And ‘‘ Another suffused with red-brown.”’ 


The Names and Forms considered are :— 
rubiginea, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 86, R. 8. (No description.) 
rubiginea, Fab. (1787), Mant., II, 142. 
tigerina, Esp. (1788-?), Abbild., IV, 330, plt. 123, f. 3-4. 
pulverea, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 169. 
neurodes, Hb. (1809-13), l.c., 568. 
ab. vaccinit, Gn. (1852), Hist. Nat., V (1), 380, 387. 


(16) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1941 


staudingert, Gras. (1863), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 314, plt. 8, f. 4-5. 
rubigo, Rmbr. (1871), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 317. 

fornax, Btlr. (1878), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V (1), 168. 

ab. wnicolor, Heylearts (1889), Tjds., XX XIII, 38. 

ab. unicolor, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 7 (invalid). 

ab. graslint, Stdgr. (1901), Cat., [Iled., 210. 

ab. obscura, Splr. (1907), Schm. Eur., I, 287, plt. 47, 1. 

ab. lusitanica, Splr. (1907), l.c. 

ab. modesta, Obthr. (1904), Ht. Lepid. Comp., 63, plt. 4, 42. 

ab. completa, Obthr. (1904), l.c., f. 48. 

ab. modestissima, (Obthr.) Culot (1914), N. et G., II, 16, plt. 40, 14. 
ab. fereunicolor, (Obthr.) Culot, l.c., plt. 40, 16. 

ab. delicatula, (Obthr.) (1914) Culot, J.c., plt. 41, f. 1. 

ab. favrei, (Obthr.) Culot, l.c., plt. 41, f. 2. 

ab. barretti, (Obthr.) Culot, l.c. (Barr., Lep. Brit. Is., plt. 233, f. 2 b.) 
ab. albistigma, Danhl. (1925-6), Ent. Zeits., XX XIX, 197. 

ab. euanthes, Schultz (1930), Int. Ent. Zts., XXIV, 167. 

ab. elsa, Schultz (1930), l.c. 

ab. antimarginalis, Dnhl. (1932), Ent. Zeits., XLVI, 260. 

ab. albipuncta, Thurm. (1938), Mitt. Inst. Sofia, XI, 155. 


Tutt dealt with (1) rubiginea, Fab., the deep red and black spotted 
form; (2) ab. tigerina, Esp., a dark red-brown form, much more deeply 
marked ; (8) untcolor, an almost unicolorous red-brown form. 


rubiginea, Hb., fig. 183 [Culot, N. et G., I (2), 15 (1914)]. 
Fig.—l.c., plt. 40, f. 17. 


Orie. Drescrre.—‘ This form Guenée described as typical: it is the 
most common everywhere. The forewings are of a fawn-yvellow with the 
transverse shades deeper and the dots black. The lower wings are a 
blackish-brown, margined by a somewhat long fringe of a rose-fawn.”’ 


ab. fornax, Butlr., Ann. Mag. N.H., V (1), 168 (1878). 


Drscrip.—Warren in Stz., Pal. Noct., III, p. 146 (1910), redescribed 
this under Motschulsky’s name castaneofasciata. ‘‘ Very like 7ubiginea, 
Fb., perhaps only the larger Japanese form. Stdgr., as usual, ignores 
Motschulsky and sinks fornax, Bilr., as a synonym of rubiginea, Fb.” 

‘‘ The ground colour warmer, more fulvous rufous, the spots forming 
the lines more fuscous than black; the terminal area not so dark; hind- 
wing paler, rufous along costa and termen, before which there is a 
distinct grey submarginal band. In the European rubiginea the hind- 
wing is uniformly dark fuscous,”’ plt. 35g. Japan, etc. 

The figure looks like a large example of rubiginea. 


var. graslini, Stdgr., Cat., I[IIed., 210 (1901). 
Fig.—Culot, N. et G., 17-18, plt. 41, f. 3-4 (1914). 


Oric. Descrrp.—‘‘ Alis aut brunneis vel castaneis, albido vel flaves- 
cente pictis.”’ Culot said: ‘‘ This diagnosis includes several forms, 
those marked with white, and those which are marked with yellow, those 
with ground more or less light or dark.’’ 


ab. unicolor, Heylaerts, Tijds. v. Ent., XXXIII, 38 (1889). 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (17) 


Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Among a large number of specimens of this species 
bred ab ovo, I have obtained some examples without the ordinary mark- 
ings and spots.’’ ab. unicolor, Tutt, 1892, falls as a synonym. 


ab. obscura, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 257 (1907). To replace staudingert 
of Graslin. ; 

Orie. Descrrp.—‘‘ The dark blackish-brown form with bluish-grey 
spots, a subvar. of ab. graslini, Stdgr.’’ Andalusia and HK. Pyrenees. 


ab. lusitanica, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 257 (1907). 

Ortic. Descrip.—‘‘ Head and neck partaking of the ochre-yellow at 
the base of the wing. The forewings dull dark ochreous and dark 
brownish mixed, only the central spotting of the base, the lower spot 
of the reniform, as well as the row of dots in the narrow waved band 
and on the margin, blackish.’’ Portugal. | 


ab. modesta, Obthr., Ht. Lep. Comp., I, 63 (1904): Culot, N. et G., 
1 (2), plt. 40, 15 C1914). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. 4, 42. 

Orta. Descrte.—‘‘ Alis anticis brunneis, ochraceo-lavescenti-pictis.”’ 
Of ab. modestu, (Bng.-Hs.), Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph.. VI, 458 (1906), 
said: ‘‘ Thorax and forewing suffused with dark red-brown, having the 
basal area and stigmata yellow.’’ 


var. fereunicolor, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), 16 (1914). 

ab. completa, Obthr., Ht. Lep. Comp., I, 63 (1904). 

Fie.—-l.c., plt. 4, 43 (1904): Culot, N. et G., 1 (2), plt. 40, f. 18 (1914). 

Orta. Descrtp.—‘‘ It is really a transition between true wnicolor, 
Tutt, to which it is united by insensible transitions, and the typical 
form.” Stder. labelled the specimen ‘‘ ab wnicolor, Tutt, transitus.’’ 


ab. completa, Obthr., Ht. Lep. Comp., I, 63 (1904): Culot, N. et G., 
1@)siploe4y, £18 914). 

Fig.—t.c., plt. 4, 43. 

Orta. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis obscure castaneis, fere unicoloribus, 
nitentibus.”’ Of ab. completa, (Bng.-Hs.) Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 
458 (1906), said: ‘‘ Thorax and forewing entirely suffused with dark 
red-brown.’’ 


var. modestissima, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), p. 16 (1914). 

Fig.—l.c., plt. 40, f. 14. 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ Forewings of a pale yellow-cchre; the transverse 
shade is narrow and elbowed midway.’’ 


ab. delicatula, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., 1 (2), 17 (1914). 

Fie.—l.c., pit. 41, f. 1. 

Ortc. Drscrip.—-‘‘ The example is in bad condition; seeing that the 
tint is somewhat uniform on the upper wing, it could be put near ab. 
unicolor; yet it shows a submarginal series of small markings of a bright 
white, which is an ornamentation quite unexpected and very delicate.”’ 
Martigny. 


var. favrei, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (2), 17 (1914). 
Fig.—tl.c., plt. 11, f. 2. 


(18) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1941 


Or1c. Descrirp.—‘‘ Is a completa of an obscure chestnut-brown, with 
a brilliant reflection; the whitish parts are beginning to appear on the 
forewings.’ , Martigny. 


var. barrettt, Obthr., Lep. Comp., I, 63 (1904). 

Fic.-—Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is., plt. 233, f. 2b. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis rufo-brunneis, fere non -nigro-punc- 
tatis; alis infer. late ochraceo-flavescenti marginatis.”’ 


ab. albistigma, Dnhl., Ent. Zeits., XX XIX, 197 (1926). 

Orig. DEscriv.—‘‘ Completely unicolorous examples, clear-yellow to 
black-hbrown and black red-brown in which the inner half of the not well 
defined stigma is marked by white dots on each side of the centre, and 
gives the insect a wholly distinct appearance.’’ EK. Tyrol. 


ab. elsa, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zeits., XXIV, 167 (1930). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Recognized by the extreme increase in the cream- 
yellow portions of the wing, se that the brick-red ground colour is con- 
fined almost entirely to the discal area. In the typical male the clear 
red-brown ground colour is dominant; here this is so far almost all con- 
fined to the lower half of the discal are. The fringes are of reddish to 
vellowish-brown colour.’’ Bred from near Bozen. 


ab. euanthes, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zts., XXIV, 167 (1930). 

Oris. Descrtp.—‘‘ Ground colour of forewings brick-red; marginal 
band and stigmata cream-yellow, a few spots in the basal part as well 
as the outer surround of the reniform also cream-vellow.’’ Bred from 
ova, near Bozen. 


ab. antemarginalis, Dnhl., Ent. Zeits., XLVI, 260 (1933). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour a fresh yellow-red, without cloud- 
ing, also wholly unicolorous throughout, although a sparse very uni- 
formly spread fine puncturing is present. The reniform stigmata are 
not changed in appearance by the two black dots placed close te one 
another, often there is placed a third in the middle. In this case the 
white shows out clearly in the triangular dots. The mest censpicuous 
character of this form is the clear concentration of black spots before 
the outer margin, which usually form a distinct band. not reaching to 
the costa and inner margin and joining them. The margin is spotted 
clear black.’? Hanover. 


Scopelosoma, Curt. (1837), Gn., Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot: 
[Orthosia, Ochs.-Treit. (1816-25), Meyr., Meyr.: Cerastis, Hb. (1821), 
Tr., H.-S. text, Dup. text: Orrhodia, Hb. (1821), H.-S. cat.: Hupsilia, 
Hb. (1821), Hamp., South, Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Glaea, Steph. 
(1829): Mecoptera, Gn. (1837)] satellitia, L. (1767) = transversa, Hufn. 
(1766). 


Up to the end of the last century our Animal Nomenclature took as its 
earliest date, 1767, the date of publication of the XIIed. of the Systema 
Naturae of Linn. The recognition many years after of the Ned., and 
the dating back to 1758 for priority of names, was the cause of never 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND. THEIR VARIETIES. (19) 


ending correction of specific names, as little or no adjustment was at- 
tempted until quite recently. Thus it is necessary to replace the name 
satellitia, L., of the XITea. (1767) by the name transversa, Hufn., in 
the Berlin Mag. (1766). 


futt, Brit. Noct., Wl, 7 (1892): Meyrs Hand. 64, (1895): Barr. 
Lep. Brit. Is., VI, 20, plt. 234, f. 3 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 210 
(1901): Hamp., Lep. Ph., VI, 437 (1906): Splr., Schm. Fur., I, 258, plt. 
i, 8 (1907): South, M.BW., TW, 27, pli. We, 1-3.(1908): \Warnr.-Stz., 
Pat, Noct., III, 144, plt. 35 ce, d (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 91, plt. 
56, f. 5 (1914): Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 148 (1934). 


Rosel, Jns. Belust., III, plt. 50, 1-4, gave a good but very dark 
figure (1756-60). ; 

Esp., Abbild., IV, 618, plt. 169, f. 6-7 (1790-?), gave two figures 
named satellitia, recognizable as intended for the species, but very 
badly executed. 


Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, f. 511 (1790), gave three good 
figures and in the text recognized the transversa, Hufn., as this species. 


Hb., Samml. Noct., 182 (1800-3), gave a good banded dark brown 
figure with a white spot. The central band encloses the reniform spot, 
is wide on the costa and narrow on the inner margin, the submarginal 
band is uniform in width, both are more or less double lined on each 
side by darker lines. The bands are darker, as is the basal area although 
not so definitely defined. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 116, plt. 80, fig. 4 (1826), gave a good figure. 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 258, plt. 47, 3 (1907), gave a figure which the 
author claims as representing the grey-brown typical form of Linn. The 
figure strikes one curiously as having the forewings not in correct pro- 
portion to the hindwings, otherwise fairly good. 

South, M.B.1., II, 27, plt. 12, 1-8 (1908), gave three figures, fairly 
good in colour. Fig. 3 is suggested as the brunnea, Lampa, but pro- 
bably not dark enough. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., I{I, 144, plt. 35 c, d (1910), gave transversa, 
Hufn., as a synonym, and only recognized three forms; brunnea, 
Lampa, ‘‘ when the three discal spots are deep reddish-yellow ”’; albi- 
puncta, Strand; and rufescens, Tutt. They ignored all the ‘ sub- 
varieties ’’ of-Tutt. They gave six figures: satellitia 5 and 2, brunnea 
c and Y, albipuncta ¢ and 9, the marking and ground colour not 
satisfactory. 

Culot, NV. et G., II (2), 91, plt. 56, f. 5 (1914), gave a very good figure. 


Barrett summed the Variation as follows :— 

Not very variable beyond the constant alternation of the reniform 
stigma and its attendant dots between pure white, and deep yellow, 
orange, or even chestnut—in which last case these markings are very 
obscure—but in Yorkshire specimens are obtained which are much suf- 
fused with black-brown, or even black, and others dull brown with very 
little of the usual chestnut colouring. Scotch specimens are rather 
richly coloured. 


He referred to a specimen ‘‘ of a wonderful crimson-red, especially 
crimson towards the base.”’ 


(oo) ; ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1941 


The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 
transversa, Hufn. (1766), Berl. Mag., III, 418. — 
satellitia, L. (1767), Syst. Nat., XIled., 855. 
[f. tripuncta, Btir. (1878), Ann. and M.N.H., 5 (1), 168], a Japanese 
sp. (?). 
f. brunnea, Lampa (1885), Hnt. Tid., 76. 
(r.) f. rufescens, Tutt (1892), Brit.-Noct., III, 8. 
ab. flavo-satellitia, Tutt (1892), l.c. 
ab. rufo-satellitia, Tutt (1892), l.c. 
ab. albo-rufescens, Tutt (1892), l.c. 
ab. flavo-rufescens, Tutt (1892), l.c. 
ab. rufo-rufescens, Tutt (1892), l.c. 
ab. trabanta, Huene (1901), Stett. Ent. Zing., LXIT, 158. 
ab. albipunctu, Strnd. (1903), Arch. Math. Natwr., V (25), N, 9, p. 14. 
ab. juncta, Splr. (1907), Schm. Eur., I, 258. 
ab. wnicolor, Schultz (1909), Berg. Rebel., 251. 
ab. nigricans, Schultz (1910), Int. Ent. Zt., IV, 6. 
ab. brunneor, Strnd. (1915), Arch. f. Naturg., A. 12, p. 149. 
ab. olivacea, Porritt (1923), H.M.M., LIX, 87. 
ab. ochrea, Lenz. (1927), Osth. Schm. Sudbey., II (2), 331. 
ab. flavimaculata, Lenz. (1927), Osth. Schm. Sudbey., YI (2), 3381. 


Tutt dealt with the typical form (1) the grey continental form satel- 
litia, L.; (2) the red form which he named rufescens, and its sub- 
varieties; (3) albo-rufescens, with white reniform; (4) flavu-rufescens, 
with yellow reniform; (5) rufo-rufescens, with red reniform; (6) flavo- 
satellitia, the typical form with yellow reniform; (7) the typical form 
with red reniform, rufo-satellitia; (8) form brunnea, Lampa, probably 
a deeper red form than rufescens. 


transversa, Hufn., Berl. Mag., III, 418, No. 102 (1766). 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘’ Red-brown, with many darker transverse mark- 
ings, and a white-yellow spot in the middle of the wing, around which 
two other small ones stand.’’ 

Rottemb., Naturf., IX, 143 (1776), called this satelliiia. 


ab. trabanta, Huene, Stett. E. Zing. (1901), LXIT, 15S. 
Orig. DEescrip.—‘‘ With the spot at the base of the reniform pure 
white.’? This was subsequently renamed by Strand (1903) albipuncta. 


ab. albipuncta Strand, Arch. Math. Naturv., XXV, 9, p. 14 (1908). 

Derscrip.—In which the midale spot is white in place of being yel- 
low. It occurs in both the typical form and in var. brunnea, Lmpa. 
(invalid). 


ab. juncta, Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 258 (1907). 
Ortc. Drscrip.—‘‘ Often the group of small spots in the reniform 
are bound together by a curved similarly coloured marginal line inside.”’ 


ab. unicolor, Schultz, Berge. Reb. (1909), 251; Verbt. et M.R., I, 391. 
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Unicolorous grey, with very obsolescent stigmata.”’ 
Elgy. 


ab. nigricans, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zeit.,’’ IV, p. 6 (1910). 


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MORE FIELD NOTES FROM MACEDONIA. : ine 


MORE FIELD NOTES FROM MACEDONIA. le? Lootesy 2 
)} > ,8%° By Mazcomm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. \ JUL 18 1941 


R ; py _S iBRARY 

Nearly a quarter of a century ago I was writing home to The Ento-—_ 
mologist’s Record some Field Notes from Macedonia while the impres- 
sions were still fresh. How little did I think then that the wheel of 
chance would bring me back, almost to the same scenes, to meet many 
of the same friends, both bipeds and hexapods! In those days the war 
was in full swing in grim earnest. This time it was looming very near, 
and the tense air added a zest to travel. 

It was past the middle of August 1939 when I arrived in €koplje, 
and the countryside was burnt up. I was used to that, but surprised at 
the poverty of insect life. The valley of the Vardar here is broad and 
entirely given up to cultivation. Over those acres of kukuruz, or maize, 
stubble there was little hope of finding interesting Orthoptera, and no 
eround is more irritating or fatiguing to tramp across. In the agree- 
able park I met Dr Karaman, Director of the Skoplje Museum and Zoo, 
a distinguished ichthyologist, interested in freshwater Amphipoda and 
Isopoda, on which subjects he would be glad to enter into correspondence 
and exchange with colleagues in Britain and elsewhere. In the dried 
grass in the park I found but a few Stenobothrids, like Ch. biguttulus, 
a single small Metrioptera and the universal, irresistible Atolopus, 
perhaps the same species that I had taken at sea, flying to lhght, off 
the Angola coast. 

The next day I hurried on to Gostivar, a pleasant little township 
near the Albanian frontier. The only fault I had to find with the 
friendly little inn was that the wallpaper was brown, which is a dis- 
advantage as it does not shcw them up, but, to my relief, they did not 
put in an appearance. As at Skoplje, the only ground near the town 
that looked promising was the park, where in the dried grass I picked 
up a few Stenobothrids, Tetrix sp. and a Pachytrachelus, an old friend 
I had not seen for very many years. Behind the pleasant village of 
Vrutok, where the Vardar rises, there are beech woods on the hills not 
yet entirely deforested for firewood, but the lfelessness was relieved only 
by a few Oedipoda caerulescens, a Stenobothrid or two, and a Tylopsts. 
On the far side of the river, past the hamlet of Ballin-do, through rich 
gardens full of magpies, chaffinches and goldfinches, out on the parched 
hillside, with a few stunted beech and juniper; a few small Omnocestus, 
which may prove interesting, Chorthippus suggestive of mollis, and a 
small Platycleis. Jt was a rather depressing scene, relieved only by the 
plaintive pipes of the young goatherd, whose charges were responsible 
for much of the barrenness. As I strolled back to the town I was amused 
to see a big ficck of jackdaws playing at being starlings; their aerial 
stunts are not half so effective and their chatter robs them of dignity. 

The chief of the police took me for a drive and a picnic to Zubovtse, 
a big village with the usual gardens and vineyards on the hillside, de- 
corated with red admirals, painted ladies and fritillaries. I added, 
though, but little to my meagre list, Twlopsis and Phaneroptera falcata. 
No stridulation audible, till my lttle friend Oecanthus, the cricket of 
the vines, struck up his lilting evening chorus. 

The Turkish mayor of the prosperous village of Vrapchishte enter- 
tained us to coffee and water-melon while we rested. He told me that 


58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15; VI/1941 


the village pocketed three million dinars for its tobacco crop the pre- 
vious season, a welcome relief after a spell of depression. In some 
boggy flats below I found Conocephalus fuscus and the S. Kuropean ssp. 
bisignata of the African Paracinema tricolor, 

So far my wandering had brought me but little Entomology, although 
delights in other form, above all, that of meeting many old comrades 
from the last war, some showing the twenty odd years that had passed, 
but some seemed hardly older, which gave one a pleasant feeling of re- 
juvenation. So, after spending a few days in such cheerful company in 
the picturesque old Serbo-Turkish town of Tetovo, I mounted a white 
Albanian pony and rode up to the Shar Planina. 

This seemed reali romance. As a boy I had often gloated over the 
maps of this district, but in Turkish days it was remote, inaccessible 
and dangerous. In Skoplje I had heard that Dr Willy Ramme, of the 
Berlin Museum, bad spent some time collecting on the mountain, and 
he had told Dr Karaman that he had taken an interesting new species 
of Orthoptera. It seems that we had missed each other by but a day 
or two, and I heard that with mixed feelings. 

Half-an-hour’s ride up took me out of the zone of the vine. There 
was an English look about the woodlands, with their chestnut, hawthorn 
and many familiar wild flowers; then through groves of hazel, sycamore, 
oak, beech, then that wretched maize stubble, to the Albanian eyrie of 
Lisac, perched at the edge of the plateau, picturesque, of course, but 
poverty-stricken, the houses built of mud and beech branches, or lumps of 
rock and roofed with slabs. An hour or more through sub-alpine crops, 
chiefly oats and rye stubble, with stunted clumps of beech, with flocks 
of tiny goats and tinier sheep, out on to the grassy plateau, with springy 
turf like our Downs, studded with woody clusters of Juniperus nana. 
A few miles further on, it was truly alpine, the peaks rising to 8000 ft., 
with here and there upon their flanks a patch of Abies pectinata. 

Down below it was hot, as it can be in a Macedonian August, but up 
here it was cool, chilly at dusk and really cold at night. The Yugoslav 
Tourist Association have built a hostel here, which is thronged in the 
ski-ing season. Now, to my relief, it was practically deserted. The 
manager, a Greek, spoke defective English, but recited the speech of 
Henry V on the eve of Agincourt as well as Lewis Waller ever did, and 
every evening would read out to me a passage from some Epistle of St 
Paul, with a perfection of diction that was almost professional. He 
told me he had learnt his English at Robert College, that amazing Ameri- 
can university on the banks of the Bosphorus. 

It was a very different world up here. The hostel, under a hillock 
called Popova Shapka, stands about 5500 ft. above the sea. Springs 
burst out all around it, enlivened by dippers and yellow-bellied wagtails. 
In the sky the chief birds were the eagles. The peaks around drew the 
clouds, and during my short stay up there want of sunshine dogged 
me. I collected assiduously, knowing that almost every specimen would 
have its story to tell, buoyed up through the drizzle and mist in the 
hope of finding something of special geographical interest, for I knew 
there are boreal relicts up these little known Macedonian mountains. 
Among the junipers anc the whortleberry by careful search I took a few 
handfuls of several Stenobothrids. I would not venture to name them, 
as they may weil be critical species, but they looked like Chorthippus 


MORE FIELD NOTES FROM MACEDONIA. 59 


parallelus, Ch. bicolor, Ch. pullus, Stenobothrus stigmaticus and 
Myrmeleotettix maculatus. And at last my patience was rewarded when 
I heard a squeaky chirrup from a Juniper. I could hardly beleve my 
ears. Could there be an Hphippigera here? I stalked it down, and 
caught it. It looked exactly like Eph. vitium. If it is, this must be its 
eastern, and south-eastern, limit. Or else a localised, closely related 
species. In any case, it was an interesting find. I hunted by the hour 
for more, but in vain. Like me, they were discouraged by the low, 
black mist looming angrily up the valley. Still, beyond, I could see 
the sun shining in the valley down there in Tetovo. 

So I decided to stay yet another day. And I had my reward, for 
next morning the sun shone brightly, at least for a few hours. I walked 
across to a patch of whortleberry, and there was gladdened by a sight 
I had not +een for many years, grasshoppers in swarms, the kinds men- 
tioned already plus one. That had those grotesque, pear-shaped, inflated 
fore tibiae in the male, which is only known in Aeropus sibiricus. The 
altitude at this spot must be about 6000 ft., and this truly alpine form 
did not occur below. I sat down to revel in the sight, when something 
moved, and I watched a small viper slide into its hole, with a cheeky 
flick of its tail as it vanished. I looked around for its mate, and a foot 
or two away there she was. I watched her; she did not go straight to 
the hole, but by a detour. The local folk tell me that vipers, which they 
call sharka, are very common up here, and I learnt afterwards that it 
is not the general V. berus, but V. ursinii, a species peculiar to the 
Shar mountains. It is reputed to be a gentle creature that does not 
attack man. 

In a juniper bush [ found a large female apterous Poecilimon sp., 
and among the whortleberries some small grey brachypterous Decticids. 

But the sunshine was fleeting. In a few hours the clouds came back 
and did their dirty work; it remained warm on the hillsides, but a cold, 
damp breeze blew up the valley of the streams. By patience and luck 
I got a second Ephippigera, but never a sign of a Blattid, nor of an 
earwig. 

The place must be interesting botanically. The sheep and goats 
trim down the grassy areas closely, of course, but under the shelter of 
the juniper bushes there is a fairly rich flora and fauna, just as there 
is under the stunted chermes oaks in Greek Macedonia. A common 
plant is Daphnea, with a long, woody root and a high stem crowned with 
bunches of long, soft, narrow leaves and a few soft scarlet berries at 
this late season, for 1t was the last week in August when I was up there. 
There were remains of an Arwin, an undergrowth of V. myrtillus, some 
bramble leaves, a leaf suggestive of wild strawberry, and, to my sur- 
prise, red clover. There were hairbell, eyebright, and a few gentians, 
of which I have brought away specimens in the-hope that they may turn 
out to be interesting. Grass of Parnassus enlivened a bit of bog below 
the hostel, where there was V. beccabunga and a Silene. Also an un- 
familiar little pink flower recalling Calluna. Afterwards my friend, 
O. S. Grebenchikov, told me this is Brouckenthalia spicuifolia, one of 
that interesting group of plants peculiar to the mountains of Southern 
Serbia. 

A group of Albanians were burning the juniper clumps to make more 
grazing for their flocks. | watched, hoping to see a number of interest- 


60 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 


ing Orthoptera come out, as they do before bush fires in Africa, but 
not a specimen did I catch like that. By chance, though, at that spot, 
I picked up a female Arcyptera, a most handsome creature. To me it 
looked like A. fusca, a striking, yellow, black and crimson grasshopper 
that I had taken in the Alps of Savoy and in the North of Siberia and 
the southern Pyrenees, but it 1s as likely as not that this will turn out 
to be a distinct species, or at least a localised form. It seemed numbed 
and sluggish. 

In a sheltered dell J found a colony of Anterastes serbicus, a small 
Decticid, and a single female of Psorodonotus fiebert, and had the luck 
to chance on another female Ephippigera crawling on a juniper, and 
another, a male, of the big, plump Poecilimon. 

Then again a pair of those little adders. On being disturbed, they 
hunched up, and peered at me; then, satisfied that there was a danger- 
ous look about me, the first slunk in a roundabout way to its hole, and 
slithered in, with an uncanny reptuian movement. I suppose they 
widen out their home inside, as otherwise they must come out tail first. 

On 31st August the weather looked so threatening that I decided to 
go down, for my time was not unlimited. As I was leaving the hostel 
an Albanian rode up, bringing a batch of telegrams for me and some 
local letters, sent up by my friends in the valley. The first cable gave 
me instructions impossible of execution, but that did not matter as the 
second cancelled it. 

A forest officer, whom I met, told me that the reason the high beech 
forests are so stunted is not climatic, but because the inhabitaiuts cut 
them down as soon as they are thick as a man’s thigh. 

As L rode down through the village of Lisac the folk were threshing 
their oats by picking up armfuls and beating them en the ground, and 
winhnowing them with their hands. The natives of these sub-alpine vil- 
lages are almost all Albanians, but as the village names are Slavonic, 
the Albanians are an intrusive element, who penetrated during the 
Turkish period. They are fine fellows, honourable, trustworthy and in- 
dustrious, but very backward. This village of Lisac, on the edge of the 
plateau, is bright with cottage flowers and well-watered. A little fur- 
ther down all is arid. 

A couple of days later I was back in Skoplje. The place seemed 
drier than ever. The hills around, the so-called Montenegro of Skoplie, 
Skopska Crna Gora, with its pretty villages and Serbian peasants in 
white costumes bordered with black braid, are dry, with scrubby, scraggy 
trees. The people must have firewood. The vegetation had a central 
Kuropean look, with oak, beech, poplar, wild pear, and wainut, but 
there were here and there a fig tree, and plenty of Christ Thorn, 
Paliurus spina christi. The universal, commonest wild flower around 
this part of the Balkans, seems to be a mullein. Not many birds. No 
starlings, but plenty of jackdaws, and I did not see any of the charac- 
teristic birds of the south. 

A week later I stopped at the alpin2 village of Mavrovo, high above 
Gostivar, and a lovely spot it is. It has great attractions for ski-lovers 
in winter, but I prefer it in summer. It is certainly splendid country. 
A local sportsman told me that the high ground between Mavrovo and 
the Shar is the last place in the Balkans where the lynx is still to be 
found. It is rigidly preserved. 


MORE FIELD NOTES FROM MACEDONIA. 61 


The hills around Mavrovo are pleasantly wooded, but there is no 
big timber. Orthoptera were not numerous. The usual Oedipoda caeru- 
lescens and O. germanica, Omocestus (ventralis ?), some small Chorthip- 
pus and a few Dociostaurus genet, with Ch. parallelus and Ch. pulvinatus. 
In a clump of trees I heard suddenly a loud, penetrating, shrill call, some- 
what like that of Tettigonia viridissima but with a different timbre. I 
worked for a long time, but all I found were two females of a big, fat, 
apterous Phaneropterid. JI picked up a pair of Leptophyes albovittata, 
a female Platycleis, and Parapleurus alliaceus on the banks of a stream. 

The next day a wonderful drive down the magnificent gorge of the 
Radika, stopping for refreshments at the frontier town of Debar, rich 
in memories of Turkish days when the local robber barons were prosper- 
ous, along the Black Drim, that admits Atlantic eels to Ohrid, and then 
out to the shores of that wonderful lake, that I had longed for so many 
vears to see. 

The approach is over an expanse of boggy flat, clearly but recently 
reclaimed, enlivened by peewits and white herons, through the once 
prosperous old market town of Strua, to the edge of the lake itself, 
fading mistily to the horizon, encircled with grey, stony mountains. 
The ancient town of Ohrid, with its old, oriental quarter, and the ruins 
of a mediaeval fort upon a small ridge dominating the place, is spread- 
ing eastwards along the shore in a more modern style. A breeze was 
blowing. as I found is usual, fretting the water into ‘‘ white horses,’’ to 
match the terns skimming over them, all standing out against the bluish 
haze of the distance, just as Nazaroff describes of Issyk Kul. 

Feeiing as though fulfilling a dream of boyhood, I dropped that 
night into a deep, long sleep. JI dreamt about British Grenadiers. I 
sat bolt upright in bed, astonished. Yes, ‘‘ and a tow row row row 
row... . !’? and then an unmistakably English voice... . Yes, I 
was in Ohrid really, so why was this Englishman shouting at me at six 
o’clock in the morning? 


It was a loud-speaker, giving the news from ... . Sofia. That 
comes on at six, when the air is fairly clear. The war had begun by 
then, and the Ohrid public were deeply interested. In a couple of 


hundred vards along that front there were three loud-speakers, which 
vied with each other to proclaim the news of the progress of the in- 
vasion of Poland. 

The name of Ohrid is famous throughout the Balkans for many rea- 
sons. Apart from its beauty, there is a famous ballad, how Bilyana was 
washing her linen white, by Ohrid’s limpid springs. These burst exu- 
berantly out of the foot of the mountains to the East of the town, and 
they are always called Bilyana’s Spring. Alongside them is a hydro- 
biological station, where they breed the famous Ohrid trout of which 
they turn out millions annually to feed the fishing industry. Tor since 
it was Lake Lychnis. as the old Greeks knew it, Ohrid has been famous 
for its fish, above all for its trout. There are eighteen species of fish 
known in the lake, including the eels. I believe it is the only Balkan 
lake that has eels. They come up from the Adriatic, up the Boyana 
through the Lake of Skadar. up the Drim into the lake. Of the trout 
there are two species, Trutta ohridana and T. balcanica. The sterile 
form of the latter, known locally as letnitsa, is one of the most delicious 
fishes of the world, rivalling the sig of the Neva. 


62 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 


I climbed up the rocky mountain behind the station and the spring, 
where stands a small, isolated obelisk, with the simple inscription. ‘‘ 400 
Martyrs.’’ These were Serbian schoolboys, struggling to safety in 
Greece in the winter of 1915, but overtaken by the enemy and done to 
death in a common grave. Treeless, with a bit of scraggy scrub, and 
a few wild flowers, larkspur, mullein and succory. It all looked poverty- 
stricken, and so did the big villaze of Velesttovo, where I hoped to 
buy a chunk of cheese and a mug of wine, an hour’s rest, and then a 
climb to the top. But I had reckoned without knowledge. If found an 
old lady, a girl and a lad beating rye on the threshing-floor. When I 
asked if they would sel! me a chunk of bread, the old lady burst into 
tears. No bread had they for sale, she said, barely enough to eat 
themselves, and cheese was almost unknown, wine quite. But the lad 
shared with me his lump of dark bread, flavoured with roast hot peppers, 
to make it go down. And the water was cold and clear. I sat and 
varned with them for an hour, grieved to learn of their poverty, when 
life was at least endurable at the foot, and a little further cn almost 
prosperous. The explanation was that there was no justification for a 
village at that spot. It was too high, too dry, too barren. 


As we sat, the boom of guns wafted over the lake. The manoeuvres. 
Very near the Albanian frontier. Daily a thrust was expected, from 
the Itasians; troops, they said, were massed on the other side of the 
lake, which the frontier crosses, 12nd the Greeks, too, they said, were 
ready. 


My lunch was inadequate for high climbing, so I strolled down. The 
Orthopterous fauna seemed as poor as the village, an odd Chorthippus or 
so and a few Oedipoda. On my way down I met some of the menfolk 
coming up. They had been selling a few loads of firewood down in 
Ohrid. They asked me to explain the war in Poland to them, so I drew 


maps in the sand. 


They told me in Ohrid that in Struga there was . . . of all improbable 
things . . . a zoological museum. Still, at Ohrid there is a hydrobio- 
logical station, so I jumped on to the ’bus and popped over to Struga 
to lunch. It was true, there 7s a zoological museum in Struga, a fine 
collection of stuffed animals and good collections of insects, It had 
been formed by a Russian refugee doctor, who was an enthusiastic 
naturalist, with the energy to enlist government support, and, I was 
told, he had made a very good job of it. Unfortunately, at the time of 
my visit all the collections were packed up for removal to a new build- 
ing specially put up to house them. 


The flats outside the town were rich lands covered with crops wf 
maize, fruit garcens, and particularly peppers, which are an important 
local produce, and plenty of cattle grazing. A couple of boys told me 
that 1t was usually flooded in the winter, and that a hundred and five 
years ago, for they were curiously exact, it was permanently under 
water. The truth is that they have been clearing the channel of the 
Drim, which drains the lake, so that the water flows more freely and 
the level of the lake has been lowered a couple of feet in a year or little 
over. That was illustrated by the director of the hydrobiological 
station, who told me that on fields where I saw cattle grazing they had 
caught carp twe years ago. 


NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE. I. 63 


I found very little insect life on the flats, where the chief living 
things, apart from the cattle, were countless frogs with green stripes 
down their backs. No Tetrix or Paracinema to my surprise. In a 
moist corner, where there were some shrubs and long grass, was Tetrix 
depressa, Conocephalus fuscus, Aiolopus strepens, Omocestus ventralis, 
Pezotettix giornae, Oecanthus pellucens. The place seemed rich in tree 
frogs and big spiders. 

Then to Bitolj and on to Skoplje, where I took ai farewell walk up 
to a village called Vodno. On the path were the two common Oedi- 
podas, A. strepens, and the usual Stenobothrids; Acrida turita low 
down, of which I had seen little in these parts, and Tetrix depressa. 
In the village I found a bed of nettles, somewhat unusual here, where 
by sweeping I got the only earwig I have seen in Serbian Macedonia. 
It was a female, so I cannot say if it were Forficula auricularia or F. 
lurida. 

By that time the end of September was approaching. I went by the 
night train to Belgrad, still wearing whites. The next day winter 
set in. 

From the point of view of Orthoptera, my six or seven weeks in 
Southern Serbia were disappointing. I was evidently too late in the 
season. I did not find anything like the wealth of species I had known 
in Greek Macedonia, on the other side of the gorge of Demir Kapu, 
which seems to mark a zoological boundary. Still, I can fairly hope 
that the few things I managed to take on the Shar may redeem the 
excursion, 


NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE. I. 


[A statement, not an argument, of the general pusition of the in- 
stability of our specific names and a summary of the factors which ap- 
pear to have been the partially unavoidable causes of the position. ] 

In 1758 Linné followed up what he had already done in the Nomen- 
clature of Botany, 1753, and applied his Binomial method of Naming 
to the Animal Kingdom in his famous Systema Naturae. 

The older authors, although they readily adopted the Binomial 
System of Nomenclature from Linné, gave references to names, de- 
scriptions and figures of authors previous to 1767, the priority date 
first adopted, but did not further adopt the name of any species, or if 
they did they sponsored it as their own, just as did the authors immedi- 
ately sueceeding Linné and before 1767. 

The only remarks on the specific names for many succeeding years 
may be summed up in the fact that workers in one country did not get 
to know what was going on in another and we find the same species 
getting a fresh name from ignorance of its recognition and name in 
seme other country. Hence some species have obtained a string of names. 
Also we get a sexually dimorphic form treated as a separate species and 
named so. Even Linné treated janira and jurtina as two species, and 
the curious fact arose that although jwurtina was the prior described and 
named, it was a female and hence the correct name of the species was 
taken to be janira, that of the male form, and so it remained until com- 
paratively recently, when strict priority was adopted by the 1901 Com- 
mission, 


64. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 


In 1871 the 2nd edition of the famous Staudinger’s List of European 
Lepidoptera was issued aud the authors made no general change in the 
customary starting point for synonymy, the XIled. of the Systema 
Naturae of Linné, which was pubvlished in 1767. The only references 
used of that date, besides Linné, were those of Hufnagel in the Berlin. 
Magazin, under the date presumed to be 1767, unless they clashed with 
a name in Linné’s Sys. Nat., when the latter was taken. This initial 
error in the reference to Hufnagel, strange to say, was not discovered 
until 1921. Of course, Stdgr. included many names and references like 
machaon, rhamni, apollo, rapae, napi, etc., ete., etc., not because they. 
were in the Xed. but because they were in the XIled. and were in 
general use. 

In course of time, more particularly towards the end of the nine- 
teenth century, with a deeper knowledge of the literature, it became 
evident that there were several important systematic works, between 
1758, the date of the Xed. of the S.N., and 1767, the date of the XIJed., 
in which the binomial nomenclature was used, and entomologists began 
to urge that the priority date should be that of the Tenth Hdition of 
the Systema Naturae, viz., 1758, and to use works published between 
1758 and 1767; some quoted names introduced in the pre 1767 period, 
e.2., Wocke in part IT (micros) of Stdgr. 1871 List. 

Kirby in his Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of 1871 
adopted the usual custom of recognising only as far back as the XIled. 
of the Sys. Nat., 1767, but in his ‘‘ Supplement ’’ of 1878 said, “ I now 
consider the Xed. of Linné’s Sys. Nat. and not the XIJed., as the only 
tenable starting-point,’? an opinion strongly renewed in his ffandbook 
of the Order Lepidoptera, Vol. iii, 1896, where he expressed the absolute 
necessity of strict priority in specific names in a discussion of the name 
of edusa for our ‘‘ clouded yellow,’’? which he regrets that he must re- 
place by the prior name croceus, Frery. WKirby was one of the first to give 
strong expression to the necessity of Priority in Nomenclature. which 
attitude, no doubt, was brought more closely to his notice by the Catalog 
of Staudinger, and he lost no opportunity in supporting his opinion and 
action. The late Lord Walsingham and his energetic secretary, John 
Hartley Durrant, also did a great deal to push forward these nomen- 
clatorial matters in the beginning of the present century. 


Tt was about this time that attention was gradually again being 
turned to the Genera of Lepidoptera. Genera stand on a different basis 
to that of species and their content must vary from time to time as we 
gain a greater detailed knowledge of the life-history and genetic re- 
lationship of the various species, coupled with the insertion of new 
species. Each genus must have a selected representative ‘‘ type”’ 
species, around which related species are grouped, but subject to re- 
moval if compared with species of another genus and found incom- 
patible with the first genus. The genus and its name may even disap- 
pear from use. . 

One of the most important publications on genera at this period was 
Scudder’s Historical Sketch in 1875, which had been preceded by a 
limited preliminary Systematic Revision of North American Butterflies, 
1872. 

Perhaps we may be allowed to quote from a passage on Priority from 
the Historical Sketch. Scudder said, on p. 95 et seq., ‘‘ Butterflies 


NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE. TI. 65 


have suffered from the writings of uneducated naturalists,’ ‘‘ more 
perhaps than any other class of animals.’’ He went on to speak of the 
‘tedious and painful’’ work of reducing the ‘‘ mass of chaotic facts 
te order,’ and ‘‘ The result reached in some cases will surprise many 
entomologists, as it has myself, and in not a few instances I would gladly 
see a logical way out of the necessity of change among names which 
have had long usage; but the law of priority is and would best be in- 
exorable, and the action of those who decry it would relegate our nomen- 
clature to an increasingly chaotic condition. 1 therefore hold to it as 
of the utmost importance in nomenclature, as the very foundation of 
its stability. The changes now required by its strict application are 
selely due to the neglect of the past.”’ 


May we point out to our readers that this neglect has gone on and on 
for more than half-a-century since the above was written, and when change 
is attempted the neglect is worse still, for the supplanted name has sel- 
dom been indicated with the prior name to give the reader a chance of 
understanding about what he is reading, and he is choked off by a naked 
unknown, which many probably have no means of finding, ameng their 
usually scanty literature, nor have the time and opportunity te work 
out. To quote an instance, I had a MS. submitted to me with the 
specific name gnoma, without any indication as to what species was 
meant. IT had never met with it before; it was given as a main specific 
name. It occurred in no British List, nor in the various books used by 
the amateur such as South, Newman, Stainton. Was it a wanderer 
from abroad? No. At last. consulted Staudinger’s Catalog (1901) and 
Seitz, both works not likely to be in the hanc’s of many of our readers. 
In both I found under dictaeoides, ‘‘ ? gnoma, Fb.’ Tt is brutal to 
shirk the duty of editor in such cases. A name is used to help the 
reader to understand what is under discussion, to help him, and not to 
bewilder him and to spoil all interest in the subject he may have selected 
as a pleasant hobby for his hours of ease. 


The amateur entomologists of this country have been always very 
conservative in their opposition to even necessary changes. No doubt 
this attitude was partly due to the dictatorial method of introducing 
new (i.e. old) names without reference to the name hitherto in general 
use. 


In 1901 the 3rd edition of the Catalog of Staudinger was published 
and we find that the priority basis was in most species altered to the 
10th edition of the Systema Naturae of Linne (1758) and that for the 
most part the names that were used in the 1871 Catalog were now, 
if necessary, adjusted. 


It was not until 1901 that definite steps were taken to get the 
general adoption of strict Priority in Spec:fic Names, when a Com- 
mission of naturalists was held, and it was adopted unanimously that 
this principle should come into general use. Hitherto the priority rule 
kad been individual and sporadic in its application. 


There arose considerable opposition to this vrinciple and a ‘‘limited”’ 
Priority was advocated, that when a name had been in use for a long 
period, say 100 years, it should stand, but it nas found small support, 
and the result would probably in many cases be worse than the adoption 
of absolute priority. 


66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1941 


The more important works between 1758 (Linné) and 1767 (Linne) 
were (1) Linné, Systema Natwrae, 1758; (2) Clerck, Icones, 1759-; (3) 
Linné, Fauna Suecica, 1761; (4) Poda, Insecta Musci Graecensis, 1761; 
(5) Seopoh, Entomologia carniolica, 1763; (6) Miull., Fn. Ins. fridrich., 
1764; and (7) Hufn., Berlinisches Magazin, vol. ii, vol. i111, vol. iv. The 
dates of these volumes were, in error, taken as 1766, 1767, 1768 respec- 
tively, and not until 1921 was this error, so simple but so fruitful for 
error, discovered; and the dates corrected 1766 to 1765, 1767 to 1766 
(Noctuae), 1768 to 1767. 

This meant that where Linné described an insect in the XIJed. of 
the Sys. Nat., 1767, and the same insect was described by Huinagel re- 
putedly in 1767, the former had been in use for 150 years, but the latter 
description was the prior with the corrected date 1766, e.g. sutellitia, 
(Linné) (1767) = transversa, Hufn. (1766), an actual case in point. 

As one instance of the effect of the adoption of the Xed. of the Sys. 
Nat. of Linné, 1758, in place of the XIIed. of 1767 was the spelling of 
the name of our ‘‘Kentish Glory’? Moth, which had been in Linné, Fn. S. 
(1761) versicolor, but which should have been versirolora as originally in 
the 1758 work. I think Staudinger, in his Catalog, 1901, was the first 
to list the name with ‘‘a’’ when be adopted the Priority of 1758. J. W. 
Tutt followed in his Brit. Lepidoptera. 


The influence of Seitz’ works doubtless has been the greatest impetus 
in effecting the adoption of prior names and prior spelling. EHvery 
centre of Lepidopterological work in all countries is compelled by neces- 
sity to consult this encyclopaedia with its wonderful fitment of coloured 
plates. All the various authors of the sections have done their utmost 
to carry out the principle of Priority of specific names so that an exceed- 
ingly strong basis is afforded for further progress to follow. 

The dates of publication of many works were very approximate for 
many vears and in fact even now are a matter of indecision. Esper, 
Hiibner, Herrich-Schaeffer are perhaps the worst. Only within the last 
few years, since the Royal Entomological Society obtained a mass of 
Hiibner material, hitherto unknown to exist, from a private source, 
have the dates of his various publications been ascertained with all 
probable certainty. With the same material the dates of Herrich- 
Schaeffer were settled with the same certainty. With the works of 
Esper each volume began with the title-page and it has been customary 
to date each volume from that date, whereas after the first part the 
date does not apply to any other portion. For instance, vol. iv, in which 
the Noctuae are described, is dated 1786, but it is known from con- 
temporary literature and from internal evidence in the text, that much 
of the matter and some plates did not appear until years later, and dates 
now ean only be approximate. 

As an example of the effect of the uncertainty of the dates take an 
example quoted from Hampson in his Lepidoptera Phalaenae in dealing 
with the Noctuid, Scopelosoma satellitia, vol. vi, p. 487 (1906). He 
gave the reference to the name transversa, Hufn., for this species, Berl. 
Mag., iii, 418, but he dated it (1769). Why he did not quote the then 
accepted date ‘1767) we do not know.* 

Reference has been made to the error in the recognition of the dates 
of publication of the volumes of the Berlin. Magazin of Natural History, 
to which Hufnagel contributed articles on the Lepidoptera of the neigh- 


COLLECTING NOTES. 67 


bourhood of Berlin. This magazine was issued in six parts per year. 
Fach part was enclosed in an illustrated cover which was dated. The six 
parts were subsequently bound with another but quite different title 
page, with a different illustration and the date of the year following that 
of the six parts. For instance, the parts of vol. iii (which contain notes 
on the Noctuae) were published in 1766, but when bound up had the new 
title page dated 1767, those of each part, no doubt, having been dis- 
carded. The work is very rare, only a few copies existing, chiefly in 
museums. This fact of date was only discovered in 1921; the tacsimiles 
of the covers were given with the above particulars in Ohentnar? S Lepi- 
doptera. comparée by Houlbert. 

Thus it is imperative, if further progress is to be carried on at any 
reasonable rate, such changes as are necessary should be made, not in 
a dictatorial way but in an educative way. And, in addition, no further 
books of the pre-19th century beyond those already in use in synonymy 
should be brought into nomenclatorial matters to eflect as far as is 
humanly possible what all are erying for, stability in our names.— 


Hive). hi. 


*In fact, he made blunder after blunder in respect to this species. In his de- 
scription of the typical form he stated “ reniform represented hy a white 
lunuiate or elliptical spot,’’ “- with white points beyond its upper and lower 
extremities.”’ Lower on the page he gave ‘ ab. satellitia. Forewing with 
the spots at end of cell yellow.’’ Then his reference to the ab. albipuncta, 
Strand, form (1903) was antedated by the ab. trabanta, Huene (1901), which 
reference in the Stett. e. Ztng. (1901) he overlooked. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


— 


ORTHOLITHA UMBRIFERA, PROUT, IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE AND SOMERSET. 
—-I have been carefully examining a series of insects in my cabinet pur- 
porting to be Ortholitha mucronata and have come to the conclusion 
that sixteen of them are undoubtedly examples of O. wmbrifera, Prout. 
These were obtained in the counties of Gloucestershire and Somerset. 
I was interested to find that I had not a single example of O. mucronata 
amongst the specimens [ had collected some 30 years ago in the Wye 
Valley, so imagine that this is an instance of an isolated colony of O. 
umbrifera alone. The Somerset specimens were obtained about 25 years 
ago on moorland in the Minehead-Dunster district, where they were to 
he found in the same locality as O. mucronata. The earliest and latest 
times of capture, as shown on my labels, are as follows: O. winbrifera.— 
Gloucestershire, 13th May-5th June; Somerset, 24th May-10th June. 
O. mucronata.—Somerset, 16th June-15th July. Also odd specimens of 
the latter from other districts: Sussex, 25th June; Hants, 15th July, 
and Bucks, 4th July-19th July. From this it would appear that wnbri- 
fera is probably on the wing quite three to Sour weeks earher than 
mucronata,—J. F. Biro, Redclvffe, Walton Park, Clevedon, Som., 17th 
May 1941. 


NOTES ON VARIATION FROM THE WorRTHING MusrEumM COLLECTION (con- 
tinued from p. 56).—A. bellargus.—In the English specimens there is 
little or no difference in size between the two broods. There are several 


68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 


specimens of the ab. wrania, still quite unmistakable though the black 
has shghtly faded. These were all taken at Gomshall on May 15th, 
1929; I have never seen this form again though I have hunted the same 
hillside many times. There are several examples of the ab. puncta (also 
from France, Switzerland, and the Tyrol), several also of the abs. ad- 
denda and obsoleta. Specimens from abroad are nearly all larger ex- 
cept for some of the mountain ones, though one ¢ from Zinal is one of 
the largest in the collection; it is also the finest specimen of ab. puncta. 
The largest of all come from Mt. Olympus in Greece. The © form, 
ceronus, only comes from Pugny on the side of Mt. Revard and from 
Bex, though many of the Swiss 9s show some blue. There is a good 
ab. krodeli from Martigny. There is a good series of both broods of the 
coelestis form from Dompierre and Angouléme; the other French speci- 
mens are in no way remarkable except that those from Auzay are 
rather small. It is curious that Qs from Dompierre, unless definitely 
of the coelzstis form, show no blue at all. This is the case with all Qs 
in Italy and the Tyrol; these, however, often show a broad band of 
orange on all wings on the upper side, especially those from the neigh- 
bourhood of Florence. The Algerian race punctifera is wel! represented 
in both broods. The Qs of the first brood from Algiers vary greatly 
in the amount of blue they show, and the ds are very large; the Qs 
of the second brood show no blue at all. The 9s of the second brood 
from Morocco are small but show some blue, especially on the hindwings. 


A. polonus.—There are no less than eight of this form in the col- 
lection ; five of these came from Assisi, three being taken among bellar- 
gus some time before coridon came out, and the other two among coridon 
after bellargus was quite over. This certainly points to their being 
hybrids, but the other three are rather puzzling. Of these two came 
from Pugny (near Aix-les-Bains) and the other from Oberbozen in the 
Tyrol. I have never taken coridon in either of these localities (I am 
not suggesting that it does not exist there), but while the upper side 
in all three is nearer to bellargus, all the under sides are much closer 
to coridon. 

A. coridon.—The English series consists of a row and a half from 
the N. Downs, chiefly from Guildford, a short series from Alton Barnes 
near Devizes, a row from the 8. Downs, a short series from the Cots- 
wolds, a longer one from the Chilterns, and a long series from Royston 
collected between the years 1908 and 1915. These vary much in size 
in the ds, very little in the Qs, those from the Chilterns and Cots- 
wolds average rather smaller than the others. There is no blue on any 
of the @s from the S. Downs and Cotswolds, and only slight traces in 
one @ from Guildford and in three from the Chilterns. 

From Royston there is a fine series of semisyngrapha, and nearly 
all the forms so often mentioned elsewhere from these fields are to be 
found in this collection. The spotting of the under side varies much 
more in this species than in any other, especially in the matter of extra 
(or fewer) spots and in the coalescence of those on the forewing The 
number of basal spots on the forewing varies from 0 to 4. There is 
one @ from Guildford with lanceolated spots. 

From France there is a series from Digne and one from Larche, the 
latter are small, the former about the size of those from the N. Downs. 
Also a short series from Clelles and from La Grave, the latter with small 


COLLECTING NOTES. 69 


Qs. Those from Vernet are large, on the other hand those trom Cau- 
terets and Gavarnie are rather small. Those from Dompierre and An- 
gouléme show a short series of brown @s and a fine lot of syngrapia. 

Those from Switzerland show a tendency to a broader border in the 
ds, especially from the Val Maggia, and there is one much sufiused from 
Goldau. Mountain specimens from Bergun, Bérisal and Barmaz on 
the Dent du Midi, especially the latter, are small, but those from Fusio 
on the S. slope of the Alps are large. All, except those from the Jura, 
show small spots on the under side. 

All the Italian specimens are inclined to show small spots on the 
under side. Those from the Apennines (Assisi, Mt. Oliveto) and from 
Mt. Meta are pale both upper and under side, those from the Mt. 
Abruzzi (Rocearaso and Palena) especially so; these latter correspond 
exactly with Zeller’s description of apennina, though not so well with 
his type specimens. They are far the lightest I have seen. The most 
remarkable of all are those from the neighbourhood of Berlin (race 
borussia, Dadd); these are veritable giants, larger than any arion in 
the collection. 

With regard to the closely related species, so long regarded as races 
of coridon, all we represented except caerulescens. In the case of /is- 
yana the second brood is rather larger than the first, though both are 
rather small; those from Fiesole are rather larger than from the Piano 
di Mugnone in the same neighbourhood ; striated forms and extra spots 
are common, some of the former being very striking. Those from the 
French Riviera are larger and much darker and duller in colour than 
those from Italy; I feel a little doubtful whether they are really the 
same species (if these others are all different). Arragonensis are all 
very pale, the race albicans being also very large and very faintly 
spotted. Ooelestissima has a bright deeply coloured upper side, with 
the under side very pale and with small spots. (To be continued).— 


Rev. G. WHesEtER, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


CaptuRES oF INsEcTS IN [RELAND.—I was, of course, very interested 
in Dr Bryan Beirne’s contribution in the Record for this month on the 
Four Years’ Captures ct Insects in Light Traps in Iveland. Among 
the so-called Macrolepidoptera I find some of the entries must be mis- 
takes. For instance: —‘‘ Hadena lepida (carpophaga). Occasional.’’ 
Should be the species capsophila. ‘“ Apamea obscura (ravida), Occa- 
sional.’? This Noctua, not recorded from Ireland, should be A. gemina. 
‘ Plusia ni. Frequent.’? There is something very wrong here. Was 
P. interrogationis meant?—C. Donovan, Lt.-Col., I.M.S. (Retired), 
Bourton-on-the-Water, Glos., 19th May 1941. 


A Few Wicken Co.LreoprerA.—On the excursion to Wicken Fen, 
Cambs., on the 28th of June 1936, arranged by the Society for British 
Entomology during their Congress at Cambridge, I obtained a number 
of Coleoptera. Few of these turned out to be of any interest, but three 
species, marked * below, are not recorded in the Wicken List (Omer- 
Jjooper and Tottenham, Natural History of Wicken Fen, 6, 1932, 521- 
537). Cryptocephalus bilineatus, L., was abundant together with ab. 
armeniacus, Fald., on a small patch of (?) Galiwm in Harrison’s Drove. 
This species is once recorded in the above list. Of *C. pusillus, F., 1 


70 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 


took a single example by general sweeping. Similarly Anthicus 
antherinus, L., *Laria loti, Pk., and *Baris lepidit, Germ., were taken 
singly by sweeping mixed herbage probably near Sedge Fen Drove.— 
W. D. Hinoxs, 46 Gipton Wood Avenue, Leeds, 8. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


Rep Locust ContrRoL OrGganisaTion.—The Colonial Office announces 
that Mr A. P. G. Michelmore has been appointed to the new pest of 
Locust Officer in Northern Rhodesia and that he will shortly be proceed- 
ing to Abercorn in that territory to take up his duties, which are con- 
cerned with the carrying out of a scheme for the control of the Red 
Locust. Mr Michelmore, who has been serving with the Forces, has 
already devoted some years to the study of the Red Locust and in view 
of the importance of locust control, the military authorities have re- 
leased him for this work. The desirability of establishing Contro] Organ- 
isations in breeding areas of certain species of locusts was considered 
by the Fifth International Locust Conference, which was held in Brus- 
sels in 1938, and subsequently proposals for establishing these Control 
Organisations were put forward. It became evident that in present 
circumstances the Red Lecust, the known breeding areas of which were 
in Northern Rhodesia and Southern Tanganyika, was the only species 
for which it was practicable to establish a control scheme and that the 
original international scope of the scheme must for the present be dis- 
regarded. Hence it has been decided to proceed on the hnes which were 
laid down by the Economic Advisory Council and to establish a Control 
Organisation on the lines agreed by the Belgian and United Kingdom 
Delegations at the International Conference, slightly modified in view 
of present circumstances... . —CoOLONIAL OFFICE. 


An Error.—Owing to postal delay in not receiving corrected proof 
returned from Dublin, an unfortunate error of identification crept into 
the very fine record of Lepidoptera recorded by our correspondent, Dr 
Bryan P. Beirne, on page 48 as occurring at light. ‘‘ Plusia m’’ would 
have been either queried, or deleted editorially, had not the following 
record been consulted in Lt.-Col. C. Donovan’s recent Catalogue of the 
Macrolepidoptera of Ireland, where it is stated that :—- 

‘* Eleven specimens taken by Miss B. Donovan, at Ummera, Co. Cork, 
at flowers of Silene inflata and Centranthus ruber. Four worn indi- 
viduals in June and seven perfect in September 1931. The earlier lot 
undoubtedly immigrants, the latter assumed to be local bred. The 
identity of the species was verified by Mr Hamm, of the Hope Depart- 
ment, Oxford.”’ 

The present record should be Plusia iota. 


Norrt.—Will all those contributors who have proofs kindly send them 
as near ‘‘return’’ as possible, otherwise delay in issue is caused or 
some annoying error creeps in uncorrected. The post takes nearly 48 
hours to reach the publishers and may be longer. Normally one likes to 
pass for ‘‘ press ’’? nearly a week before issue on the 15th of the month. 


The week-end often takes its toll of time. 


REVIEWS. vial 


Tue South London Entomological and N.H. Society had a very good 
meeting on May 8th in the Chapter House, Southwark. Some thirty 
members were present and a paper was read on ‘‘ Hibernation.’’ The 
ensuing discussion was very informative. The Bright bequest of 
Polyommatus coridon has been added to by the purchase of the second 
cabinet containmg the remainder of the collection; thus it now com- 
prises nearly a hundred drawers Both cabinets are safely housed in 
the Hope Museum at Oxford for the duration, and can be seen by ap- 
plication to the Museum custodians. On 11th May the first Field Meet- 
ing of the year took place at Slough in Berkshire. These meetings have 
heen much curtailed this year. 


REVIEWS. 


We have just received Vol. v of the Amateur Entomologist, the Jour- 
nal of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society. The enthusiastic Secretary, 
Mr B. A. Cooper, 1s largely responsible for a fine atten:pt to hold his 
scattered flock together. A small volume; but 64 pages with 4 plates (56 
figures) and about 90 text figures with appropriate text have resulted 
in a very useful volume, which all, Lepidopterists at least, should possess 
for reference; Coleopterists, too, are not forgotten; useful matter for 
them is included. 

The two main articles deal with what has elsewhere been termed 
‘twin’? or ‘‘ multiple ’’ species, that is species of such extreme simi- 
larity of facies that it is practically impossible to separate without a 
more detailed and anatomical investigation. 

Recognizing that many collectors are without the facilities for mak- 
ing preparations such as those of Mr F. N. Pierce, Mr W. H. T. Tams 
has shown how, by a simple method of brushing the scales frem the ex- 
tremity of the abdomens and then making comparisons of structure, 
in many cases a satisfactory differentiation can be obtained. There are 
nearly 70 figures of such comparisons with reference to species of a 
dozen genera, e.g., LD. testacea and L. nickerlu, the Procus group 
strigilis, ete., the Hydraecia group nictitans (oculea), the Heliothis 
group dipsacea, etc., the Thera group variata, etc., and so on. 

Dr E. A. Cockayne, in the ‘‘ Habits of some British Moths,’ gives 
life-history details of practically the same species with that of some 
species recently worked out like Oria musculosa, Parascotia fuliginaria, 
Aegeria flaviventris, the Dysstroma truncata, D. citrata, ete., group. 
The four plates relate to the species in this paper and 48 of the 56 
figures are of imagines. Mr A. F. O’Farrell gives a page of 8 diagrams 
and text explaining the various technical terms used in the study of the 
genitalic structures of the Lepidoptera, with text describing the ‘‘ Func- 
tions of the Organs,’’ and the methods of mounting and examining them. 
This forms a very usetul article which has long been wanted by the 
student. Unfortunately the figures are much too crowded to consult 
easily. The Secretary fills more than 8 pp. in his description of and 
suggestions on the setting of Lepidoptera, and includes useful dia- 
grams. Mr W. J. Finnigan, so well known locally for his photography 
of natural history objects, gives a series of notes on ‘‘ The Photography 


72 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V1/1941 


of Insects,’’?’ and Mr G. B. Walsh in two short articles treats of the 
Collecting of the Coleoptera, and the killing, setting and dissection of 
them. A summary of the so-called ‘‘ Migration ’’ of Insects in the past 
year is contributed by Mr B. A. Cooper. Mr H. M. Edelsten has com- 
piled an account of the ‘‘ Large Copper ’’ in Britain, and *‘‘ Suggestions 
to the Lepidopterist for his garden in Wartime ’”’ are by Mr R. C. 
Dyson; both articles are quite interesting. Short Notes on various 
subjects are for the most part practical and useful. With such applica- 
tion to our study of Kntcmology, we older followers of the net and pin 
need have no fear of the future for our Science, Societies, and Museums 
and the furtherance of the economic side, which last will become a neces- 
sity more and more as time goes on.—Hy. J. T. | 


‘“ SAWFLIES OF THE BERKHAMSTED DistRict, with a List of the Saw- 
flies of Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire and a Survey of the British 
Species (Hymenoptera Symphyta).” Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc. and 
Fld. Club, 21, 177-231 (1940). By Robert B. Benson, M.A., F.R.E.S. 

This is a very useful paper and deals with a very large local fauna. 
Mr Benson has done for the Sawflies of the Berkhamsted district what 
we have done for the Beetles of the Windsor Forest area. Of the 456 
British sawflies he enumerates no less than 313 from his area, which is 
equal to 72% of the whole list. The food-plants of all the larvae are 
given, and some five pages are devoted to the Ecological aspects of the 
subject. The earlier lsts and records of British sawflies are referred 
to. Furthermore, a survey of all the known British species is given, 
which should prove to be of great use to the student of the fauna of our 
country. 

Two pages ot references are appended. This publication is essential 
not only to the student of British sawflies, but to anyone interested in 
our Hymenoptera in general. It can be obtained from Miss Gibbs, 
Houndspath, St Albans, for the moderate sum of 5/-. 

Just to mention one or two species :— 

Neurotoma mandibularis, Zadd., is only known from two specimens 
captured in the New Forest. Jt was first recorded as British on the 
specimen we took in the New Forest on 28th May 1910 (not 1916 as stated 
by Benson). 

Periclista pubescens, Zadd., is recorded from Bricket Wood, and is 
said to be only known now from two other counties elsewhere, i.e., Devon 
and Surrey. The first British specimen was taken by us at Porlock, 
Somersetshire, on 28th April 1911. 

Gilpinia polytoma, Htg. Only one specimen is known from Benson’s 
district, which he bred from a larva taken in Whippendell Wood, Herts., 
in June 1940, 

We beat the third British specimen off spruce in Windsor Forest 
on 6th May 1934. Fortunately, no further specimens have been found, 
for it might easily become a serious pest. In Canada, where it has been 
introduced from Kurope, immense damage has been caused to the spruce 
forests. [Hnt. Record, 4€, 94 (1934); Windsor List, p. 8 (1989)]. 

It is almost a pity that the Sawflies of Berkshire are not also in- 
cluded in Benson’s publication, for then the numerous species from 
Windsor Forest would be incorporated.—Horacr DonistHoRPE, Ento- 
mological Department, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 4.v.41. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (273) 


P. (253) Add to the List of Forms of C. haworthit, Curtis, ssp. sachalin- 

ensts, Mats., after line 15 from the bottom. 

P. (254) Add the Deserip. of this form after hne 16 from the top. 
ssp. sachalinensis, Mats., Jr. Coll. Agri., XV, 140 (1925). 
Descrie.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., IlI, 160 (1934)—‘‘ Much larger 

reniform stigma, which is extended along veins 3 and 4 in long denta- 

tions, a wide oblique black-brown spot is situated outwardly thereof. 

Between veins 3 and 5 are two black-brown spots on margin. Marginal 

band is wide and blackish. The yellowish fringes have a dark dividing 


line.” S. ee Ke segs iy 
Re > Wadaads head Aes Ce ote 


\ “ip tay, 24 
P. (261) Add to the List of Forms of M. sordida, Bork>-f segethartii, 
Duurloo. 

P. (263) Add the Orig. Descrip. of this form after line 14 from the top. 

f. engelhartu, Duurloo. (Warnecke, Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIII, 370 
(1933)). 

Fieg.—l.c., plt., fig. 8. 

Oric. Descrip.—A ‘‘ pale yellow-grey ’’ sandhill form is figured on 
the plate; from the West-Coast of Jutland. 


P. (276) Add to the List of Forms of C. exulis, ab. obscura, Wehrli. 
P. (280) Add the Descrip. of the above form after line 16 from the top. 
ab. obscura, Wehrh, Mitt. Ent. Ver. Basel, XI, 2 (1919). 
Descrip.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 161 (1934)—“ are completely 
grey-black specimens without any brownish hue, and scarcely visible 
paler transverse lines.’’ 


P. (282) Add to the List of Forms of P. leucophaea, View., ssp. 
melanophaea, Zerny. 

P. (284) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form after line 14 from 
the bottom. 

ssp. melanophaea, Zerny, Zeits. Oester. Ent. Ver., XIX, 45 (1934). 

Fic.—l.c., plt. V, 9, 10. 

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ Noted by its striking size [forewing length, ¢ to 
22, @ to 24 mm.: expanse, ¢ to 48, 2 to 51 mm. (only one © is con- 
spicuously small, expanse 33 mm.)], dark grey-brown ground colour and 
the conspicuous size of the stigmata, of which the reniform is deep 
white. The transverse lines remain distinct, and the arrow spots are 
developed before the subterminal line. On the underside of the hind- 
wing the costai portion remains strongly dark suffused and the discal 
spot is very large and round (in the typical race mostly Iunular).”’ 
Morocco, Tachdirt. 


P. (290) Add to the List of Forms of N. popwlaris, Fab., ab. pallida, 
Cockayne. 


(274) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/V1/1941 


P. (292) Add the Orig. Descrip. of ab. pallida, after line 12 from the 
top. 

ab. pallida, Cockayne, Ent., LXX, 193 (1937). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. IV, f. 3-4. 

Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ Forewings very light brown, almost concolorous 
with the nervures. Anti- and post-median lines dark brown; 3 stigmata 
outlined with brown; the row of wedge-shaped marks parallel with the 
termen dark brown, but lighter than in normal specimens and showing 
very clearly in the pale submarginal band; marginal band light brown; 
fringes like ground colour but with slightly darker edge. Hindwings 
greyish-white with a faint grey submarginal band and a line of the 
same colour internal to it.’? Lizard, Cornwall. 


P. (298) Add to the List of Forms of C. graminis, J.., ab. friesica, 
Bryk., and ab. radiata, Bryk. 

P. (300) Add the Orig. Descrip. of these two forms after line 16 from 
the bottom. 

ab. radiata, Bryk., Ent. Rund., LUI, 160 (1936). 

Fig.—l.c., fig. 4, good. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ which is an extreme form of ab. ulbineura, Bdv. 
The markings of the forewings are quite re-arranged. The central and 
terminal cell-spot have disappeared and together with the extended 
outer portion of the discal area form a large and long ray of light 
coloration.’’ Berlin Museum. 

ssp. friesica, Bryk., Ent. Rund., LIII, 159, fig. 1-2 (1936). 

l.c., 188. Dr Heydemann discussed this form and showed that to 
name it is an error, and, at considerable length, that the forms 
named by Bryk. were already included in other named forms although 
they were perhaps extreme forms. He based his remarks upon a very 
large series of Northern forms from Sweden, Lapland, Iceland, Schleswig- 
Holstein, and those from all parts of Germany, in addition to the very 
numerous examples from the North Friesian Islands. Thus both the 
above names fall. 

Drdt. in Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 255 (1937), says this name is 
a synonym to the type name. 


P. (311) Add to the List of Forms of LD. cespitis, Schiff., r. carboniosa, 
Trti. 

P. (312) Add the Descrip. of the above form after line 24 from the top. 
r. carboniosa, Trti., Nat. Sic., XXIII (1919), Sep., p. 102. 
Fig.—l.c., plt. TV, 22, b. and w. excellent. 

Drscrip.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III (1934), 109—‘‘is a deeply 
black-brown race, the velvety black transverse lines stand out from the 
dusky ground colour of forewings and only the subterminal fine and 
surrounds to the stigmata are finely yellowish white.’’ Monte Rosa 
area, Macugnaga. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (275) 


(313) Add to the Comments on Authors, a note on figures in C. G. 
Barrett’s Lep. 

Barrett, l.c., plt. 173, gives eleven figures, three of which are labelled 
gueneei, but which do not represent the delicate colour ot that species, 
and were probably only the lighter forms of true testacea, as all but 
one (1g) of the other forms depicted are more or less dark, including 
two very dark examples from Ireland, West Coast and Dublin Coast. 


P. (320) Add to the List of Forms of G. trigrammica, Hufn., ab. 
nigropunctata, Krom. 
P. (322) Add the Orig. Descrip. of this form at the bottcm of He page. 
ab. nigropunctata, Krom., Int. Ent. Zt., XIII, 180 (1920). 
Ortc. Descrre.—‘‘ Reniform and oapienllan Peon a black spot.’’ 


P. (28) To the List of Forms of A. diluta add ab. asemata, Duhl. 
P. (29) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the form, 11 lines from the bottom. 
ab. asemata, Dnhl., Ent. Zeits., XXXIX, 12 (1925). 
Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Dark grey specimens without markings. Rare 
among other forms.’’ 


P. (44) To the List of Forms of D. caeruleocephala add ab. infumata, 
Schwing. 
P. (850) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form, line 18 from the top. 

ab. infumata, Schwing., Verh. z.-b. Wien, LXVIIT (150), 1918. 

Orc. Descrrp.—‘‘ A 2 of D. caeruleocephala was taken by me in 
Wien-Gersthof with the fore and hindwings, thorax and abdomen 
darkened black-brown, and the usual grey-white spots on the forewings 
yellow.’’ 


P. (69) Add to the List of Forms of A. strigosa, ab. destrigata, Latt. 
P. (61) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form after line 20 from 
the top. 

£. destrigata, Latt., Zeits. Wien Ent. Ver. (Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver.), 
XXV, 17 (1940). 

Oris. Descrip.—‘‘ This form differs from the typical forms in 
the first place by the complete absence of the black longitudinal streak 
over the inner margin of the discal area. Moreover the space over the 
arrow streak is much extended.’’ 2 Regensburg. 


P. (69) Add to the List of Forms of A. menyanthidis, ssp. fennica, 
Latt. 

P. (70) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form, line 14 from the 
bottom. 


(276) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1I/1941 


ssp. fennica, Latt., Zts. Wn. Ent. Ver. (Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver.), XXV, 
17 (1940). 

Ortc. Derscrip.—‘‘ A short series from Finland, ottained from 
Staudinger, shows a constant difference from the mid-Kuropean speci- 
mens. It is characterized by the dark bluish-ashy-grey ground tone of 
the forewings and the similarly strong black-grey much darkened ground 
colour of the hindwings. All forewing markings are clear and the white 
covered distal transverse line contrasts strongly with the darkened 
ground; the stigmata are distinctly marked out in black. The underside 
is strongly blackish-suffused especially in the costal half of the wing. 
Forewing fringes chequered, even those of the apical third of the hind- 
wing, were distinctly obvious on the underside. Head and thorax cf 
the same colour as the forewings.’’ Seinupoki, Finland. 


P. (75) Add to the List of Forms of A. rumicis, ab. nigerrima, Latt. 
P. (853) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form, 4 lines from the 
bottom, p. (87). 

f. nigerrima, Latt., Zts. Wien Hnt. Ver. (Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver.), 
XXV, 17 (1940). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ A true melanic form comparable with the blackish 
form of salicis, Curt., in which the light white end of the inner 
marginal spot of the whole forewing has become entirely black; all 
marking are absorbed. On the hindwings the dark marginal band is 
somewhat widened.’?’ © Machnow, near Berlin. 


‘All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
ped it ay? J. TURNER, “ Latemar, @: & West Drive, Cheam. 


_ ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. 


‘articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the 
AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations, 


fem t3 


70 OUR READERS.—Short Collecting Notes and Current i Notes: Please, 
Batly EDP. 


will any subscribers who have changed their addresses recently and not notified 
the Hon. Treasurer please do so. Several subscriptions have been received . 
this year from addresses other than those in his books, causing delay in 
receipt of their copies of the magazine, which have been sent to the old 
addresses. 


EXCHANGES. 


sia Site Rc aaa Hee SS tie aa ar a 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. 
They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘* Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam, 


$ Destderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens 
and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British £. l-album, 
exigua, cribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, 
Cranleigh, Surrey. 


- Desiderata—Trypetidae (Diptera) from Scotch, Welsh, and Irish localities. H. W. 
Andrews, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. 


Wanted—American Hesperiidas, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the 
Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. 
Write K. J. Hayward, Estacitén Experimental, Casilla Correo 74, Tucuman, 
Republica Argentina. 


ee 

ee 

fe 
a 

ie 58 
by 

Pe 

’ | 
ey 


_ Duplicates.—Several thousand British Macro-Lepidoptera jn perfect condition; 


full data. Desiderata.—British Micro-Lepidoptera in similar condition.— 
S.C. S. Brown, Kingsholme, 454 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth, 


IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL. 


A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY 
Published Quarterly. 


Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, “M.LR.LA., M.B.0.U., 
Assisted by Sectional Editors. 


Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts, 1/8. 


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-WAR-TIME ARRANGEMENTS. 


THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON : 41 Queer 
(Nearest stations: S. Kensington and Gloucester Road.) - Genera 
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Hon. Sec., F. stantey-Smith, PRE S3°" Haten House,” ule 
wood, Essex. : 
‘THE LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 


Indoor Meet 


Green, H. Donisthorpe, Rev. G. Wheeler, H. W. Andrews, Ss. G. ste 
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BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record and 
Journal of Variation — 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


CONTENTS OF VOL. I. (Most important only joa x 
GENUS Shisle cet and its allies—Variation of Smerinihus | tilt 


etc., etc., 360 Dp. 
CONTENTS OF VOL. i. 


Differentiation. of Dianthoecias—Disuse of. situs Facen of: Dulwich e 
S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronycttdae—A fortnig 
noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena. (Anthr 
—Hymenoptera—Life-history of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 


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to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made pay eer 


Printed by oT. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Arbroath, : 


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JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


hs _EDITED with Ne assistance of 3 ny 
‘MALcoum BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E,S. T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS., 
‘A. COCKAYNE, A\M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.ZS., F.R.ES, 
 B.R.C.P. hi H.. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. 
, B, COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. . ALFRED SICH, F.R.E,S. . 
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By HENRY J; TURNER, F.R.E.S F.R.HS., Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. : 


BECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN BRITISH MOTHS, Desmond Murray. 73 
THE GENETICS OF RHYACIA RUBI, VIEW., AB. OCHRACEA, WALKER, 
AND AB. FLAVA, WALKER, E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. 15 


- 


‘ORE NOTES ON ERIOGASTER PHILIPPSI, BART., Abdul Mon’im S. 
: Talthouk Pe DOM UC he MAI HE Saad tla aah ae ORG REH cena rd Nyhuas ashok sc ph ac aedaies we nk 76 
UXANIIDAEK = SAPROMYZIDAE [DIPT.] TAKEN IN SURREY, JL. . Par- 
MONET, BARBS. terres eer ers bistedeeceneneeegetteers cg esusesseectens ec anenaseneeenesetagaeerses 77 
COLLECTING NOTES : Notes on British Lepidoptera (Gaonmeneinkey: E. 
f Ernest Green, F.R.E.S\; Plusia moneta, F., in Perthshire, E. 4. Cockayne; 
Dates cf Appearance at Eastbourne, G. T. B.-B.; Monima (Taeniocampa) 
 opima, Hb., in. Wiltshire, Rev. Walter L. Freer: Captures of Insects in 
. Treland, Bryan Be BRAT TAG ake oj vige oe dake Wonka ccueda eVhaesaee Sage sundae sn tneyenargyeategshas'oguans 79 


Ursa oven aca a i, BAAR a Bip LL AL TN SECU AME otleaisale's baloaldgawiat pete Wiha desu tacdass 81 
ENA vin eee Be SOCEM gece wee UL wae LURE SCR AL ALR AS eas Slew Wah poe hae. oe dante van waadthe « 83 

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Butterfiles of the Upper Rhone Valley. By Roger Verity, F.R. E. s. ae Be eb 
FOODPLANTS OF ee LARVAE OF BRITISH TRYPETIDAE (rrTERW), 


PLATE II. 


VOLE. Lanide 


SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN BRITISH MOTHS. 73 


SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN BRITISH MOTHS. 


LO tht LEP ps 
By Dresmonp Murray. LF" Zoote oA 
teed. Plate II. | AUG 7 i94f 
: ; raRaRt— 
That many moths as well as butterflies possess special organs for the” — 


diffusion of scent, specialised scales, hair-brushes, plumes on the wings 
and in some cases on the legs or other parts of the body, has been known 
for a number of years. As far back as the year 1876, Fritz Miiller made 
some valuable observations with tropical species. 

His papers, translated into English, are given as an appendix (with 
some fine plates) by Longstaffe in Butterfly Hunting in Many Lands, 
1912. 

Though, no doubt, there have been other contributions to this in- 
teresting. subject, these are scattered in various journals and are not 
easy to find. Two small books by Eltringham, Butterfly Lore and The 
Senses of Insects, are a good introduction to the subject. Tutt gave us 
a paper on the subject in 1892, which helps us further. 

It is true to say, however, that the subject has not received the close 
attention it deserves. With our own native species, very few observa- 
tions have been made, as far as one can ascertain. 

The Notodonts have many peculiar features not found in other 
groups. With most of them the hind claspers of the larva are wanting, 
the body being held up in a peculiar fashion. Sometimes the end of 
the body is edorned with long whip-like processes, as in vinula, furcula 
and bifida. In others the larva takes on a most extraordinary form, as 
in fagt. There ig a species in S. Africa, Rigema ornata, Wlkr., in 
which the larva is covered with clubbed spines down each side of the 
body. If you had seen it trying to change its skin, a seemingly impos- 
sible task, you would say it was well worthy of a cinema picture. The 
amazing contortions which it is obliged to go through to accomplish its 
object are truly extraordinary. 

In the larval state some are also found to have an organ between the 
prolegs, which ejects a lquid—‘‘ formic acid ’’—as a deterrant to 
enemies. This organ has been noticed in the case of vinula, plumigera, 
nubeculosa and crenata (vide Buckler’s Larvae, Vol. ii, p. 156). 

Kven in the pupa state this group is peculiar, though this particular 
habit is not confined to them. The empty cocoons of bifida and allied 
species may.sometimes (perhaps) be found, as they can be seen more 
easily by their lhghter colour, the change being caused by some form 
of caustic potash, ejected to soften the hard cocoon, before the moth 
emerges. 

In all its early stages therefore, this family appears singular. In 
the perfect state the peculiar shape of the forewing is found to be, on 
closer examination, not just a curve in the wing, but some form of sense- 
organ, either for the diffusion or for the reception of scent. 

This organ is noticeably present in palpina, trepida and drome- 
darius, and of the same formation in camelina and ziczac. In cuculla, 
carmelita and bicoloria it is present, but smaller. Even in plumigera, 
the organ of specialised scales is present, though the male insect is 
adorned with such wonderfully plumed antennae. 

When the patch on the forewing, is magnified, it is seen to consist 
of a mass of clubbed setae, which stand up prominently when the wings 


© 


74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII/1941 


are closed over the body. The name ‘‘ Prominent ”’ was no doubt given 
on account of the humps possessed by many of the larvae, but it is 
equally appropriate with regard to the perfect insect. 

What function then does this organ fulfil? It has yet to be realised 
how perfectly adapted and how well equipped many of these tiny in- 
sects are in the various stages of their peculiar economy and how very 
little we know about them. 

The organ is either for the diffusion of scent to attract the partner 
or it is a receptive organ of scent, which helps in finding the where- 
abouts of the other sex. 

In many instances, notably in certain tropical butterflies, a similar 
organ is found on the wing of the male insect. In most of the species 
mentioned in the present instance the female also seems to possess the 
organ, though it is less prominent and generally smaller. If the scales 
give forth a scent in both sexes this mutual] inter-communication would 
most probably be received by the antennae. 

If, on the other hand, it be a receptive organ it could function for 
the same purpose, 1.¢., as a means of communication, When the wings 
are closed, the specialised scales stand up straight over the body, like 
a cluster of so many tiny pylons, to give forth or to receive the waves 
of scent through the ether. The organ is directly connected with the 
nervures of the wing and therefore with the thorax and the antennae, 
so that stimulus and direction would thus be given. 

Certainly the organ must have some such function, acting as a secon- 
dary sexual character. 

Many butterflies are furnished with scent-brushes, of which Muller 
says: —‘‘ These are usually sheltered from exposure to the air, enclosed 
between the fore and hindwings or in some other manner, or at least 
while at rest enclosed between the closed upright wings. The scent is 
not diffused at the wrong time and so wasted but collects between the 
densely packed scales among the hairs, brushes and manes. One could 
hardly find a more effective method of employing any oderiferous sub- 
stance than that of saturating with it the hairs of a brush and then 
suddenly opening them out, in all directions, so as to provide an enor- 
mous surface for evaporation.”’ 

This is not exactly the same case with these moths, as the organ on 
account of its position is always exposed to the air, but the function 
must in some way be similar. 

A problem that also arises, even though we know the real function 
of these sense-organs, 1s why some species possess them, in one form or 
another, and yet they are entirely absent in other species. Why should 
some need them and not others? One cannot venture to answer the 
question, but it is a subject that would repay closer attention and in- 
vestigation. 

Other genera of moths have scent-bags on the hindwings or plume- 
brushes on the legs of the male; in some cases the tibiae have been found 
to emit a peculiar perfume. 

‘¢ These hairs (on the legs) are capable of being erected, forming a 
kind of very dense brush, and it is in the state of erection that their 
scent can be perceived ”’ (Miller). 

This points to the same need being fulfilled in another way. Look, 
for instance, at the male derasa, the ‘‘ Buff Arches,’’ and you will be 


THE GENETICS OF RHYACIA RUBI, VIEW. 75 


surprised that the wonderful plume-brush on the second or middle pair 
of legs does not seem to have been noticed before. It is not only a fine 
plume of fawn-coloured hairs but it has a silk-like case or purse at- 
tached to the tibia, into which it can be neatly packed away. For this 
reason perhaps it has escaped notice, and it is also hidden away under 
the forewing close to the body. The male of Leucania ltoralis has a 
similar scent-brush on the under hind-part of the body. Other com- 
mon native species as P. gamma and P. meticulosa have prominent 
hair-tufts, either on the body or on the thorax. 

Amongst the Geometrae the male of the two small moths, Lobophora 
seralata and L. halterata (the Seraphim), have a large, oblong, fringed, 
snowy-white lobe or pocket at the base of the hindwing (covered in re- 
pose), giving the appearance of an extra wing. 

Scotosia vetulata and S. rhamnata (Brown Scaliop and Dark Umber) 
have an extraordinary large trifid tuft, terminating the body of the 
male, to which Haworth drew special attention. The two species of the 
Hepialidae, humuli and hectus have the hind leg of the male aborted, 
forming a scent gland. In some of these cases we do not know the 
function of these special organs and when they are for the diffusion of 
scent why are they present in these particular cases? 

When closely allied species from abroad are examined it is found 
that similar yet more elaborate organs are present. 

There is then a wide field here for investigation. ‘‘ As yet an un- 
explored and promising harvest of new and interesting facts,’’ Miiller 
said over sixty years ago. 


EXPLANATION OF FIGURES ON PLATE. 
1. Wine of Pterostoma palpina showing sense-organ and section en- 
larged. 
2. Lophopteryx camelina at rest, showing position of sense-organ, 
natural size. 
3. Middle leg of male Habrosyne derasa with scent brush and silk-like 
container x 5, back and front. 


THE GENETICS OF RHYACIA RUBI, VIEW., AB, OCHRACEA, 
WALKER, AND AB. FLAVA, WALKER. 


By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. 


Walker’s notes on the breeding of these rare forms published in the 
Entomologist’s Record, 1902, 14, 171, and 1903, 15, 55, are scanty, but 
sufficient to make it almost certain that the yellow forms are recessive 
to the red. The results may be condensed as follows :— 


(1) Unknown male (? DR) x ochracea female (RR)—Progeny ochracea 
25 per cent., fava 14 per cent. Al) yellow forms 39 per cent. Red 
forms, quadratum, Hb. and typical, in approximately equal num- 
bers, 61 per cent. 

(2) From this brood a male fava x a female ochracea gave 9 yellow 
offspring in the same year, 3 flava and 6 ochracea. The rest of the 
brood, which passed the winter as larvae, produced yellow forms 


76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII/1941 


only, but neither the numbers nor the proportion of flava to 
ochracea are given. 

(3) Unknown male (? DD) x yellow female—Progeny all red forms. 
Numbers not given. 


The results are best explained by assuming that red forms are 
dominant to vellow, the former being DD, homozygous red, and DR, 
heterozygous red, and the iatter RR, homozygous yellow forms. If so, 
the three most important pairings were obtained, that between two 
heterozygotes being the only one lacking. 

(1) DR x RR. This should give equal numbers of red and yellow 
forms. Unless 14 is a misprint for 24 per cent., there is an excess of 
red forms and a deficiency of yellow ones, the deficiency being in ab. 
flava. Unfortunately the numbers are not given. 

If my supposition is correct and the unknown male was heterozygous 
for yellow, it was extremely fortunate that it paired with the yellow 
female which Mr Walker captured and bred from. 

(2) RR x RR. The expectation is that all the offspring will be 
yellow, and agrees with the actual result. 

(3) DD x RR. The offspring will be all DR, apparently normal 
red forms, and this result was obtained. 

Walker claims that there are two distinct yellow forma, flava and 
ochracea, but it is probable that the yellow coloration is determined by 
a single gene and that flava and ochracea differ because of the action 
of one or more independent genes. Possibly flava is the yellow form 
of ab. quadratum, Hb. and ochracea of the typical red form. That 
equal numbers of quadratum and typical red specimens occurred in brood 
(1) is in favour of this explanation. 

Noctua (Rhyacia) castanea, Esp., ab. xanthe, Woodforde, appears to 
be a parallel aberration. Like the yellow forms of R. rubi, which have 
only been recorded from Askham Bog near York, it is very local and, ac- 
cording to Barrett, is only known from the neighbourhood of Market 
Drayton. Although it is dangerous to assume that its relationship to 
the typical form is similar to that of the yellow forms of R. rubi, this 
is probably the case. 


MORE NOTES* ON ERIOGASTER PHILIPPSI, BART. 
By Asput Mon’ S. TALHoUK 


(Assistant, Plant Protection Service, Government of Lebanon). 
Plate ITT. 


PART I. ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.. 


THe Eac.—The eggs are not necessarily deposited in a ring, and 
extended observations may eventually prove that the ring of ova be- 
longs to some moth other than EF. philippst. 

THe Larva.—The larvae of this moth bear on their bodies hairs 
capable of causing irritation upon contact with the skin. And even 
the manipulation of the cast skins and the dry powdered excreta in the 


*Previous notes on this insect appeared in Ent, Rec., Vol, lii, June-July 1940, 


Ol & Cc) 


VOL. 


Lill. 


philippsi, 
philippsi, 
philippsi, 
philippsi, 
philippsi, 


Bart., 


Bart. 
Bart. 
Bart. 
Bart. 


’ 


> 


2 


’ 


larva. 


Q cocoon. 
ref cocoon. 


o 2 


E. philippsi, Bart., ova. 
Ophion luteus, L. 
Sturmia inconspicua, Me. 


PLATE III. 


Metopius fulvicornis, Hoes. 


LAUXANIIDAE = SAPROMYZIDAE [DIPT.| TAKEN IN SURREY. Ci 


‘ tents,’’ causes a more or less severe itching, especially in the inter- 


digital area, of the hand. 


PART II. HABITS. 


I think that Mr Wiltshire is quite correct in suggesting that this 
moth may prove to be much scarcer (see previous notes) in years to 
come. Two factors at least are responsible : 

1. Normally, E. philippsi moths emerge six months after pupation. 
But a number of their cocoons remain for years; producing moths ‘‘ in 
échelon ’’ over a long period of time, thereby making the ‘‘ tents ”’ that 
appear every year in April contain, each, larvae of different ages: great 
grand uncles and aunts, nephews, cousins, etc., feeding together at the 
same time and on the same tree. 

Possibly, biological and other ecological factors aficat this insect and 
others having this same habit of extended torpidity (either here or in 
the original habitat of their ancestors) in a peculiar manner so as to 
adversely influence the number or even endanger the existence of the 
whole species. Therefore, as a counter measure, Nature, by inducing 
the insect to pupate in this manner, provides for the continuation of 
the race, by accumulating a store of cocoons, thus causing an irregular 
profusion, in certain years, in the number of moths. 

2. Even where Oak trees are comparatively scarce, the distribution 
of ‘‘tents’’ is obviously uneven. In one instance, a comparatively 
small Oak tree (secluded) was infested, in the Spring of 1940, with 37 
‘‘ tents,’’ while only 50 yards away some 100 large and medium-sized 
Oaks of the same species contained only from 3 to 7 ‘‘ tents ’’ per tree. 

I think in this case that the only cause for this uneven distribution 
is the slight mobility of the turgid female. 


LAUXANIIDAE = SAPROMYZIDAE [DIPT.] TAKEN IN SURREY. 
By L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S. 


These flies, which are mostly pale yellow in colour, though Minettia 
are grey and Halidayella and Lauxania are black, seem to require shade 
conditions, They are said to breed in dead and living vegetable matter. 
In the county they occur from May to October. The following is a list 
of specimens which I have taken during the past few years together with 
details of specimens in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) [marked t] and 
those listed by E. E. Austen in the Victoria County History of Surrey, 
vol. 1, 1902 [marked *]. It will be seen that whereas in 1902, 7 species 
were listed, no fewer than 23 are now known in the county, I have 
paid no special attention to the family when collecting, so that further 
hunting, especially over the more wooded areas away from London, 
should increase the list. Furthermore, more attention given to the 
noting of habitats when collecting might show whether species are con- 
servative in their requirements or not. 

In the absence of an up-to-date British List of Diptera I have fol- 
lowed Czerny in Lindner Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region: 
Lauxaniidae, giving synonyms where specific names might be unusual 
to British collectors, 


78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VIT/1941 


Homonewra tesquae, Beck. Denmark. Hill,. 1.vin 18679 (Gaee 
Verrall as 8S. biumbrata, Lw.). See Collin, H.M.M., 1910, p. 170. 

H. interstincta, Fin. Limpsfield Common, on leaves of beech, 
12.vi.1938 (det. by and in Coll. J, E. Collin). 

H. notata, Fln. Weybridge, 24.v1i1.1907 (A. Beaumontt). 

Minettia fasciata, Fin. Bookham Common, 1.1x.35, 11.vi.39; Byfleet, 
by canal-side, 14.vii.35; Horsley, 20.vi1i.39; Limpsfield Common, 
25.v11.387, on grass 4.v11.37, on bracken 3.v11.38, 30.v11.39; Little Book- 
ham, 23.vi.35; Mitcham Common, 21.vii.40; Staffhurst Wood, near 
Limpsfield, 16.vi1.89; Thornton Heath, in my garden, 17.vii.36. 

M. longipennis, F. Bookham Common, 1.1x.35; Limpsfield Common, 
con bramble leaves 13.vi.38, 4.vi.39, on nettles 20.v.39, on rowan leaves 
13.vi.38. 

M. lupulina, F. Denmark Hill, 15.viii.67 (G.H.V.+); Bookham Com- 
mon, 1.1x.35; Byfleet, by canal-side, 14.vii.35; Limpsfield Common, on 
bracken 25.v11.37, 3.v11.38, 25.v1.39, 30.vii.389, on flowering broom 
6.v1.37, on grass 11.viii.40, 

M. plumicornis, Fin. Chobham, 28.vii.94 (A.B.t*). 

Prorhaphochaeta inusta, Mg. Denmark Hill, —.vii.67 (G.H.V.t); 
Horsley, 20.viii.39; Limpsfield Common, on bracken 4.vii.37, on bramble 
leaves 25.v1i.37, 25.vi.39; Oxshott, 7.vii1.94 (A.B.t*). 

Tricholauxania praeusta, Fin. Beddington sewage farm, on shaded 
Umbellifers, 21.vi.85; Bookham Common, 1.ix.35, 11.vi1.39; Byfleet, 
19.ix.29 “(R. Li. Coet), 22.v.38, 9.vi1.39;" Cheam,” 31 vin.29 (Ree ge 
Clandon, 6.v111.1900 (EK. Sreepee Limpsfield Common, on bracken 
25.vi1.37, 6.1x.37, 13.v1.38, 4.vi.39, 2.vi.40, 7.vii.40, 11.viii.40, on bramble 
leaves 2.vi.40, cn lime ieee 11.viii.40, long grass 20.v.39, 11.vii1.40, 
nettles 3.vil 38; Oxshott, on bracken under pines 11].vii.36, 9.vi.40; hich: 
mond Park, on bracken 25.v.35; West End Common near Esher, 9.v1.40. 

Meiosimyza platycephala, Lw. [= Sapromyza difformis, Lw.] Book- 
ham Common, 11.vi.39; Gomshall, 14.v.39; Horsley, 20.v1ii.39; Limps- 
field Common, 6.vi.37, on beech leaves 20.v.39, on oak leaves 12.vi.38, 
4.vi,39. 

Aulogastromyia anisodactyla, Lw. [= Sapromyza fuscicornis, Macq. ] 
Limpsfield Common, on birch leaves 30.vii.39, on bracken 4.vii.37, on 
oak leaves 12 and 13.v1.38. 

Peplomyza litura, Mg. [=P. wiedemanni, iw.] Clandon, 6.viii.1900 
(E.S.t*); Limpsfield Common, on bracken 25.vi1.387, on grass 6.1x.37, 2 
on mud patch in path through oak wood 8.viii.37 ; Moorhouse Bank near 
Limpsfield, 25.v1.39; Putney, 7.vi.96 (B. G. Ryet*). 

Lycia decempunctata, Fln. Compton, no date (D. Aubertint) ; Limps- 
field Common, 4.vi.39. 

L, illota, uw. Bookham Common, 1.1x.35; Limpsfield Common, 
8.1x.35, 20.v.39, on bracken 4.vii.37; Moorhouse Ranke 25.v1.39; Thorn- 
ton Heath, in my garden, TSE 

L. pallidiventris, Fln. Byfleet, 22.v.88; Chobham, 29.vii.93 (A.B. *); 
Limpsfield Common, on grass 11.viii.40, on oak leno 12 and 17.vi.38; 
Worms Heath, 21.v.39. 

L. rorida, The Ashtead, 1.vi.380 (R.L.C.+); Bookham Common, 
11.vi.39 ; Boswil 2.vi1.83 (G.H.V.t+); Caterham, 6.ix.36; Horsley, 
20.vi11.39; Limpsfield Common, 7.vi.36, 6.vi.37, on bracken 4 and 
25.v11,37, 6.1x.37, 17.vi.88, 4 and 25.v1.39, 11.vi11.40, on bramble leaves 


OCLLECTING NOTES. 79 


4.vii.37, on grass 20.v.39, on hogweed 31.x.37; Selsdon, 24.1x.29 
(1251 Yel Opa a) 

L. sordida, Hal. [= Sapromyza decipiens, Lw.] Beddington sewage 
farm, on shaded Umbellifers 21.vi.35; Limpsfield Common, 8.1x.35, on 
grass and lime leaves 11.viii.40; Thornton Heath, in my garden, 13.vii.35, 
14.v1.39, 23.v11.40. 

Sapromyza hyalinata, Meg. Limpsfield Common, in oakwood, 
/17.v1.38. 

S. obsoleta, Fin. Beddington sewage farm, 19.v.35, 2.vi.35, 22.v.37. 

Halidayella aenea, Flin. Beddington sewage farm, 8 and 27.v1.35; 
Clandon, 6.vi11.1900 (E.S.+*); near’ Leith Hull, 25.vi.68" (G-H.V.t); 
Limpsfield Common, 8.1x.35, on bracken 25.vi1.37; Mitcham Common, 
29.v.387, on sallow leaves 1.v1.40; New Malden, 2.1x.29, 25.vi.31 
(R.L.C.t); Staffhurst Wood, 16.v11.39. 

H, simillima, Collin. Bookham Common, 11.v1.389; Box Hill, 11.1x.34 
(det. J. E. Collin); Limpsfield Common, 6.v1.37, on bracken 25.v11.37, 
13.v1.38, 4.v1.39. 

H. geniculata, F. Woking, no date (G.C.C.T). 

Lauxania cylindricornis, F. Limpsfield Common, on flowering broom, 
6.v1.37. 


94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey, 10.vi.41. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Notes oN British LepmpoPpTERA. (GEOMETRINAE).—Pseudoterpna 
pruinata.—Larvae can be beaten from the common Broom throughout 
May and early June. ‘The moths are abundant in July, when they may 
be disturbed from grassland on the Camberley commons and many other 
parts of the country. They vary in colour from blue-green to grass- 
green, with either one or two dark cross lines. I have occasionally 
taken quite fresh specimens of a buff colour. 

Hipparchus (Geometra) papilionaria.—I have found half to full- 
grown larvae on Birch and Alder from April to June, and have beaten 
young larvae from the same trees in September. Moths have been 
taken in my moth-trap towards the end of June and throughout July. 

Hemistola chrysoprasaria (Geometra vernaria).—Not common in 
Camberley; but I have taken full-fed larvae, in Kent, as late as 11th 
July, and moths (at light) as early as 27th June. 

Comibaena (Euchloris) pustulata.—-Moths have been taken at light 
in June and July. They are also to be beaten out from Oak trees and 
are common in the Camberley district. I have found the larvae in 
September. 

Euchloris smaragdaria.—On a visit to Canvey Island (Essex) larvae 
were taken in September, on Artemisia maritima, and Mr Hugh Main 
has sent me others from the same plant. They were hibernated success- 
fully and moths emerged at the end of July. 
 Chlorissa (Nemoria) viridata.—I have taken the moth, rarely, at 
Shillinglee (Sussex); in the New Forest, and at Bere Regis (Dorset). 

Iodis lactearia.—The moths are observed, commonly in my garden, 


80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIT/1941 


flying at dusk, throughout May and June. A single moth emerged (in 
my cages) on the 3lst of March. 

Hemithea aestivaria (strigata).—I took a larva on hawthorn in May, 
from which a moth emerged on 10th July. Moths have been taken, at 
light, from mid-June to mid-July. 

Sterrha (Hyria) muricata.—I have taken this species, on the wing 
in July, in a bog near Camberley. 

Acidahia seriata (virgularia).—Moths were abundant in my garden, 
fiying at dusk, throughout mid-June to early September. 

Acidalia sylvestraria (straminata).—Not common at Camberley; but 
one moth came to light on 30th June, and another was netted at dusk, 
amongst heather, on 28th July. 

Acidalia fuscovenosa (interjectaria).—Abundant at light and, at dusk 
in my garden, in July. 

Acidalia subsericiata.—I take this species, mostly at light in my 
moth-trap, throughout June and early July. 

Acidalia inornata.—Taken at light, but not commonly. in July and 
early August. 

Acidalia aversatau.—Both greyish, ochreous and banded forms are 
equally abundant at light in July and August. I find the ochreous 
form more commonly in the latter month. 

Ortholitha mucronata (palumbaria).—Taken very commonly on the 
wing amongst heather, at Camberley, from June to July. On one oc- 
casion I caught a moth on 16th August. (Zo be continued).—K. ERNEST 
GREEN, F.R.E.S., Camberley, Surrey. 


Piusia MoONETA, F., In PrerTusHirRE.—On 10th August 1939 I found 
a worn male resting on a wall of the Loch Rannoch Hotel not far from 
the Delphinium in the gard2n. There is a record that several were 
taken at Aviemore, Inverness-shire, in July 1936, by S. C. Scarsdale 
Brown (Journ. Soc. Brit. Ent., 1937, 1 (7), 191), and J. W. Heslop 
Harrison bas recorded it from the Isles of Coll and Rhum in the Inner 
Hebrides (Hnt. Record, 1940, 52, 188.—K. A. Cockaynsr, Tindal House 
Emergency Hospital, Aylesbury. 


Dates oF APPEARANCE AT EKASTBOURNE.—We saw the first Pieris bras- 
sicae on 19th April, and on 13th April we saw well on the Downs a 
Vanessa atalanta sunning itself, but we had previously seen one in the 
garden.—G. T. B.-B. 


Monima (TAENIOCAMPA) OPIMA, HB., IN WILTSHIRE.—In 1939 and 
again this year I have taken it in this district. Although considered a 
northern species it occurs in several Midland and Western Counties and 
commonly in Cheshire. With a more careful search I shall hope to ascer- 
tain whether, as seems quite likely, it is definitely established in this 
locality.—Rev. Watrer L. Freer, Chute, Wilts. 


CaptuRES OF INSECTS IN IRELAND.---With regard to Lieut.-Col. Dono- 
van’s comments in the June Record:—P. ni: This, as corrected in the 
June Record, should have been P. iota; the ‘‘ P. nt” was a lapsus 
calami and I certainly did not mean thig species. This was corrected 
in the proofs but, probably owing to censorship delays, they did not 
reach the editor in time for it to be included in the published paper. 


CURRENT NOTES, 81 


<< Apamea obscura (ravida)’’: In my manuscript I had this as ‘‘ Apamea 
obscura’’? meaning, of course, the Dusky Brocade of South, p. 272, the 
A. geémina of Donovan’s Catalogue. The ‘‘ (ravida)’’ is an editorial 
addition for which I am not responsible and which led Col. Donovan 
to suppose that Agrotis ravida (obscura) was the species meant, which 
was not the case. ‘‘ Hadena lepida (carpohaga)’’: The ‘‘ (carpohaga) ”’ 
is another editorial addition in which I had no say and certainly gives 
the impression that the English race of the species was referred to. 
The specimens captured were, of course, the ordinary Irish form capso- 
phila. Incidentally, Col. Donovan regards this as a distinct species and 
not as a local race of lepida but with this I do not agree and am of the 
opinion that capsophila, which is the mountain form, is interglacial in 
time of its arrival in the British Isles while the ordinary English form 
is postglacial. As Donovan states (Catalogue, p. 48), the genitalia of 
capsophila and lepida are identical, and intermediates between the two 
occur in some localities.—BRyYAN P. BrrrNeE, 4 Tobernea Terrace, Monks- 
town, Co. Dublin, Hire, 23rd May 1941. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


The April number of the Entomological News of Philadelphia has a 
most interesting account of the ‘‘ Take-Offs ’’ by Prey-laden Wasps 
(Pompilidae, Spiecidae). In one case the laden predator climbed up 
the shoe, trouser leg, shoulder, to the top of the head of the observer, 
and ‘‘ promptly zoomed away among the trees with her load.”’ 


Two QuERtEs.—1l. It is often stated that if successfully reared larvae 
have been over-fed with luscious fresh food the resultant imagines will be 
largely female. What evidence have we to support and substantiate this 
statement? 2. It is stated, possibly with reason, that if larvae be para- 
sitized, they feed up more slowly and that this delayed action is the 
actual first result of the attack. What is the evidence of this general 
statement? 


RecenTLY we have received a number of separates of economic im- 
portance, which have been published in the Indian Journal of Agricul- 
tural Science. All of these are in much detail and mostly iilustrated by 
diagrams, elucidating the life-histories and structure, in most of them 
giving an illustration of the stages and perfect imago of the s}-ecles 
dealt with. 

1. The Anatomy, Life and Seasonal Histories of the Striped-Moth 
Borers of Sugar-cane in Behar and W. United Provinces. The species 
dealt with here are Argyria sficticraspis, Diatraea auricilia, D. venosata 
and Chilo zonellus, of which the full life-histories are given as well as 
details of their morphology and figures of the larvae (the destructive 
stage). A very useful preliminary to the essential economic investiga- 
tion. The author, B. D. Gupta. Our colleague, Mr T. Bainbrigge 
Fletcher, is responsible for the identification. 

2. Chilo trypetes, a new Pyralid pest of sugar-cane from the 
Punjab. Its Life-history is given with notes on its suggested control. 


82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VIT/1942 


The plate accompanying it gives figures of the four stages and of its 
depredations. A, Rahman and D. N. Tandon are the authors. 

3. Hupelmella pedatoria, a Parasite of the Cotton-stem Weevil, 
Pempheres affinis, from S. India, with a plate showing all four stages 
with details of its Life-history, and incidents of its attacks. 

4. Investigation on Spathus critolans, an important Braconid Para- 
site of the same weevil as in the above pamphlet, with a plate of the two 
active stages. 

5. The Role of Food and its Constituents on the Productivity and 
Longevity of the same weevil. All these last three are by P. N. Krishna 
Ayyar. . 

6. Studies on tke Cotton Jassid, Empoasca devastans, in the Pun- 
jab, by P. M. Verna and M. Afzal, 

7. Studies on the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria, by M. Afzal 
T. Ahmad and C. B. Mather. 

8. Bionomics and Control of the Fig-tree Borer, Batocera rufomacu- 
lata (Col.), with plate showing details and all four stages, by M. Afzal 
and A. Wahid. 


Reavers of The Hntomologist’s Record will be glad indeed to hear 
that the Bolivars have settled down in Mexico. That grand old man, 
Don Ignacio, entered his ninety-first year on 9th November last. Natur- 
ally, he feels hig years, yet he is keeping well, in spite of failing eye- 
sight. Don Candido writes cheerful letters, saying that he has already 
made a quite important collection of Orthoptera in that wonderful 
country, including a large series of the Eumastacid genus Teicophrys. 
—M. B. 


‘‘ HETEROCEROUS Morus ”’ is rather a curious expression. It is used 
in the title of a paper published by the Smithsonian Institute of the 
United States National Museum. The paper contains the descriptions 
of various hitherto undescribed species from S$. America. No less than 
twenty-nine of these are ‘‘ ad hoc ’’ descriptions without the slightest 
indication as to what other species each is related in the genus in which 
it is placed. Points of difference and similarity must have been noted 
in the recognition of a new species and should invariably be stated as a 
guidance to the next student who meets with the species. Such descrip- 
tions are practically useless and the whole process of discrimination must 
be gone over again by the next fellow to make progress. Five species 
only have slight indication of relationship to another species, viz. :— 
(1) ‘‘ more intensely marked than ’’; (2) ‘‘ larger than,’’ ‘‘ spot on hind 
wing different ’’; (3) ‘‘ closely allied to ’’; (4) ‘‘ Allied to in shape, 
but spot on the underside quite different, consisting of small clusters of 
black spots instead of the distinct black spots of ’’; and (5) ‘‘ Possibly 
a variation of.’’ All we can say is ‘‘ Poor stuff.’’ 


In 1936 our colleague, Mr T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, in the Ent. Re- 
cord, xlviii, 105-106, described a method for ‘‘ tagging ” butterflies for 
migrant registration. In the February number of the Canadian Ento- 
mologist, p. 21, F. A. Urquart, of the Royal Ontario Maseum of 
Zoology, Toronto, describes his adoption of this plan with the Danaus 
butterfly so-called plexippus, L., and the results obtained during the 


REVIEW. 83 


late summer of 1940, and urges entomologists to follow up this investi- 
gation during the present year, 1941. 


Tur usual Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario 
(the 71st) has just come in. It consists of 64 pp. of the routine business 
matters of the Society and the fourteen papers presented to the Annual 
Meeting. All these deal with economic entomological matters under 
the auspices of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. 


THE LONDON NaturaAList: the Journal of the London Natural His- 
tory Society for 1940 has just appeared. Of course it is much curtailed 
in size as were its multiple activities in the absence of many of the 
younger members. However, nearly one quarter of the Journal is de- 
voted to Entomology. An annotated List of the Andrena and Nomada 
(Hymenoptera) of Hampstead Heath, by J. H. H. Yarrow, occupies 
four pages. Records of British Butterflies and of Plant Galls by H. J. 
Burkill occupy over three pages. Several general notes make up the 
work of the section of which those on Diptera by L. Parmenter are 
interesting. 


VotumME xv of Hos, the Spanish Journal of Entomology for 1939, has 
recently been received. It consists of over 100 pp., small quarto, and 
is largely taken up with a Monograph of the genus Cerceris (Hym. 
Spheg.) as represented in Spain. This takes up 90 pp., two plain 
plates and many text figures. The author is J. Giner Mari. The rest 
of the Journal contains particulars of the Apidae collected in S.-East 
Africa from 1889 to 1920 by the Missionary, Rev. H. A. Junod. It is 
mainly a List with a few new species described by H. Friere. 

Volume xvi for 1940 was received at the same time. It consists of 
about 150 pp., and is mainly a bio-geographical study of the genus 
Pimelia (Col.) as distributed in Morocco. This article is illustrated by 
three plates of imagines, and a 1:umber of sketch maps of the distribu- 
tion of the various species. Prof. C. Koch of Munich is the author. A 
further paper is published on the Coccidae of the Republic of Dominica 
by J. G.-M. Ortola, with several illustrations. These two volumes are 
well printed and produced and have now brought the issue of the 
Journal up to date, and are a credit to the Entomological Section of the 
National Museum of Natural Sciences, Madrid. 


REVIEW. 


‘(Tae Marte Genitatia oF HyMeENopTEeRA.’’ Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 
Vol. 99, No. 14 (1941), by R. E. Snodgrass. 

This is a very comprehensive work dealing with the male genitalia 
of all the Hymenoptera, but, of course, we are competent to criticize 
only the part concerning the Formicoidea (Sec. viii, pp. 40-42, Pl. 11-13). 
The subject has been thoroughly dealt with by Emery, Wheeler and 
the writer. We personally do not approve of, or see the object in, 
giving new names to the different parts when, as for the ants, the 
terminology is already fixed, being used and understood by all myrme- 
cologists. At a meeting of the Royal Entomological Society of London 


84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIT/1941 


in 1915, we read a paper on the ‘‘ Genital Armature of the Male Ant ”’ 
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, 1-liu, chart), and exhibited a chart show- 
ing what all the different: parts had been called by various authors, 
and pointing out what was accepted as the most correct, and useful 
terminology to use. Furthermore, in ‘‘ British Ants,’’ pp. 13-15, figs. 
26-30 (1915); 2nd Edtn. (1927), the matter is succinctly, but compre- 
hensively explained. The best thing appears to be to reproduce the 
same here, pointing out in brackets what the parts in question are 
called by Snodgrass. First of all, however, we will explain that the 
use of the names Poneridae (as used by Smith, 1851, Mayr, 1862), etc., 
is incorrect and obsolete; putting the sub-family Ponerinae, etc., on the 
same footing as the whole family Formicidae. 

‘The genital armature of the male consists of the following parts: 
The Annular Lamina (Basal Ring, S.) is a ring which forms the base 
of the whole apparatus. The Hxternal Paramera consist of the outer 
and intermediate pairs of appendages; the outer pair are the stipites 
(Paramere, S.) which act as claspers, and are often furnished with 
hairs. In some genera the basal parts of the stipites consist of more 
or less elongate, triangular, oval or semicircular lobes which are called 
the Squamulae (Lamina parameralis. §.). These sometimes look as 
if they were separate plates applied to the stipites, but this is not the 
case as they are actually part of them. 

The median pair are known as the Volsellae (Digitus. S.); these 
are sometimes more or less divided into two pairs, one of which is then 
called the Laciniae (Cuspis. S.) and the other the Volsellae. The 
volsellae and laciniae also probably act as claspers. 

The Internal Paramera consists of the innermost pair of appendages, 
the Sagittae (Penis valve; lamina aedeagalis. §.), which are connected 
together by a membrane, the Spatha (Aedeagus. S.), and the sagittae 
-+- the spatha function as a penis.* The sagittae often. have serrated 
edges which probably serve to hold them in position during copulation. 

Of these three pairs of appendages the stipites enclose the volsellae, 
and the latter enclose the sagittae and spatha. 

The Subgenital Lamina (IX Sernum. S&S.) is a plate situated be- 
neath the genitalia, and forming in fact the ninth ventral segment of 
the abdomen. It is sometimes pointed, forked or rounded, and presents 
valuable aid for classification purposes in some genera. Finally, 
there is a small pair of hairy appendages, the Penicilla (Pygostyle. S.) 
which are attached to the tenth dorsal segment of the abdomen. They 
are not present in some genera such as Anergates, Dorylus, etc.; and 
in Prenolepis they are present in some species and wanting in others, 
and are consequently valuable for classification purposes. They are 
stated to represent the Cerci in Blatta (the ‘ Cockroach ’), etc., but this 
does not seem to be absolutely certain.’’—Horacr Donrseitoneu, pebieseh 
ment of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). 


*Snodgrass uses the word Phallus for the whole apparatus of the male genital 
armature. This appears to us to be an incorrect use of the term. Greek 
phallos = penis, the male intromittent organ only. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (21) 


epee 


Oric. Drescrie.—‘‘ Forewing grey-brown, powdered with black, all 
the wavy lines sharp and distinctly black. Space between the waved 
lines and the fringes, as well as the ground between the outer trans- 
verse band and the median shade blackish. The spot shining white. 
Between the basal transverse streak and the inner transverse band is a 
blackish band between two paler streaks up to the middle of the wing. 


Fringes blackish.’’ A\s2um oF, 


‘‘ Hindwing grey, the paler fringes powdered with blackish.’’ 3 it 2005 


Taken near Berlin at Hohenneuendorf on October 3rd, 1909. 7% 


ab. brunneor, Strand, Arch. f. Naturg. (1915), A. 12, p. 149. n, 


a . 


j 
/ ) 


Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A European form which is of a browner tint than ~ — 


the typical one.’’ 


ab. olivacea, Porr., E.M.M., LIX, 8 (1923). 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Differs from the type in that the usual reddish- 
brown colour is replaced by dark olivaceous-green, the reniform stigma 
remaining white or orange as in the type.’’ ‘‘ Common in the Don- 
easter district.”’ 

‘‘ The figure of the Japanese S. tripunctata, Btlr., in Seitz, plt. 35 d, 
is very like this Yorkshire form of satellitia, more than the description 
of it on p. 144.’’ (This figure is not ‘‘ olivaceous-green.’’) 


ab. ochrea, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbey., II (2), 3381 (1927). 
Orig. Descrip.—‘ Brightened with ochre-yellowish, especially in the 
marginal area.’’ 


ab. flavimaculata, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbey., II (2), 381 (1927). 
Orig. DeEscrip.—‘‘ With yellow reniform stigma.”’ 


Hovorina, Bdv. (1840), Gn., H.-S., Barr., Sth., Culot [Xanthia, 
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) (Dup.), Sth.: Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), 
Meyr., Meyr.: Xantholeuca, Steph. (1831), Hamp.: Oporina, Splr. 
41907) ] croceago, Schiff., Fab. (1775), 1787. 

Schiff., Verz., 86, S. (1775), was the first author to introduce the 
name for a Noctua, whose larva fed on the bush oak. There was no 
further description. 


Tutt, Grit. Noct:, Tit, 8 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 60 (1895): Barr.,; 
Lep. Br. Is., VI, 3, plt. 233 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., I1fed., 208 (1901): 
Hamp... (ep. Phat Vilar. i (906) Spiny Schm lur. 1, 253, pit. 
46, 26 (1907): South, M.B.I., II, 22, plt. 10, 12 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. 
Noct., III, 145, plt. 35f. (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 90, plt. 56, f. 34 
(1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 120 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Supp., II, 148, plt. 
18]. (1934). 


Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’EFur., VII, 159, fig. 518 (1790), gave two 
figures. one much darker than the other, both were quite good. They 
were referred to as croceago, Schiff. 

Hb., Beitr., I (1), 12, plt. 1, fig. F. (1786), figured and described 
this species under the name fulvago. In the appendix at the end of 
the volume, p. 104, he corrected the name to croceago. 

The figure of awrantiago of Don., N.H. Brit. Ins., V, plt. 150 (1796), 
if it be croceago, is very divergent from the typical form. It has the 


(22) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 


striking feature of the hindwings with a wide deep black marginal 
band with the rest of the wing of a medium fulvous brown, and a large 
jet black discoidal spot. The ground of the forewing is the same fulvous 
brown, darker between the submarginal black line and the outer margin. 
Reniform and orbicular outlined as well as the two transverse discal 
lines in very dark brown. The figure does not suggest croceago to me. 


Illiger, Verz. New. Ausg., I, 303 (1801), said that the descriptions 
of Fabricius, H.S., III, and of Hiibner, Beitr., agreed well with this 
species, saitiah was numerous around Vienna. 


Esp., Abbild., IV, 672, plt. 176, 3-4 (1790-°), described and figured 
fulvago = croceago, and in IV (2), p. 26, pit. 186, figs. 5, 6, 7, as 
croceago, dealing with larva and pupa. The figures 3 and 4 are ala 
recognizable. 


Hb., Samml. Noct., 189 (1800-3), gave a very good figure of the usual 
form of the insect he had called fulvago in his Beitrage in 1786, now 
corrected to croceago. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VII, 447, plt. 128, 1 (1827), gave a fairly good 
figure but hardly ead ahe the ee yuty of fie appearance. 

Freyer, Neu. Beitr., VI, plt. 586 (1848), gave a poor figure as regards 
colour, it bene of a Hee yellow without any admixture of red. 

Hamps., Lep. Phal., VI, 441, f. 156 (1906), gave Schiff. as the prior 
authority. The Japanese sericea, Butler, often taken as an Hastern 
form of croceago, Hampson treated as a good species. He figured it 
plts L029: . 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 253, plt. 46, fig. 26 (1907), gave only one named 
form, ab. or r. corsica, Mab. He gave a very poor figure. Ground 
colour too deep and too dull. The costal white dots practically absent, 
and the markings blurred in the ground. 

South, W.B.1., If, 22, plt. 10, 12 (1907), gave a good figure, perhaps 
hardly brilliant enough for this beautiful species. The author called 
the figure ab. latericolor, Rayn., a dull reddish brown form. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 145, plt. 35f. (1910), took aurantiago, 
Don., as a synonym; gave fulvago, Esp. (nec L.), as a form deeper in 
colour, and ssp. corsica, Mab., a pale biscuit colour; and gave four ex- 
cellent figures—typical, ab. fulvago and ssp. corsica. The last is figured 
with pure white stigmata. Also a figure of sericea, Btlr., which they 
considered to be a good species. The figure of ab. fulvago agreed neither 
with their description nor with Hiibner’s figure of it. 

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 90, plt. 56, f. 3-4 (1914), gave two figures. 
No. 3 a very good normal form. No. 4, in which the colour is a very 
pale sulphur almost white, with obsolescent marking. It is labelled 
nivea. Presumably this is an error, as in the texi it is called niveata, 
Obthr. This was described in 1912. 

Drdt.-Seitz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 148, plt. 181. (1934), added the 
two forms by Obthr., viz., niveata and intermedia, and gave a figure of 
the latter form, plt. 18f., also they included the luridago, Dhl., from 
the S. Tyrol. 


Barrett noted of the Variation :— 


_ Very constant in colour, or only occasionally a little paler, but there 
is some little variation in the distinctness of the stigmata and the 
central shade. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAF AND THEIR VARIETIES. (23) 


He spoke of individuals from Suffolk ‘‘ of a very unusual reddish- 
orange colour.’ 


The Forms and Names to be considered are : — 
croceago, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 86, S. 
croceago, Fab. (1787), Mant., II, 159. 
fulvago, Esp. (nec L.) (1789-?), IV, 674, plt. 176, f. 3-4 = croceago. 
fulvago, Kb. (1786), Bettr., I (1), 12, plt. 1, f. F. Gnvalid). 
f. aurantiago, Don. (1796), N.H. Brit. Ins., V. 
f. corsica, Mab. (1867), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 641. 
ssp. sericea, Btlr. (1878), Ann. and Mag. N.H., Ser. 5, I, 168. 
ab. latericolor, Rayn. [See South, M.B.I., II, 148, plt. 10, f. 12 (1909)]. 
ab. niveata, Obthr. (1912), Lep. Comp., XVI, 122. . 
ab. intermedia, Obthr. (1912), l.c. 
ab. Wuridago, Dnhl. (1926), Ent. Zts., XXXIX, 196. 


Tutt dealt with the (1) type form of Fab.; (2) the form corsica, well 
marked witn very pale under side; (3) the much darker form called 
fulvago by Hb. 

Hb., Bettr., I (1), 12, plt. 1, fig. F. (1786), fulvago (invalid and 
changed to croceago). Description of the curious figure : — 

The figure is of a lighter ground colour than the usual form with a 
much darkened costal area commencing from a point near the apex 
and widening to half the base. The curious marking is the presence 
of five black dots with a ring of clear hight ground, two dots with the 
rings touching form the reniform, another dot and ring is the orbicular, 
and below this latter two more dot and ring characters a short dis- 
tance nearer the base and quite separate, represent the claviform. 


ab. aurantiago, Don., N.H. Brit. Ins., V (1796). 
Fie.—!.c., plt. 150. 


Descrip.—Roughly this figure may represent a croceago form as well 
as have the name correct. But the shape is incorrect, the ground is 
dominated by brown, there is a deep black, wide marginal band and a 
black discoidal to the hindwing which is a brown-yellow instead of 
almost pure white. ‘The bands of the forewings and the two stigmata 
are approximately correct in shape and appearance, except that the 
discal transverse line is the wrong side of the reniform. It is certainly 
not a synonym to the typical name. 


ssp. sericea, Btlr., Ann. and Mag. N.H., Ser. 5, I, 168 (1878): 
Te eet. Wok, 


Fig.—l.c., pit. 30, 10. — 


Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Coloration of H. croceago (of Europe), but the 
primaries more elongated (the form of X. gilvago); the grey markings 
on the primaries less distinct than in H. croceago, excepting the three 
angulated transverse lines; primaries below rather redder, the mark- 
ings better defined; secondaries with the markings less (strongly) de- 
fined.’”’ lin. 8 Ins. Yokohama. 

This species chiefly differs from croceago in form. It, however, 
ditfers in its more sericeous wings, the secondaries having quite a pearly 
appearance by the side of the typical species. 


(24) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VI/1941 


var. niveata, Obthr., Lep. Comp., XVI, 122 (1912). 

Fic.—Culot, N. et G., I (2), plt. 56, 4 (1914). 

Orc. Drscrir.—‘‘ The upper side of the forewings is often of a 
creamy white, slightly greenish, sometimes uniform and without mark- 
ings.’? Algeria. 


ab. intermedia, Obthr., l.c. 

Fie.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, plt. 181. (1934). 

Descrie.—A transitional form between the above and the typical 
form. ‘ Paler, pinkish with fainter markings.’’ Drdt.-Stz., l.c., p. 148, 
gave the genus Chionaxantha on p. 278 (Addenda). 


r. luridago, Dnhl., Ent. Zeits., XXXIX, 196 (1926). 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ It is necessary to distinguish this conspicuous 
race from the Corsican race. It varies between distinct yellow and dull 
red-orange in ground colour, by the lines being only wisp-like, and in 
which the whole of the blue-grey powdering is extraordinarily cloudy 
and appears washed out.’’ S. Tyrol to the Mendel. 


Xanthia, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Dup., Gn., Barr., Splr., (Sth.), 
Culot [Cirrhia, Hb. (Tent.) (1806), Sth.: Orthosia, Ochs. & Treit. (1816- 
25), Meyr.. Meyr.: Cosmia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Hamps., Warr.-Stz., 
Drdt.-Stz.: Hydroecia, Gn. (1841), H.-S.] citrago, L. (1758). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 9 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 60 (1895): Barr., Lep. 
Br. Is., V, 361, plt. 230, 1 (1900): Hamps., Lep. Phal., V1, 508 (1906): 
Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 251, plt. 46, 19 (1907): South, M.B.J., I, 17, plt. 
10, 1 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., TII, 155, plt. 281 (1910): Culot, 
N. et G., I (@), 84, plt. 54, £..17-18 (1914): Meyr., Tey Handa? 
(1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Niet Supp., III, 154, 19 e e (1934). 


Ernst & Engram, Pap. d’Eur., VII, 171, f. 527 a, b, ¢ (1790), gave 
three very good figures, including an under side. They dispelled the 
suggestion of Rottemburg that the wnbra, Hufn., was the citrago, L., 
who, had he seen umbra, would have at once seen they were different 
species (cf. f. 527 and f. 480). 

Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV, 2 (2), p. 667, plt. 175, 5-6 (1790-?), gave 
two figures, ¢ and 9, of a very pale straw colour with clear thin trans- 
verse lines and ill-formed stigmata. On plt., l.c., 177, f. 1, he gave a 
small figure he named ochrago, which has been taken for a form of 
citrago, but it s doubtless a form of fulvago. 


Bork., Naturg., IV, 668 (1792), doubted whether Fab. (Sp. Insect., 
II, 226) had this species before him since he (Fab.) said (1) that he 
markings on the forewing were subfasciate, (2) that the larvae were 
brown with yellow sides, and (8) that it fed on Prunus and sallow, all 
of which characteristics did not fit citrago. 

He also considered the ochrago, Hb. (Beitr., I1 (1,) p. 10, plt. 1, D.) 
as this species. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 188 (1800- 3), gave an excellent figure of a lighter 
form. 


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5 LIFE- Wictoak OF SERGE MIA SAXIPRAGAB, FLETCHER, Bryan P. 


Beirne, PRD. FR ES:: PL Be TBE Ame RR AUSF nad She CGD EF Dg MENT LRA ON UTS FB Se har 85 
HE DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI, L., IN’ THE ISLE 
OF. RHUM, J. W. Heslop Harrison, TDS TCG (16) | ee ad iA DO MEY Big UE ne Aud Oe ANC TS 86 


N Le Ide paces OF NEURATION IN ‘PAPILIO. MACHAON, L., 2. A. 


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VOL. Lill. PLATE IV. 


STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE, FLETCHER. 


THE “LIFE-HISTORY OF STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAR, FLETCHER. 85 


THE LIFE-HJ, Y OF STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE, FLETCHER. 
ie "Diy BRD P. Betmne, Ph.D., F.R.E.S., F.L.S: 
“OCT 8 1941 (Plate IV.) 
/ 13. €20 


LIBRARY 

In a previous article (Hnt. Rec., li, p. 61, 1940) I gave some notes 
on the habits of the young larva of this species and since then JI have 
had the opportunity of observing the life-history in greater detail. The 
eggs are laid singly on the undersides of the leaves of mossy Saxifrage 
towards the middle or end of July. The egg is ovoid and flattened, the 
head end being rather blunter than the tail end, the surface is some- 
what wrinkled and has a pearly lustre; when first laid the egg is yellow- 
ish but it becomes greenish jater. It hatches in about ten days and the 
young larva makes its way to the base of a leaf and burrows into it. 
During the next six weeks or so the larva mines several leaves and dur- 
ing September burrows into the stem of a shoot near the tip of which 
it forms a cocoon-like hibernaculum; this usually results in the death 
ef the shoot-tip. 

In the Spring the larva resumes feeding and continues to mine the 
leaves and stems until it grows too large for this; it particularly prefers 
the young buds. The larvae may be obtained by collecting the mined 
shoots and keeping them until they emerge to feed in the open as they 
are very difficult to discern in the mined shoots. Towards the end of 
May they leave their burrows in the shoots and live externally on the 
leaves. They are very sluggish in their movements and, owing to their 
closely resembling the food plant in colour, they are not easy to find; 
they =pparently feed at night. The description of the mature larva 
(Fig. a) is as follows:—10 mm. long; rather stout and tapering some- 
what posteriorly, the segmental divisions well marked. Setae long and 
numerous, usually in groups of three, each arising from a sinall tubercle 
and clubbed at their apices (Fig. 6); dark reddish-brown in colour, ex- 
cept for the three just above the legs which are whitish. Head pale brown 
with darker brown markings; body yellowish-green, matt, with a pale 
vellowish band on either side below the spiracles, often with a reddish 
dorsal band down the back, and the anterior segments marked with 
reddish, or with two pale yellowish dorsal bands, or with both. 

When full-grown the larva spins a small silken mat on the food 
plant on which it pupates, the pupa being attached, usually head down- 
wards, to this mat by two sets of hooks, one at the cremaster and the 
ether just anterior to the genital openings (Fig. d). The pupae show 
considerable protective resemblance to the food plant, those on the dead 
leaves usually being dark brownish with reddish markings and those 
on the green shoots being yellowish-brown with pale markings. The 
description of the pupa (Fig. c) is as follows:—8-9 mm. Thoracic and 
anterior abdominal segments with two dorsal ridges, converging slightly 
anteriorly ; the ridges continued on the middle and posterior abdominal 
segments as two pairs of short spines on each segment. Pale yellowish- 
brown to dark brown in colour, the legs, antennae and wing-cases 
darker ; a yellowish band on either side of the abdomen and usually also 
another just lateral to the dorsal ridges; in paler specimens there is 
often a reddish dorsal stripe. 

The pupal stage is comparatively short, lasting a fortnight or three 
weeks and the adults emerge mainly during July. They are abundant 


86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 


where they occur, that is, in gardens around Dublin, and may be most 
easily captured when at rest on the Saxifrages and neighbouring plants 
during the evening. During the day they hide amongst the plants 
and fly at and after dusk and are attracted by hght. 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 


Immature stages of Stenoptilia saxifragae: a, Mature larva, dorsal view: 
bh, Setae of larva; c, Pupa, lateral view; d, Terminal abdominal segments of (? 
female) pupa, ventral view; e, Setal map of seventh segment of mature larva. 


THE DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI, L., 
IN THE ISLE OF RHUM. 


By J. W. Hestop Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S. 


In my original paper dealing with the Lepidoptera of the Small 
Isles Parish of Inverness-shire (Proc. Univ. Durham Phil. Soc., xi, Pt. I, 
pp. 10-23) I was compelled to report that all attempts to sweep larvae 
of Callcphrys rubi from various moorland plants in the Isle of Rhum 
had entirely failed. However, in 1939, when we made a prolonged stay 
on the Island, the presence of the insect was definitely proved in the 
Askival-Hallival area, for our sweeping operations on the moorlands 
there ended in the capture of larvae in some numbers. This discovery, 
nevertheless, left the exact range of the insect on Rhum a matter of 
complete uncertainty. Hence, when we visited the island during May 
and June of this year for the purpose of carrying out certain essential 
vork, advantage was taken of the opportunity to remedy the deficiency. 

In view of the necessity for spreading our forces over as wide an 
area as possible, my first journey was undertaken alone, when I pene- 
trated the upper gorges of the Allt Mor na h-Uamha and other dry 
ravines close by. These, of course, are simply extensions of the original 
Hallival localities. Throughout these areas the insect abeunded, in 
general frequenting Vaccinium areas, but sometimes restricting its 
attentions to heather (Calluna vulgaris) and Hmpetruin. 

Aithough I kept a sharp lookout, I rarely saw it visiting flowers; 
its feeding activities seemed to be concentrated on honeydew on birches 
from which it was beaten quite unexpectedly. As I reached the sea near 
the Bagh na h-Uamha, Callophrys rwbi thinned out, to increase again 
steadily as I passed Rudha Port na Caranean and skirted the southern 
shore of Loch Scresort. 

A few days later my work took me toward the deserted village (also 
on south shore of the Loch) where a small wood exists. Here, between 
the wood and the rocky moorland slopes, bilberry abounds, and con- 
sequently clouds of C. rubi were encountered reveliing in the hot sun. 
Obviously, they were attached to the Vaccinium, but, despite careful 
examination, only one insect was observed to approach that plant. 
Most of them were haunting the patches of bluebells (Scilla non-scripta). 
As this seemed an unusual circumstance, I sat down on a rock and 
watched their gyrations when J made the surprising discovery that they 
were settling on the outsides of the flowers, and sucking an exudation, 
or secretion, formed at the base of the perianth segments. A few, how- 
ever, preferred the Rhododendrons, and simply plunged headlong into 


ba | 


THE DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI, L. 8 


the flowers in search of their sweets. Others, again, flitted around the 
mountain ashes, mostly visiting the flowers, but often, almost certainly, 
ovipositing on the umbels. 

The following day, likewise a day of sweltering heat, saw us make 
a long and, for me, a somewhat disastrous journey to the limestone areas 
between the mouth of Glen Shellesder and Kilmory, tow both mere 
names, for their inhabitants have gone, fortunately for them, or rather 
their descendants, long ago. Throughout our tramp along Kinloch 
Glen, C. rubi flew freely enough but its numbers fell off as we climbed 
Sgaorishal and approached the Monadh Dubh. Near Loch Sgaorishal, 
we rested for lunch under a limestone cliff covered with the Mountain 
Avens, Dryas octopetala, which was occasionally visited by C. rubi. 
Here I made a fatal error for, leaving my companions, I undertook 
what on the map looked a reasonable and easy journey to Kilmory. It 
is quite true I saw plenty to interest the entomologist, but the trek 
involved climbing into and out of innumerable ravines and making 
detours to avoid endless sea gorges which stretched far inland. Still, I 
can report that, wherever these sheltered hollows supported Vaccinium, 
there C’. rwbi colonies were located. 

When I reached Kilmory I found myself a hopeless cripple with the 
prospect of an eight mile walk in the heat over Rhum roads (?). Hob- 
bling along, I beguiled the way by calculating the sex ratio at present 
existing amongst the Rhum deer, by taking statistics concerning the 
relative abundance of Bombus smithianus at various points, by watch- 
ing the flight of the Golden Eagle, by noting how, occasionally, low- 
flying Cicindela campestris could be mistaken for (. rubi, and how 
quickly local conditions could modify the numbers of the ubiquitous 
Pieris nap, 

The next day, still blazing hot, was hopeiess from my standpoint. 
The rest of my party climbed Askival (2659 feet) via Barkeval, and they 
reported the occurrence of C. rubi to roughly the 2000 foot level. My 
activities were confined to working the woods around Kinloch. Here 
cnce more the ‘‘ Green Hair Streak’’ was the commonest butterfly, 
eften visiting Rhododendron flowers, but not rarely probing the glands 
at the base of the leaves of the Portugal Laurel. Occasionally, it 
favoured dandelion, buttercup and similar flowers. This visit to the 
Kinloch Woods yielded a rather curious fact. Between 19-11 a.m. 
(G.M.T.) the insect was present in great numbers; at noon not a single 
ene was visible although I did knock a few out of larch, birch and 
sallow. 

Next day, I felt I could go further afield, so I visited Rudha na 
Roinne aleng the north shore of Loch Scresort. Once again in wood 
and on moorland alike C. rubi attracted attention by its numbers. In 
particular, it swarmed around belated Salix aurita bushes which were 
still in flower, and seemed to enjoy thoroughly the nectar the sallow 
catkins provided. 

On the moorlands, where Libellula quadrimacuiata was emerging in 
numbers, more than once I observed a pugnacious U. rubi battling for 
sume time with teneral specimens of the dragon fly, and sometimes with 
Coenonympha pamphilus. 

The last iourney we made, which contributed to our knowledge ot 
the distribution of C. rubi, was to the southernmost mountain Ruinsival. 


&8 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 


This involves what is practically the longest waik one can make on 
Rhum, along Kinloch Glen to the west, then south-west between Mam 
Tuath and Minishal, and, finally, more nearly southward, past Ard Nev » 
and Ard Mheall to Harris, from which one ascends Ruinsival. Tedious 
as this journey is, still it is quite interesting; its insect population is 
never humdrum and at all stages, from Kinloch sea-level to 1000 ft. 
on Ard Nev and on to Harris, once again at sea-level, C. rubi never 
tanledsg, | 5 

From these few notes it will be clear that this striking little butterfly 
is one of the most abundant and most widely distributed insects on the 
Isle of Rhum. Moreover, I feel that, had one the opportunities for 
the necessary examination, it will prove equally widespread on the 
neighbouring islands of Canna, Eigg and Muck. Further, I am con- 
vinced that its detection in the Outer Hebrides, especially in South 
Uist, depends simply upon a visit to the Coire Dubh on Beinn Mhor, 
and to similar localities, at the correct time. 


—e 


AN ABNORMALITY OF NEURATION IN PAPILIO MACHAON, L. 
(Plate V.) 
By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. 


The specimen was bred by L. W. Newman in December 1935 from 
an inbred strain originating in Wicken Fen and was the only abnormal 
one bred from this stock. The abnormality of neuration is associated 
with a great alteration in shape and pattern. The forewings are 
shortened, the costa is slightly incurved about the middle, and the tip 
of the forewing ends in a blunt hook. The termen is concave near the 
apex and then convex. There is no tail on either hindwing. 

The neuration is very abnormal and though it differs on the two 
sides there is some approach to symmetry in its arrangement. In the 
forewing on both sides 1 (submedian) is normal; on the right side 2 (M2) 
fails to reach the termen and is duplicated for a short distance; on the 
left side 2 arises from a duplicated part of the median and is united 
to 3 by ill-formed chitin about its middle, but fails to reach the termen. 
On the right side 3 (M1) is represented by a short spur; on the left 
side 3 is curved towards the inner margin and then away from it, but 
reaches the termen. On the right side the neuration is difficult to 
interpret, 4 (R3) apparently divides, but the first part of the outer or 
anterior branch is not present; where it reunites with the other branch 
there is a triangular piece of membrane enclosed by chitin and the 
nervure divides again; the inner branch fails to reach the termen and 
the outer unites with 5, but separates at once and fails te reach the 
termen. On the left side 4 arises from a duplicated bit of the median 
and fails to reach the termen. On the right side 5 (K2) reaches the 
termen after curving to touch 4 and curving away again. On the left 
side 5 divides twice, the inner branch of the first division fails to reach 
the termen and there is a breach of continuity in the inner branch 
ot the second division, but the outer branch reaches the termen. On 
the right side 6 (Rl) is normal, but on the left side there is a short 
spur, which if continued would unite with 5 where it divides for the 


VOGUE. PLATE VY 


ms 


IS 


PAPILIO MACHAON, L. (x13). 


-AN ABNORMALITY OF NFURATION IN PAPILIO MACHAON, L. 89 


second time. On the right side 7 (SC5) is normal, but on the left side 
it divides, the external or anterior branch uniting with 8. On both 
sides 8, 9, and 10 (SC4, SC3, and SC2) form a complicated anastomosis, 
the arrangement of which is shown in the diagram. In the normal 
P. machaon 8 arises from 7 and 9 is connate with 7. The costal ner- 
vure is normal on both sides, but the right subcostal is duplicated for a 
short distance. 

In the right hindwing 2 (M2) is normal; in the left it divides into 
two branches for about three-quarters of its course and after reuniting 
if soon divices again, both branches reaching the margin. As in the 
normal P. machaon 1 (SM) is absent. On the right side 3 (M1) is dup- 
licated for about a quarter of its course and divides again near the 
margin, and 4 (R3) arising at the same point as 3 divides into two 
branches, both of which reach the margin. On the left side 3 and 4 
arise at the same point and there is a nervure lying between them, 
which is probably a branch of 3 with a breach of continuity in the first 
part of its course. On both sides 5 and 6 (R2 and R1) run to the margin, 
but 7 (SC2) arises from 6, nearer to the base on the left side, and fails 
to reach the margin on either side. On both sides 8 (C) divides near 
the margin, but on the left side the two branches are contiguous. In 
both fore and hindwings the cells are not closed by discocellular nervures. 

The erratic course of many nervures makes the crescentic markings 
along the border very irregular. In the normal insect black scales 
follow the course of the nervures, but in this specimen they only follow 
a part of some nervures and differ on the two surfaces of the same 
wing. On the under surface of the hindwings most of the nervures are 
ovtlined in this way, but on the upper surface there are no black scales 
along some of them. 


The dotted lines in the diagram indicate black markings present on 
one or other surface, which do not follow the course of a nervure. 


The specimen closely resembles P. machaon, ab. elunata, Spengel, 
which was bred 20.111.1887 from a larva found at Langgons, Hesse, 
16.1x.1886. Spengel gives a coloured plate showing both surfaces and 
a camera lucida drawing of the neuration. The shape of the forewings 
with concave termen is like that of the Wicken specimen, but the tails 
of the hindwings are normal. There is a narrow marginal yellow band 
not broken up into lunules and mere traces of the usual black markings 
along the nervures are present. The neuration is very abnormal; some 
nervures are duplicated for a short distance, others are vestigial, and 
almost all end at the submarginal band. 

Two P. machaon, male and female, almost exactly like Spengel’s, 
but with a broader marginal band, were bred by W. Zimmermann with 
normal ones, v.1927, from a brood of larvae from Honnef on the Rhine. 
Frings figures both the upper and undersides and describes the neura- 
tion, which was similar to that of Spengel’s specimen, but even more 
deficient. Another example, captured in the Duchy of Brunswick, is 
figured by A. Ahrens. The shape and pattern of both under and upper 
surfaces resembles those of the other specimens of ab. elunata, and like 
them it has fully developed tails. 

The same kind of aberrant neuration with a similar alteration of 
the pattern occurs in Thais and has been named ab. newrochola by Bryk. 
He gives a coloured plate of an example in Thais polyxena, Schiff., and 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 


a description of the abnormal neuration. A similar specimen is figured 
in Seitz Macrolepidoptera of the World, and another by Harting. 
Frings records the same abnormality in Thais rumina, f. medesicaste, 
Wi. An Argynnis aglaia, L., taken 15.vii.1871 at Beachy Head by M. 
N. Inman and figured in the Hntomologist, 1871, 5, 447, is another ex- 
ample of this detect. The specimen, very much damaged, is in the 
British Museum, Tring. The shape, position, and number of spots on 
the underside and the neuration are incorrectly portrayed. I’ew ner- 
vures reach the margin and the pearly marginal band on the underside 
of both hindwings is almost unbroken. Unless my memory is at fault, 
two similar specimens of Brenthis selene, Schiff., were taken near Market 
Rasen by Captain Crocker some years ago. A female Gastropacha 
populifolia reterred to by Frings belongs to this category. 

Tt is most remarkable that with so gross a deficiency of nervures the 
wings are so perfectly expanded and so symmetrical in shape and size. 
Spengel calls this kind of abnormality peroneural from the Greek 
peros = mutilated. 


Ahrens, A. Fauna Insectorum Europae. HK. F. Germar. 1812. Fase. 
4, Tab. 15. 

Bryk, F. Ent. Rundschaw. 1929. 46, 1, 5, figs. Mitt. Miinch. Ent. 
GesteglOla. 5) 26.0 Tat. Akio: 1 

Brinss Cli siasec. Waban luk. 4.2610; 

Harting, M. fHnt. Zeitschr. 1912. 26, 111, Text Fig. 

Spengel, J. W. Zool. Jahrb. Abbt. f. Syst. 1899. 12, 337. 


AN ARTIST’S NOTE, 


To those who have tried their hand with pencil and brush (not too 
successfully perhaps) to depict the exquisite beauty of some newly found 
larva or some tiny egg, accidentally come upon—for every entomologist 
must perforce dabble in drawing and in microscopy—the remarks of 
the late Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, in a recent number of the Record (Vol. 
hu, p. 36) will perhaps revive some memories. 

‘“ Working as I have done for months,’’ he says, ‘‘ with objectives 
cf small enlargement, has more or less unfitted me for minute investi- 
gations.”’ ; 

Yet the delicacy of his line, in those beautiful drawings of the eggs 
and larva of the ‘‘ Emeralds’’ which he has left us, make one envy 
the powers he possessed. 

You may have found out also that what you might have attempted 
twenty or more years ago, the eye and hand cannot accomplish to-day. 
If you have the first three or four volumes of the Record at hand, look 
at the coloured plates by Horace Knight, drawings of eggs, larvae and 
pupae of the genus Acronicta. They are masterpieces of beauty: their 
delicacy and accuracy of line and colour, could not I think be surpassed 
-—they are more perfect than Academy pictures. How is it we cannot 
produce such things to-day ? 

The material for reproduction is still at hand, but modern condi- 
tions have killed both the initiative and the appreciation; Chromo- 


THE UNFORGIVABLE SIN. 91 


lithography seems also to be a lost art, the passing into oblivion of 
which no one, unfortunately, seems to have deplored. 

The substitution by the colour-photographic process has no doubt 
been the cause of this loss, but it certainly has not improved our plates 
nor lessened the expense of reproduction. Coloured plates, even before 
the war, were prohibitively expensive. 

In this way both the artist and the entomologist, who could call upon 
his fine powers, seem to have been relegated to the oblivion of forgotten 
things. 

In every way we are the losers. There is a glimmer of hope that 
the new colour-photography (a process we are occasionally teld is in 
course of being perfected) will really be brought into use and will not 
demand more than a reasonable figure from the ordinary, already over- 
taxed individual. 

Perhaps some specialist in this branch of reproduction would en- 
hghten us. 

The problem will have to be faced squarely for it is a most impor- 
tant one to the entomologist and vital to every scientific journal trying 
to carry out its difficult part. 

In some recently published black and white reproductions of the geni- 
talia, which of all subjects ought to be most accurately and delicately 
reproduced, we seem to have reached the bed-rock of commercial repro- 
duction. They are unsightly and crude, all their beauty and fineness 
lost, sacrificed for cheapness. 

We want to be told of some means by which coloured-drawings (and 
line-drawings as well) can be reproduced accurately and at a reasonable 
figure. 

The fact remains, there is a very real need to get back to Horace 
Knigat’s standard, both in drawing and reproduction. The artists, and 
there have been many excellent ones in the past, who have tackled the 
most difficult branch of all—entomological work; artists whose fine 
powers have been taxed to the very utmost by reason of the extreme 
delicacy and beauty of their subjects, more minute than miniature 
painting, have not so far been sufficiently appreciated or had their 
praises sung. 

Cannct we do something about it for the coming generation, | mean, 
find some way to reproduce our subjects more perfectly in line and in 
colour ? 


DyM, 


THE UNFORGIVABLE SIN 
(A NON-ENTOMOLOGICAL CONFESSION). 
By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 


I might have locked my guilty secret in my breast and taken it with 
me to the grave, for there were no witnesses and the body is safely 
buried in a corner of wild moorland in Eastern Thrace. But the pangs 
of remorse would never have given me rest and, so strongly do I feel, 
that even this confession only partly soothes my heart. 

My sin is that in one unguarded moment I allowed my primitive 
human instincts to overcome my life-long training as an entomologist. 


92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TX/1941 


A naturalist may kill, virtually without lmit, for the sake of Science, 
but no naturalist may kill for the mere sake of killing, from mere lust, 
from revenge, or what is even worse, from fear. And I, when I might 
have brought safely home a creature of real interest, incontinently 
killed. 

It was on the rolling moorland west of Istanbul. I saw a most in- 
viting stone and, though for some forty week-ends I had without result 
turned over stones till I was stale, yet I felt attracted to this one, it 
was so big and flat. With an effort I turned it over. 

In one cornet there lurked a monstrous, brown centipede, tinged 
with a greenish lustre, that I had known many years ago in Macedonia. 
In another was a small centipede enjoying a dinner off a pile of ant 
pupae. In yet another was a smooth, black ball, about the size of a 
cherry. Sideways across it ran a crimson stripe. 

This unusual coloration was clearly aposematic. Then J remem- 
bered that one of the poisonous spiders of Australia is black with a 
red cross on the abdomen, as too, I believe, the Arabian species. The 
American Black Widow is, I believe, all black, and so too the Central 
Asian kind which the Tartars call karakurt, the Black Wolf. Nazaroff 
told me they dread it like the plague. They say the bite is desperately 
painful, leaves chronic disorder, and is often fatal. The Black Widow 
is known to be a killer, and in recent years several deaths have been 
attributed to the Australian species. . 

So there could be little doubt about this creature. An unreasoning 
feeling of anger swept over me, and with my thick stick I struek—and 
crushed it. I flung back the tombstone and at the same instant felt 
the gush of remorse. | 

For I had been worse than a criminal. I had been a fool. I could 
easily have bottled it, and it is a great pity that I did not, for the 
spiders seem, fortunately, to be rare and few people care to collect them. 

T asked a Turk who had lived thirty years in Turkestan. He had 
never heard of the karakurt, and said I must mean scorpion. But he 
was a townsman. I asked an intelligent Crimean Tartar, but he did 
not know either, for in his beloved Crimea, he said, there are no venom- 
Gus creatures. 

So the karakurt is not a familiar brute like the scorpion, and the 
chance of making amends seems remote. 


JULY IN THE NEW FOREST. 


The season has been notable for the number of extreme aberrations 
of Argynnis paphia, L. and Limenitis camilla, L., taken in the Forest. 
The species are far from plentiful generally, and in many of the en- 
closures were practically absent, in others fair numbers were on the 
wing. Not since 1923 have I seen or heard of so many aberrations being 
taken, but 1923 did not compare with the wonderful seasons of 1918 and 
1919, when both species were in the greatest profusion all over the 
Forest, and, in fact, all species were in abundance and all showed con- 
siderable aberration. 

It seems probable that the cause of the variation this year was the 
very cold and protracted early summer, when the worst of weather and 


JULY IN THE NEW FOREST. 93 


cloud occurred well into June. On the other hand Argynnis cydippe 
and Argynnis euphrosyne showed very little departure from the normal 
forms. Brenthis selene wag practically absent from its heather habitats 
in the Forest, as so much of the ground has been burnt out by incendiary 
bombs. From other districts, however, I heard of aberrations being 
taken. 

Plebejus argus was not common generally, but in its best known 
habitat considerable numbers were in evidence, this notwithstanding 
the fact that the ground had been well burnt out and some seven large 
bomb craters were in the area. Certain patches of heather were left 
unburnt and the species which the previous year were extremely abun- 
dant doubtless survived in these. On the burnt ground numbers were 
seen emerging and these no doubt were from larvae that had pupated 
there from the unburnt patches of heather. We were very much sur- 
prised to find that so many had survived the fires. Working in con- 
junction with Colonel V. R. Burkhardt we secured the following aber- 
rations : — 


B.=Burkhardt. C.-R.=Castle-Russell. 

Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne, L.—A very pale yellow form (B.); 
a specimen heavily suffused with black, an extreme form (C.-R.). 

Plebejus aegon, Schiff. (argus, L.).—Well marked ¢@¢ striata (B. 
and C.-R.); a very pale blue 3; a similar one with patches of typical 
blue (B.); an irregular gynandromorph (B.); various forms of infra- 
striata, sagittata and unusual colour forms were obtained. 

Argynms cydippe, L.—A CG example of ab. charlotta with large 
silver spots in basal areas of hindwings (B.); three undersides with ad- 
ditional silver spotting (B.); a ¢ with two black bars on upperside 
(C.-R.). 

Argynnis paphia, L.—An extreme form of ab. melaina, Daldin, (B.) 
and (C.-R.); a melanic ¢ of extreme confiuens, Splr. (the normal spot- 
ting being connected and forming bars); two heavily suffused ab. 
melaina 3S (B.); a similar example Q (C.-R.); about seventeen ab. 
confluens were obtained varying in the intensity of the markings. The 
heavily suffused ¢ and 9 ab. melaina are of similar type to the figure 
10 in Frohawk’s smaller work on British Butterflies. One is referable 
to ab. melaina-ocellata, Frings. 

Limenitis camilla, Iu.—Seven nigrina and six semi-nigrina (ab. 
obscura, Shipp.) were taken. 

RemarRKs.—I also saw five melanie dd and 92 2 of A. paphia taken by 
Mr Clark of Brockenhurst, and the Rev. J. N. Marcon and | heard of 
others being taken in various parts of the Forest together with many ex- 
amples of aberrant L. camilla, No doubt a list of aberrations taken will 
be ascertained in due course. I should like to add that Colonel Burkhardt 
has very generously presented me with the insects taken by him. We 
saw one beautiful ¢ example with spotless upperwings and suffused 
hindwings but he managed to evade us on the two occasions we each 
saw it.——S. G. Casrie-RvusseE.t. 


94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


A Note on LARVAE OBSERVED NEAR NEwToN Asrot, 1940-41.—In this 
period larvae have again been abundant on oak. I have taken those of 
Drymonia chaonia, Asteroscopus sphina, Taeniocampa miniosa, T. in- 
certa (instabilis), Anchoscelis helvola (rufina), Xantholeuca croceago, 
many Xylina socia, Hylophila bicolorana, T. pulverulenta (cruda), and 
Calymnia trapezina. The last species mentioned was not content with 
Operophtera brumata on an apple tree in my garden but had eaten half 
an apple about the size of an oak-apple gall. A friend tells me that the 
larvae of Nygmia phaeorrhoea (auriflua) do the same in his garden. 
Biston strataria and Phigalia pedaria have both been plentiful around 
Newton Abbot. The latter I did not take or possibly there may have 
been larvae of Apocheima hispidaria which I forgot to look for. In the 
spring of 1940 Polyploca ridens was plentiful but I have not seen it this 
year. D. chaonia was at least three weeks earlier. Hibernating larvae 
must have suffered much from the cold last winter. Noctua xantho- 
grapha almost absent this Spring in my garden.—(Capt.) C. Q. Parsons, 
Torquay,, 1.vu.41. 


Dear Sir,—Whilst shelling peas from the garden this morning I 
found enclosed pod. As I can find no reference in Scorer’s Hnt. Log- 
Book or elsewhere to one of the larger moths feeding inside pea-pods 
1 send it along in case it may be of interest. I see there is a small mark 
of entry at the base on one side, so that the caterpillar has spent its 
whole life inside the pod. [This was a half-fed larva of Mamestra bras- 
sicae. I was not aware that this larva was an ‘“‘ internal feeder.’’—Hy. 
J.T.) [The larva is normally more or less an ‘‘ internal feeder ”’ in cab- 
bage heads. The eggs of M. brassicae have been recorded on Pea plants. 
—T. B. F.]—Roserr D. R. Troup, ‘‘ Hountwell,’?’ Henley, Alton Pan- 
eras, Dorchester, 4.viii.41. 


UnrvusBltisHED Recorps or Dragonrity Micrations Wantrep.—Will 
entomologists who have witnessed large scale migrations of Dragon-flies 
im any part of the world, not hitherto recorded in the entomological 
niagazines, and for which the species, actual date, direction oi flight 
in any locality are known, please supply the details to the Chief En- 
tomologist at Rothamstead Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. 

r C. B. Williams has already card-indexed some hundreds of mass 
migrations of Anisoptera but they are spread over more than a cen- 
tury with very few outside the European zone, and many on so large 
a scale as to appear in the public press, do not mention the species. 

In the Baltic region it is evident that Labellula quadrimaculata, L., 
is the most important migrant and its westerly migrations appear to 
reach millions about once in every ten years and more often in niany 
thousands. 

The latest Continental reports came from K. L. Henriksen of Copen- 
hagen Museum who recorded the species flying west in millions on 7th 
May 1934 at Bornholm in the Baltic and again in millions continuously 
between 20th and 26th May 1937, though these migrations appear to peter 
cut before reaching the British Isles. Since hostilities began we have 
had no information from the Continent but LZ. quadrimaculata has been 
recorded in dozens west of Ramsey. for the first time in the Isle of Man, 


COLLECTING NOTES. 95 


on 19th and 21st June 1941 (W. S. Cowin of Manx Museum) and it ts per- 
haps significant that on 9th July this species was ‘‘extraordinarily abun- 
dant elong a stretch of the Grand Canal roughly twelve miles inland 
from Dublin ’’ (A. W. Stelfox of National Museum of Ireland). Pheno- 
logical observers are asked to record dates of emergence and cbservers 
to report any Jocality where it becomes very common (i.e., seen in hun- 
dreds) to help trace the end points of migratory movements from the 
Baltic. In this area DL. depressa is also a well recognized migrant; in 
North America Anax junius, Drury, and Sympetrum rubicundulum, 
Say., and in Africa and China Pantala flavescens, Fab.; but there is a 
dearth of records from tropical regions. 

The Insect Immigration Committee, in Bulletin No. Ixxvi, issued 
in June by the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, printed a 
‘¢ Preliminary Note on Dragonfly Migration.’’ of which copies can he 
obtained on application to the Hon. Secretary, Capt. T. DANYREUTHER, 
R.N., ‘‘ Windycroft,’’ Hastings, Sussex. 

[There is an early article on the so-called ‘‘ Migration ”’ of Insects 
in a Dutch Society Publication of the year 1857, Handelingen Neder- 
landsche Entomologische Vereeniging, Vol. 1, pt. iv, pp. 79-105, by Heer 
Van Bemmelen. Much of the matter deals with the mass-movements 
of Lihellulidae and particularly with Libellula quadrimaculata dating 
from 1681 to the date of publication.—KEb. | 


1) 


PHIGALIA PEDARIA, L., AB. MELANARIA, BRETSCHNEIDER, AN EXAMPLE 
or Y-CHROMOSOMF INHERITANCE.—Bretschneider (Hnt. Zeitschr., 1939, 
53, 59) bred a melanic female in 1937 from a wild larva. The upper 
surface was deep black, but there was a little white on the head, the 
vestiges of the wings, and the tip of the abdomen. Pairing it with a 
typical male from another locality he bred 25 typical males and 28 
melanic females in 1938, and pairing these inter se he bred 15 typical 
males and 14 melanic females in 1939. All the males in both genera- 
tions were typical and all the females were melanic. 

He compares this melanic pedaria with the dominant sex-limited 
female forms, such as Argynnis paphia, L., ab. ralesina, Esp., but it is 
obvious that this form of inheritance would have given either a ratio of 
3:1 or 1:1 of melanic to typical females. For all the femaies to have 
been melanic the gene must have been in the Y-chromosome. It is. as 
far as I know, the first example of this form of inheritance in the 
Lepidoptera.—(Dr) E. A. Cockayne, 16 Westbourne Street, W.2. 


Burrerriies, Etc., 18 KirkcupBRIcHTSHIRE.—Although most of my 
collecting is on the English side of the Solway Firth an occasional visit 
over the border into Galloway is a pleasant and invariably a worth-while 
change. Both Dumfries and Kirkcudbright are productive counties 
possessing as they do very varied physiographical features. The marshes 
at the mouth of the River Nith I have found very good for Coleoptera. 
Many years ago the late Dr David Sharp recorded many interesting 
species from there as did the local collector W. Lennon, while the list of 
water-beetles, thanks to Prof. Balfour-Browne, is a most interesting 
one. Last Whitsuntide I had the opportunity of spending a week at 
Kippford, at the mouth of the little tidal River Urr in Kirkcudbright. 
The district is a forward one for insects, being sheltered from the North 
and east by low hills. I found several species of Lepidoptera on the 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /1X/1941 


wing, which had not then appeared in Cumberland. My activities, 
however, were mainly with the Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, 
and Diptera (of which I collected about 300 specimens, not yet worked 
out), but I could not help noticing the abundance of various butterflies 
and, moths. Ten species of butterflies were observed. On my arrival 
in the district on 31st May a walk over the high ground at the back of 
the village—rough rocky ground with scattered bushes of thorn and 
sallow and scanty herbage—revealed the presence of Brenthis (Argynnts) 
euphrosyne, L., in great numbers, and its abundance continued through- 
out the week. I have never before seen this butterfly in such force, 
even in the South of England. In Cumberland, although widely dis- 
tributed, it is always a much scarcer insect than B,. (A.) selene, Schiff. 
The two ‘‘ Whites,’’ Pieris rapae, L., and P. napi, L., were, of course, 
common, but I did not see P. brassicae, L., nor Euchloé cardamines, L. 
Hybernated Aglais urticae, l., were common enough also, with a fair 
number of Nymphalis io, UL. Next to A. euphrosyne, Coenonympha 
pamphilus, L., was the commonest butterfly, especially in glades in the 
extensive plantations of young conifers on the hills. Callophrys rubi, 
L., appeared to be over, as only one was seen, and that well worn. 
Heodes phiaeas, ., appeared to be just coming out. The few seen were 
in beautiful condition. Pararge megera, l., was well out, basking on 
low walls and rock faces on the rough road between Kippford and Rock- 
cliffe, while Hrynnis tages, J.., in fair numbers, favoured the open grassy 
pathways through the hillside plantations. A good many day-flying 
moths were about, such as Ino statices, Iu., in a marsh by the river; 
Phragmatobia (Spilosoma) fuliginosa, L., sitting on low herbage; 
Kuchidia mi, Clerck, and Heliaca tenebrata, Scop., on the hillsides; 
Ematurga atomaria, L., and Inthina (Panagra) chlorosata, Scop. 
(petraria, Hb.), both common on heathy ground. The most noticeable 
Geometrid, however, was Pseudopanthera (Venilia) macularia, L., which 
flitted about everywhere. Strange to say, this pretty moth is not often 
seen in Cumberland. I have never met with it near Carlisle. Our few 
county records are from the Lake District—F. H. Day, 26 Currock 
Road, Carlisle, 4th August 1941. 


Recorps rrom RopsorovenH.—On 30th June and 8th July I took two 
Helicthis peltigera on Valerian. On 24th July Polyommutus coridon 
and Lycaenopsis argiolus 2nd brood appeared and on 22nd July I found 
in the garden one Thecla w-album, the first I have seen for three or 
four years, and two Platyptilia palliidactyla.—T. BAINBRIGGE i‘ LETCHER, 
Rodborough. 


EQLACHISTA SUBALBIDELLA, SCHLAG.—I found the larvae of this species 
in some numbers on a Moss near Whitbarrow Scar, feeding in the leaves 
of Molinia caerulea, Arrhenatherum elatius and other broad-leaf grasses, 
but mainly on VM. caerulea. As seems to be usual with the Elachista, 
the larvae are more often found in sheltered situations, e.g. the clumps 
of grass growing close to small birches and under trees. 

The larva makes a broad mine about mid-way between the rootstock 
and tip of the leaf and is full fed towards the end of September. It 
hibernates in the mine which it leaves in April to spin up on a dried 
grass leaf, The moth emerges about a fortnight after pupation, 


Ss 


COLLECTING NOTES. 97 


The full fed larva is about 63 mm. in length, tapering from the head 
and very constricted between segments, giving each segment a rounded 
appearance. It is dark olive-green in colour, head dark brown, plate 
ef 2 and anal plate black; a whitish spot on the outer edge of either 
side of 2. 

The pupa is 4 to 5 mm. in length, chestnut coloured; dorsum darker, 
nearly black, on either side of a paler dorsal line. 

The larva is not described in Meyrick’s Revised Handbook of British 
Lepidoptera; being ‘‘ evacuated ’’ to Morecambe I have not been able 
to ascertain whether it has since been described. 

Mr A. J. Wilmott of the British Museum (Natural History) kindly 
identified the above-named grasses.—LEONARD T. Forp. 


Dors Contas EpusA, F'B., TASTE WITH ITs FEET.—On 24th June I 
caught a female ‘‘ Clouded Yellow,’’ and although not a ‘‘ butterfly ”’ 
man I thought I would try my hand at obtaining eggs. On the prin- 
ciple ‘‘ Feed a Moth and have Eggs ”’ I put, at nine o’clock next morn- 
ing, a drop of sugar-water on a piece of white cardboard, held the 
butterfly, with her feet on the card, in front of the drop, and with a 
pin unrolled her proboscis until the tip of it was in the drop. She fed 
for about fifteen minutes. In recognition of my courtesy she laid me, 
during the day, ten eggs. 

Next morning, 26th June, I proceeded to feed her again. But this 
time she herself unrolled her proboscis the moment her front tarsi 
touched a spot where the previous day’s sugar-water had dried. She 
laid no eggs, although it was a sunny day. The 27th was heavily over- 
cast, so I did not feed her and she rested all day. On the 28th (sun- 
shiny) when I prepared to feed her, again she extended her proboscis 
the instant her front tarsi touched the sugared card. On the 29th and 
30th she did the same; but on the Ist July she made no attempt to feed 
herself and I was again obliged to unrol her proboscis with a pin. 

Can any of your readers tell me if C. edusa, Fb., like some of the 
Vanessidae, tastes with the tarsi of its front legs? I ruled out the 
possibility of scent reaching her antennae and palps by blowing while 
she approached the card and until her proboscis was extended. It 
struck me as being odd that she should feed herself on four days, with 
the scent of the sugar-water being blown away from her, and make no 
attempt to do so on two. 

I may add that on 30th June she went berserk and, after flying wildly 
about the cage for half an hour, laid eggs to the number of about a 
hundred cn almost every leaf of clover (Trifolium repens, L.) in the 
cage, withered as well as fresh, and on the flowers too. There were 
seven eggs on one leaf alone.—P. B. M. Atuan. 


A Burrerrty Yrar.—So far this year has been a real Butterfly Year 
here in North Cumberland. The three ‘‘ Whites’? came in numbers 
with the tirst fine warm days, and the ‘‘Small Tortoisesheli’’ came from 
hibernation. Karly in June the ‘‘ Orange-tip ’’ appeared in greater 
numbers than has been usual for some years. A brilliant ‘‘ Peacock ”’ 
Was seen in my garden on 30th April, an unusually early date here. 
On 24th June the ‘‘ Red Admiral ”’ was flying. It has never been seen 
here before late July and August. The ‘‘ Large Heath ’’ appeared in 
scores where it had only been seen twice before in eight years. Another 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 


‘‘Peacock’’ and ‘‘Painted Lady’’ were seen near Carlisle on 14th June, 
and a ‘‘ Brimstone ’’? was seen and chased but not caught by a Carlisle 
collecter near Hawick on 16th June. I have not heard of it being re- 
corded tor Scotland before. The ‘‘ Small Copper ’’ and the ‘‘ Wall ”’ 
are common just now (early August). 1941 may thus be called here a 
Butterfly Year.—F. Marriner. 


Nores oN Meviraka (KUPHYDRYAS) AURINIA.—With reference to 
Messrs Thompson’s & Greer’s ‘‘ Notes’’ on this species and the eleva- 
tion at which it flies I took a specimen of it at 10,000 ft. in the Elburz 
Mountains in June 1939. It is surely optimistic to expect to find any 
species of insect not endemic at a record height in the British Isles.— 
E. P. Wittsuire, British Consulate, Shiraz, Iran, 12.iv.41. [See 
October and December numbers of the Hnt. Record, 1940.] 


Notes ON VARIATION FROM THE WorTHING MutsEuM COoLLECTION. 
(Continued from p. 69).—N. semiargus.—There are no English speci- 
mens of this species in the collection, though I feel no more certain that 
it is really extinct in England than I did in 1911 when I wrote at some 
length on the matter (Hnt. Rec., xxiii, p. 211). With regard to the 
foreign specimens I can find very little difference in size; the mountain 
specimens are slightly smaller, but I have never come across any that 
deserve the racial name montana except, possibly, one ¢. from the Alp 
Arpitetta at Zinal, taken August 16th, 1904; two out of three from 
Salonica are equally small, while those from Faido and Roccaraso in the 
Abruzzi (both mountain localities) as well as from the Sarnthal are 
rather large. There is one nearly spotless under side from Palena in 
the Abruzzi and one striata from S. Georges in the Swiss Jura. Those 
from Finland are dull in colour with small spots on the under side. 

A. medon.—There are about 120 English specimens of this species 
from tocalities as far apart as the S. Downs and the coast of Durham. 
Those from the N. and S. Downs are well spotted on the upper side, 
especially 2s from the latter, as are also those from Royston, the Chil- 
terns, and the one example from the Cotswolds. Those on the other 
hand from Witherslack show no orange on the forewing in the case of 
the gs and only small spots in the 9s. The under sides of these rarely 
show a tendency to small size in the black spots, but the albiannulata 
form of the upper side is frequent. On the Durham coast on the other 
hand the tendency towards the artarerxes form is very marked, especi- 
ally in gs with the white discoidal on the upper side. Most of the 
forms named by Harrison are represented. There are four very good 
ab. vedrae (one of the extreme form), half-a-dozen semivedrae, one 
beautiful little ab. inclara, and, of course, ab. albiunnulata. These 
northern single-brooded specimens are generally much larger than those 
from areas where the species is double-brooded. There are five speci- 
mens of the race artarerxes from Fife; these are not large. In Swit- 
zerland the first brood from the Rhone Valley and Caux and even from 
Faido are mostly of the allows form, and though slightly larger are 
hardly distinguishable from those of the high mountains; the second 
brood from the Rhone Valley are larger, especially the 9s, but even 
these have only small orange spots on the upper side on all the wings. 
Those from Aix in Savoie are small but well spotted; much the same 
are those from Greece; from Bolsano come specimens of about the same 


CURRENT NOTES—-OBITUARY. 99 


size but slightly spotted. By far the most remarkable are those of the 
race vallicz from Brittany: both broods are large with broad and full 
borders of orange spots on the upper side, the Jargest and best spotted 
tc be found anywhere north of Italy. There are no specimens of the 
first brood from Italy, the second brood are of the aestiva form, with 
broad orange spots, forming a band in the 2s, both on upper and 
under sides; the finest 2re from Assisi. From Corsica also there are 
no first brood specimens, the second breod are strongly markea caestiva; 
there is a well-marked calida from Algiers and a very fine ab. vedrae 
from La Grave. It is probably single-brooded in the mountains of the 
Abruzzi and certainly in the high Alps. It is also single-brooded in 
Finland where the specimens are large, especially the 9s. (T7'o be con- 


tinued).—Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


THE QuERY No. 2 on Pace 81.—I collected 6 or 7 larvae of Cosmo- 
triche potatoria in the Spring from a locality which often produces a 
pale sandy form of the female. These larvae fed up and the last imago 
emerged on 7th July. One larva went on feeding but got slowly 
smaller, and tc-day, 21st July, a crop of Apanteles cocoons appeared. 
The same thing has happened with larvae of C. trapezina and 1. incerta 
after the rest of their companions had pupated, single parasites emerg- 
ing.—G. V. Butz, Sandhurst, Kent. 

As a paper on the Distribution of Butterflies in the Malay Peninsula 
was announced for the Meeting of the Royal Entomological Society of 
London, to be heid on 4th June, it was an inducement to attend and 
to see the exhibits one naturally expected. The possession of many 
of the commoner species of the area was a further inducement to attend. 
But not a butterfly was shown, only an address illustrated by lantern 
slides of diagrams which were very difficult to see in the somewhat poor 
light. Surely it would have been better to illustrate with specimens 
from the different areas of the ‘‘ Sundaland continent.’’ To have such 
papers will doubtless have an effect on the attendance as they could far 
better be in print and better understood than when read aloud without 
adequate illustration. 


OBITUARY. 


Dr Ferix SAntscHt. 


With the death of Santschi the last of, what one might call, the 
“Great Four Myrmecologists ’? passed away—Wheeler, Emery, Forel, 
Santschi. 

Felix Santschi was born at Bex in Switzerland on Ist December 1872, 
and died in North Africa en 20th November 1940. 

On account of the war the news of iis death has only fairly recently 
reached his myrmecological colleagues. 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1941 


His father was an upholsterer and it was intended that he should 
follow in his father’s footsteps. His bent, however, never turned that 
way. 

As a boy he always took the greatest interest in Natural History, 
and he collected beetles, butterflies, fish, etc. 

His familv, soon after he was born, went to Mentone, and subse- 
quently to Buenos Aires, where he spent most of his time in the Zoo- 
logical Gardens, and the Natural History Museum. On their return 
to Switzerlaud he applied for and obtained a post as a preparator in 
the Natural History Museum at Lausanne. 

Shortly after that he became acquainted with Prof. Bugnion, who 
did much to encourage him in his natural history studies. At that time 
also he started to study medicine. 

In 1896 he made an expedition to Colombia and Venezuela in com- 
pany with the Comte de Dalmas, and Forel. 

There is little doubt that this early association with the latter turned 
his attention to the study of ants. 

Having finished his studies at Lausanne he became a doctor of 
medicine, and in 1911 he obtained a medical appointment at Tunis. 

A year later he went to Kairouan, where the greater part of the 
rest of his life was spent. Here he devoted all his spare time to his 
work on the Formicidae. 

He also kept a number of live animals, birds, reptiles, etc. Quite 
recently he bought a small chalet at Monthey, which he called ‘* La 
Fourmi;’’ just as Forel called his house at Yvorne ‘‘ La Fourmiliere.’’ 

Here no doubt he intended to settle down when he retired. He was 
there in 1939, but returned to Kairouan. 

We last heard from him in March 1940, when he told us he was going 
to Switzerland. 

He was a teetotaller and a ‘‘ Bon Templar,” also due without doubt 
to Forel’s influence. 

He was fond of music and poetry; and was also quite a good artist. 
During his life he described over 2000 species of new ants. About our 
only criticism of him is that he was too fond of creating new subspecies 
and varieties. This is inclined to encumber the literature; and, more- 
over, as in the case of the African species of ants of the genus Cam- 
ponotus, renders it almost impossible to name many of these forms with 
any certainty. Occasionally, either through forgetfulness or perhaps 
deliberately, he would describe an ant as a new species with the same 
name in cifferent publications in the same year; or, In some cases, 
two and even three years later. This, of course, is rather confusing. 
He was chiefly a systematist, but some of his earlier work dealt with the 
crientation of ants; the habits of Bothriomyrmex (publishing several 
papers on both of these subjects); and the veins of the wings, etc. 
Santschi published very many papers on ants; his first publication, as 
far as we are aware, was in 1906, on the colony founding of 
Bothriomyrmex (sub-family Dolichoderinae). 

Further details concerning hig lfe may be found in an obituary 
notice by Dr H. Kutter, Mitt. schweiz. ent. Ges., 18, 286-289 (1941).— 
Horace DontstHorPE, Entomological Department, British Museum (Nat. 
Hist.), 27.v.41. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (277) 


APPENDIX TO VOL. II, 1935-1940. 


P. (12) If. Add to the List of Forms of A. ipsilon (suffusa), ab. clara, 
Lempke, ab. rufa, Lempke, ab. obscurata, Lempke, ab. in- 
versa, Lempke, ab. striata, Lempke, and ab. semiconfluens, 
Lempke. 

P. (14) II. Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above six forms after line 
16 trom the top. 

ab. clara, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 219. 

Orig. Descour. —‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings of a "very pale 
grey-brown.’’ Holland. 

ab. rufa, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 219. 


Or1e. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings of a red-brown.” 
Holland. 

ab. obscurata, Lempke, Tiyjds. (1939), 219. 

Oric. Dusen, —‘‘ ¢ ground colour of the forewings almost as deep 
as in the females.’’ Holland. 

ab. inversa, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 219. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ 2 ground colour of the forewings of a greyish- 
brown, very like that of the males.’’ Holland. 

ab. striata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 220. 

Orig. Drescrir.—‘‘ The black line arising from the reniform stigma 


is joined to the sagittate spot opposite to it.’’ Holland. 

ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, Tuyds. (1939), 220. 

Orte. Drscrir.—‘‘ The two stigmata are united by a double line, 
the encirclement being broken at the union.’’ Holland. 


P. (29) Add to the List of Forms of A. vestigialis, Hufn., ab. suncta, 
Lempke, and ab. confluens, Lempke. 
P. (31) Add the Orig. Descriptions of these two forms after line 6 
from the top. 
ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 225. 
Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ The two stigmata touch but retain their shape 
and encirclement.’’? Holland. 
ab. confluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 225. 
Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata are united, the encirclement 
being broken at the union.’’ Holland. 


P. (34) Add to the List of Forms of A. obelisca, Schiff., ssp. saliocli- 
tana, Bours., ab. wnicolor, Lempke, and ab. juncta, Lempke. 
P. (36) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above three forms after line 11 
from the bottom. 
ssp. salivclitana, Bours., Rev. Fr. d’Ent., 1, 59 (1984). 
Fies.—-l.c., plt. 1, 5-6 (7-8). Good black and white figures. 
Orig. DEescrip.—‘‘ This is distinguished from other known races by 
its lighter colour and by the pectinations of the antennae of the d, 
which are shorter than in the typical forms from Switzerland and Aus- 


(278) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TX/ 1941 


tria (figs. 7-8). The shaft of the antenna in the ¢ is also thinner than 
in the other races and notably so than in the typical form or in examples 
larger and more robust.’’ They also differ appreciably from the races 
met with in the Pyrenees and from those of the Alpes Maritimes, which 
last are blackish. The Pyrenean form is almost like that of North 
Germany named stephens by Dr Heydemann. [Int. Hnt. Zts., 
XXVII, 246-248 (1933)]. Saclas, pres d’Ktampes. 

ab. wnicolor, Lempke, Tyds. (1939), 214. 

Orie. DeEscrip.—‘‘ The forewings are unicolorous with complete 
absence of marking (including the filling up of the median cell in black). 
Only the two stigmata are fully encircled in black and thus scarcely 
visible.’ Holland. 

ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 214. 

Orig. Discrip.—‘‘ The reniform and orbicular touching but remain- 
ing compiete.’’ Holland. 


P. (51) Add to the List of Forms of A. tritict, L., ab. juncta, Lempke, 
ab. semiconfiuens, Lempke, and ab. confluens, Lempke. 
P. (57) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above three forms 13 lines from 


the bottom. 
ab. guncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 217. 
Ortc. Drescrip.—‘‘ The reniform and orbicular touching but remain- 


ing complete.’’ Holland. 

ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 217. 

Orig. Derscrivp.—‘‘ Instead of uniting, the reniform and orbicular 
are joined by a double line and the encirclement of each is broken.’’ 

ab. confluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 217. 

Oric. Drscriep.—‘‘ The reniform and orbicuiar are united in one 
stigma, the encirclement is wanting at the point of union.’’ Holland. 


P. (64) Add to the List of Forms of A. corticea (clava), Schiff., ab. 
semiconfluens, Lempke. 
P. (67) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form after line 4 from 
the top. 
ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, Tiujds. (1939), 223. 
Orig. Dascrip.—The two stigmata are united by a double line, the 
encirciement being broken at the union.’’ Holland. 


P. (72) Add to the List of Forms of A. exclamationis, L., ssp. nigri- 
orbis, Zerny. 
P. (74) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form after line 5 from 
the top. 

ssp. nigriorbis, Zerny., Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver., XIX, 45 (1934). 

Fie.—plt. 5, 7-8. 

Orig. DEscrip.—‘‘ Characterized for the most part by the deep black- 
filled stigmata, particularly the orbicular, which otherwise in this species 
is separated from the ground colour of the wing by only fine black. 
The cone-shaped stigma is for the most part longer and thicker than 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (279) 


usual, also the reniform in many specimens is noticeably large. The 
transverse lines are mostly more distinct than in typical examples. In 
colour the upper side of the forewing is very variable, clearer or darker 
yellowish, brownish, or violet-grey; many specimens with the costa 
part powdery with lilac-whitish. On the underside the post-median on 
both fore and hindwings are considerably more distinct than in the 
typical race.’’ Morocco. 


P. (77) Add to the List of Forms of Agrotis ripae, Hb , ab. obscleta, 
Lempke, and ab. bivirga, Lempke. 
Pp. (79) Add the Original Descriptions of the above two forms 9 lines 
from the bottom. 
ab. obsoleta, Lempke, Tiyds. (1939), 228. 
Orta. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings grey-brown with markings obsolescent.’’ 
Holland. 
ab. bivirga, Lempke, Tuyds. (1939), 228. 
Orig. Descrtr.—‘‘ Basal and marginal areas blackish, median area 
light.’’ Holland. 


P. (94) Add to the List of Forms of A. cinerea, Schiff., ab. obsoleta, 
Lempke. 
P. (97) Add the Original Description of the above form 24 lines from 
the top. 
ab. obsoleta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 225. 
Orre. Drscrtep.—‘‘ The markings of the forewings obsolescent or 
completely absent.’’ Holland. 


P. (102) Add to the List of Forms of Agrotis lucernea, L., ssp. bureschi, 
Sules. 

P. (104) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form 8 lines from the 
bottom. 

subsp. bureschi, Suleschkow, Bull. Soc. Ent. Bulgaria, VII, 114 
(1932).° 

Fig.—l.c. 

Orta. Descrip.—‘‘ Upperside dark grey, with black-grey suffusion. 
Fringes of the same colour as the wings, on the hindwings somewhat 
paler. The whole marginal area of all the wings up to the outer trans- 
verse lines almost unicolorous black-grey. The middle shading wide, 
dark yzrey, with no appreciable traces of the reniform stigmata; the 
erbicular similarly obsolete in development. Underside also very dark 
ashy-grey, grey-black in the marginal area, paler towards the base up 
to dusky-white. The central shaded line wide and on all the wings 
well expressed ; as were the discal points of the hindwings.”’ 


P. (116) Add the following Note 10 lines from the bottom to Agrotis 
strigula, Thnbg. 


(280) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/TX/1941 


Barrett, l.c., on plt. 1384, gave four figures, all very good; show de- 
grees in the obsolescence of some of the white markings, especially 1b, 
and degrees of ground shade. 


P. (117) Add to the List of Forms of A. strigula, Thunbg., ab. iuncta, 
Lempke, ab. ferruginea, Lempke, ab. flavescens, Lempke, ab. 
grisea, Lempke, and ab. reducta, Lempke. 

P. (118) Add the Original Descriptions of the above five forms 6 lines 
from the bottom. 

ab. guncta, Lempke, Tiujds. (1939), 238. 

Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ The two stigmata touch, but retain their encircle- 
ment intact.’’ Holland. 

ab. ferruginea, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 288. 

Oric. DeEscrip.—‘‘ Ground of forewings red-brown.’ Holland. 

ab. fluavescens, Lempke, Tjds. (1939), 238. 

Orta. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground of forewings yellowish, design clear.’’ 


e 


Holland. 
ab. grisea, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 238. " 


Ort. Drscrip.—‘‘ Ground of forewings pure grey, without red or 
brown.’’ Holland. 

ab. reductu, Lempke, Tuds. (1939), 238. 

Onte. Descrir.—‘‘ The orbicular wanting.”’ 


P. (123) Add to the List of Forms of T. janthina, Schiff., ab. pallida, 
Lempke, ab. alba, Lempke, and ab. 7uncta, Lempke. 
P. (125) Add the Orig. Descriptions of the above three forms, line 26 
from the bottom. 
ab. pallida, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 256. 
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground of the hindwings pale yellow.’’ Holland. 
ab. alba, Lempke, Tiuds. (1939), 256. 
Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground of the hindwings white.’’ Holland. 
ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 256. 
Oric. Descrip.—-‘‘ The two stigmata unite into one, with only one 
encirclement.’’ Holland. 


P. (127) Add to the List of Forms of T. fimbria, L., ab. fava, Lempke, 
ab. juncta, Lempke, ab. confluens, Lempke, and ab. imma- 
culata, Lempke. 

P. (128) Add the Orig. Descriptions of the above four forms 11 lines 
from the bottom. 

ab. flava, Lempke, Tids. (1939), 262. 
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Hind wings of clear yellow instead of orange.’’ 

Hoiland. 

ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 262. 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata touch, but the encirclement 
intact.’’ Holland. 

ab. confluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 262. 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata unite under one encirclement.’’ 

Holland. 

ab. immaculata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 262. 


al MS. and EDITORIAL. ‘MATTER should be sent and all. PROOFS returned te: i ae on 


_ Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar, ” 95 West Drive, Cheam. 


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70° OUR ede Short Collecting Notes and Current: Notes. - Please, 


Early. —EDS. ‘ 


BY 


will any subscribers who have changed ‘their addresses recently and not notified 


the Hon. Treasurer please do so.. Several subscriptions have been received 
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anes 


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_ They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


47 


| Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens 


and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British L. l-album, 


< -exigua, cribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, 


Cranleigh, Surrey. 


Desiderata—Trypetidae. (Diptera) from Scotch, Welsh, and Irish localities. H. W. 
Andrews, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. 3 pes 


Wanted—American Hesperiidae, | especially ’ from Costa Rica, West Indies, the 


Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. 
Write K. J, Hayward, Estacion EF wpa i ins pa Casilla Correo 71, Tucuman, 
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Duplicates. —Severai thousand. British | Mic Téatadntors in perfect condition; 


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Ps = Enon Round 
Journal of ie 


(vols, fe EXXVL , 


ag i 


day’ BS aaNipaoes Na Mesa Paper ‘on. Taeniocuwide 
tical Hints (many)—Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin 0 
var. valesina—Work for the~ ‘Winter—Temperature and Vv. ani: 
notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist: for. 1890—Life-histories 


etc., ete., 360 pp. ‘ FRY 1 iat PET! 
CONTENTS OF VOL. it. ha 


‘MELANISM AND ‘MELANOCHROISM_Bibliogr 
VARIATION: Oe ee to, breed fed Hele 


Ss. London——Generic nomenclature and. the “Acron 


iss estado’ Hak of. ei toni deras 


ar 


obs 
id th te 


ua . HT beak aaa wis 


No. 10 


OCTOBER 1941. 


2 2 AND 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


gs ee Te re 


5 EDITED with the assistance of 
MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S: T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
E. A. Cockayne, A.M., D.M., F.R.ES., E.Z.S8., F.R.ES. 


F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. z 
os, COLLIN, JP,; FREES ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E:S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S:, F.Z.S. 


Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 


me CONTENTS. 


COLLECTING NOTES: Notes on British Lepidoptera (Geometridae), EF, Ernest 
Green, F.R.E.S,; Two Aberrations of British Coleoptera not previously de- 
scribed, Horace Donisthorpe; A Strange Food Plant, P. B. M. Allan; The 
» Karroo Caterpillar, J. S. Taylor, M.A., F.R.E.S.; Lepidoptera under Typi- 
- cal Karroo Conditions, J. S. Taylor, M.A., F.R.E.S., and E. E. Cresswell; 
cosmia pyralina in Somerset, J. F. Bird; Second Brood of Brenthis 
euphrosyne? G. V, Bull; A New Vice-County Record for Two Common 
British Ants, Horace Donisthorpe; Zeugophora subspinosa, F., in Cumber- 
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THE PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 101 


THE PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC 
LEPIDOPTERA. gat SRP o tan 


x Zoolae 
E 


A PRELIMINARY ESSAY. °* NOV 413.1941 

[3310 By E. P. Witrsarre, F.R.E.S. deters 

My previous articles! on the phenology? of single-brooded lepidoptera 

used terms, such as ‘‘ vernal,’’ ‘“‘ autumnal,” ‘‘ very vernal,’’ etc., which 

presupposed a phenological classification such as has not yet, to my 

knowledge, been made. In the present paper a preliminary sketch of 

suck a classification is presented, concluding with the consideration of 
what use, if any, such a classification may have. 


A. Wontinuously-brooded species. 
Types: Utetheisa pulchella, L., Melitaea trivia, Schiff., Pieris 
rapae, L. 


B. TIwo-brooded species. 
1. With two consecutive generations. Type: Huchloé charlonia, 
Donz. 4 
2. With a vernal and an autumnal generation. Type: Ocneria 
poenitens, Stgr. 
3. With a partial second generation. Type: Notodonta ziczac, L. 


C. Single-brooded species. 
1. Vernal, with an early tendency. Type: Dichonia areola, Esp. 
(=winter flight in mild climates). 
2. Vernal, with little deviation. Type: Cucullia verbasci, L. 
3. Vernal, with a late tendency. Type: Malacosoma castrensis, 
L. (=summer flight in colder climates). 
Midsummer. Type: Fuchypasa otus, Drury. 
Midsummer, with deviation in both directions: ‘‘ normally 
autumnal.” Type: Catocala puerpera, Giorn. (=summer 
flight in hot climates, autumnal flight in colder climates). 
6. Autumnal, with an early tendency. Type: Volgarctia specta- 
bilis, Tausch. (=summer flight in colder climates). 
7. Autumnal, with little deviation. Type: Chondrostega auri- 
villai, Pungl. 
8. Autumnal, with a late tendency. Type: Amathes lychnidis, 
I. (=winter flight in mild climates). 
9. Midwinter. None. 


or 


I shall now give further names, to illustrate more completely how a 
number of well-known species are to be attributed to the above cate- 
gories and classes, together with some necessary comments. It is not 
merely considerations of space that prevent me from here trying 1o 
classify all the British (or Palaearctic) species; it is that I have neither 
the time for such a study nor the complete reference library necessary 


1-‘ Notes on the winter flight, in mild climates, of vernal and autumnal moths,”’ 
Ent. Rec., 15.xi.38; ‘‘ The summer flight, in cold climates, of vernal and 
autumnal lepidoptera,” Ent. Rec., 15.1.41. 

2‘* Phenological ’’ here refers rather to season than hour, 


wR 


HOD ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 


for it. Readers may, if they please, amuse themselves by fitting into 
these classes the species not here named. 


Category A. (Continuously-brooded species.) 

Papilio demoleus, L., Leptidia sinapis, L., Colias croceus, Fourc., 
Pyrameis cardui, L., Celerio lineata f. livornica, Esp., U. pulchella, L., 
Agrotis segetum, Schiff., Agrotis ypsilon, L., Rhyacia saucia, Hbn., 
Tathorhynchus exsiccata,? Led., Laphygma exigua, Hbn., Plusia 
gumma, L., Clytie genus, Pandesma anysa, Guen., Rhodometra sacraria, 
L., Gymnoscelis pumilata, Hbn., Macaria syriacaria, Stgr.; Melitaea 
trivia, Schiff.; Papilio machaon, ay P. rapae, WL. 

In a cold climate it may not he apparent that a species belongs te 
this category ; for instance, judging by its biology in England, one would 
classify machaon under Category B, class 3. 

The continuously-brooded category A is largely tropical or sub- 
tropical in origin, and many of its species are well-known migrants, 
migration being the alternative to a diapause as a means of surviving 
climatic extremes. ‘There seem, however, to be two, or even three 
classes in the category: (1) purely migratory, to which most belong; 
(2) capable of aestivating, e.g. trivia; and (3) capable of hibernating, 
e.g. rapae and machaon; of course, if the climate of the habitat does 
not require it, none of these modes will be employed. 1 have, however, 
hesitated to erect these three classes in my scheme of Category A be- 
cause we do not know enough yet aktout the biology of many Category A 
species in subtropical climates. While it is true that a general tendency 
to one of the alternatives (migration or diapause) to the exclusion of 
the other can be remarked, we cannot be sure yet that these alternatives 
are in all cases mutually exclusive. For instance, a consideration of 
the biology of machaon in Iraq (see also Peile*) makes it likely that in 
this and other cases local migration replaces the summer diapavuse, the 
unrelieved desert being recolonized by immigrants from oases each 
spring when the fresh desert food plant reappears. This may also ex- 
plain how ypsilon and segetum survive in Iraq; or they may behave 
like trivia there, and aestivate in an early stage; or perhaps again their 
subterranean larval habits may even permit a continuous, if retarded, 
summer development, without an actual summer diapause. Until more 
is known I prefer to delay the erection of these tentative classes, but 
observe that the second of them (type: trivia) can be distinguished 
from B2 by the occurrence of at least two broods before the summer 
diapause and from B1 by the possession of an autumnal brood (often, 
however, less numerous), and that the third of them (type: rapae) can 
be distinguished from Category I} by its continuous suceession of broods 
on oasis biotopes in a subtropical climate. Perhaps sinapis should ac- 
company trivia. The habit of migration in the first class is very pro- 
bably a comparatively recent development in its evolution. 

C. Q. Parsons’ interesting record of a saucia pupa in winter in 
Devon (Ent. Rec., January 1941, p. 11) suggests that the reason why 
many migratory species fail to survive English winters is the inadapt- 


3In the previous articles I regarded ¢xsiccata as a single-brooded species, but 
this year in Shiraz took it not only in spring but, on marshy ground, again 
in June; I, therefore, tentatively classify it as shown above. 


4H. 1). Peile: ‘‘ The Butterflies of Mesopotamia,’ Journ. Bomb. N.H.S., 1921-22. 


THE PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 108 


ibly short pupal stage which either produces an imago in midwinter, 
killing it or its progeny above ground, or kills the pupa, which cannot 
survive a delay induced by cold. 


Category B. (T'wo-brooded species.) 

1. With two consecutive generations: KEuchloé charlonia, Donz., 
Cerura genus,*? Harias irakana, Wilts. 

2. With a vernal and an autumnal generation: Lymantria ania- 
tilis, Chr., Ocneria poenitens, Stgr., Acronicta megacezphala, F.6 Euxoa 
conspicur, Hbn., Discestra arenaria, Hamps., Elaphria bodenheimeri, 
Drdt., Pseudathetis fixseni, Chr., Catocala lesbia, Christ.,1° Cidaria 
salicata, Hbn., Dyscia plebejaria, Ob., Cornifrons ulceratalis, Led. 

3. With a partial second generation: N. ziczac, L., and Harmodia 
bicruris, Hufn. 

In cold climates, where the summer diapause is not marked, it may 
be difficult to distinguish class 1 from class 2 of this category. In 
milder climates the autumnal brood of class 2 tends to run into the 
vernal. According to South, salicata’s second brood is partial in Ene- 
land; this shows that a colder climate can slow down a species belonging 
te this category, causing it to omit completely or partiaily the second 
generation; we shall observe, in due course, an analogous retarding of 
the life cycle of some Category C species. 

IT have bred in captivity a partial second (summer) brood of boden- 
heimeri and arenaria; this suggests that the two-broodedness of these, 
and perhaps other species of the category, is not so fixed specifically 
as the single-broodedness of Category C, but has been comparatively 
recently evolved, from Category A, in response to climatic influences 
(heat and aridity). 


Category C. (Single-brooded species.) 

1. Vernal, with an early tendency: Cucullia wredowi-judaeorum, 
Strand., Dichonia areola, Esp., Antitype chosroes, Brdt., Spudaea ruti- 
cilla, Esp., Theria rupicapraria, Schiff., Dasycorsa modesta, Stgr., 
Zamacra flabellaria, Heeger. 

2. Vernal, with little deviation: Papilio alexanor, Esp., Zegris 
eupheme, Esp., Saturnia genus, Simvra dentinosa, Frr., Monima stabi- 
lis, View., Cucullia verbascum- and scrophularia-feeding group, Litho- 
stege dissocyma, Prt., Inthostege palaestinensis, Ams. 

3. Vernal, with a late tendency: Aporia crataegi, L., Melitaea 
cinzia, L., Malacosoma castrenis, l., Lacydes semiramis, Stgr., Procris 
genus, Phragmataecia castaneae, Agrotis elbursica, Drdt., Rhyacia 
nyctimerina, Ster. 

4. Midsummer: Leucoma salicis, L., Leucoma wiltshirei, Coll.. 
Callimorpha quadripunctaria, Poda, Pachypas1t otus, Drury., Stygia 
saharae, Luce. 

5. Midsummer, with deviations in both directions: ‘‘ normally 
autumnal’’: Apopestes spectrum, Esp., Phragmitiphila  typhae, 
Thnbg., Archanara sparganti, Esp., A. algae, Esp.,7 A. geminipuncta, 


5Seitz, ‘““ Die Grossschmetterlinge der Erde,’ II, p. 283. 


6T classify two-brooded Acronicta under B2 rather than Bi because the Bagdad 
Acronicta (=aceris??) clearly belongs there. 


7T took A. algae (=cannae) near Shiraz together with typhae in mid-June 1941, 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X /1941 


Haw., Mormonia neonympha, Esp., Catocala puerpera, Giorn., C. pro- 
missa, Esp., C. optima, Stgr., and many C. congener. 

6. Autumnal, with an early tendency: Volgarctia spectabilis, 
Tausch., Tnaumetopoea pityocampa, Schitt., Phragmataecia territa, 
Ster., Agrotis ripae, Hbn. 

7. Autumnal, with little deviation: Hriogaster genus, Lasiocampa® 
genus, Chondrostegu aurivillii, Pnegl. 

8. Autumnal, with a late tendency: Ocnogyna loewn, Z., Rivyacia 
zanthographa, Schiff., Blepharita trisignata, Men., Aporophyla aus- 
tralis, Bsd., Meganephria oxyacaunthae, L., Dryobota furva, Esp., Dryo- 
botodes roboris, H.G., Antitype rufocincta, Hbn., A. canescens, Dup., 
Amathes genus, Lithostege buxtoni, Prt, Larentia clawaria, Haw., 
Cheomatobia brumata, li... Itame berytaria, Ster., and Crocallis genus. 


9. Midwinter. 

The only difference between classes 1 and 3 of this category is that 
class 1 is earlier in all climates; similarly, with classes 6 and 8. These 
four classes thus form a series of similarly-reacting classes spread over 
the year. 

As far as I know, no single-brooded ‘‘ winter-moth ”’ occurs both be- 
fore and after the coldest weather in cold climates as clavaria does in 
mild climates; all tend to fly either definitely before or after mid- 
January. (Cidaria. basochesiata, Dup., which flies in winter in Medi- 
terranean countries, probably has two broods, and if so can be classed 
with sa@licata (B 2), which also appears to fly all winter in mild climates.) 
For this reason, and because cold is a more absolute stopper of insect- 
hfe than extreme heat, I think that there can be no true midwinter 
moth te put in CY. 

In cold climates some species of this category take more than one 
vear over their life-cycle. This may occur in two ways: (a) retarded 
larval growth; regularly in any given climate (e.g., Cossus cossus, L., 
P. castaneae, EL. quercus, callunae); (b) retarded pupal develop- 
ment; irregularly, or individually (e.g. Hriogaster lanestris, T. pityo- 
campa, etc.). Presumably these two types are due to different causes: 
type (a) can be explained as simply due to retardment by cold, but one 
can be less sure of the cause of type (b’s) behaviour: since Talhouk’s 
breeding of Hriogaster philippsi, Bart.,? and my own observations of 
Thawmetopoea wilkinsoni, Tams, and Hriogaster amygdali, Wilts., seem 
to show that in subtropical ciimates this phenomenon does not occur, 
1 incline to think the phenomenon of irregular pupal delay in type (b) 
may represent a survival of an ingrained generic habit of pupal aestiva- 
tion, formed in a subtropical climate and persisting in a distorted form 
in a cool temperate climate. 

My inclusion of the marsh species typhae, etc., in class 5 might be 
taken to indicate that I have changed the view expressed in previous 
papers that these were ‘‘ normally autumnal.’’ Phenologicaily I can- 
‘not separate them from the majority of the Catocala species, many of 


SFor the remarkable record of a Lusiocampa in May at Amara, Iraq, see my 
paper, “‘ Mesopotamian Desert Lepidoptera,’’ which is being published this 
year by the Journal of the Bombay N.H.S.; the classification of this species 
(grandis, Rog.) may have to be reconsidered when more is known of this 
phenomenon. 


9Ant. Rec., 15.vii.40 


THE PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PATAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 105 


which are attached to oasis trees. This class is peculiar in not shirking 
a summer flight in hot climates, though autumnal in colder ones. The 
seeming paradox can be explained by the availability of its foodplants 
(tree-foliage or water-plants) even in mid-summer in hot climates, so 
that acceleration in response to heat is not fatal. On the other hand 
the absence of a second brood in this class in hot climates, when the 
foodplant is still available for one, points to the life-cycles having been 
‘‘ fixed’? in a cool climate, where, as we see, the class is autumnal. 
My previously expressed view still seems to hold good. 


If some of the above classifications seem arbitrary to any reader, 
who has not read the previous papers quoted above, I must refer him 
to them and remind him of the importance of considering the habits 
of a species over its whole range. Since a cold climate frequently does 
not give scope to a species’ full potentialities, the species must be con- 
sidered by its behaviour in a more favourable environment. 


It may be useful here to define the various types of classification other 
than phenological, in order to avoid any confusion of thought :— 
1. Systematic, by structure. 2. Zoogeographical, by range. 3. Visual, 
by pattern. 4. Ecological, (a) by foodplant, (b) by habitat (biotope). 

The first of these is fundamental, being indispensable in practice 
and also illuminating the study of phylogenetics, etc. The second touches 
a subject of a highly speculative nature but of irresistible interest, whose 
study is still in its infancy. For the value of the third type I advise 
readers to refer to Cott’s Adaptive Coloration in Animals, Methuen, 
London, 1940. Type 4a is chiefly of practical value, and type 4b has, 
as far as I know, never been thoroughly made by an entomologist, 
though in my published record of the Lepidoptera of Iraq!® I tried to 
record them according to their respective biotope, since Iraqian bio- 
topes are so well defined. 

Phenological, a fifth type of classification might be of two kinds, 
(a) by season, (b) by hour of flight; the former is here attempted. 

In conclusion, | may be reminded that although classification is a 
typical activity of the human mind, it should only be given rein to in 
useful directions. In case, however, it has not already appeared, from 
some of the comments made incidentally, that phenological classification 
is both illuminating and of practical use, I defend it briefly as follows : — 


Practical-wses: (a) It may help to identify. An example of this use 
will be found on p. 37 of South, Vol. II, where we find these words: 
‘‘TIn England we certainly have a Cucullia sometimes appearing in the 
moth state rather later than verbasci and always earlier than C. lych- 
nitis ;, the caterpillar producing it feeds on Scrophularia nodosa 
We shall not be greatly opposed to Continental methods if we continue 
to allow April and May moths resulting from S. nodosa caterpillars to 
do duty for C. scrophulariae.’’ I do not necessarily support this identi- 
fication, but it is an example of how two criteria, i.e., foodplant and 
season, other than the more usual ones of structure and pattern, are 


100, lesbia inhabits oases in very hot districts. I have bred it in June and also 
taken it in November. Further records may perhaps prove it to be con- 
secutively brooded, but I classify it in B2 provisionally. Its phenology is 
evidently different from that of its congeners, probably representing a more 
primitive type, 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 


used to determine specimens. To consider the season will often help 
in other cases of doubt. (b) It may help entomologists to find a species 
that otherwise eludes them. 


Enlightenment: (a) It sheds light on the question of insect migra- 
tion. (b) It illumines also the central problem of all zoogeographical 
speculations, 1.e., the past history of a species or race—a problem of 
importance because we can only understand the present status of an 
insect if we understand its past history. Entomology and geology here 
overlap, Just as, in the human field, geography and history overlap. 

A comparison of the phenology of congeneric species is especially 
interesting in this connection. 

Some of the comments made above will have already illustrated how 
this classification sheds light on that problem; pursuing those comments 
further, it may be remarked that Categories A and B are closer to- 
gether than to C, which is distinguished by a more rigid life-cycle, and 
has presumably evolved in response to the special conditions of the Tem- 
perate Zones (Palaearctic and Nearctic). Cold may retard this life-cycle 
but heat never accelerates it. Freer behaviour and wider reactions are 
to be observed in Category A. Category B occupies an intermediate 
position, perhaps exemplifying how Category C evolved from Category 
A. The tentative classes A 2 and 3 may similarly exemplify the evolu- 
tion from Alto B. In fact, I have tried to classify Categories A and B 
in order of development, starting with what I consider the more primi- 
tive class. It is, however, arguable that B 1 is less primitive than B 2. 
IT should be interested to learn from any reader about the phenology of 
castaneae in tropical climates. 


The example of machaon, which in England would seem to belong 
to B3 but in well-watered warm biotopes is revealed as a member of 
Category A, like its tropical congener demoleus, LL. (which only just 
enters the Palaearctic Zone in the extreme south and there is able to 
perform a short hibernation in an early stage in climates with a mild 
winter) affords a good example of how one class or category may evolve 
from another ; suppose, for instance, that machaon died out everywhere 
except in England, then one would definitely classify it as B 3. If the 
English climate grew colder and it survived, it might perhaps drop its 
second (partial) brood altogether (it has done so already in Arctic 
Russia)) thereby entering Category C, in one of the vernal classes. If 
these climatic conditions were prolonged, this behaviour might become 
‘“ fixed,’ so that, if later it extended its range from, the cold centre of 
distribution to warmer climates again, it would remain single-brooded, 
1.e., it would behave rather as the peak-dwelling Papilio alexanor does 
to-day in the mountains of Syria and Iran. I do not, of course, sug- 
gest’ that all the species of Category C became single-brooded in this 
way; indeed, on the contrary, I have suggested previously that many 
became so ‘‘ fixed ’’ in a centre of distribution with a warm dry summer. 
But this hypothetical history would explain very well the single-brooded- 
ness of C5, if we substitute ‘‘ autumnal ”’ for ‘‘ vernal.’’ 

I have assumed above that the evolutionary order was A, B, C be- 
cause I understand that it is generally accepted that insect life started 


developing in an age when a hot moist climate was more widespread 
in the world than now. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 107 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Notes on Britisn LePrpopTera. (GHOMETRIDAE.)—(Uontinued from 
p. 80.\—Ortholitha umbrifera.—On the top of Eggarsdon Hili (Dorset) 
I took several examples of what I thought to be a variety of O. 
plumbaria, from which it was distinguished by having the dot in the 
centre of the forewing duplicated. When submitted to Mr Prout, of 
the Nat. Hist. Museum, it was found to be a new and distinct species, 
which Mr Prout has named umbrifera. I took a second example on the 
dewns above Sheringham (Norfolk). 


Ortholitha clavaria (cervinata).—Larvae were found feeding on 
hollyhock, at Camberley, in June. The resulting moths emerged towards 
the end of September. I have also taken moths, at light, early in 
October. 

Ortholitha chenopodiata (imitata).—I have taken this species only 
cnce at Camberley; but commonly in other parts of Surrey and Kent. 
Tne moths are on the wing during July and August. 

Ortholitha bipunctaria.—Common on chalk downs in Kent and else- 
where. I have not met with it near Camberley. 

Mesotype virgata.—l have taken this species on Royston Heath 
(Herts) in August. 

Odezia atrata.—l found the moths, fairly common, at Llangammarch 
(Wales) in July. 

Anaitis plegiata.—Common around Camberley, both on the wing and 
at light, towards niid-July and early September; more sparsely in June. 

Anaitis efformata.—The males of this species are distinguished from 
plagiata by the shorter anal segment. Both sexes have the inner band, 
on the forewings, more sharply angled. I have taken the moth, at 
hght, in my moth-trap in August and have raised it from ova from 
moths caught at Box Hill. 

Chesias legatella (spartiata).—Very abundant at light, at Camberley, 
throughout Octoker. 

Chesias rufata.—Almost equally common as the previous species; 
but sccurring in late March, throughout April and again during June 
and July up to early in August. 

Nothopteryz (Lobophora) carpinata.—Abundant at Camberley 
throughout April. I have beaten the larvae from Birch; have found 
the moths at rest on tree trunks and have taken them at light. 

Acacts (Lobophora) viretata.—Common at Camberley, at light and 
at rest on tree trunks. I have taken the moths during May and June; 
but—more usually—in August. 

Lobophera halterata,—Taken at light; but not commonly, at Cam- 
berley, during May and early June. 

Mysticoptera (Lobophora) sexalata.—I have not found this species 
at Camberley, but have taken it at light in the Wicken Fen, in July, 
and on the wing in the New Forest, in June. 

Operophtera (Cheimatobia) brumata.—Common, at light, throughout 
the Camberley district in the winter months. 

Operophtera (Cheimatobia) boreata.—Equally common with the pre- 
vious species.—(To be continued).—K. Ernest Green, F.R.E.S., Cam- 
berley, Surrey. 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/X/1941 


Two ASERRATIONS OF BRITISH COLEOPTERA NOT PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED. 
(1) Trechus 4-striatus, Schrk. (minutus, F.), ab. flavohumeralis, ab. n. 
Head and thorax jet black, the latter with the borders narrowly yellow. 
The elytra brown with yellow side-borders and a large yellow patch, 
rather sharply defined, at each shoulder. Legs yellow; antennae 
yellowish-brown. The structure, sculpture, etc., are similar to those 
of the typical form. This very striking and beautiful aberration was 
taken by shaking cut-grass over paper in the Churchyard at Old Heston, 
Middlesex. 4.vii.41. (2) Phyllotreta cruciferae, Goez., ab. rigrobasis, 
ab. n. In this aberration the antennae are entirely black, not showing 
any trace of red at the basal joints. It is probably common; but rather 
confusing, as it does not fit into the tables of the genus. I have beaten 
1t off Tanvarisk blossoms (Tamarix gallica) at West Worthing, 11.vii.17; 
and have swept it off Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella bursa pastoris) in 
Windsor Forest (in some numbers when the typical form was not 
present), 15.vi.84; and off cabbages at Heston in company with the 
typical form, 4.vii.41.—Horacr DonistHorPE, British Museum (Nat. 
Hist), Entomological Department, 25.viii.41. 


A Strange Foop Priant.—Recently I found a larva of Acronicta psi 
on a rose growing on the wail of my house. It is now in its last larval 
stadium. Last night at 10 p.m. (G.M.T.) I found that it had left the 
food plant and was eating a dried leaf of Hazel which contained a 
cocoon of Demas coryli, left on the floor of the cage. It ate a piece about 
the size of a threepenny-bit and seemed to enjoy it, though the leaf was 
hard and brittie. This morning it is back on its proper food plant 
again. This is one of the species which (in my experience) seems to 
dislike dew and to prefer its food dry. But dead Hazel! De gustibus 
non est disputandum.—P. B. M. ALLAN. 


Unper the heading ‘‘ The Karroo Caterpillar,’ Mr J. S. Taylor, 
Entomologist-in-charge, the Prickly Pear Laboratory, Graat Reinet, 
has given a very long and detailed account of the serious pest of the 
sheep fodder growth in many parts of 8. Africa. The Seasonal History 
and Incidence of the activities of the Pyralid moth, Loxostege frustralis, 
is discussed in every detail and figures are given in Farming in Souti 
Africa, 1940. The iife-history with a figure of the larva and pupa, with 
dates of major infestation, favourable and unfavourable conditions. 
The various food plants are given, the most important being the ‘‘ Sweet 
Karroo,’’? the main fodder plant for the sheep. Eggs, larva, pupa and 
adult are described with habits and devastation caused. A section is 
devoted to the ‘‘ Natural Enemies’ and control measures suggested. 
In certain seasons countless thousands are present all over the Karroo 
and the loss of natural fodder must cause a huge loss of wool production 
on the sheep farms. 


Our S. African correspondent, Mr J. S. Taylor, M.A., F.R.EH.S. (and 
K. E. Cresswell), bas sent us some records he has published on a few 
species of Lepidoptera which exist under typical Karroo conditions, 
chiefly from Graaf-Reinet. Both butterflies and moths are included, 
and there are notes on the larvae and food plants. The Pierid Belenots 
mesentina often occurs in clouds around its food plant, a species of 
Boscia, an indigenous tree. It is an interesting and pretty species with 


COLLECTING NOTES. 109 


a wide distribution in Africa and Asia, The common Nymphalid 
Vanessa cardui has recently been found in the larval stage on the Karroo 
bush, an important fodder plant on the Karroo. Oharazes jahlusa. is 
one of the smail species of the genus. The Sphingids are represented 
by the livornica form of Celerio lineata, whose larva feeds on the vale- 
rian. The curious Notodont, Brauwra truncata, is a common species, 
whose larva feeds on the Acacia. This insect was described many years 
ago, and as the Acacia is not indigenous we have wondered what the 
larva fed upon years ago in Walker’s time before the introduction of 
Acacia, I believe from Australia. There are two Arctiids, seven 
Noctuids, and one Cossid in the list. 


CosMIA PYRALINA IN SOMERSET.—I was pleased to net an example of 
Cosmia pyralina G at dusk in my garden on 2nd August. Although re- 
ported from the neighbouring counties of Gloucestershire and Devon, 
this insect has not, hitherto, been recorded from Somerset.—J. F. Brrp, 
Redclyffe, Walton Park, Clevedon, Somerset, 14th September 1941. 


Seconp Broop oF BRENTHIS EUPHROSYNE?—On 24th July last I took 
a fresh, rather small B. ewphrosyne. Is this possibly a second brood? 
The species had not been seen in the district for some weeks.—G. V. 
Buty, Sandhurst, Kent. 


A New Vice-County REcorpD ror Two Common British ANts.—Mr 
S. O. Taylor, of Leicester, recently sent specimens of Acanthoniyops 
(Donisthorpea) mger, L., and Myrmica laevinodis, Nyl., to me from 
East Gloucestershire, the former at Bibury, under stones, and the latter 
at Fairford, under the bark of an elm trunk. This is, of course, a 
new vice-county record for both species. For the Myrmica I have still 
no records in England from South Wilts., Bedford, Stafford, Salop, 
Mid-Lancashire, Mid-West Yorkshire, Cumberland, and Northumber- 
land; and for A. (D.) niger, South Wilts., Huntingdonshire, Shropshire, 
Cheviotland, and Westmorland.—Horacr DontstHorPE, British Museum 
Natural History, Entomological Department, 6th September 1941. 


ZEUGOPHORA SUBSPINOSA, F., In CUMBERLAND.—This little Chrysomelid 
beetle hag hitherto been uncommon in this district. In the county list 
of Coleoptera published in 1923 in the Trans. of the Carlisle Nat. Hist. 
Soc. I recorded it as ‘“‘ rare, Orton.’’ I first took it in that locality in 
June 1898 and subsequently met with odd specimens from time to time. 
It has now turned up in abundance on young aspens in the Kingmoor 
Nature Reserve on the outskirts of Carlisle. I discovered it there on 
3rd September last and could have taken almost any number. This 
was rather surprising to me as I have collected in the Reserve for more 
than 40 years and taken nearly 400 species of Coleoptera there but never 
met with Z. subspinosa before. At. one time, however, there was not 
much aspen on the ground but lately a good many young saplings have 
sprung up and it was noticeable that the beetle occurred mostly on 
these.—F. H. Day, 26 Currock Road, Carlisle, 18th September 1941. 


Comias crocEus, Fourc., ETC., NEAR CARLISLE.—A few examples of 
the ‘‘ Clouded Yellow ’’ have been observed this month in this district, 
some in the Solway area, others on the east and west sides of the city. 


110 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/X/1941 


Since 1933, when it occurred rather freely, [ have not met with it here. 
I am glad to report that for several years past Nymphalis io, L., has 
been increasing in numbers near Carlisle after a long period of almost 
total absence. When I started collecting nearly 50 years ago it was 
reputed to be locally extinct. About five or six years ago, however, it 
began to re-establish itself, and this present season has been a common 
garden butterfly, along with Vanessa atalanta, L., and V. cardui, L. 
The local colonies of Huphydryas aurinia, Rott., are still flourishing. 
As a rule the larvae are much infested with the parasite Apantelesi 
spurius, but this year they were almost immune. Out of a dozen larvae 
T took home for observation on this point not one was ‘‘ struck.’’— 
F. H. Day, 26 Currock Road, Carlisle, 18th September 1941. 


Notes oN VARIATION FROM THE WoRTHING Museum COLLECTION (cOn- 
tinued from p. 99).—P. aegon.—I use this name because I am quite cer- 
tain that it is correct as I have shown on more than one occasion (e.g., 
Ent. Rec., xxvi, p. 34). Observations in the field make it probable, and 
the Linnean collection places it beyond all doubt, that Linnaeus knew 
both species and regarded them as one. His name argus, therefore, 
included both; and when Schiffermuller (whether intentionally or acci- 
dentally makes no difference) designated this insect as aegon, he left 
the other species in sole possession of the name argus; argyrognomon, 
therefore, is merely the name of the blue 2 of argus and can uphold no 
claim to specific rank. This is entirely in accordance with the rules 
followed by even the most determined advocates of priority. 

With regard to the specimens in this collection there are two rows 
of the heath form from the New Forest, Hambledon, and Storrington, 
one of the 2s from Lyndhurst is very close to the race corsica, on the 
underside in its loss of black centres to many of the eye-spots; there is 
a row of the chalk form, cretacea, from Snodland and Otford, rather 
larger than the heath form, the Otford specimens conspicucusly so; 
the northern moss form, masseyi, is well represented by a row from 
Withersiack, one of the ¢s having leaden-coloured hindwings and an- 
other being striated on the underside. This race is not really lke the 
Corsican race at all. The blue of the 9 masseyi is bright and generally 
well defined, the blue of corsica is dull and much suffused with blackish 
from the border; placed in contiguous rows as they are here they do 
not look in the least alike. Corsica is represented by a series from 
Tattone and another from the Col di Vizzavona, the latter being slightly 
the smaller. The Swiss specimens from the Rhone Valley are gener- 
ally larger than the English ones; the mountain ones from the second 
Refuge on the Simplon Pass show the usual broad border of the moun- 
tain specimens, but are sometimes as large as those of the Rhone Valley ; 
those from the Laquinthal and from Alpien are smaller. The very 
small form alpina sometimes swarms at the Ganter Bridge. This very 
small race occurs again in the Abruzzi and is the usual form there. 
Another very small race occurs at Plouharnel in Brittany. This is very 
remarkable as the locality is very little above sea-level. The form at 
Oberbozen in the Tyrol is lke that which occurs at the second Refuge 
below Bérisal. At Aix-les-Bains the species has become double-brooded. 
The first brood is rather larger than the average; the second brood is 
small, in some cases very small. 1t must also be double-brooded at 


CURRENT NOTES. Ub 


Digne, but only the second brood is represented; here the Qs show a 
very broad orange band on both sides. At Assisi in Central Italy it is 
again double-brooded. Here the second brood specimens are generally 
rather the larger and the underside of the cs is almost as white as the 
Pyrennean hypochiona. The second, brood is also common at Perugia, 
Orvieto and Siena. In Finland the cs are small and the 2s show very 
little orange on the upper side.—(To be continwed.)—Rev. G. WHEELER, 
M.A., F.R.H.S. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


In the present number the Revision of Tutt’s British Noctuae, 
Vol. EII, is continued. In the November number it is intended to com- 
plete the Appendix to Vol. II, and to furnish the Index to the volume; 
thus in subsequent issues it is hoped to go on more rapidly. The species 
of the genus Xanthia will be dealt with. Cvitrago, fulvago, lutea 
(flavago), aurugo (with an analysis kindly furnished by A. J. Wight- 
man), gilvago, ocellaris (not dealt with as a species by Tutt), circellaris, 
rerampelina, ete. 


THE cessation of the activities of Stevens’ salerooms had incidentally 
stopped for the time being collections of insects being brought under the 
hammer. But our advertisement pages give information of the sale of 
a portion of the wonderful collection of the late Mr P. M. Bright of 
Bournemouth The Sale will take place at Messrs Glendining & Co.’s 
Rooms, 7 Argyll Street, Oxford Circus, on Wednesday, 29th October. 


Tue Pan-Pacific Entoinoiogist, published at San Francisco, Califor- 
nia, in its July number has an article on the ‘‘ Expedition of Lord 
Walsingham in California anc Oregon in 1871-72.’’ it consists of de- 
tails of the somewhat elaborate equipment for collecting, and extracts 
from local newspapers of the type one might expect at that date. This 
is foilowed by copies of the Diaries kept by Lord Walsingham and of his 
groon: Carrier, consisting of short notes from each camp, numbering 54. 
There are two maps of the country traversed, showing the positions of 
the various camps. Many kinds of birds were shot or noted. Lord 
Walsingham was interested mostly in the ‘‘ plumes”’ and Micro- 
lepidoptera, Naive remarks are made in the diary on various incidents 
of the journey. A visit to a geyser: ‘‘ Arrived at hotel and saw geyser, 
a regular tourist haunt puffed by a penny peep-show—sort of a German 
landlord. Guide talked a goed deal about the devil.’”’ ‘‘ Saw « skunk— 
heeled a stone at him—didn’t he stink.’’ Hunting bears and fishing 
took ap part of the time. 


Parts 1 and 2 of Vol. XVII of Hos, the Spanish Journal of Entomo- 
logy, were published in July, consisting of 240 pages, six plates, and 
many text figures. Senor Agenjc contributes a ‘‘ Monograph of the 
family Thawmetapoeidae,’’ illustrated by five plates, two of which con- 
tain figures of the various species and forms. The species recognized 
by the author are Thawmetovoca solitaria, Freyer (1838), with one form ; 
T. processionea, Li. (1758), with one ferm; T. pityocampa, Schiff. (1775), 


112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 


vith 13 forms, five of which are new; T. wilisinsoni, Tams. (1924-5); T. 
pinivora, Tr. (1834); T. bonjeani, Powell (1922); T. herculeana, Rmbr. 
(1840), with 11 forms; T. jordanu, Stdgr. (1894). There are 48 very well 
produced figures of the imagines, species and forms. Three other 
articles make up the volume: (1) On Ichneumonidae of Spain; (2) On a 
group of the Carabidae of Spain; (3) On a group of the Sphegidae. All 
well illustrated. 


Tur Royal Entomological Society has recently published the series 
ef parts one expects tc get about July. There are four parts of the 
Transactions. Of the Proceedings, series A, parts 4-6; series B, parts 
4-6; and series C, Journal of Meetings for 1940 with Reports of the 
Council and Treasurer, and List of Members. 


Moke or Jess recently there has crept into our entomological litera- 
ture the desire to study the elements cf the markings and shape of 
wings. In the June number of the Entomvlogical News there is an 
article on the ‘‘ Line-elemerts in Butterfiy Patterns ’’ and in the July 
number of the same magazine we have the first portion of an article 
on a somewhat similar study, ‘‘ The Genus Colias in N. America;’’ an 
intensive study of the minute variation in size, shape, pattern and 
colour of the wings. In this case the species reviewed is the coimmon 
Colas eurytheme and its form philodice. 


Tue Indian Jr. of Agricultural Science has published a very useful 
articie, ‘‘ The Parasites of the Insect Pests of Sugarcane in the Pun- 
jaub,’’ by Khan A. Rahman. Sugarcane is attacked by several Pyralid 
moths and a Fulgorid bug which together destroy between 30 and 407% 
of the crop each year. About 14 species of parasite are described in this 
paper and many facts relating to them are given. 


Our friend and correspondent of many years, Capt. Kenneth J. Hay- 
ward, has forwarded a parcel of the more recent separates ef articles 
written by himself on the Hesperiidae of the Argentine, and others 
written as part of his duties in the Agricultural Experimental Estab- 
lishment, dealing with insect pests of crops. Parts xi and Xii, 
of Hesperioidea Argentina contain descriptions of numerous new 
species (based on genital structures) and notes on longer known 
species. His researches have led him further afield and another separate 
ceals with about Z0 new species and races of ‘‘ skippers ’? from Ecuador, 
sent to him by Mr Wm. Clarke MacIntyre, and also from the American 
Museum of Natural History. He has compiled a List of the Hesperudae 
of Entre Rios, and besides numerous pamphlets connected with his 
Gaily duties he has compiled a ‘‘ Bibliography of the Whes which atiack 
Fruits in the Argentine.’’ 


Correction.—P. 94, ‘‘ Many Xyiina socia’’ should read ‘‘ May 
Hadena protea.’’? The latter is now appearing in my cages in some num- 
bers. 1 am not familiar with either species in the larval state; they 
seem to me unusually large for such a small moth.—C. Q. Parsons, 
Torquay, ‘‘ Alma Marceau,’’? Seaway Lane, 2nd October 1941. 


lagu 
te kG 


‘ t MD “2b 
NOV 13.1943 ) 
13.g20 THE BRiTISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR Me TE i fe (25) 


Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (1), 450, plt. 128, 2-8 (1827), gave two excel- 
lent figures, 2 typical and 3 an ab. smaller, shorter wings with disposi- 
tion of the transverse lines somewhat different. 

Freyer, New. Bettr., IV, 151, plt. 376 (1842), gave a beautiful figure. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb. Noct., II, 221 (1849), said that fig. 188 Hb. was 
‘“ somewhat too red.” 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 251, plt. 46, f. 19 (1907), gave a figure too 
uniformly yellow-red and the hindwing too yellow. He recognized one 
form, the subflava, Evers. 

South, M.B.I., Il, 17, plt. 10, fig. 1 (1907), gave a good figure. He 
mentioned an orange-red form as aurantiago, Tutt. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., II, 155, plt. 281 (1910), treated ochrago, 
Esp., aS a synonym and gave (1) subflava, Evers., (2) ab. incolorata, 
Warr., a new form, ground pure pale ochraceous, (3) ab. aurantiago, 
Tutt. 

Culot, NV. et G., I (2), 84, plt. 54, f. 17-18 (1914), gave two excellent 
figures. He recognized one form, subflava, Evers., f. 18, of much deeper 
colour generally. . 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 154, plt. 19 e (1934), added the 
forms ab. umbrata, Heinr., ab. or r. fasciata, Groub., ab. stgnata, 
Kriig., and appennina, Dnhl. The japonago, Wilem., described as a 
ssp. of citrago but is now considered a true species. 

Two figures are given—a typical figure omitted in the main volume 
and a figure of the very distinctive ab. subflava. 


AKY— 


Barrett said of the Variation: 

Rather variable in the tone of ground colour—from pale yellow to 
rich ochreous or reddish-ochreous—less so in the distinctness of the mark- 
ings, though the central shade is sometimes very strongly marked, and 
when this occurs in a pale yellow example it becomes a conspicuous com- 
plete bar. In rare instances the hind marginal region from the second 
line is dusted or clouded with pale purple. 


The Forms and Names to be considered : 

citrago, L. (1758), Syst. Nat., Xed., 518. 

ochrago, Esp. (1790-?), Abbild., IV, 2 (2), p. 667, plt. 175, 5-6, probably 
a small fulvago. 

ab. subflava, Ev. (1848), Bull. Mosc., III, 219; IV, 171 (1855); plt. 1, f. 3 
(1856).. 

ab. aurantiago, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., 9. 

ab. incolorata, Warr.-Stz. (1911), Pal. Noct., ILL, 156, plt. 281. 

ab. umbrata, Heinr. (1916), Deutsch. ent. Zts., 520. 

r. signata, Kriig. (1920), Soc. Ent., XXXV, 14. 

ab. fasciata, Groubl. (1923), Not. Hnt., III, 10, fig. 

[ssp. japonago, Wilm. (1929), Nov. Zool., XXXV, 2] ‘a sp.’ Drdt. in 
Seitz. 

r. apenninau, Dnhl. (1933), Ent. Z¢., XLVI, 260. 

‘Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form; (2) ab. awrantiago, with orange- 

red ground, and (3) the banded subflava, Ev. 


ab. subflava, Evers., Bull. Mosc., ILI, 219 (1848); IV, 371 (1855); and 
TD, pls, Uf.s: (1856). 

Tutt quoted Stdgr. descrip. in Cat. JI, 117 (1871). Below is Hamp- 
son’s full descrip., Zep. Phal., VI, 508 (1900). 


(26) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S$ RECORD. 15/X/1941 


Derscrip.—‘‘ Forewing with the antemedial, post medial and terminal 
areas suffused with deep rufous; hindwing with indistinct rufous, sub- 
terminal band and the cilia tinged with rufous, or wholly -suffused with 
brown.’ Urals and Petropolis. 


ab. incolorata, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 156 (1911). 

Fie.—-l.c., plt. 28 1. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The ground colour is pure pale ochreous, without 
any orange freckling, the veins and lines faintly brownish, the stigmata 
all but obsolete, the fringe pale; hindwing white.’’ Very rare. 


ab. umbrata, Heinr., Deutsch. ent. Zts., 520 (1916). 

Orie. Discrip.—‘‘ The central transverse line has on its outer edge 
a shade of dark scales about 1 :nm. wide, the colour of the transverse 
line.”’ 


race signata, Kriiger, Soc. Ent., XXXV, 14 (1920). 

Oric. Duscrip.—‘ At Lake Lugano, on the meadows near Maroggia, 
I caught in September at light a very fine form of citrago, which I 
name signata on account of its marking and here describe. The male 
forewings are yellow, those of the female ochre-yellow, veined and dotted 
with rust colour, with similarly coloured transverse lines of the same 
moderate thickness as in typical citrago. The basal, which is wanting in 
the female, is short; it reaches from the base of the inner marginal vein - 
to the costa. ‘The uninterrupted subimarginal line is broadly red-brown 
scaled iawardly, so that the ground between this and the submedian 
line is band-lke, as in Gortyna ochracea and the Hydroecia species, 
moesuica and franciscae. It may be a derivative of ab. subflava of 
citrago. 

‘* The orbicular in the male is a circular red-brown spot; the reniform 
is also filled up with red-brown, but it is in the upper as well as in the 
lower half slightly touched with yellow, so that it is 8-shaped. In the 
female also the stigmata are dense red-brown with a slight yellow kernel. 

‘* What makes the insect particularly notable is the red-brown stigma, 
which I do not see in Citrago; in the male it touches the middle of the 
third line, in the female the inner. 

‘‘ The hindwings are yellewish, grey scaled along the margin: in the 
male broad and spotted, in the female running together but narrower.”’ 


ab. fasciata, Groubl., Not. Hnt., III, 10, fig. (1923). 

Descrip.—Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., Il], 154 (1934). ‘‘ The en- 
tire area between the central shade and the posterior transverse line 
appears shaded with brown.’’ Finland. 


ab. apennina, Duhl., Hnt. Zeits., XLVI, 260 (1933). 

Oric. Descrir.—‘ The dark orange spottings are wholly wanting so 
that the insect appears unicolorous dull yellow. But veins and lines are 
sharply brown marked. Stigmata are very weakly developed but still 
quite clear. Usually the orbicular is represented by a fine point. Hind- 
wings whitish-yellow, usually with slight iridescence. Marginal lines 
thin: now and then a very fine submarginal line is present. Fringes 
very clear white-yellow.’’ §S. Tyrol, 800-1500 m. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (27) 


Xanthia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Dup., H.-S., Gn., Barr., Stdgr., 
Splr., Sth., Culot, ete. [Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., Meyr. : 
Cosmia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Citria, Hb. (1821) 
Chapman, Tutt] fulvago, L. (1761). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 9 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 61 (1894): Barr., 
Lep. Brit. Is., V, 365, plt. 280, 2 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., IfTed., 208 (1901) : 
Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 502 (1906): Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 259, plt. 46, 
23 and ab. (1907): South, W.B.I., II, 20, plt. 10, 6-8 (1907): Warr.-Stz., 
Pal. Noct., IYI, 154, plt. 24 i, k (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 88, pit. 55, 
7-8 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 121 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., 
IIT, 153, plt. 19 e (1934). 


Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VII. 165, f. 523 (1790), gave four 
excellent figures, a, b, ce, d, including an under side. 

Hufn. in the Berl. Mag., III, 296, described a Noctua under the 
name icteritia, which was considered cerago by Bork. and others. 

Schiff., Verz., 86, S (1775), referred to fulvago, L., as the white birch 
Noctua, No. 1, and to the sallow Noctua cerago, No. 9, p. 87. 

Illiger, Verz. (neu. ause.), I, 303 (1801), suggests a better arrange- 
ment of species and would place cerago immediately after fulvago and 
not No. 9 as did Schiff. He treated flavescens as a var. of cerago. 

Bork., Vaturg. Noct., IV, described fulvago, L., in Sys. Nat., XIled., 
and ceragc, Fab., Mant., II, as separate species. The former, p. 664, 
the latter, p. 681. Curiously he noted they are the same in size. He 
also described favescens, Esp., as a species, l.c., 684. 

Bork. had previously described this species, Scriba’s Peitrage, II, 
144 (1791), and gave an excellent figure of the usual form on plt. x, f. 3, 
but strangely he described the form flavescens under the name gilvago 
although he gave an excellent figure of it, plate x, f. 1, and referred to 
Esper’s figure, Abbild, plt. 122, 2, of the same. His synonymy said that 
it was the croceago, Schift., 87 S (1775). : 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 190 (1800-3), under cerago, gave a very good 
typical figure: l.c., 444 (1808), an excellent figure with a darker ground 
and central band. I[c., 445 (1808) an excellent figure of a sparsely 
marked form, and very pale. Possibly a transition to flavescens. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VIL (1), 459, plt. 129, 1-2 (1827), gave two excellent 
figures under the name cerago. 1, the almost unicolorous ab. fiavescens ; 
2, a heavily marked form. 

Haw., Lep. Brit., 236 (1809), said that the rubago, Donovan, was 
more beautiful than his own examples of fulvago, and that fuivago was 
the cerago, Hb., 444. He described, l.c., 237, f. gilvago, which was, he 
said, the cerago of Hb., 445. It was, no doubt, ab. flavescens. 

H.-S:, Sys. Bearb. Noct., Il, 217 (1849), as cerago, referred to the 
extensive variation, (1) Almost without marking, only a brown ring 
in place of the inner half of the reniform, with a white centre; (2) All 
markings extremely thin, only the dots of the waved line distinct; (3) 
All markings thick and dark purple-brown, the darkest places on the 
costa in areas 1 and 3. then between the stigmata. 

Gn., Noct., V (1), 393 (1852), treated it under the name cerago, 
Schift.: he queried the fulvago, L. He gave under var. A flavescens, 
Esp., (1) cerago, Hb., 445; (2) gilvago, Fb., 219. 


(28) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 


Splr., Schm. Eur., 1, 252, plt. 46, f. 23a-23b (1907), gave two very 
good figures. 23a typical. 23b, ab. flavescens, Esp. He referred to the 
numerous intermediate forms. His figures were quite good, dark typical 
and ab. flavescens. 

South, M@.B.I., II, 20, plt. 10, f. 6-8 (1907), gave four forms—flaves- 
cens, Esp., cerago, Hb. (fainter markings), aurantia, Tutt, and wmper- 
fectu, Tutt. His three figures are quite good. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 154, plt. 241, k (1910), treated cerago, 
Fab., asa synonym. He recognized ab. fiavescens, Esp., ab. cerago, Hb. 
and r. asiatica, Hamps. He gave five very gocd figures, 241, ¢ fulvago, 
24k, fulvago 9, flavescens 3, flavescens 2, and cerago, Hb. 

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 86, plt. 55, f. 7-8 (1914), gave two excellent 
figures. 7, a typical ¢. 8, ab. flavescens, Esp. He mentions no other 
form. 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., TIT, 153, plt. 19 e (1934), gave the four 
niore recently described forms and a figure of the new form, fulvzscens, 


Drdt. 


Barrett summed the Variation as follows: 


Very variable in the extent and intensity of the purple clouds of the 
central! band, which sometimes are extremely dark, in other cases pale 
purplish-pink and very obscure, or reduced to a few fine lines or dap- 
plings, while in other instances the wing 1s to a great extent filled up 
with paler or darker clouding. A distinct variation in the ground 
colour to ochreous or orange-yellow is not infrequent in Southern woods. 
On the other hand a well known recurrent form, called var. flavescens, 
is found more often in Northern localities; in it the colour is pale yellow, 
either totally without the purple red lines and cloudy band, or with 
these but very faintly indicated, while ~he dark spot in the base of the 
reniform stigma is conspicuous and of a red-brown, and the cilia dis- 
tinetly purplish-red. 

He reported one specimen taken in Surrey in which ‘ these colours 
are obscured and the whole surface is pate yellow.”’ 

Another ‘‘ has only a row of dark red-brown dots along the hind 
margin.”’ 


The Names and Forms to be considered are: 
fulvagu, L. (4761), Fn. Suec., 312. 
icteritia, Hufn. (1766), Berlin Mag., IIL, 296, 423. 
cerago, Fb. (1787), Mant., II, 159. 
ab. flavescens, Esp. (1788-?), Abbild., IV, 322, plt. 122, 2. 
cerago, Hb. (1808-9), Samml. Noct., 190. 
gilvago, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 237. 
ssp. tunicata, Graes. (1885), Berl. Ent. Zis., 259. 
ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 9. 
ab. wnperfecta, Tutt (1892), l.c. 
ab. aurantia, Tutt (1892), lc. 
ab. obsoleta, Tutt (1892), l.c. 
ab. virgata, Tutt (1892), l.c. 
ab. decolor, Schultz (1904), Jahrb. Wien Ent. Ver., 89. 
r. asiatica, Hamp. (1906), Lep. Phal., VI, 502. 
f. togatoides, Snell. (1910), Tijds. v. Ent., LIMIT, 316, 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (29) 


ab. sigmago, Dorng. (1934), Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIII, 6. 
ab. rubrago, Horhm. (1934), Int. Ent. Zeits., XXVIII, 87. 
ab. fulvescens, Drdt. (1934), Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 153. 
ab. albescens, Dorng. (1935), Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIIT, 467. 
ab. peraurantia, n. ab. (1941). 

Tutt dealt with (1) f. flavescens, pale yellow, lower part of reniform 
a dark spot; (2) cerugo, Hb. and Fb., pale yellow, indistinct red mark- 
ing; (3) fulvago, L., pale yel!ow, distinct red marking; (4) cerago, Newm. 
= ab. suffusa, Tutt, pale yellow, purplish-red band; (5) f. obsoleta, 
orange-yellow, central spot; (6) imperfecta, orange-yellow, indistinct 
red marking; (7) f. aarantia, orange-yellow, with distinct markings; (8) 
virgata, orange-yellow, distinct red band. 


icteritia, Hufn., Berlin Mag., III, 296 (1766). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Pale sulphur-vellow, with reddish streaked spots 
and dots; the lower wings white.”’ 

l.c., 423. An additional note. 

Oric. Drescrie.—‘‘ A uniform pale yellow, only in the middle of the 
upper wing a small brownish-red spot.’? This doubtless refers to the 
var. flavescens. 

Rott., Naturf.. LX, 117 (1776), said that the latter was not a pale 
variety of icteritia. It is strange that Bork. gave Rottemberg’s opinion 
exactly the reverse. 


cerago, Fb., Mant., II, 159 (1787). 
Orig. Derscrtp.--—‘‘ Cristata, alis deflexis, flavis fusco subfasciatis ; 
posticis albis.’’ 


f. gilvago, Haw., Lep. Brit., 237 (1809). 

Orig. Descrrp.— Alis sulphureis fulvo vix nebulosis, puncto pone 
medium sirigaque postica punctulorum fuscorum.’’ ‘‘ Praecedenti certe 
affinis, at longissime pallidior, et absque fasciis nebulosis; puncto sive 
annulo incompleto loco basis stigmatis postici; strigaque juxta apice et 
punctis circiter sex fuscis minutissimis. Posticis ciltisque absolute albis.”’ 
This is, of course, ab. flavescens. 


ssp. tunicata, Graes., Berl. Ent. Zeit:. (1888), 259. 

Orig. Descrirep.—‘‘ It was sent from the Amur with X. tegata and 
X. fulvago. But it is on the average somewhat larger than these very 
nearly related species and extremely easily to be distinguished from both 
of them py its brown-red coloured thorax. One can thus, in short, 
characterize it, that in respect to the markings of its forewings it re- 
sembles togata, but in respect to its colour it resembles fulvago. Ground 
oi forewings pale yellow, not so bright and turning somewhat to clay- 
yellow as in fulvago, with brown-red (violet-red) markings, etc.’’ 

Graeser gives a long, detailed description of all minute joints, but 
as Warren (Seitz) remarks, it would scem to be merely a form cf fulvago. 


Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 503, treated this form as a species. ab. 
decolor, Schultz, Jahrb. Wien Ent. Ver. (1904), 89. 

Drscrir.—(Drdt.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 155)—‘* Very pale 
sulphur-yellow, completely devoid of markings, reniforin stigma also 
absent,”’ 


(30) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 

race asiatica, Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 502 (19086). 

Descrip.—‘‘ Forewing more orange-vellow, the markings dark krown, 
the ante- and post-medial costal patches absent; cilia dark brown at 
tips.’’—Sir Daria. 

r. asiatica, Bng.-Hs., Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIII, 3 (1934). 

Is a redescription. 


ab. togatoides, Snellen, Tijds. v. Fnt., LIL, 316 (1919). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The greund colour of the forewings is not sulphur- 
yellow but vividly citron-yellow as in tegata (lutea, Strom.). Head and 
collar as well as the markings are, however, as in the type of the species.’’ 


var. sigmago, Doring., /nt. Ent. Zts.. XXVIII, 6 (1934). An 
especially small asiutica form,’ Drdt. | ; 
Kros.—t.c., plt. 1, figs. 15:18, 21, 22) 
Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ They are small insecis. 
orange-vellow like the thorax. The brown marking is obsolescent, the 
costal spots are present. From the costal margin there extends beyon4 
the discal spot to the inner margin of the forewing a dark brown obsoles- 
cent band, partly wide and partly narrower, forming also a so-called 
angle spot. I think that this is a high altitude race.’’ Alveander Mts. 
in Turkestan, 2000-2500 m. 29-31.5 mm. expanse. (fulvago, 30-34 mm.) 


f. rubrago, Horhmr., Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIII, 37 

Fie.—Plt., fig. 8. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ The general colour of the forewing is a bright 
warm red-ochre. The markings are as in the normal fulvago and are 
clearly to be seen in somewhat brighter reddish-yellow. The stigmata 
dark with pale centres. Hindwings quite white. This example corre- 
sponds te the var. palleago of gilvago.’’ Leipzic. 


The wings are slightly 


(1934). 


ab. flavescens, Doring. (of ssp. asiatica), Int. Ent. Zts., XXVIII, 3 
(1934). 

Orie. Descrir.—-‘‘ Occurs,.as it appears to me, in a strikingly higher 
percentage than in ours. But I also found imagines even which are 
crange-yellow, or such like, in which even under a glass no marking at 


1 


all was to be discovered.’’ 


ab. fulvescens, Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., 153 (19384). 

Bie fe. 2 pli: 19 e: 

Orie. Descriv.-—‘‘ Is a form of asiatica, Hmps., that corresponds to 
fiavescens; deep vellow, devoid of markings except for the lower half 
cf the reniform stigma, only the extremities of fringes are slightly 
darker.’’ Jh and Issyk-kul. 


ab. albescens, Dorng. 
Doring., Int.. Ent. Zis., XXVIII, 487 (1935), gave the following 

table : 
White (albescens). 


Yellow fulvago). Orange (aurantia). 


(a) fulvago. 
(b) cerago. 


(c) flavescers. 


Ground colour white. 


Markings strong. 


Ground colour white. 


Markings slight. 


Ground colour white. 


Markingless except at 
base of reniform. 


Ground colour yellow. 
Markings strong. 
Ground colour yellow. 
Markings slight. 
Ground colour vellow. 
Markingless except at 
base of reniform. 


Ground colour orange. 
Markings strong. 
Ground colour orange. 
Markings slight. 
Ground colour orange. 
Markingless exeept at 
base of reniform, 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (31) 


ab. peraurantia, n. ab. 


Tutt named an “‘ orange-yellow ’’ form with distinct typical marking 
as ab. aurantia. Capt. C. Q. Parsons, of Torquay, has kindly sent me 
a form he has just bred (April), which has an orange ground {not yellow) 
with much extended and intensified red marking forming a wide irre- 
gular band, which in a bright light is strongly purple, such as no other 
example I have seen possesses. In about 150 fulvago before me from 
many localities there is not one approaching this specimen in any of its 
characteristics and Captain Parsons informs me that he knows of no 
other example of this form having occurred in the Devon area. 


Xanthia, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Dup., H.-S., Gn., Led., Barr., 
Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot [Ortholitha, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., 
Meyr.: Cosmia, Ochs. & Tr. (1815-25), Hamps., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz. : 
Citria, Hb. (1821), Chap., Tutt] flavago, Fb. (1787) = lutea, Strom. 
(1783). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., Il, 12 (1892): Meyr., Hend., 61 (1895): Barr., 
Lep. Br. 1s., V, 368, plt. 231, 1 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 207 (1901): 
Hamps., Lep. Phal., VI, 501 (1906): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 252, plt. 46, 
92 (1907): South, M.B.I., I, 19, plt. 10, 4-5 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. 
Noct., Il], 154, plt. 241, k (1910): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 121 (1928): 
Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 163 (1934). 


Ernst & Engram., Pay. d@Hur., VII, 167, f. 524 (1790), gave three 
very good figures. They cited the togata, Esp., and cited Scriba, Beii- 
Toge pital. liga Xue: 

Esp., Abbild., IV, Noct., 2 (2), p. 671, plt. 176, 1 (1792+ 7), gave a 
very fair figure gd. l.c., 2 (1), p. 386, plt. 124, 1 (1788+ P), gave a good 
figure of a form under the name toguta. 

Bork. dealt with favago, Naturg., 1V, 671, under the name ochreago, 
because the name flavayo had already been used for a Phaiaena (Noctua) 
flavago by Hiib. In Scriba’s Beitrage, Bork. had previously treated ol 
the species under the name flavago. He recognized togata, Esp., as this 
species, but noted the figure was too red. 

Bork. had already described and figured this species in Scriba’s Beit- 
vage, II, 142, plt. x, f. 2 (1791), under the name flavago. His references 
are to Schiff., Fab., Esp., de Vill. (togata), etc. The figure is a good 
one, but it has the ground colour almost »f the same shade of yellow as 
the very good figure of fulvago on the same plate, but the collar (dark 
red-brown) is that of favago. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 191 (1800-3), gave an excellent figure under the 
name silago. 

Treit., Schm. Hur., V (2), 368 (1825), said ‘‘ This species was at first 
considered a variety of cerago (fulvago). Later on it was recognized in 
Vienna as a good species and it received a name. Esper was the first 
4o describe and figure it as Noctua togata.’’ This name of Esper’s, how- 
ever, was not followed as there was a Geometer, togata, Hb., and it was 
renamed silago, Hb. It is enly receatly that the lutea, Strom. (173), 
was recognized as this species. 


(32) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1941 


Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (1), 462, plt. 129, 3 (1827), gave an excellent 
figure under the name silago. He gave flavags, togata and ochreago as 
synonyms. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb. Noct., 11, 217 (1849), as :ilago, said that, 191 Hb. 
was often much brighter purple-red. He gave flavago, Fb., togata, Esp. 
and ochreago, Bork., as this species. 

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V (1), 394 (1852), treated this species under 
the name silago, Hb. He gave togata, Esp., flavago, Fab., citrago, 
Wilk., ochreago, Bork., and rubago, Don., as belonging to this species. 
He adds that probakly the fulvagu, Sieph., is this species. 

Lederer, Noct. Eup., 39 (1857), used the genus Xanthia and put the 
tagatc, Esp., as the specific name with silago and flavago as synonyms in 
order of date. 

Smith, Cat. N. Am. Noctuae, p. 223 (1893), included flavago in his 
List of Noctuae from Canada. and the northern United States, including 
New York. Walk., Cat. B.M., LX, 156 (1856), had previously recorded it 
from the U.S.A., ete. 

Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 252, plt. 46, 22 (1907), gave a good figure. He 
recognized only twe ferms, ab. ochreago, Bork., and togata, Esp. 

South, .B.1., JI, 19, plt. 10, 4-5 (1908), gave two very good figures, 
the former is quite typical with the oblique band of forewings purplish, 
the latter is more red and referable to ab. ochreago, Bork. He used the 
name lutea, Strom. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 154, plt. 241, k (1910), treated rubago, 
Don., silayo, Hb., and flavago, Fb., as synonyms. He recognized ab. 
ochreago, Bork., and ab. togata, Esp. He gave three very good figures, 
241, 3 and 9 lutea and ab. toguta, Usp. 

Culot, NV. et G., I (2), 85, plt. 55, £. 6 (1914), gave an excellent figure 
and considered flavago, Fb., and silago, Hb., as synonyms. 

Mevr., Rev. Hand., 121 (1928), did not accept the name lutea, Strom., 
and retained the genus Ortholitha. 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., I1I, 153 (1934), included one recently 
added ab. 

The typical forn. of this species was independently described under 
four different names: lutea, Strom., fig. (N. Europe); flavago, Fab. 
(Mid Europe); rubago, Don., fig. (Britain); silago, Hb., fig. (Europe). 


Barrett's notes on the Variation are as follows: 

More constant in colour than fulvago, but the markings vary in rare 
instances to very faint pale purple-red on the one hand and to deep 
dark purple on the other, and all on the wing to the same degree. There 
is also some irregularity in size, and even in the breadth of the forewings. 

He reports one example ‘‘ has the spots of the transverse stripe 
united into a broad band.’ 

In all cases the collar is purple or purple-red and by this it can be 
separated from fulvago. 


The Names and Forms to be considered are: 
lutea, Strom. (1783), Danske Vid. Sel. Skrift., 78, f. 26. 
flavago, Fab. (1787), Mant., II, 160. 
ab. togata, Esp. (1787-?), Abbild., 1V, 336, plt. 124, 1. 
ab. ochreayo, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 671. 
rubago, Don. (1801), Brit. Ins., X, plt. 338, 2. 


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WILD HYBRIDS OF ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L.X%Z. LONGICERAE, ESP. 113 


WILD HYBRIDS OF ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, ae x 
Z. LONICERAE, ESP. i Ce 


By E. A. Cockayne and H. M. Dartow Ora as 
[3§20 (Plate VI.) DEC 22 1941 


In a piece of rough ground near Bedford, where both five-spot and 
six-spot burnets are very common, one of us, H.M.D., took two males, 
one in June 1931 and the other in June 1935, which were intermediate 
il appearance. A very small sixth spot was present and the dark mar- 
gin of the hindwing was broader than that of Z. filipendulae. He be- 
lieved that they were hybrids. 


There are many records of two different species of anon having 
been found paired in a wild state, but proof that they produce offspring 
under natural conditions is lacking. Captured specimens of various 
wild hybrids have been reported and in some cases they have even been 
named, but their authenticity is doubtful, for the genitalia, so far as 
we know, have not been examined. We decided to settle the status of 
the Bedfordshire specimens by making a preparation of the genitalia 
of one of them and of a five-spot and a six-spot burnet taken in the 
same locality. The dissections were done by EK.A.C., the mounting by 
H.M.D., and the photographs were taken by Mr W. H. T. Tams, to 
whom we wish to express our thanks. The genitalia show very clearly 
that the specimen is a hybrid. The uncus in Z. filipendulae (Fig. 3) is 
bifid and the two processes are long and slender and curve away from 
the middle line, whereas in both Z. lonicerae, Esp., and Z. trifolu, Esp., 
the processes are short, broad and rounded (Fig. 1). In the specimen 
with an appearance intermediate between Z. filipendulae and a five-spot 
species the uncus also is intermediate (Fig. 2). The processes are much 
longer than those of a five-spot burnet, but much shorter than those 
of Z. filipendulae. Instead of being curved like those of Z. filipendulae 
they are straight, and the tips are sharp pointed instead of being blunt 
like those of a five-spot species. The differences might have been shown 
more clearly in a line drawing, but we thought a photograph would be 
more convincing evidence of the truth of our statement. 


3s 


The next step was to determine whether the five-spot burnet was 
Z. lonicerae or Z. trifolti. Z. lonicerae is much the commoner species 
in the latitude of Bedford, though there are some doubtful records of 
the occurrence of Z. trifolii even further north. The locality makes it 
more probable that the five-spot species is lonicerae. 

The probability is increased by our knowledge of the hybridisation 
of Z. filipendulae with the two five-spot species. Weir records the cap- 
ture of wild hybrids of Z. filipendulae x Z. trifolii, but W. H. B. 
Fletcher, whose work on hybrid burnets is so well known, says ‘‘ seeing 
the great difficulty of pairing filipendulae with trifolii in captivity, I 
should want strong evidence, actual paired specimens with history, be- 
fore beiieving they paired in nature, and actually bred anc labelled 
hybrids before believing in them at all.’’ Fletcher had two reputed 
hybrids (trifolii x filipendulae) from Weir but thought one was Z, tri- 
folii, ab. basalis, and the other Z. hippocrepidis Steph. Fletcher found 
not only that pairings between Z. filipendulae and Z. trifolui were diffi- 
cult to get, but that when obtained the eggs were always infertile. On 


b . KS ee 
Soo 


j 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1941 


the other hand he had no great difficulty in obtaining pairings between 
Z. filipendulae $ and Z. lonicerae Q and Z. lonicerae ¢ and Z. filipen- 
dulae 2 and in rearing the hybrids. Standfuss, however (Handbuch der 
paldarktische Gross-Schmetterlinge, 1896, p. 55, Taf. III, fig. 5), says 
he found a Z. trifolii $ paired with a Z. filipendulae 9 in a wild state 
and bred the hybrid escheri, Stndfs. Even if his identification of the 
five-spot male is correct the weight ot evidence is in favour of the Bed- 
fordshire specimen being a hybrid Z. filipendulae x Z. lonicerve. 

Finally we compared the genitalia of the Bedfordshire five-spot bur- 
net with those of lonicerae and trifolii and believe it belongs to the 
former species. The intermediate specimen we examined is therefore a 
wild hybrid, Z. filipenduiae x Z. lonicerae, but there is no clue to indi- 
cate whether the male parent was filipendulae or lonicerae. There can 
be little doubt that the other intermediate specimen is also a hybrid, 
and the occurrence of wild hybrids in two different years adds interest 
to this record. 


LEGEND FOR PLATE VI. 
Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Zygaena lonicerae. 
Fig. 2. Male genitalia of wild hybrid, Z. lonicerae x Z. filipendulae. 
Fig. 3. Male genitalia of Zygaena filip2ndulae. 


RED HINDWINGS. 
By An Otp MorH-HvUntveER. 


It was seven o’clock in the evening, Greenwich mean time, when it 
happened. My wife and I were walking along the bank of a river in 
n:id-Wales, prospecting oak trunks for sleeping moths. The day had 
been fine and warm, and although a light mist was already beginning to 
shroud the meadows there was still light enough for entomologising. 
As we approached a giant oak growing right on the brink of the river 
a large moth flew from the trunk. Te my great surprise I saw that it 
was a Red Underwing. It flew across the river and into the foliage of 
a small oak growing on the opposite bank. I was only a few paces from 
the tree, walking aiong the bank, and my wife was a little ahead of me, 
in the <neadow and a yard or two to my right. The moth appeared to 
come from low down on the trunk, on the river side; we both saw it at 
the same instant and both had it in view until, as I have said, it dis- 
appeared among the leaves of the tree opposite. 

‘“ A Red Underwing, wasn’t it?’’ said my wife. 

And indeed there was no mistaking it. Catocala nupta is one of 
the commonest moths at our Hertfordshire home: sometimes, as in 1934, 
he is a pest at sugar, and often when motoring we used to count the 
number seen on telegraph posts. For nupta does not always go to sleep 
on lichened trunks and cement walls: with curious contrariety as often 
as not he roosts on the blackest of black telegraph poles. I suppose he 
has an idée fixe that every passer-by will mistake him for a splash of 
mud thrown on to the pole by some passing car. And in the Kennet 
valley in my vouth I once took thirty-one at my sugar in the garden on 
three successive evenings, to wit, August 13th, 14th, and 15th, 1896, 
so my diary records. C. nupta iherefore is an old acquaintance. We 


RED HIND WINGS. ‘115 


have seen him on the wing scores of times both by day and in the lan- 
tern’s gleam at night. 

‘‘ T cannot think of any other moth it could possibly have been,”’ said 
I to my wife. ‘I know, and you know, C. nupts as well as we know 
the fingers en our hands. But—C. nupta does not occur in Wales.” 

‘¢ Who says so?”’ 

‘‘ Rverybody. All the books: To the best of my knowledge, so far 
from occurring in mid-Wales C. nuptu has never been recorded from 
Wales at all.’”’ 

‘Then what do you suggest that it was?”’ 

“T don’t suggest anything. I have just seen, and you have just 
geen, a specimen of Catocala nupta. We are at this moment standing 
on the bank of a river in mid-Wales, where Catocala nupta does not 
occur. Therefore you and I have just experienced a simultaneous iden- 
tical hallucination.”’ 

“ Don’t be silly. What about sponsa and promissa? I8 seemed to 
me to be a little smaller than nupte and to fly more straight than nupta 
does.”’ 

‘© T noticed that too. It certainly seemed a little smaller than nupta 
and it undoubtedly flew straight across the river. I’ve not seen sponsa 
nor promissa on the wing since J lived in the New Forest, years ago; 
so I’ve forgotten what their fight is like. But that the moth which we 
have just seen was a Red Wnderwing of sorts there can be no possible 
doubt.”’ 

‘© Then T should say it was promissa—a large female probably. Look 
at those huge oaks in the park opposite: they must be hundreds of 
years old. I expect there’s been a colony of promissa there since Crom- 
well’s time. Pity we can’t sugar.” 

‘‘ Curse the war,’’ said I. 

Presently my wife said: ‘‘ How long did we have it in view?”’ 

IT took wt my watch. ‘1’ll say ‘ go’ when the moth flew off the 
tree, and vou say ‘ stop’ when it’s flown into the tree opposite.”’ 

We did this for each other, three times each. Her times were 8, 8, 
and 9 seconds; mine were 7, &, and 7 seconds. 

‘“Tf we can’t identify a large moth on the wing, in clear view of us 
for, say, eight seconds,’’ said I, ‘‘ we ought to give up entomology.”’ 

We turned and walked back to the house. 

‘ve never seen nupta at rest on an oak trunk,’’ mused my wife, 
‘* though often on ash and lime. {‘t was very low down, wasn’t it ?”’ 

‘“ Yes; quite close to the ground, I should think.’’ 

‘“ Do sponsa and promissa rest on the trunks of oaks low down?’’ 

‘¢T don't think I ever found one otherwise than at my sugar.”’ 

Presently she said: ‘‘ Will you record it?” 

“Yes. JT think I shall write to The Record to-night, while it’s fresh 
in my mind.” 

And that was the end of the Red Underwing incident—for that 
evening. The more I thought about it the more certain I became that 
we had actually and in very fact seen a Red Underwing of sorts in mid- 
Wales. It could not possibly have been anything else. I went to bed 
econvinced at least of the identity of the genus. 

That night I slept uneasily, dreaming all manner of fantastic dreams. 
Tirst | was in a forest where every oak trunk was crawling with Cato- 
calas of all kinds and sizes; even the Continental ones with yellow hind-. 


) 


116 ENTOMOLOSIST'’S RECORD. 15 / X1/1941 


wings were there. Then all at once the locale of iny dream changed: I was 
standing in my larva-room when suddenly I heard a scraping sound that 
came from one of the cages; then it came from each cage in a row; then 
there arose a hubbub of wings. I opened the first cage. Out flew a 
swarm of Arctia caja. I opened another; more Tigers. I opened them 
all, and from each one surged swarms of Tiger Moths. The air was full 
of them; they filled the room; they buzzed in my face and neck. I beat 
them off with my hands, T trampled them underfoot. Then I hit my 
hand against the wall, and the pain of it woke me up. Inside the wall 
near my head a mouse was nibbiing something with a rasping sound... 

At breakfast I related my dream. ‘‘ What do you think it por- 
tends ?’’ I asked. 

My wife looked at me and drew in her chin. 

‘‘ Tt’s lucky, isn’t it,’’ she said slowly, ‘‘ that you didn’t write that 
letter to The Record last night.’’ 

I put down my eggspoon and stared at her. ‘‘ Why?’’ 

‘¢ Because—it’s possible that—ihe moth we saw—was not resting on 
the trunk but on the grass at its roots.”’ 

‘‘ What on earth do you mean? You don’t mean to say v? 

‘¢ And Tiger Moths fly straight, don’t they? And you can see the 
red of their hindwings quite plainly when they fly, can’t you? And 
they’re not quite so hig as nupta, are thev? And the light wasn’t as 
geod as it might have been, was 1t?”’ 

I gazed at her in horror. 

‘* Tt just shows,’’ she went on, ‘‘ how very careful one ought to be 
before——”’ 

‘¢ That’ll do,’’ said I, bitterly. ‘‘ It’s just like you to pour cold water 
on everything I suggest.’’ I got up from the table. 

‘* Aren’t you going to finish your breakfast?”’ 

‘‘ No. The coffee’s lukewarm, the toast is like leather, and the 
margarine smells like train-oil. IT hate my breakfast. And I hate caja 
and nupta and all the silly tribe of moths. I’m going to smoke a pipe 
in the garden.’’ 

IT heard her chuckle as I went out. Women have no sense of the 
fitness of things where moths are concerned. And the trouble with them 
is that they are always right. At least, nearly always. 


Now, all this happened on September 6th. When I had finished my 
pipe I went indoors and began to wade through my diaries. And the 
latest date upon which JT had recorded 4. caja in the imago state was 
August 14th, and that was in a verv late year indeed, much later than 
was 1941. So that when I refilled my pipe doubt as to the infallibility 
of my wife’s intuition reared its head. Surely a man of my age could 
not mistake a common or garden Tiger for a Red Underwing? The 
light, she had said, was not as good as it might have been. In spite 
of that, I refused to believe that I could possibly have mistaken one 
moth for t’other, even had a belated caja managed to survive till Sep- 
tember 6th. ‘‘ Dash it all,’’ I said to myself; ‘‘ it was a nupta: I con’t 
care what the books say.’’ But this time I kept my opinion to myself. 

On September 24th, just as IT was wondering why the tea-bell had 
not rung, a message came to me from my wife. She was in the meadow 
by the river, and would I please go to her at once, taking with ne the 
largest entomological box that I possessed. 


COLLECTING NOTES. VAT 


I found her standing beside a large oak in a hedgerow. 

“ Well,’’? said I as I came up, ‘‘ I suppose it’s a Clifden Nonpareil 
this time. Where is it?” 

“Vm most frightfully sorry,’’? said she. 

oa. Oh 1his cone, Wash tu ee 

‘*T mean, about that nupta.’’ 

Why? What about it?”’ 

‘You were right after all.’’ She extended an arm slowly towards 
the tree. I followed the movement of her hand until it came to a stop, 
and after staring hard at the trunk for a moment or two saw that her 
index finger was six inches from a large, a very large, grey moth. 

‘¢ These Tiger Moths,’’ said I, as I deftly boxed a fine fresh female 
nupta, ‘‘ are a perfect pest, aren’t they.’’ 


a 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Norrs on BrittsH LEPIpopTERA (GEOMETRIDAF).—(Continued from p. 
107.)—Triphosa dubitata.—Taken frequently at light, in Camberley, 
towards the end of July and throughout August, and again, after hiber- 
nation, in May. 

Eucosmia certata = Calocalpe cervinalis.—Not found at Camberley. 
Pupae, purchased from Mr Newman, of Bexley (Kent), emerged as moths 
in early April. 

Kucosmia undulata = Calocalpe undulata.—I have taken larvae on 
Aspen and Vacciniun, but, more frequently on Sallow, in September 
and October. They are enclosed in webs in terminal leaves of the 
shrub. Many of their retreats are found to be occupied by earwigs 
which have probably devoured the rightful owners. Moths have ap- 
peared during June and July. 

Scotosia rhamnata = Philereme transversata.—l have not seen this 
species in Camberley, but have taken it in the neighbourhood of Maid- 
stone, in July. 

Scotosia vetulata =. Philereme vetulata.—I have been given larvae 
on Rhamnus cathartica from Milton, Ernest (Bedfordshire). The result- 
ing moths appeared early in July. 

Lygris prunata.—Does not occur anywhere around Camberley. 1 
have received moths from Barnard Castle (Durham). 

Lygris testata.—I have taken the larvae on Sallow. Moths come to 
hght in August and September. 

Lygris populata.—I have not found this species anywhere in Surrey, 
but have taken moths, at light, in North Wales and also at Moffat 
/Scotland), 

Lygris associata = Lygris mellinata.—I have found larvae on Ribes, 
from which moths emerged early in July. Other moths have come to 
hght towards the latter end of June and early July. 

Cidana pyraliata.—I have taken this species only once in Camber- 
levy, but; found 1t frequently at Freshwater (Isle of Wight), where it was 
on the wing at dusk. 

Cidania fulvata.—Uncommon ahout Camberley, towards the end of 
June. I have taken it on the wing in the New Forest and found it at 
Moffat (Scotland) in August. 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /X1/1941 


Cidaria corylata.—Abundant at Camberley, on the wing, on stems 
of trees and at light, throughout May and June to early in July. I 
have found the larvae chiefly on Birch. 


Cidaria truncata.—I have taken the moth, both at light and on the 


wing, in May and June, but, more commonly, from August up to early 
October. 


Cidaria immanata = Cidaria citrata.—-Almost equally common, but 
not coming out so early. I have disturbed it from bushes throughout 
August: 

Cidaria sagittata.—Raised from ova taken on seed-heads of Thalic- 
trum it Wood Walton Fen. The resulting moths appeared in June. I 
took the moth, on the wing at dusk, in Wicken Fen, in July. 

Cidaria miata,—As a boy, I used to find this species on ivy blossom. 
Later, I have taken moths at light, in Kent and at Llangammarch 
(Wales) in September. I have only once seen it in Camberley when I 
took a specimen in my moth-trap on 20th Octcber. 

Thera obeliscata.—Very abundant in the Camberley district. I have 
taken Jarvae on Spruce and have disturbed the moths from Pine and 
other trees. I have also taken them at light and at sugar in May and 
June and, again, from August to December. 

Thera variata.—I have not found this species (which was at first 
confused with obeliscata) in Camberley; but I have been given, by Dr 
Cockayne, a series from the New Forest. 

Thera cognata.—I have found larvae on Juniper in Scotland. The 
moths emerged early in August. 

Thera firmata.—I have caught this species commonly at light, in 
July, and kave bred it from larvae on Pine as carly as mid June. But 
the bulk of my captures have been taken from August to October. 

Thera juniperata.—Larvae were beaten from small juniper bushes 
on the Hogsback (Surrey) in September. The moths emerged in mid 
October. 

Lampropteryz suffumata.—t! have not found this species around Cam- 
berley; but have taken it, on the wing at dusk in the neighbcourhood of 
Maidstone, in April and May. 

Coremia quadrifasciata = Xanthorhoé yuadrifasciata.—lI have taken 
this species in the same neighbourhood of Kent, where it may be dis- 
turbed from hedges in July. 

Coremia unidentaria = Xanthorhoé wnidentaria.—Common through- 
out Camberley in May and, again, in Jaly and Avgust. 

Coremia ferrugata = Xanthorhoé terrugata.—About equally com- 
mon as the previous species, and on the wing during the same months. 

Coremia designata = Xanthorhoé designata.—On the wing, around 
Camberley, in May and August. 

Amoebe olivata = Calostigia olwata.—Have not found this species 
at Camberley; but have beaten it from hedges in Kent, in July. 

Amoebe viridaria = Calostigia pectinitaria.—Common everywhere. 
Usually on the wing, at dusk, throughout June and July. I caught an 
example orn the 10th September 1927. 

Melanydiis salicata = Calostigia. salicata.—I have taken this species 
in Aberdeenshire (Scotland), in June. 

Melanydris multistrigaria = Calostigia multistrigaria.—Rare in Cam- 
berley. <A single example was taken, at light, on 24th March. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 119 


Melanydris didymata = Calostigia didymata.—-Common at Cam- 
berley throughout July. I have taken males, in Scotland, in late August. 

Oporabia dilutata = Oporinia dilutata.—Abundant at light during 
October. 

Oporabia autumnata = Oporinia autumnata.—What I take to be 
autumnata is equally abundant in the same month. 

Entephria caesiata.—l took this species, on the wing at dusk, at 
Meel Faddur (N. Wales) in July.—l. Ernest Green, F.R.E.S., Camber- 
ley, Surrey. 


DicRaNuRA VINULA, L., iN THE ISLE oF Harris.—During the present 
season this insect was very commen both on North and South Harris. 
In general, it was attached to Salix aurita and 8. atrocinerea in the 
river gorges and in open places where these shrubs grew. On inland 
cliffs, and on rock ledges along the various burns, whenever these sup- 
ported the aspen, Populus tremula, then that plant was preferred. For 
the most part, the larvae had the normal patterns and colouration. 
However in the gorge of the Abhaina Gillan Tailleir, where aspen was 
the preferred food the dorsal purple band was repiaced by green, thereby 
giving the larvae a rather novel appearance. At some points, as in 
Glen Skeandale and along the Alit Trollamul where the larvae were 
feeding on isolated aspens stretching finger-like from the sheer cliffs, 
it seemed a matter of wonder in what situations the larvae spin their 
cocoons. I climbed to one such tree along the Allt flowing into Bees- 
dale and searched the stem for old or new cocoons, but had no success. 
In Tarbert, several larvae were found on black poplar.—Prof. J. W. 
Hestop Harrison, F.R.S., King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


HucLipiA MI IN THE IsLEs oF Muck aND RHuM, AND EH. GLYPHICA IN 
rue IsLneE or Raum.—LHuclidia mi appears to be rather plentiful and 
fairly well distributed in Muck, but in Rhum, as far as I could see, it 
was confined to the marshy ground along the left bank of the Kinloch 
Burn as it approaches the head of Loch Scresort. On the other hand, 
its congener, which is now reported for the first time from any Hebri- 
deau island, was only found on Rhum where it must be very rare. Only 
two specimens were seen, and these were probing the flowers of Lotus 
corniculatus on the west side of Rhum not far from Kilmory and op- 
posite the Isle of Canna.—Prof. J. W. Hrestorp Harrison, King’s Col- 
lege, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


BoMBUS SMITHIANUS, WH. ON THE ISLES OF SCARP AND ScorTasay. -—Of 
these two islands, the former lies off the west coast of North Harris, 
whilst the latter lies in Kast Loch Tarbert, between Scalpay and the 
head of the Loch. Both are therefore somewhat isolated; nevertheless, 
the ‘‘ Ginger ’’ Bee, as all my people have learnt to call the most widely 
distributed of the Hebridean Bombi, was quite common on Scarp at 
flowers of Lousewort, Erica, Thistle, Lotus, etc., and much less plentiful, 
chiefly on Erica on Scotasay. Strangely enough, although Scarp is 
much the larger island, the only Bombus there is B. smithianus, whilst 
the Isle of Scotasay also produces B. hortcrwm.—Prof. J. W. HEestore 
Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


YPSIPETES RUBERATA, FRR., A GEOMETRID NEW TO THE OUTER HEBRIDES. 
—Throughout our botanical and entomological investigations in the 


120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1941 


Outer Hebrides I have kept a constant look out for this insect, which 
is common enough in the Inner Isles on Raasay and Rhum, but, until 
this season, without success. However, during August whilst we were 
working the Uamadale area of South Harris I made my way down the 
stream to Kendibig on the coast. Here, on the grassy banks near the 
sea, grew numbers of the sallow, Salix aurita. Quite by accident I 
began to examine them for sawfly gails, and almost the first leaves 
examined revealed the familiar spun leaf characteristic of Y. ruberata. 
Searches in other suitable areas were, unfortunately, vholly unsuccess- 
ful. In the absence of alders in the wild state on these islands one 
doubts Outer Hebridean records of Y. trifasciuta; in all probability 
the old confusion between ‘* ruberata’”’ and “‘ trifusciata ’* is respons- 
ible for the records.—Prof. J. W. Herstoe Harrison, King’s College, 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


PHIGALIA PEDARIA, Fas., IN Raum, EHiee, ann Raasay (INNER 
Hesrives.—Although there were no records for the Hebrides previous 
to our Raasay captures, we were not surprised to find this insect in the 
woods near Raasay House and along the Arish Burn, for the oak and 
birch woods were just the same in appearance as those in which we had 
seen it on the mainland. However, the occurrence in Rhum seems 
much more important as the faunal alliaaces of the island lean toward 
the Outer Isles. The captures were rendered the more striking in as 
much as the larvae, in addition to favouring birch, etc., in the Kin- 
loch Woods, were beaten from Betula pubescens in the dry gorges on 
the slopes of Askival and Halival. Perhaps their presence in the woods 
around Poll nam Partan, Eigg, need less emphasis.—--Prof. J. W. HEsiop 
Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


OrGYIA ANTIQUA, L., IN THE HeEpripes.—Up to the present, the 
Vapourer Moth has been seen only in the Isles of Soay and Raasay, and 
in both cases in the larval condition. In Soay, the larvae were quite 
typical, as indeed were most on Raasay. However, in others, tle red 
colour was replaced by white, and the anterior and !ateral hair-pencils 
were less than one third of their usual !enzth. Jn fact, placed amongst 
larvae of the British Columbian O. badia, which I had just been breed- 
ing, they would be regarded as slightly aberrant examples of that 
species. The resulting imagines of all the larvae were all on the light 
side.—Prof. J. W. Hrstorp Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne. 


Cotas croceus, Iourc., IN PERTHSHIRE.—On 28th July a specimen 
of this immigrant species was noted near Comrie in Perthshire. As this 
date is too early for the emergence of the British-born brood, it seems 
likely that this example was one of the remains of the criginal immigra- 
tion.—Prof. J. W. Hestor Harrison, F.R.S., King’s College, Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne. 


Norrs oN VARIATION FROM THE WorTHING MusnuM CoLLECTION.— 
(Continued from p. 111).—A DIGRESsIon ON CoLoRArrion.—It so happened 
that whil2 I was preparing these notes I was reading Pycraft’s very 
interesting book, ‘‘ Camouflage in Nature.”’ In this he sometimes 
gives a great number of facts in illustration of some point but leaves 
the direct application iargely to the reader. This, whether intention- 


COLLECTING NOTES. 121 


ally or not, gives considerable incentive to thought, and in studying 
the Lycaenids (sensu latiore) I began to investigate how far his theories 
threw light on the coloration of the specimens under consideration and 
how far they threw light on his theories. 1 shall later have a few 
words to say about camouflage in the sense of protective colouring, but 
there were two points in the book, not directly concerned with the 
main subject, which specially engaged my attention-—the evolution of 
colour in species and the evolution of spots by the breaking up of lines. 
These seemed to me to throw a good deal of light on the evolution of 
the three groups—‘‘ hairstreaks,’’ ‘‘ coppers,’’ and ‘‘ blues.’’ (I shall 
constantly use these three words because they are universally under- 
steod.) It must be borne in mind that these inferences, for what they 
are worth, are drawn exclusively from the species and the specimens 
in this collection, and it is quite possible that a collection of wider 
range might show results which either added to or detracted from their 
probability. Pycraft shows that ancestral colours were generally dull, 
and that bright colours were a later (often -nuch later) development. Now 
in these three groups one colour largely predominates in each; brown 
in the ‘ hairstreaks,’’ orange in the ‘‘ coppers,’’ blue, shading off into 
purple, in the “ blues.’’ This would, 2n Pycraft’s theory, point to the 
hairstreaks as being nearest to the common ancestor. (The fact that 
there was a common ancestor is vouched for by all the earlier stages 
of the three groups.) But there is a further indication in the fact that 
while all three colours are to be found in all three groups brown is by 
far the most persistent. It enters largely into the coloration of the 
2s of nearly all the coppers, is the ground colour i: the upperside of 
some >of them and of both the ¢ and Qs of others. Thus the upperside 
of both sexes is brown in L. subalpina (though a little copper sometimes 
shews in the @2 of the var. brunne), the ¢ of L. dorilis is brown except 
for the orange spots, the hindwings of the ¢ are also brown, and in 
southern specimens the forewings as well; the 2 of C. hippothot shows 
much brown in most specimens and is entirely brown in those of the 
var. eurybia; the ground colour of the hindwings in both sexes of R. 
phlazas is brown and there is a good deal in the forewings also; in some 
forms ot the 2 of the var. gordius of L. alciphron there is much brown 
in the hindwings, especially in the ab. intermedia. (I do not cite the 
typical 2 as there are no specimens in the collection.) There is also a 
good deal of brown in the Qs of H. virgaureae, and in a dark form in 
those of L. amphidamus. ‘The same is true of many of the “ blues.’’ 
Both sexes of H. admetus and A. eumedon are brown and so are those 
of A. medon except for the orange spots which are not always present. 
The Qs of L. semiargus, P. hylas, H. damon, P. lycidas, and A. anteros 
are brown, and with very rare exceptions those of P. amandus and P. 
escheri, so is the one 2 of H. dolus in the collection. The ©2 of P. 
meleuger, var. steveni, is almost entirely brown, and it is very rarely 
that any touch of blue shows in the 9s of P. eros. Although blue @s, 
sometimes very bright blue Qs, of P. icarus, A. bellargus and A. coridon 
exist, brown is the normal colour of the 9 as also in A. thersites, P. 
argus and P. aegon. If we turn to the underside of those that have 
no brown on the upperside we shall find that colour in L. arion, L. alcon. 
to some extent in LL. ewphemus and in a very pronounced form in L. 
arcas. These instances will show how persistent this colour is in all 
three groups. 


122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1941 


In accordance with Pycraft’s theory we should expect to find in the 
‘‘ hairstreaks ’’ as the older group, at least the rudiments of the domin- 
ant colours of the other two. It is usual to place the ‘: coppers ”’ be- 
tween the ‘‘ hairstreaks’’ and the ‘‘ blues,’’ but I think the opposite 
arrangement will be more suitable for our present purpose. I also 
spoke of the deminant colour of the ‘‘ blues’ as blue shading off into 
purple, but logizally it would be better described as purple shading off 
into blue, for in the ‘ hairstreaks’’ there is more purple than blue 
and much more of this colour than of orange, though the iatter has 
its place in this group as well. Blue first shows itself on the underside 
of A. spini in a single spot on the hindwing, but I doubt whether this 
has much, if any, significance. It is more apparent in B. quercus, as a 
suffision over the whole upper surface of the ¢ and as a bright patch 
on the forewing of the @. In English and other northern specimens 
this patch is usually of a decided purple, but in southern specimens, 
except from Digne, e.g. from Assisi in central Italy, and in the race 
iberica from Spain and Algiers, it is of a brilliant blue. This some- 
times occurs in English specimens and I took one on the downs last year 
with the patch nearly as bright, and quite as blue, as the southern 
specimens. The purple also shows itself on the upperside in J. roboris, 
but the spots near the edge of the hindwing of the 2 are often blue. 
Among the ‘ blues ’’ the ds of C. semiargus, C. sebrus, C. lorquiniw 
and both sexes of V. optiiete are definitely purple, the ds ot E. argi- 
adus, E. coretas, C. gulba, Z. karsandra, P. icarus, P. escheri, P. lyci- 
das and A. thersites have all more or less of a lilac tinge, but leading 
up to the brilliant blue of P. hyles, P. meleager, P. eros, P. eroides, 
A. bellargus, and the scarcely less brilliant blue of A. anteros and A. 
pheretes. The blue shades off in various directions such as H. damon, 
C. argiolus, etc., becoming increasingly paler in A. hispana and A. cori-. 
don until it almost loses itself in H. dolus and the var. albicans of A. 
coridon. With regard to the purple or blue among the ‘‘ coppers.” the. 
¢ of L. amphidamas is sometimes so completely suffused with purple 
that :t loses all trace of any other colour, and always shows considerabie 
purple suffusion, while the spots on the hindwing of the 2 are often 
decidedly blue. The ds of some forms of L. alciphron, var. gordius are 
much suffused with purple (I omit reference to the type), and so are 
the hindwings of ©. hippothoé. Blue spots sometimes occur on the 
upperside hindwings of @ C. hippothoé, and are common on the hind-, 
wings of It. phlaeas; similar spots of a more lilac tone sometimes occur 
on the hindwings of L. dovilis. ; 

There is much less orange than purple to be found among the “ hair-. 
streaks’? but it shows itself pretty generally in small quantities. It: 
occurs both on the upper and underside of AK. spini, S. pruni and N. 
ilicis, on the underside of C. w-album and L. roboris, and also in smaljler 
quantities on the underside (and sometimes in the case of the Qs on the 
upperside) of N. acaciae and B. quercus, but it is only in Z. hetulae 9 
that a conspicuous patch occurs on the upper side, though there is an 
orange tinge over the whole underside of this sex; a duller orange 
invades most of the upperside of N. myrtale (the dull blue tinge suffus- 
ing that of the ¥% is most remarkable, reminding one in'a way of L. 
Loeticus). Orange in the ‘ blues’’ is also in small quantities, being 
confined to spots which occasionally coalesce into bands; it 1s perhaps 
most conspicuous in A. medon on both sides, but cccurs on both sides, 


COLLECTING NOTES. 123 


of CU. trochtlus, S. bavius, var. fatma, often of P. argus, P. aegon and 
P. armnoricanus; conspicuously on the underside of S. orton, also on 
the underside of S. baton, P. eros (sometimes on the upperside also), 
P. eroides, P. hylas, P. amandus, P. cephyrus, P. icarus, A. bellargus, 
A. coridon, A. anteros (sometimes on the upperside of the 3), P. lycidas 
and others, while the brown 9s of most of these often have orange 
spots on the borders of the uppersides as well, even in specimens which 
are entirely covered with blue as, e.g. A. coridon, var. syngrapha. If 
Pycraft’s theory is correct that spots are formed by the disintegration 
of bands, a further suggestion is added in support of the ‘ hairstreaks ”’ 
being the oldest group. and also suggests that the ‘‘ blues’”’ are older 
than the ‘‘ coppers’’; we find very little suggestion of bands in the 
latter though they occasionally appear in H. virgawreae, in the ¢ L. 
anphidamus and generally on the border of RK. phlaeas; but in the 
‘‘ blues ’? there are species represented here in which bands, or rather 
broken bands, are the normal markings of the underside such as 7. bal- 
canicus and T. mediterraneae; a tendency to break up into spots is dis- 
cernible in L. boeticus and S. telcanus, and further advanced in C. 
gamra, but in almost all cases eyespots on the underside are the rule. 


I said that I should have a few words to add on the subject of camou- 
flage in the way of protective resemblance brought about by colour and 
pattern. It is of course generally recognized that in butterflies this is 
to be looked for on the underside when at rest. Pyecroft frequently 
insists on the necessary connection between protective resemblance and 
‘* behaviour,’’ the former would avail nothing for instance if the insect 
could not, or would not remain motionless. I do not think, however, 
that the protective use on the two sides in the case of insects in 
motion has received much attention.* This of course cannot be judged 
by insects in the cabinet, but more than 70 years of field work do give 
one some opportunity of judgiig the matter. The most obvious case 
is that of an insect with a dark upperside and a light underside (or vice 
versa); this to be effectual must be accompanied with a form of flight 
involving rapidly moving wings—if a zig-zag flight is added so much 
the better. An excellent illustration of this is formed by the difficulties 
of following A. medon in flight, but there are many such instances. 
It might be thought that bright colour would tell against protection in 
flight. but if the other side 1s dull this is by no means the case; some- 
what the same effect is produced as by that of a dark and light side. 
Of course an irregular flight unaided by contrasting colour is very 
efficacious. J suppose everyoue has noticed how difficult the two com- 
mon whites are to capture in flight; they do not seem to take any 
nieans to get out of the way, but where you expect them to be when 
you aim the net, is just where they are not. Sparrows find the same 
difficulty. T have more than once watched the efforts of a sparrow to 
catch a ‘‘ white’’ on the wing; the attempt was always unsuccessful 
however often repeated. When the flight is of a gliding kind such a 
contrast of colour would be useless, and so we find for instance that 
there is very little difference of pattern between the two surfaces of 
the ‘' swallow-tails.”’ As an instance of how different an insect can 


*See Dr E. H. Hankin’s ‘‘ Note on the comparative invisibility of Papilio 
demoleus during flight’’ in Proce. Third Entom. Meeting Pusa, III, pp. 900- 
903 (1920).—T. B. F. 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1941 


look in flight and in the cabinet I might mention Z. medesic .ce ana 
“. cassandra. In the cabinet they look a. good deal alike, on the wing 
the former is a light, the latter a dark butterfly. It would be possible 
te enlarge on ihis subject, but perhaps enough has been said to show 
that the colouring of the upperside may often offer some protection 
in flight as that of the underside does at rest.—(7'o be continued).— 
Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


Mr E. P Wiltshire reports the vapture of Nonagria algae 
(cannae) at Shiraz in Iran (Persia). He has also diagnosed two new 
Melitaea species from the same area. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


Tar South London Entomological Society after a lapse of two years 
held its-Annual Exhibition of Varieties on Saturday, 11th October. Of 
course ?t was, under present circumstances, considerably limited in its 
scope, with so many members and their friends away on service. How- 
ever, there was an attendance of over 100 in the room, the Hall attached 
to the Chapter House of Southwark Cathedral, and there were a good 
number of very interesting exhibits. We hope to give a detailed report 
- jater on with the kind assistance of Mr S. G. Castle-Russell. 


THE first portion of (the iate) Mr Percy Bright’s collection of British 
butterflies was dispersed on 29th October. The venue of sale has now 
changed from Messrs Stevens & Co., of Covent Garden, W.C., te Messrs 
Glendinning & Co., of Argyle Street. London, W.1. The catalogue 
showed 192 lots, mostly single specimens and the whole was contained 
in three cabinet drawers. The specimens offered were remarkable forms, 
aberrations, albinistic, some of them unique and included so-called her- 
maphrodites, gynandromorphs, and the extinct Chrysophanus dispar. 
Not only were some of the specimens unique but so also were the prices 
at which they were scld, as can be seen from the following :—One black 
2 machaon, £12 10/-; a ¢ albino paphia, £23; a tawny euphrosyne 
with metallic markings, £23; one @ ditto, nearly all black, £15; an- 
other ditto, form obsoleta, £11, a rayed specimen of selene with spots 
obsolete, £7; an entirely black ditto, £26; ¢ albino aglaia, £23; @ 
adippe, heavily suffused with black on all wings, £13; a light yellow 2 
ditto, £8; a white d paphi, £13; 3 rhammn with all wings suffused 
black, £1G 10/-; paphia ¢G, ab. melaina, £10; two specimens of P. bras- 
stwae, one a yellow ¢ and a coffee coloured specimen, £4 10/-; one 
piexippus, £5 5/-; cardaniaes with lemon tips to forewings, £8 10/-; 
ditto, albino underside, £7 10/-; form valezina, nearly all black, £13 
10/-; ditto ¢, almost entirely black, £12; c-album, fore and hindwings 
heavily band2d, £6; V. wrticae, ab. nigrocaria, £7; cardui, rayed form, 
£13 10/-; antiopa, a black variety, £7; aegon, ab. striata, £5; minima, 
ab. strict, £12 10/-, and so on up to a total of £931 5/6. Londen isa 
wonderful city. And there’s a war on too.—H. E. P. 


SUPPLEMENT 


TOTT'S 


BRITISH NOCTUAE 


AND 


THEIR VARIETIES 


BY 


Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., 
Acting Editor of the Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. 
Hon. Member of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society. 
Life Member of the Entomological Society of France. 


VOLUME Il. 
1935 - 1941. 


T. BUNCLE & CO. Ltd., Printers, Market Place, Arbroath. 
1941. 


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THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (281) 


Orig. Dascrie.—‘‘ Complete absence of the black mark on the waved 
line near the costa.’’ Holland. 


P. (131) Add to the List of Forms of T. swbsequa, Schift., = orbona, 
Hufn., ab. brunnea, Lempke, ab. distincta, Lempke, ab. 
maculata, Lempke, and ab. grisea, Lempke. 

P. (133) Add the Original Descriptions of the above four forms 12 
lines from the top. 

ab. brunnea, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 258. 

Orie. Drscrte.—‘‘ Ground of forewings pure brown.’’ Holland. 

ab. distincta, Lempke, Tuyds. (1939), 258. 

Ortce. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings having double transverse lines, dark 
and prominent.’’ Holland. 

ab. maculata, Lempke, Tuds. (1939), 258. 


Ortc. Descrre.—‘‘ Reniform stigma filled with dark colour.’’ Hol- 
land. 

ab. grisea, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 258. 

Orig. Drescrie.—‘‘ Ground of forewings grey.’’ Hoiland. 


P. (142) Add to the List of Forms of T. pronuba, L., ab. nigra, 
Lempke, ab. immaculata, Lempke, and ab. juncta, Lempke. 
P. (143) Add the Original Descriptions of the above three forms 11 
lines from the bottom. 
ab. immaculata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 254. 
Orig. Dascrir.—‘‘ The black costal spot of the forewings wanting.”’ 
Holland. 
ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 254. 
Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ The two stigmata touching, encirclements intact.’’ 
Holland. 
ab. nigra, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 254. 
Ortc. Descrrp.—‘ ¢, ground of the forewings black. Almost uni- 
colorous.’’ Holland. 


P. (148) Add to the List of Forms of VN. castunea, Esper, i. signata, 
juncia, Lempke. 
P. (146) Add the Orig. Description of the above form 5 lines from the 
bottom. 
ab. juncta, Lempke, T'rjds. (1939), 235. 
Orc. Derscrre.—‘‘ The two stigmata touching but with unbroken 
encirclement.’’ Holland. 


P. (148) Add to the List of Forms of N. castanea, Esper., f. signata, 
Lempke. 
P. (149) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form 16 lines from the 
bottom. 
f. stgnatu, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 250. 


(252) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. | 15/VI/1941 


Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ The waved line is margined on the inside with 
black.’’ Holland. 


P. (151) Add to the List of Forms of N. baja, Schiff., ab. clausa, 
Lempke. 
P. (153) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form 11 lines from the 
top. 
ab. clausa, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 245. 
Orte. Descrirp.—‘‘ The two transverse median lines converge to a 
point on the inner margin.’’ Holland. 


P. (162) Add to the List of Forms of N. triangulum, Hufn., ab. im- 
maculata, Lempke, and ab. signata, Lempke. 
P. (163) Add the Orig. Descriptions of the above two forms 7 lines 
‘(irom the top: | 

ab. immaculata, Lempke, Tiujds. (1939), 247. 

Orig. Descrie.—The black costa! spot of the forewings is wanting.”’ 
Holland. : 

f. signata, Lempke, Tids. (1939), 247. 

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ The waved line is bordered on the inside with 
black.’’ Holland. 


P. (164) Add to the List of Forms of N. c-nigrum, L., ab. ummaculata, 
Lempke, ab. jwncta, Lempke, and ab. confluens, Lempke. 
P. (165) Add the Orig. Descriptions of the above three forms 23 lines 
from the bottom. 
ab. immaculata, Lempke, Tiyjds. (1939), 247. 
Orig. Descrir.—‘‘ The black apical spot of the forewing absent.”’ 
Holland. 
ab. juncta, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 247. 
Oris. Drescrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata touch, but the encirclements 
are intact.’ Holland. 
ab. confluens, Lempke, Tuds. (1939), 247. 
Ortc. Descrip.—-‘‘ The two stigmata unite under one encirclement.’ 
Holland. 


P. (166) Add to the List of Forms of N. ditrapezium, Bork., f. signata, 
Lempke. 
P. (167) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above form 9 lines from the top. 
f. signata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 248. 
Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ The waved line is bordered on the inside by a 
dark line.” Holland. 


P. (179) Add to the List of Forms of N. rubi, View., ab. obsoleta, 
Lempke, ab. confiwens, Lempke, and ab. aanthostaxis, 
Lempke. 


P. (181) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above three forms 9 lines from 
the top. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (283) 


ab. obsoveta, Lempke, Tiyds. (1939), 244. 

Orie. Descrrrp.—‘‘ Forewings unicolorous, without trace of stigmata; 
only the waved line is feebly seen.’? Holland. 

ab. confluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 244. 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata united into one with broken 
encirclements.’’ Holland. 

ab. xanthostaxis, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 244. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The three stigmata are yellowish standing clear 
from the ground.’’ Holland. 


P. (185) Add to the List of Foims of N. festiva, Hhb., ab. uniformis, 
Lempke, ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, and ab. mediorotundata, 
Boldt. (Lempke). 
P. (190) Add the Orig. Descriptions of the above three forms 5 lines 
from the bottom. 
ab. uniformis, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 242. 
Ortc. Descrip.-—‘‘ Forewings of a pale unicolorous ochreous-yellow 
with very pale markings.’’ Holland. 
ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 242. 
Ortc. Drscrip.—‘‘ The two stigmata united by a double line, the 
encirclement being broken in both.’”’ Holland. 
ab. mediorotundata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 242. 
Oric. Derscrip.—‘‘ The median shade setting out from the costa 
along the outer margin of the orbicular goes on in a semicircle towards 
the inner margin.” Holland. 


P. (193) Add to the List of Forms of N. xanthographa, Schiff., ab. 
signata, Lempke. 
P. (196) Add the Orig. Description of the above form 13 lines from 
the top. 
f. signata, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 249. 
Orte. Descrrp.—‘‘ The waved line is bordered on the inside with 
black.’’ Holland. 


P. (198) Add to the List of Forms of N. plecta, L., ab. albilinea, 
Lempke, ab. pallida, Lempke. 

P. (200) Add the Orig. Descrip. of the above two forms 7 lines from 
the bottom. 

ab. albilinea, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 231. 

Oris. Derscrie.—‘‘ The forewings have a clearly detached waved 
line.”’ Holland. 

ab. pallida, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 231. 

Orig. Descrre.—‘‘ The basal half of the forewings up to beyond the 
reniform is whitish. In this part is found the black radial markings 
as well as the two stigmata and a streak of the ground colour under 
the median cell.’”’ Holland. 


P. 275, line 4 from the top, substitute ‘‘ nickerlii’’ in place of ‘ that 
species.’ 


INDEX. 


PAGE 
PEN? 1) GUL k G2 dls aD aia I OD De pk dail, Nias ok ll 59 
AN BINICUS) Conceal ew eb eealsgnne talc eet A 4 
UID O VEN OSA eet ch) ci a ee a aie Se 270 
BlSAe! NCAA). oc ee oe eee eee 270 
SWE ited RAP Laan face SO Ba ea ch hi est Ms 268 
alpicolay (hyperborea) 3. eee 411 
CUCU TMA Sy Se ae eile sae ec ee, a o7 
ashworthii (candelarum 2) ............... 97 
RUE OT etcro yon fateisete sista eore eee oe Ee 143, 281 
AUPUC OMIM AY geacasn sete aceeaee tee ee hee eee 269 
TO a ee a Rar RCL UN Ae 149, 282 
biriviaMstrisila less. swans. Joi Me 115 
[So eUHO OY Sts Reakr RPOe See: SHARE AS 4 sp aera Nbar cory. Some 5 dh 175 
Caeruleocepialaini as. cere eee Q75 
candelarum = ashworthii ............... 97 
cannadey— al@aenie pees ee 270) 
GaSlaned, ges Ge sa hire eRe ae 146, 281 
COLETSY CT Ran geet Se mann cE RRS eA i ruts 2 274 
CHICP EAT 6.2 i ae rea els eee 91, 279 
Clhayas:. (Corticead: S60 es eee chee est 62 
CAPO UI EEA. PE Sey Dt 163, 282 
LOMES), (OEDOMA) .. 602 s.cs Le eee 133 
CONCOLOE. Fos. eee ee 270 
CONSPVOUMABIS) Pec cice-euceee suaret ees aceon 272 
corticea }=Aclavis’.. a eee 62, 278 
GFIMAMENSIS Miiswoas cases ane eae 271 
CATS OPT Cee ss cesicae oh Le eee a AN 41 
CURT T y S os  t lva re ola Vee hte Ra 169 
(0 XE) OND HOC) Fe Vem anna ene ney eae Accent 158 
CO UU LD oe hide aaa ee URN a ke ae a 265, 27d 
GwISSOltbal aA eee eee eee 270 
ALGEAD SZ Meee ee eee eee 165, 282 
CUPNOEDIAE W7e hee eels eee 269 
ExClamia ti OMS eee eee eee ee 69, 278 
GIRUELES |) FER ee Ree LN aie a Me Q73 
festiva = primulae 2? ................ 182, 283 
fimbria = fimbriata .................. 125, 280 
TAT ON] 0 i IT ee OTe eh OR Ue Rea: 125 
ASSUIPUNCEA Wi ((VPOSTOM)) eeee ease esas Q4A 
AVANT AT PAN ooo ctess oe te teen oo. eee 200 
flammea (piniperda) .......................... 200 
ATA UC OTIS eae Cee aa ibs ened Fo enh 265 
FU COD AVGUING Die aaaiad marine uemN none. Weare naribe ay Mla 272 
fl Ie WLS Ofte Hina ean ea UE AR ag a GL Gy 155 
POT Ae Ne ns sae dc occ eee Ete 227 
OPA CHISOU sera cet tec Mate se ee reese eee 218 
EL TUTTI 1 iia a RUS onus ene ee Nat Oe Q7A 
Gweneei, + Testaceayys . hots eee ae 275 
AVA OT UT (a6) Set aa eae nea ree ee 3 
Metyola (TMA) Lee vee.c es hohe ae ees. 251 
hyperborea—alpicola 7... 111 
LIVUDIERAY + Bee a, JOS A tae: ere 266 
anicerta, (anstabilis)) es. ..2ue eke. ae 210 
instabilis® — incerta oe ee 210 
UICC PICCLA eects ol scche ana Mean yen aoe eo 120 
LISUMOMe SUMS) eee ee ee ial. 27a 
Jamia) os .5 2. ee ee 123, 280 
TED OU A cy his Q oi acs pepe eee oa eh ee Mee eee 267 
LEM COSTA DNA: Aa. ieee Pek tha eee eae 204 
LeMCOPNACA i a2. .2 eee hn ee ee 273 
LEUCOSEPO MIA Ee ek en et deena ae Q71 
VOWS eee ea neta et eu Ghal aterars Masts seen ane ok 267 
[VE ATT 02 nae EAM eae BN AAR Grae SMe GN FO 262 
VOCE Ge ene ee ean Cate, Ue iS ANE JOUR ea TA nea Q4'7 
DANG CRTC oe cr ORC RNG here Bn 101, 279 


PAGE 
lunigera” = (tPUX. ....)scc0eesee ee 21 
lumosa ik... OE eee eee 259 
lychnidis ‘pistacina) 222s ee pay! 
Ma cilemba. < 59 seh secs haceke eee Q49 
Mmesaceplhala ee eee eee 267 
menyanthidys -.322.0..). see eee eee 275 
MUCACCAL 233. eee Q71 
MUINLOSA og .dl8 id ac eee 239 
MUPA@lIS: ook cctenideee teers 265 
p00 U EOS [2 Ree ee nEn MME RE MER MN A TE CE icoobonde 206 
NISTICANS foi ee, ee es 56 
OBELISCD wcccscs cocceee ccc ee 31, 277 
obscura, = raviday ..ccs Saeco 107 
OCUTATIS oi ce caccsapsasce scene eee eee eee 265, 275 
07] 03) 11 C2 ae RRR IN a on a cnmbdoozos 216 
OR) Was c oy acto as eee Ljcsnedeaeen ee enaae Paepese dos 265 
orbona (Ssubsequa) ..............e.ee00- 129, 281 
orbona = JcCOmes: 5-2 bie 133 
BOTA. icseccotide shel easaehes eee eee 266 
piniperda = flammea .....................-. 201 
pistacina = lychnidis’ 22)... 254 
Dlectal sc... cee ee ee 196, 282 
DODULALIS | ois. Ss cnscceseecteece eee eee ee 273 
DOPUWLEEH | vec. ceceeccssesccceeeee eee ene ee 218 
populi ‘(populeti) ......5.22ee eee eee 225 
BPABCCOXK | obec ie hades eo me ose eee eee eee 118 
Erimulae: (festiva)) 22225 eee 182 
PPONUWUDA «...58255cs0honect coc eee 139, 281 
| O13) PREP eee Sree adr dneqoncadcnosoccscc 268 
Lulverilenta. o.266.. hee eee eee 237 
DUCA se. acdc ack Cae ee 79 
ravida (oObScura)), ..::c.c...s-seeee eee 107 
PUPAE (oe lodicsouscidel accuse eee eee 74, 279 
PUD asses cceiacwddasoseasehone eect Coee eee eee 178, 282 
ruina = helvolay s-sGecece ee eee Q51 
TUMICIS 2)... ea eee 276 
SAUClA. 4. Bin. dedi chee eee 6 
SOMECUM Hos. ee sed. oaks ee 14 
sexstriata (UMbDTOSA) ................000.0-200s 178 
SIMULANS) oo ilushslondeesedeseecneeee oe een eee 164 
SODPINAG ©... cb. k cise vase eee eee 153 
SOPCIGA © os .0cssseeccsaseie cee eee ee eee 273 
SPALLAMIL © wri sessscecssscmsee cee eee eee Eee 271 
Stabiis \ ccccenesscctiscdaFeo se ee ee 232 
StIPMAIea © so .0dscaiscct sccacs eee eee 167 
SUTILOSA  cc.cccsscaupccoswnesssumeete Reeeeee ee eE tenes 275 
strigula = Dbirivia ..................... 115, 279 
subroseany £:...284.42 3 Hiche on dhehdtacesce eee eeeepes 67 
subsequa = OLrbona .................06. 129, 281 
suffusa = iIpSilOM .............c...cce0ee. tals Dar pep 
SUSPCCbA Oo oi)oo cc icbsconac denne ene cere EEE ERE Q4h1 
tenebrosa = umbratica .................... | 
testacea, = gueneel ....72e ee Q75 
triaMOwUM «..c.h desde soe ee 161 
3 1G (=) 0 ho Se ORR EE cdabibsesc oc 268 
tHISTAMIIMNICA ..ccseeoeceneeene eee eee DéTay, isp 
TriphaecMa’ fy ......cdsscees eee wee 125 
THAGLGH.  Soukes gaseous: ee ee 46, 278 
trux » (lunigera) yy.....46..4e eee aah 
umbratica (tenebrosa)” ..:.cecseeeee 1 
umbrosa = S@XStriata .............c.c0..000s 181 
VEStISIALIS. s.hcciscanjeotsuie oeceee eee eens 27, 277 
xanthorrapha: >.) ..pcecedenaccesseeeeeeee 190, 283 
VDSLIOM, © ois croc dosdel noise oe eee eee italy Orley 
ypsilon = fissipuncta ............... 244, WT 


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BACK VOLUMES OF | 
The Entomologist’s Record and 
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(Vols. I-XXXVI. ) 


CONTENTS OF VOL. I. (Most important only menttoned.) ee | 

GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured: = 
plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthente, and aurelia—The Double- 
day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac- 
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fol. LIII. 


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No. 12 


DECEMBER 1941. 


fee UGH S 


Le 
Se 


ECORD 


Zest 


: : AND ( “Al 15 1942 


csthan' 


ve URNAL OF vant ON 


: = Sa = ==. ton Sete SS Se SF aE Se SS 


EDITED with the assistance of 
_ MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R:N., F.L.S., 
- &. A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.ES., F.Z.S., F.R.ES. 
F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. 
J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. 
H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. 
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 
THE INSECT FAUNA SUPPORTED BY THE APPLE AND PEAR TREES IN 
TEES ANGINA DOLL, MOTE UIE! S20 E GUL OU 225 one coe dagen « sazop ae tetpdpwdionav ements taNaves 125 
BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA, DURING 
PAs eA es DGC CDS cs) mae tech tig REA ag eS oe rah care ee eas at Code Meth obi ORG IG Gide see a Sains SAREE Vinee 128 
PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA, A. J. 
VDF LULTIUURY ance esa eeoe baa eect tee cca cu taeeres sauces Sem MtE ee VeacreBe Son ac sh co Satg apne Gone Posi ae eee ningeee ce ony 139 


COLLECTING NOTES: Leucania l-album in Chelston, Torquay, Capt. C. Q. 
Parsons; Coleoptera in Leicestershire, Herace Donisthorpe; A Late Date 
for Pararge aegeria, L., T. R. Eagles; Osmylus fulvicephalus, Scop.,.Id.; 
Platychirus tarsalis, Schum. [Dipt. Syrphidae] in Surrey, ZL. Parmenter, 
F.R.E.S.; Diptera visiting Flowers of Devil’s-bit Scabious, Scabiosa suc- 
cisa, L., Id.; Notes on Variation from the Worthing Museum Collection, 
TED = “GPW C LUCE 2 MEA. FBG ES oes 5, Sukay GEG veka Vote sn seees ++ SEF ADREE DEAT rab oorBicda se cbs ay? 132 


TED ECS oINE INU EP ieee oie stag a geal aa ccebanaeehiMne cha kaart wy ahem compe taste tc VNCen evEENeNN SN anon kbs ass aaa gnee 136 


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A portion of the above famous collection, comprising examples from various 

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STREET, OXFORD CIRCUS, W.1., on WEDNESDAY, 14th JANUARY, at 12 o’clock. 

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forms, aberrations, unique, hermaphrodite and eynandrous specimens oa 
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: = x ‘ ae eh * 3 ES Sie per 
225 Sa elke ae as , ei ae ics act in Re aks ee Saae tek eR eT ea On ae ae See ee ee ~ a 
a ee Se he Sess Se See aE tr eee c, ated ease ath A ag to Sal aoa a) sires} Pe 6 n't oni) 
Ie TORR Se RM ee wk amtialn -A Se . hl ae 4 ~ ie acne a 


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THE INSECT FAUNA SUPPORTED BY THE APPLE AND PEAR TREES. 125 


THE INSECT FAUNA SUPPORTED BY THE APPLE AND PEAR 
TREES IN LEBANON. 

{3520 By Aspun Mon’ S. TaLHoux | 

(Assistant, Piant Protection Service, OS EES SAN chang? 


€am. > 
an of ~O iF ip 
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The insects enumerated here are only those that I actually found on 
both Apple and Pear trees ‘during five years of observation. The list 
is by no means exhaustive, but with its 55 species 1t throws a light on 
the food plants of some of the rarer insects, and shows the distribution 
of the insects on the different parts of the trees. 

I want to acknowledge my gratitude to the staff of the British 
Museum, the Imperial Institute of Entomology, the Berlin Museum, 
and the Museum of Bremen for their determination of the more diffi- 
cult species; to Dr A. Diakonoff, of Amsterdam, for the description of 
Blastodacna libanotica; and to Mr E. P,. Wiltshire for the determina- 
tion of some moths. 

The 55 species are distributed thus:—Lepidoptera, 18; Coleoptera, 
18; Homoptera, 10; Diptera, 4; Hymenoptera, 3; Orthoptera, 1; 
Thysanoptera, 1. Trunk and Branches, 16.2% ; Twigs, 16.2% ; Leaves, 
37.9% ; Roots, 5.7% ; Fruits and Flowers, 24.37%. 

The Lepidoptera, together with the Homoptera, cause the greatest 
damage. Amongst the Lepidoptera, the Leopard Moth, (1) Zeuzera 
pyrina, L., causes the greatest trouble, as it completes its life’s cycle 
in one year, and, as an old inhabitant, is not appreciably affected by 
its parasites. When attacking thin stock, the larvae, instead of bur- 
rowing in an upward direction, go downwards so as to reach thicker 
parts to accommodate their ever-fattening bodies. (2) Carpocapsa 
pomonella, ssp. putaminana, Stgr., is very destructive. It has two 
full generations and sometimes a very small partial third; the first 
generation of moths appears in early May, the second in July (in middle 
heights). Caterpillars of (3) Diloba caeruleocephala, L., sometimes 
cause great injury to young apple trees; in one instance I saw five 
caterpillars that were able to defoliate a two years old tree. The larvae 
pupate in early May, to emerge as moths in December of the same 
year. (4) Papilio podalirius, f. virgatus, Butler, is double brooded. 
Its plump larvae are mostly found on pear leaves in early Spring, ready 
to show their osmeteria as soon as they are molested. The Tortricina 
proper are represented by four species only, all of which were observed 
on apple but not on pear. (5) Argyroploce variegana, Hiib., is very 
abundant; at one time as many as 36 moths were trapped in a single 
Carpocapsa bait trap in a single night. This insect is sometimes a real 
pest. (6) Argyroploce pruniana, Hiib., is much rarer, and (7) Peronea 
vartegana, Schiff., is still rarer. (8) Cacoecia sp. is commoner than 
the two previous species. (9) Lymantria dispar, L., is surprisingly very 
rare on apple and pear leaves as well as on oak; probably this is due to 
parasites. (10) Acronicta rumicis, L., is also somewhat rare on apple 
leaves and was not observed on pear. However, it is common on apri- 
cot leaves in Autumn. Larvae of (11) Synanthedon (Aegeria) myopae- 
formis, Borkh., attack the stems and roots of apple and pear seed- 
lings. The MOREE come freely to Codling Moth bait traps in early 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/1941 


May. (12) Coleophora hemerobiella, Scop., is not common. Its larvae 
are usually fourd on the leaves of apple trees near blackberry 
bushes or in the darker corners of the orchard. The larvae of (13) 
Schiffermuelleria (Borkhausenia) formosella, F., are found feeding on 
the cambium layer of the trunk of both apple and pear as well as 
under that of Platanus. I have also found a caterpillar of this moth 
inside a ‘‘ mummied ” apple fruit. The moth appears in May. (14) 
Recurvaria nanella, Schiff., is not uncommon; it was bred from Quince 
leaves also. The moth sometimes comes to Carpocapsa bait traps. 


To the Lepidoptera belong the three leaf-miners that attack both 
apple and pear leaves. (15) Lyonetia clerckella, L., attacks the apple 
in large quantities so that most of the leaves on apple trees are mined; 
pear leaves seem to be free from the visits of this moth. (16) Litho- 
colletis blanchardella, F., confines almost all its attacks to apple leaves, 
very rarely to pear. (17) Nepticula sp. mines pear leaves only. A 
new and very rare moth (18) Blastodacna libanotica, Dkf., causes galls 
of different sizes on pear twigs and branches. 


Among the Coleoptera the Rhynchophora are well represented. (19) 
Anthonomus pomorum, L., may be considered a pest only in some parts 
of Lebanon where it causes damage to apple blossoms. (20) Rhynchites 
schilsky, Voss (splendidus, Stev.), is sometimes very destructive to young 
pear fruits. The females, after laying their eggs in the small fruits, by 
their mouths sever the upper side of the fruit stalk at its point of contact 
with the spur, thereby causing the fruit to shrivel and fall to the ground. 
The female of this beetle seems to be very particular with regard to the 
pear variety it chooses for oviposition. The attack may be so severe 
on one tree that no fruits are left. On another one, sometimes touching 
it, but of a different variety, all the fruits may remain intact. This 
accounts for the fact that this beetle is quite localised. (21) Rhynchites 
ruber, Faim., is also particular in choosing the apple variety and is not - 
widespread. The crescent-shaped bites it makes are quite common in 
some years. (22) Limobius borealis, Payk., also eats holes in apple 
fruits but is pretty rare in Lebanon. The very rare (23) Tropiderinus 
mterruptus,* Reitter (det. by Dr Jordan) was found feeding on the 
dying cambium under apple bark. The small, black Pear Flea-Weevil, 
(24) Rhamphus pulicarius, Hbst., is very abundant on apple and pear 
leaves in Spring, where its damage is imperceptible. Magdalis 
cerast, L., is quite rare in Lebanon; the beetle was found feeding on 
the chlorophyll of a pear leaf. 


The Bostrychid (25) Sinoxylon perforans, Schrank, burrows a short 
tunnel just over a bud, downwards, thereby causing the shoot to break 
by its excavation. The adults appear inside apple and pear twigs in 
early Spring. The larvae of the Buprestid, (26) Capnodis? tenebrionis, 
L., are sometimes found in the roots of apple and pear; it is much 
easier to remove them from the roots of pome fruit trees than from 
those of stone fruits due to the absence of gum. Its attack on apple 
and pear is not common. 

Both (27) Gynandrophthalma limbata, Ster., and (28) G. judaica, Lef., 
as well as (29) Malathius bipunctatus, L., feed on the leaves and petals 
of both the apple and pear. The adults of (30) Epicometis squalidus, L., 


*Probably the only specimen in the British Museum is from my collection. 


THE INSECT FAUNA SUPPORTED BY THE APPLE AND PEAR TREES. gi 


abound sometimes in large quantities on the blossoms where they feed 
on the filaments; the beetle is quite polyphagous. The beetle (31) 
Longitarsus pellucidus, Foud., is not often met with on apple leaves. 
Both the beetles (82) Cantharis funebris, Mars., and (33) C. livida, L., 
feed freely on the tender foliage of both trees. (34) Scolytus rugulosus, 
Ratz., deals the ‘‘ coup de grace ” to a suffering tree, thereby ending 
its life. I have found a specimen of this beetlet tunnelling inside the 
petiole of an apple leaf in mid-summer. (35) Carpophilus hemipterus, 
L., is very common inside rotting or dry apple and pear fruits, and is 
especially attracted to Carpocapsa baits. It passes the Winter in the 
adult stage well hidden under apple bark. 

Almost all species of Homoptera are either serious or very serious 
pests. (86) Psylla pyricola, Forst., is one of the worst and most un- 
welcome guests that this country has ever harboured. It has several 
generations per year; the most troublesome are the late Summer and 
early Fall ones. As far as I can see, this insect seems to attack mature 
trees and causes great damage in some localities and a negligible one 
in others. This insect is by far the worst enemy of the pear. Its equi- 
valent on the apple is the American Blight, (37) Hriosoma lanigerum, 
Haus., which is extremely troublesome. The very hot and dry desert 
winds that blow in Spring do not affect this insect to the same extent 
as they do affect its parasite, Aphelanus mali, Hald., so that its num- 
bers are not checked except in Autumn, when the number of Aphelinus 
becomes high enough to stop the multiplication of the aphid. (88) 
Aphis pomi, de Geer, is found in great abundance on the extremity of 
vigorous apple shoots and inside curled apple leaves, thereby causing 
severe injury. A black socty fungus grows on the honey-dew of this 
species. (39) Lachnus (Pterochloros) persicae, Chlodk., is gradually in- 
creasing its visits to the trunks and branches of apple in Spring. (40) 
Tingis pyri, L., is very common on the leaves of both trees, but 
never in quantities high enough to necessitate control; this is due 
to an entomophagous fungus that attacks this insect shortly after its 
establishment on the leaves. 

(41) Aspidiotus hederae, Vallot, is very common on both trees, some- 
times causing severe injury, and, in acute cases, might kill the young 
tree. (42) Ceroplastes rusci, L., is neither common nor widespread. I 
have so far only found it on pear nursery stock in the coastal area. (43) 
Parlatoria oleae, Ldgr., is local but sometimes causes severe injury. 
(44) Lecanium ? corni, Behé., is found on the mid rib of pear leaves; 
up till now I regard it a curiosity, due to its rarity. Another curiosity 
is a ‘‘ White Fly ’’ (45) Aleurodid, which remains undetermined. 


The Diptera are represented by 4 species. (46) Apiomyia bergen- 
stammi, Wacht., almost exclusively attacks the Hawthorn and the 
native pear, Pyrus syriaca. Larvae of (47) ?? Scaptomizella sp. are 


usually met with, 3 or 4 together, feeding on the sap of both trees, in- 
side the galleries excavated by the Zeuzera, Larvae of (48) Ceratitis 
capitata, Wied., are only found inside thin-skinned varieties especially 
in late Summer and Autumn. They are not commonly met with at all. 
Adults of (49) Drosophila ampelophila, Loew, pass in and out of de- 
cayed fruits. 


iDet. by British Museum. 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X11 /1941 


Only three Hymenoptera live on these trees. (50) Eriocampoides 
limacina, Konow, is commoner on the mountains than at low altitudes. 
It prefers pear leaves, and is more than single-brooded. The dotted 
greyish larvae of (51) Cimbex quadrimaculatus, ssp. hwmeralis are 
sometimes met with on pear leaves; this insect is not common. The 
larva of (52) Arge cyanocrocea, ssp. syriaca, Moes., develops inside 
shoots of both apple and pear; it is heavily parasitised. 

One Orthopteron, the large (53) Anacridiwum aegyptiacum, is met 
with in all stages, on both trunk and twigs in Winter and early Spring 
peeling bark from them. 

(54) Tenuithrips wmconsequens, Uzel, represents the Thysanoptera. 
It is very common on the flowers of both trees; it rarely does enough 
damage to necessitate control. 

This list will not be complete unless I mention the Red Spider, 
Tenuipalpus ? bodenheimeri, of which a nurseryman used to tell his 
customers that the red colour is a sign of good health on the part of the 
apple yearling as are the red cheeks of human beings! 


BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS., AREA 
DURING 1941, 


By H. A. Le&eps. 


During the latter part of 1940 season the Pieris pests were extra- 
ordinarily plentiful and in no case could I find an ichneumoned larva. 
Normally rapae and often brassicae are to be seen in this area about 
the 3rd or 4th of April and I was watching for their appearance this 
year, but the first seen was a fresh female brassicae on 17th May, fol- 
lowed by a male the next day and three males on 4th June, also two 
male rapae; rapae had only previously been seen on 23rd and 24th May, 


two males, widely apart, each day, and the first female on 3rd June; 
after this both species were very sparse. 
their scarcity. 


I am at a loss to account for 
Later on in August and September large quantities, 
possibly immigrants, of both kinds appeared and the ensuing larvae 
skeletonized the cabbages, etc. April was wet and colder than usual 
but there were periods of brightness; sharp frosts, down to 16 degrees, 
eccurred during the first ten days of May, followed by 14 degrees on 
the 16th, when I went into Monks Wood and found the early leaves of 
the blackthorn killed by the frost. Eventually they fell off, leaving; a 
bright brown collection beneath each bush. JT. prunt larvae are 
susceptible to sharp frosts and I was afraid that they had perished ; 
heavy rains made the Wood inaccessible during the latter half of May 
and early June, but the weather much improved on 12th June, became 
very hot on the 14th, and so continued until 12th July. On Ist July 
pruni appeared in fair numbers, mostly males, and continued hatching 
until the 12th, fresh females predominating the latter part of the time; 
no egg-laying was seen and apparently this was done high up amongst 
the dense blackthorns, where probably they pair, as I cannot remember 
ever seeing them copulated. For the first few days I looked in vain 
for them feeding on the privet flowers. Dogwood provided refreshment — 
for one female; afterwards both sexes frequented the privet flowers 


BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA. 129 


along with A. cydippe and A. paphia, together with a few S. w-album 
and worn C. rubt. The imagines of T. pruni were very late and no doubt 
their larvae hatched after the May frosts; some unusual variation oc- 


curred and prunt was more widespread and numerous than in any year 
since 1933. 


In 1934 I noticed a larva of abnormal size and fatter—as if it had 
been inflated; subsequent beating obtained 24 more large ones and a 
male larva of ordinary size, which was the only one to produce an 
imago. The other 25 pupated in two or three days, but all the normally 
white spots were very dingy and dull; they were left for about twenty 
days, when on cutting the pupae open it was found that they were com- 
pletely hollow inside a thick, tough and leathery outer casing. They 
had been placed for rearing in glass-topped metal boxes and no 
ichneumons emerged, so apparently it is a fatal disease. I previously 
had some little experience of a similar happening several years before 
and at that time I expected to get some very large imagines. This re- 
curred to my mind when I saw the first larva again, and I told my 
brother that I thought only one would emerge out of the 26 larvae ob- 
tained. Not many pruni were flying in 1934, but they have gradually 
increased since, and this season they had such fine and hot weather dur- 
ing their main flight. 

At the end of June Brenthis euphrosyne was fairly plentiful in one 
opening; aglaia was scarce and no aberrations of any Fritillaries oc- 
curred. Previously I had not observed L. camilla in this district, but 
saw one flying in Monks Wood during the evening of 11th July, and I 
hope they will get established, as Colonel F. A. Labouchere states two 
or three were seen in woods nearer Abbots Ripton during July. The 
May was not in full flower until Ist July; worn rubi and argiolus were 
feeding on it. TJ. quercus was plentiful around three exposed oaks in 
a field, but only four were seen elsewhere; R. betulae was seen singly 
about during August. Of the Skippers, tages and malvae were late 
and scarce; venata (sylvanus), sylvestris (thawmas), and lineola were 
common, the last locally on wide grass verges of the roadside. The 
following were scarce: c-albwm, rhamni, aegeria, hyperantus, cardut, 
10, atalanta and agestis (medon). A fair quantity of cardamines, jur- 
tina, one ab. pallidula-transformis, female upperside, but very few 
partly bleached ones; pamphilus; urticae; galathea, more females than 
in 1940; megera, but females scarce, one of the latter with larger spot 
on each upperside forewing. M. tithonus was abundant and, contrary 
to last year, many had extra spots; only one, a female, had these spot- 
tings extremely large, but it was too damaged to retain; it was near a 
stile and kept in its locality for several days. Heodes (L.) phlaeas had 
only two broods, viz., in the latter half of June and during August 
and early September; the most examined in one day were 14 on 7th 
August, yielding abs, antieleus and linea, male uppersides; they oc- 
curred in a meadow near this hamlet, across which is a much-used foot- 
path towards Abbots Ripton station. Later I took three partimtrans- — 
formis males in the same field, which is shortly to be ploughed, also 
150 acres, which well nourished 96 fine bullocks this year. It adjoins 
the Walton embankment of the L. & N.E. Railway, on one lower part 
of which the third brood of phlaeas was so plentiful last year. Not 
more than six were seen there on any visit this year, while elsewhere 


130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/1941 


they were very scarce. Only in one small area could I find a fair num- 
ber of icarus ard there for three evenings, beginning 23rd June, about 
80 fresh ones were examined each time, then very few emerged after- 
wards; male undersides taken included grisea, uniformly darker grey ; 
costajuncta, transiens, obsoleta, and postcaeca; a female upperside 
postradiosa-caeruleo. The second brood, still sparse, began at the end 
of August; it provided a few conflwentiae, the best being a strongly- 
defined I-nigrum-arcuata-basijuncta female. A female croceus taken 
on 25th June was sent to a friend by post and commenced laying freely 
on arrival; on 21st July I netted a very worn male and released it. 
There are no lucerne fields here, but during September several ¢roceus 
were seen on the railway embankment; all were typical. 

(Mr A. H. Turner, of Wendling, Norfolk, informs me that “ An 
almost perfect specimen of phlaeas, ab. alba, was taken in his garden 
on 7th September.) 


PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC 
LEPIDOPTERA. 


A DISPUTED EXAMPLE. 
By A. J. WIGHTMAN. 


In the October ‘‘ Record ’’ Mr E. P. Wiltshire, discussing the use- 
fulness of ‘‘ phenological classification by season ’’ (page 105), quotes 
South, Vol. II, ‘‘ In England we certainly have a Cucullia sometimes 
appearing in the moth state rather later than C. verbasci ahd always 
earlier than C’. lychnitis, etc., etc.’? as an example of a species being 
identified and shown to be distinct by ‘‘ season.”’ 

IT cannot imagine a more unhappy choice, as not only is the state- 
ment purpose'y vague but its final sentence is an apology for the whole 
idea. South did not believe what he wrote and shortly afterwards 
said so publicly, also the supposed identification of C. serophularime 
from C, verbasci and C. lychnitis by season is purely imaginary. South 
got this ‘‘ season ’’ idea from Tutt (see Note C.) and also the food- 
plant idea. 

South had previously said that the British scrophulariae were an 
enigma to him and suggested they were, in fact, verbascit. Tutt 
mocked at him for this (see Note J.), and so in his book he tried to 
baulk the question by making a confusing and non-commital statement 
acceptable tc Tutt, excusing himself for it by saying the Continental 
collectors were just as much at sea. Neither South nor Tutt ever 
identified a third species of Cucullia in the verbasci group as British. 

In British Noctuae and their Vars., Vol. III, Tutt makes or ac- 
cepts the following statements about scrophulariae :— 


A. (page 111). ‘‘ Of our British species scrophulariae and lychnitis 
are somewhat difficult to distinguish, but the other species are distinct 
enough.”’ 

-B. (page 112), under scrophulariae. ‘‘ It is almost impossible to 
explain why Newman should say that ‘ it is extremely difficult to dis- 
tinguish this from the proceeding species (verbascit) ...’ ” (British 
Moths, 432.) 


PHENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 131 


C. (page 112). ‘‘ Lychnitis moreover appears at a later period of 
the year in June and July, scrophulariae emerging in April and May 
(Guenée gives March and April), so that if collectors keep their Spring 
emergences distinct they should have little trouble in coming to a cor- 
rect conclusion.”’ 


D. (page 118). ‘‘ C. scrophulariae has been erroneously recorded 
dozens of times without doubt by those who have found C. verbasci 
larvae feeding on Scrophularia. But the larva of C. scrophulariae is 
very different. Its usual foodplant appears to be S. nodosa and not 8. 
aquatica . Oy 

E. (page 113). ‘‘ The imagines are not at all like verbasci but they 
are very mucn like C. lychnitis.’’ 

G. (page 113). ‘‘ The three species are well distributed and definitely 
distinguished on the Continent (principally in the larval stage), where 
scrophulariae appears to be the commonest.’’ 

H. (page 113). ‘‘ The larva of C. verbasci often feeds on Scrophu- 
laria aquatica, but I believe scrophulariae only feeds on S. nodosa, 
which always grews in dry places.’ 

I. (page 118). ‘‘ I suppose there are some true scrophulariae in 
various collections, but all I have ever had sent me have turned out to 
be verbasci.”’ 

J. (page 114). ‘‘ This was written in June 1891 (reference to Bloom- 
field’s Lep. of Suffolk), and in the following month Mr South, after 
stating the opinions of Messrs Harwood, Robson, and Dobrée that 
scrophulariae resembled lychnitis, wrote: ‘* Possibly, however, scro- 
phulariae may be a form of verbasci,’’ although he had previously stated 
that ‘‘ the insect known as Cucullia scrophulariae has always been an 
enigma to me,’’? a condition of mind certainly not likely to strike one 
as being at all favourable to the formation of any useful conclusion.”’ 

From the above it is certain that Tutt’s scrophulariae in the 1890’s 
was a species very like lychnitis, not at all like verbasci in the perfect 
state. (See Notes A., B., and EK. above.) 

Had a larva unlike that of verbasci (see Notes D. and G.) occurred 
earlier than lychnitis but later than verbasci? (See Note C.) 

Larva fed on §. nodosa in dry places, not on S. aquatica in wet 
places. (See Notes D. and H.) 

Was a rare species in Britain. (See Note I.) 

But between 1890’s and 1908 the species, according to Tutt, changed 
not only -its appearance in the perfect state, but also the appearance of 
its larva, its foodplant, its locale, and, not least, its time of appear- 
ance and comparative scarcity, for at a meeting of the South London 
Ent. Soc. on 9th April 1908 the Ent. Record for 1908 records that :— 

Mr South exhibited (1) typical Cucullia verbasci, (2) Cueullia 
lychnitis, (3) a considerable series of specimens sent to him from Ger- 
many as QOucullia scrophulariae, but which he stated were, in his 
opinion, a mixture of OC. verbasci and C. lychnitis. He stated that he 
desired information but believed that C. scrophulariae in this country 
was merely C. lychnitis. 

Mr L. W. Newman stated that there was a third very distinct species 
in England, the larva of which he found on the marshes near Dart- 
ford, at the same time that those of C. verbasci were occurring on the 
downs in the same district. 


132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/1941 


Mr Tutt stated that the specimens exhibited by Mr South were of 
three characteristic species, the C. scrophulariae being, with the pos- 
sible exception of two examples, correctly named. They agreed 
absolutely with the C. scrophulariae found in Kent and were most cer- 
tainly, he thought, neither C, verbasci nor C. lychnitis. He would 
roughly suggest that C. lychnitis was a ‘‘ downs ”’ species, C. scrophu- 
lariae a marsh species, and C. verbasci largely a ‘‘ downs ”’ species but 
of wider habitat and sometimes found in marshes. 

Tutt therefore accepted in 1908 as true scrophulariae the Kent marsh 
species, which looked like verbasci, appeared at the same time as ver- 
basci, had a larva like that of verbasci, fed on S. aquatica in wet places, 
and was well distributed in collections. 

F. N. Pierce has since shown that the genitalia of the Kent marsh 
‘ scrophulariae ’’ agree with those of verbasci. ‘‘ Gent. Noct.,’’ p. 74. 

From all this we can say with certainty that neither South nor Tutt 
ever were able to distinguish scrophulariae from verbasci or lychnitis 
by ‘‘ season ’’ or in any other way. 

In conclusion, let me say that I agree with much Mr Wiltshire says 
and have always considered that the whole life history, wintering stage 
and pabulum of larva, etc., must be considered when deciding the affini- . 
ties of species and genera. 

I cannot believe that two closely allied species in any definite area 
will ‘‘ winter ’’ in different stages. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


LEUCANIA L-ALBUM 1N CHELSTON, Torquay.—I have much plea- 
sure in reporting the capture of a 2 of this species at ivy on 27th 
October about 200 yards from my house. It was still in fresh condi- 
tion. J think it most unlikely this is a stray occurrence as it is the only 
occasion I have tried ivy and then the only four bushes available besides 
the one adjoining the house, which has so far not been at all encourag- 
ing this year. This neighbourhood is very unlike its reported localities, 
it has no rough ground or fields adjoining the coast. My own locality 
is over five miles from here.—Capt. C. Q. Parsons, Seaway Lane, Tor- 


quay. 


CoLEOPTERA IN LEICESTERSHIRE.—-Last September I went to spend a 
week with my cousins, Captain and Mrs Griffiths (née Donisthorpe), at 
Congerstone in Leicestershire. On 22nd September I made an excur- 
sion to Gopsall Park and Woods, which lie within an easy walk of Con- 
gerstone, for the purpose of collecting beetles. The following is a list 
of all the species I took:—Notiophilus biguttatus, F.; Pterostichus 
niger, Schal.; Anchomenus angusticollis, F.; Bembidion quadrimacu- 
latum, L.; Phloeodroma concolor, Kr.; Atheta trinotata, Kr.; A. 
coriaria, Kr.; A. fungi, Gr.; Gyrophaena gentilis, Er.; Placusa pumilio, 
Gr.; P. infima, Er.; Bolitochara rey’, Shp.; Tachyporus obtusus, L.; 
Bolitobius trinotatus, Er.; Quedius aetolicus, Kr.; Philonthus splen- 
dens, F.; P. aeneus, Ross.; Xantholinus longiventris, Heer.; Stenus 
pallitarsis, Steph.; Oxytellus sculpturatus, Gr.; Phyllodrepa ioptera, 


COLLECTING NOTES. 133 


Steph.; Phloeonomus planus, Pk.; Xylodromus concinnus, Marsh. ; 
Proteinus ovahs, Steph.; P. brachypterus, F.; Coccinella 10-punctata, 
L.; Halyzia 18-guttata, L.; H. conglobata, L.; Dacne humeralis, 
F.; Ditoma crenata, F.; Cerylon primroseae, sp. n.; Cryptophagus 
scanicus, L.; C. dentatus, Hbst.; Triphyllus suturalis, F.; Myceto- 
phagus quadripustulatus, L.; Dorcus parallelopipedus, L.; Sinodendron 
cylindricum, L.; Aphodius contaminatus, Hbst.; Lema melanopa, L.; 
Longitarsus luridus, Scop.; Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh.; Rhinosimus 
planirostris, F.; Apion trifolu, L.; Dorytomus melanophthalmus, Pk. 
Most of these beetles are, of course, common and widely distributed, 
but Quedius aetiolicus, Kr., taken under fungus on a beech trunk, is 
a new county record. 

Three species, moreover, are very noteworthy :—Phloeodroma 
concolor, Kr., is a genus and species new to Britain, and is very rare 
on the Continent. Only one specimen of Bolitochara reyi, Shp., a 
male, has occurred in Britain before, which was taken by the writer in 
Windsor Forest [see Keys; Hnt, Mo. Mag., 67, 271 (1931)]. The two 
specimens taken at Gopsall are females. The species differs from JB. 
lucida, Gr., in its considerably darker colouring, the coarser and larger 
puncturation of the elytra, and the distinctly longer antennae. These 
females agree in all those points with my single male. The genitalia of 
the latter is different to that of the male of lucida. They were taken 
in fungi growing on a beech stump. 

The Cerylon is a new species which I am naming in honour of my 
cousin, Primrose Griffiths, who kindly conducted me to Gopsall Park. 
It was taken under the bark of a beech stump in company with the 
Phloeodroma. It differs in many important particulars from C. ferru- 
gineum, Steph.—Horace DonistHorrr, Department of Entomology, 
British Museam (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, S.W.7, 25.x.41. 


A Lare Date ror PARARGE AEGERIA, L.—A specimen of this butterfly 
in perfect condition was observed by Mr E. A. Bowles and me in Mr 
Bowles’ garden at Myddelton House, Enfield, Middlesex, om 26th Sep- 
tember 1941. It was feeding at a Colchicum bloom. Mr Bowles tells me 
that although he has taken note of the insects in his garden for 60 
years he has never before seen aegeria. It is interesting to recall that 
this insect was named the ‘‘ Enfield Eye ” by Petiver, who took it at 
Enfield early in the 18th century.—T. R. Hacrins, 32 Abbey Road, 
Enfield, Middlesex. 


OsMYLUS FULVICEPHALUS, Scop.—This handsome Neuropteron was 
observed by my son and me in the parish of Enfield, Middlesex, on 
5th June 1938. I notice that in Killington’s British Neuroptera (Ray 
Society, 1936/37) Middlesex does not appear in the list of counties where 
the species occurs. So perhaps it should be recorded lest building de- 
velopment may drive it away from the spot where I found it.—T. R. 
KaciEs, 32 Abbey Road, Enfield, Middlesex. 


PLATYCHIRUS TARSALIS, ScHumM. [Dipr. SyRPHIDAE] IN SuRREY.—On 
4th June 1939 I took my first specimens of Platychirus tarsalis, Schum., 
in Surrey [see Ent. Rec., li, p. 129]. This year I found the species 
again in the sounty, this time at Box Hill on Ist June 1941. A male was 
visiting the flowers of the Wayfaring tree, Viburnwm lantana, L., and 


134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X11 /1941 


a female was taken as it visited the flowers of the Bluebell, Scilla, non- 
scripta, L. & H.—L. Parmenter (F.R.E.S.), 94 Fairlands Avenue, 
Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


DipterRA VisitIncg FLowers oF DEvit’s-Bit ScaBious, SCABIOSA 
succtsa, L.—On 19th September 1941, despite the dull weather, quite 
a variety of insects were attracted to the flowers of Devil’s-bit Scabious 
at Bookham Common, Surrey. Besides three species of Bombus and 
one of Vespula, the following 14 species of Diptera were noted :— 
Bucentes geniculata, Deg.; Echinomyta fera, L.; Eriothrix rufomacu- 
lata, Deg.; Hristalis pertinax, Scop.; HE. tenax, L.; EH. horticola, Deg. ; 
Graphomyia maculata, Scop.; Helophilus pendulus, L.; Melanostoma 
scalare, F.; Rhingia campestris, Mg.; Sericomyia borealis, Fin. ; 
Syrphus balteatus, Deg.; S. vitripennis, Mg.; and Volucella pellu- 
cens, L. 


For Germany, H. Miller (Fertilisation of Flowers, 1883, 313-4) re- 
cords 14 species of Hymenoptera, 5 of Lepidoptera, a Chrysomelid beetle 
and 11 of Diptera. Of the species of flies known in Britain not men- 
tioned above he lists Hmpis livida, L.; Hristalis arbustorum, L.; E. 
intricarius, L.; E. nemorum, L.; Musca cornicina, F.; and species of 


Tuctha.—L. Parmenter (F.R.E.S.), 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton 
Heath, Surrey. 


Notes oN VARIATION FROM THE WortHING MusrEum CoLiEcTiIon.— 
(Continued from p. 124).—L. boeticus.—The collection contains among 
others a series of 10 from the Channel Islands (the nearest approach to 
British specimens), 8 from Switzerland, and 6 from Corsica; the latter 
are the largest except one from Algeria. The Channel Islands speci- 
mens all come from the late Rev. F. C. Lowe’s garden in Guernsey, 
where it managed to establish itself for two or three years, as well as 
appearing in some numbers on other occasions. These have dark under 
sides, and are rather small. The smallest of all are from Cyprus; these 
are very bright on the upper side and rather dark on the under side. 
The Swiss specimens are fairly large, the under sides being neither speci- 
ally dark nor light. These were all but one taken at Follaterre, on the 
same ground that produced I. iolas; the one exception came from Sierre. 
The under side of the Corsican specimens is very light, the under side 
of the Algerian specimen being almost equally so. 


N. lucina.—There is a longish series from the N. Downs and a short 
one from the White Horse Hill. These are all much smaller than 
French or Swiss specimens, except that one or two of the latter are 
nearly as small. There is one very large ¢ and a still larger 9 from 
la Chambotte above the Lac de Bourget, and another 9 from the same 
place nearly as large. A very dark ¢ and 2 were taken in the Murg- 
thal on the Walensee. The French mountain specimens from the 
Grande Chartreuse and the Col de Cucheron are smaller than those 
taken ab lower elevations. There is also a pair of second brood speci- 
mens from Grésy-sur-Aix, taken 5th August, rather smaller than first 
brood examples, 


P. machaon.—There are only three English specimens, all of the 
second brood, easily separable from any other forms; their general ap- 
pearance is blacker, and the border is very definitely broader, especi- 


COLLECTING NOTES. _ 135 


ally that of the hindwing. One of them is of the auvrantiaca form. Of 
the rest, both the largest and smallest specimens come from Switzer- 
land, the latter a ¢ of the first brood, the former a Q: of the second 
brood taken by my wife at Brig, 27th August 1897. There is another 
almost as large from M. Revard. There are very pale specimens from 
Bolzano and Constantinople. Examples of the aurantiaca form, be- 
sides the one from Wicken Fen, are from the Rhone Valley, Aix-les- 
Bains, M. Revard, Digne, Rome, Subiaco and Rapallo. Size is not 
dependent on date or locality, though on the whole Qs are larger than 
dos, and the second brood specimens are generally larger than the first, 
though even to this there are exceptions. 


A. crataegi.—There are four English specimens These (with one 
exception) are the largest, except for one specially large G from 
Florence, These English specimens differ considerably from all the 
others; they are of a much dirtier white, and all are very markedly 
of the suffusa form, with long dark triangles at the end of the nervures. 
This is called ‘‘ ab’ by Tutt, but if these specimens are typical of those 
that. used to occur in England, it was evidently racial. This view of 
the form is rather borne out by the fact that most of those from the 
Rhone Valley in Switzerland are of this form, though the triangles are 
both smaller and lighter, except in one bred specimen from Aigle. The 
2 in the English specimens is far less transparent than usual, though 
some of the Belgian Qs run it close. This species is represented from 
France, Belgium, the Tyrol, Switzerland, Italy (Florence, the Lido and 
the Abruzzi) and Greece. The 9s from Aix-les-Bains and the Tyrol 
are semi-transparent over almost the whole surface of all four wings. 
The 2 from Salonica has a curious brownish cast. There is a well- 
marked ab. flava from S. Maurice, and almost equally good ones from 
Aix and the Tyrol. There is no very marked difference in size, but 
there is one very small ¢ from Aix-les-Bains. 

P. brassicae.—Probably because very common species that one thinks 
one can get at any time are apt to be passed over, P. brassicae is rather 
poorly represented except from England. The best series are from 
France and Italy, and though there are specimens from Switzerland, 
the Channel Islands, Norway, Finland, Corsica, Greece, and Palestine, 
the numbers from these places are very few. What specially strikes one 
is the very slight variation in all these localities. The Qs of the first 
brood from the Riviera, the Rhone Valley, and N. Italy have the hind- 
wings of the under side conspicuously even more dusted with black than 
the English examples. The first brood from the Italian Riviera are 
decidedly smaller than the average, as are those from Greece. Beyond 
this there is nothing to remark. Amongst the English specimens there 
is a pair taken in my garden in the middle of September 1933, cer- 
tainly of a third generation, the lower wings on the under side of which 
have a light greenish ground and also show a good deal of the black 
dusting of the spring brood. These, I suppose, are really precocious 
specimens which would normally have remained in pupa over the 
winter, and in which the full colour had not had time to develop. In 
July 1940 I took another specimen with the same ground colour but 
without any blark dusting, which seems rather against the theory, but 
it is quite possible that it may have remained a shorter time than usual 
in pupa, others taken at the same time having the ordinary deep yellow 


136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/1941 


ground colour of the hindwings. What a very handsome butterfly the 9 
would be considered if it were rare. 

P. rapae.—Beyond the usual difference between the early brood 
(metra) and later specimens there is remarkably little difference in the 
os from all localities; generally speaking, the lightness of markings in 
metra is more obvious in southern specimens, but there are many ex- 
ceptions and the one ¢ from Virton (Belgium) and the one ¢ from 
Finland have only a trace of grey on the costa and the tip of the fore- 
wing. The Qs vary much more, especially in the ground colour of the 
upper side; generally the second brood is much yellower than the first, 
especially in English specimens, which are far brighter than those from 
any other country represented; the tint in all the latter is both fainter 
and duller. There is a curious @ from Palestine, the hindwings of 
which on the upper side are of a pale yellowish-brown colour. The 
yellow of the hindwings on the under side of the British examples, both 
English and Scotch, is very noticeably brighter than any others; the 
nearest approach is one from Switzerland. Second brood specimens 
from the Lido are very large, but all the second brood Italian speci- 
mens are larger than the average; those from Mt. Olympus are the 
smallest: It is curious that the second brood ds from Corsica are very 
large, whilst the 9s are decidedly small._(To be continued.)—REv. G. 
WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


WE regret to read the announcement of the death, after an opera- 
tion, of H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.E.S., F.R.S. One of the best. 


Witt subscribers please look 1p all notes they have and let us have 
then. for publication. We are just now short of articles. Earlier in 
the year we had sufficient matter in hand and some of it was delayed. 
Even Current Notes were not always current but over due. 


Wit correspondents please note that 25 is the number of my house 
in West Drive. It is difficult for those who deliver letters to see the 
house in the dark. Also I find that the sorters often have to put 25 
on to the address for those who deliver. This is a waste of time for 
those concerned.—Hy. J. T. 


Nos. 3, 4, 5 of the Revista Soc. Ent. Argentina, vol. x, have been 
received. The matter is mainly concerning Argentina entomeclogy writ- 
ten by members of the Scciety. 'There is a plate of the Life-history of 
cne »f the Bombyces, Cithcronia vogleri, including fgures of the ova, 
larvae, and imago ¢ and ©&, a very local species, which was sent us 
some 20 years ago. Another article we note is that of a new Tortriz, 
Eulia fletcheriella, the larva of which feeds 2n a local Solunum. The 
author, Pablo Kohler, named it in honour of Mr T. Bainbrigge Fletcher. 
There are figures of the larva, pupae, and imagines. Part 5 contains a 
last of the Contents of the whole ten volumes which have been issued 
up to date. 


CONTENTS OF VOLUME LIII. 
By HY. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S,, F.R.HLS. 


PAGE 


Aberrations (unnamed) of: P. c-al- 
Dik (Ll) IN 1On. (0 Gos ChOCEUS: 
GS 1D. jesutoa, (He IPs WERSECOUOR. 
(1); N. camelina, (1); P. rapae, 
(1); P. napi, (1); A. urticae, (2); 
V. io, (2); E. aethiops, (2); B. eu- 
phrosyne, (2); B. selene, (2); P. 
brassicae, (2); C. pamphilus, (2): 
C. bellargus, (8), 68; A. cydippe, 
(je 125 (U5) Coron, 4), G38 72. 
icarus, (4), 55; A. grossulariata, 
(4); S. w-album, (4); C. dominula, 
(@)s IPs (Ai) Wastes, SR als 
HO) UGK AORS ® alee sone deb aabocelocSencuReeeraanctce 

Gynandromorphs, etc : — Gynandro- 
morphic: A. secalis, (1); P. aegon 
(argus), (2); P. coridon, (2), (4); 
Homoeotic: €. pamphilus, (3); 
Melanic: P. c-album, (1), (4); A. 
urticae, (4); Mosaic: D. festiva 

‘Abnormality in Neuration in P. 
machaon,’ Dr E. A. Cockayne ... 

‘“ Acronicta euphorbiae in  Ross- 
shire,’? Prof. J. W. H. Harrison, 
RPE Sag eer ica. sana seattosec Gem een mene 

Agrotis saucia, an attempt to sur- 
VALVE EME M WAMNEET: vcr ccdosencessecrca nese 

“Amateur Entomologist,’ Rev., 
PL ulaned be alan rar nb AN Mae a uP cutis fe 

“ Artist’s Notes, An,’ D. Murray ...... 

“Aulonium itrisulcatum extending 
its range in England,’’ H. Donis- 
GIT OU Clerc nee sce Cree cated ae meee nce 

‘“Bedbugs, An early notice of,’? Dr 
VESPER UTR sa de cctaa os neieetendeeneneeeeescs 

js Becse) Varying | Actions, of,” ~ S: 
SWAMSOM eee sere cectaeeees Pe Gee aa cianatetons 

‘*Bombus smithianus on the Isles of 
Scarp and Scotasay,’’ Prof. J. W. 
FLATS OMB ee aetass eens aeteoaesee areas 

“ Botys ferrugalis in Cumberland,” 
ERIE WD) AY waste. cocucon: ayers seamen cee 

“Butterflies, etc., in Kirkcudbright- 
Slim eregahe PECs a Vee. ste eek setcoton ce 

“ Butterfly Collecting in Wood Wal- 
ton Area in 1841,” H. A. Leeds ... 

“Butterfly Year, A,’ F. Marriner ... 

“Callophrys rubi in the two N.E. 
Counties,’’ Prof. J. W. H. Harri- 
SOM acca eae s Meee tenets comnsane luseeens 

Captures in 1940-41, Lists of: F. W. 


Andrews, (1); E. S. A. Baynes, 
(ee Dry Ga Vn. Bile (eo Se Ga 
Castle-Russell, (2); H. E. Leeds, 
(2) Revo ide . No 7Marcens. (3). 


Messrs W. N. Minnion and B. S. 
Goodban, (8); C. G. Priest, (4); A. 
E. Stafford, (4); G. H. Stovin, (4); 
K. W. Self, (4); Baron de Worms, 
(G)reela.. Po FOLGE al, vorseseisaeeeecee orden 


42 


53 


Classification of Lepidoptera .......... 
“Coleoptera in Leicestershire,’ H. 
Donisthorpe 

Collecting Notes, 10, 19, 28, 41, 67, 79, 
942) (Op adtian Ase 

“ Colias croceus near Carlisle,” F. 

H. Day, 109; ‘‘in Perthshire,” 
Prof. J. W. H. Harrison 
Corrections . 


eee e ew eeeee 


70, 112 


Se ar er 


Fo Bird: ae ees 
Colour variation in European Lycae- 
nid, Chrysophanid and Theclid 
species, Rev. G. Wheeler 120-124 
Continuous-brooded Palaearctic Lepi- 
doptera, List of 101, 102 
Current” Notes, 12 225032540 70s ste 
99, 111, 124, 136 
“Dates of Appearance at  East- 
bourne,’’ G. T. Bethune-Baker ... 80 
“ Dicranura vinula in the I. of Har- 
LSS] Proteds Wa be sHarrisone--4419 
“Diptera visiting Devil’s-bit Scabi- 
OUSi 2a. PALM entenmee atte 
‘‘ Distribution and Habits of C. rubi 
in the I. of Rhum (Hebrides),”’ 
Prof. J. W. A. Harrison 
Double-brooded species of European 
1 ys) on Ko Koy a) A 20 cf: We ses onsen oacocaadcosusoe 101, 103 
“Dragonfly Records of Migration 
wanted,’ Capt. T. Dannreuther 94 
Economic separates, Rev., Hy. J. T. 81 
‘* Effect of Rain on Cells of Odynerus 


Seem eee eres eteenese 


DANtCUUny,- > (See SWaADSOM i ress.ccceeee ee 41 
“ Elachista subalbidella near More- 
combe;; Tease BO Oeste. cso acne 96 
Entomological aC lime ee 23 
Eos, The Spanish Journal, Rev., Hy. 
ig ie MMOS see eae aOR Soc EET swede 83, 111 
‘“ Eriogaster philippsi, More Notes 
OD pA: Mike Ou as, oc oss oe 76 
““ Euclidia mi in the Isles of Muck 
and Rhum,’’ Prof. J. W. H. Har- 
RISOWS.. .:.. iene Pee ee a Sc dare oe 119 
Exhibition, The §. London Exhibi- 
TON OL VaRiBiieSi ss, ccekk tees 124 
“ Expedition of the late Lord Wal- 
singham,” ‘‘Pan-Pacific Entomo- 
IOBISC:”* Revive J. Ray, cccen ca 111 
‘“Field Notes from Macedonia, 
MOE? DreMeB Unie. see 57 
“Four Years Captures of Insects in 
Light Traps in Ireland,’’ B. P. 
Beirne, Ph.D., F.R.E.S., 4, 69, 80 
“Food Plant, A Strange,’ P. B. M. 
FNL 0 Re 8 it SS eRe ae 108 
“Genetics of R. rubi, ab. ochracea 
and: ab. “j@00d,;- Dr Bb; Aj scoc- 
KAYO... Seemeeectons cusceoehcs ocacsncs eee eee 75 


138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


PAGE 

‘““Glanures Myrmecologiques,’ H. 
DonISthOrDe eye eee eeeee eee ae Dip eat 

““ Habitats of Larvae of A. iris,’ A. 
Ee OWE EAT Se Ea 7 

‘« Heodes phlaedas in N. Scotland,”’ S. 
SWS OT eee ee ne eee eee aU en Cae ae bo 

‘ Hesperiidae of the Argentine,’ 


Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev., Hy. 


Pi eal Use See hes a Aa ee DiS Ry is ake Ee 112 
‘* Hibernation of P. atalanta,’”’ Rev. 
Ge OWihee lens cree rsa ae 41 


‘‘ Hybrid, Reputed, N. zonaria x A. 
hispidaria,”’ Dr E. A. Cockayne 3 
‘“‘Hybrids, Wild, Z. filipendulae xX 
Z. lonicerae,’ Dr E. A. Cockayne 113 
‘* Insect Fauna supported by the Ap- 
ple and Pear trees in Lebanon,” 


PNG ROU INSOLE A IO OUR anene ccaganbatec 125 
‘‘Todis chrysoprasaria,’ (the late) 
GVA gi © aRaENG) BUI OWS ae. cele letras 33 
‘“‘July in the New Forest,’’ S. G. 
Castle-Russelily iscisocsncisseedsangeteneeenee 92 
‘‘Karroo Caterpillar, The,’ J. S. 
Taylor, 108; Lepidoptera, J. S. 
MIVA OTs Ie ceca ate atts Metis acc, ee OS 
“T. album in Chelston, Torquay,”’ 
Oboe Oo QI Pe WesOn as” sescascabecbaanoss 132 
‘‘Larva feeding in a pea-pod (M. 
brassicae),’’ R. D. H. Troup ...... 94 


‘‘Larvae observed near Newton Ab- 
bot,’’ 1940-1, Capt. C. Q. Parsons 94 
‘‘Tate Date for P. aegeria,” T. FR. 
IV AIGTIOS iia Gen eta ucr eta aucmneitan eacisgais 133 
“ Tauxaniidae (Sapromyzidae) tak- 
en in Surrey,’ L. Parmenter ...... V7 
‘‘ Life-history of Stenoptilia saxifra- 
Gea B. GPe TF BEUPMC) iis oercieaeeesceeeeer 85 
“Light, A Matter of,’ An Old Moth 
Hunter, i; Traps in Ireland, 45, 
69, 80 
‘‘Limits of A. hispidaria, Northern,” 
IDO, dae ses Jee weaciyoynl. sdésssesosscuscoss 53 
List of Butterflies and Moths (day) 
taken in Kirkcudbright .............. 96 
Localities: Alps, Switzerland, 11, 41, 
42, 55, 67, 98, 111; Berkhampsted, 
72: Cumberland, N., 97; Camber- 
ley, 19, 28, 79, 107, 117; Dublin, 45; 
Hebrides, 52, 53; Iran, 4, 101; Ire- 
land, 45; 54° (Ni); Killarmey, 45; 
Kirkcudbrightshire, 9; Mace- 
donia, 57; Morecombe district, 
(6); Manchuria, (4); New Forest, 
92, (2); Newton Abbot, 94; Persia, 
AAA: Sunni te Ole V8Gse SUSSEX. 
(SEE ven ci isa) ALCS, 
Wells, 8: Tyrone, 54: Weald 
(Kent), 8: Windsor Forest, 10; 
Wicken, 69: Wood Walton, 16, (2); 
Wiales! (@Wemtrall) wes (ca Meera eave 38 


“Locust Control Organization, Red, 
Colonial OM Ces Wiese eee ae 70 

*‘ Looking Forward,’ An Old Moth 
SEARING OT yee eee scien nentns auicessinen mee ateetissess es 38 


15/XI0/1941 


PAGE 
‘““ Luperina nickerlii, r. incerta or r. 
gueneei,” A, J: Wightman -i2, Dall 
‘““Lycia hirtaria. in Morayshire,’’ 
Prof, J: WL Ho Harrison 53 
Manchurian Heterocera exhibited (S. 
London) by Hy. J. Turner ......... 4 
“Male Genitalia of Hymenoptera,” 
IRV. ee aD): 


“Melanic Forms of O. mucronata 
and (. scotica,’ Dr E. A. Coc- 


Kaye) (5.8. c¢8ssesecs. te eee ee 2% 
‘““ Melitaea (Euphydryas) aurinia,”’ 

Fa Pe Wiltshine 60) 98 
‘““Monima (T.) gracilis,’ Dr G. V. 

#3510 1h Ue eR ROP eS Ee SPREE fis Ane anoasaccanouces Q1 
““Monima (T.) opima in Wiltshire,” 

Rev. Wi Rec BECer oe eee 80 
*“ Myrmecina graminicola (Hym.) at 

Heston,’ H. Donisthorpe ............ 21 


New Species and Forms: ab. obso- 
leta of S. marilima, 15; ab. nig- 
rescens of O. scotica, 26; ab. flavo- 
humeralis of T. 4-striatus and ab. 
nigrobasis of P. cruciferae, 108; 
Record for two common Brit. 
Ants, 109; S. saxifragae ............... 85 

‘““ Nomenclature, Notes on, I,’ Hy J. 

f RU eh ae) Brae ser odeecnaacoss 2a ele, See ae eaE oo 63 

‘““Nonagria typhae in Scotland,” 
Prof. J. WW. BH. Harrison eee 53 

“Notes on, British Moths,” ; 
Green, 19, 28, 79, 107, 117; the 
Genus Staphylinus (Col.), F. H. 
DAY: ov ascsocisnecds cect Sespenescceeseameeee senate AL 

Obituary: P. M. Bright, F.R.E.S. 

32, 56, 99 

“Occurrence of northern and south- 

ern species of Carabidae in a 


section of the Weald,’ R. A. 

CEOWSON) (cies easéecpseeeeeseee eee eee 8 
“ Orgyia antiqua in the Hebrides,’’ 

Prof... 3. W. Be Harrisons 120 


“ Ortholitha umbrifera in Glouces- 


tershire and Somerset,’ J. F. 

BiB sida tice stewe sine cee Seeeeee eee ee eee 67 
‘“ Osmylus fulvicephalus,’ TT. R. 

UD: Kea eX oe ens eccaabanacacct ole: 133 


“ Phenological Classification of 
Palaearctic Lepidoptera,’ E. P. 
Wiltshire 


* Phenological Classification of 


Palaearctic Lepidoptera,’ ‘A 

Disputed Example,” A. J. Wight- 

man Ji iiaciate tS eealcaee eee eae EEE EEEe 130 
Phenological Tables of Summer 

Flight in Lepidoptera ................ 5 
“« Platychirus tarsalis in Surrey,” 


L. Parmenter sete eee eee 
‘ Plusia moneta in Perthshire,’ Dr 
BE. A. , CocKa ye, 5. :ccsse-eeseeeeeeeeece 80 
‘“ Phigalia pedaria, ab. melanaria 
_(Y-chromosome inheritance),’’ Dr 
E. A. Cockayne, 95; in Rhum and 
Raasay, Prof. J. W. H. Harrison 120 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

“Prices at the Sale of the Aberra- 

tions of Butterflies in the Bright 
Collections Het. E- 

“ Ptinidae of Economic Importance, 
The, H. E. Hinton (Rev., H. D.) ... 50 


139 


PAGE 


Societies: S. for British Entomology, 
125) Royale nie SOC. 22-25. ote 


Shahi S  ioimeroml Ise Sexes. 
23, (4)-(8), 
“Staphylinus.. fulwoipes. (Col), in 


124 


: Windsor Forest,’ H. Donisthorpe 10 
QUES Ur es In Ss each eee Rat Ea ere, 81, 99 *- <phineidae fromthe Bournemouth 
“Random Notes from E. Tyrone, District,” Sek@sa Ss BEOWiig eee 44 

ADL Oe LN OSe) GUCCI Wintec veces ere sce D4 “ Summer Flight in Cold Climates of 
“Red Hindwings,’ An Old Moth Vernal and Autumnal Lepidop- 

1 Ob glen Op npsle ee ERR ict eee 114 tela Bs) PANS HiT ee eeceeneee ses 4 
Records of Varieties and Aberrations Take-offs by Prey-laden Wasps ...... 81 
(S=abondon) [Marchi (QS) ele. re with a ae Does C. 

: edusa.”’ P. B. M. Gh et ees 97 
TIES Res gE ae a an bs} TiAl, Gay, AL Bia: Thaumetopoea species, List of ......... 114 
eM QOeuen ence GN. OL USUENTT “Two new Aberrations of Brit. Cole- 
BING OE 2h COGS Te. Ne OMIT: optera not previously described oF 
Hebrides,’ Prof. J. W. H. Harri- s ; 

SOM aie scessese cae oes Gea ae wee EER cuictse soe D4 Ee Digs LCL Op ramcan ug cee Se? de 
ey eae ar Soeeir “ Unforgivable Sin, The,’ Dr M 
“ Records; for two Brit. Ants, A new Burr 202.) eee eee ee ee ees 91 
Vice-County,” H. Donisthorpe, “ Vaccinii versus ligula,’ <A. J. 
109; from Rodborough, T. B. F. 96 Wiehitmaii eee eee neem a 4h 
SAG. 12, IL. TRIPE ORS! soocochasbeonocce wali, YA “Variation in the Worthing Muse- 
“ Sawflies of the Berkhampsted Dis- um,” Rev. G. Wheeler, 11, 42, 55, 
trict ’? (R. B. Benson), Rev., H.D. 72 67, 98, 110, 120, 134 
“Season 1940 at Wood Walton Fen,”’ Variation ini S) maritima. AN J: 

Ve Dee vapid Lex 0 SL. Fe ae a) ee ee 16 Wil oittmia ms 2 secs ose acts see eases 14 
““Second Brood of B. euphrosyne,”’ AEWA Mahal Jal NUTS . Sconckaceecessase 129 
IDES: IV erSIS hehe Tae ee bea 109 ‘“Volucella inanis (Dip.) at Bexley, 
“Secondary Sexual Characters in (3) Fed ae PE nn cee as ee, thle bab.) LA 
British aVviothsh Ds Mirae ec cee 73 ““ Wicken Coleoptera, A few,’ W. D. 
Single-brooded species of Lepidop- FRIENCKS: .tueSeheemen erence rs teen oe eis tae 70 
VET eRe ke on sae nites onee en ecuean, UN. 101, 103 ‘““Ypsipites ruberata, a Geometrid 

“ Smodicum cucujiforme (Col.) in hew to the Outer MHebrides,”’ 
England,’’ H. Donisthorpe ......... 10 Prof Jd. Wenkoelarnisonurs.sss 119 

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 

PAGE PAGE 
MOON HEN yisig, 15 Baie) Oe Se tS Ua ee ene ail, Ae NEO) 66 Lyi) Orrrapiel DARE ee 5 scoop ocdaddeceacso. Sete (6), 97 
ACK SOMME rutin tices caro deesaemee ses senteec see (1) IPREeTS: Rev. We dase cece nee eee 80 

PATNI CWS Ws eos ie hacer ee acute pett ek. mate (4) Kletcher, (IT. Bainbrigges E.R2E.S. 
ANG Wither 22 BB ae reg AE SO Ea 97, 108 IRUZiOSS,; Res Sapa t eee ec ociccn come 96 
Ue) Vie waters seen eee 1835 iz, Gil Green, E. E., F.R.E.S. 19, 28, 79, 107, 117 
IS INGCL 7] Ss ees elie aor in Aah Rae (4) Goodbanyy B. Tbe eee see (3) 
FES TMI ea 1D) Tees Guu Visweesesaeice co ec eecaenecee 21, (1), 109 GI COT CIN OS {ere tas eR oles 54 
IBUCKStOMC aA cA Woe) ie eee ee (2) Eamon A. Hibs ten eee eee ee es oe 44 
BUInE OW Se ixeve, ©. Ike Ni HEROES. ..0.. 7 63 1s OU GRO) Oil o MMMM Diy che Ae ere 50 

LBAONK AML: «S674 Cosas Belaes SAB AN ERHER Se Bonaa nee REE EA AA Harrison, Prof: J. W. G., E-R:S., 53, 
IBGHTANE, IB IP JEM IDE ROS, 24, Way 54, 86, 119, 120 
Si) 185 FREN CKSE A WV. DSR ey, neh 70 
TES URI ep eta is en hatin ce riser ere 67, 109 eeds:.4H: WA. shee. 16, (2), 128, 129 
ISFIB EUSA (Ci aN IRI Ds TRASH See tet) Marcon? Rev . co Guerre see eRe aes (3) 
Cockayne, Dr Ba A... A:M.. BR.C.P., Minniom: JW.) eee co cee cece ee ee (3) 
REE Ss eee SO Osos Som Jor tilid IVE Day? IE)... Sear. oe ste te 73, 90 
GROW SOM aR ARNE BASGe centaur pees 8 Marriner B's epee ccoesee coe eee ele 7 
COTE TT NTRS NY ed BIRT i cee LC a 12 OladeMoth: UIUC yee ae 1; 385114 
WOMISthoLpe; our RES. -beZ.s.. 11, Page. Ale.) Hy, ARBRE Say coach vole eee cea 124 
18, 21, 27, 36, 72, 88, 99, 108, 109, 132 Parsons, Ca DivatGaeele ccstcr nc cee 11, (Gaede 
LBS yr ON el & se a cer a 32, 41, 95, 109 EPiestyiG. | Gr. eee: peseerase oo eae cee eee (3) 
Donovan Sst:-COles le MisSet ees sees. cever ns 69 Parmenter, “Tiere. ccscetvece. Ti, 183; 184 
Dannreuther, Capt. T., F.R.E.S. ...... 94 Russell: S. GMGastle <...2....2. (1), (2), 92 
Bee Slecren R eee eeeme cess ns 8, 133 Swanson, S. , dyieeecs tes.) ccc. cs eee SP eal 


- 140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XTI/1941 
PAGE PAGE 
PSE TCO) 0 leet rs etc OL es A aN (4) Wiltshire, E. P., F-RLESS. 2 oeot 
oe “a DETR ars Bee eo ties cannes te Sele r Wichtman, A. J., F.R.ES. 17, 21 430 
Fa) i a ea ep brea) RAS 5 Ie aS 3 ds eae 
Taihouie CAMOMS, cc eee 76, Jos Rete, oe i one eae ee es 
AMAIA “Wc tse tial 8a] BEISS ) cagdanooeacondcadseds 108 Reser se d : 
TOUS PRD she rene Laan ne 94 Wells... Hu) 'Q&: sscecslasseusecoseee sees eee eee (6) 
Turner, Hy. J., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. Worms, Baron de, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., 
(Bde Opa ere (GU. (AN See es. GS) ds CLG. Spends cadences cae eaneee (6) 


71, 81, 83, 99, 111, 112, 124 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate I. 


lodis chrysoprasaria, Esp., and immaculata, Thnbg., to face p. 33. 


II. Secondary Sexual Characters in British Moths, to face p. 73. 
Ill. Eriogaster phillippsi, Bart., to face p. 76. 
IV. Stenoptilia saxifragae, Fletcher, to face p. 8. 


Vv. Abnormality in Neuration. 


P. machaon, to face p. 88. 


VI. Wild Hybrids of Z. filipendulae and Z. lonicerae, to face p. 113. 


SUPPLEMENTS. 
‘‘ British Noctuae and their Varieties.”’ Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Vol. II, 


Appendix, (265)-(284); Index and Title Page. 
S. London Entomological Society’s Varieties, etc., (1)-(8) after p. 32, 


Records : 
S. G. Castle-Russell. 


Vol. III, (1)-(36). 


[3 SA0 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND TEEIR Pannen, ag By 
silago, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Novt., 191. daN 191942 | 
ab. pallida, Schwing. (1918), Verh. z.-b. Wien, LXVIII (151). ie 


Tutt dealt with (1) flavago, Fabricius; (2) the banded ochreago, Bork. ; 
(3) the well dotted togata, Esp. 


lutea, Strom , Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift., »p. 78 (1783). 
Fie.—l.c., f. 26. From the figure and from the evidence of Aurivillius 
(1885), Nord. Fjar., this is our flavago. 


ab. pallida, Schwing., Verh. z.-b. Wien, LXVIII (151), 1915. 

Oric. DEscrie.—‘‘ In Prebichl in Stiermark, in July 1915, I took ¢ 
echreago, Hb., with light vellow-brown very slightly marked forewings 
and straw-yellow hindwings; the usual very strongly expressed dark 
grey powdering of the hindwing is completely wanting. Similarly pale 
grey specimens with much grey-yellow ground lose the stronger colour- 
ing. J, as well as Herr Karl Hofer, have been breeding a few of strik- 
ing appearance, when the larvae occurred in very dry and shady places, 
with very little difference from those reared in captivity from ova.”’ 


h 


Xanthia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25); Dup:, H.-S., Gn., Barr., Stder- 
(South), Culot [Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., Meyr.: Cosma, 
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Hamps., Splr., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Ochria, 
Hb. (1821), Tutt, South] awrago, Schiff. (1775-6), Fab. (1787). 


Schiff., Verz., p. 86, S. 4 (1775-6), introduced the name rutilago, and 
on the same page No. 7 introduced the name aurago. Had there been 
an adequate description to distinctly identify the insects, the former 
name rutilago would have been prior. Adequate descriptions were pub- 
lished by Fab., Mant., II (1787), aurago, p. 159, No. 164; rutilago, p. 
160, No. 167. Mr T. B. Fletcher pointed out that Schiff. called awrago 
the ‘‘ Goldgelbe, hellstriemige Kule.’’ This seems to be an ‘‘indication’’ 
and most inadequate as a ‘‘ description.’’ It has been accepted by some 
modern authors as the prior description. But this does not alter the 
nomenclature. Hence auwrago is the prior based on these descriptions 
and rutilago is the name of the form. 

Tutt, Br. Noct., Ill, 12 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 61 (1895): Barr., 
ep. Brolin V5 371, ple) 2321 (899):: Stder., Cate ilieds)207) (L80i)}: 
Hamps., Lep. Phal., VI, 498, f. 169 (1906); Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 252, 
plt. 46, 21 (1907): South, Moths B.J., II, 18, plt. 10, 2-3 (1908): Warr.- 
Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 153, plt. 24h, 1 (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 85, 
plt. 55, 3-5 (1914): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 153 (1934). 


Hufnagel, Berl. Mag., III, 294 (1766), No. 41, described a species 
which he called wmbra. 

Schiff., Verz., 86, No. 4 (1775-6), who was the first author to use the 
name rutilago, gave the food of the larvae of the species as Populus 
nigra. 

Rottemberg, Naturf., IX, 115, No. 41 (1776), gave a long description 
of wmbra, Hufn., and suggested that it might be the citrago, L. 

Hb., Beitr., I, p. 18, plt. 2, fig. L (1786), described and figured a form 
of awrago under the name rutilago. This he corrected later in his Ver- 


(34) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X11T/1941 


besserungen to the praetexta, Esp., Abbild., IV, Noct. 45, 2, and sub- 
sequently in his Nacherrinnerungen to the aurago of Schiff., Verz., p- 
86, S. 7 (1775-6). 

Fabr., Mant., II, 160, No. 167 (1787), described the rutilago, Schiff. 
This was the first full description, that of Schiff. was only an indication. 


Esp., Abbild., IV, Noct. I (1), p. 338, plt. 124, 2 (1788-?), gave a 
figure under the name praetexta; l.c., p. 341, f. 3-4, under the name 
fucata, a form of aurago. 

Vieweg., Tabel. Verz. Brand. Schm., II, 41 (1790), considered umbra,, 
Hufn., as the rutilago, Schiff. (1775-6), and reported the larvae of wm- 
bra as feeding on Ononis spinosa. 

Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Hur., VII, 161, 163, f. 520, 521 (1792); 
gave seven figures; all can be ascribed to aurago. These figures are too 
gaudy, colours too heavy. The authors gave 520 as aurago, 521 as fucata, 
Esp., now recognized as a form of aurago. 

Bork., Naturg., IV, 675 (1792), noted that the markings of aurago 
and rutilago were much alike. He considered it to be the rutilago, Hb., 
Bere a pds. volts 24 Meas 

Bork., Naturg., IV, 673 (1792), pointed out that the insects umbra, 
Hufn., and rutilago, Schiff., cannot be one and the same species, nor 
can umbra be citrago from comparison with the descriptions of the three 
forms under consideration. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 196-7 (1800-3), gave two striking and excellent 
forms: one dark generally, the other with a very pale central wide band 
on the forewings and the hindwings basally much lighter. 

Treit, Schmett. Eur., V (2), 363 (1825), gave references to Hb., Noct., 
fig. 196 ¢, 197 9; to Hb., Beitr.; to Schiff., Verz.; to Esper, Abbild., 
IV, 338, plt. 124 (45) praetexta, and p. 341, fig. 5, to fucata; to Ernst 
& Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 161, f. 52, awrago, and p. 163, f. 521. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (1), 453, plt. 128, 4 (1827), gave a good figure 
of one of the many forms of awrago. He recognized var. rutilago, Bork. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb. Noct., II, 216 (1849), said that Hb. 196, 197, were 
too variegated. He included praetexrta, Esp., and v. rutilago, Bork. 

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V (1), 394 (1852), dealt with praetexta, Esp., 
rutilago, Hb., Beitr., plt. 2 L, and var. A. fucata, Esp., with its form 
rutilago, Bork. 

_Stdgr., Cat., IITed., 207 (1901), gave praetexta, Esp., as a synonym, 
and gave fucata, Esp., as the only ab., which he said was Hb. fig. 196, 
aurago (magis unicolor, al. ant. fascia media aurantiaca). 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 498, f. 169 (1906), gave two aberrations: (1) 
forewing with the median area mottled with red (unnamed); (2) fucata, 
Esp., the median area suffused with red, the basal and marginal areas 
still redder, and much more uniform in colour. 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 252, plt. 46, 21r-21z (1907), gave two not very 
good figures. 2I1r is labelled fucata, a darker more uniform coloured 
form. He refers to two other forms, ab. wnicolor, Tutt, and ab. rutilago, 
Fb. 

South, M.B.J., II, 18, plt. 10, 2-3 (1908), gave two good figures. 2 is 
one of the ordinary banded forms; 3 is almost ab. unicolor. Ochria 
(Xanthia). 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., TII, 153, plt. 24h, i (1910), treated praetexta,, 
Esp., as a synonym. They gave eight very good figures: ¢ and 92 aur- 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (35) 


ago, 6 and 9 rutilago, ¢ and 2 marmorata, and ¢ and @ fucata, and 
in addition recognized ab. lutea, Tutt, and ab. unicolor, Tutt. They 
considered ab. virgata, Tutt, as a synonym of fucata, Esp., ab. marmor- 
ata was newly described, fig. 24h. 

The remark that virgata, Tutt = fucata, Esp. seems a very loose 
statement, the first is a banded form while the latter is almost unicolor- 
ous. 

Culot, N. et G., I (2), 85, plt. 55, f. 3, 4, 5 (1914), gave three excel- 
lent figures. 4, ab. fucata, Esp., median space of forewing warm orange. 
3, a typical form, with median band a golden yellow. 5, labelled awrago 
ab. The figure given as ab. fucata is considered the virgata, Tutt, and 
the awrago ab. is considered rutilago, Fab. This last, f. 5, is almost 
concolorous orange and the hindwings almost entirely a. coppery lilac. 
Here again we get a similar confusion as in Seitz’s work, fucata is a 
banded form in this case. 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., II, 153 (1934), added three newly re- 
cognized forms from the Abruzzi. Ab. pedinea, Dnhl., ab. purpurago, 
Dnhl., and ab. pyrroresta, Duhl. 


Barrett described the Variation as follows :— 

Rather variable in the ground colour, from pale yellow to ochreous, 
and in the degree of dusting or clouding of rust-red upon the central 
portion of the forewings, where sometimes there is also a slender indented 
central line or shade; but among specimens taken near Reading is a 
greatly extended range of variation. Some individuals have the ground 
colour in the middle more abundantly clouded and even suffused with 
rust-red, except a yellow edging to the first and second lines; others with- 
out these yellow lines have this middle portion completely and regularly 
tawny-red or orange-red and quite smooth, and of these some have the 
basal and hind-marginal bands deeper purple, almost of a leaden tint, 
while in others the purple becomes in various degrees more tawny or 
orange-red till in some specimens there is hardly a distinction of colour 
between the bands and the centre, the whole being of a smooth orange- 
red; more rarely the same is observable in a paler form, the whole sur- 
face being fulvous. In its more typical forms, as well as in these varie- 
ties, this is an insect of quite unusual beauty. 


Mr A. J. Wightman has taken notes of all specimens of this species 
that have come under his notice and we are indebted to his kindness for 
the following analysis :— 

This species has strong affinities with Cirrhoedia xerampelina, or so I 
believe. Variation is very great, and many forms are very beautiful 
indeed; the range in colour in both the ground colour and the dark 
bands is equally great. 

By the ground colour I mean the paler central fascia, small basal 
and apical patches, and pale line of the same shade, which is apparently 
a pale edging to the indistinct submarginal; these are always paler in 
colour than the basal and outer area bands, except in the few unicolor- 
ous forms in Group E. 


Group A. Banded forms with sharp contrast, 

Group B. Banded forms in which contrast is less than in A by reason of the 
central fascia being mottled with some deeper shade, approaching the 
colour of the bands. 


(36) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/XIT/1941 


Group C. Banded forms in which contrast is less than in A by reason of the 
bands being suffused with pale shade, approaching that of the central 
fascia. B forms have a rough or matt appearance. C forms are very 
smooth looking, the bands seem to have a bloom over them evenly 
distributed. 

Group D. Variegated forms with the central fascia heavily mottled with the 
same colour as the bands, and the bands broken up by lines and 
patches of the ground colour. 

Group E. Unicolorous, either by reason of the bands being obsolete save for a 
few tiny ill-defined lines, or by the central fascia being of the same 
shade as the bands, usually there are present two pale lines repre- 
senting the inner and outer lines. If the central area is not quite as 
dark as the bands the insect belongs to groups B. or C. 


Basal and outer bands pale pink, central fascia rich lemon-yellow. 
Basal and outer bands pale pink, central fascia pale orange. 
Basal and outer bands pale red, central fascia rich lemon-yellow. 
Basal and outer bands pale red, central fascia pale orange. 
Basal and outer bands deep orange-red, central fascia deep orange. 
Basal and outer bands deep orange-red, central fascia saffron-yellow. 
Basal and outer bands dark red, central fascia pale lemon-yellow. 
Basal and outer bands dark red, central fascia pale orange. 
Basal and outer bands purplish-red, central fascia pale lemon-yellow = 
aurago, Schiff., Fab. 
Basal and outer bands purplish-red, central fascia pale orange=ab. vir- 
gata, Tutt. 
. Basal and outer bands purplish-red, central fascia saffron-yellow. 
Basal and outer bands pale slate-grey, central fascia lemon-yellow (pale). 
. Basal end outer bands pale slate-grey, central fascia orange. 
. Basal and outer bands dark slate-grey, central fascia pale saffron-yellow. 
. Basal and outer bands dark slate-grey, central fascia deep saffron-yellow 
= ab. rutilago, Fab., in yellowest form. 
B. 16. Basal and outer bands pale red, central fascia deep orange. 
17. Basal and outer bands deep orange-red, central fascia. reddish-orange = 
ab. rutilago, Fab., in reddest form. 
18. Basal and outer bands dark red, central fascia deep orange. 
19. Basal and outer bands deep slate, central fascia deep orange. 
Cc. 2. Basal and outer bands suffused orange on purplish, central fascia deep 
yellow = ab. wnicolor, Tutt. 
21. Basal and outer bands suffused red on purplish, central fascia red. 
D. 22. Basal and outer bands red and yellow mixed, central fascia red and yel- 
low mixed. intermixta, n. ab. 
E. 23. Obsolete, whole wing orange-yellow, few reddish or purplish lines = 
ab. lutea, Tutt. 
24. Obsolete, whole wing deep orange, few reddish or purplish lines. 
25. Basal and outer bands carmine-red, central fascia carmine-red, two yel- 
low lines distinct = ab. fucata, Esp. 
26. Basal and outer bands purple-red, central fascia purple-red, two yellow 
lines distinct = ab. fucata, Esp. 


ID Oe gw to 


= 
= 


PRP PR 
Ol 09 to 


In the extreme dark forms the hindwings may be heavily stained 
with purplish-red. Some of the named forms are described in such 
terms as to include several really distinct looking abs. 

Tutt’s remarks on fucata, Esp., Brit. Noct. and Vars., III, 13, are 
very confusing. He says, ‘‘ unicolorous purplish-red form,’’ and then 
again, ‘‘ the central band is slightly more orange than basal and outer 
bands,” and, finally, ‘‘ unicolorous reddish,’’ which remarks more apply 
to rutilago, Fab., when orange is mentioned, and to my mind a deep 
carmine insect is more than reddish. 

Tutt’s vars. unicolor and lutea appear from his descriptions to be 
much alike. In fact they are totally different. In unicolor the dark 
basal and outer bands are present but richly suffused with deep yellow 
atoms, like a bloom, which destroys the sharp contrast and makes the 


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BACK VOLUMES OF 
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GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured 
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day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Tdaeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac- - 
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CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 

MELANISM AND MeLiNGbHiO mir “Eablioeeinby. “Notes on Collecting <“-AvueLe on 
VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrolis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio- 
campa opima—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridis- 
ing Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature— 
Differentiation of Diarithoecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 
S. London—Generic nomenciature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Ran- 
noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena (Anthrocera)—Hybrids 
—Hymenoptera—Life-history of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


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