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Entomologist’s
Record

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EDITED BY
S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S.

Price 30s net

Printed in Great Britain by T. Buncite & Co. Lrp., Arbroath, Angus.

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Acherontia atropos in Gloucestershire.
D. J. Iles, 74.

Acherontia atropos L. in Perthshire. C.
G. M. de Worms, 249.

Adjuncts to sugaring.
Hunter, 216.

An Old Moth

Agrotis exclamationis L. var. plaga
Steph. in Cumberland. W. F.
Davidson, 196.

An Entomologist’s Wife. #. E. Harper,
169.

Any Answers. A Young Moth Hunter,
161.

Apatura iris L. and its habits in Surrey.
A. E. Collier, 165.

Apatura iris L., A Second Brood Imago
of. M. H. Edmonds, 35.

Apatura iris L., Some Notes on the
Egg-laying and Certain Other Habits
of. I. R. P. Heslop, 25.

Apatura iris L., Some supplementary
Notes on the Life History and
Breeding of. R. EF. Stockley and I.
R. P. Heslop, 257.

Aphantopus hyperantus L. ab. lanceo-
lata Schiff. + arete Mull. Maj. A.
E. Collier, 160.

Apollo Seen in England, Some Old
Records of Lepidoptera and the last.
P. A. Desmond Lanktree, 120.

Arran, A Week in the Isle of.
Richardson, 112.

Aviemore District, A New Nature Reserve

Austin

in the. C. Craufurd, 96.

Azelia macquarti Staeg. (Dipt.
Muscidae), Habits of. A. C. Pont,
75.

Bats, Good News for. A. Symes, 246.

Beetles of the British Isles by E. F.
Linssen. Review by A. A. Allen, 39.

Birmingham Sale, The. Anon., 21.

Black Wood, Rannoch, The. J. L.
Campbell, 272.
Brachypoda pilosa Collin (Dipt.

Syrphidae) Found in Berkshire. L.
Parmenter, 199.

British Blood-Sucking Flies.
Q4.

British Entomologists and the British
Fauna. A. G. Carolsfeld-Krausé, ‘5.

British Entomologists and the British
Fauna. H. C. Huggins, 19, 134.

BRR Er,

Butterflies at Cranleigh, Spring. Maj.
A. E. Collier, 151.

Butterflies in Partial Eclipse. Maj. A.
E. Collier, 253.

Caloptilia pyranaeetla Chret. and

Gracillaria semifascia Haw. in the
Isle of Wight. S. Wakely, 247.

INDEX li

INDEX TO VOLUME 72

Cerura vinula L., Delayed Emergence of.
P. H. Lawson, 143.

Chironomidae (Dipt.) Taken in _ the
Winter at Robertsbridge, Sussex. P.
Roper, 71.

Chironomidae (Dipt.) in the Lake Dis-
trict, Winter. Dr. N. L. Birkett, 132.

Chrysolina marginata L. and C. bruns-
vicensis Gr. (Col. Chrysomelinae).
W. F. Davidson, 196.

Cirrhia gilvago Esp. near Edinburgh.
C. G. M. de Worms, 248.

Clepsis consimilana Hb. (=unifasciana
Dup.). A Question of Pabulum. A.
A. Allen, 273,

Coed Rheidol National Nature Reserve
Extension, 275.

Coenotephria sagittata Fab. in Notting-
hamshire. R. Fairclough, 191.

Colephora clypeiferella Hofm. at Black-
heath. A. A. Allen, 144.

Coleophora leucapennella Hubn. in
Gloucestershire. J. Newton and L.
Price, 264.

Coleophora sternipennella Zell. in North-
West Kent and North-East Surrey.
A. A. Allen, 136.

Colias croceus Fourc., Temperature
Breeding of. C. M. R. Pitman, 96.
Colias hyale L. on the Continent. Maj.

Gen. C. S. Lipscomb, 196.
Coom Rigg Moss Nature Reserve, 276.
Cornish Note on the 1959 Season, A. Dr.
F. H. N. Smith, 11.

Coscinia cribrum L., A Note on the Life
History of. S. C. S. Brown, 92.
Coscinia cribrum lL. W. Parkinson

Curtis, 142.
Cosymbia pupillata Hiubn. in Wimble-
don. J. I. Dacie, 22.
Crambus contaminellus Htibn. surviving
at Blackheath. A. A. Allen, 274.
Crane Flies in the Lake District, Some.
R. M. Payne, 270.

Cranleigh, 1959, Summer and Autumn
Butterflies in. Maj, A. E. Collier, 12.

Crocidosema plebiana Zell. at Portland.
R. F. Bretherton, 96.

Dasypolia templi Thunb. in Derbyshire.
J. H. Johnson, 20.

Diacrisia sannio L., A Note on Breeding.
Brig. H. E. Warry, 248.

Diacrisia sannio L., A Note on Breeding.
L. G. F. Waddington, 119.

Diacrisia sannio L., Recollections of. B.
O. C. Gardiner, 115.

Diacrisia sannio L., Some Observations
on Breeding. M. J. Leech, 117.

Diacrisia sannio L., Thoughts on Rear-
ing. H. Symes, 60.

SVITHSONIAN wan £ 31961

1v INDEX

Doros conopseus Fabr. (Dipt. Syrphidae)
Again Taken in Essex. L. Parmenter,
4198.

Dulwich, 1957-60, Lepidoptera Observed
at. Alisdair Aston, 238.

Echoes from the Past. H. Symes, 194.

Echoes from the Past, P. Desmond
Lanktree, 249.

Egle parvaeformis Schnabl. (Dipt.
Muscidae), A Species New to Britain.
A. €. Pont, 148.

Epiblema foenella L. at Morecambe. C.
J. Goodall, 219.

Epitriptus cownii Hobby (Dipt.
Asilidae): a Correction. LZ. Par-
menter, 21.

Eupithecia irriguata Hubn. in Surrey.
R. F. Bretherton, 197.

Eurois occulta L. and Second Brood
Diarsia festiva Schiff. at Morecambe.
C. J. Goodall, 219.

Eurois occulta L. in Cumberland. C.
IT. Rutherford, 271.

Europe During 1960, Two Collecting
Trips in. C. G. M. de Worms, 235.

Evergestis extimalis Scop. in Hamp-
shire. D. W. H. ffennell, 73.

Evergestis extimalis Scop. in Kent, The
Occurrence of. S. Wakely, 17.

Flora og Fauna: Review. S. UN. A.
Jacobs, 38.

Foodplants of Butterflies in Nature: A
Request for Information. Jee
Chalmers-Hunt, 143.

Forests, Conservation versus Destruction
of. A. A. Allen, 137.

Glass Oven Suitable for Baking Larval
Skins, An Improved. L. G. Stimson,
195.

Gnorimus variabilis L. (Col., Scara-
baeidae) in Britain, The History and
Present Status of. A. A. Allen, 129.

Gonepteryx rhamni L. Migrating. 4H.
C. Huggins, 168.

Gonepteryx rhamni L. Suspected of
Migrating. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 72.

Gonodontis bidentata Clerck: Melanism
in the Scalloped Hazel. Alisdair
Aston, 36.

Gonodontis bidentata var. nigra Prout
in Westmorland. Dr. N. Birkett, 195.

Hadena compta Schiff. at Dungeness.
(Oi Fi, THOS AO), TEX

Harpalia fulvalis Hiibn. and Crambus
contaminellus Htubn: a Correction.
W. Parkinson Curtis, 250.

Heliothis armigera Hiibn. in Kent. J.
M. Chalmers-Hunt, 97.

Hemaris tityus L. H. Symes, 174.

Heodes tityrus Poda. at Seaford, Sussex.
Maj. A. E. Collier, 263.

Hepialidae (Lep.), A Further Note on.
Com. G. W. Harper, 15.

Herse convolvuli L. at Ham Street. C.
G. M. de Worms, 247.

Herse convolvuli L. at Kendal, Westmor-
land. Dr. N. Birkett, 197.

Herse convolvuli L. in Cornwall. Col.
H. G. Rossel, 143.

Herse convolvuli L. on Isle of Canna.
J. L. Campbell, 220.

Herse convolvuli L. The
Bolingbroke, 245.

Heterographis oblitella Zell. in South-
East London. A, A. Allen, 135.

Highland Holiday, A. R. G. Chatelain
and B. F. Skinner, 215.

Hygrochroa syringaria TL. and C.
alocampe undulata Hubn. in Cumber-
land. W. F. Davidson, 196.

Hypercallia citrinalis Scop. A. A. Allen,
92535),

Hyponomeuta irrorella Hubn. in
England, The Early History of. S.
C. S. Brown, 273.

Homoeosoma sinuella Fab.

Viscount

in Derby-

shire. D. C. Hulme, 219.
Honest Doubt. H. C. Huggins, 31.
Hydradephaga (Col.) of the Kidwelly

District of Camarthenshire, The. A.
Price, 9.

Hydraecia hucherardi Mab. An Old
French Record. C. G. M. de Worms,
TA.

Hydropsyche angustipennis Curt., The
Larva of. <A. Brindle, 267.

Ichneumonidae: Handbooks for the
Identification of British Insects.
Review. C. A. Collingwood, 76.

Inverness-shire in 1959. Commander G.
W. Harper, 62.

Inverness-shire, Macrolepidoptera of the
Newtonmore District. Commander
G. W. Harper, 14.

Inverness-shire, Scarce Immigrant Lepi-
doptera in. Commander G. W.
Harper, 198.

Itame fulvaria Vill. (brunneata Thunbg.)
in Surrey. J. L. Messenger, 197.
Lampides boeticus L., A Note on. W.

L. Coleridge, 190.

Laothoe populi L., A Late Larva of. S.
N. A. Jacobs, 246.
Lapland, Collecting in.

George Johnson, 203.

Larvae, Among the. H. Symes, 221.

Lepidoptera from the North-West, 1959,
Some Records of. Dr. N. Birkett, 65.

Lepidoptera, Some Unusual Foodplants
of. P. A. D. Lanktree, 187.

Leptidia sinapis L. ab. ganerew. Lt.-Col.
W. A. C. Carter, 194.

Leucania putrescens Hitibn. and L.
unipuncta Haw. at Weston-super-
Mare. C. S. H. Blathwayt, 246.

Limniphora spp. (Dipt., Muscidae), Un-
usual Behaviour of. A. C. Pont, 74.

Lithophane leawtieri Bdv. and Other
Interesting . Species at Studland,
Dorset. C. G. M. de Worms, 272.

Maj. Gen. Sir

INDEX Vv

Lithosia quadra L. and Leucania albi-
puncta Fab. in Kent. C. G. M. de
Worms, 246.

Living Insects of the World.
E. B. Klots. Review.
Jacobs, 22.

Lycaena phiadeas L. and Other Species
in Berkshire. Air Vice Marshal Sir
R. Saundby, 73.

Lyotaeniodes formosana Frol. in Wilt-
shire. J. R. Bell, 220.

Macroglossa stellatarum L. in Somerset.
N. A. Watkins, 174.

Malacosoma castrensis L. and Spaelotis
ravida Schiff. near Southwold. R. F.
Bretherton, 197.

Malacosoma castrensis L. in Suffolk. F.

A. B. &
Sa Na Al:

A. Lyon, 246.

March. of Progress, The. CRM RE
Pitman, 49.

Margaronia unionalis Hubn. in West
Sussex, -F. V. £. Jarvis, 174.

Megaloptera, Neuroptera by F. C.
Fraser: Handbooks for the Identi-
fication of British Insects. Review.
G. A. Collingwood, 39.

Mimas tiliae L. in Yorkshire. D. A.

White, 143.

Microlepidoptera, A Norwegian Trip in
Search of. S. N, A. Jacobs, 180.
Microlepidoptera, Notes on the. d. C.
Huggins, 16, 30, 67, 125, 144, 172, 185,

Q14.

Morecambe, 1959, Mercury Vapour Trap
Records at. C. J. Goodall, 153.
Myelois ceratoneae Zell. on Imported
nuts. Lt.-Col. W. A. Carter, 173. ©
Neuroclepsis bimaculata L., The Larva

of. A. Brindle, 244.

New Forest, Two Migrant Species in
the. L. W. Siggs, 271.

North Italy, Late Summer in. Maj.-Gen.
C. G. Lipscomb, 210.

Notes for 1959 from East Anglia and
Elsewhere. Rev. G. A. Ford, 8.

Nymphalis polychloros L. in
Sussex. F. V. L. Jarvis, 174.

Opisthograptis luteolata L.: A Clarifica-
tion of Life History. P. A. D.
Lanktree, 229.

Opomyzidae (Dipt.) of Eastern Fenno-
scandia by W. H. Hackman, The.
Review. S. N. A. Jacobs, 38.

Opomyzidae (Dipt.), Two uncommon
species of. LZ. Parmenter, 21.

Orthoptera in South-East England in
1959, Notes on. J. F. Burton, 68.

Orthorrhyncus rugostriatus Goeze in
Kent. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 72.

Oxford District, Migrant Lepidoptera
in the. P. A. D, Lanktree, 139.

Pammene aurantiana Staud., Discovery
of Larvae of. S. Wakely, 34.

Pammene aurantiana Staud., Notes on
rearing. S. Wakely, 247.

West

Phlogophora meticulosa L., A Late
Emergence of. G. H. B. Oliver, 194.

Plusia bractea Fabr. in Derbyshire. T.
D. Fairclough, 249.

Polyommatus icarus Rott., Breeding.
Lt.-Col. W. A. C. Carter, 175.

Pentia daplidice in Cornwall, A Report
of. S. Beaufoy, 198.

Proceedings and Transactions of the
South London Entomological and
Natural History Society. S. N. A. J.,
23.

Psychomyia pusilla Fabr., The Larva of.
A. Brindle, 265.

Purple Emperor, Further
Earlier Stages of the.
Heslop, 81, 126.

Purple Emperor, The Consideration of
Foodplants and Size or Leaf in the
Breeding of. J. R. P. Heslop, 224.

Pyrausta perlucidalis Hibn. (Lep.,
Pyralididae) in Kent. die 1s
Chalmers-Hunt, 173.

Notes on
Ih dis 15

Quibell, W.: Obituary. C. Craufurd,
79.

Radioactive migrants. H. B. D. Kettle-
well, 76.

Scatopsidae (Dipt.) Reared from a
Wasp’s Nest. ZL. Parmenter, 274.

Scoliopteryx libatrix L., The Hiberna-
tion of. A. G. Carolsfeld Krause, 36.

Scoliopteryx libatrix L., The Hibernation
of. A. J. Showler, 36.

Social Insects, 276.

Southern England, Late Summer Col-
lecting in. R. G. Chatelain, 219.

Spraying. C. Craufurd, 166.

Stainless Steel Pins, On Making. S. N.
A. Jacobs, 162.

Sterrha seriata Schrank. (virgulata
Hubn.) in March. R. F. Bretherton,
95.

Suffolk, Collecting in. S. Wakely, 261.

Surrey, Some Interesting Records from.
R. Fairclough, 272.

Swiss Alps, A Fortnight’s Collecting in
the. C. G. M. de Worms, 109.

Syrphidae, A Case of Unnatural Pairing
in the. A. A. Allen, 275.

Syrphidae at Seaford, Identification of
Migrating. LZ. Parmenter, 200.

Syrphidae (Dipt.) at Seaford, A
Migration of. W. H. Spreadbury,
199.

Syrphidae in the Isle of Wight, Migrant.
Cartwright Timms, 275.

Tachinidae (Dipt.) Reared. L.
menter, 275. 2

Telphuse triparella Zell. on Sweet Gale.
N. Michaelis, 19.

Tiliacea aurago Schiff. F. A. Noble, 73.

Tiliacea aurago Schiff. in Derbyshire.
J. H. Johnson, 20.

Tiliacea aurago Schiff., The Foodplant
of. H. C. Huggins, 72.

Par-

vi INDEX

Uresphita gilvata Fabr. in The Isle of
Wight. E. J. Hare, 22.

Utethesia pulchella L. at Dungeness. A.
Kennard, 173.

Vanessa atalanta L. and Aglais urticae
L., Controlled Temperature Experi-
ments with. C. M. R. Pitman, 1.

Volucella zonaria Poda (Dipt., Syr-
phidae) from Bristol. A. C. Pont,
94.

Volucella zonaria Poda (Dipt., Syr-

phidae) in Bristol. J. Burton, 201.

Volucella zonaria Poda (Dipt., Syr-
phidae) in Essex. LZ. Parmenter, 275.

Volucella zonaria, Poda in Bournemouth.
H. Symes, 220.

West Lancashire, Early Records for
1960 in. C. J. Goodall, 133.

Wormaldia occipitalis Pict.
tera). A. Brindle, 144.

Zygaena, New Synonymy and Notes on
Some Species of the Genus. W. G.
Tremewan, 206.

(Trichop-

AUTHORS

Allen, A. A.: 389, 129, 134, 135, 1386, 137,
144, 255, 278, 274, 27.

Anon.: 21.

Aston, Alisdair: 36, 238.

Beaufoy, S.: 198.

Bell, J. R.: 220.

Birkett, Dr. Neville: 65, 132, 195, 197.

Blathwayt, C. S. H.: 246.

Bolingbroke, The Viscount : 245.

Bretherton, R. F.: 95, 96, 197.

Brindle, A.: 144, 244, 265, 267.

1B. TR In gs DUAL

Brown, S. C. S.: 92, 273.

Burton, J. F.: 68.

Campbell, J. L.: 272.

Carolsfeld-Krausé, A. G.: 36, 75.

Carter, Lt.-Col. W. A. C.: 178, 175, 194.

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M.: 72, 97, 143, 173.

Chatelain, R. G.: 215, 2419.

Coleridge, W. L.: 190.

Collier, Maj. A. E.: 12, 151, 165, 253,
260, 263.

Collingwood, C. A.: 39.

Craufurd, C.: 79, 96, 166.

Dacie, J. V. M.: 22.

Davidson, W. F.: 196.

de Worms, Dr. C. G. M.:
246, 247, 248, 249, 272.

Edmonds, M. H.: 35.

Fairclough, G. R.: 191, 272.

Fearnhough, T. D.: 249.

ffennell, D. W. H.: 73.

Ford, Rev. G. A.: 8.

Gardiner, B. O. C.: 1145.

Goodall, C. G.: 133, 153, 249.

Hare, E. J.: 22.

Harper, Commander G. W.: 14, 15, 62,
198.

Harper, E. E.: 169.

Haxby, C. R.: 73.

Heslop, I. R. P.: 25, 81, 126, 224, 257.

Huggins, H. C.: 16, 19, 30, 31, 72, 125,
134, 141, 168, 172, 185, 214.

74, 109, 235,

Hulme, D. C.: 219.

Iles, D. J.: 74.

Jacobs, S. N. A.: 22, 23, 38, 162, 180, 246.

Jarvis, F. V. L.: 174.

Johnson, J. H.: 20.

Johnson, Maj.-Gen. Sir G.: 203.

Kennard, A.: 173.

Lanktree, P. A. D.: 120, 139, 187, 229,
249.

Lawson, P. H.: 148.

Leech, M, J.: 117.

Lipscomb, Maj.-Gen. C. G.: 196, 210.

Lyon, F. H.: 246.

Messenger, J. L.: 197.

Michaelis, N.: 19.

Newton, J.: 264.

Noble, F. A.: 73.

O. M. H.: 216.

Parkinson-Curtis, W.: 142, 250.

Parmenter, L.: 24, 198, 199, 200, 274, 275.

Payne, R. M.: 270.

Pitman, C. M. R.: 1, 49, 96.

Pont, A. C.: 74, 75, 94, 148.

Price, A.: 97, 264.

Richardson, A.: 112.

Rossel, Col. H. G.: 143.

Rutherford, C. I.: 271.

Saundby, Air Vice Marshal Sir R.: 73.

Showler, A. J.: 36.

Siggs, L. W.: 271.

Skinner, B. F.: 215.

Smith, Dr. F. H. N.: 11.

Spreadbury, W.: 199.

Stimson, L. G.: 195.

Stockley, R. E.: 257.

Symes, H.: 60, 174, 194, 220, 221, 246.

Timms, Cartwright: 275.

Tremewan, W. G.: 206.

Waddington, L. G. F.: 119.

Wakely, S.: 17, 34, 247, 261.

Warry, Brigadier H. E.: 248.

Watkins, N. A.: 174.

White, D. A.: 143.

Young Moth Hunter, A: 161.

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EPEC aie JANUARY 1960

EREREREAEIAERE LDL IONE NG
BGS. 7659

’ Drsec7#s THE

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Controlled Temperature Experiments with Vanessa
atalanta L., V. cardui L. and Aglais urticae L.
By C. M. R. Prrman

Although it is not intended that this series of experiments should
be considered as anything like a conclusive report gleaned from the
effect of varying temperatures upon certain species of butterflies, and
although the experiments have been conducted with meticulous care,
it is obvious that much more information and experiment would be
necessary before one could really expect to produce striking varietal
forms, either in pattern or ground colour with any hope of consistency.
These experiments were carried out in temperatures which might be,
and most probably are, experienced in nature, with the exception of
one experiment in which pupae were subjected to a temperature of
—15°, and this proved fatal, as most shock experiments do.

Inconclusive as these experiments appear, they were performed most
conscientiously in an endeavour to obtain the optima of temperatures
and conditions for the purpose of breeding varieties. The material used
was nearly always either pre-pupal larvae or newly formed pupae, and
although it must be confessed that the results obtained are most dis-
appointing, in an effort to explain the lack of success, it would seem
reasonable to suppose that there are other forces or factors at work
beside temperatures, which are undoubtedly contributory towards pro-
ducing variation. It is generally known and accepted that most
mutations or variations are of a genetical nature, and it is also pos-
sible that under certain conditions these factors will be much more
active, especially when subjected to abnormal temperatures and con-
ditions. Many popular text books available to-day on the subject of
butterflies figure insects that are loosely described as temperature bred
variations, but it is difficult to find any information as to the degree
or duration of temperature to which the insects have to be exposed.
According to Dr. E. B. Ford (Butterflies, 1947), by subjecting the
larvae to a period of cold just prior to pupation, a greater amount of
melanin is produced and spread over certain areas of the wings,
whereas on the other hand, by subjecting larvae to heat treatment, it
has been noted that the melanin is reduced and the heat promotes a
greater amount of tyrosin, producing imagines of a much lighter
colour.

To illustrate this, examples are shown on Pl. 35: Fig. 4 depicts
A. urticae which had been reared in an incubator, while Fig. 5 shows
the same species which had been kept in an ice chest during the latter
part of its larval, and pupal life. Now this is most interesting,
because in my experiments all the material at a temperature of 6° C.
became completely torpid, larvae refused to eat and others in an
advanced stage preparing for pupation, refused to continue develop-
ment until returned to room temperature.

It is unfortunate that the vital information as to time and tem-
perature is missing, and it is a pity that no references are given
(apart from Dr. Kettlewell’s experiments) and it is largely because
of this lack of information on these points, which appear to be critical,

SMITHSONIAN erp 4°49 sng

2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1/1960

that I decided to conduct these experiments in an effort to gain some
definite data which would explain the purpose of temperature breed-
ing, and to seek the necessary information, so elusive to amateurs,
who might be anxious to try temperature experiments with very limited
knowledge and equipment.

It is interesting to observe that from time to time such variations
as those figured by Dr. Ford have occurred in my breeding cages under
what was believed to be natural conditions and temperatures, but there
may have been environmental fluctuations of temperature or moisture
at a critical stage of development of the larva or pupa. One peculiar
urticae, which at first glance appeared to be a rich greenish hue all
over, but which unfortunately faded soon after it had been set, is
believed to have acquired this strange colour on account of the unnatural
conditions of rearing, the pupa having been formed at the bottom of
the cage amongst damp debris and vegetation accumulated there, and
maybe some form of chlorophyll was absorbed by the insect. Other
aberrations similar to those figured have also been bred under normal
conditions and have also been captured wild over a very wide area.

There is a very interesting paper by Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell
(Proc. South Lond. Ent. & Nat. Hist Soc., 1943-4) which is recom-
mended to all who have an interest in temperature breeding, on a
series of heat experiments with Heliothis peltigera and Panaxia
dominula. It gives details of temperature, time and humidity factors,
and is the only work of the kind coming to my notice giving these valu-
able points. However, similar procedures were applied to the butter-
flles in my experiments with completely negative results. Dr. Kettle-
well also mentions the actiphase and passiphase periods and some in-
teresting observations concerning a colour change noticeable at the
eye of the pupa at the critical period of development, Although these
- impressive experiments have established some valuable and most in-
teresting data, it is to be remembered, as the author points out, that
peltigera, which produced some interesting colour forms during these
experiments, is most prone to colour variation in its different locali-
ties, and is most inconsistent in its life history, which varies with its
environment. With dominula an aberrant strain was purposely selected
for the experiment, so that both species would probably have shown
variation under natural conditions. Therefore, under extreme condi-
tions of temperature, mutant genes were activated, which after all
does not give us a completely satisfactory answer or the necessary infor-
mation required to solve the problems that arise when we consider tem-
perature breeding in its true sense for the purpose of variety breeding.

The following temperatures were used during my experiments and,
with the exception of outside and room temperatures, remained con-
stant throughout the whole of the experiments. 4° C.=39-2° F.,
6° O.=42:8° F., 30° C.=86° F., 37° C.=98:6° F.; room temperature
Peewee (sor ae One — 3" AR

V. ATALANTA

These larvae were collected at intervals feeding on stinging nettles
growing at the top of a hill near Salisbury. It is quite possible that
they were the progeny of one female only. Most of the larvae were
very dark in colour with pale lemon yellow markings along the sides.

CONTROLLED 1 EMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS 3

Experiment No. 1 Control
3 larvae collected in final instar 26.vii.57, at room temperature until
pupation and emergence 12.viii.57. Two typical and one parasitized.

Haperiment No. 2 Cold 6° C.

26 larvae collected 26.vii.57 (14 in final instar, 12 in second) put
at 6° C., 27.vii.57; activity ceased. Given room temperature for one
hour 28.vii, feeding commenced at once. Smaller larvae moulted.
Returned to 6° C., and process repeated each day until 2.vii1; 6 larvae
preparing for pupation at room temperature were put into a separate
box and given 6° C. and pupated 11.vii1.1957. 6 others ready for
pupation were given 37° ©. and pupated 8.viii, but only three with
success; larvae turned pinkish at this temperature; one emergence
typical, 2 pupae died at this temperature as did 3 larvae remaining.
16 larvae were kept at 6° C., apart from room temperature for one
hour daily, until they were ready for pupation which started 14.viil,
with emergences from 20th to 29th August, all of which were typical,
with three larvae parasitized.

Experiment No. 3 Heat 30° C.

7 larvae collected 5.viii,57, 4 in final instar (a), 3 in second (b),
reared at 30° C. until emergence. (a) pupated 7.viil, (b) 9.vuli, typical
emergences 12th to 19th August; one parasitized.

Heperiment No. 4 Cold 4° C.
8 boxes each containing larvae collected 6.viii.57, all in final instar
and near pre-pupal stage, kept at 4° C. Every two days one box

removed to room temperature until the last box was taken.

Box No. 1. 3 larvae hung up ready for pupation and one ready to
hang up: submitted to 4° 6.viii and put at room temperature 8.viul.

Box No. 2. 3 larvae hung up for pupation, removed to room tem-
perature 10.viil.

Box No. 3. 3 larvae hung up for pupation, removed to room tem-
perature 12.viu.

Box No. 4. 3 larvae hung up for pupation, removed to room tem-
perature 14.viii.

Box No. 5. 3 larvae and 2 pupae, removed to room temperature
16.vill.

Box No. 6. 4 larvae and 3 pupae, removed to room temperature
18.viii. This box was returned to 4° C. again and not given room
temperature again until 3 days later.

Box No. 7. 38 larvae hung up for pupation, removed to room tem-
perature 22.viii.

Box No. 8. 3 larvae hung up for pupation, removed to room tem-
perature 24.vili. :

In all there were 26 emergences, all typical but many very small

imagines. 4 died in pupal stage; some larvae also decreased in size
during the course of the experiment.

Experiment No. 5 Cold 6° C.

6 larvae collected 7.viii.1957, kept at room temperature until pupa-
tion commenced, then put at 6° C.; box (a) with 3 larvae for one week ;
box (b) with 3 larvae for 12 days, then returned to room temperature.

4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1/1960

Box (a) 2 imagines, one pupa parasitized; box (b) 3 emergences. All
typical.

Kxperiment No. 6 Cold 0° C.

4 pupae reared at outside temperature 2.viii.57. Exposed to 0° C.
for three days when 24 hours old, then room temperature until emerg-
ence: 3 typical imagines, 1 pupa died.

Kaeperiment No. 6a lilean, BY° CG.

5 larvae collected in process of pupation 13.v1ii.1957, kept at 37°
for one day, then at 6° for one day, then room temperature until emer-
gence. 4 imagines, all typical; 2 died while :pupating at 37°.

Hxperiment No. 6b Heat approx. 30° with humidity

6 prepupal larvae kept in a steamy atmosphere above a stove from
11.vili.1957 until pupation on the same day resulted in four emergences
at room temperature, 2 typical, 2 deformed, and two were parasitized.
One of the deformed specimens had a shortened left forewing with a
jumbled pattern.

V. CARDUI
It may be of interest to mention that these larvae were collected
at the same time as the atalanta also from the same nettles. So closely
did they resemble the dark form of atalanta larvae in colour and
behaviour that it was not until the larvae were pupating that they
were identified.

Haperiment No. 7 Control
3 larvae collected in second instar 26.v11.1957, kept at room tem-
perature until emergence 14.vii. All typical.

. Hxaperiment No. 8 Cold 6° U.

6 larvae collected in final instar 6.vil1.1957 and ready to pupate,
put at 6° C. for one week, then room temperature until emergence.
All imagines typical.

Hxperiment No. 9 Heat 87° C.

6 larvae ready for pupation collected 6.v111.1957, subjected to 37° %.
for one day, when pupation took place, then 6° C. for 2 days and re-
turned to room temperature for emergence. 3 typical imagines and
3 died in prepupal stage.

Huperiment No. 10 Jaleo BO" CG,
2 larvae collected 5.viii.1957 in second instar reared at 80° C.
until emergence. Both typical.

Hxperiment No. 11 Cold 4° C.

4 larvae ready for pupation put into separate boxes. Box (a) in
4° C. for four days; box (b) 4° C. for 6 days; box (ce) 4° C. for 8 days
and box (d) 4° C. for 10 days. 3 typical imagines. Box (c) died as
pupa. The technique was as in Experiment No. 4.

Hzperiment No. 12 Heat 87° C.

5 larvae preparing for pupation collected wild 18.viii.1957, given
37° C. for 2 days. Two died 14.viii; the remaining 3 produced typical
imagines.

CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS 5

A. URTICAE

Amongst the imagines reared during the experiments with this
species, some showed minor variation as found in the wild state, which
is not surprising in view of the large number of larvae reared and the
wider area over which they were collected, which must have involved a
diversity of parents. It is not considered that these forms were the
result of temperatures. Various broods of larvae varied in colour from
black to yellow; extremes of colour were sought out but the resultant
imagines were disappointingly typical.

Haperiment No. 13 Control

200 larvae collected 6.viii.1957 in second instar, reared at room tem-
perature. 178 normal imagines emerged; the remainder died before
pupation, but in final instar.

Experiment No, 14 Cold 4° C.

Brood of small larvae collected about two days old 24.vili.57 and
put in 4° C. for three days then one hour each day at room tempera-
ture. First moult 28.viii; moults very irregular. Second started
3l.viii. Given room temperature for one day 6.ix; some stil] in first
instar. First to pupate 20.ix, and emergences from 25.ix to 7.x. All
imagines very small but colour and pattern normal. Many larvae lost
during moults. All pupated at room temperature and left at this tem-
perature for emergence. Only 85 imagines in all.

EHaperiment No. 15 Cold 4° C.

10 boxes each containing 10 prepupal larvae collected 24.vii1.1957
given 4° ©. for two days before first box was removed to room tempera-
ture, and thereafter a box was taken every two days and placed in
room temperature. The same method was employed as in Experiment
No. 4. 71 very small, but otherwise typical imagines emerged; all
deaths were in prepupal stage.

Haxperiment No, 16 Heat 30° C.

50 first instar larvae collected 20.vii1.1957 and kept at 30° C. until
emergence. Pupation commenced 6.ix, and 45 small pupae were
obtained; emergence commenced 12.ix, and 42 small but otherwise
typical imagines were obtained.

Haperiment No. 17 Cold 6° C.

50 full-fed larvae collected 28.vi1.1957, kept at room temperature
first night and then subjected to 6° ©. for two days. 10 were taken
to room temperature 2.vill, and pupated 6/8.ix, producing 9 typical
imagines. 10 as prepupae put at 6° C. 2.vill, removed to room tem-
perature 10.viii. 6 typical imagines. 10 given 30° C. 2.vili, pupated
3.vill, resulted in 10 typical imagines. 10 at 37° C. 2.viil, pupated
same day; 7 died as prepupae and 3 typical imagines emerged, 10
put at 4° C. until 10.vili, then room temperature until pupation
13.vill; 8 normal imagines.

Hzxperiment No. 18 Heat 30° C.

50 larvae collected in second instar 29.vii.1957 put at 30° C. until
emergence; pupation started 6.viii and from the resulting 48 small
pupae, 39 small but otherwise typical imagines emerged 12.viii.

6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1/1960

Experiment No. 19 Cold 0° C.

12 two-day pupae reared at outside temperature put in 0° C. for
10 days, then to room temperature for emergence; 9 typical imagines;
3 died as pupae.

Hazperiment No. 20 Heat 87° C.

50 larvae raised at outside temperature given 37° when near pre-
pupal stage. After 8 hours, many were hung up ready for pupation,
and many had turned a very pinkish colour: 8.vili, 8 had pupated,
11 were turning, 12 died 6.viii; 7 more died 10.vilil, 8 more prepupae;
4 more deaths occurred later, leaving 27 pupae which produced 17
imagines of typical appearance, and 10 deformities.

Hzperiment No. 21 Cold —15° C.

Although shock treatment has become a popular term in connec-
tion with temperature experiments, it is another aspect of breeding
for varieties that seems to have been unsatisfactorily explored. In
the following experiment it is quite obvious that the temperature was
much too severe, with disastrous results. It would also appear that —
anything over a temperature of 37° C. would be fatal to the three
species placed in this heat. Box la, containing 18 prepupal larvae
from outside were placed in 6° C. for one hour and then dropped to
—15° C. for 4 hours, then back to 6° C. for 24 hours and then to room
temperature, but all had died in the same condition as when exposed
to the cold. Box 1b contained 12 prepupal larvae from outside, placed
in —10° C. for 2 hours, then 6° C. for 8 hours, but all had died at
—10°.

Hzxperiment No. 22. Humidity at approximately 30° C.

6 prepupal larvae in steamy atmosphere above stove, kept there
until pupation, then at room temperature. 6 typical imagines resulted.

SUMMARY

From these elementary experiments of heat and cold, negative as
the results may be, in which larvae and pupae were subjected over a
staggered period without obtaining any obvious results in either pat-
tern or ground colour variations, it would seem certain that there must
be other factors involved, furthermore, factors of other than genetical
character, although it seems of vital importance that mutant genes
must be present to produce any variation at all.

For the purpose of a temperature experiment it would seem not
only desirable, but essential, to obtain maximum and minimum tem-
peratures to which one can safely expose the larvae and pupae, and
also a definite period of time for which the insect can endure the experi-
ment, and it is obvious that circumstances vary tremendously with the
insects selected for experiment, unless one resorts to shock treatment
which either proves fatal or causes a large number of crippled imagines.
Alternatively, one might eventually breed a strain that was capable
of enduring the desired temperature for the desired time.

Temperature experiments and temperature variations are generally
accepted nowadays, but there seems to be very little information avail-
able on the subject which gives the critical information one must have

CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS 7

for experimenting, such as the vital degrees of temperature or period
of time required for producing variation, or the suitable degree neces-
sary to activate the mutant genes.

During my experiments it was noted that a temperature of 6° C.
was the minimum normal species could endure without becoming in-
active, both larvae and pupae becoming torpid at this temperature,
whilst 37° C. was the absolute maximum and many larvae and pupae
died at this temperature even though the experiments were carried out
in a humid atmosphere.

It must be borne in mind that these inconclusive experiments were
neither expected nor intended to produce a final conclusion; all that
was contemplated was by elementary experiment to find the optimum
conditions for breeding variations. So far, apart from examples with
a certain amount of bleaching or a deficiency of scaling or a colour
change probably due to a chemical condition in the environment, the
chances of obtaining extreme variations by temperature variations
seem almost as remote as the chance one might expect from a batch of
wild larvae bred under normal conditions unless one is fortunate enough
to collect a brood in which a mutant gene is already functioning.

It might be of interest to mention that special attention was given >
in looking for an excess of melanin or tyrosin as a result of experi-
ments but nothing more than normal was noted,

Admittedly very little of importance has been achieved by my ex-
periments, and nothing has been claimed. It was considered, however,
that in view of the increasing interest in temperature breeding in the
present days, and the popular interest taken in some of the striking
examples exhibited as temperature varieties, the results of my efforts,
negative though they are, may be of interest to those considering tem-
perature breeding in the future. Unfortunately, with such limited
material as was employed during the trials, it would be difficult to
arrive at anything definite and it is at once obvious that a great many
more larvae and pupae would have to be used before any satisfactory
knowledge is acquired.

In conclusion, it would be fair to point out that the experiments,
if repeated, might give quite a different answer; this circumstance is
unavoidable when wild larvae are used, as certain unknown factors are
bound to be involved. Fine variations have been bred from wild larvae
under most natural conditions, so it would appear, in view of the poor
results obtained by the temperatures to which my material was exposed,
these temperatures would seem to have little or no effect on a batch
of normal larvae. It is true that amongst those bred were some that
resembled minor forms or variations to be found in the wild state,
but these were not looked for or counted in terms of a variety result-
ing from temperature breeding.

If anyone with a greater skill or experience of the techniques of
temperature breeding could find the time and inclination to enlighten
us a little more on this subject, I have no doubt that many of the
younger collectors, as well as some not so young, who are interested
in the subject, and are working with the limited use of a refrigerator
and perhaps a home-made incubator, would be most grateful.

For myself, it remains to say that it is quite possible that some-
where during the course of my experiments, mistakes may have occurred,
although in such simple trials errors would seem to be unlikely, but,

8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1/1960

if this be so, your tolerance is asked. Nothing original is claimed for
any of these experiments, all of which have probably been carried out
before with more satisfying results. Unfortunately, my very limited
efforts to obtain references to works giving any enlightenment on this
subject have been unrewarding apart from those already mentioned,
and in these circumstances I apologise to readers who have already dis-
covered and studied existing treatises on temperature experiments for
the purpose of obtaining variations.

Notes for 1959 from East Anglia and Elsewhere
By The Rev. G. A. Forp

A few observations from this area may be a help to other collectors
and assist in building up an overall picture of entomology as at present
pertaining. As so often happens, the numbers of species and of in-
dividuals of the same observed, showed a decline, but there are a few
items of interest to record.

Firstly, the colony of Hadena compta Fabr. in my garden continues
to flourish, although I sent away nearly fifty pupae this autumn in
response to various requests. I have run a Robinson m.v. trap in the
garden throughout the year, and new species observed for the first time
at light include the muslin, Cycnia mendica Cl., the pine hawk,
Hyloicus pinastri L., and the convolvulus hawk, Herse convolvuli L.
The only other species of note were Drymonia ruficorns Hufn. (chaonia
Hiibn.), very few; sallow kitten, Harpyia furcula Cl., 18.v and 9.viii;
poplar kitten, H. hermelina Goze, 1l.v and 15.v; Cucullia chamomillae
Schiff., 12.v and 15.v. Many more Humichtis adusta Esp. than usual
turned up and a few Polia hepatica Cl. put in an appearance.

June 17th was a hawk night! Privet, Sphinx ligustri L.; lime,
Mimas tiliae L.; elephant, Deilephila elpenor L., and small elephant,
D. porcellus L. Tethea ocularis L. (octogesima Hiibn.), which is getting
darker every year, also turned up. On 23rd June I took the white
satin, Leucoma salicis L. (I usually get one per annum), also Hadena
lepida Esp. (carpophaga Bork.) and Comibaena pustulata Hufn. 2nd
July brought Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. and T. ocularis, and on the 10th
H. compta. On 9th August I took Cosmia diffinis L., the second in 15
years; on the 14th Plusia festucae L., and on the 20th Hadena suasa
Schiff. (disstmilis Kn.). On 6th September I took a female August thorn,
Ennomos quercinaria Hufn., Atethmia xerampelina Esp. (worn) few
this year. 9th September brought Galleria mellonella L., and the 30th,
convolvuli 2 ; mellonella, I gather, is now scarce. We have many bees
and much honey in the church tower nearby. In fact, when the chancel
roof was recently relined with copper, I was requested to ‘‘quieten the
bees’’ to facilitate—actually make possible—the work. Fortunately, I
was able to secure the services of some local experts who, however, were
unable to prolong this state of affairs for more than two days—long
enough as it proved. Many more bees then moved in! The honey, a
vast quantity, could be seen, but not got at. Alas! for mellonella,
I thought. Having at last proved that it was indeed installed in the
roof by the fact that not only did it come to the trap—but also I found
two or three dead specimens on the sill of the east window under the

NOTES FOR 1959 FROM EAST ANGLIA AND ELSEWHERE 9

bees’ H.Q. I had thought of running the m.v. trap inside the building,
which might lead the villagers to believe that the building was on fire—
however, I am told that this species is such an enemy of bee keepers that
my eccentric action would be excused on the grounds that it was doing
really useful work.

Now for my two prizes; for many years I have hoped for convolvula
and Acherontia atropos L. at light here. Often do I read that children,
farm workers, etc., bring to fortunate collectors oleander hawks in per-
fect condition, Celerio livornica Esp. found sitting on pavements and
various other rarities, but my fate has been to receive buff-tips in match
boxes from the village constable and privet hawks ad nauseam, which I
was variously requested by child captors to stuff or press! I must con-
fess, I have received (after previous coaching) Sesia apiformis Cl.,
minus antennae, legs and nearly everything, newly emerged and sliding
about in a jam jar, and last year Mrs. Yaxley, of the Cross Keys Inn,
Dilham Norfolk, posted me a Cossus cossus L. larva; it arrived in a
small cardboard box on the very point of walking out through the hole
it had gnawed in transit; nearly as bad as when a tin of ‘“‘sugar’’ ex-
ploded in the post a year or so ago (and sugared the mail that day).
This creature was definitely mentally disturbed! It constructed five
wooden cocoons—then finally one of earth, which partially collapsed—
and so it emerged a complete cripple!

However, at long last, my ship has come home: on 4th September,
one Derek Miller, who is employed by Alderman S. A. Taylor, a well
known nearby farmer, arrived at the front door with a large cardboard
box, big enough to contain a top hat! At first I thought someone was
sending me flowers; odd, but one does receive strange gifts. However,
it turned out to be two huge atropos larvae, one banana yellow and the
other bright green, found feeding on jasmine (for long this species was
called the jasmine hawk), but I understand it has not been found
feeding on this plant for about fifty years. They had been found on
the jasmine growing round the back porch of the farm house. They
were received with joy; they were named Sam, after the farmer, and
Derek, and were at once housed in a full sized glass topped biscuit tin:
next day a further specimen was reported by telephone, crawling on
the ground—before it had sped more than a few yards, my younger son
had sped to the spot by motor cycle and boxed it—we may be rustic
here, but we are highly organized! It proved to be a dark brown speci-
men; I began to feel a little bewildered by all this colour variation.
It was allotted the last available glass topped biscuit tin and named
‘Gunior’’? by a friend at the local garage who takes a mild interest
in my hobby.

The next procedure, as time was short, and atropos had a tight
schedule, was to build an incubator—no hot cupboards for clergy in out-
dated mansions—John Betjeman has described my present residence
in a recent book as ‘‘Swiss Cottage Perpendicular’’. We only have our
cupboard hot twice a week, and it is right at the top of the house. The
said incubator was constructed out of one of the biscuit tins: it was
placed on a small tripod, purchased years ago at a jumble sale for this
very purpose (I do believe in planning ahead). Under the tripod was
placed a car safety lamp—a hole was bored in the base of the tin and
a central flue was constructed to go right through the box and out by

10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 72. 15/1/1960

the lid. The said flue consisted of three cigarette tins soldered together.
The sides were lined with building board; earth, moss and bulb fibre
were added to accommodate the larvae. Without the central flue,
results were poor, but with the flue in operation, the temperature could
be regulated accurately to a maximum of 85° F.

The larvae buried 2 and 4 September, ‘‘Junior’’ within hours of
capture, and thanks to a tip from Brigadier Warry, I placed the tins in.
sunlight at this stage—the inmates soon took cover. Two emerged (a
pair) on 3rd and 4th October; one died.

The other capture which gave me great satisfaction was a perfect
female convolvuli in the trap on 30th September. Until this, the nearest
record seems to have been a few seen at a searchlight beam during the
war, near Bishop’s Stortford.

My last (or nearly) note must be cryptic. I cannot take much credit
for turning up Arenostola bondii Knaggs (morrisit Dale) in Dorset again
(Why the latter name? which I thought was equivalent to arcuosa Haw.)
as I had read of the locality as long ago as 1937, but was unable to
pay the place a visit until 1958. I admit the old locality has been
ruined by land-slides, but a new spot, not very far away, was found
without much searching.

But this year’s discovery is without any such assistance other than
perseverance and thought; it is not cleverness, but I try to adopt as a
maxim: ‘‘Search for your quarry until you are ready to drop, and
then, Oh, boy! start all over again’! Well, 1 have without a shadow
of doubt re-discovered one of the great rarities of Cambridgeshire, which
has been officially recorded as extinct in the county for 19 years (this is
a hint). To publish the details now would lead to its almost certain
extinction for the second time, so I have deemed it wise not to divulge
any information to a soul for the present until I see next year what
state the colony is in.

News from ‘‘the Breck’’, according to my experience, is not good.
IT found a good spot for Heliothis dipsacea L. (not seen by day for
years). I took a few Anepia irregularis Hufn. larvae in its remote and
unpropitious looking habitat. The Hmmelia sulphuralis L. (trabealis
Scop.) locality is destroyed and there are no signs of Scopula rubiginata
Hufn., and no larvae of Chesias rufata Fab. were to be seen anywhere,
and the foodplant was nearly dead over a wide area.

Amathes glareosa Esp. and Anchoscelis helvola L. were in good num-
bers at Mildenhall, the only locality where I have taken either during
26 years’ collecting, and even so, I doubt whether I would have taken
these without the use of m.v.

I was unable to visit the Broads this year. A good number of
Eriogaster lanestris L. larvae were found on Canvey Island, but many
died. Cucullia asteris Schiff. and Agrotis ripae Htibn. larvae were
found in numbers on an outing to Walton-on-the-Naze. I did not
reach any really good collecting ground during the summer vacation this
year: I ran the Robinson trap near Wetherby Yorks.; a fair number
of moths turned up one night in the backyard. Many fine dark speci-
mens of Apamea monoglypha Hufn. were seen, one P. bractea, several
dark spectacle Abrostola triplasia L. (not seen since schooldays), and a
pair of Zenobia suwbtusa Schiff. An expedition to the high ground of
Wass Moor produced three Plusia interrogationis L., a good number of

A CORNISH NOTE ON THE 1959 sEASON iat

northern spinach, Lygris populata L., and one Welsh wave Venusia
cambrica Curt. Few Hydraecia petasitis Dbld. larvae or pupae were
found under Wetherby Bridge, as much of the area is now spoiled by
the dumping there of builders’ rubble; six were found as against 26 a
few years ago. There is a good locality, I should say, for this species
at Barnard Castle, on the riverside in the centre of the town, where
there is a large and concentrated patch of the foodplant, but who would
be courageous enough to risk the publicity which digging in this spot
would produce?

Finally, an effort was made to find EHpione parallellaria Schiff.
(vespertaria Fab.) near York, without success, as the best locality seems
now to be a mortar and grenade range—a local seen striding beyond
a huge board announcing the dangers of ‘‘passing beyond this point’’—
exactly where I wanted to go, proved on questioning, quite unintellig-
able. Wisdom dictated retreat. JI think he (the local) was looking for a
goat. So ends the tale of my main activities in the 1959 season.

A Cornish Note on the 1959 Season
By Dr. F. H. N. SmitH

Many apparently ideal mothing nights have turned out to be
disappointing, but one or two things may be worth recording. A male
lubricipeda L. with confluent black markings came to m.yv.l. on 30th
May. Lithosia quadra L. was the only species to appear in larger
numbers than usual—35 in all, including seven females, between 8th
July and 8th August. On the latter date I got Nonagria sparganu Esp.
Coenobia rufa Haw. appeared 9th August, a species not previously seen
here.

On 6th September, Colonel Rossel took me up the Fowey river to
his lamping ground at Lerryn, a delightful wooded spot on the edge
of the estuary. At 1 a.m. I netted Rhodometra sacraria L. as it flew
to the light, and at dawn we found Laphygma exigua Hb. in the trap.
We were flattered to be mixing with the aristocracy like this.

Herse convolvuli L. seems to be a regular visitor to Perranporth,
and there were six this year, three of each sex. At dawn on 2nd
October it was exciting to find three of these giants sitting together
outside the trap, as well as a further LZ. exigua and a small party of
about 100 Plusia gamma L. This was the largest number of gamma
seen at one time this year. I had the opportunity for watching a
Convolvulus Hawk feeding for several minutes at tobacco flowers. In
the light from an open door, I noticed that it kept its proboscis extended
as it hovered from bloom to bloom, not ‘‘stowing’’ it at all during the
entire episode. I took one Margaroma unionalis Hiibn. on 8th October,
and a second #. sacraria on the 23rd at Perranporth.

There is little to say about butterflies. On the afternoon of 17th
June, at a locality in north Devon, I saw three Maculinea arion L.
flying in completely dull, but hot, weather. Two were already worn,
which suggests that early June would not be too soon to look for arion
in a hot summer. A very scanty immigration of Colias croceus Fourc.
occurred between 5th and 15th September, since which date, none at

12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1/1960

all have been seen. I was lucky to get a male Lycaena phlaeas L. with
the hindwing orange band represented by streaks, on 5th October. I
think this is var. postradiata.

The season has been enlivened by a start on the micros, but identifica-
tion of many of them present problems, solved, as far as I can see,
only by laborious and sometimes destructive work with Meyrick’s revised
handbook. Prof. Beirne’s book on Pyralidae, and Mr. Bradley’s illus-
trations of the Tortrices help a great deal, but I take it there are really
no short cuts, and that dogged perseverance is the only way. Incidentally,
by allowing one the chance of accurate identification, the recent superb
Wayside and Woodland books on flies, beetles and now bugs, will add
immeasurably to the interest of collecting expeditions. The cost of
being a Jack of All Trades is, of course, being master of none!

I have been interested in the letters about Apatura iris L. as I have
also noticed its interest in cars, and also in white shirts. On two or
three successive days in July 1956 I watched some female iris feeding
on exudate from a dead branch of small oak tree. Once there were two
at the same time. My supreme iris moment, again in 1956, came when
I had boxed a glowing but unfortunately damaged male. It was a
broiling day, and I noticed the butterfiy drinking what little moisture
there was in the box. Lifting the lid cautiously, I presented a licked
finger to the butterfly, which accepted the offering without demur. I
then discovered that it was engrossed enough not to notice the removal
of the box, and for about five minutes I had the delight of having a wild,
free Purple Emperor sitting on my finger! In fact, I was the first to
tire of the association, and decided to take a photograph. The butter-
fly allowed itself to be transferred to a moistened pillbox, which I put
on the ground. I took the photograph, and then thought that the
pillbox could be improved on as a background. I again transferred the
_ butterfly, which was still slaking its thirst, this time to my light
coloured summer jacket, and took another photograph. In the end I
put the butterfly on a hazel bush in the same manner, and went on
my way.

Summer and Autumn Butterflies in Cranleigh, 1959
By Major A. EK. CoLuiEer

The first week of July, with temperatures in the eighties and nineties,
brought out Argynnis paphia L., Aphantopus hyperantus L., and Poly-
gonia c-album L. Paphia, as usual, were far from plentiful and during
the whole season I saw, locally, not more than a dozen females, of which
three were ab. valezina, a variety which appears every year in the local
woods.

C-album were more plentiful than usual in July, mostly in the
form hutchinsoni, and it is difficult to explain the almost complete
absence of the second brood, usually far the more plentiful, in the
months of September and October.

Normally in these months I have been able to record between 100
and 150 specimens on the scabious in three local fields, but this year,
in several visits, the total number seen was five.

SUMMER AND AUTUMN BUTTERFLIES IN CRANLEIGH, 1959 13,

Hyperantus continued to flourish, apparently unaffected by climatic
ups and downs, but this year having its life rather shortened by the
intense and unbroken heat. In the past seven years this area has
produced very few examples of the aberrations caeca and arete, but this
year was exceptional and in my three most populous colonies these
varieties occurred fairly frequently, whereas lanceolata was only seen
once, and then in a completely new area. Lysandra coridon Poda and
Maniola tithonus L. appeared on the 4th and 7th of July respectively,
and tithonus later became more plentiful than I have known it in Surrey,
but with very little noticeable variation.

Coridon suffered greatly from a herd of bullocks which, throughout
the summer, trampled its favourite breeding ground to dust and ate
all the flowering plants including much of the Hippocrepis comosa and
probably many larvae. In spite of this there were fair numbers to be
seen in ungrazed flowery spots, and a certain amount of minor variation,
more than I saw elsewhere in Sussex and Dorset.

The middle of the month saw the second brood of Polyommatus icarus
L. well out, followed by Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, Gonepteryx rhamm
L. and Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. Sylvestris became exceedingly
numerous and towards the end of July in the woodland areas, with
hyperantus and Maniola jurtina L. almost over, it was the only butterfly
to examine. A fairly thorough search, however, revealed no sign of
Thymelicus lineola Ochs. among the swarms of T. sylvestris Poda, In
Northamptonshire, in any sizeable colony, I usually found the two species
flying together. During the past seven years M. charlotta has not
appeared to my knowledge in any of its local haunts, where it was
once quite numerous. I can only hope that the lonely female which
I saw will prove to be the forerunner of many more.

A. cydippe L. failed to show at all this year, and it may now have
completely disappeared from this neighbourhood, where for many years
it has only occurred in ones and twos. Lysandra bellargus L. made a
remarkably early appearance on 22nd July and from then till the end
of August could be found in fair numbers sharing the few available
flowers with multitudes of tcarus and pamphilus and a good sprinkling
of coridon.

Pararge megera Ib. and Eumens semele L. were both flying but in
substantially smaller numbers than usual.

I can never understand the comparative scarcity of megera in this
part of Surrey, where in so many places conditions appear to be very
suitable for its survival and increase.

From early August Lycaena phlaeas L., which has been almost a
rarity since 1950, began to increase very noticeably in numbers, and
from then until the end of September my time was spent in searching
for likely patches of fleabane or ragwort, where almost invariably there
were good concentrations of phlaeas, with considerable minor variation
and many examples of obsoleta and radiata types. In addition to
caging promising females for egg laying, I found it rewarding to search
the small and stunted sheep sorrel found here and there amongst the
heather on the Surrey commons. It was an easy matter in this way to
accumulate a good number of eggs laid probably by quite a wide selection
of females.

14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1/1960

This very welcome preoccupation with phlaeas involved the compara-
tive neglect of Apatura iris Iu. for which I only started searching seri-
ously in October.

The larvae were far from plentiful and although they were found
in fourteen widely separated localities there were rarely more than two
in one place.

In a favourite spot, where I had earlier earmarked four larvae to
show to a friend from the Midlands, obvious signs indicated intensive
search and the four larvae had been removed. Fortunately many of
the iris localities in this part of Surrey are not easily detected by a
casual visitor and the most obvious, and till recently the most densely
populated, has now been destroyed in favour of pigs and possibly poultry.
The Vanessidae completely failed round here and the michaelmas daisies
and sedum in my own and other gardens carried nothing but a very
occasional Aglais urticae L. and a few Vanessa atalanta L. with no
sign of Nymphalis io L. or of c-album. In such a wonderful summer
their absence may be due to the ever growing practice of spraying crops
and roadsides and certainly it is very difficult nowadays to find a size-
able bed of nettles.

With the exception of Thecla betulae L. the hairstreaks are not
strongly represented in this neighbourhood. I know only of one place
where Strymon w-albwm Knoch may be seen regularly, but in very
small numbers, and Callophrys rwbi L. is never very numerous.

Up till 1954 Thecla quercus L. was quite common in most oak woods
and the larvae, in substantial numbers, could easily be obtained by
beating in May; incidentally this is the only larva for which I allow
myself to beat.

For five years I have rarely seen quwercus at all, and I suspect that
birds and parasites are responsible for their scarcity; the latter were
- certainly very prevalent in 1954, and in earlier years I have seen the
imagines being ruthlessly disposed of by families of flycatchers. I have
seen more betulae on the wing this year than ever before, and to round
off a wonderful summer in which the occasional shortage of butterflies
hardly seemed to matter, a recent inspection of my small blackthorn
hedge revealed thirteen betulae eggs, the hoped for, and at last attained,
result of seven years release of bred specimens.

The Macrolepidoptera of Inverness-shire :

Newtonmore District
By Commander G. W. Harprr, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S.

(See Hnt Rec., 66: 58, 90, 124; 67: 39; 68: 91; 69: 52; and 71: 115.
SUPPLEMENT No. 5

Yet again it is a pleasure to record new species for my Badenoch
list, the district being defined in my main list in Ent. Rec., 66.

This year, 1959, three new species have been added. Again all are
moderately common Southern species; two of them have almost certainly
been overlooked in the past; whilst the third has probably arrived
recently from the West consequent on the increase of the Bracken Fern
in this area.

A FURTHER NOTE ON HEPIALIDAE (LEP.) 15

ARCTIIDAE

LiITHOSIINAE

Comacla senex Hb. Four fresh specimens of this inconspicuous little
Footman were taken at m.v. light by Mr. F. A. Noble on 7th July 1959
near Boat of Garten. The locality is an ordinary, boggy piece of moor-
land, rich in grasses, Juncus, and some heather, and it is noteworthy
that no reeds or fenny vegetation is present. On the other hand, it may
be significant that the only bed of Typha latifolia in the district is
growing only a few hundred yards away, and this is a plant with which
I have invariably found C. senex to be associated in England. I believe
this record to be the furthest North station known for this species in
Great Britain.

AGROTIDAE

CUCULLIINAE
Tiliacea citrago LL. I have discovered this fine species to be well
established in at least two localities, near Kingussie and in Glen Feshie;
after no less than eight years residence in the district this was a humbling
as well as pleasant surprise. Small numbers of Lime trees were planted
in the nineteenth century in several estates, and the moth is probably
widely distributed.

HEPIALIDAE

Hepialus sylvina L. A male specimen of this Bracken feeding species
was taken at portable m.v. light near Newtonmore, in my presence, by
Mr. P. Le Masurier on 29th July 1959. This species is most probably
a recent arrival from the west, where it is well established.

My attention has been drawn, by Mr. P. Le Masurier, to an obvious
drafting error in my original main List. Hnt. Rec., 66, under the entry
for Psodos coracina Esp., in the last line, the word ‘‘odd’’ should re-
place the word ‘‘even’’.

This supplement increases the total number of Badenoch Macro-
lepidoptera at the present date, December 1959, to 360 species.
9/xii/1959. Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire.

A Further Note on Hepialidae (Lep.)
By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S.

It is a very great pleasure to be able, so soon, to publish a field
observation which amplifies and corrects a note I wrote in the April
issue of the Record (Ent. Rec., 71: 91).

On page 91 I remarked that I had no reason to doubt the widely held
tradition that the female Hepialus humuli is the aggressor in mating,
selecting her mate from the cloud of pendulating males, although I did
in fact continue to doubt it! At last the actual encounter has been
clearly observed, and without any doubt whatever. The mating act
was seen by my son, M. W. Harper, who told me the same evening and
has asked me to record it for him, which I gladly do.

On 29th June we were holidaying in the Isle of Canna, Inner
Hebrides, and that evening he was ‘‘dusking’”’ on the smaller Island of
Sanday which adjoins Canna on the Southern side. Noticing a few

16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, Vou. 72. 15/1/1960

male H. humuli pendulating over some long grass and rushes he paused
to watch them. Females were flying close by, but it soon became clear
to him that they were evincing no interest whatever in the pendulating
males, and in fact they appeared to be ovipositing by the scattering
technique which they certainly employ. As he stopped to watch three
individual males which were pendulating within a few feet of each
other, he suddenly noticed a fresh female hanging by its legs from the
top of a curved over tall grass stem, its abdomen hanging absolutely
vertically in a typically ‘‘calling’’ attitude. The female was about six
feet from the nearest male, all three of which he now saw to be very
slowly swinging closer and closer to her, and at a height of about one
foot above her level. After two or three minutes of this slow approach,
the swing of the nearest male brought him almost vertically over the
female, and at the exact instant he closed his wings, plummeting down
on top of the female. In less than five seconds he had engaged his
claspers with the abdomen of the female, released his hold with his legs,
and was hanging vertically beneath her suspended only from her
abdomen. The encounter was completed. Whether the sense of smell
or of sight was used by the male cannot be certain. I incline to the

former.
8/xii/1959. Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire.

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hueerins, F.R.E.S.

Margaronia wnionalis Hiibn. With reference to Mr. Allen’s interest-
ing note of this species in the London area (Hnt. Record, 71: 266). I
remember that my old friend, the late B. A. Bower, had a perfect female
-specimen of this moth in his collection, which he took sitting on a
building in Leadenhall Street (so far as my memory serves me). I do
not think he ever recorded it as he thought people would say it was
accidentally imported, though, as he said, an immigrant might just
as well drop in the City of London as elsewhere. The moth was taken
about seventy years ago.

Stenoptiia pnewmonanthes Buettner. In the Record for May 1956
(68: 129-132), my old friend O. M. H. published an interesting article
on S. pneumonanthes Buettner and S. graphodactyla Treits. In the
course of this, he stated that the only records beside that of the late
Gervase Matthew was one by S. C. S. Brown (Ent. Hecord, 50: 149).

I fear that many of us have not taken the trouble to record insects
when we have had nothing new to say about them except that they
had been found in a new place of a similar character to one already
known.

Pneumonanthes was, and I expect still is, in spite of tanks and
battle training, found on many boggy heaths in Hampshire and east
Dorset, in fact, I should not despair of finding it anywhere in those
counties where the food plant existed. The great curse of all these
heaths is fires, but as the gentian usually grows on swampy ground, it
does not suffer as much as some other plants.

Matthew’s original locality was Ferndown, but in 1920 he wrote to
meé saying that the place where he found it was now enclosed and mostly

OCCURRENCE OF E\VERGESTIS EXTIMALIS SCOP. IN KENT 17

built over, but that the species would be found elsewhere without doubt.
I found it from 1925 to 1935 in several localities, and in the one at
Beaulieu Road mentioned by Mr. Jacobs; I also found Trichoptilus
paludum Zell., then considered a lost species, in several places near
Ringwood and on Parley Heath, where it used to be abundant. I
visited this locality on 14th August 1932 in company with the late Sir
John Fryer, Capt. and Mrs. Diver, and their son Paul. There was a
rather nasty swamp on the heath, full of virulent gnats, and the gentian
was so strong and common there that it could be seen a hundred yards
away; the plants were twice as tall as those at Beaulieu Road, and
had several flowers on each stem. Directly we began to move amongst
them, the later specimens of the first brood, in very bad condition,
began to be disturbed in small numbers. They were, of course, quite
useless as cabinet specimens, but we soon found an odd larva or so
in the flower-heads, and we each took a few. I think I brought home
about two dozen stems, which I tied in a muslin sleeve and put in water,
and when I had obtained between 30 and 40 pupae, I sent the stems
to one or two friends, who bred several more. On the way back, we
took two or three worn specimens of Coscinia cribraria L., which rose
from the heather.

Pneumonanthes is double brooded ; the first brood feeds in the shoots,
which are difficult to find; the second in the buds and blossoms. Many
plumes have this habit; Platyptilia isodactyla Zell. feeds as a first brood
larva on the underside of the leaves in the rosette of Senecio aquaticus,
and as a second brood in the stem, whilst Leioptilus carphodactylus
Hiibn. feeds in the central rosette, where the stem should rise, of Inula
conyza, and as a second brood in the flowers.

Occurrence of Evergestis extimalis Scop. in Kent
By S. WAKELY

On 9th August 1959 I captured a specimen of this very local moth
at Higham, Kent, on the occasion of a field meeting with the South
London Entomological Society to the district. Mr. J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt was with me, and a few minutes later he netted another. It was
a Species new to us and we started searching for a likely foodplant. I
remembered that the larvae feed on mustard and charlock, and close
to the spot where I took mine was a large cruciferous plant with yellow
flowers which was certainly not charlock, although I thought it might
be one of the species of wild mustard. We were on very rough, chalky
ground by an old disused canal, and a high steep bank of chalk extended
for some yards, obviously the result of the excavations made when the
canal was originally made. Climbing to the top of this bank to
examine another of the plants mentioned, we discovered masses of the
same yellow-flowered plant. It had tough cabbage-looking stumps and
was two to three feet in height. By walking among this we disturbed
many more extimalis, well over a score being taken. Our efforts and
conversation were soon noticed by the resident of a house near a large
factory of cement products, and we were told that we were trespassing,
and although interested in what we were taking, this person insisted
that we must not stay there. However, we both had a nice series, as

18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1/1960

several others of the South London party had helped us, although not
collecting the species themselves.

On reaching home, I endeavoured to determine the name of the
plant among which the moths were flying, and which was obviously
their foodplant. The description of the Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis
tenuifolia (L.) DC.) seemed to fit, but as this is not mentioned as a
foodplant by any of the authorities I sent some to Dr. E. Scott and Mr.
T. R. Eagles, both of whom confirmed that it was the Wall Rocket.

On 5th September, Mr. Chalmers-Hunt, accompanied by Mr. L. T.
Ford, made a trip to Higham to look for larvae, which were found to
be quite common spun up in webs among the seedpods of the Wall
Rocket. The seedpods are about three-quarters of an inch long and
the larvae devour the pods as well as the seeds. The spinnings are
compact and completely sealed when the larva is resting, as many as
three larvae being sometimes found in one spinning. In spite of this,
the webs were smaller than one would have expected from the size of
the larva inside, but easily seen when one knew what to look for. About
a score of larvae were generously handed over to me. They were mostly
full-fed and were transferred to a 10” flower pot, in which a piece of
turf was growing. The larvae spun up among the roots of this, and
it is hoped the moths will appear next June. The larvae were pale
yellow in colour, with blue and red markings and numerous black dots—
rather a showy larva, in fact.

Mr. G. H. Youden has taken several specimens of this moth in his
light trap at Dover in recent years (13 noted in 1956); otherwise there
are very few captures recorded for the South of England. To see if
more could be found out about its distribution in Britain, I went
through the indices of many volumes of the Record and the Entomologist.
Year after year was gone through, with no mention at all of the

_ species. However, I did find a few references to it, namely : —

In 1952 Mr. A. M. Morley reported two at Folkestone at his m.yv.
light. Mr. H. C. Huggins reported in the Record that larvae are some-
times plentiful in the Breck, feeding on seeds of mustard and charlock,
but that the moth is scarce. In 1935 he found 1t common near Tudden-
ham, but on revisiting the locality some years later (in 1949) found the
area had been ploughed up.

On 11th June 1954—an unusually early date—a single specimen was
taken at Torquay, the first record for S. Devon. Another one was
recorded at Aldershot in 1957.

Although there must be other records than these, it will be gathered
that the species is quite a rarity—except, possibly, in the Breck.

Meyrick gives localities as follows: ‘‘Kent to Gloucester and Norfolk,
Devon, local’’. Beirne mentions ‘‘Cambridge, Huntingdonshire, Berk-
shire, Hertfordshire, Lancashire, Oxford, Kent, Isle of Wight, and
North Devon’’.

The only foodplants given by these authors are Charlock (Sinapis
arvensis lL.) and White Mustard (S. alba L.), and it is interesting that
the colony we found were feeding on a different plant, although the Wall
Rocket is closely related botanically to the two mentioned. Wall Rocket
is very common on bomb sites in London, and I have seen it growing
freely at Finsbury and by the Elephant and Castle. It is also an
exceedingly common plant on railway banks on almost every line going

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 19

to Kent from London Bridge, particularly beyond Dartford. There is
plenty of scope for extimalis to spread to other areas, and it will be
interesting to see if this happens.

REFERENCES

Beirne, B. P. British Pyralid and Plume Moths, 134.
Huggins, H. C. Ent. Record, 1954, 66: 151; 1958, 70: 192.
Lees, F. H. Ent. Record, 1955, 67: 35.

Meyrick, E. Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera, 442.
Morley, A. M. Ent. Record, 1952, 64: 171.

Richards, A. W. Ent. Record, 1957, 69: 203.

Notes and Observations

British ENTOMOLOGISTS AND THE British Fauna.—I must confess I
find it difficult to discover what Mr. Carlsfeld-Krausé is driving at in
his note (antea, p. 269). The population of Abrazas grossulariata L.,
which feeds on Calluna in some places and Hrica in others, has already
been studied by Dr. Heslop-Harrison, whose various notes on the sub-
ject I shall not attempt to summarise.

As I have noted also, this species in some parts of the Burren of
Clare feeds exclusively on hazel, although the hedge may be a com-
posite one with more blackthorn than hazel, whilst in Essex it does not
appear to eat hazel at all. I have reared these hazel-feeding insects,
mated them, and found that their offspring would eat blackthorn, goose-
berry, or Japanese euonymus. These Burren moths are just like ours
and behave like ours, so what is there to say except that they prefer
hazel in the wild. I have suggested that the reason for this preference
is that the blackthorns are usually skeletonized by a species of
Yponomeuta by the time the grossulariata eggs hatch, but this is pure
conjecture.

The mere fact that a species eats a different plant in some parts
of this country to others, and again different from what it eats on the
continent, does not necessarily make it particularly worthy of study.
The discoveries of Thomas Algernon Chapman and others concerning
species inhabiting continental Europe suggest that there were a few
rifts in the ‘“‘smog’’ which enveloped our fathers.

I am glad, however, that, like the famous Monsieur Hanaud,
Carolsfeld-Krausé possesses such a remarkable knowledge of our idioms,
but perhaps he will tell me to what species the spotted seal belongs? Is
it the common seal, grey or Atlantic, ringed, harp, or possibly the
antarctic sea leopard? In any case, although I have seen grossulariata
larvae on heather and hazel, and Sphinx ligustri L. feeding on the top
branches of holly trees, I shall, when I see a spotted seal in a straw-
berry bed, take the nearest taxi to a psychiatrist’s consulting room.—
H. C. Hueerns, 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea. 8/xii/1959.

TELPHUSA TRIPARELLA ZELLER ON SwEET GALE.—With reference to the
notes on this species which have appeared in Vol. 71 by Mr. Wakely
(p. 154) and Mr. A. A. Allen (p. 265), I would refer to my note on
Lancashire and Cheshire Lepidoptera which appeared in the Record,
Vol. 64, p. 179. These indicate that Myrica is a food-plant of T.
triparella. In northern England, I have bred the moth from larvae

20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1/1960

found in August in spun upper shoots of Myrica from Delamere
(Cheshire) and Witherslack (Westmorland). The late B. B. Snell took
larvae from the same plant at Borth, Cardiganshire. In the Mans-
bridge collection, there is a series from Aviemore labelled “Bred,
Myrica,’”’ and I found the moth there in late May 1959. The larva is
also plentiful on moors to the north of Loch Ness where oak is not
present. The moth, difficult to disturb during the day, flies among
Myrica at sunset in late May and early June. The larval habitation is
a tightly spun tip of a shoot containing much frass and the larva feeds
within skeletonising the leaves leaving the outer lower cuticle intact.
In September it appears to pupate between the leaves though a few
spun in the folds of the bag. A high rate of parasitism is to be
expected. The habitation of Argyroploce dimidiana Sodof., is quite
distinct making a swollen balloon-like structure of the top shoot.—H.
N. Micwartis, 10 Didsbury Park, Manchester 20.

TILIACEA AURAGO SCHIFF. IN DERBYSHIRE.—This moth is very un-
common in Derbyshire, which is not surprising since beech woods are
not met with there. One specimen was reported at Chesterfield in
1905, one at Monk Wood in 1952, and another at Beeley in 1957. On
Ist October 1958 I took one Tiliacea aurago Schiff. in my mercury
vapour light trap at Hepthorne Lane, near Chesterfield, and, on 19th
September 1959, I took another perfect specimen in a light trap at
Stocksmoor Farm, Wingerworth, which is not far from Hardwick Wood
where a few beech trees may be found planted among the larches.
There is a long row of ancient beeches in Tupton Park, which is in sight
of the trap. They may explain the appearance of this species here.—
J. H. JoHNson. 22/xi/59.

DAsYPOLIA TEMPLI THUN. IN DERBYSHIRE, 1959.—On the morning of
Ath October 1959 I found a perfect specimen of Dasypolia templi Thun.
in my mercury vapour light trap which had been running all night in
the garden of Stocksmoor Farm, Wingerworth, near Chesterfield. This
is the first time I have ever taken this species and only one was recorded
in the Derbyshire list of Mr. Hayward, 1926. I saw two specimens
which were said to have been taken in a trap in Chesterfield in 1957,
and although I asked the collector who showed them to me to record
them in one of the entomological journals, I have not yet seen them
mentioned in print. Since this species feeds on Cow Parsnip, which
is very common in this district, it is surprising that it is not met with
oftener. According to South it frequents rocky coastal areas, and the
nearest of these is more than a hundred miles away. Perhaps this ex-
plains its rarity.—J. H. JoHNSon. 22/x1/59.

EPITtRIpTus cowiIntr Hossy (Diet., AstLipaAr)—A Correction.—When
discussing the distribution and habits of EHpitriptus cingulatus F. in
this journal, volume 71: 14-16, a statement was made that arthriticus
Zeller was the only other species of the genus in Britain. One of our
readers, Mr. D. E. Allen, has kindly pointed out that I had overlooked
Dr. B. M. Hobby’s description of a new species, cowinii, from the Isle
of Man in 1946, Ent. mon. Mag., 82: 88-91, and included in an amend-
ment to his key to the British species of Asilidae.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 21

It was collected in 1940-1944 at Braddon and about Ballaterson be-
tween 23rd June and 8th August from grassy hedgebanks where it
sat on bramble leaves, grassy stems, etc., making capture darts at other
insects, including the common wasp Vespula vulgaris L. Its captures
were a dung fly Scatophaga stercoraria LL. and a pug moth recorded by
Mr. W. S. Cowin op. cit. 91 as Hupithecia alliaria Staud. and as new
to the British List. Baron de Worms has shown, 1958, in Ent. mon.
Mag., $4: 67, that the moth is only a specimen of the Marsh Pug
E. palustraria Doubleday. Further details of the Asilid, which does
not appear to have been seen since 1944 can be found in Ent. mon. Mag.,
28: 88-91 as quoted above and in Mr. W. S. Cowin’s article in The
Peregrine, 1947, vol. 1, Pt. 4: 9-10.—L. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands
Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

Two Uncommon Sprcies or Opomyzr1pasz (Dier.).—Mr. J. EH. Collin re-
corded his capture of a female Geomyza breviseta Cz. in Suffolk in June
in Ent. Record, 57: 15. Mr. H. L. F. Audcent included the species in
his ‘‘Bristol Insect Fauna Diptera,” 1950, Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 28:
80, with a record of his taking a specimen on a species of Brome grass,
Bromus sp. at Clevedon, Somerset, on 19th July 1942. In a collection
of diptera made by my friend Mr. A. le Gros in Hampshire I have found
another female of this species, collected on 20th September 1948, at
Crab Wood, Sparsholt, near Winchester.

Opomyza punctata Hal. was originally described from a specimen
from Holywood, Co. Down. Mr. J. E. Collin, op. cit., p. 14, stated he
could record it also from Essex and Suffolk. I can add another of our
coastal counties, Kent, to this list as I captured a male when I was
collecting along the sea wall of the Thames estuary at Stone on 7th
September 1947. It is closely related to O. florwm F. which is known
from time to time as a serious pest of cereals, especially winter wheat.
The abundant and widely distributed O. germinationis L. has been bred
from Festuca pratensis Huds., F. rubra L., Lolium perenne L., Poa
annua L., P. pratensis L., P. trivialis L., Agrostis tenwis Sibth., A.
stolonifera L., Phleum pratense L., Alopecurus pratensis L., and Holcus
lanatus L., I. W. B. Nye, 1958, Trans. R. ent. Soc., 110: 435. It is
possibly to be found in the larval stage in one or more species of the
grasses of our coast. Dr. W. Hackman figures the male genitalia in
Notulae Entomologicae, 38: 120, and records it from Finland, Sweden,
U.S.S.R. (Leningrad area), and from central and western EKurope.—L.
PaRMENTER, 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

THE ‘BIRMINGHAM SAtE’’.—The first sale of the season was held at
King Street, on 29th October, when the collections of three Birmingham
entomologists, comprising 433 lots, were under the hammer. Attend-
ance was rather less than usual, but every lot was sold.

The varieties of Arctia caja L. included 3 ab. diaphana which realised
£23, £21, and £16, and three ab. splendens £15 10/-, £2 15/-, and £1.
In several cases a drawer full of minor varieties went for 5/- each. A
striking variety with blue-black hindwings and almost clear brown
forewings made £3 10/-. All these had been bred from larvae taken
near a Birmingham power station. Three petroburgensis, in perfect
condition, fetched only 6/-.

22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72. 15/1/1960

A variety of Melanargia galatea L., with dark suffused forewings,
fetched £7 10/-. The highest prices for Aglais urticae L. var. nigrocaria
were £5 15/-, £4, and £3 3/-, bred from the same locality as the caja.

Colias croceus Foure. varieties included a gynandromorph helice
which made £5 15/-, and helice ab. excessa £3, while a violet tinted
specimen with white discoidal spots fetched £2 7/6.

An Argynnis cydippe L. melanic female fetched £8 5/-. It was taken
by the late G. P. Sutton who saw it in Wyre Forest one day, but it
evaded him: however, his wife encouraged him to traverse the 22 miles
again the next day, when it obligingly appeared at the same spot and
was netted. A variety aterdiscus, taken by Mr. L. Birch at Wyre, made
£15 10/-, and his variety of Vanessa io L., with eyespots on all four
wings almost obliterated by black scales, fetched £2 15/-.

Two Aphantopus hyperantus var. lanceolata made £2 and £1 10/-.
Hybrids were evidently quite out of fashion, fetching only a few shillings
for several.

The tropicals were headed by Morpho rhetenor at £1 3/-, and M.
cypris £1 4/-. A drawerful including antimachus made £1 14/-, while
a pair of brookiana fetched only £1 16/-.

Of the nine cabinets, a 32-drawer Brady went for £49, and a 30-
drawer for £31. Small cabinets fetched £5 5/- and £3, and a 30-drawer
Victorian mahogany one for £25.

A surprise was the appearance of newspaper reporters armed with
cameras, and notes on the sale (and with a photograph) appeared in
four newspapers.

URESIPHITA GILVATA FAB. IN THE ISLE oF WigHt.—My friend Mr. H.
C. Huggins reminds me (Ent. Rec., 71: 262) that I have to record the
capture of a specimen of this rare migrant near Yarmouth, Isle of
Wight, on the night of the 6th-7th October last. J showed it to Mr.
A. J. Wightman, who later told me that a very worn specimen came
to his light at Freshwater on the following night, but that it dived into
the grass and so evaded capture.—Epear J. Hare, Harrow Place, Pin-
den, Dartford. 1/xii/1959.

CosYMBIA PUPPILLARIA HtBn. IN WimBtEpon.—A male example of
this species, in fresh condition, was attracted to a m.v. light during
the night of the 16th October 1959. I am indebted to Baron de Worms
for verifying its identity.—J. V. Dactz, 10 Alan Road, Wimbledon,
London, S.W. 19.

Current Literature

Livine INsEcts oF THE Wortp. By Alexander B. and Elsie B. Klots
Doubleday & Co., Inc. New York. £3 3s.

These authors have again produced a beautiful picture book which
is not the whited sepulchre in which readers have been treated as
illiterates seeking solely to be amused as is the case with so many
‘popular’? natural history books. Both authors are highly qualified
entomologists with long teaching experience, and they have mastered

CURRENT LITERATURE 23

the art of covering a very wide subject in a series of short and well
organized articles. No words are wasted, and readers should begin
with the preface and introduction, and not skip these important parts
of the book as is so often done. The first chapter concisely gives the
background to the insect world, and then follow twelve chapters on
insect orders, starting with the most primitive and working up to the
most highly specialised orders. Each order is described, and the
chapters are sub-divided so as to treat of the major divisions of that
order sufficiently to enable the reader to place an insect in its correct
sub-order or family. Both scientific and popular names are used so as
to extend the usefulness of the book to as wide a section of nature lovers
as possible, but the authors have the knack of ‘‘popularising’’, if one
may use the word, scientific names in much the same manner as did
Henri Fabre.

Great stress is placed on the relation of insects to the lives of man,
beast, bird and other insects as well as on plants, and wholesale slaughter
by insecticides is wisely deplored; the slaughter of predators at the
same time is stressed as a very good reason for using insecticides only
where the spraying can be confined to the particular pest under con-
sideration.

The final chapter deals with the structure and growth of insects
and is followed by a bibliography of works cited, an index of insects
mentioned, and a subject index.

The illustrations consist of drawings, half-tone photographs, and full-
colour photographs of the striking nature one has come to associate
with these authors, the source of each photograph being acknowledged
at the beginning of the book. Certain irridescent colours such as a
Chrysomelid beetle or the eyes of a Tabanid fly leave nothing to be
desired, and the colour work throughout is of the highest order.

In the preface, the authors acknowledge that there may be some
mistakes, for which they crave indulgence, but the writer of this note
has so far failed to notice any inaccuracies. It is a book of the kind
which particularly recommends itself to amateurs who specialize in a
very small part of the insect world, but who like at times to get an
idea of that group’s relations, both near and distant, without having
to delve too deeply into the literature of the subject.

I congratulate the authors, and look forward to the more specialized
book which I believe they have now on hand.

Sa NeeAN Ie

PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF THE SoutH LoNDON ENTOMOLOGICAL
AND Natura History Society. 1958. 20s. xliv + 158 pp., with
nine plates, two of which are in colour.

This volume gives the customary account of the Society’s doings, and
includes some useful papers. The description of larvae not figured
by Buckler is continued, with two coloured plates illustrating larvae
of Coenobia rufa Haw., Nonagria algae Esp., N. neurica Hiibn.,
Hydrillula palustris Hiibn., Caradrina ambigua Schiff., and Acosmetia
caliginosa Hiibn.; Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis has contributed a paper on
experimental variations in Aricia agestis Schiff., with two half-tone
plates, and Mr. F. D. Buck completes his presidential address with an

24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1/1960

account of the British Anobiidae, and he has also written a most
instructive article on a code of rules for contributors, which might well
be studied by all who write for publication; this is under the title of
“The Style of the House’’. There are also accounts of field meetings,
with photographs of four groups, and a detailed account of exhibits
at the annual exhibition, with two plates illustrating twenty striking
varieties of lepidoptera. An obituary notice, with plate, of the late
Canon Edwards is included, as is the current list of members ordered
both alphabetically and according to residential areas.

Si IN .wAReoE

The volume on BritisH Buioop-suckine Fires by Edwards, Oldroyd
and Smart was published by the British Museum in 1939, and looking
through the book ten years ago one felt that at least this part of our
insect fauna was well known. Since 1950, however, we have had added
to the British list one species of mosquito, Culex torrentiwm (1951,
Nature, 28th July, p. 172), a species of Simuliwm, S. inflatwm (1957,
Proc. R. ent. Soc, Lond. B, 26: 1) and five species of Culicoides, C.
achrayi, O. duddingstoni, C. lupicaris, C. pseudochiopterus and C.
scoticus (1952, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. B, 21: 61; 1955, «bid, 24:
37). Now, in the Entomologiske Meddelelser, 29, 1959, pp. 78-150,
Leif Lyneborg has revised the Danish species of Hybomitra, and this
indicates a revision of the nomenclature of the British Tabanids, and
also the possible presence of undiscovered species in this country.

Concerning the nomenclature, the author recommends the suppresion
of the name J’. tropicus L., the type of which is apparently a form of
T. montanus, and what has been included under the name of T. tropicus
should now be referred to as 7’. collint, described as a new species by the
author, and 7. miihlfeldi Brau., depending on the colour of the noto-
pleural calli and the shape of the eighth sternite in the female (see also
Collin, J. E., 1940, Ent. mon. Mag., 76: 178, on the female genitalia
of T. tropicus, T. solstitialis and T. distinguendus). The author gives a
table to separate 7’. collint from T. bisignatus and T. bimaculatus Macq.,
which is also recorded here from Britain.

In addition to 7’. collini, four other new species are described. T.
schinert Lyneborg is recorded from Britain in this paper, separated in
the key from T. distinguendus by the brown colour of the first two
joints of the antennae, many black hairs on the side markings of the
second tergite, and with female genitalia like J. solstitialis and T.
collunt. The other three new species are related to 7. montanus and
are I’. lundbecki, T. tuxeni and T. staegert. There is the suggestion
that 7. lundbecki, which is a common species in Denmark, or 7. tuxeni,
might occur in Britain.

Obviously a revision of the British species is now required, and most
collections may need to be re-arranged with the help of this paper,
which contains keys to both males and females, and descriptions of
each species.

The paper is written in English.

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Some Notes on the Egg-laying and certain other

Habits of Apatura iris Linnaeus
By I. R. P. HEstore

These notes are intended neither to be comprehensive nor to include
features which have been satisfactorily resolved. For example, the true
significance of Frohawk’s observation, as to assumed preference of the
right side of the mid-rib of the leaf for laying, was effectively explained
by Stanley Morris in the course of his essay on the species (1938 Entomo-
logist, Vol. 71, page 51); and therefore is here not considered further.
Incidentally, it is generally agreed by observers that the female prefers
the forenoon for laying: a conclusion which is indeed given numerical
support by Morris’s remarks.

One thing which still remains an object of controversy is the height
of bush, and also the height on the bush, habitually chosen for laying.
There appears to be no doubt that habit may vary from year to year,
in accordance with existing or even anticipated weather; but I, per-
sonally, am convinced that laying is as a rule at a moderate elevation,
say from five to ten feet above the ground. I do not think, however,
that there is any preference for bushes or trees which themselves are
within the limit of the latter dimension.

Regarding height of ovipositing, there is here I think some confusion
of thought between this feature and the height at which larvae are
found. The larva of the Purple Emperor is a great traveller, especially
after hibernation. According to the weather, and also to other possible
considerations of which more knowledge is desirable, it may wander—
apart from peregrinations to contiguous bushes—down to levels a few
inches only from the ground; or, where the size of tree allows, up to
heights of twenty or twenty-five feet or more. Mr. A. J. Wightman
has told me how he once, in Sussex, saw an iris caterpillar crawling
at remarkable speed up the bole of. an enormous Broad-leaved Sallow
(which he later showed to me) from a position inaccessible to him,
though only a few feet from the root, until it was lost to view among
the upper sprays some thirty-five feet from the ground.

The potential speed of movement of a large larva is indeed a revela-
tion. I, myself, had no notion of it until a colleague at my request
took a flash-bulb photograph of a larva on a growing bush in one of my
large cages!

But regarding high locations of iris larvae, here I may venture to
interpolate the following story. In late May of one year, on one of the
rare occasions when I have sought company—other than that of my own
family—for my investigations, I was pulling down hand-over-hand the
main stem of a tall sallow, the upper foliage of which had issued an
indefinable appeal to my eye. Just as I was reaching the crown, and
was preparing to bestride the stem while examining the leaves, my
companion—who had been otherwise engaged—darted forward with the
gladsome cry of ‘‘there’s one’’; and, at a moment when all the strength
of both my arms was being required to hold down the stem, abstracted
from before my eyes a Purple Emperor caterpillar which he, without a
word, then or later, proceeded coolly to box.

On another occasion I spotted in a Wiltshire wood the silhouette,
through the leaf, of a full-grown larva some twenty feet from the ground,

26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/11/1960

As I was hauling down the fairly slender sallow stem, in the manner
above described, my hands slipped; and I saw that caterpillar go
catapulting up into the air and down into the thickets. I tried hard
to find it, but this was really a hopeless task. I can only hope that 1b
found a sallow stem to crawl up. Supporters of the beating method
always maintain that even if—as must obviously often be the case—
the larva misses the tray, it will not be wasted since ‘‘it will crawl up
the bush again’’. Quite apart from questions of the increased exposure
to natural enemies, I cannot support this plea. It is by no means certain
that a larva, already shocked, will have any such natural inclination.
In fact there is some evidence to the contrary. In a Sussex wood some
years ago, when coppice growth was being partially cut, numerous larvae
of A. iris were observed crawling from the brushwood and resorting to
and climbing up, not the stems of Sallow of which there were still some
standing, but the stems of birch and in a few cases the trunks of quite
well-grown beech.

There is also disagreement as to whether the sparse and straggling
bush or the compact well-furnished bush is most favoured. Here again,
I think there is some confusion of issues. I believe there is no doubt
that the majority of eggs are laid on sparse, straggling—often struggling
—bushes: but this solely because such bushes give easier access to the
laying female. Before hibernation, these are undoubtedly the most
rewarding ones to search for larvae.

But after hibernation, it is a very different story. Thick, compact
bushes, even when they are not in leaf, afford much more protection
against the attacks of birds: and when they are in leaf, and the larva
is out of hibernation, they afford much more protection against late
frosts. In consequence a much greater proportion of stock which is
laid on such bushes survives.

From my own observation, I estimate that, in the wild, three-quarters
of all eggs are laid on the sparse and straggling type of bush: of these
probably not more than one fifteenth survive to the last instar. Of the
quarter laid on the thick bushes perhaps as many as one-third survive
to the last instar. Incidentally, most experienced collectors estimate
that, in the aggregate and taking all types of bush together, there is
only one larva in the full spring to about six in the autumn. There is,
of course, the further hazard of really late frosts which may cause the
loss of half the larvae that have reached their last instar on the sparse
bushes; but which will have a negligible further effect on the thick
sallows which by then will be well foliaged.

It may be noted that whereas in captivity mortality is highest in the
first instar, in the natural state mortality is greatest over hibernation.
There is a further point of disagreement regarding the relative effects
of hard and mild winters under natural conditions. When birds were
not so plentiful, a greater proportion of iris larvae survived in hard
winters; since, undoubtedly, a cold winter is more beneficial to the
actual health of the larva (as may still be deduced from the case of
larvae kept in the protection of captivity). But of recent years, and
taking all factors into consideration, it seems probable that in the woods
there is a greater proportion of survival after a mild winter.

The next point to consider is the egg-laying orientation. The after-
noon sun in spring and summer is actually fatal to the unprotected

HABITS OF APATURA IRIS LINNAEUS 27

larva: and it is found that in nature the female will lay her eggs
exclusively on the north-east sector of those sallows, only, which are
shaded from the south and west. Some sallows chosen are big enough
to supply their own shade, and the same consideration applies, of
course, to Lombardy Poplars; but even so, only the north-east quadrant
of the tree is used. There are two other known requirements of the
bush (besides the many that must be unknown!): it must be partially
protected by low vegetation—brambles and so on—in such a manner as
to make it impossible to walk round; and it must be conveniently
accessible from a dropping-off point (affording rest and refreshment),
which is usually on Oak but sometimes on Ash.

It appears that not only must a tree be accessible from the north-
east to the insect for laying, but that it must also lie open on that
quarter to the breeze. Mr. Stockley has demonstrated to me an instance
in Sussex where the laying bushes are as favourably placed to the
insect as ever they were, but where a fir plantation on the other side
of the ride has grown up to such an extent as to shield the sallows
from even the smallest puff of wind from the north-east. In
consequence, the Purple Emperor has deserted this site, which was once
a very favourite one, as a breeding-ground. It seems probable that
there is a quality of combined cold and dryness in the north-east airt
which helps to inhibit virus infection without injury to the larva. The
deduction is the more interesting, in view of the fact that this is the
~ one direction of wind which the adult insect will not face.

T have spoken of ‘‘dropping-off’’ points. These are essential. It is
to be noted, however, that when the canopy closes completely over the
sallows (including along neglected rides), iris will desert that locality.
It is probable that the extinction at a formerly well-known locality in
North Kent actually was largely due to this cause. Now that the rides
have been trimmed there, the Purple Emperor is returning.

Regarding foodplant, undoubtedly there is a general preference for
the Broad-leaved Sallow (Salix caprea) over the Narrow-leaved Sallow
(S. atrocinerea) as a natural pabulum. I am fully prepared, however,
to accept that there are local predilections. Another species for which
there may be a local partiality is Aspen (Populus tremula), a well-known
foodplant on the Continent; for example, the very large race which
formerly inhabited Orlestone in South Kent, but which presumably is
now extinct, may have been aspen-feeding. Quite apart from any local
predilection for it, however, I think that Aspen may play a greater part
- in the ecology of the Purple Emperor than is generally supposed. There
is Some indication of periodic ‘‘shift’’ of foodplants, with which I shall
be dealing elsewhere.

It is, perhaps, worth mentioning that iris larvae are very much more
easily spotted, when being searched for, on S. atrocinerea than on
S. caprea. Also, owing to the smaller size of leaf in the former species
of plant the larva is much more prone to rest on the stem. It is also
notable that iris larvae feeding wild on the Narrow-leaved species pro-
duce not only smaller but earlier imagines than those feeding on the
Broad-leaved species. Also, regarding rearing in captivity, there can
be no question of the greater suitability of S. caprea.

Regarding the preference for Broad-leaved Sallow when laying in
the wild, even when there is very little of it and much of the other

28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/11/1960

species, it is interesting to adduce the experience recorded by Mr. H. C.
Dunk in his paper at page 135 of The Entomologist’s Record, Vol. 66,
(May 1954).

I have alluded above to the time of egg-laying. There is fairly
general agreement that the wild female lays most (but not all) of her
eggs between 11.0 and 1.30 B.s.7., i.e., from two hours before noon until
half an hour after it. It is evident that she must warm herself for an
hour or so before laying. When, however, as has happened on many
days in the summer of this year, conditions are sunny and warm from
early morning, then she may start to lay much earlier than these times.
Incidentally, under such conditions, a captive female Emperor, reserved
for the purpose, should always be sleeved early. Mr. K. KH. J. Bailey
in a previous summer, during very hot weather, saw a female on horse
droppings at 7.30 a.m. which, on then being disturbed, immediately
flew to a sallow bush and deposited an egg.

I think it is a mistake to suppose that an indiviual female rarely
lays more than one egg on a bush. In Wiltshire, I am convinced that
she lays two eggs on a bush, usually on the same leaf, more often than
she lays one. The laying of more than two eggs by one individual on
one bush would certainly be exceptional anywhere, save in consequence
of injury or disability which prevents her from moving about freely.
Last year, I had such a windfall, of a nature so bizarre that I will not
go into details, save to mention that it was not individual eggs which
caught my eye but a cluster—more like that of a moth—though it is only
fair to observe that such a laying system is normal in some North
American species of the sub-family Apaturinae. I need add only that
I put out again, in the woods, every one of the resultant larvae.

I have mentioned elsewhere a slight difference between the egg-
laying habit of the Wiltshire race and that of certain other local races
of the Purple Emperor. Whereas in Sussex, say, one sees the female
flying down a ride and visiting several bushes before repairing for re-
freshment, in Wiltshire one rarely sees the female visit more than one
bush between recourses to the oaks. This does not mean that she does
not normally wander far afield in her ovipositing: indeed her instinct
tells her she must do so in order to avoid in-breeding, but always via
_ the oaks.

Bad weather conditions will not deter the female from actual laying:
but it must be stated as an additional disadvantage of inclement weather
that it tends to inhibit the mixing of the stock above indicated. After
a laying season of bad weather, eggs and larvae—while probably just as
numerous—will be less scattered from any one individual. This is
because the mother has had less inclination, owing to the unfavourable
conditions, to fly abroad from her principal station in the oaks, but in
lieu has just visited the sallow bushes in the immediate vicinity thereof.

Here it may be mentioned that for all races a small nook off a path
or ride is a favourite laying place.

I have only once seen a female Purple Emperor ‘“‘striking’”’ a tree,
and that was in search of sustenance from an oozing oak trunk. But I
have several times-seen males doing so, whether for the same reason or
just to thread a short cut through the branches or to surprise a rival
or seize a female. So violent is the action that it seems impossible that
the insect can pull up or swerve in time to avoid dashing itself to

HABITS OF APATURA IRIS LINNAEUS 29

pieces. I have never at all seen a laying female so approach the sallow;
always, in my experience, the action has been slow and deliberate.
Admittedly the old New Forest specimens had ways of their own, as
indeed had the old New Forest collectors. But, even so, so fast can
iris fly when proceeding as I have first described, that it must often
be difficult to distinguish the sex; and I strongly suspect that a specimen
“striking the sallow’? may usually not have been a female laying, but a
male looking for a female—especially in windy weather when the females
seem to shelter in the sallows.

In captivity a female, under favourable conditions, will lay out her
normal batch (from one fertilisation) of 20 to 40 eggs in three days.
Her total potential clutch is about 120 eggs, but it is probable that in
the normal year, even where the requisite number of acts of fertilisation
take place, the full complement is rarely laid. A fully laid-out female,
caught wild, is a rarity; although I had one such in 1956. Every now
and then, however, in reaction to some factor, there appears to be a
mysterious impulse for the females to lay more eggs than usual, perhaps
even up to the maximum of which they are physically capable. There
have been a very few instances of the maximum potential, or nearly so,
being laid in captivity; this must be as a result of super-foetation or
else of an abnormally potent single union, which latter phenomenon may
also occur in certain years of need. I have a note of one instance when
between 80 and 90 eggs were laid in three days, and there is W. A.
Cope’s instance, quoted by Mr. Hyde (1954, Hntomologist’s Record,
April, Vol. 66, page 99), of about 100 eggs being obtained.

In 1933, a year of abundance, the total egg-lay was—as I understood
from Mr. Frohawk—but little above average, as if some instinct had
instructed the females that no special effort was required. The opposite,
as already indicated, was observed in 1956 which, although itself a good
year in most areas, presaged—from causes of disease or otherwise—a
mostly very lean one.

It is noteworthy that Mr. Stockley has attempted a ‘‘caesarean
section”? on an egg-laden female which had died without laying, but
this was unsuccessful. The techniques required, assuming of course
that the ova have been fertilised, may yet be perfected.

During copulation, which commences on the tops of the higher oaks
so as to have some height in hand at the outset (since height cannot be
maintained thereafter), the female carries the male. After the act of.
union the female will continue to be accompanied by her mate, both in
flight and repose, until she actually begins to lay, which may be some
48 hours later. It is a mistake to suppose that it is the worn and
battered female which is likely to be the ‘‘good laying hen’’. An
individual in such state is much more likely to be one who has some
time since laid all she wants to, or can, lay; and who hence has devoted
the considerable period of her life outstanding to the full enjoyment
thereof. I have remarked previously (Hntomologist’s Gazette, Vol. 8,
page 231) that, during this period and until exhaustion supervenes, the
habit of the female—in hours, display, sportiveness and so on—approxi-
mates to that of the male. If she has not been obliged to exert her full
capacity in egg-laying, she may have a further fortnight or more in
which to enjoy herself.

A female will keep herself remarkably spruce and tidy during court-
ship, mating, and the laying of at least her first batch or two of eggs.

30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/11/1960

Since normally the female first mates within a day or two after
emergence, the odds are that that ‘‘perfect fresh’? female, which is so
cheerfully killed for the cabinet, is in fact the potential layer of golden
eggs; whereas the tattered and transparent lady, ‘‘not good enough for
the cabinet but just right for laying’’, nine times out of ten will lay
nothing at all in the cages of the captor.

“Belfield,” Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 8.xX11.1959.

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hueetns, F.R.E.S.

Two SCARCE CHALK INSECTS. Now that Hypercallia christiernana L.
has been re-discovered, I think a good search should be made for two
other Kentish insects which I took fairly regularly thirty years ago.
These are Oxyptilus pilosellae Zell. and Laspeyresia caecana Schlag. It
is possible both are being overlooked, so I will enter into a few details
concerning each.

It is not likely that pilosellae is escaping notice should a collector be
in one of its restricted localities, as it is quite active, and at the same
time, of weak flight, so is easy to find and secure. It is, however, rather
like a worn O. britanniodactyla Gregson, and as it appears about a month
after that insect, may possibly have been released as such.

It is, however, a very distinct insect. Apart from its slightly smaller
size and more slender wings, its colour is deep cinnamon brown, and
its markings when fresh are pale buff, or, at most, off-white. 0.
britanniodactyla, although a little variable, is always a black and white
insect. J have one in my series which is black, flushed with green, and
Mr. S. T. Wakely recently showed me another one with a reddish
flush, but pilosellae is basically red-brown with no admixture of black.
The final difference between the two is in the large tuft of scales on
the third plumule of the hind wing. In britanniodactyla this is very
large and proceeds from both sides of the shaft; in pilosellae it only
springs from the lower side.

Pilosellae appears on the wing about July 24th, about a month
after the other insect; it may be disturbed at any time of the day,
and flies freely in the late afternoon, whereas britanniodactyla is hard
to disturb before the early evening.

I think all the few collectors who have taken pilosellae found it
fairly commonly in a most restricted area. I know that this was the case
with the old Mickleham collectors, and also Sydney Webb, Purdey, and
myself. My own locality was a bank on the chalk downs about 60 yards
long by 15 yards wide; I first found it there in 1916, and it was still
there in 1931, since which date I have not been near, but I expect that it
was destroyed during the last war. I restricted myself to about a dozen
a year, and did not go every year.

The larva can be found in May in the central rosette of Hieracium
pilosella, destroying the incipient flower shoot, but it is easy to over-
look, and not likely to be seen until the moth has been discovered in the
previous year, and a hard search instituted. Mr. L. T. Ford has a
single specimen of this moth, taken many years ago near Bexley. I do
not think he ever found another, but in all probability in such a built-

HONEST DOUBT 31

up area, the moth was a last survivor. The insect taken by Coverdale in
Surrey in 1881, referred to as hieracit Zell. by Tutt in The Pterophorina
of Britain, p. 69, is in my possession; it is a dark pilosellae. At Tutt’s
sale, it was purchased by Nevinson, and at Nevinson’s, with many other
insects, by B. S. Harwood, from whom I obtained it in exchange for a
series of fresh Kentish pilosellae. Hieracii Stt. is pilosellae, and I do
not think hieraciw Zell. has ever occurred here.

My other insect, Laspeyresia caecana Schlag. has, I amagine, been
overlooked, unless taken and not recorded. From 1922 onwards, I took
it in many coastal dips in the chalk between Margate and Folkestone.
It is rather an obscure insect which may be disturbed in the afternoon,
and buzzes round the plants of sainfoin, which it affects, in the early
evening. Its localities are grassy hollows where scattered clumps of
sainfoin occur, and it is on the wing for about three weeks from the
last week in June. Barrett (XI, 221) says that Coverdale bred it from
a larva feeding in stems of sainfoin. I never succeeded in finding it
thus, and think this must have been an exceptional case, and that it
usually feeds elsewhere in the plant. Perhaps it may be discovered
by one of our more energetic and younger collectors.

Honest Doubt
By H. C. Hueeins, F.R.E.S.

I was greatly interested in the paper ‘‘Some Observations on the
Crimson Ringed Butterfly (Parnassius apollo L.) in Britain’’? by Messrs
Morley and Chalmers-Hunt (Ent. Record, 71: 273).

There seems to me, from the details given, a strong possibility that
the specimen taken by Mr. P. L. Scott at Folkestone Warren on 3rd
August 1955, was a genuine immigrant. An additional argument in its
favour is that in late July and early August 1955, there was a large
influx on the east coast from Dungeness to Bradwell-on-Sea of Hurois
occulta L., accompanied by a fair number of Plusia interrogationis L.
All the specimens of interrogationis that I saw had a curious leaden
ground-colour, quite different from that of any northern British or
Irish ones that have come under my notice, whilst the occulta, of
which I saw many and reared a large brood, were characterised by a
brilliant pink flush on the disk of the forewings.

The late Dr. Cockayne informed me that these forms were of a
Continental race from the western slopes of the Alps, and it seems
possible that the apollo may have formed a member of this migration.
Last year (1959), a similar migration on a much smaller scale, seems to
have taken place. I have not yet made many enquiries, but Mr. D.
Down took a leaden interrogationis here in Westcliff, and a few occulta
occurred in Essex. Occulta has been known to appear on the east
coast from time to time, but interrogationis was unknown until 1955;
however, all the interrogationis were taken at m.v., and as, unlike
occulta, it does not come to sugar freely, it may often have been here
before without having been noted.

The other apollo records do not impress me, as the authors say they
are mostly hearsay, but I will comment on two of them that seem better
founded. No. 15: My late friend, A. F. Common several times showed
me this insect; it was a small one that appeared to be a bred specimen.

32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/11/1960

In the same cabinet was a small obviously bred Papilio podalirwus L.
and a Utetheisa pulchella L. Apropos the last insect, I was asked after
Common’s death, if I knew what had happened to it, and on my reply
that I neither knew nor cared, as it was obviously Continental, my
enquirer said he had always understood that Common had caught it at
Thorpe Bay. So do records arise!

No. 9: Wollaston saw the specimen said to have been taken on
the cliffs at Dover. In the account given in ‘‘Newman’’, the captor
stated that it settled near him and he put his hat over it. He then
took it home (presumably he was carrying a sheet of cardboard to slide
under the hat) and released it in his lodgings. These picturesque stories,
like the man who laughed at Moody and Sankey and was struck by
lightning, were beloved of our ancestors; to me such details would dis-
credit the multiplication table. The last line of Wollaston’s letter
conveyed a sinister suggestion that the captor was about to dispose of
his treasure for gold.

No. 10: I love the anecdote of the man who saw an apollo at Han-
well; perhaps he later saw a podalirius at Colney Hatch.

I have in the past been brought in contact with a good many of these
rum records, and an account of some I followed up may amuse if not
edify readers .

Daphnis nervi L. In 1929 my wife and I were staying at the Wheat-
sheaf, Yarmouth, I.-o.-W., when a local resident told us that a month
before he had found a very large bright green hawk moth in his green-
house. I expressed great interest, and the next evening he came with
a box in which was a forewing, all that remained of it. It was of a
typical grey Laothoe populi L., not even of the sage green form. In
1948, Mr. J. T. Friedlein of North Fambridge wrote to me that some
people he knew had a nerii found on an ant-hill at Little Baddow, Essex,
and that he would get me full particulars to record. When he called
again, however, a son was at home who told him that his parents had
mixed up the insects and that he had taken the moth in Iraq when on
military service.

Four years ago, my late friend Kdelsten wrote to me that he had had
a telephone call at the Museum from a professional man, a Bachelor of
Science, living at Thorpe Bay, that he had got a neriw alive at his
house; he had identified it from South’s figure. I went over at once to
see it, and found a green male Mimas tiliae L., and not a large one at
that.

Lycaena dispar Haw. In 1906 I was collecting near Lowestoft when
I met a young fellow of about 18, named Alec Whiting-Baker. He
showed me several good local marshes in one of which I took my first
two specimens of Platyptilia isodactyla Zell., and much surprised me by
telling me that a local schoolmaster, Mr. Singleton Smith, had taken a
large copper near this place. I called on Mr. Smith, who kindly showed
me his insects. He told me that he had taken Nymphalis antiopa L.
at the place mentioned. He also showed me two beautiful dispar, but
they had been given him by W. C. Hewitson when he was a small boy
(he was between 60 and 70 when I met him), and my informant had
muddled the two species.

In 1926 when I was at Faversham, a local farmer showed me a case
of insects taken in the district by his late uncle. He pointed out with
pride a large copper; it was a rather small typical L. rutilus.

HONEST DOUBT 333}

I now come to a couple of cases of accidental substitution, both by
good naturalists. In the early thirties, my wife and I used to stay with
the late Samuel Tuke at Colwell, Devon; he was a delightful host, and
many good insects, including Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe were
common in his grounds. He had quite a good collection, and one of his
most treasured insects was a marvellous aberration of Pararge megera
L., which he had taken near Hitchen as a boy, some sixty years before.
T had never the heart to tell him it was a typical P. maera. He used to
go abroad almost every year in his youth, and had given up collecting
for many years, and taken it up again late in life; doubtless, his megera
aberration had been destroyed, and he had thought the maera to be it
after the lapse of time.

In 1936 the late T. M. F. Tamblyn-Watts, F.R.S.A., a local botanist
of some repute, who had published a couple of books on the subject,
told me he had a Camberwell Beauty for me, which he had taken some
years before in the Lake District. I called, and he gave it to me (it is
still in one of my duplicate boxes). It is the well-known Canadian race,
in which the light border is thickly obscured by brown scales. Tamblyn-
Watts had lived several years in Canada.

It may also be of interest to note that a good many collectors in
the past used to label their bred insects from their home town and not
from the place of origin of the eggs. At Debenham’s sale on 29th
October 1959, Lot 56 consisted of ‘‘5 luctuata, bred Hedges, I. of Man’’.
Mr. Goodson called out, when the lot came up, that the origin was Ham
Street. Hedges seldom labelled his insects at all, and no doubt forgot
to tell the recipient their origin.

Finally, faked records can occur, especially in the young, from
nothing but vanity. In August 1935, a Mr. Sweeting, a visitor,
exhibited alive at a meeting of the South Essex Natural History Society
a lovely female Pontia daplidice L. which he had taken that morning
at Shopland, near Southend. Two months later, a youth who was a
member, showed two set specimens which he said he had taken at Shop-
land the following day. My friend, Dr. G. H. T. Stovin, and I thought
they both looked a bit old annd dry, but left it at that. The following
June he exhibited a live Celerio ewphorbiae L., said to have been found
on the shore at Shoebury. In early August Dr. Stovin caught two
Colias crocea Fourc. ab. helice at Thorpe Bay and gave me some eggs
from which I reared some of the extreme ab. pallida Tutt. I exhibited
these and at our next meeting our young friend brought along two
more, set, he had caught at Thorpe Bay. Unfortunately, he had gone
astray this time, and they were females of the Continental C. phicomene
Esp. He was then asked some searching questions, and owned up that the
daplidice and ‘‘helice’? came from Watkins & Doncaster, and the
ewphorbiae had been given him at the zoo, where a lot were being reared
for exhibition alive.

These are just a few sampled which may explain my somewhat
sceptical outlook.

Some rural Kammerer here did raise his head,
Whose records have bewildered young and old,
Some rustic Button foreign insects bred
Which to the village naturalist he sold.

34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/11/1960

Pammene aurantiana Staud.: Discovery of Larvae
By S. WAKELY

Following the notes by Mr. Chalmers-Hunt on the discovery of this
species at Mickleham (Ent. Rec., 71, 222) and the further note of finding
larvae similar in appearance to Pammene regiana Zell. feeding in the
seeds of common sycamore (Ent. Rec., 71, 246), it is pleasing to be able
to report that single specimens of both regiana and aurantiana have
already emerged from the larvae taken. Of course, the normal time
of emergence is in May or June, but when one is breeding numbers of a
particular species indoors, these occasional early emergences are not
at all unusual.

The specimen of regiana emerged on the 6th October, and our chances
of having any larvae of aurantiana seemed to recede. However, on
the 19th December a fine specimen of aurantiana was found resting on
the piece of wood in which it had pupated, with the extruded pupa case
nearby.

Dozens of the larvae which I had were examined under a lens and I
could detect little difference in any of them, although the skin of some
appeared to be slightly more wrinkled than others.

My method of dealing with the larvae was as follows. I had some
soft wood taken from a dead poplar—the kind referred to years ago as
tinder or touch wood. Using a 3/32 inch drill, I bored numbers of
holes in this about half an inch in depth. An electric drill is a great
help for this operation as this wood is so very soft. I used pieces about
three inches long and an inch square which were riddled with these holes
about a quarter of an inch distant from each other.

The sycamore seeds were packed into the transparent plastic con-
tainers sold in large stores as lunch packs. Different size packs were
used, the most convenient size for this purpose being 6 in. by 4 in. by
21 in., although a smaller size—5 in. by 3 in. by 3 in.—was also used.
Folded tissue paper was placed in the containers first and the seeds
placed on top with another piece of folded tissue on top. This tissue
paper (sold commercially as handkerchiefs) is indispensable for this
purpose.

Every evening the containers were examined for larvae which had
left the seeds, the paper being renewed every three or four days. Any
larvae found, which varied in numbers from one to twelve a night, were
transferred to containers similar to those used for the seeds but which
contained the wood previously mentioned. I found it most convenient
to handle each larva separately and insert its head into a vacant hole,
when it invariably disappeared rapidly and within a short time had
sealed the opening with webbing and minute particles of wood.

Some of the larvae spun up in the paper and constructed cocoons
which were strengthened by a red fluid which was ejected by the larva
and which quickly hardened. This red fluid could be seen under the
skin along the back of the larva when full fed, and the habit is common
among many species of both macro and micro lepidoptera. The cocoon
of the puss moth is an example, although the fluid used in this case is
not so dark in colour.

Several friends collected sycamore seeds from the Mickleham locality,
including Messrs. L. T. Ford and R. Mere, and of course Mr. Chalmers-

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 35

Hunt and myself. It is most unlikely that my specimen was the only
aurantiana present and it will be most interesting to find out later
the proportions that emerge of these two species of Pammene.

Cocoons of regiana can be found readily during the winter months
under the flakes of bark which are one of the features of sycamore tree
trunks. However, this can be disappointing, as the majority are old
and also it is important not to break the cocoons, which contain immobile
larvae until pupation takes place, probably in April. There is little
doubt but that aurantiana pupates in exactly the same manner.

The sycamore seeds containing the larvae were collected on the 5th
and 12th September. I also collected seeds at Boxhill on 10th October
which contained larvae—probably regiana in this case. I also collected
some sycamore seeds at Dulwich, and the larvae from these appeared
to be identical with the Mickleham ones.

I wrote down a description of the larva as follows: Larva whitish.
Spots fuscous; one above and one below each spiracle. Four more
dorsally on each segment, the anterior pair being slightly closer together
than the posterior pair. On last but one segment the four dorsal spots
amalgamated into a single larger irregular mark. Dark mark at anus.

The arrangement of the spots appears to be similar in other species in
this and allied genera. Pammene juliana Curt. and Laspeyresia
splendana Hb. were two species I compared them with and was surprised
to find the spots arranged in the same formation.

We were most fortunate in obtaining this hitherto undiscovered larva
at the first attempt. All there was to go on was the fact that the
continental authors state that the moth occurs ‘“‘among Acer’’ (sycamore
and maple) and the larvae could have been either seed, leaf or under-
bark feeders—even if actually on these trees. None of the British
captures of the moth were near sycamores—until the Mickleham records
—which raised doubts as to whether this was actually the foodplant.

26 Finsen Road, London, S.E.5.

Notes and Observations

A Sreconp Broop Imaco or Apatura rR1s L.—Further to my entry in
the December issue (Hnt. Rec., 71: 296) I wish to report that the second
larva, then reported as feeding up, completed all stages: pupated 14th
November, and a Qimago emerged on 30th November, span 68mm.

Owing to the risk of obtaining fresh sallow in late Autumn I switched
to common poplar—the larva preferred this and moved straight away
on to it and commenced feeding. I then stored ample supplies of young
poplar twigs inside polythene bags, the leaves kept fresh for several
weeks, but withered within one day in room atmosphere.

I then placed portions of same inside a glass bell jar on top of my
heating stove. This maintained an inside temperature of circa 70° F.
—the poplar remained fresh and the larva fed well and pupated one
evening. The outside temperature at this time was about 45/50° F. with
frost at night. I hope this information may assist other readers should
they be presented with a similar problem. This second larva, unlike
the first, must be considered as partly forced—M. H. Epmonps,
“Gaveston,’’ 938 Warwick Road, Solihull, Warwickshire. 20.1.60.

36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/11/1960

On Tue Hisernation or ScoLIoPTERYX LIBATRIX L.—In the December
number of the Record, Brigadier H. E. Warry and the editor made
mention of the hibernation of Sc. libatrix. To this discussion I can
add an experience I had years ago, when I, in the middle of the winter,
came across a chambered barrow, which was open to visitors. I took
a fancy to have a look at the interior of the sepulchral chamber, which
was about 3 yards broad and 8 yards long with a ceiling made by 4 large
top-stones.

When I. examined the structure of the chamber I noticed that the
top-stones were densely covered by hibernating specimens of Sc. libatriz,
which, especially along the rounded edges of the top-stones, sat so
closely that they touched each other.

Unfortunately, my only illuninant was a box of matches, so I was
not able to count the moths, but there were at least several hundreds
present. They sat only on the top-stones and, as far as I could make
out, no other species was present neither on the top-stones nor on the
walls of the chamber.

Scohopteryx libatrix lL. is well known on the continent as a cave-
hibernator and though it, to judge from Brigadier H. E. Warry’s note,
must be a more common species in Denmark than in England, it was
indeed a very extraordinary experience to find so many hibernating in
one place.

One can not help wondering how so many specimens of a single species
have been able to discover this ‘‘cave’’ as it was placed in quite open
farmland on a very extensive turnip field, where no Sc. libatrix had
anything to do and further the entrance to the barrow was extremely
narrow and closed by a tiny door with but 4 rather small apertures for
ventilation.—A. G. Carotsretp-Kraust&, Slotsherrens Have 97,

Kobenhavn-Vanlese.

ScoLIOPTERYX LIBATRIX L. IN HIBERNATION.—Brigadier H. BE. Warry
and the Editor mention numbers of Scoliopteryx libatrix L. seen in
hibernation (Hnt. Rec., 71, 278 (1959)). On this subject, some notes
from my diary may be of interest.

Along the Pilgrims’ Way, near Abinger, Surrey, are a number of
concrete pill-boxes and, on 6th October 1955, in two of these were noted
“numbers of Nymphalis io, Aglais urticae and a few Scoliopteryz libatriz
hibernating on the roof and high up the walls.’’

Revisiting the locality on 11th October, the following were recorded
in hibernation : —

Box No. 77. 8 10, 1 urticae, 6 lbatria.
Box No. 79. 6 i0, 2 urticae, 64 lhbatriz.
Box No. 80. 2 10, 0 urticae, 5 ltbatria.

Box No. 79 was the darkest, and many libatrix were hanging on one
on top of the other, in clusters, from the ceiling.—A. J. SHowiEr, 19
Harvel Crescent, Abbey Wood, S.E.2.

MELANISM IN THE SCALLOPED HazEL, GONODONTIS BIDENTATA, CLERCK.—
As a melanic strain of The Scalloped Hazel exists in the Dulwich area,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 37

where the moth is common, it was decided in spring 1958 and 1959
to make a count of normal specimens against melanics by searching
hedges after dark. A similar count was made of specimens attracted to
light, with the intention of comparing the two findings. If the incidence
of melanics at light proved much higher, it was thought reasonable
to assume that some melanics had escaped notice on hedgerows through
some advantage of colour, as it had been shown in the case of B. betularia
at Oxford (Kettlewell in lit.) that melanics were not more susceptible
to attraction by light.

Experience of G. bidentata is summarised below : —

Various
Hedges types of light
Normal Melanic Normal Melanic
1946, Onehouse, Suffolk 2 0 0 0
1957, Dulwich Village 0 0 1 0
1958, Dulwich 32 2 4 0
1958, Stowmarket, Suffolk 0 0 3 0
1959, Dulwich al 1 26 8
1959, Dulwich Woods 1 0 0 0

Only two samples are large enough to consider, those for Dulwich
1958 and 1959, but insufficient examples came to light in 1958. In 1959,
however, the ratio of melanic to normal on Dulwich hedges was
1:71 as against approximately 1:3 at light. This difference is significant
and would seem to prove the advantage of blackness to melanics. Unfor-
tunately, however, such a small sample of only two populations only
300 yards apart, those of the hedges and of the house light, may in-
validate any conclusion. The figures may only mean that a melanic
strain was strong near the house but sparse in the hedges 300 yards
away. On the other hand the imagines obviously mix and spread in
flight over a large area. Nevertheless, no small count should be taken
to represent any tendency of the local or national population.

If, however, it be granted that there is some small cryptic advantage
to melanics, then inspection of the habitat suggests that the critical
backgrounds are more likely to be darkly-creosoted fences than any
surfaces affected by intense industrial pollution. It would be interest-
ing to know whether melanism in any particular area coincided in
time of origin with the habit of substituting creosoted fences for garden-
walls.

It may be noticed that neither Suffolk sample produced a melanic,
but Mr. E. W. Platen possessed a black specimen (now in the collection
of Mr. Chipperfield) that possibly came from Suffolk. The Dulwich
form, although it sometimes exhibited intermediate melanism with
mahogany bordered by black, often approached South’s illustration of
ab. nigra Prout, which has long been found in the mosses of Lancashire,
and in Yorkshire. In Dulwich both male and female melanics were
noted but on no occasion was either partner of a copulating pair a
melanic. The female of such pairs was always uppermost, still in the
position assumed after emergence.—ALASDAIR Aston, F.R.E.S., 1 Ays-
garth Road, Dulwich Village, S.E.21.

38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/11/1960

Current Literature

Tue Opomyzrpar (Dript.) or EAsTeRN Fennoscanpia. By W. Hackman
1958. Notulae Entomologicae 38: 114-126.

The Opomyzidae were monographed by L. Czerny in 1928 in Lidner’s
Die Fliegen der palearktischen Region 54c and figures were included
of the terminalia of Geomyza germinationis L. and G. combinata L.
and the wings of several species. In 1945, Mr. J. H. Collin’s ‘The
British Species of Opomyzidae’’, Hnt. Record, 57: 13-16, included a
key to the species known in this country, but no illustrations. Dr.
Hackman’s paper is in English and deals with the species of Finland
and adjacent parts of the U.S.S.R. Several of these Opomyzids occur
also in this country, and the habitat references, and particularly the
ficures of the genitalia of 7 species are of great interest to British
dipterists, who for many years have benefited from the researches
of a high standard of the Scandinavian dipterists. One new species
is described and illustrated by Dr. Hackman, Geomyza breviforceps,
who suspects that the females taken by Mr. Collin in Chippenham and
Burwell Fens, in March and August and introduced to the British
List as G. majuscula Lw., may, in fact, be breviforceps, a species
described from specimens found in the wet meadows in [inland and
Western Siberia.

ESP:

Frora og Fauna, 65: part 4 (1959) carries an important article by
Niels L. Wolff entitled ‘“‘Noteworthy and new Danish Pyralids’’ in
which the myellus L. group of the Crambidae is first of all discussed,
with half-tone illustrations of the male and female genitalia of C.
permutatellus H.S. and C. osthelderi de Latt. The second part deals
with the portmanteau genus Myelois and the third records Pyrausta
palustralis Hiibn. which has been taken at m.v. light in the island of
Zealand. Part IV mentions Crambus myellus L., Pempelia subornatella
Dup. and Acrobasis sodalella Zell. as species erroneously included in the
Danish list. Part V deals with species added to the Danish list since
1942, with a half-tone plate and line drawings of both male and female
genitalia and a half-tone plate illustrating ten species of Pyralid moths.
A very interesting figure gives half-tone microphotographs of the male
genitalia of Mephopteryx rheniella Zinck. and N. hostilis Steph., two —
species thought by some to be one, side by side for comparison. Finally,
in part VI, some species which the author thinks ought to be found in
Denmark are listed. A note on Acrocephalus palustris Hiibn. in Born-
holm by Rene Melchior-Hansen follows, and Pararge petropolitana F.
is recorded from Denmark by Klaus Polsen.—S. N. A. J.

ALEXANOR 1: Part 4, 1959, carries an article by Y. de Lajonquiere
on relaxing and setting dried lepidoptera, H. Marion continues his
revision of the French Pyraustidae with text figures of anatomical
details, and Jean Bourgogne continues his account of books on
lepidoptera usually available in libraries.

Raymond Gaillard writes on the skippers and butterflies of the
department of Gard, G. Varin writes on collecting in Morocco, and P.

CURRENT LITERATURE 39

Dardenne writes on collecting at home with a lamp. Finally J.
Bourgogne records Heteropterus morpheus Pall, from Finisterre.—
S. N. A. J.

HANDBOOK FOR THE IDENTIFICATION oF BritisH INsEcTS, Vou. 1, Prs. 12
anp 13, 40 pp. Mecoprera, Mecatoprera, NeuropTera. By F. C.
Fraser. Roy. Ent. Soo., Lonpon. 10s.

This excellent handbook on the vein winged insects is alive with in-
terest for the non-specialist and specialist alike. A large amount of
interesting information on the biology and habits of these insects is
given. The notes on distribution and habitats of each species are very
adequate. The keys are clear and practical. A full glossary of terms
used is given at the end. The illustrations, all finely executed by the
author, are as clear and lively as the text. We are grateful to Lt. Col.
Fraser for a handbook that will be of great interest and enjoyment to
every field collector and biologically-minded entomologist.—C. A. C.

BEETLES OF THE BritisH Istes. By E. F. Linssen. 2 VOLS., EACH ABOUT
300 pp.; 19 PLATES IN COLOUR, 20 PLAIN; NUMEROUS TEXT FIGURES,
ETc. WARNE. 1959. WAYSIDE AND WoopLAND SERIES. 60s.

These two handsome volumes fully uphold the high standard of pro-
duction expected of this justly popular series. After introductory
chapters on Structure, Metamorphosis, Distribution, Social Behaviour,
and Nomenclature and Classification, which on the whole fulfil their
purpose admirably, our beetle fauna is passed in rapid review with a
conspectus of all taxonomic groups down to generic level and short
descriptions or notices of a great many species*, which in conjunction
with the illustrations will ensure correct determination in the majority
of cases. The quality of the plates is in general good, though uneven
in the coloured ones (based on those of Fowler’s great work), some
being very much more successful than others in capturing the likeness
of the actual insects. The uncoloured plates and figures are almost
uniformly good and accurate, and an excellent feature is the large num-
ber of beautifully executed drawings of larvae and often pupae (many
after Schiddte). Mr. A. F. Stuart is to be congratulated on the part
he has played in illustrating the book so well. Much attention is given
to classification; a novel feature is a ‘concordance’ in which are set
forth the various schemes most used in our past literature for divid-
ing up the vast suborder Polyphaga, so as to show their inter-relations.
The author has further been at commendable pains to connect the
Fowlerian names with their modern equivalents where they differ, which
should prove useful to those possessing or able to consult the earlier
works. This is a real service which modern books and catalogues too
often fail to provide. The classification adopted is largely that of Kloet
& Hincks’ Check List, but some concessions are made to the radical

*The publishers’ claim that the work ‘gives a full description of all the
common species found in this country, as well as most of the rare ones’ (italics
ours) is, we fear, a great deal too sweeping; no book of this size could do that.
If, however, a more concise and economical style had been adopted, room would
have been made for brief diagnoses of many more common species.

40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/11/1960

rearrangement proposed by Crowson (1950), in that, for example, the
Strepsiptera (Stylopoidea) are once more treated as coleopterous. It is
a pity that, in citing species, authors’ names are given in the much
over-abbreviated forms used by Hudson Beare (1930), but, as a key
to the full names is included, this is only a minor fault. An ample
bibliography (inevitably a somewhat arbitrary selection), glossary, and
index complete each volume.

We should have liked to close in this favourable vein. Unhappily,
however, we cannot in honesty gloss over the fact that the text is
marred by a very great number of errors and inaccuracies. These, with
the fact that Mr. Linssen seems to have left out of account all species
added since the 1945 Check List—a considerable tally, some specially
notable for the way in which they have spread since first detected here—
and moreover depends for notices of distribution, incidence, and
habitats almost wholly upon the work of Fowler—monumental, it is
true, but now 60 years and more out of date—cannot but weigh heavily
against the book’s gcientific value. What is obviously lacking is
present-day field knowledge of our beetles—a deficiency that might, we
feel, have been made good to some extent by consulting beforehand any
coleopterist with considerable and recent experience of collecting in this
country. It is in such details, important for a work of this scope, that
its main weakness lies. There is not the space here to launch into a
full-scale critique, but it is hoped to list elsewhere all the more serious
mistakes and obsolete data with a view to their being corrected in any
future edition. If an instance be needed, suffice it to point out a double
error: on Plate 13, not only are the figures of Helophorus aquaticus
and H. rufipes numbered the wrong way round (so also the letterpress
references), but the latter of them, in fact, very clearly represents H.
porculus—a species not mentioned in the text.

To sum up, we should not wish it to be thought that the grave
shortcomings of this book outweigh its merits. The latter are real and
will, it is to be hoped, ensure for it a wide sale; for in any case—while,
of course, no substitute for the almost unobtainable ‘Fowler’ or ‘Joy’—
it is more than an elementary popular introduction and is not merely
the best but indeed the only thing of its kind now generally available
to the beginner or interested layman. It should act as a stimulus, take
him a considerable way in his chosen study, and guide him on the path
of further inquiry.—A. A. A.

CorREcCTION.—In my review of the Proceedings and Transactions of
the South London Entomological and Natural History Society (antea,
p. 23), I regret to say that I have ascribed the paper on British
Anobiidae to Mr. F. D. Buck. The retiring president was, of course,
Dr. Norman KE. Hickin, and he is the author of this paper. I offer my
sincere apologies to Dr. Hickin for this lapse.—S. N. A. J.

Pages 41-48 have been removed and
will be found as pages 1-8 of
J.M Chalmers-Bunt's "Butterflies
end moths of Kent: a critical
account, volume 1: Rhopalocera"
which is separately bound.

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Ly omen fi w Hits coisa ebb ui ps een, epee Paper etnte of
5 eae wanes, nSecaltis, ete ets toe ry poe ey ner
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apionioneg lity aks ne pests

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fie are ae ae Tinka lity, oka ae | ag
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Wyte: Wei iesier. oe datarenthins Lycrne te ae se
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i ne ‘aoa ih mr Gs eee

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Oa a nin vilteiasti ihe
sh atid ‘ao basins te ce

J. J. HILL & SON
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THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

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= edited by
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Every volume may be had separately.

A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80

MALE OR FEMALE ASSISTANT REQUIRED

{with special reference to Curator Duties with Entomological
Material and its use for Teaching purposes).

ApplicANts should have experience of insect preservation
ethods, and preferably G.C.E. ‘A’ level passes with two Science
bjects. Opportunity for further qualification. Salary for
appropriate qualification and experience, about £500 to £600
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i. Apply—
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HOTEL ACCOMMODATION
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Transport arranged to the famous Burma Road, etc.

Write for Brochure. Telephone Aviemore 236 —

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD |
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION |
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine:

Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Wit11aMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera:
D. K. McK. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Se., F.R.H.S.; Coleoptera: A. A.
AuttEN, B.Se.; Diptera: L. Pasaeree F.R.E. S., E. C. M. d’ Assis
Fonseca, F. R. E.S. .

CONTENTS
SOME NOTES ON THE EGG LAYING AND CERTAIN OTHER HABITS OF |
APATURA DRUS LINNAEUS. T.°R. P-cHESLOP) 2). 0 = se
NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. .. .. 30.
HONEST DOUBT, “Hi. Ci. HUGGINS: FURES. Oo ee eee

PAMMENE AURANTIANA STAUD.: DISCOVERY OF LARVAE. S. WAKELY 34)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS i | ale
CURRENT LITERATURE BO gale aie ved: AD a ae ar

SUPPLEMENT No. 1—-THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KENT: A
CRITICAL ACCOUNT. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT 0 0. 0. 0, ue

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The March of Progress
Or 39 Years’ Experience of a Lepidopterist on
the Northern Side of the New Forest
By ©. M. R. Pirman

Many drastic environmental changes have occurred within the
precincts of the New Forest, events which have had serious repercus-
sions on the ecology which existed in the palmy days when my collect-
ing adventures and experiences began in the spring of 1920.

It was a lovely week-end when, my enthusiasm whetted by stories
of the pioneers concerning the rich abundance of lepidoptera to be
found there, I needed no further encouragement to travel further than
was my wont, and to explore the expansive territories of the Forest,
and set out on my bicycle heavily laden with collecting gear. Soon,
flushed with the hard ride and full of anticipation of the chase, I was .
following close on the trails carved in the Forest by those eminent
collectors of the past (a habit which is monotonously repeated down
to this very day) whose unbounded energy and skill had bestowed on
the Forest its reputation as, par excellence, the entomologists’ Mecca.

It must be remembered that for me, in those early days, long dis-
tance expeditions were few and far between, when my only means of
transport consisted of a very ordinary bicycle, which still remains in
my possession, although somewhat the worse for wear, and my time
was not always free. The bicycle has long since been pensioned off,
but it still bears the deep stamp of the travelling entomologist; the
handlebars have ceased to shine, but they still bear peculiar-looking
improvised brackets at convenient places for the purpose of carrying
even more entomological gear. Admittedly, some of the gadgets were
never used or even called upon for action, but one never knows; when
the heart is young and enthusiasm is at its peak, all possible emer-
gencies must be catered for. I shall never forget the hours spent
during off-season evenings when spring is approaching, how meti-
culously I overhauled all my collecting apparatus and odd bits of
paraphernalia, boxes, nets, bags, tubes, killing jars, relaxing tin, chip
boxes, and spare items down to a needle and cotton. Of course, a lot
of this gear was never used, but it is surprising how many times I
have been caught empty handed at a crucial moment; no box of the
right size, net will not go on to the ferrule, and a wonderful variety
(or was it?) has just flown by to be seen no more, but one is so cer-
tain that it really was something good, and for the rest of the day
one has a fleeting vision, which recurs on subsequent occasions when
one visits the spot. A very important feature of that decrepit bicycle,
still firmly fixed in the correct place, is an old, and at one time indis-
pensable acetylene lamp which has done so much overtime in the past;
work of inestimable value even though on lamentable occasions it has
caused no small provocation either by catching fire or going dry at the
vital moment, just when it appeared that things were at last begin-
ning to fly. Of course, this always happens, time and again, after
a very quiet evening devoid of excitement one has decided to pack up,
when something desirable comes along, and one waits a little longer,
but nothing else comes, and one starts to pack up again. The per-

én ry HSONIAN amet 4 & ~~.

v0 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/111 / 1960

formauce is repeated until one decides that it is definitely time for
home, and lo and behold! it is 3.30 a.m., and what has one got? Well,
never mind. Dear me, we entomologists just cannot tear ourselves
away just like that; it is the glorious uncertainty of the chase that
makes our collecting so very exciting and makes us loth to leave; we
have all experienced those moments, and how much it is against our
inclination to pack up and go home.

Now we must really get back to the Forest, where lovely llac forms
of areola, biundularia and fagellu are there in most variable forms trom
black to almost white, sitting around awaiting your approval on tree
trunks and odd pieces of tencing scattered along the forest highways,
while, on the heaths, pavonia will be careering in frantic haste in all
directions.

There used to be a forest gate at the boundary, which was closed
at sunset and opened at sunrise. On one of the main supporting posts
was placed an oil lamp, lighted at sunset to warn travellers that the
forest road was closed, maybe to keep the ponies and cattle from stray-
ing, or maybe its purpose was to maintain forest rights; in either
case, it could well be applied throughout the Forest to-day. I am told
that £5 per year was paid to the person who was employed to attend
to the lamp and open and shut the gate. From this lamp, many
interesting species were taken, some of which were rarely acquired by
any other means of collecting, and on returning from a nocturnal
expedition it was a joy to find fagz sitting there together with a female
M. rubi, and, on one memorable occasion, four quadra were sitting
around the lamp, more than it has been my pleasure to see before or
since at any one time.

Alas, the gate has disappeared, but a gnarled post remains as testi-
mony to more carefree days, and as a legacy of the war when a vast
area within the boundary was needed as a bombing range and for
other war-time activities, there came miles of field communications,
huts for the personnel, huge areas of concrete slabbing and roadmak-
ing across the heath and through the enclosures, trenches dug that
were never again filled in, and many other works of forest destruc-
tion, all contributing to the detriment of the insect fauna of a very
valuable collecting area of heathland. This heathland was the habitat
of ericetaria, belgiaria, hippocastanaria, aenea, dipsacea-cum-maritima,
myrtili, pavonia, aegon, and a most wonderful form of semele with
a lovely reddish underside.

In another part of the Forest not so far distant can be seen hun-
dreds of acres long since commandeered as an airfield complete with
miles and miles of macadam and concrete runways, hangars and hut-
ments, now an abomination of desolation; the runways a playground
for learner car drivers, whilst others with more dexterity race madly
round the dishevelled hutments and derelict hangars. Shortly after
this unwelcome occupation, an enemy bomber came whining and
screaming from the darkened skies to its destruction, tearing a furrow
through the heather about twenty feet wide before exploding with a
savage roar that echoed throughout the entire Forest, thereafter burst-
ing into flame, ruthlessly destroying a very large area. The flames
licked their way unchecked through an area which ironically had just

THE MARCH OF PROGRESS ol
escaped the increasing demands of a country at war. Other catas-
trophies soon followed, and it was not long before two of our own
fighter planes crashed on an exercise over the Forest, and further
tragedies and fires occurred in scattered districts at scattered intervals
over the Forest environs. It was one of these fires which charred a
forest bank trom which heather and ling hung in utmost profusion,
erasing at one stroke the long-established home of agathina, neglecta,
anomala, obscurata, and many others, now, alas, virtually missing
from the area. It has left an area of barren strips of ridgelands
practically devoid of any vegetation, on which even the heather seems
reluctant to grow any more as the only reminder that this forest bank
ever existed. Shortly afterwards, in the nearby valleys, a fire of
unknown origin raged continuously with savage fury for many days,
licking and searing relentlessly through acres of undulating heather
and pines, leaving the charred stumps of these trees standing gaunt
as memorials to a vanished forest fauna. From these ruined pines
it was possible, when they were in their full glory, to hunt for the
lovely green form of prosapiaria, one of the few known localities for
this variety, whilst other interesting inhabitants included piniperda,
firmata, piniaria, variata, and the very local abietarza; to-day one
would have to search long and far in the Forest to obtain a series of
the barred red, let alone a green variety, and it would be difficult to
obtain a series of the satin carpet.

At the cessation of hostilities, the whole commandeered area became
a desolated dump, with miles of tangled link wire and communication
wires in masses everywhere, through which the heather gallantly fought
to gain a new existence, paintully assisting nature to heal the ugly
man-made scars, and slowly but surely smothering the large craters
that blotted the beauty of the Forest. These conditions even worsened
when the demolition parties arrived, for after desultory attempts at
dismantling the huts, concrete buildings, sheds, etc., sheets of gal-
vanized iron, blocks of concrete, pipes of all dimensions, and other
impedimenta were scattered everywhere, and it became a scene of
chaotic desolation, and was left as such, as though one of the fiery
bombs that were at one time secretly guarded in the depths of the
Forest had reared its ugly head and spewed contemptuously on the
puny efforts of a so-called civilization. Matters did not improve in
the least when the relics became the homes of undesirable squatters
who within a very short time became veritable forest pests and every
living creature that survived the hostilities had a more cunning pro-
blem to deal with. Progress continues; right across the forest there
is a tormented area that is now decorated with menacing pylons and
overhead cables, the erection of which necessitated the removal of the
few existing but somewhat scattered pines, striking another blow to
entomology in the Forest, for, with the removal of the pines went the
last of the struggling remainder of cinctaria, always a scarce insect
in the district for, although its habitat was amongst the heather, it
loved to rest upon the isolated pine trunks, so much so that it almost
seemed that this habit was a necessity for its survival there. Who
can imagine anyone but an entomologist thinking of that possibility?

52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/111 / L960

Yes, indeed, there have been numerous happenings, mostly of a
detrimental and iniquitous nature, inflicted on the Forest since my
first expedition, which now seems so long ago; events that have been
a very long way from being the least bit helpful to its flora or fauna,
for it would be extremely difficult to think if any single happening
which could be said to have assisted anyone in the study of the ento-
mology of the Forest.

For the actual collector, perhaps improved road conditions and
travel facilities would appear to be very much in his favour, but these
have brought great disadvantages, as we shall see later. In the past,
many very enjoyable and profitable hours of keen collecting have been
spent in the New Forest by a motley but most friendly company;
nowadays it would seem that collecting in itself has lost some, if not
all, of its appeal to the younger generation; somehow the spice seems
to have gone out of collecting, more especially with regard to field work.
No, this is not due to my lethargy or to any form of senility, but actual
observations accrued during many years of regular visits to the Forest
at all seasons. Jt seems that many moons have passed since my last
meeting with another collector laboriously beating for larvae either in
spring or autumn, and equally as long since a brother entomologist
was seen methodically trunk hunting. As for pupa digging, a practice
which has contributed so many interesting specimens to my cabinets,
it most certainly would seem to have lost much favour in recent years.
Maybe, to the present generation of young collectors, it could be a
little too uncertain or laborious. Allowing for the fact that entomo-
logists are few and far between, we most definitely do not see so many
of this noble fraternity patronising this part of the forest to-day.

Sugar, always an intriguing and exciting adventure, which seems
to inspire the greatest uncertainty and anticipation, seems also to have
lost its fascination for the younger hunters, and its attraction for
the hunted. No longer does it seem necessary to erect warning notices
forbidding the application of treacle to the tree trunks in the Forest
rides without obtaining permission. The reason for these notices in
the past was that the increasing number of entomologists sugaring in
the rides left so many unsightly stains on the trunks to bear witness
to their activities that it was considered to spoil the beauty of the
Forest. Yet when glancing through my cabinets, I wonder how a
collection could be acquired without the assistance of sugar, and
memories are conjured up of hurried cycle rides to the Forest after
my daily chores in the city, hastily daubing sugar on fence posts around
a secluded paddock and, before the round was completed, finding the
first post literally swarming with moths jostling over each other in
greediness and mad frenzy to partake of the sweets prepared for them;
nigra, semibrunnea, socia, exsoleta, vetusta, ornithopus, helvola,
aprilina, ligula, wainscots of a second brood, lutulentula, nupta, the
varied forms otf satellitia and vaccinit, and on a couple of red letter
days, a couple of ruwbiginea, and a host of other species, not forgetting
a jaded pronuba still thrusting out its ever-seeking tongue to the
sweets. Ah, but what sweets they were, of course; Fowlers’ black
treacle to which were added most religiously throughout the season any
left-over sweets from the dining table, which were always thrown into

THE MARCH OF PROGRESS 53

the ‘“‘stink pot’? as my family was accustomed to call it. This cere-
mony was often performed before anyone had had the chance to refuse
a second helping on evenings propitious for bug-hunting. Regularly
throughout the year, or, rather, throughout the fruit season, all fruit
was gathered up and boiled and added to the mixture, and, finally,
just before sugaring operations commenced, this aromatic concoction
was laced with a liberal helping of home-made cider: no small wonder
the evening smelt so good on such nights.

The revolution in collecting at light has nowadays reached the most
fantastic proportions, and it is not really surprising that the more
laborious methods of collecting are losing favour, more especially with
those who have never practised these other methods. Since my initia-
tion into the society of bug-hunters, it has been my boast that all
forms of light attraction have been employed in the Forest in turn,
oil lamps, acetylene, petrol and paraffin vapour, electric, including
hand torches, car headlamps, and did somebody murmur mercury
vapour? Yes, the lot! and by experience all have advantages and dis-
advantages, but, of course, mercury vapour has superseded them all.
Oh, we must not forget the old fish-tail gas lamps from which very pro-
fitable collecting was done in the Salisbury area, where it caused a
sensation when musculosa was taken very often from them and it may
be a surprise to know that a couple of them taken by the late Harry
Haynes from these lamps was exchanged for a handsome 36 drawer
cabinet, a cabinet that was the envy of all his entomological friends.
There is no doubt it will be a long time before anything else will be
found to equal the powers of mercury vapour for attracting moths, but,
really, it has undoubtedly taken the romance and joy from collecting,
and more important, of course, it has relieved the entomologist of a
considerable amount of hard work, but is it really satisfying to le
in bed and then examine the accumulation of moths in the morning,
if there is time. Surely, it was the effort we expended on our excur-
sions that made our collections really worth while, and, above all,
we did most enthusiastically appreciate any good thing that chanced
to come along, and it is remarkable what rarities were acquired by
the old-fashioned methods. It is true there are many collectors to-day
who would fail to register any excitement should celerio appear at
their m.v. So utterly blasé have we become with the use of this all-
powerfully attractive medium it is indeed doubtful whether some of
them would even raise an eyebrow. There are many entomologists
working to-day who almost expect to find a new species for the British
list every time they go out with the lamp. No, there are neither the
thrills nor the excitement; somehow there is something missing, and
if you possess a mercury vapour lamp, you will certainly get whatever
you have set out to obtain plus a few thousand other specimens, good
and bad. It has often occurred to me to ask how one can find time
to set the multitude of insects taken even on one night, particularly
if one is working a new district where there will be so many species
one is on the look out for: what happens, for instance, on a tour
round a new part of the coast which will probably contain so many
of one’s desiderata. Surely these captures are not left in the relax-
ing jar, always a sore point with me, for so many specimens are never
set after a period in the tin awaiting one’s convenience. It really

54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL, 72. 15/1IT/1960

used to be difficult enough to find time to set one’s captures, meagre
as they were by comparison, before the advent of pressure lamps,
unless, of course, one had unlimited time for the purpose.

Returning to a more natural method of collecting, dusk has always
had its appeal, and offers some extremely good sport, frequently call-
ing for great dexterity with the net. Furthermore, there is a remark-
ably fine assortment of species to be obtained in this way during the
season many of which are overlooked or completely missed by other
means can be procured in the magic moments just before darkness sets
in, for there are many insects that appear on the wing for a short
spell during that brief hour after sunset.

Another very profitable and enjoyable (though at times laborious)
source of collecting in the Forest used to be beating the leathery foliage
of rhododendrons which seemed to be a favourite hiding place of the
smaller geometers, though there was one historic day in my collecting
career when a lovely and perfect livornica flopped out at my feet. In re-
cent years the clumps of rhododendrons have been getting fewer, some
have been destroyed in fires, while others have been cleared to assist with
the reafforestation. Indeed it has just come to my notice that the Forest
authorities are considering a poison to eradicate rhododendrons from
areas where they are likely to be damaging the interests of forestry, a
most revolting thought when we think of the blaze of colour imparted
by this typically forest plant, and striking a more personal note, the
times I have seen the bee hawks flitting from trumpet to trumpet, and
after dark have heard the whirring wings of other hawk moths visiting
the blossom so regularly.

It is indeed unfortunate that the increased activities of reafforesta-
tion have necessitated such drastic measures and it is very distressing
that these far reaching measures have had to be carried out in areas
where at long last they were showing signs of winning the battle against
fires. No doubt the prevailing conditions in such areas offered favourable
circumstances for the purpose of forestry, and lessened the task of the
monstrous bulldozers and cultivators that churned over the surfaces of
undulating forest before it was remodelled with row upon row of alien
conifers arranged with military precision.

There is no doubt that entomological sanctuaries are no longer to be
found in the Forest, or if they are, they are very few and far between,
and it is in fact almost impossible to find a secluded base within the
region. Everyone seems to possess a car, and at every opportunity they
pour into the Forest rides and glades, parking on and over the
verges, in and amongst the heather, regardless of the weather and in
some cases the time of day or night, for many a rowdy bottle party has
terminated, not always happily, in the Forest, where at the present
time there are more motor cars than ponies, cars that are arriving
laden with children who are scattered around deep in the heart of the
Forest to be rounded up later and driven back to the towns leaving a
trail of forest blossoms and heather behind them littering the highway.
It would not surprise me in the least to see parking notices with a
parking attendant standing alongside the notices that already exist
with grave warnings and penalties if one is found feeding the Forest
animals. Nearby are enormous litter bins, but they seem to be in the
wrong place for the tired individuals who dine in the Forest and then

THE MARCH OF PROGRESS 55

find it too fatiguing to walk the few yards necessary to enable them 10
deposit their paper, empty bottles and fruit tins in them, not forget-
ting the almost indestructable polythene wrappings. With all this we
have the slovenly smoking habits of adolescents, and the irresponsible
vagabonds who see no harm in casually lighting their camp fires. It is
no small wonder that the true Romanies who were repeatedly blamed for
unaccountable forest fires have packed up their chattles and hit the trail
to find peace and solitude elsewhere. These were people with whom one
might exchange a few pleasantries, often gaining interesting informa-
tion in the process, or even a caterpillar or some other acceptable
creature of the Forest, in fact it was from one of these swarthy
wanderers that I received my first intimation of the existence cf
pinastri in the Forest, and there was another who magically produced a
fine and perfect male iris that he had seen sitting around on his caravan.
These good people have gone, so many of the wrongful accusations may
now fall on the right shoulders.

With this continued invasion by unwelcome visitors to the Forest,
we have seen fire towers springing up at strategic points and whisps of
birch besoms put handy at convenient places as beaters to deal with
the ever increasing fire outbreaks. There have been several attempts
at draining certain boggy areas which, if not altogether successful
for the purpose for which they were intended, have spoiled many
marshes which were formerly favourite haunts for a few local Forest
species, including the rich red form of gracilis, which attracted
many entomologists to the Forest collecting the larvae from the tips of
the bos myrtle growing in the swamps. Alas, that delightful little
plusiid wneula, once so common, is now rarely seen in the places where it
used to abound; even common insects on the adjacent heaths—hippo-
eastanaria, palumbaria, testata, porphyrea, nanata, pumilata, atomaria,
mpavonia and a dozen others—which were so regularly kicked up almost
at every step all seem to be very much rarer to-day, and some are not
seen at all in places where they were formerly common.

Tt was during the early thirties that the Forest was honoured by the
presence of the handsome and welcome pine hawk. So pleased was this
species with the territory that it stayed on to form a colony, and it was
quite common for a while but, like so many of the Forest lepidoptera,
it is now becoming scarce. Another newcomer about the same time was
the sallow clearwing, flaviventris, which attracted so many collectors :n
the “‘even’’ years to collect the familiar swelling from the sallow shoots,
but dear me, what a lot went away with the wrong larvae, and found
themselves with the coleopterous larva of Saperda populnea and how
many also, although successful in finding the right galls, were dismayed
at the large percentage of ichneumons bred. Now after a brief period in
the Forest, it seems that this species has also passed its peak days, for its
numbers are decreasing fast. Another clearwing which one could always
rely on finding in the birch stumps was culiciformis; also bembeciformis
in the sallows, whose borings could be located well below the water
line in situations where sallows flourished; both these are now only
rarely met with. At one particular spot could be found the only colony
of sphegiformis known in my area, but alas, they have gone, probably
for ever, for during the war the whole alder swamp was completely
cleared, and sphegiformis has not returned since.

56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/TIT/1960

Memories of butterflies in the Forest are always vivid; Oh for the
days when one could net a couple of dozen paphia in one sweep of the
net, and see as many valezina basking on a small bramble. Oh for the
rich years when extreme varieties of paphia were as common as valezina
is to-day, when it was possible to stand at a crossing of two rides and,
without moving more than half a dozen yards, collect a rich series with
the possibility of nigrina among the freshly emerged camilla within a
very short space of time, always with the possibility that an iris would
descend into your territory. In the ever luxurious rides hyperantus of
all forms, including the occasional lanceolata, and more often the lesser
arete and caeca varieties of this sombre insect were dancing with
hundreds of the typical form, all mingling with the rich and large
forms of jurtina which one could but rarely meet with anywhere else.

Lovely fulvous and heavily spotted tithonus flitting from bramble to
bramble lead us in a fairy-like manner further along the ride, eventually
bringing us to large clearings where unlimited thistle heads are adorned
with cydippe ever darting from one bloom to another, and in much
smaller numbers and apparently lost, aglaia halting awhile for a quick
refresher upon any untenanted thistle flower they may find. We have
not seen it all yet; not by any means; as we wander back to our
starting place through the rides, there are plenty of T. quercus which
have descended from the oak trees with the sinking sun and are now
sitting on the bracken in the waning evening light like jewels among
the tawny paphia and camilla, whilst ever restless skippers dart here
and there in a game of tag to end their day. Later on in the same
rides, fresh rhamni sail past faded paphia and ragged camilla. Newly
emerged commas, peacocks, and a few red admirals, and the now un-
fortunately missing large tortoiseshell which was such a regular in-
habitant a few years ago, are all searching the now bedraggled bramble
blossoms which are now few in number and faded in colour, lingering at
the top of sprays already laden with ripening fruits which will replace
the blossoms shortly as an attraction for the Forest butterflies by day
and by night, the moths amongst which one may hope to find helvola.

What has happened to this galaxy of Forest butterflies? Such
abundance has not been seen for very many years; where have they
gone? It has frequently been said, with truth, that during the war
enclosures in the Forest became very much overgrown with brambles,
honeysuckle, and dense undergrowth; ideal conditions for forest lepi-
doptera, and an advantage they were not slow to appreciate. Rampant
erowth continued in spite of an attempt to stem it by an army of land
girls who were unable to cope with the situation, largely due to the
fact that they were much occupied by other and more important work
in other parts of the Forest. When the war was finished, great im-
provements took place within the enclosures. Post-war labour was
profuse and had to be employed; there was a lot of work to be done,
and there was a renewed interest in forestry; vigorous clearing took
place in the enclosures with such thoroughness that brambles were all
but exterminated, honeysuckle burnt, all the undergrowth removed,
and everything incinerated. Yes, these were drastic but necessary
measures, but were most unfortunately disastrous for the lepidoptera
of the enclosures, which suffered an irreparable decrease in numbers.

THE MARCH OF PROGRESS ot

We must not forget, either, that there had been some extremely un-
favourable summers in these recent years which also militated against
those species which were struggling to increase their very precarious
hold, especially after having experienced such meagre times in the
past. There is no doubt that the vigorous clearing and burning of
sallows in many parts of the Forest has been almost entirely respon-
sible for the gravely reduced numbers of iris in the Forest to-day.

It is now only the satyrids that have maintained something like
their normal status, although this may only apply to the species which
live within the rides, for out on the heathlands semele, and even pam-
philus, are nowhere as plentiful as formerly, but, surprisingly enough,
there is a very marked increase in ageria, which although always
regarded as a woodland species has changed its habits, and is freely
met with along hedgerows and, at times, out on the open heath. Only
too well do I recollect the days when, after the woodland species had
gone to roost, it was possible to spend a lucrative evening in the
valleys, armed with a pair of forceps inspecting aegon and phlaeas
for varieties; so common were these two butterflies on the heath that
it was like grass-stalking for blues on the not far distant chalk hills.
Tussula was another very common insect that one constantly kicked
up from the heath, but, like others, it has become increasingly scarce,
and in some areas it is hardly seen now; it must be years since a
clouded buff fell to my net. All this is very sad, indeed, but the
situation is still deteriorating.

Happy were the days and nights, long past, when I set out laden
with sugar tin and brush to paint fifty or more trees in a ride so dark,
and with such a thick canopy overhead that one felt as though
enveloped in a velvety shroud. Continuing onwards, for my special
ride where I intend to sugar for promissa is still a long way ahead,
I move cautiously and almost with trepidation when the awesome screams
of a vixen reverbrate throughout the glade with such startling sudden-
ness; alarming thoughts pass through the stunned mind sending chills
down the spine, but one recovers from the momentary shock and, grasp-
ing the lantern firmly as though it were a friend, one presses on, and
then one pauses to listen to a peculiar soft tapping, only to discover
that it is the pattering of larval frass on the parched oak leaves, and
dropping on to the crisp bracken below. A little later, the distant yelp-
ing of a dog fox is heard; he is seeking for his wandering mate who is
now foraging somewhere in the depths of this fascinating if somewhat
eerie wood. Farther on, and well into the wood, the intermittent and
subdued grunting of a shuffling badger is heard prowling around, and
ever suspicious and annoyed at the disturbance I have brought to this
secluded wood.

For youthful entomologists who would venture into such a place, let
him be warned by one who has experienced the feeling of fear, that the
moment his heart begins to thump and his hair feels that it is frozen, it is
time to pack up and return home without delay. Even if the cause of
alarm has been located to the snuffling badger or hedgehog or the
stuttering hoot of an owl, do not delay, for once your equilibrium has
been upset the most innocent sounds in the forest will be amplified one
thousand times into the most fantastic proportions and shapes. On one
unforgettable night with a friend in search of promissa in this very wood,

58 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/111 / 1960

for want of a better name, known as promissa drive, we had done the
rounds methodically; after the first round there was nothing doing,
as might have been expected, for promissa is a very late arrival at
sugar, so my companion set out to do some investigating on his own, a
very risky thing to do in the middle of the night in the depths of the
Forest. He wandered away from the well worn rides, and it was not
long before he had lost his bearings and himself. My glowing lamp
was of no avail to help him find his way back to the sugaring ride, and
for fear of wandering still farther into the eerie wood, he very sensibly
laid himself down and slept until dawn. Any attempt at locating
each other by shouting would have been but wasted effort, so muffled
were the shouts by the density of the greenery. Fortunately, everything
ended without further mishap, and our reunion was celebrated by drink-
ing a flask of hot coffee, always a necessity on these night expeditions,
but sweeter still was the thought that we each had half a dozen promissa,
all of which were taken after I had given up all hope of finding my
friend until daylight.

On yet another occasion, in company with my late friend A. G.
Peyton and his wife, we were working the same sugaring round for the
fascinating crimson underwings when another unforgettable experience
befell us; 1t was quite alarming. We were inspecting a sugar patch by
holding the Coleman lamp at a distance for fear of scaring off the
quivering catocalids when our peace was disturbed by a hornet buzzing
frantically round the lamp; it was promptly netted and duly despatched,
only to be replaced by another and another, and the numbers of these
unwelcome visitors increased until one, more curious than his fellows,
thought it necessary to enter the open neck of my shirt. Pandemonium
raged for a few minutes, during which my shirt was pulled off my back,
regardless of the company, and the impudent insect was squashed un-
ceremoniously in its folds. Fortunately for myself and my friends,
and in fairness to the hornets, it must be said that no stings were
drawn upon anyone. After this confusion, we continued our sugaring,
but not before we had discovered that we had been standing with the
lamp immediately below a hanging hornets’ nest, suspended in situ
beneath loose bark of a decaying oak.

As a compensation for this discomforting experience, we had the
good fortune to see many promissa that night, also one sponsa, a species
that is much less common than it was in this area a few years ago, in
fact it has become quite scarce. Other insects at the sugar included
lots of the very variable trapezina, some pyramidea, satellitia and, of
course, the ubiquitous pronuba, but little else. However, back on the
heath, where we had left the car and a petrol lamp burning in the
middle of a sheet, there was a goodly assortment of heathland moths
sitting around and on the sheet, many of which would be very welcome
to-day. Of the moths taken, the prize undoubtedly was a handsomely
fresh convolvuli, quite a surprise for us all, also present were neglecta,
agathina, anomala, nupta, and scores of other lesser fry, more especially
the geometers of the heath. My friends were amazed that it was possible
to leave the car so long unattended whilst we were away in the wood,
without any interference, a proceeding which would probably result in
serious consequences to-day.

THE MARCH OF PROGRESS 59

As we are reminiscing upon the diversity of transformation we have
already witnessed, and of which there is more in store for us, our
thoughts longingly returned to those happy and carefree week-ends when,
after leaving our business at mid-day on Saturdays, it was almost a
regular custom to dash home for a hasty meal and mount our bicycles,
which had been prepared overnight, and then pedal away to the un-
spoiled Forest for a collecting trip on any part of the Forest to which
our fancy might lead us, sleeping when we felt the need of sleep in
little improvised bivouacs, using our satchels for pillows. One night,
hearing sounds under my satchel, I lifted it to discover a large grass
snake coiled up and evidently enjoying the warmth emanating from my
body. Later on, in the early hours, we were awakened in a most un-
usual manner, the disturbance being a stampede of forest ponies led by a
formidable stallion whinnying, with distended nostrils. We were indeed
lucky not to have been trampled on, but fortunately the waving of our
fragile nets was enough to cause the horses to change course. This
interruption suggested an early rising, and although it was only
4.30 a.m., we were rewarded, for there, sipping dew from a bracken
leaf, sat a lovely golden yellow miniata, the only one known to me.
Sauntering down the glistening rides at that hour, net in hand, it was
quite a revelation to see so many moths on the wing, far more than
we had seen the previous night, when we were expecting them; it was
evidently the second flight one so frequently hears about, and misses
year after year!

On these outings food was quite a secondary consideration; in any
case there was little room to spare for carrying luxuries and we could
be well satisfied with a couple of buns or a sandwich and a little fresh
fruit. Carrying drink was always a problem, but we soon discovered
where to obtain a supply of fresh spring water, and were able to dispense
with that burden.

The ever fresh joy of those eternally happy week-ends in the Forest
will remain with me for ever, and I will see again the Forest as it was
before so many dubious developments caused such disfiguration, aided
and abetted by the many fires of known and of unknown origin and by
the ever increasing number of irresponsible people who have no sense
of country lore, and no respect for the beauty of our wild countryside,
who treat the Forest as though it were a dust bin or a race track. Be-
fore long it will be a hazardous undertaking to wander along a Forest
road or right of way, for these are more and more being found out by
roaring, spluttering internal combustion engines, belching out their
poisonous fumes to contaminate the fresh Forest air, all seemingly in
the greatest hurry to speed themselves into oblivion.

Such, alas, is the penalty of progress, and we are advancing towards
a dawn when we will discover too late that civilisation has lost its
significance.

When I set out to write these reminiscences it was my intention that
they should be entirely entomological, but my fervent pen has become
somewhat impulsive, but for all that, I have not let my imagination
stray in the least, and it is hoped that these reminiscences, culled from
nearly forty years of collecting in the Forest, will be regarded purely
from the entomological angle as has been my intention. Further, it is
also stressed that these experiences and adventures refer to conditions

60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/111 / 1960

that do prevail, and are still extant in a limited area of the northern
part of the New Forest, and although my findings may well be at
variance with those of observers in some other region, I would like it
also to be known that I have not intended to draw any comparisons
and I do not claim it to be a factual report of any part of the New
Forest. Nevertheless, regretfully and undeniably, I am forced to the
conclusion that at any rate this corner of the Forest is no longer an
entomologist’s paradise, for, like so many other havens of the past, it
is no longer a place for seclusion or solitude.

Since writing this narrative, a further visit to the Forest has re-
vealed, most disconcertingly, that a large area of the National Trust
Forest has been subjected to the abuse of mechanical slashers and fires
to assist in removing rhododendrons, gorse and heather, thus enabling
the huge agricultural implements to convert yet another lost portion of
the Forest into a plantation of more alien conifers, thus depriving us
of more common rights which are our inheritance.

Thoughts on Rearing Diacrisia sannio Linn.
By H. Symes

In last November’s Record (71: 268) there was a note from Mr.
M. J. Leech stating that he had succeeded in rearing 41 D. sannio
from the egg, of which 35 were females, and asking why there was a
ratio of almost 6 to 1 of females to males. I cannot answer that one
except by suggesting that, as this species very rarely produces a second
brood in England (I have a specimen taken at Folkestone on 3rd Sep-
tember 1933, a hot summer), the larvae were reared in somewhat
abnormal conditions, under which, as Kipling very nearly wrote, the
female of the species is more lively than the male. But J think Mr.
Leech’s achievement was a remarkable one, for I have always regarded
this species as very difficult to rear, judging both from my own experi-
ences with it and from those of several entomological friends. It would
have been interesting to hear some details of Mr. Leech’s treatment
of his larvae.

In the wild, the ratio between the sexes appears to be preponder-
antly in favour of the male. One seldom sees more than two or three
females in a day, and sometimes not even one. The Rev. IF. M. B.
Carr, an entomologist of great experience, told me that only once had
he seen a number of females on the wing, and that was in Delamere
Forest, where he saw a flight of females without any males in attend-
ance. Mr. A. C. R. Redgrave writes that although he has taken the
male in a number of localities, he has never taken a female. Nor is
it easy to find the larva. JI have often searched for it in places where
I knew the species to be plentiful, but have never found one. Mr.
Carr tells me that he has only once found larvae, and that was by
chance. It was in February, and they were hibernating in curled-up
birch leaves, and were very small. He succeeded in rearing a number
of moths.

A captured female lays very freely, and three times in the last
thirty years T have had a quantity of eggs, but not once have IT reared
an imago, until my fourth attempt, last year. The larvae, which in

THOUGHTS ON REARING DIACRISIA SANNIO LINN. 61

two cases I fed on dandelion, and in the other on broad-leaved plan-
tain, as recommended in Tutt’s Practical Hints (I1: 97), started off
all right, but nearly all died in their second instar, and none survived
beyond their third. Last year, however, things went better. On 23rd
June I took two females on a heath near Wareham, Dorset, and each
of them laid a batch of eggs in a pill-box that afternoon. One of the
moths, A, laid a much larger batch than the other, B. Both lots of
eggs hatched on 2nd July, and the larvae proved to be very healthy.

By the end of the month, fourteen of brood A had gone right ahead
and one of them changed into its last skin on 31st July, spinning up
on 2nd August. None of brood B fed up rapidly like this. I had
been feeding them mainly on dandelion, varied by a species of hawk-
weed and some sprigs of heath (Erica carnea) to make them feel more
at home: they sometimes rested on these and occasionally nibbled at
them. I did not give them any groundsel until they were in their
final instar, when they ate both leaves and flowers with avidity. My
larvae did not look much like the illustrations in Buckler (Larvae,
Vol. TII, Plate xliv): they were much darker than Fig. 2a, and the
marks along the white dorsal line were orange-coloured, and not bright
red as in Fig. 2. Normally they were rather sluggish in their cages,
but, when disturbed, they sometimes showed signs of annoyance, and
then they showed an astonishing turn of speed. Mr. Percy Cue, to
whom I gave eight larvae on 19th July, also noticed this, and told me
he would back them to race any other species and win easily. I think
that the larvae of Spilosoma urticae would give them a good run for
their money. During the daytime, when not actually feeding, most
of the larvae had a tendency to lurk among the debris at the bottom
of the cage, but several of them, when nearly full grown, basked in
the sun, higher up on the sides of their cage. Until they reached
their final instar, they fed rather slowly. Five larvae spun up in a
corner at the bottom of the cage on top of one another, an annoying
habit common to many larvae. The cocoon is a very flimsy affair. On
18th August I noticed a pupa at the top of the confused mass of
cocoons. In two or three instances, pupation took place on the third
day after the larva spun up; these larvae had done so at the top of
their cage. Of the fourteen larvae that had gone ahead, one died
in its last instar, and one ceased feeding in its last instar, and died
some time later. The last of the remaining twelve spun up on 21st
August and pupated on the 23rd. At this date, about a dozen of each
of the two broods were still alive, but they were only in their third
instar and were feeding very slowly: some survived until the middle
of September.

A female moth of normal size emerged on 29th August. It came
up from the pupa I had noticed on 18th August, and it seemed to me
that the pupal state had been of very short duration, but it was the
same as that recorded by Mr. Leech. Up to this point, I was very
well satisfied with my success, but unfortunately it ended here. As
the days went by and no more moths appeared, it became increasingly
evident that something had gone wrong with the pupae. I thought
they must have got too dry during the exceptionally long hot spell in

62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/111 /1960

August and September. J waited until 26th September before open-
ing the pupae. Imagine my surprise and disgust when I found that
the first pupa was full of maggots. I counted 52 of the revolting little
beasts. I suspect that they must have been the larvae of Pteromalus
puparum, a Chalcid wasp ‘‘that specialises in laying its eggs in pupae
(I quote from Dr. A. D. Imms, Insect Natural History, p. 146)...
The female will settle down beside a caterpillar that is about to pupate,
it may be for several hours, and just wait until the event comes off.
When transformation has taken place, she mounts the pupa and stabs
her egg-laying tool into its vitals and deposits a number of eggs
within’. An engaging habit.

Of the other ten pupae, six were full of maggots, two contained
fully-formed moths, one of each sex, dead but not dried up, and the
remaining two contained a squashy mess. As regards the parasites, I
do not think the attack was made on the larvae, which were kept
indoors until nearly full-fed, when they were moved to a garden shed,
where they were more open to attack. How some fifty larvae found
enough food in one pupa to complete their growth beats me, but some
of them looked distinctly under-nourished. JI kept a number for obser-
vation, and at the time of writing (28th January) they have not
pupated, but are still alive, and look very much as they did last Sep-
tember. They can hardly be waiting to move off to another victim.

I have already mentioned that I gave eight larvae to Mr. Cue, and
he was remarkably successful with them. They all fed up rapidly and
he obtained seven moths, four ¢ 5 and three 2 9, of which the last came
out on 5th September. This was such a striking proportion of success
that I asked him how he had treated his larvae. He replied: ‘‘I fed
them in roomy plastic boxes lined with porous paper, four to a box.
I tried various foodplants, but in the end I gave them only young dande-
lion leaves, and this, I think, is the secret; I always put fresh heather
at the bottom and the dandelion leaves I laid or stood on top of the
heather to keep them well clear of the bottom ... I think one must
give larvae free access to the undersides of such food as dock, dande-
lion, plantain, ete., and heather at the bottom helps to do this. The
dandelion stems J removed daily—all the larvae left was just the centre
rib—the heather I often left for a week. I kept larvae and pupae
indoors all the time’’. Well, nothing succeeds like success, and Mr.
Cue may have solved the difficulty of how to treat larvae of sannio
in captivity.

I sent a few larvae up to Yorkshire, and Mr. G. E. Hyde bred
three females, and Mr. E. W. Smith one male. Brigadier Warry
obtained eggs from a female he took at the same time and place as I
took mine, and from this stock, one male was bred by Miss Pengilly.

Inverness.shire in 1959
By Commander G. W. Harrer, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S.

The wretchedly wet collecting season of 1958 was followed by an
equally remarkable winter, but for a very different reason, a serious
lack of snow at the same time as an unusually prolonged period of con-

INVERNESS-SHIRE IN 1959 63

tinuous frost in late January and early February 1959. Due to the
lack of adequate snow cover the frost penetrated the ground deeply
enough to freeze all our village water pipes and deprive us of water
for three weeks! The deep and long frost may well have had a lethal
effect on the hibernating larvae such as Hurois occulta L. and Pola
hepatica Cl. (tincta Hb.), which were again scarcer than usual this
year. The long frost was also delightfully accompanied by a superb
anti-cyclone giving cloudless blue skies and warm sunshine, so that
the appearance of the usual spring species was not delayed as much
as last year, with the exception of Phigalia pedaria Fab., which did
not appear until 11th February, ice and snow still being on the roads!
This species was unusually plentiful this year, emerging in large num-
bers on mild days all through February and early March; on 28rd
February I found no less than six freshly emerged males on one post!

The first week of March brought the first hibernated Noctuids out,
Conistra vaccinii L., together with the arrival of the first immigrant
Plovers and Oystercatchers. A succession of fine, sunny days with
night frosts resulted in slow but sure emergences of the usual early
spring species, Achlya flavicornis L., Colostygia multistrigaria Haw.,
and the Orthosias all appearing on the 15th of the month, and
Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp. as usual on the 31st. Numbers of indi-
viduals, however, of all these species, unlike A. pedaria, remained
ominously small, but improved considerably in April, so much so that
the year’s record m.v. trap catch occurred on the 15th with 284 moths,
but only 13 species, and 127 were Orthosia gothica l1.! The seasonal
dates were now about average and they remained so; the first Chesias
rufata Fab. appeared on the 25th, and Saturnia pavonia L. was well
out on the 27th April.

April ended and May began as almost every year with the usual
‘Jambing’’ storm of heavy snow and bitter Hast wind, thereafter pro-
gressing normally with the emergence of Callophrys rubi L. and Pieris
napi I. in good numbers, followed by Anthocaris cardamines J.. and
Argynnis euphrosyne Is. in plenty on the 28rd May. A visit to the
Great Glen and the area West of it on the 26th showed that Cartero-
cephalus palaemon Pall. was well out in both sexes and in good heart.
In this mild area species were naturally some two to three weeks ahead
of Badenoch, evinced by the worn state of A. ewphrosyne and many
fresh Argynnis selene Schf. accompanied by Eustrotia uncula Cl. and
even two males of Diacrisia sannio L. were flushed, the earliest date
T have noted for this lovely moth. This day also was the occasion of
an important record of great interest. Mr. P. Le Masurier most
kindly presented me with the first rural melanic example of Biston
betularia J. for northern Scotland of which I am aware; it was a male,
apparently ab. insularia Th. Mieg. taken in his m.v. trap at Aviemore
that morning. For some years I have been recording this species from
Badenoch to supply Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell with figures for his invalu-
able work on melanism in this and other species, and [I had almost
come to the conclusion that the local population was 100% typica form!
By a remarkable coincidence I took a second even more remarkable
melanic B. betularia on the 22nd June at m.v. light at Port Appin in
Argyll. This moth, also a male, had very melanic forewings with

64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/TIT/1960

typica white hindwings, a most striking form. By the end of May
in Badenoch all the usual late Spring and most of the early Summer
species were well out in normal numbers, and one pleasant surprise was
a quite unusual abundance of the larvae of Trichiura crataegi L. on

the young birches; it was obviously having one of its infrequent good
seasons also.

In June the Highland Summer continued much as_ usual, cool,
cloudy and fairly dry, no sign of the glorious weather reported from
the South until well into August, when at last a superb autumn
developed. However, a few species were beginning to emerge earlier
than usual, notably Aricia agestis Schf. ssp. artaxerxes Fab., which
I found well out on the 12th, on which day also I saw the first
Vanessa atalanta Iu., an obvious immigrant, which took full advan-
tage of the later sunny months to breed very successfully and so
gladden our eyes with its great numbers in the Autumn. From the
19th June we spent a most pleasant and interesting week at Port
Appin with Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton, who showed us many of his
Argyll specialities, including Cleorodes lichenaria Hufn. which was
almost the most abundant Geometer, Setina irrorella I., and Tholo-
miges turfosalis Wocke, the two last named both being new to me. The
next week we spent with Mr. J. lL. Campbell on his delightful Isle of
Canna. The weather was not kindly disposed, a very cold Northerly
wind and much rain making collecting difficult, but among the many
kindnesses of Mr. Campbell was a wonderful expedition to the Isle
of Rhum, where the Nature Conservancy Warden, Mr. Wormell, and
his lady entertained us royally. He took us to see the large colony
of Zygaena purpuralis Brunnich and the weather relented for an hour
at mid-day just long enough for us to watch an abundance of these
interesting Burnets flying and mating. Z. filipendulae was also pre-
sent though in much smaller numbers on the same ground!

Back in Badenoch in July the usual Summer species were fully out
in normal numbers, but as always in cool Summers the range of species
was wide; for example, Hadena thalassina Hufn. and H. contigua
Schf. were still about and yet Amathes xanthographa Schf. was begin-
ning to emerge as early as the 10th! The common migrants began to
appear more commonly than usual, including Pieris brassicae L.,
Plusia gamma L., Agrotis ypsilon Hufn., and Nomophila noctuella
Schf., but not a single rarity appeared! On the 7th, however, Mr.
Noble discovered a new species for my local list, Comacla senex Hb.,
near Boat of Garten: this is most interesting for two reasons: it is
the only Footman in Badenoch, and as far as T am aware is the most
Northerly record for this species. This was followed on the 29th hy
another record: Mr. P. Le Masurier took a male Hepialus sylvina I.
at m.v. light at Newtonmore in my presence; TI hope this species will
continue to establish itself and help to control the Bracken which is
becoming a pest here! The month ended with a very wet spell of
weather, and two Hydraecia micacea Esp. in the m.v. trap!

August continued the showery windy weather, but warmed up with
some sunny days towards the end. Entomologically it was remarkable
for two interesting phenomena: first, several collectors visiting the dis-
trict recorded a very considerable number of Actebia praecor T.. taken

SOME RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE NORTH WEST, 1959 65

in their m.v. traps over the whole area from Dalwhinnie to Aviemore,
thus strengthening still further my conviction that this fine species is
breeding all along the sandy river valleys; and secondly I had the
great pleasure and surprise, after living here for nearly eight years,
of discovering that Tihacea citrago L. is well established in at least
two localities, Glen Feshie and Kingussie. This was a humbling as
well as a delightful surprise! I first found it accidentally by m.v.
light in Glen Feshie on 20th August while Mr. Le Masurier and I
were renewing our efforts to discover Atethmia xerampelina Wsp. in
which we were again unsuccessful! Immediate energetic action with
the sugaring brush on the leaves of the Lime trees soon produced con-
siderable numbers of the handsome 7. citrago, a moth I had not seen
for over forty years! The month ended with the appearance of a few
V. atalanta, advance guard of the autumn invasion, and the unwel-
come sight in my m.vy. trap of another fat long-eared bat! JI watched
the behaviour of bats near my trap on several occasions, and the differ-
ence between this big species and the little Pipistrelle is most marked;
whereas the latter always hunts to and fro at a height of about twenty
feet above the trap, the big long-eared bat sweeps low around and over
it, almost touching the vanes, and this habit clearly accounts for its
presence occasionally in it.

From the first day of September our Summer really began, cloud-
less sunny days almost uninterrupted lasted until mid-October. The
first light frost was on the 11th, and snow on the high tops on the
25th. Mid-September saw the beginning of a splendid invasion of
V. atalanta when Newtonmore village gardens swarmed every day with
literally scores of these beautiful butterflies on the Michaelmas Daisies.
Tn one garden, for example, on a single patch of these flowers precisely
fifteen feet long JT counted twenty-six individuals! The numbers
varied from day to day, undoubtedly due to departures for the South
and further reinforcements from the North. The other common migrants
P. gamma, A. ipsilon, and N. noctuella were all*’common during this
period, and in September two normally single-brooded species, Peri-
zoma. albulata Schf. and P. blandiata Schf., both produced a specimen
of a second brood for the first time in my experience.

As the snow covered the high tops on the 25th October, a fine fresh
Xylena exsoleta V.. sought hibernating refuge in the house, and this
signalled the end of an average season, with no outstandingly interest-
ing events but leaving, for once, pleasant memories of good collecting
weather.

Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire.

Some Records of Lepidoptera from the
North West, 1959

By Dr. Neviize L. Brreetrr

The following notes concern a few species of lepidoptera taken
recently in the southern part of the Tiake District. They are usually
considered scarce species in the district and this provides the reason
for the present note

66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/11/1960

Plemyria bicolorata Hufn. Though the late Dr. R. C. Lowther of
Grange over Sands considered this species to be reasonably common in
this district my own experience has been otherwise. I first came across
it in fresh condition and flying freely at dusk in the Roudsea Wood
Nature Reserve on 28th June. I also beat a specimen from alder in
the Witherslack Hall Woods on 4th July. I have heard that other
collectors in the district at this time came across the species and it
may well be that the extraordinary summer conditions may well have
contributed to this frequency of occurrence.

Crambus margaritellus Hubn. A single specimen of this moss- and
moor-land Crambid came to m.v. hght on Sandscale Warren, near
Askam in Furness, on 25th July. The nearest typical habitat for it
would be some two or three miles away on the mosses bordering the
Duddon estuary. I have in past years occasionally taken it in my
trap operated in the centre of Kendal so it would seem that perhaps
the species 1s given to wandering.

Acentropus niveus Ol. This, of course, is a well-known inhabitant
of marshes and fens so it may be of interest to record that males (only)
were common to m.v. lights at Sandscale Warren on 26th July. Two
nights previously I took a fully-winged female at light at Storrs Moss
near Silverdale. This species does not seem to be at all common in
this district and the late A. EK. Wright has given a summary of records
up to 1947 in Ent. Rec., 59: 100. B. P. Beirne in his British Pyrahd
and Plume Moths, 1954, p. 73, states that the rudimentary winged
females ‘‘ . . . swim actively by means of their middle and hind legs
which are furnished with long fringes of hairs’’. The fully-winged
female noted above does not possess these fringes of hairs nor do two
females IT have from Southwold, Suffolk. I wonder if these fringes
are developed only in the rudimentary winged females? Perhaps any-
one who has bred this species in some numbers will be able to answer
this question.

Evergestis palidata Hufn. (straminalis Hubn.). I had the good
fortune to take a specimen of this pretty pyralid at Sandscale Warren
on 26th July. There appears to be only one other record from North
Lancashire and that is a specimen taken at Grange over Sands by
the late Dr. R. C. Lowther on 4th August 1949 (vide Lancashire and
Cheshire Fauna Report, 29: 82). H. N. Michaelis in the Annual
Report and Proceedings of the Lancs. and Cheshire Entom. Soc., 1953/4,
1954/5, p. 56, also notes a specimen from Freshfield taken by the late
G. de C. Fraser. B. P. Beirne (l.c.) does not suggest a dune habitat
for this species, p. 135, ‘‘ . . . marshy situations where there are bushes
and plenty of full undergrowth, such as damp places in woods’’. Tt
is perhaps interesting that Fraser’s specimen from Freshfield was most
likely taken in a sand-dune area. Perhaps the wet ‘flashes’ behind
the fore-dunes give the necessary marshy conditions.

Endothema antiquana Hubn. H. N. Michaelis at p. 58, U.c., notes
concerning this species, ‘‘Recent records suggest it is widespread but
not plentiful in many parts of Lancashire and Cheshire’. T took a
single male at Storrs Moss, near Silverdale, at m.v. light on 5th July.
The only other record T know of from north Lancashire is of a sneci-
men taken by A. E. Wright at Grange over Sands on 26th July 1948.

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 67

Paltodora cytisella Curt. In an area where bracken is considered
an unmitigated nuisance it is surprising that this species, which feeds
on the plant, has not turned up before the specimen now recorded.
While collecting with m.v. light in Roudsea Wood Nature Reserve on
28th June I took two specimens of this small Gelechiid. Stainton in
his Manual of Butterflies and Moths, 2: 349, records the species from
Manchester and Newcastle (presumably ‘on-Tyne’), but apart from
these mentions there seems to be no other record from north England.

Mompha conturbatella Hubn. A fine specimen of this handsome
micro was taken in my light trap in Kendal on 4th July. I know of
no other record from north Lancashire but Michaelis, l.c., p. 62, notes
that it is ‘‘ . . . recorded from many places in Cheshire and south and
west Lancashire’’.

3 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 9.11.1960.

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hueers, F.R.E.S.

EVERGESTIS ExTrMaLIs Scop.: Mr. Wakely’s very interesting note
on this moth (antea, p. 17) shows how every year insects are colonising
fresh districts, in many cases, I hope, permanently. The locality he
mentions by the side of the old canal was a favourite one of mine until
1909. The canal, then in use for occasional barges, formerly connected
Gravesend with Strood, but the owners were bought out by the South
Eastern Railway Co. many years before I was born, and it was filled
up from Higham to Strood, and the railway line laid upon its old bed.
The works where Mr. Wakely and his friends met such a gloomy recep-
tion were then run by a firm called The British Uralite Co. which made
fireproof roofing, etc. The waste ground adjoining was full of insects,
more especially micros, including Loxostege palealis Schiff., Homoeo-
soma sinuella Fabr., H. saxicola Vaugh., H. ecretacella Rossl., and
Oidaematophorus lienigianus Zell. beside several of the weed-feeding
Phaloniae, such as P. dubitana Hiibn. There were certainly no speci-
mens of extimalis to be found there in those days, although that particu-
lar light patch of soil was very well suited to it. H. extimalis and also
I stictalis Linn. are undoubtedly both migrants to this country in
small numbers. In the Brecks, where both are permanent residents,
they have found the ideal terrain; elsewhere they do not seem to
establish themselves. I took extimalis near Sandwich in 1906, and near
Standon, Herts., in 1914, the latter capture (an isolated insect) was
probably one of a small colony, as it was very late in the year and in
poor condition. It must be remembered that extimalis is not a very easy
insect to collect in the day-time excepting on a sunny day, when it is
easy to disturb, although it flies freely in the evenings so that before
m.v. days these casual immigrants were no doubt often overlooked,
Palealis was established for a long period of years in the locality
mentioned, and also between Gravesend and Thong on some old field
paths. It will be interesting to see whether the extimalis colony be-
comes permanent.

The canal in those days was full of eels, mostly about one foot long,
and I often took an old rod and caught a dozen or so just by the

68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von, 72. 15/111 /1960

railway bridge; very occasionally a shoal of flounders came up the canal
and gave good sport; a friend of mine once caught a grey mullet
Opposite the works, by the towpath, was a row of pollard willows where
tree sparrows bred annually.

CRAMBUS CHRYSONUCHELLUS Scop.: I have recently been trying to
check records of insects supposedly confined to certain soils, and it is
amazing how seldom these ideas have much validity. Chrysonuchlellus
is usually believed to be an insect of chalk downs and sandhills, but
before the war there was a very large colony on two grass fields on
Hadleigh downs near Leigh-on-Sea. These fields were both ploughed
during the war; they were the heaviest clay, and some distance from the
sea, with no sand of any sort nearer than Shoebury. An odd specimen
may still be seen round their edges. I shall be glad to hear of records

from areas other than chalk or sand.
65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea. 27.1.1960.

Notes on Orthoptera in S.E. England in 1959
By J. F. Burton

My observations this year began on 21st June when I visited Black-
heath in S.E. London to search for nymphs of the melanic form of
Chorthippus brunneus (Thunb.). The normal pale-coloured nymphs
were very common, especially in tall grass in sheltered spots, but
melanie nymphs were scarce. On 23rd June, I again visited this
locality during the evening, a fine and sunny one, and found that there
had been a heath fire earlier in the day. Much of the unburnt grass
was dry and yellow and the surviving brunneus nymphs were concen-
trated in these patches. The pale, sandy nymphs, the dominant form,
harmonized perfectly with the colour of the dry grass. On investigating
aa unburnt patch where the grass was short and sparsely distributed,
and the black earth conspicuous, I discovered five nymphs of the melanic
form, one of which was in the last instar. Jn this situation they matched
their background very well. I did not find a single melanic individual
in the more grassy parts. The untidy silken web tunnels of Wolf
Spiders (Lycosa sp.) were common and must account for many grass-
hopper nymphs. I saw one leap into a web, whereupon it was quickly
seized by the web’s owner.

On 4th July I found a large colony of C. brumneus on an unbuilt-on
section of the Blackheath pebble-beds in the built-up district of Charlton
in S.E. London. This colony had a high proportion of melanie and dark
forms, especially where the grass was rather sparse. The temperature
was around 90° F. and the males were in full ‘“‘song’’. I paid further
visits to this locality on 10th and 19th July to search for melanic
individuals. These appear to occur in the ratio of 1:20 here and in
neighbouring localities. Natural selection may be operating in favour
of these melanic individuals in such polluted industrial districts of
London (see Burton, 1959) and it will be interesting to see if the pro-
portion of them in the population increases in future years. So far, I
have noted melanic and semi-melanic forms at Blackheath, Charlton,
Plumstead Marshes, Abbey Wood Marshes, and Stone Marshes, near
Dartford, Kent.

NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA IN S8.E. ENGLAND IN 1959 69

During July, I released a number of adult C. brunneus in my garden
at Charlton where they were formerly absent. They were all released in
the same part of the garden, but it was interesting to observe how the
different colour forms selected the habitat which matched their colora-
tion best of all. Thus the pale forms were found mostly on the part cf
the lawn where the grass was dead (the greater part as a result of the
hot, dry summer), the dusky or melanic forms among tall plants on the
bare soil of the flower-beds and the greenish forms in a shady patch
where the grass was still green. The last area was also inhabited by
two Chorthippus parallelus (Zett.) (green form) which I released at
the same time. Two green-coloured Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunb.),
which I got from Box Hill, Surrey, on 5th July, resorted to an edge of
the lawn where the grass was very short, but still remained green. In
this situation they were extremely difficult to see unless disturbed.

Tettigonia viridissima L. attracted my attention a great deal during
the summer and I made several trips to Plumstead Marshes, near Wool-
wich, where it is common, to study it in sitw. On 19th July, from 8 p.m.
B.S.T. onwards, many were heard stridulating and I collected six males
from reeds (Phragmites). They were seen stridulating in all positions on
the reeds—horizontally, head-upwards and head-downwards. Sims (1945)
regarded the latter as the usual position. When [I left at 10.30 p.m.
B.S.T., many were still stridulating, although the peak appeared to have
been around 9 p.m. My next visit to this locality was on 22nd August
in company with Dr. D. R. Ragge, Major Maxwell Knight, J. H. Boswall
and R. Wade to make recordings for a B.B.C. programme on grass-
hoppers. Following a fine, sunny day it became overcast soon after we
arrived at 5 p.m. and a thunderstorm threatened but did not materialize
on the marshes. Under these conditions only a few viridissima were
heard stridulating at dusk. Previously a considerable amount of
stridulation was heard from Metrioptera roeselt (Hagen), which is also
common here. Next evening, a fine warm one, stridulation from
viridissima was in evidence everywhere on the Plumstead Marshes. I
was attracted to a tall wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, by one stridulating
male and found a female there too. The voice of one of the males I
collected on this occasion was recorded on tape a few days later by Dr.
D. R. Ragge and is now in the B.B.C.’s gramophone record collection.

At Dartford and Stone Marshes, Kent, on 29th August, I found
M. roeseli numerous in lush pasture and long grass bordering tracks and
paths. C. brunneus and C. albomarginatus (Geer) were both common—
the former on the river-walls and drier, rough ground and the latter in
the marsh pasture.

Karlier that month (6th-11th August) I stayed at Marsh Court, near
Stockbridge, Hampshire, which is situated on a low ridge of chalk
(c. 250 ft.) whose eastern slope overlooks the River Test. On this slope
with its characteristic chalk plants I found Omocestus viridulus (L.)
and Chorthippus parallelus very common, and Stenobothrus lineatus
(Panz.) quite frequent. The weather was mainly hot and sunny during
my stay and the males of all three species were stridulating well. 0.
viridulus and C. parallelus were also very common in the water meadows
around Stockbridge from Marsh Court to Longstock. On 7th August 1.
made an excursion to the New Forest and in a small bog near Lynd-
hurst succeeded in finding a few Stethophyna grossum (L). Metrioptera

70 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/111/ 1960

brachyptera (l.) was also common in this bog and others visited. (C.
parallelus and O. viridulus were common everywhere in suitable habitats
and I encountered J/yrmeleotettiia maculatus in numbers around the
Hatchet Pond on Beaulieu Heath. On the way to Studland Heath,
Dorset, on 11th August, I stopped at Corfe Castle for lunch in the hope
of finding Decticus verrucivorus (L.), but heavy rain within minutes of
my arrival stopped the numerous Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Geer), O.
viridulus and CU. parallelus from stridulating and ruined my chances of
finding verrucivorus. The rain also caused me to abandon my visit to
Studland.

On 3rd September, I moved from London to a new house at Hast
Grinstead, Sussex, and was delighted to find Omocestus viridulus pre-
sent in the garden and P. griseoaptera on the bramble-strewn banks of
the lane behind.

On 6th September, yet another hot, sunny day, I led an entomological
field-meeting of the London Natural History Society to the North Kent
marshes around High Halstow. On passing through High Halstow
village we were attracted to a small field, which served as a children’s
playground, by the stridulation of M. roeseli. This species proved to he
numerous in the tall grass there in association with C. brunneus. The
latter species was also very common in the short grass on the slopes in
the neighbourhood of Northward Hill woods. Yellowish-brown and
dusky-brown forms predominated. In the longer grass bordering the
woods, C. parallelus replaced brunneus, whereas in the marsh pasture,
parallelus was replaced in turn by C. albomarginatus, mostly dull green
or straw-coloured forms. iM. roeseli was frequent in long grass border-
ing the track from Decoy Farm to Egypt Bay, and also on a bank
overgrown with Sea Couch-grass (Agropyron pungens) on the saltings in
the bay. Here it was found in association with Conocephalus dorsalis
(Latr.), which was also present along the sea-walls, and C. albo-
marginatus. Two C. dorsalis were found on Sea Purslane (Atriplex
portulacoides).

Owing to the sound made by the stiff south-east breeze on the
marshes I was unable to hear C. dorsalis stridulating, but I brought
four (2 66 +2 2) home with me and kept them alive in a dry
aquarium tank in the garden until the end of September. Both males
stridulated continuously on hot, sunny days for periods varying from
10 seconds to 2 minutes 20 seconds without a break. One male regularly
stridulated for 30 minutes at a time, punctuated only by short pauses.
The sound was a continuous low-pitched, thin reeling note, rather like
a steady breeze blowing through reeds or rushes. It varied in speed and
intensity, reaching a maximum every five seconds. As the speed varied
the tegmina could be seen vibrating accordingly. I could hear the
sound through the gauze top of the aquarium up to 10 yards away on a
still day. In the presence of a female the males stridulated very
excitedly, moving their antennae rapidly and often touching those of the
female. J frequently saw both sexes nibbling at grass stems in the usual
way and never in the manner described by Sims (1945). Both females
oviposited in grass stems exactly as described by Sims for his captive
dorsalis. /

REFERENCES

Burton, J. F. 1959. Notes on Orthoptera for 1958 from Breconshire, Kent and
Oxfordshire. Ent. Rec., 71: 76-77.

CHIRONOMIDAB (DIPT.) TAKEN IN WINTER ALT ROBERTSBRIDGE, SUSSEX 71

Sims, R. B. 1945. Notes on the Past and Present Distributions of some Orthoptera
in the South Level of the E. Anglian Fenland: With a Particular Study
of Tettigonia viridissima L. and Conocephalus dorsalis (Thunb.) (Orthopt.,
Tettigoniidae). J. Soc. Brit. Ent., 2: 252-73.

28 Campbell Crescent, East Grinstead, Sussex.

Some Chironomidae (Dipt.) taken in the

Winter at Robertsbridge, Sussex
By P. Roper

Metriocnemus (Gymnometriocnemus) brumalis Edw. Three females
taken 23rd December 1959, one male and one female on 3rd January
1960, and seven males on 11th January 1960. All the four females were
caught individually, two in one wood and two in another. No males
were seen until two weeks later and then no females were in evidence.
The females flew singly from cover to cover and the males were found
in a small compact swarm on the edge of one of the woods. As in
Trichocera annulata Mg., which were flying as a small swarm in an
unusual position only some six inches from the ground and almost in-
side a bramble patch, they were well protected from the elements by the
bramble and were very close to the ground. Both the woods in which
the species was found contain small, shallow, stagnant ponds.

Brillia modesta Mg. The species was common up until the very cold
weather. I found it in large swarms five to seven feet from the ground
and always close to swift running streams of spring water. Also an
undetermined Mycetophilid invariably seemed to accompany it.

Hydrobaenus (Diplocladius) cultriger Kdw. This species was found
in two places, both with small waterfalls close by. Four males and a
female were taken on 5th January 1960, being netted as nearby foliage
was disturbed, sending them out. Two males were taken on 17th
January when there was still a considerable amount of snow on the
ground. One male was gyrating lazily on its own beside a bush.

H. (Orthocladius) piger Goet. Five males were obtained early one
frosty morning, 6th January 1960, when the grass was still white with
rime. Two males were skulking in the dead reeds by the river and the
rest were swarming lazily some seven to eight feet above the ground in
a lane between high sheltering hedges but no more than 50 yards
from the river.

H. (Limnophyes) prolongatus Kieff. A swarm of this species was
seen in a sheltered place by the river.

H. (Smittia) aterrimus Mg. Extremely common _ everywhere,
especially in vast continuous swarms along hedges and to a lesser degree
in lanes. There are always a number flying around the garden and
walls of the house but not swarming. Both sexes have been swept in
almost equal numbers from the dead stems of stinging nettles during
the very cold weather.

Tanytarsus (Micropsectra) brunnipes Zett. Three males and a
female were taken on 29th January beside a small swift-flowing wood-
land stream, much beloved of Brillia modesta and Tanytarsus subviridis,
both these, species especially the former, were abundant at the time.

12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/111 / 1960

It was a sunny day with a cold wind. One of the specimens was teneral
and as I had worked this locality several times in the past few weeks
and had not seen brunnipes, I suspect this was a fresh emergence.

T. (M.) atrofasciatus Kieff. Two males taken on 29th January out
of several more seen in the same position and circumstances as given for
brunnipes.

T. (M.) subviridis Goet. This species was quite common in January
and met with everywhere near water, but usually only in ones and
twos. I have seen a small swarm of four males about five feet from the
ground in the shelter of a hedge.

31.1.1960.

Notes and Observations

OTIORRHYNCHUS RUGOSOSTRIATUS GOEZE (CoL. CURCULIONIDAE) IN KENT.
—During August until October 1957, 1958 and in August 1959, I have
taken at West Wickham eight specimens of this weevil. Mr. A. A.
Allen informs me that the beetle has only occurred to him singly, and
is by no means frequent. The interesting thing about my specimens is
that they were all found inside the upstairs rooms of my house. They
occurred mostly at night and were usually on the ceilings. Possibly
they originated from the attic_—J. M. Cuatmers-Hount, 70 Chestnut
Avenue, West Wickham, Kent.

GONEPTERYX RHAMNI LINN. SUSPECTED oF Micratinc.—This butterfly
is sometimes seen far away from its breeding grounds and is undoubtedly
inclined to stray, particularly after hibernation.

It may be of interest to put on record that I saw a male rhamni
flying rapidly in a fixed direction over some salt marshes near Higham,
Kent, on the afternoon of 9th August 1959. The time was about 3 p.m.,
and its flight was in a northerly direction, that is, towards the Essex
coast. The weather was warm and muggy, wind very slight, no sun.

The only reference that I can find regarding migration in this species
is in Dr. E. B. Ford’s Butterflies at page 153, where he states that a
number of rhamni were seen migrating near Tavistock, but gives no
further details —J. M. Cuatmers-Hunt, 70 Chestnut Avenue, West
Wickham, Kent.

THe FooprLant oF TILIACEA AURAGO ScHiIFrF.—In reference to Mr. J.
H. Johnson’s note on this moth in Derbyshire, it would be interesting to
know whether there is any field maple in the Chesterfield area. Awrago
is common here; on a good night in September or early October, there
are usually at least half a dozen in my trap, but there are no beeches
whatever in the district except for a planted hedge nearly two miles
away. South says the larva may be found on maple, where this occurs
round beech woods, but here it is common on the maples in a hedge on
the opposite side of the road to my garden. It may be as well to add
that Whittle and Conquest both took the moth here regularly nearly
fifty years ago, and the beech hedge I mentioned has been planted since
the war. Burrows also took it regularly at Mucking where there were
no beeches whatsoever.—H. C. Hueeins, 65 Eastwood Boulevard,
Westcliff-on-Sea. 27.1.1960.

NOTES AND QBESERVATIONS rhs

TILIACEA AURAGO Scuirr. I was interested in the report by Mr. J.
H. Johnson of the presence of Tiliacea aurago Schiff. in Derbyshire, but
somewhat puzzled by his assumption that there is a relationship between
the scarcity of this moth and the absence of beech woods. Fagus
sylvatica is, I believe, not necessary for the survival of this species
im an area, and last autumn I took the moth commonly on ivy bloom
in a situation in Warwickshire where there was no beech. The hedges,
however, had their fair share of Acer campestre. It may be that there
is no maple in Derbyshire either.—F. A. Nosir, F.R.E.S., 2 Newton
Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham 11. 7.11.1960.

LyYcaENA PHLARAS LINN. AND OTHER SPECIES IN BERKSHIRE.—AS a
result of the dry summer, there was a large third brood of Lycaena
phlaeas Iinn., and in September it was abundant on the michaelmas
daisies in my garden here. On 30th September J was pleased to find
among them a male of the silvery form, ab. schmidtit.

On 13th October I found in my light-trap an insect which, at first
glance, I thought was a very late, possibly third brood, specimen of
Cosymbia porata Fabr.; a second glance, however, showed it to be (.
pupillaria Hiibn. S. Mr. Goodson of the British Museum at Tring
has kindly confirmed the identity. Apart from those taken in the
Scilly Isles, or bred from their eggs in captivity, I wonder how many
records of the capture of this insect exist.—Sir R. Saunppy, Oxleas,
Burghclere, near Newbury, Berks. 21.x1i.1959.

EVERGESTIS EXTIMALIS Scop. IN HampsuHireE.—Further to the note on
Evergestis extimalis Scop. (antea, p. 17), it may be of interest to record
that this species has come to light here every year since I began to
collect the Pyrales in 1955. This year produced four between 14th June
and 10th July, which is about the usual date. There is a marked pre-
ponderance of females. Other micros of interest taken this year and
not hitherto recorded have included one Pammene awrantiana Staud.
and three Myelois cirrigerella Zinck. The latter record goes a long
way to support the contention that this species is commoner in a hot
summer. I also took my first specimen in over thirty years of Hremobia
ochroleuca Esp.; why is this insect so scarce here? I would have thought
the conditions were ideal.—DrEnzin W. H. rrennett, Martyr Worthy
Place, near Winchester, Hants. 6.ii.1960.

HADENA compTA ScHIFF. AT DUNGENESS: A BELATED REcorp.—Among
a series of Hadena conspersa Esp. taken by m.v. light at Dungeness on
28th June 1955, I have recently discovered that one specimen which I
had uncritically assumed to be a small form of that species is, in fact,
H. compta Schiff. I have been unable to find any other record of this
insect from Dungeness, and Mr. Youden informs me that as far as
he is aware, compta has not previously been recorded west of Folkestone.
Being essentially a garden insect, apparently not feeding on Silene, it
seems not unlikely that it may have been transferred with Sweet
Williams from the Dover district.—C. R. Haxsy, 4 Windermere Terrace,
Bradford 7. 19.11.1960.

74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von, 72. 15/11/1960

AcHERONTIA ATROPOS L. IN GuoucESTERSHIRE.—I should like to record
that an almost fully fed larva and six pupae of A. atropos I. were
found at Haresfield near Gloucester. The larva was found feeding on
potato in May, and a pupa at the end of August. The latter produced
a perfect male imago on 19th October 1959. In another field less than
two miles away, one pupa was found on 15th October, three on the
17th, and one on 4th November. These produced a deformed female on
30th October and a perfect male on 10th November. That found on
4th November produced a deformed female on 21st November. Two
pupae split and failed to hatch. Mr. M. L. Ridgway ran his m.v. trap
in the field for a fortnight and Mr. A. C. R. Redgrave his portable
m.v. light on 23rd October, but no moths were taken. The pupa from
which the moth emerged on 19th October was ‘‘forced’”’ on a mantle-
piece in a warm room. The remainder were kept under normal con-
ditions.—D. J. Ines, 55A Reservoir Road, Gloucester. 16.11.1960.

HiypRAECIA HUCHERARDI MasinteE: AN Onp FrencH Recorp. — In
looking through some old numbers of the Belgian journal
“‘Tambillionea’”’, I was surprised to come across in the volume for 1935
a plate containing the excellent photograph of two specimens of this
insect described as Hydroecia osseola Stgr. (1882) subsp. hucherardi
Mabille (1907). They were taken at Royan, Charente-Inférieure, on
12th and 14th September 1934. The notice goes on to thank Monsieur
Braun of the local Natural History Society for allowing the repro-
duction by photograph of the ‘‘fine and rare species’’. In looking
through the many articles written on the occurrence of hucherardi in
the British Isles in recent years, I cannot find any reference to the
above record which may well indicate that the species is well established
in suitable localities all up the west coast of France.—C. G. M. DE
Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 19.11.1960.

Unvsvat BEHAVIOUR oF LimnopHoRA spp. (Dipt., Muscrpar).—Whilst
collecting at Failand, near Bristol, N. Somerset, I found that males of
Limnophora maculosa Mg. were very numerous on 23rd August 1959,
adopting the typical resting position on light-coloured stones. This
was on a path running adjacent to a stream in a spinney, but further
upstream, where the ground became more marshy and where I was
forced to walk up through the centre of the stream, I found that the
flies were resting on fallen logs that lay in or across the stream. Here 1
observed that wherever there was a male on a log, there was also
present a much smaller fly that would gyrate rapidly in circles above the
Limnophora, finally to settle a few inches from it, and then repeat the
performance. Thinking that these, despite their smaller size, might
be the females and that this might be part of their mating procedure,
T secured several specimens, which I observed to have the eyes widely
separated on the frons, supporting my notion that they were females.
However, subsequent examination, by Mr. E. C. M. d’A. Fonseca,
proved that these smaller flies were not female Limnophora maculosa
but male Pseudolimnophora triangula Fall. This kind of behaviour
seems most unusual between two species, but is presumably akin to the
antics of male butterflies that are sometimes seen indulging in playful

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 75

encounters, though in this case the Z. maculosa remained motionless and
seemed oblivious of the attentions of the P. triangula.—Aprian C. Pont.
16.11.60.

Tue Hasits oF AZELIA MAcQUARTI StTaEG. (Dipt., Muscrpar).—On
29th April 1959, whilst collecting at Leigh Woods, near Bristol, N.
Somerset, I observed numerous flies hovering and darting in the manner
of Fannia and Hydrotaea males, in the shafts of sunlight filtering
through the trees. Many individuals were present, but as their ‘beat’
was some eight to ten feet above the ground, I only secured one speci-
men, a male Azelia macquarti Staeg.

About an hour later, some fifty yards away from this spot, I came
across a heap of brown, wet and thoroughly rotten grass cuttings, from
which a swarm of flies arose at my approach. However, a second more
cautious approach and a quick sweep of the net secured a representative
sample of those present; all proved to be Azelia macquarti Staeg., and
I had in the net nineteen males and fifteen females.

The species is undoubtedly the commonest of this genus, but this
particular abundance in two completely different habitats was most
striking.—ApriAan C. Pont. 16.11.60

British ENTOMOLOGISTS AND THE British Fauna.—I am very much
obliged to Mr. Huggins for the very interesting information on the
study of the biology of Abraxas grossulariata Linn. in Great Britain
(January, p. 19).

That I chose to make mention of grossulariata in my note (November
1959, p. 269) was a mere coincidence, but that I unfortunately hit a
species which Mr. Huggins supposes to be fully studied, will not in-
fluence the idea of my note, and that Mr. Huggins can not grasp
‘“‘What I was driving at” is no wonder to me as his comments deplorably
demonstrate to me that he, himself, is one of the fathers, ‘‘developed
in smog’’.

I do not doubt, however, that young modern English entomologists,
who may have a broader idea of lepidopterology and its proportions,
will understand to read both notes the right way.

To avoid further mistakes, I want to say that I naturally know
that England has many eminent entomologists, of whom I personally
know some, but to whom my note just as naturally has no reference,
and further I want to add that my note was not a criticism of English
entomology in general, as I am a great friend of England. I even
appreciate Mr. Huggins very much from the reading of his monthly
notes on the Micros, from which I learn a lot though I am an old boy
in lepidopterology.

If Mr. Huggins should like to discuss the subject, of which I have a
lot to say, I shall prefer that we do it in privacy and not use the costly
pages of the Record, which ought to be used for more important sub-
jects, for our private controversy.

The poor ‘‘spotted seal’’, which absorbes Mr. Huggins so much, is
the very common one, which I also think is spotted in England, namely:
Phoca vitulina Linn.—A. G. CarousFetp-Kravst, 97 Slotsherrens-Have,
Copenhagen-Vanlase.

76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von, 72. 15/111 /1960

Current Literature

HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BritisH Insects, Vou. VII, Pr. 2
IcHNEUMONIDAE (A 1), 116 pp. By J. F. Perkins. Roy. Ent.
Soc., Lonpon. 1959. 25s.

This is the first part of a major taxonomic study of what is probably
not only the largest but also the most neglected and taxonomically
difficult family of insects in the British Isles. Difficulties arise not
only in nomenclature, especially at the generic level, but through the
frequent convergence of structural form in otherwise disparate genera.
In addition, variation in many minor characters, the common occurrence
of malformed specimens, the need for adequate series to discriminate
between similar species and the necessity for microscopic examination of
certain characters even for subfamily separation, combine together to
make the Ichnewmonidae a formidable group even for the specialist.
The author discusses all difficulties as they arise in simple language and
takes the reader fully into his confidence. The keys are clearly worded
but necessarily complex in many instances. The illustrations maintain
the high standards of this series of handbooks but the differences depicted
are frequently discouragingly minute.

The author confines biological observations to a few brief comments in
the introductory paragraphs to each genus and actual host insects are
named in only a few instances. Similarly the species distribution is
described in deliberately vague terms such as ‘infrequent’, ‘rather un-
common’, etc. The reason for this is, on the one hand, the imprecise
nature of the available information through faulty or unchecked
determinations of bred material, and on the other the tendency for
these parasites to fluctuate in numbers from season to season according
to the relative prevalence of their host species. Moreover the author
suggests that records really reflect the distribution of collectors rather
than that of the insects. It is to be hoped, however, that when the
present monumental handbook is complete in all its parts, the author
will marry together the available information on biology, larval
characters, host relationships and taxonomy in one comprehensive
monograph. In the meantime we are greatly indebted to Dr. Perkins
for a valuable and long needed standard work on a difficult, economically
important and rather neglected group.—C. A. C.

Current Notes

Rapioactive Mierants—A Request.—Recently in the course of
population studies on the Lepidoptera, we have shown that when larvae
are fed for 24 hours only on radioactive plants grown in water culture
and then released, the imagines can be subsequently recognised when
caught two or three months later. We have used Phosphorus-32 for
insects with a rapid metamorphosis and Sulphur-35 for those with a
longer one. Because of the increased surface area of the imago com-
pared to that of the cylindrical-shaped larva, the radioactive counts
are often 2-6 times greater in the imago than they were in the larva.
The Lepidoptera are in fact extremely satisfactory material for labelling
with radioactive isotopes.

CURREN'T NOLES in
Following the recent atomic explosion in North Africa, it is likely
that large areas will have been contaminated with radioactive fall-out.
Although this will not contain Phosphorus-32 or Sulphur-35, long-life
isotopes such as Strontium-90 (half-life 21-6 years) and Caesium-134
(half-life 1-7 years) may have been produced. Food plants may have
been contaminated and almost certainly this will eventually get into
the plants by way of the roots. It is almost certain then that radio-
active Lepidoptera will be hatching in parts of North Africa this year.
For some time there has been speculation as to whether the primary
migrants arrive in this country direct from North Africa or whether
they are their descendants which have bred further north. It seems now
that we might have an opportunity of finding out.
Would anyone please be so good as to send me samples (dead, dry
and unset) of the following species which have been taken during a
migration this spring or summer ;: —

Vanessa cardwi I. Colius croceus Koure.
Macroglossum stellatarwm Wa. Plusia gamma IL.
Heliothis peltigera Schf. Nomophila noctuella Schiff.
Khodometra sacraria I.

or any other migrant which could have bred in North Africa. Set

specimens will be returned, if requested, after scanning by Geiger
counter.—Dr. H. B. D. Knerriteweti, Genetics Laboratory, Department
of Zoology, University of Oxford. February 1960.

A PosTGRADUATE DipLoma CouRSE IN ConsERVATION.—Difficulties are
being met in filling needs for highly trained men and women able to
deal with problems of animal populations, vegetation and land use,
both in Britain and overseas. In Africa, for example, there is no one
qualified to fill certain key posts now vacant and this is endangering the
future of African wild-life and natural resources. To meet this need a
one-year diploma course has been initiated at University College, Lon-
don.

The course includes field work beginning in July, and lectures and
associated practical work on conservation, physical geography, plant
ecology, animal ecology, soils and land utilisation.

The course is run in the Botany Department (Professor D. Lewis,
I’.R.S.) in collaboration with the departments of Geography, Zoology
and Town Planning and the Nature Conservancy. The Nature Con-
servancy consider this course suitable for the award of a training grant
in conservation.

Application for admission to the course should be made (before 21st
March 1960) on the Form of Admission of Postgraduate Students,
obtainable from the Registrar, University College, Gower Street,
London, W.C.1.

Candidates who are interested in obtaining a grant from the Nature
Conservancy for this course should apply to the Nature Conservancy,
19 Belgrave Square, London, S.W.1., by Ist April 1960.

A Dietoma CouRSE IN CONSERVATION
The Nature Conservancy have long been aware of the need for
facilities for comprehensive training in ecology and conservation and
are pleased to co-operate with University College London which is pro-

78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/111 / 1960

viding a training course starting in July 1960. The course is intended
to lead to a College Diploma in Conservation Studies and the work will
be entirely postgraduate.

Candidates will be selected from persons with a suitable degree in a
relevant subject and special consideration will be given to those having
a subsidiary subject increasing their suitability for the wide field covered
by the course. Each course will last one year, beginning in July.
Tutorial instruction in lectures and seminars will be given by members
of the College staff from the departments of Botany, Zoology and
Geography, assisted by selected external specialists. Facilities for field
work will be provided by the Nature Conservancy on Nature Reserves
and at their Field and Research Stations, where students will spend
several weeks gaining general field experience by participating in field
experiments and by working on individual problems under specialised
supervision.

The final examination will consist of three papers and, in addition,
satisfactory evidence must be given of adequate instruction having
been received in the field. Candidates will also be required to submit a
dissertation embodying the results of some specific investigation related
to conservation.

Score oF COURSE

1. Conservation

The theory and practice of conservation.
2. Physical Geography

Use of small-scale maps and aerial photography. Types of land-
forms and methods of mapping them; processes of weathering, erosion

and deposition; the origin and nature of soils. Hlements of world
climate; local climates. Physical controls of water supply.

3. Plant Ecology

Vegetation of the world and environmental factors affecting it.
Changes in the ecosystems of vegetation, soil and habitats. The
reciprocal relationship between plants and soil, methods of soil analysis.

4. Animal Ecology

The nature of terrestrial and aquatic animal communities and their
relationships to the physical and biological characteristics of the environ-
ment. Competition and variation in the numbers of animals. Distribu-
tion and dispersal with particular reference to the British fauna. A
general outline of the functional morphology and the classification of
animals.

5. Land Utilisation

Land classification. The origins of the present cultural landscape.
Competition for land; optimum, multiple and exclusive use. Effects of
land utilisation on soils. Cartographic and statistical sources. Distribu-
tion and exploitation of economic minerals.

Application to University College, London, for Admission to Course
Application for admission to the course should be made before 21st

March on the Form of Admission of Postgraduate Students, obtainable
from the Registrar, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.1.

~I
vo)

OBITUARY

Nature Conservancy Awards

The Nature Conservancy are offering a limited number of awards
for 1960/61 to students accepted by University College for the diploma
course. Candidates who are interested in seeking a grant from the
Nature Conservancy to attend the diploma course should apply before
lst April to the Nature Conservancy at 19 Belgrave Square, London,
S.W.1, for an application form.

Candidates for research studentship awards from the Nature Con-
servancy, for post graduate training in ecology leading to a higher
degree at London or some other British university, may also apply to
the Nature Conservancy for an additional award to attend the diploma
course either before or after the tenure of a research studentship.

They are reminded that separate application for admission to the
diploma course must be made to University College, London.

Obituary

WILLIAM QUIBELL, or ‘‘Q’’, as he was known to so many of his
entomological friends, passed away in hospital at Huntingdon on 26th
November 1959 at the age of 82. He was born at Welton-le-Wold, near
Louth, Lincolnshire, on 28th August 1877; he served over 28 years in
the Lincolnshire Constabulary, and retired with the rank of Inspector.

His entomological career began when he saw a kitten playing with
an atropos larva when on his beat. He removed to Somercotes about
1913, where he met the village parson, old Proudfoot. Proudfoot used
to sugar his whole parish each night and ‘‘Q’’ was much interested and
quickly became addicted to this practice. From then on his whole
spare time was spent in collecting, and he became a first-class entomo-
logist, not merely a collector.

Among his entomological exploits was breeding a very fine series of
Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh.: he and Stanley Smith discovered the secret of
oviposition, and bred them on. He may well have been the last person
to see Apumea pabulatricula Brahm in numbers in Lincolnshire; it
disappeared from its last stronghold about 1918.

On his retirement he settled at Brampton in Huntingdonshire, where
he was a close neighbour of the Rev. Gilbert Raynor, and he used
to tell some entertaining stories about this famous breeder of magpie
moths.

He was a great lover of the fens and used to visit the classical
localities regularly right up to the time when he was incapacitated,
and his series of hairstreaks and blues, many of them bred, were
particularly fine. Last August he stayed with Mr. Pilcher, and at
the end of the month they collected extensaria from recently reclaimed
land with the intention of putting them down at another place on the
coast where there is a good growth of Artemisia absinthiuwm.

I met ‘‘Q”’ on two or three holidays staying at Altna Craig, Avie-
more, and he gave me much good advice and information, and my son
used to desert my sugaring round in order to be in ‘‘Q’s’’ company.
His large circle of friends will mourn the passing of such a gentle
and happy man.

Cac:

80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 72. 15/111 /1960

Editorial

I would like to remind readers that it is they who make this magazine;
my task is merely to bring their work together, and I would particularly
like to dispel any diffidence which may be felt by some readers about
putting pen to paper, for while I am thankful for the hard core of
regular contributors, there is always space for new names. Should
material submitted be considered unsuitable, the writer will be informed
of the fact in a kindly and polite manner, and where this would be
helpful, the shortcomings would be pointed out, but I would add that
such treatment of matter received is very rarely necessary.

An innovation this year is the sending of twelve free separates of
articles contributed, so when no more than this number of copies is
required, there 1s no need to advise me with the article, but should
more than twelve copies be required, these can be provided at cost price
as in the past, but it is necessary to advise me at the latest when
returning the galley proofs.

Mr. Chalmers-Hunt’s catalogue of the lepidoptera of Kent will be
published in parts from time to time as the material comes to hand.
A certain number of reprints are being made at the same time and
held for stock, so that those wishing to bind the catalogue separately
when complete will be able to buy separate copies when the work ‘s
completed.

Finally, a magazine prospers on its circulation, so do not forget to
persuade that friend who is not yet a subscriber to become one without
further delay, and never let a chance pass to ask suitable people for
articles, even though they are not yet subscribers.—Ep.

HOTEL ACCOMMODATION
Mrs. H. TULLY

Craigeliachie Guest House, Aviemore, Inverness-shire
An Entomologist’s Mecca, highly recommended by collectors, 124 acres of
woodland in which to use light traps. Adequate power points.
Transport arranged to the famous Burma Road, etc.
Write for Brochure. Telephone Aviemore 236

ALT NA CRAIG PRIVATE HOTEL
AVIEMORE, INVERNESS-SHIRE

Mr. PHIL LE MASURIER, the Proprietor, hopes to see old friends and also to
welcome entomologists who have not yet visited this favoured area, during the
coming season. 1960 is the year for alpicola

Nubeculosa, carmelita, cordigera and melanopa are resident here and Scottish
forms of locally common moths are always present.

LIGHT TRAP AND OTHER FACILITIES AVAILABLE

S.A.E. for full terms and brochure

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale—Entomological Cabinets, all sizes, due to change over to unit system.
Details on application. Easy payments if required. R. W. Watson,
“Porcorum’”’, Sandy Down, Boldre, Near Lymington, Hants.

For Exchange.—‘Field Lepidopterist”’, Tutt., 3 Vols. ‘“‘British Moths’’, Morris,
4 Vols. 1891. ‘“‘Tineina’, Stainton, 1854. ‘“‘British Tortrices’, Wilkinson,
1859. Also wanted: Storeboxes, 13 x 9 or 14 x 10. Cartwright Timms, 524
Moseley Road, Birmingham, 12.

For Sale-—New Abberations of A. caja. Coloured photo on request. R. G. Todd,
West Runton, Norfolk.

Change of Address :—

Mr. JOHN Lops wishes it to be known that he has removed from Wroxall to—

“Berehaven ’,
Solent Road,
Cranmore,
Near Yarmouth,
Isle of Wight.

Lie tad 8

PARALLEL LENS STAND

For dissections, etc.

The lens always remains
parallel with the bench,
and is readily swung aside when necessary.

_ With 4" lens as illustrated. Inter-changeable lenses are available,
giving a range of magnifications.
Details on application.
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A Cabinet Label List of BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. Paper edition 6d, Cane
ie edition 1 /3, Post-card edition 9d.

A new magazine ‘and review of current literature: ‘““CORIDON.”’ ‘Sample num-
ber 1/-. ““CORIDON” is the only British magazine written especially for the
‘yy Lepidopterist.:

Send for our latest list which gives details of our data- babel, map, and printing
“services. All publications are post free. Please note new address——

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ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MAN UFACTURERS

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_ Reconditioned SECOND-HAND INSECT CABINETS, STORE BOXES, etc.,
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THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

A systematic work, in collaboration with the best specialists of all Pounteies,
; edited by

Prof. Dr. A. SEITZ

q ivery known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 10-44 colours
“and described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English,
German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna
‘ exotica.

Every volume may be had separately.

A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80

¢ ounded by J. W. TUTT on | 15th Apri 890)

Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Wituiams, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; 0
D. K. McK. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Se., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera:
ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: lL. > ape F.R.E. S., H.C. .M..
Fonsroa, F.R.E.S ;

CONTENTS

THE MARCH OF PROGRESS. C. M. R. PITMAN , BSS yee
THOUGHTS ON REARING DIACRISIA SANNIO “LINN. ‘AL SYMES

INVERNESS-SHIRE IN 1959. Commander G. Ose HARPER, R.N. (Reta),
F.R.E.S. ed

SOME RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE NORTH WEST, 1959. pr. sti
NEVILLE L. BIRKEIT ... £83 sao

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. C. HUGGINS, “FRE. 8.

NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA IN S.-E. ENGLAND IN 1959. J. F. BURTON ...

SOME CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPT.) TAKEN IN THE WINTER AT ROBERTS-
BRIDGE, SUSSEX. P. ROPER ... 56 ve = eS aha ee ee

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ...

CURRENT LITERATURE ...

CURRENT NOTES

OBITUARY

EDITORIAL

TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS

All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the ED ITO!
at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS, and requests fo
SPECIMEN COPIES to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court R }
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BACK NUMBERS, VOLUMES, and SETS OF VOLUMES to F
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REPRINTS: 12 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gra
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EE po) es ee APRIL 1969

FAGRLREDGAENENLDGA ONLINE NE

oe lab eT
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, r.n.z.8.
with the assistance of

. A. ALLEN, B.SO., A.B.0.S. C. A. CoLtInGwoop, B.s0., F.R.E.S.

EVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. L. PARMENTER, F.B.E.S.

_M. Cuatmers-Hunt, F.R.E.8. H. Symes, M.A.

ajor A. E. CoLuier, M.0., F.R.E.8. S. WAKELY .

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A FASCINATING § STUDY

Collecting and Breeding
Butterflies and Moths

by BRIAN WORTHINGTON-STUART, F.R.E.S.

With a Foreword by
Professor G. D. HALE CARPENTER, D.M. (Oxon)

Professor Emeritus of Zoology (Entomology) in the
University of Oxford. q
With A COLOUR FRONTISPIECE AND 17 TEXT
FIGURES | on
10s 6d_ net.
An extensive guide to the collecting and breeding of these
insects, with comprehensive details of equipment needed —
and instructions for the making of nets, cages, ete. For the -
collector there are sections on capturing, killing, setting and —
recording, and for the breeder many helpful shagieciiaus | for
the rearing of species in captivity.

CONTENTS
Parr 1.—Tue Perrect Insect. Nets: Frames and Bags—

Killing and Storing—Relaxing, Pinning and Setting—

Preservation of the Collection—Arrangement—Breeding
from the Perfect Insect—Equipment.

Part II1.—THE Hee STAGE.

Parr IlI.—Tue Carerrmiar Stace. The Caterpillar— | f
Caterpillar-hunting — Rearing Caterpillars — Families and |g

Scientific Classification and Preservation and Mounting. a
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Bibliography and Index.

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Further Notes of Earlier Stages of the

Purple Emperor
By I. R. P. HeEstor

In the course of two papers (Hntomologist’s Gazette, Vol. 6, p. 69,
and Vol. 11, p.: ) I have traced in detail, through the medium of
two separate specimens, the life history of the Purple Emperor from
just before the last moult up to and including the act of emergence.
In the course of 1956-57 I for the first time bred the species right
through from the egg laid in captivity to the imago, a female. Unfor-
tunately, owing to frequent absence from home I was unable to record
observations in anything like the same detail as previously. Never-
theless, I hope that the salient features may be of interest, more especi-
ally since I have been able to bring into the picture—from a slightly
later stage of development—the breeding of a male in the following
season. It is an added feature of interest that the female emerged
in an exceptionally early imaginal season, and the male in an excep-
tionally late one. The male treated is actually the same individual
the emergence of which is described in my last paper above mentioned;
but there is no redundancy, since in neither of the two present descrip-
tions do I carry the detailed story beyond the first moult. There is an
occasional incidental reference to an Apatura ilia Schiff., which was
bred in the adjacent cage to the male iris, for purposes of comparison.
I should mention also that I have never seen the egg hatch, but here
I feel I cannot do better than refer the reader to R. F. Aitken’s note
at page 215 of the Hntomologist’s Gazette, Vol. 6.

In the following account it should be remembered that the g and
the ¢ were actually bred in separate seasons, with very different
weather. I call them here by their sexes from the outset, though of
course there was at first no means of telling the difference: neverthe-
less in each case the sex of the larva was correctly diagnosed shortly
after the last moult, and I am making some further remarks below
on the features which enabled me to do so.

There is first the comparative table of main events to consider.

Q (ex Wilts) dg (ex Sussex)
1956-57 1957-58

Capture of parent female 7 August
Laying of egg 15 Af —
Hatching of egg 28 Fs ——
First Moult 10 September —
Transfer from glass-topped

tin to growing bush 22 A es
Second Moult 25-27 ,, (between)

Taking of larva 12 October
Placing of taken larva on

growing bush 13 October
Last noted to feed 9 November 1 November
Took up final position for

hibernation 8 December 2 3
Intermediate movements January 4, 26; 25 January

February 9, 16
SMITHSONIAN ay
SMAI THs ale. MAY 5 1966

82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1V / 1960

First positional movement,

post hibernation 22 ebruary 31 March (circa)
First marked colour change ditto (about) ditto (about)
First noted to feed 11-14 March 3 April
(between)
Third Moult 25 April 6 or 7 May
Fourth Moult 26 May 29 ie

Fixed for pupation (1.e€
turned head-downwards

for last time) 17 June 16 June
Pupated 19) paas 1B ayes
Emerged 5 July 9 July

There follows the actual transcript from the Log-Book relative to
the female.

Transcript of Notes on breeding of a female iris, 1956-57

Tuesday, 7 August 1956: Parent female taken in Wiltshire.

Wednesday, 15 August: Eggs laid, 17 in all.

Tuesday, 28 August: Two eggs hatched in the early morning: the
two infant larvae were placed on a growing bush of Broad-leaved
Sallow. One larva remained still, but the other (which is the subject
of these notes) wandered about restlessly, aud ultimately could not
be found. An inch by inch search with the magnifying glass showed
that it was no longer on the bush, nor could it be seen on the surface
of the soil of the pot.

However, a subsequent further search on the pitted and hummocky
surface of the soil did ultimately reveal the minute object, which must
have crawled from under some crumb of soil.

Both larvae were then placed, with fresh-picked leaves, in a glass-
topped tin.

[The remaining 15 eggs, though some of them already looked ready
for hatching, subsequently died. ]

Saturday, 1 September: Took the two young caterpillars in the breed-
ing tin with me when we proceeded to Studland for a holiday.

Monday, 3 September: One of the larvae (the one which had remained
still when first placed on the bush) died this evening. It had been
ailing since before the departure from home. The survivor is
flourishing, and is growing.

Friday, 7 September: Larva started to lay up for moult,

Monday, 10 September: Larva underwent Ist moult between 7.30 a.m.
and 8.30 a.m. Later in the day it ate whole of cast skin.
Friday, 14 September: We returned home (Burnham-on-Sea) from

Studland.

Saturday, 22 September: Transferred larva to bush. Sprayed.

Friday, 28 September: Larva had apparently undergone 2nd moult
since last viewed on previous Monday (24th).

Saturday, 6 October: Sprayed larva.

Sunday, 21 October: Sprayed larva.

Friday, 26 October: Sprig on which larva has its seat now almost
entirely withered. Larva restless.

Sunday, 28 October: Sprayed larva. It moved slightly.

FURTHER NOTES OF EARLIER STAGES OF THE PURPLE EMPEROR 83

Thursday, 1 November: Found that larva had moved to a fresh bunch
of sprigs and had been feeding extensively thereon. I resh
droppings visible on its new seat leaf.

Sunday, 4 November: Sprayed larva. It raised forepart.

Friday, 9 November: Believe that larva had been feeding a little.

Sunday, 11 November: I sprayed larva. As I did so the stem of the
seat-leaf (despite its silk fastenings) partly broke off. Propped
the leaf—still quite green—over another, .

Friday, 16 November: Found that larva had transferred itself to twig.
Head downwards. Sprayed it. Still bright green.

Friday, 23 November: Larva still head downwards. Still bright green.

Saturday, 24 November: Larva still head downwards.

Sunday, 25 November: Morning. Larva turned head uppermost:
still at exactly the same spot. Beginning to change colour. I
sprayed it.

Evening. When I inspected at 8.17 p.m. larva had turned
head downwards again.

Monday, 26 November: When I inspected at 7.02 a.m. larva was still
head downwards but at a slightly higher position on the stem.

Friday, 30 November: When inspected at first opportunity (7.45 p.m.)
after my arrival home, larva was head downwards. Colour change
no further advanced, i.e. larva a shade of green.

Saturday, 1 December: Inspected 11.21 a.m. Larva now head upwards.
A trifle higher up the stem than previously. Next inspected
7.21 p.m.: still head uppermost: no change in position.

Sunday, 2 December: Larva inspected three times to-day. No change.
Sprayed.

Monday, 3 December: Larva inspected at 7.0 a.m.; as before.

Friday, 7 December: Inspected at 4.20 p.m., just after my arrival.
Larva had now moved several inches down from last position.
At rest head upwards on main stem, a little below junction of a
twig.

Saturday, 8 December: Inspected at 8.0 a.m. Had moved two or three
millimetres upwards, so that tip of horns now just level with
bifurcation.

Sunday, 9 December: No change in position in morning. In afternoon
I sprayed larva: it moved head.

Monday, 10 December: Inspected 7.0 a.m. No change of position.
Fawn colour now beginning to appear.

Tuesday, 18 December: Returned from Salisbury in the afternoon for
the holidays. Larva just a shade higher on the stem than when
last seen. Still quite green. It was a lovely day: mild, still
and sunny.

Wednesday, 19 December: In the morning saw a just perceptible
movement, in the forepart, of larva. In the afternoon it became
much colder, with fog.

Thursday, 20 December: Colour change now beginning to progress.
Now cold. ;

Sunday, 23 December: Sprayed larva in morning. Colour change now

considerably advanced, but greater part of larva still a shade
of green.

84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72.° 15/1V /1960

Sunday, 30 December: Larva quite still, but colour-change no further
advanced. Sprayed it in afternoon. To-day and yesterday very
mild after several cold days (including snow on Christmas Day).
South wind.

Monday, 31 December: Still very mild. Larva as before.

Tuesday, 1 January 1957: Raw, foggy and cold. When inspected in
afternoon larva had turned head just a shade towards the right.

Wednesday, 2 January: Head straight again.

Thursday, 3 January: No change when inspected in morning.

Friday, 4 January: When I inspected in morning I found that larva
had turned head downwards. The tip of the tail was just a little
higher on the stem than the ends of the horns had been on pre-
vious day. Still largely a shade of green.

Saturday, 5 January: When inspected at 12.53 p.m., larva (still head
downwards) was found to have assumed an attitude more diagonal
in relation to the stem: i.e., the tail half had moved a little
to the left, and the forepart a little to the right (in relation to
itself, not to the observer).

Sunday, 6 January: Inspected at 1.0 p.m. No change in position or
attitude. Sprayed.

It was so warm and sunny that we were able to have our lunch
outside! (This was the first time ever in January, the only
month in which we hadn’t done so hitherto.)

Sunday, 13 January: Larva had been inspected each day, but was
still head downwards and there had been no movement or change
in position up to and including inspection at 12.05 p.m. to-day.
Sprayed it.

Monday, 14 January: When examined at 8.30 a.m. this day (i.e. before
my departure for Salisbury), larva was just as on previous day.
Colour still to be described as green rather than anything else.

Friday, 18 January: On return to ‘‘Belfield’’, this evening, I found
that larva was still in the same location as before, and still head
downwards, but now more exactly in line with the stem (i.e. no
longer slightly athwart it).

Sunday, 20 January: In late morning sprayed larva: unchanged from
Friday.

Friday, 25 January: Larva just as when last seen.

Saturday, 26 January: In morning, larva found to have moved down-
wards on the stem for two or three millimetres. Still head down-
wards. Head just a little nearer to the window side of the stem.

Sunday, 27 January: As on previous day. Sprayed in morning. While
this was going on the larva stirred perceptibly.

Monday, 28 January: Inspected at 6.15 a.m., prior to returning to
Salisbury. No change. Larva still a shade of green.

Saturday, 2 February: I had returned at a later hour than usual on
the Friday, owing to the necessity of inspecting woods on that
day. Larva if anything just a shade lower on the stem: still
head downwards.

Sunday, 3 February: Sprayed larva in afternoon. Now generally a
greenish brown in colour: except for tail, which still quite green.

Wednesday, 6 February: Saw a Small Tortoiseshell in the garden of

FURTHER NOTES OF EARLIER STAGES OF THE PURPLE EMPEROR 85

the Modern School, Salisbury, at 1.0 p.m. It flew off freely,
high into the air. Very sunny.

Weather had been for some time uniformly mild, even at
night. In fact, there has been no winter yet, except the very
brief (and not really severe) interlude at Christmas.

Friday, 8 February: When inspected this evening at about 7.0 p.m.,
larva was in exactly the same position and attitude as when
last seen.

Saturday, 9 February: Inspected at about 11.0 a.m. Larva had moved
about 4 inch down and had also moved its forepart across so that
it was now placed diagonally on the stem with its head actually
projecting clear of the stem. It moved its horns as I was watch-
Ing it.

Now that I saw it in the daylight, I observed that it was
much more green than when last seen. In fact, there was very
little of the brown colouration remaining on it, Sprayed it.

Sunday, 10 February: Larva exactly as when seen on previous day.

Friday, 15 February: Larva first inspected about 7.30 p.m. Greener
than on last occasion. Had moved slightly more into line with
the stem (head still downwards).

Saturday, 16 February: During morning sunshine larva had moved
into a more oblique position, in relation to the stem, than ever
before. Forepart also standing further clear of the stem than
at any time previously. Head still downwards. Had not moved
up or down the stem. Was still stirring when first inspected at
about 10.0 a.m.

Sunday, 17 February: Sprayed larva at about 11.0 a.m. In exactly
the same position as when last seen. Inspected on several fur-
ther occasions during the day, but no sign of any movement.

Thursday, 21 February: When inspected about 7.30 p.m., larva was
exactly as when last seen.
Friday, 22 February: In morning sunshine, larva moved over to
adjacent quadrant of stem, taking up an exactly diagonal posi-
tion (head still lower than tail). Still stirring at 10.80 a.m.
Saturday, 23 February: Sprayed in morning. Larva now more in line
with stem; head still downmost.
By inadvertence, left off celluloid cylinder all night.
Sunday, 24 February: Replaced celluloid cylinder and lid immediately
after breakfast. There had been no movement in larva. Now
much greener than had been a week ago.
Weather now much milder than had been for the past ten
days.
Monday, 25 February: No change.
Friday, 1 March: When inspected at about 7.0 p.m. larva found to
be almost exactly vertical, with head still downwards.
Now almost normal green in colour.
Saturday, 2 March: Sprayed larva in morning, Stirred slightly, but
did not change position.
This was a most beautiful day. I saw 5 Small Tortoiseshells on
our land (the children saw 7).
Sunday, 3 March: No change.

86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1V /1960

Again a most glorious day. I saw 4 Small Tortoiseshells on
our land. We had lunch outside.

Friday, 8 March: No change in larva’s attitude or position from last
week, when inspected this evening.

Saturday, 9 March: No change.

Sunday, 10 March: No change. Sprayed in afternoon. Colour a bright
green, with only a trace of brown on the forepart.

Friday, 15 March: When inspected this evening, larva was found to have
moved to a different stem where it was now head downmost at
the base of a half-opened leaf-bud. But it had been nibbling at
the tender shoots.

Saturday, 16 March: Inspected several times during the day, but no
change from yesterday’s position. Weather very dull.

Sunday, 17 March: Inspected at least twice during the morning, but no
change from position as observed on Friday.

Sprayed in afternoon, when stirred slightly. Dull all day,
with heavy rain at times.

Friday, 22 March: This evening, on my return, I found larva (head
uppermost) on young stem just below leaflets, on which it had
been feeding. Normal bright summer colour all over.

Saturday, 23 March: In morning found larva head downwards just
below previous site. In afternoon found it head uppermost in
same site as in morning.

Sunday, 24 March: In morning found larva on tuft of young leaves,
on which it had been feeding.

At 12.0 noon found still on same leaf, but to have changed
position slightly. Sprayed. Larva stirred.

Had not changed position when last inspected at about 9.30
p.m.

Had grown considerably since previous week.

Monday, 25 March: When inspected at 6.15 a.m. (before my departure),
found on another leaf. Now still: but had been feeding.

Friday, 29 March: Returned from Salisbury for holidays. Found that
larva had been eating extensively. Observed eating to-day.

Saturday, 30 March: Larva eating normally. Sprayed it at about noon.

Sunday, 31 March: Larva eating normally. Rested for a time, head
downwards.

Monday, 1 April: Normal.

Tuesday, 2 April: Normal.

Wednesday, 3 April: Normal.

Thursday, 4 April: On this and previous days, larva had been observed
to feed regularly just after sundown, and to rest most of the
day—though it often fed in the middle of the day.

Very restless to-day.

Friday, 5 April: Feeding a little in the morning. Then went to stem
and sat up in ‘“‘begging’’ style.

Had not again been observed to rest head downwards. Now
‘growing fast, though leaves of Sallow seem to be wilting.

Saturday, 6 April: Weather turning cooler (though had been dry for a
week), but larva still feeding normally.

Sunday, 7 April: Now much colder. Larva’s movement and feeding
reduced. Leaves of plant curling up (? caught by frost). Larva
looking quite healthy, however. Sat on leaf most of day.

FURTHER NOTES OF EARLIER STAGES OF THE PURPLE EMPEROR 87

Monday, 8 April: Weather as on previous day. Movement and feeding
about the same also. Sat on leaf most of day.

Tuesday, 9 April: On stem all day, save for short spell after sunset
when ate vigorously. It was dull and cold all day.

Wednesday, 10 April: Sprayed larva at 8.0 a.m. Larva raised forepart ;
still on stem. Jt was dull and very cold all day.

At 11.20 p.m. found to have moved to an upper sprig, where
it had been feeding and was now resting. Freezing at time of
this inspection.

Thursday, 11 April: At 6.55 a.m. in same place as late last night but
now in ‘“‘begging’’ attitude.

In evening (about 7.0 p.m.) found still on same leaf, but had
changed position and attitude.

Friday, 12 April: At 10.0 a.m. on same leaf as yesterday; again in
‘“bhegging”’ attitude. Had, I think, been feeding during night.

First substantial rain to-day for a fortnight.

Saturday, 13 April: Warm and sunny. Caterpillar torpid all day—
not seen to move at all.

[ Note.—Change over to SUMMER TIME took place during night
of 13-14th. Times henceforth are B.S.T.]

Sunday, 14 April: Dull but mild. Larva again torpid, but stirred
slightly when sprayed this afternoon.

Monday, 15 April: Dull and rather cool. Larva still in complete torpor
all day.

Tuesday, 16 April: Warm and sunny. Larva did not feed until evening
(after several days apparent fast) and then only very little.
Wednesday, 17 April: Larva eating vigorously in evening. Had been

motionless all day before this.

Thursday, 18 April: Sprayed larva in morning. I also placed in cage
a small additional potted plant of Sallow, with foliage touching
the lower part of the old one.

In evening (after sunset) larva moved for first time to-day and
ate voraciously and extensively on the old plant.

Friday, 19 April: Larva had moved back to seat-leaf when first seen
in morning. On seat-leaf again when next seen, in evening,
but I think had fed a little.

Saturday, 20 April: Motionless all day on seat-leaf.

Sunday, 21 April: Completely motionless all day, except that when
sprayed in morning larva depressed forepart slightly for a few
minutes. Paler in colour.

Monday, 22 April: When examined at 8.0 a.m. in position as before.

Tuesday, 23 April: Sprayed larva in morning. Motionless all day
save that a slow backwards and forwards movement of the fore-
part (the larva being fastened by the hind part) commenced at
about 6.0 p.m. and continued for at least an hour and a half.

One movement from right forward to right back was timed
and found to extend to approximately ten minutes. But the
period appeared to vary.

A small extraneous black particle was seen on the lower dorsal
part in the morning. But this was washed down for a distance
of about one millimetre by the spraying.

88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/TV /1960

Wednesday, 24 April: No movement again to-day, save that the same
slow sway was observed at about 1.0 p.m. and again at 6.45 p.m.
This is the fifth day of complete fast, and obviously larva

is either in set for 3rd moult (early), or is going to die.

Thursday, 25 April: Faint but slower backwards and forwards move-
ment apparent at various times from 8.0 a.m. onwards. Sprayed
at about 8.30 a.m.; this was followed by the faintest possible
movement of the forelegs. By this time also the anal extremity
was no longer touching the leaf.

Moulted at about 11.0 a.m. Larva then lay more horizontally
(but across the leaf) until evening.

Ate cast skin between 8.30 and 9.0 p.m. and then assumed
the normal upright position along the midrib of the pendent
seat-leaf.

No further movement up to 11.30 p.m., when last inspected.

Friday, 26 April: When first inspected at 8.10 a.m. larva was found
to have moved to another leaf and also to have eaten a little.
Sprayed it.

At 11.0 a.m. was observed to be moving about extensively
and also feeding.
When next inspected, at 5.0 p.m., was motionless on
another leaf (on which it had been feeding).
At 9.0 p.m. was crawling up stem.
At 10.10 p.m. was still, on yet another leaf, but had been
feeding very extensively.

Saturday, 27 April: On first inspection at 8.15 a.m., larva was found
at rest sitting up on remnant of leaf on which had moulted. Had
been feeding liberally during night.

At about 7.0 p.m. larva brought forepart into closer proxi-
mity with leaf. This was first sign of stirring to-day.

At 10.30 p.m. it was found at rest on fresh leaf, with head
downwards. Had been feeding extensively.

Sunday, 28 April: At 8.45 a.m. found at rest on another (horizontal)
leaf. Had been eating, but not so fully as on previous occasions.
At 5.0 p.m., just before my departure for term at Salisbury,
larva was found to have moved to another leaf (hanging vertic-
ally) on which it was resting head downwards.

Friday, 3 May: On my arrival home this evening larva was found to
have grown very much and to be sitting up on new leaf.
At 8.50 p.m. it was observed feeding very voraciously at dif-
ferent site.

Saturday, 4 May: Found on seat-leaf in morning. In afternoon found
resting on different leaf and to have been feeding extensively
during the day.

In evening was observed feeding at 8.45 p.m. At 10.30 p.m.
was at rest, but had been feeding very extensively.

Sunday, 5 May: Larva at rest on seat-leaf until sprayed at 4.50 p.m.
when moved head and forepart very emphatically. At 8.30 p.m.
observed to be feeding in vicinity of seat-leaf.

Watered plants in cage also this day, as I usually do after
spraying larva.

FURTHER NOTES OF EARLIER STAGES OF THE PURPLE EMPEROR 89

When last seen about 11.0 p.m. was at rest on mid-rib (all
that was left!) of seat-leaf,

Monday, 6 May: At 6.30 a.m. larva was found at rest on a wholly
different and widely-removed sprig. It had evidently fed fur-
ther during the night of the original sprig.

Saturday, 11 May: At 7.30 a.m., eight minutes after my arrival home,
I found larva on lower part of bush. Former sprig had been
eaten out. Inspected several times to-day, but always—until as
mentioned below—sitting up motionless on seat-leaf.

At 8.35 p.m. found eating vigorously.

Sunday, 12 May: Larva motionless on seat-leaf all day until found eat-
ing very voraciously at 9.25 p.m. Seat-leaf had been completely
demolished and larva was in new location.

At 11.12 p.m. (last inspection) found at rest on new seat-leaf.

Monday, 13 May: At 6.40 a.m. (before my departure for Salisbury)
larva was found at rest on another leaf and also to have been
feeding further, and extensively, since last seen on the previous
evening.

Friday, 17 May: Larva found at rest when first inspected (6.0 p.m.)
after my arrival. Subsequently (after sunset) ate hugely.
Saturday 18 May: At rest in morning, head downwards on stem. When
sprayed at about 1.0 p.m. it turned right way round and then

moved on to leaf (apparently seat-leaf).

ed a little in afternoon, then moved back to seat-leaf again.

In evening, started to feed much earlier (about 8.20 p.m.).
Ate very heavily.

Sunday, 19 May: At rest on seat-leaf in morning, ‘‘sitting-up’’. About
mid-day found resting head downwards on main stem; had ap-
parently been eating.

In afternoon, back on seat-leaf again—‘‘sitting-up’’. At 10.0
p.m. was again at rest on main stem head downwards and a
little clear of the stem, to one side. At 11.30 p.m. larva was at
rest again on its seat-leaf (prone).

Noticed a little blight on leaves of the bush.

Monday, 20 May: At 6.40 a.m. found on seat-leaf where last seen on
night before, but with the forepart now slightly raised (not, how-
ever, amounting to ‘‘sitting-up’’).

Friday, 24 May: Found larva at 5.0 p.m. motionless on same seat-leaf
as before and obviously in set for moult.

Saturday, 25 May: As before. Sprayed in morning. Faint movement
of anterior part subsequently visible.

Sunday, 26 May: Larva completed moult (4th) at 11.30 a.m. Motionless
on seat-leaf subsequently.

When viewed at about 6.30 p.m. was found to be covered with
mite-like insects [see below] and to have crawled up naked stem
where, though it was still soft, it was lashing about desperately.

Took it off and cleaned it and placed it on new bush (of
“‘cabbage’’ type) in other cage where it span a pad and settled
down.

Monday, 27 May: When viewed at 6.0 a.m. larva was in reverse position
to when last seen. Also, had been feeding extensively off very
large seat-leaf during night.

90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72. 15/1V /1960

A few points in the post last-moult history of the above specimen (i.e.
the female) may be noted. At about 1.0 p.m. on Sunday, 2nd June, the
larva was again found to have a mite-like earlier stage of Aphis upon it,
this time one only and on the right horn, but it left the larva before 1
could fetch apparatus to collect it. On 8th June, at about 2.30 p.m.,
the larva was interrupted by a thunderstorm while in the middle of a
huge meal. At the sound of the first peal, and before there was any
rain, she ‘‘froze’’; she had resumed eating at some time before 4.0
o’clock when she was observed to be back on her seat-leaf. On 10th
June, at 4.30 p.m., the larva was for the first time observed resting
(on her seat-leaf) with the head downwards. At 6.10 a.m., on 11th,
another pre-pupation sign was noted: in that the larva was found ts
have been feeding extensively right round the edges of a leaf, instead of
cutting out a portion cleanly down to the mid-rib. On 14th June, between
6.0 and 6.15 p.m., the larva was observed to be spinning up the joint of
the lowest leaf of the bush. I had thought that this was the ieat
chosen for pupation, but actually the spinning was only a precaution—
in view of the larva’s now great weight—before feeding. After eating
heartily from other leaves on this and the following day, she attacked
after sunset on 15th the spun-up leaf and completely demolished both
it and another leaf (apparently also already spun up) during the course
of that night.

The point of the operation mentioned became apparent when I[
sprayed the larva and the leaf on which it was then resting at 4.30 p.m.
on 16th. The leaf was already borne down by this large larva, so that
the additional weight of the droplets was just sufficient to cause it to
become detached, and I was only just in time to save the larva from a
nasty fall. This day, 16th, was the last on which the larva was actually
seen to eat (foray commenced 9.31] p.m.).

The measurement of the larva was: 8th, 48 mm.; 14th, 54 mm.;
16th, 55 mm.

On 17th the larva, on the under-side of the leaf, performed the act
of ‘‘double reversal’. Fixing for pupation may be considered to com-
mence at this moment; and pupation did occur, promptly, on 19th.
Colour photographs of the larva were taken by flashbulb on 14th—she
changed position hurriedly between the photographs!—and of the pupa
on 23rd. The pupa was 32 mm. long on 23rd and 34 mm. on 30th. The
imago emerged normally on the morning of 5th July.

Regarding the male, the points below, only, relative thereto, are
quoted from the Log-Book. The larva was collected on 12th October
1957, its presence having been indicated by frass. But before I proceed
to the account of this specimen, I may perhaps be permitted here to
interpolate some remarks relative to the collecting of the larva in the
autumn. Quite recently I heard, with some surprise, of beating being
practised, ‘‘quite successfully’, for the autumn larva. Under average
conditions, the collector can scarcely have left a leaf, and therefore a
larva, on the bushes he beat. Yet I dare warrant that not one-tenth of
the larvae that came off were picked up. The remainder must all
have perished; whereas there may be a slender chance of the spring-
beaten larva recovering its bush, I do not think there is any at all for
the larva in autumn. Incidentally, I do not think that a larva on its

FURTHER NOTES OF EARLIER STAGES OF THE PURPLE EMPEROR 91

pad can normally be beaten off at any season, except perhaps at moult
or when quite full fed, but obviously the whole leaf may be.

I, myself, was an early convert from beating to searching in the
spring. I have never practised beating in the autumn.

A legitimate method of locating the caterpillar has already been
mentioned. Here it may be mentioned also that while in a very wet
autumn, such as that of 1958, the chief enemy of the young larvae was
probably the rain which must have washed most of them off the leaves ;
moderate rain may have some beneficial effect in washing away the
tell-tale frass and thus removing a clue for the collector and, very
probably, for birds. Autumn gales, as in 1959, are obviously another
hazard.

In an autumn when conditions are those of drought, the larvae are
usually to be found a little higher on the bush than normally; since
under such conditions a sallow bush will always lose its lower leaves
before its upper ones, and the larva is prepared for this fact. When
drought conditions prevail actually at laying time, the parent female
will allow for this factor by choosing bushes growing under especially
moist conditions: perhaps even quite small ones almost masked by tall
rushes, reeds, etc., which do not die back until the sun has lost its
harmful effects, and which grow again before it regains them. As [
have indicated previously, the winter sun, even in the afternoon, is
not harmful to the larva, and no protection is required therefrom.

To return to the male larva: on 13th October, i.e. on the day fol-
lowing his taking, he was transferred from the collecting tin to a
potted bush of Broad-leaved Sallow. I usually place a newly-collected
larva on a leaf lying fairly flat, and I did so now. Larvae usually
settle down, for some hours at any rate, when so placed, but nothing
would satisfy this larva but a leaf with its edges vertical which he
eventually, after many wanderings and second thoughts, found at the
portion of the bush furthest removed from where I had first placed
him. He nibbled freely at the upper edge of the leaf, taking his first
observed meal at 4.40 p.m. A day or two later the tip of this leaf
began to curl up, and in this cup the larva made his seat. Although
he wandered far afield and made extensive meals elsewhere, he never
did more than nibble this leaf. The larva at this period prefers a
naturally yellowing and searing leaf, and it was on one such that I
put him, on another such that he settled down, and others such that
he ate. The plant had several sprigs of much fresher and greener
leaves, and although he encountered several such on his wanderings he
never tried to feed on them. As his leaf curled a little further, this
larva made his seat nearer the middle: on 30th October he span it to
the stem, and on this leaf he hibernated. It may be noted that in the
wild state the pre-hibernation larva always rests at the tip of the leaf.

(To be continued)

92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1TV /1960

A Note on the Early History of
Coscinia cribrum (L.)
By S. C. S. Brown, F.D.S., F.R.E.S

©. W. Dale, in his Lepidoptera of Dorsetshire, says: ‘‘Eulepia
cribrum Linn. Parley Heath, where it was first discovered to be a
British species by J. C. Dale on June 26th, 1820’. The text remains
unchanged in Edition 2, published in 1891. This species was first
described and figured in a British work by John Curtis in his British
Entomology, 1824-40. The plate, No. 56, is dated 1st February 1825.
He says: ‘‘Several males have been taken by Mr. Dale in different
years, the end.of June and the beginning of July, upon Parley Heath,
Hampshire, and two females were captured on the same ground about
the middle of June last year. Mr. Bentley has also taken the male
near Ringwood, in the same County’’. Stephens, Illustrations of
British Entomology, 2, 1829, p. 92, says: ‘‘For the discovery of this
species as an inhabitant of Britain, entomologists are unquestionably
indebted to the exertions of Mr. Bentley, who captured two males in
June 1819, near Ringwood, and kindly supplied my cabinet with one
of them, on his return home in July; in the following year Mr. Dale
also detected its habitat in the same vicinity (Parley Heath, Hants.),
and has since taken the insect in plenty, and to him J am obliged for
part of my series’’. Who, then, was the first to discover this species
in Britain? Bentley lived in London and was a friend of Curtis,
Stephens and Dale. He was an experienced collector and frequently
visited the New Forest. There does not seem any reason to doubt
Stephen’s statement that Bentley took cribrum in 1819, a year before
Dale.

In the Dale Collection, now in the Hope Department, University
Museum, Oxford, there is a series of 21 specimens of cribrwm with a
single label at the bottom—‘‘Parley Heath’’. Bentley gave up collect-
ing about 1846 because of eye trouble. The fate of his collection ap-
pears to be unknown. The Stephens Collection, now in the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.) has a series of four specimens of cribrum; unfor-
tunately, they are without data. We know that Curtis had a series
in his collection, and that at an early date, for in the text against
his plate No. 56, dated 1825, one reads: ‘‘I am indebted to the assi-
duity and kindness of my friend J. C. Dale, Esq., for the specimens
that enrich my cabinet’’. Through the parsimony of the naturalists of
that time the Curtis Collection, together with the MS. Catalogues, was
allowed to go to Australia after his death in 1862, and thus the most
important collection of British insects made up to that period was lost
to this country. In the Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine for 1904,
J. J. Walker, R.N., wrote a paper entitled ‘‘Some Notes on the Lem-
doptera in the ‘Curtis’ collection of British Insects’’. In 1903 he had
visited Melbourne and inspected the museum there. He gives an
account of a good number of the historic specimens in the collection
and quoted extracts from the Register, but he does not make any
reference to Coscinia cribrum.

A NOTE ON THE EARLIER HISTORY OF COSCINIA CRIBRUM 93

Parley Heath in question is a triangular-shaped area of heath and
marshland of about six square miles with its apex on the Ringwood-
Poole road and its base along the Christchurch-Hurn-Wimborne road.

Up to quite recently it formed an integral part of the great stretch
of barren heathland which covered so much of the South-Western corner
of Hampshire and the South-Hastern part of Dorset. On the southern
fringe of Parley Heath is a small wood known as Parley Copse. This
wood was mentioned in Domesday. The local village council has now
purchased this wood, and it is to be preserved as an open space. It was
here, in June 1816, that the famous Dr. Abbott took Cyaniris semiargus
(Rott.). The butterfly seems to have existed there for some years, for
it is recorded that T. Vine, a labourer employed on Dale’s farm at Hurn,
and who used to do some collecting, took one on 28th May 1833.

The discovery of Coscinia cribrum by no means exhausted the riches
to be found on the Heath. In June 1823 Dale found Cleora cinctaria
(Schiff.) in the New Forest. The first record for Britain. The next year
he found it at Parley, and subsequently it was taken there not un-
commonly. On 18th June 1824 Dale beat out of a birch tree on the
edge of the Copse a male of Pachythelia villosella (Ochs.), which proved
to be a species new to this eountry. In consequence of these discoveries,
it was not long before Parley Heath became a famous place, but it still
remained a locality infrequently visited by entomologists because of its
remoteness and inaccessibility. It was not until 1857, when the railway
was extended from Southampton to Brockenhurst and on to Ringwood
and Wimborne, that the collectors from London were able to visit the
place in reasonable comfort. Here came Frederick Bond, the Rev.
Joseph Greene, the Rev. O. P. Cambridge from Bloxworth, Dorset,
George Gulliver the professional collector from Brockenhurst, C. Turner,
and G. B. Corbin of Ringwood. The last named was a nephew of
Bentley, and was a schoolboy at this time.

It was on the heathland between Ringwecd and Wimborne that the
Rev. O. P. Cambridge and F. Bond discovered, for the first time in
Britain, the Smooth Snake, Coronella austriaca Laur. This was in
1853, but was not recorded until 1859. The great attraction of the Heath
was, of course, the occurrence of Coscinia cribrum. This species could
be found in several spots between Ringwood and Wimborne, sometimes
in abundance. Sydney Webb owned an interleaved copy of Stainton’s
“‘Manual’”’ which belonged to F. Bond. In reference to cribrum it con-
tained these words, written by Bond himself:—‘‘Near Ringwood, in
the New Forest, about two miles upon the Poole Road, at a place called
St. Lawrence, opposite the Inn there.’”’ Brief as this note is, it contains
two errors. Ringwood is not in the New Forest. There is no such place
as “St. Lawrence.’’? The name of the hamlet is St. Leonards. The Inn
was known as the ‘‘Malmesbury Arms’’ and was on the Poole-Ringwood
road exactly one furlong N.E. of St. Leonard’s bridge and in Hampshire.
It is no longer an Inn, the license expired about 1890. The house still
stands, and is but a four-roomed cottage, so the Inn could have been
nothing more than an Ale House. It is of some considerable age, for it is
present on the one inch Ordnance Survey Map, lst Edition 1803-11.
It does not require much imagination to picture these early naturalists
visiting this Inn after a days collecting on the surrounding heaths,
to compare their captures and to drink the ale, which was 14d a pint in
1859. The species seems to have had its headquarters on the heath

94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/TV/1960

opposite the Inn. In fact, the old collectors called this spot the
“Cribrum Heath.” J. Fowler, writing in the Entomologist for 1899
said that he had quite recently taken over 40 specimens there. He also
stated that at the same time he took it at Verwood and in the New
Forest.

In the Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford, are preserved,
with the Dale Collections and Diaries, 53 letters from Corbin to J. C.
Dale, written between the years 1862-67. In one of these letters Corbin
says that he took, in 5 visits to St. Leonards, 90 specimens of cribrum.
Nearly 40 years later he wrote a paper in the Hntomologist for 1899
entitled ‘““Emydia cribrum: A Reminiscence.’’ He said that he had
known the species since his schooling days—about 1860—and that he had
found it literally swarming in certain spots. He had taken up to 60
specimens in one evening by ‘‘assembling’’. KE. R. Bankes, in a note
on Hmydia cribrum in the Entomologist for 1899, refers to the famous
spot opposite the Inn. He says: ‘‘The exact spot of heathland where
Mr. Bond used, year after year, to work for the insect, accompanied
by George Gulliver and sometimes by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, being
well known to me. It is situated in Hampshire, though very near the
boundary of Dorset, and although not within the limits of the New
Forest, it is only about four miles from the western edge of that tract.’’

In view of these records I cannot be reconciled to Mr. Parkinson
Curtis’s statement in his ‘‘A List of the Lepidoptera of Dorset’’. He
says:—‘‘The Hampshire records ‘near Ringwood’ almost wholly relate
to Dorsetshire, the errors being based on geographical ignorance or
carelessness, or both.’’

I am grateful to Prof. Varley, Hope Professor of Entomology,
University Museum, Oxford, for allowing me to examine the Dale col-
lection and manuscripts. To Dr. Hobby, for answering my requests
for information concerning the Dale Collection. To Mr. W. H. T. Tams,
of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), for examining the cribrum in the
Stephens Collection, and to the late Lt. Col. C. W. Drew, D.S.O., at
one time the Curator and Secretary of the Dorset Natural History and
Archaeological Society, for information concerning the location of the
‘‘Malmesbury Arms.’’

REFERENCES.

Webb, Sydney. 1899. Ent. 32: 209. Emydia cribrum in the New Forest.

Bankes, E. R. 1899. Ent. 32: 101-103. Notes on Emydia cribrum L.

Curtis, W. P. 1934. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 1, Pt. 2: 185-286. A List of the Lep
of Dorset. Introduction and Part 1.

454 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth

Volucella zonaria Poda (Dipt., Syrphidae)

from Bristol
By Aprian C, Pont

Most authors agree that in the West country Bristol marks the
northern limit to the range of this fly, but I have only been able to
trace three published records: hence a summary of this data and a
further six hitherto unpublished records may be of some interest.

NOLES AND OBSERVATIONS 95

The first record for the area is that mentioned by Capt. Goffe (1943,
J. Soc. Brit. Hnt., 2 (4): 174). He obtained the record from Mr. H.
Audcent, who found the specimen, a female, amongst some Diptera
sent to him for identification: it was caught in the third week of July
1943 on a window in Redland, Bristol, by Mr. E. Livingstone. The
same specimen is also mentioned by Audcent in 1949 (Bristol Insect
Fauna, Diptera, Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 27 (5) and 28 (1): 49).

The next two specimens were taken by Dr. E. KH. Lowe (vide Wool-
latt, L. H., 1954, Ent. mon. Mag., 90: 65), both in 1950. The first,
a male, was taken on 12th July on Dog Rose at Coombe Dingle, near
Bristol, S. Glouces., and the second, a female, on 13th October at Hen-
bury, near Bristol, S. Gloucs., on Ivy Blossom.

This concludes the number of published records. The next speci-
men to be taken was a female, by Mr. EK. A. Fonseca, at Failand, N.
Somerset, on 26th September 1954, also on Ivy Blossom,

The next two specimens, both females, reside in the general collec-
tion of insects at Clifton College, Bristol, and neither has any data
attached: both were taken by Mr P. M. H. Davis in his garden at
Leigh Woods, near Bristol, N. Somerset. As far as I have been able
to gather, both were caught in middle July, one in 1956 and the other
in 1955 or 1957, but probably the former. Another specimen was taken
in 1956, a male caught in late August on Michaelmas Daisy by myself,
in my garden in Redland, Bristol.

1959 has seen a spate of records: the first, a male, was caught in
June in Cotham, Bristol, by a Bristol University student; the second
was also a male, taken by myself on Ist July, on a windy and cloudy
evening, whilst resting in a sheltered corner of the window-ledge; in
addition, Mr. J. C. Hartley of Bristol University informs me that four
specimens were taken by Dr. Hinton’s son which will be published
separately. This sudden increase in numbers, particularly with the
increased proportion of males to females in 1959, indicates that the
species is extending its range and is probably breeding locally.

In conclusion, I should like to thank all those who have helped
towards the compilation of this note, by contributing records or
examining collections and the literature on the fly for me: Mr. K. G.
V. Smith (Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford), Mr. J. Cowley
(Somerset County Museum, Taunton, and Somerset Arch. and Nat.
Hist. Society), Mr. EK. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca and Mr. J. C. Hartley.

26 / 2/60. 16 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6.

Notes and Observations

STERRHA SERIATA SCHRANK (VIRGULARIA HvuBNER) IN Marcu.—A sur-
prising visitor to a lighted window here last evening, 5th March, was a
large fresh male of Sterrha seriata Schrank. This species usually
emerges here in June, and in good summers it has a partial second
brood of small specimens in early September, as happened last year.
According to the text books it hibernates as a larva. ‘‘South’’ men-
tions that in captivity larvae from eggs laid in September were found
to be feeding on withered dandelion in March, and produced moths, well

96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1V /1960

above average size, in the last week of April. Presumably my specimen
had had in the wild a similar but even more precocious history.—R. F.
BreETHERTON, Ottershaw, Surrey. 6.111.1960.

CROCIDOSEMA PLEBEIANA ZELLER At PorRTLAND.—At dusk on 4th Octo-
ber 1958 I caught a Tortrix flying near the top of the path down to
Church Ope Cove, Portland. I was unable to identify it at the time,
and it was only recently that comparison with a series of Crocidosema
plebeiana Zell. taken by Mr. J. L. Messenger last September in the
Scilly Islands showed it to be undoubtedly of that species. I believe
that CU. plebeiana has not previously been recorded east of Devonshire.
It would be interesting to know if its foodplant in the Scillies, the
Tree Mallow (Lavatera arborea), has also been found at Portland.—
R. F. Breruerton, Ottershaw, Surrey. 6.111.1960.

A New Nature Reserve rw tHE AviEMoRE DistRict.—Mr. P. Le
Masurier writes pointing out that a new nature reserve has been estab-
lished immediately west of Aviemore: it is known as the Craigellachie
Nature Reserve and has an area of 642 acres. It includes the birch
woods on the eastern slopes of Craigellachie and Craeg nan Gabhair.
Written permission must be obtained from The Regional Officer, The
Nature Conservancy, 12 Hope Terrace, Edinburgh 9.

In sending the permission to Mr. Le Masurier, the Regional Officer
wrote: ‘‘I feel that visiting entomologists should be discouraged from
taking specimens within the reserve, especially as the species sought
could be found most probably in the neighbouring woodlands’’.

Mr. Le Masurier writes: ‘‘I have a map of the reserve here and
it would appear that if one sugars the posts on the golf course side,
one would be outside the reserve and quite in order. In any case, so
far as I know, it is quite correct to say that there is nothing to be
obtained inside the reserve that could not equally well be obtained out-
side. Therefore I would suggest that the reserve be avoided. Inci-
dentally, the prohibition applies equally to the flora’’.—C. C.

TEMPERATURE BREEDING oF CoLiAS crocEUS Fourc.—After a dis-
appointing failure of resident butterflies it was a joy to see croceus
during the autumn. This irresistible insect has always appealed to me,
so it is not surprising that every available opportunity during early
October was spent in a clover field near my home. A fresh male was
seen on 2nd October with another on the 8rd, nothing on the 4th, but
fresh females one on the 5th and another on the 6th, but nothing more,
but it did not really surprise me that there were so few: the field
had been cut and gathered a few weeks previously so it was presumed
that had a female deposited before the clover had been cut, the pro-
geny would have been destroyed, or at the best only a few would have
survived. The last female taken in fresh condition was kept for lay-
ing and was given a square of clover for the purpose. After she had
died on 10th October, an examination showed about 36 eggs laid upon
the clover and blades of grass. Jertility was certain when the eggs
turned a pinkish colour on the 19th and leaden grey later on.

Hatching started on 31st October, moulting 13th November, and
they were growing fast on 24th. All this time they were kept in glass

HYDRADEPHAGA (COL.) OF KIDWELLY DISTRICT OF CARMARTHENSHIRE 97

cylinders on a shelf above the kitchen fire; there were thirty fully-fed
larvae on 29th, of which all but two had pupated by 1st December,
one of which died after turning black, probably with some virus infec-
tion. They were divided into three lots on 11th December and given
various temperatures; 9 at 37° C., 8 at 30° C. and 10 at —5° C. All
those at 30° and 37° emerged within three days; the pupae at —5°
were taken from the cold and put into 37° C. on the 15th and by the
18th all had emerged. In all 27 imagines were bred from the various
cultures, and all were typical with differences in neither ground colour
nor in pattern on either top or underside. Two backward larvae com-
pleted development at 37° C. pupated on 16th December and emerged
on 20th as typical as the others. Jt was interesting that the larvae
and pupae could withstand the extremes without harm. The sex
ratios showed 15 males and 14 females.—C. M. R. Pirman, Malvern,
Southampton Road, Clarendon, Salisbury, Wilts. 23.x1i.1959.

HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA Husn. In Kent.—My friend Mr. W. D. Bowden
showed me a fair specimen of Heliothis armigera Hubn. which he had
taken at mercury vapour light in his garden at St. Peters, Thanet, on
23rd September 1959.—J. M. Cuatmers-Hunt, 70 Chestnut Avenue,
West Wickham, Kent. 20.111.1960.

The Hydradephaga (Col.) of the Kidwelly District

of Carmarthenshire
By Artaur PRIcE

The Kidwelly district of Carmarthenshire offers a wide range of
aquatic habitats, viz., brackish water, fast-running water, slow-flow-
ing ditches, overgrown canals, ponds, and a rain-filled quarry lake.

My visits to these localities have been controlled by the dates of
the school holidays and consequently all the work has been done during
the periods December/January, March/April, and August/September
in 1957/8/9.

The following localities were found to be of great interest :—

1. THe Quarry Laks, Mynypp-Y-Garree (500 Fr. aBove S.L.)

Hight years ago this quarry was still being worked to provide material
for the manufacture of silica bricks, which are used for lining blast
furnaces. The quarry has now filled with rain water and supports a
very large population of Gyrinus minutus F. Also found in the lake
are :—

Laccophilus minutus L.
Laccophilus hyalinus Deg.
Deronectes elegans F.

Deronectes duodecimpustulatus Ol.

In a trickling stream, which is the overflow of the lake, lives a small
colony of Agabus guttatus Pk.

98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72. 15/1TV/1960

2, Tum CANAL on THE FLATs—KIrDWELLY

This is not an old navigation canal but a canal which has been «ut
for drainage purposes. It is covered by a mat of Potamogeton natuns
lL. whilst the edges are overgrown with Sparganium ramosum Huds.

In addition to the bug, Ranatra linearis L., the following beetles
have been found in this stretch of water :—

Scarodytes lineatus F.
Hydrovatus clypealis Sharp.
Gyrinus natator I.

Gyrinus marinus Gyl.
Gyrinus caspius Mén.

3. Tue Tinworkx’s Ponp—KIDWELLY

Beneath a dam, near the disused tinworks, the River Gwendraeth
widens to form a large, deep, and well oxygenated pool. It is
oxygenated by the water-fall which forms part of the dam.

One nymph of the dragonfly, Cordulegaster boltontt Don., and
several nymphs of the stonefly, Taeniopteryx nebulosa I.., have been
found in addition to the following beetles :—

Oreodytes rivalis Gyl.
Oreodytes septentrionalis Gyl.
Gyrinus urinator Ill.
Orectochilus villosus Mull.

‘The following members of the family Dryopidae have also been found
under stones in the river :—
Helichus substriatus Mull.
Elmis maugei Bed.
Latelmis volkmari Pz.
limmus rivularis Ros.
Esolus parallelopipedus Mull.

4. Morra-UcHar FERRYSIDE

On 8rd April 1959 a small colony of Agabus conspersus Marsh. was
found in a brackish pool below the spring high tide mark. This is
only the second time that this beetle has been found in Wales. The
only other occasion was when Wollaston found it in 1846, This is not
where Wollaston found conspersus.

All the localities visited were within four miles of Kidwelly Church.

In the systematic list that follows, common is taken to mean wide-
spread, and abundant to mean in good numbers. No. of L. indicates
the number of localities in which the species has been taken.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES.

Species Habitat No. of L. Number
HALIPLIDAE
Brychius elevatus Pz. Running water. 2. Abundant.
Haliplus obliquus F. Ponds and ditches. 2. Scarce.

Haliplus fulvus F, A canal. 1. Two only.

HYDRADEPHAGA (COL.) OF KIDWELLY DISTRICT OF CARMARTHENSHIRE 99

Haliplus ruficollis Deg.
Haliplus fluviatilis Aube.
Haliplus lineatocollis Marsh.

Running water.

HYGROBIIDAE

Cattle ponds and
brackish pools.

Hygrobia hermanni ¥.

DYTISCIDALE
NOTERINAE

Noterus capricornis Herbst. Ponds,

DyTISCINAE
HyYDROPORINI

Common and abund,

Hydrovatus clypealis Sharp.

Hyphydrus ovatus L.
Hygrotus inaequalis F.
Coelambus confluens ¥F.
Deronectes 12-pustulatus Ol.

Deronectes elegans F.

Oreodytes rivalis Gyl.
Oreodytes septentrionalis
Gyl.
Graptodytes pictus F.
Hydroporus lepidus Ol.
Hydroporus angustatus
Sturm.
Hydroporus palustris L.
Hydroporus tesselatus
Drapiez.
Hydroporus erythro-
cephalus Li,
Hydroporus rufifrons Mull.
Hydroporus gyllenhali Sch.
Hydroporus pubescens Gyl.
Hydroporus planus F.
Hydroporus discretus Fair.
Hydroporus nigrita F.
Scarodytes lineatus F.

Laccophilus minutus L.
Laccophilus hyalinus Deg.

Agabus guttatus Pk.
Agabus didymus Ol.
Agabus conspersus Marsh.
Agabus nebulosus Forst.

The drainage canal.

Ponds and canals.

Ponds and ditches.

Ponds—brackish ?

Common in running
water.

Running water.

Ditches and swamps.

Ditch (slow flowing).

Canals.

‘ommon everywhere.
C

Mossy swamp.

Common everywhere.

Castle Moat.
Acid ponds & lake.

Common everywhere.
Common everywhere.

Trickling ditch.

Acid water (500 ft.).

Old Canal,

LACCOPHILINI

Ponds and ditches.
Quarry Lake.

CoLYMBETINI

Trickling streams.

Slow-flowing water.

Brackish pools.

Brackish pools and
a lake,

iw) co

bo oo

bo bo tt

Coa

wee

Lae

me oO bo

Scarce.

Searce.

Abundant.

In fair
numbers.
Abundant.
Abundant,
Scarce.

Abundant,

Abundant,
Scarce.

Scarce.
Scarce.
Scarce.

Abundant.
Abundant.

Scarce.

Abundant.
Scarce.

EF. abund.
Abundant.
Abundant.
F. abund.
Scarce,

F. abund.

Abundant.
F. abund,

Scarce.
Scarce.
Scarce,

Searce.

100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECOBD, VOL. 72, 15/1V /1960
Agabus sturmii Gyl. Common in fair

numbers.
Agabus chalconutus Pz. Mossy swamps. 3. FE. abund.
Agabus bipustulatus lL. Common everywhere. Abundant.
Agabus paludosus F. Slow-flowing water. 3. Searce.
Platambus maculatus 1. Running water. 3. Abundant,
Tlybius fuliginosus F. Common everywhere. Abundant.
Ilybius ater Deg. Ditches and ponds. 1. Searce.
Ilybius obscurus Marsh. Ditches and ponds. 3. Abundant,
Copelatus agilis F. Old canal. 3. Abundant,
Rantus grapu Gyl. Old canal. 1. Scarce.
Rantus pulverosus Steph. Brackish and fresh

water. 3. Scarce.
Colymbetes fuscus L. Lake, ponds and

ditches. 4. F. abund.

DyTISCINI
Dytiscus semisulcatus Mull. Ditches and ponds. 3. Scarce.
Dytiscus marginalis Li. Ditches and ponds. 5. F. abund.
GYRINIDAE

Gyrinus minutus ¥. A quarry lake. 1. Abundant.
Gyrinus urinator fll. Swift-flowing river. 1. Scarce.
Gyrinus caspius Men. Brackish pools. 6. Abundant.
Gyrinus natator Gyl. Common everywhere. Abundant.
Gyrinus marinus Gyl. Old canal. 2. Abundant.

Some of the material for this article is reproduced with the per-
mission of the Editor of Nature In Wales.

Thanks are due to Mr. J. Balfour-Browne of the British Museum
for his help in the identification of specimens.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Hydradephaga Key. F. Balfour-Browne. Ent. Soc. of London. British Water-
Beetles 1 and 2, F. Balfour-Browne. Ray Society. Handbook of British
Beetles. N. Joy. Witherby.

47 Lorne Street, Reading.

Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell informs me that there is a vacancy in the
Department of Genetics for an assistant to breed lepidoptera. He
tells me that this is a permanent post involving a five and a half day
week, and he will be pleased to hear from any reader who may be
interested. Applications should be addressed to Dr. H. B. D. Kettle-
well, Department of Genetics, Hope Department, Natural History
Museum, Oxford.—Kp.

Pages 101-108 have been removed and
will be found as pages 9-16 of

J. M. Shalmers-Hunt's "Buterflies
end moths of Kent: a critical
account, volume 1: Rhopalocera"
which is separately bound.

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109

A Fortnight’s Collecting in the Swiss Alps

(July 1959)
_By C. G. M. pE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S8., F.R.E.S.

Probably no country on the mainland of Europe has had its
lepidoptera so much studied or written about as Switzerland. But most
of this so far as the British literature is concerned was at the end of
the last century and beginning of the present one when such famous
collectors as J. W. Tutt, the Rev. George Wheeler and Rowland Brown
carried out annual expeditions in search of new places and species and
then gave detailed narratives of their several exploits. Though this
grand country has been visited any number of times in more recent
years by British field collectors, little seems to have appeared in print
of their efforts with the net in these alpine regions and, what is more,
so much of that country has changed as regards means of communication
that quite a lot of the more mountainous localities have now become
relatively accessible. One of these is certainly Saas Fee, which I visited
at the end of July 1959. It is not long since it was only to be reached by
a mule track from the station at Stalden on the Zermatt railway and
then there was a steep uphill journey of over 20 miles. Not until some
five years ago was it directly accessible by car when a motor road was
constructed to climb the last 1,000 ft. from Saas Grund where a road
had been built up the very tortuous and steep valley.

Accordingly, I set out on 20th July and, travelling overland by the
Basle-Lotschberg route, reached Brig early next morning when the
thermometer registered 87° F. in the shade. As I left the station
there a Huvanessa antiopa L. flitted over my head, a good omen. I
went on at once by the narrow gauge railway to Stalden and thence
took the Post-auto up the winding narrow road to Saas Grund. The
road was being widened and at several spots passing other vehicles
meant balancing on the edge of a precipice several hundred feet deep.
We reached Saas Fee by lunchtime. It is a most attractive spot
situated at just 6,000 ft. in the bowl at the foot of the great Mischabel
massif with the great snowclad summit of the Alphubel in the centre and
to the right the twin peaks of the Dome, the highest mountain in
Switzerland, towering to just over 15,000 ft. In spite of this glorious
scenery and weather the chief drawback was the popularity of the resort
for hundreds of holidaymakers now that it can be readily gained by
car and this at times made collecting quite embarrassing.

As in many other parts the season was early and most of the hay
harvest had already been carried, but a few pieces of meadow were still
extant and I found one of these patches on the banks of the local river
that afternoon alive with lepidoptera. The commonest species were
Lycaena virgaurea L., L. hippothoé L. with some very dark females,
Lysandra coridon Poda males, large numbers of Cupido minimus Fuessly,
while the Erebias were represented by E. melampus Fuessly and a few
worn female EH. ceto Hbn. and FH. euryale Esp. together with
| Coenonympha satyrion Esp. Pieris nap L. and P. rapae lL. were
everywhere. The next morning I set out early again in full sunshine

eTiiect MIAN .saas @ yeah

110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ V /1960

to work the large larch wood which borders the foot of the two tongues
of the great glacier which has receded quite a mile in the last 40 years
at which time it was linked up just above the larch wood where a small
lake and eroded cliffs are formed now. I found the wood again full of
butterflies, the commonest of which was Erebia goante Esp. which was
flitting about among the small rocks on which it was in the habit of
settling. In this area were also flying a good many Colias phicomene
Esp., Erebia tyndarus Hsp. in hundreds, a few Argynnis niobe L.
with Epinephele lycaon Rott. and Hesperia comma L. The next
morning, equally fine as the 93rd, I revisited this area, but penetrated
slightly higher towards the main mountain face where plenty was on
the wing, mostly the same species as on the previous day, but with the
addition of female Hrebia epiphron Knoch, Pararge maera L. a very
large form, Melitaea varia Bisch., Aricia agestis Schiff. Plebeius argus
L., Lysandra coridon Poda, Cyaniris semiargus Rott., Polyommatus
icarus Rott., and Hesperia armoricanus Oberthiir. That afternoon I
explored the ground along the wooded winding road downhill towards
Saas Almagell. Here I found a meadow with the grass still long which
was my venue for the two mornings, both very fine and warm. The
whole area of a few acres was dancing with butterflies. The flowers,
especially the tansy, were most attractive and on a bunch of the latter
were feeding many pairs of Lycaena virgaureae LL. with very dusky
females. The Blues were well represented by Lycaeides idas L. and
Aricia donzelii Bdv. Erebia melampus Fuessly and E. goante Hsp.
were flitting everywhere, while an occasional worn female Parnassius
apollo I.. sailed across, together with a few tattered Argynnis amathusia
Esp. Adopaea lineola Ochs. was in abundance with a few Hesperia
alveus Hbn. while geometers were also in quantity, mainly Odezia atrata
L., the golden Crocota lutearia F. and the tiny Sterrha flaveolaria Hbn.
The Zygaenas were mainly a large form of Z. trifolii Esp. which were
specially prevalent on an afternoon walk to the Fletshorn hotel situated
in the woods north of Saas Fee.

A téléferique cable railway ran from Saas [ee to a small restaurant
known as Spielboden, situated on a grassy promontory flanked by each
arm of the glacier. In about a 20-minute run it landed you at a height
of just 8,000 ft. This was my hunting ground on the morning of 26th
July and I spent the afternoon walking down along the zigzag path.
Just round the restaurant the short grassy slopes were very productive.
Boloria pales L. was skimming everywhere over the ground and on a
shale slope by the summit of the railway I spotted a number of Pontia
callidice Esp. disporting themselves on cruciferous flowers, always just
out of reach, though eventually I took some of both sexes. Hrebia
tyndarus Esp. was in great profusion, accompanied by another faster-
flying species which turned out to be Erebia mnestra Esp. of which I
took a fresh series. There were also a few EH. lappona Esp. with some
very well-marked females. On a grassy ridge at about 7,000 ft. on the
way down and I found Lysandra eros Ochs. flying with a lot of Colias
phicomene Esp.

I set out early in 27th Juiy in brilliant sunshine by the ’bus for
Stalden near which I saw a good many Satyrus aleyone W.V. flying
along the roadside. I took a train for Zermatt and immediately another
one up the famous rack railway to the Gornergrat where, under ideal

A FORTNIGHT’S COLLECTING IN THE SWISS ALPS AT

conditions, there was a magnificent view of the huge peak of the Matter-
horn in one direction and that of Monte Rosa and several other peaks
in the opposite one. But it was very cool at this altitude of 10,000 ft.,
so I descended after a short interval by train to the station at Riffelberg
at about 8,500 ft. I found the extensive grassy slopes alive with lepi-
doptera, the most remarkable of which was Zygaena exulans Hoch. in
thousands making almost a carpet. It was difficult not to tread on
them. The main Nymphaline was Boloria napaea Hbn. , some fine dark
females, but there were a few Euphydryas cynthia W.V. flying, all
very worn, together with an occasional H. merope De Prunner and
Melitaea varia Bisch. Besides the inevitable Erebia tyndarus Hsp. and
some EH. lappona Esp. a small species turned out to be a very dark form
of H. epiphron Knoch. The only Lycaenid was a dark form of
Agriades orbitulus De Prunner. I spent my last day at Saas Fee
again at Spielboden where I added to my series of most of the insects I
had seen on the earlier visit. Nearly all the nettles in that region
had been eaten down by the larvae of Aglais urticae L. which were in
huge numbers.

On the suggestion of the eminent authority Mr. B. C. Warren, [
spent the end of my trip at Gletsch, travelling there on 28th July by
rail from Brig by the very picturesque line to Andermatt. My head-
quarters was the very comfortable Hotel de Glacier du Rhone, just at
6,000 ft., situated at the junction of the famous Grimsel and Furka
Passes. In the background was the great Rhone Glacier which, like
that at Saas Fee, had gone back at least a mile in the past 70 years
leaving a wide valley which was the scene of most of my collecting during
the next few days. I set to work that afternoon along a rough path
crossing the railway and leading through some dense alder bushes. On
the many flowers, including the fine large red gentian, were many
Lycaena virgaureae L., L. hippothoé L., Boloria pales 1., B. napaea
Hbn., and Cyaniris semiargus Rott. The next morning I revisited this
spot which Mr Warren had told me was a noted one for the very local
Hrebia eriphyle Freyer. Fortunately the sun came out as I arrived and
I netted an Hrebia which turned out to be this species and soon obtained
a good many more together with several females. They looked appreci-
ably larger than H. melampus which was also flying there and seemed to
appear singly and then soon to disappear among the thick growth of
alder on the leaves of which they are wont to alight. On the last day of
the month I went by train to Andermatt, but the only insects I saw in
the rather dull conditions were late EHrebia euryale Esp. and E.
melampus Fuessly. August opened with the only two wet days I experi-
enced. On the Ist [ travelled over the Grimsel Pass to the Hospiz on the
edge of the huge artificial lake made by a great dam there, but nothing
was on the wing, while the following day I went by Post-auto to the
summit of the Furka Pass at 8,000 ft., but again cloudy conditions
precluded any collecting. However, the morning of the 3rd proved very

_ fine and, although I was due to leave that day, I spent an hour at 8.30

a.m. near the slope behind the hotel where many insects were on the

_ wing, chiefly the two Coppers, a lot of Erebia melampus Fuessly, mostly

in fine order, and several rather larger Hrebias of which I took one which

| proved to be H. pronoé Esp., just appearing. I travelled back to Brig
‘later that morning and then passing through the Lotschberg Tunnel
again I broke my journey for a few hours at Kandersteg, where I worked

112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou, 72 15/V/ 1960

the lower pinewoods in rather dull conditions. However, some very fine
Erebia ligea L. with very big females were haunting this zone with some
late H. euryale Esp. and worn EH. uwethiops Esp. It was curious to see
Lysandra coridon Poda in this type of terrain. My last capture was a
male Argynnis aglaia L. with the pearl marking beautifully rayed. It
was in perfect order, a good finale to a most enjoyable and successful
trip. I later took the train to Basle and completed the night journey
to England.
Three Oaks, Woking. November, 1959.

A Week in the Isle of Arran
By Austin RicHarpson, M.A., F.R.E.S.

There have been none too many entomological references to Arran
since the passing of the old Glasgow collectors, who used to visit it
regularly. This is a pity, and anyone who enjoys collecting amid
wonderful Highland scenery cannot do better than spend a holiday,
long or short, in this lovely and entomologically exciting island, where
everything is on the grand scale.

I had long promised myself the opportunity of seeing Dysstroma
truncata ssp. concinnata on its native rocks, especially as its usual
time of emergence seemed likely to fit in well with a schoolmaster’s
holiday. I was, however, quite unprepared for the wealth and variety
of the incidental species which we came across along with our main
objective. In Arran one finds Highland species, such as Apamea
assimilis, Aporophila. lutulenta abs. sedi and luneburgensis, and Oporinia
filigrammaria alongside of southern and coastal things like Pararge
aegeria, Thecla quercus, Uryphia perla, Hwxoa obelisca, Apamea ophio-
gramma, and Lygris prunata. If one gets tired of collecting, one can
climb a mountain, of which, in addition to Goat Fell, there are several
of over 2,500 ft., drive round the excellent roads, or visit Brodick
Castle, once the home of the Montrose family, but now with most of
the Goat Fell the property of the Nation. Every house has mains
electricity, 240 volts. a.c., so that traps present no difficulty, and the
views across to the Ayrshire coast on the east, to Kintyre on the west,
or to Ailsa Craig on the south are superb.

Time and again I had postponed this particular holiday, mainly
because I had no knowledge of where to go or where to stay. All I
knew was that D. concinnata inhabited ground above 400 ft. So IL
wrote to the Town Clerk at Brodick, a place to be avoided unless one
likes one’s fellows in the mass, and told him that I would like accom-
modation, preferably with mains electricity, up on a hill, and out of a
town. I received by return a list of likely addresses, many with tele-
phone numbers, and put through two calls in April. On the second I
struck lucky, how lucky I was not to know until August. In the event,
I found myself in a croft, on a hill 300 ft. up, looking across at Kintyre,
with bath (h. and c.), mains electricity, television, and typical Scottish
fare and hospitality, all for 17s. a day, plus a shilling for the trap. I

A WEEK IN THE ISLE OF ARRAN 113

also ran another trap in someone else’s garden at sea level, and was
amazed at the numbers to be gone through each morning.

The people of Arran lay themselves out for tourists and the s.s. Glen
Sannox which leaves Ardrossan twice daily has a whole deck given
over to cars and sheep—it can hold seventy of the former—an hydraulic
lift, and two turntables. The island roads are good and extensive, and
I covered 400 miles in my week.

To return to D. concinnata, the expedition’s raison d’étre, I had no
idea where to go but, being naturally lazy, had armed myself with an
Ordnance Survey map, from which I saw that three roads rose to an
altitude of 600 ft. or over. On our first morning, 6th August, we tried
one of these, and on the very first rock, at 11.30 a.m., my wife spotted a
fine freshly-emerged D. concinnata. Greatly encouraged, for we had
been afraid that in such an early season the beast might be over, we
kept at it. By lunchtime we had found no more at all and so after
lunch we went into Brodick to do some shopping. Later in the after-
noon we took our tea to another of the island passes. Here we found cr
disturbed another half dozen, some on rocks, some in the heather, and
decided that this would be the place to visit with our generator that
night. This we did, and found D. concinnata flying freely at dusk,
along with lovely moorland forms of Hydriomena furcata, Lygris testata,
LL. populata and others, many of the concinnata sitting paired on the
heather. Later on a few came in to m.v. light but a fairly strong wind
discouraged much, except for the ubiquitous Antler Moths and a few
Celaena haworthii, and we packed up early, well content. Next day we
tried yet another pass and here had more success on the rock faces,
the moths being very fresh, varied, and difficult to see though not to
photograph. Evidently we had struck a strong emergence. Eventually
we found the moth everywhere we went at all altitudes of 500 ft. or
upwards. They seem to prefer fair-sized rocks but may be found on quite
small ones, and quite often when chasing a disturbed specimen one would
knock up another in the heather. I kept three or four females for ova
and all laid freely in pillboxes and at the time of writing, 111.60, I have
small larvae of the third generation feeding well on strawberry. They
start well in tin pillboxes but after a week or two seem to do better on
potted plants. Typical D. truncata were also taken in small numbers at
low altitudes.

Needless to say we saw no traces of the Arran Brown, but in my
opinion Hrebia aethiops more than deserves this name itself. Never
have I seen such clouds of this butterfly, or in fact any butterfly except
migrant Whites, as we came across in one or two localities. Of
Coenonympha davus we saw no sign. It surely must occur here but was
probably over in this warm locality: palms grow freely in several places
in the island. EHrebia epiphron we did not see either, but this is less
likely to be present.

After a little rain on our first morning we struck a wonderfully fine
week. From a photographic point of view, many of the distant views
were clouded by haze, but our last day, 12th August, dawned crystal
clear and we had to motor hectically round photographing everything
we had already taken. The coast of Northern Ireland, 45 miles away,
showed clearly beyond the Mull of Kintyre and was duly taken with a
9 em. lens. I append a list of 141 species seen or taken during our
stay. This figure might have been increased if we had done any woodland

114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/V /1960

collecting, but preference took us always to the moorlands; sugar also
was largely unproductive. So ended a week we shall always remember.

PAPILIONES

Pieris brassicae L. Erebia aethiops Esp.
P. rapae \.. Maniola jurtina lL.
P. napi L. Coenonympha pamphilus L.
Aglais urticae L. Thecla quercus L.
Nymphalis io L. Tycaena phlaeas L.
Pararge aegeria L. Polyommatus icarus Rott.
Eumenis semele I.

BoMBYCES
Pheosia tremula Clerck Thyatyra batis L.
P. gnoma ¥F. Lasiocampa quercus lL.
Notodonta ziczac L. *Vacrothylacia rubi L.
N. dromedarius L. Drepana lacertinaria L.
Lophopteryz capucina L. *Spilosoma lubricipeda L.
Habrosyne derasa i. Phragmatobia fuliginosa L.

AGROTIDES
Apatele rumicis L. Ceramica pisi L.
Cryphia perla F. Diatarazxia oleracea L.
Agrotis segetum. Schiff. Hadena trifolu Rott.
A. vestigialis Rott. H. conspersa Hsp.
A. ipsilon Rott. H. bicruris Hufn.
Euzxoa nigricans L. Tholera cespitis F.
K. tritic L. Cerapteryx gramiunis L.

E. obelisca Hiibn.
Lycophotia varia Vill.
Actebia praecozr L.

Bombycia viminalis F.
Luperina testacea Schiff.

Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. Procus literosa Haw.
Amathes agathina Dup. Apamea assimilis Doubl.
A. castanea Esp. (grey form) A. obscura Haw.

. baja F. . secalis L.
. e-nigrum. L. . ophiogramma Hsp.
. ditrapezium Borkh. crenata Hufn.

A
A
A

A. xanthographa F. A. lithoxylea F.
i A
A

Sp >

Diarsia brunnea F. . monoglypha Hufn.
D. festiva Schiff., porophila lutulenta Borkh., abs.

ssp. conflua Treits. sedi Guen. and luneburgensis
D. dahl Hiibn. Freyer
D. rubi View. Antitype chi L.
Ochropleura plecta L. Euplexia lucipara L.
Azylia putris L. Phlogophora meticulosa Ih.
Triphaena comes Hiibn. Celaena haworthiw Curt.
(some ab. rufa Tutt) C. leucostigma Hiibn.
T. pronuba L. Hydraecia oculea I.
T. ianthina Esp. H. lucens Freyer
Lampra fimbriata Schreb. H. micacea Hsp.

Mamestra brassicae Vu, Arenostola pygmina Haw.

RECOLLECTIONS OF BREEDING DIACRISIA SANNIO LINN, 115

Leucania pallens L. Cirrhia icteritia Hufn.
LL. impura Hiibn. Anarta myrtilli L.
L. lithargyria Hsp. Plusia chrysitis L.
L. conigera F. P. bractea F.
Stilbia anomala Haw. P. festucae L.
Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. P. pulchrina Haw.
Amphipyra pyramidea I. P. gamma L.
A. tragopoginis I. ; P. interrogationis L.
Cosmia trapezina L. Hypena proboscidalis lL.
GEOMETRIDES

Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn. Oporima fiigrammaria H.-S.
Sterrha aversata L. Entephria caesiata Schiff.
S. biselata Hufn. Epirrhoe alternata Mull.
Calothysanis amata L. Kuphyia bilineata L.
Anaitis plagiata L. Lyncometra ocellata L.
Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff. Perizoma bifasciata Haw.
Lygris prunata L. Hydriomena furcata Thunb.
I. testata L. EKupithecia goossensiata Mab.
LL. populata L. EL. albipunctcta Haw.
LL. pyraliata Schiff. E. virgaureata 'oubl.
Dysstroma truncata Hufn. E. icterata Vill.
D. truncata E. nanata Hiibn.

ssp. concinnata Steph. Gymnoscelis rp milata Hiibn.
D. citrata Lh. Gnophos myrtillata Thunb.
Thera obeliscata Hiibn. Cabera pusaria lL.
AXanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck, Chiasmia clathrata L.

nec Hiibn. Selenia bilunar:a Esp.
X. fluctuata L. Crocallis elinguaria L.
Colostygia pectinataria Knoch Opisthograptis luteolata Iu.
C. salicata Hiibn. Cleora jubata Thunb.
C. didymata L. Ematurga atomaria L.

HEPIALIDAE

Heyialus sylvina L.
*Larval stage only.

Recollections of Breeding Diacrisia sannio Linn.
By Brian O. C. Gardiner

Reading Mr. Symes’ article in the March Record (antea, p. 60)
brought back to mind my own experience of breeding this species some
years ago. Unlike Mr. Symes and his friends J found it very easy
to rear and it was not long before vast numbers of larvae became such
an embarrassment I had to start destroying them. I lay no claim
to having a way with difficult species, since it is my experience, and
that of my friends, that what one man finds easy another finds diffi-
cult, and vice versa.

My first encounter with sannio was at Barton Mills in 1947 when
I took a number of males at a Tilley light. My second encounter was
abroad, near Copenhagen, Denmark, in July 1949. In a small locality

116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/V/1960

both male and female swarmed in about equal numbers. Never, before
or since, have I seen such a profusion of Lepidoptera. It was virtu-
ally impossible to catch one insect at a time. A stroke with the net
would include a couple of Fritillary species (Melitaea ino and M,
dictynna), a Blue or Copper, almost certainly a Ringlet (Aphantopus
hyperantus) and, as like as not, a sannio or Burnet moth. At every step
moths and butterflies were put up from underfoot to take a short flight
before settling again. Amongst other specimens selected from this
multitude, three female sannio were put into pillboxes and the eggs
laid by these brought back to this country.

The newly-hatched larvae were kept in glass-topped metal tins
during the first instar and were then transferred to muslin-covered
cages. Now it is my policy when dealing with hibernating larvae to
do everything possible to prevent hibernation taking place. In
most cases the application of heat and light works well. I regard light
as being of more importance than heat, but it is a curious fact that
total darkness (except for the few minutes each day spent feeding the
larvae) may have the same effect as an extended light period in pre-
venting hibernation. My sannio larvae were kept lighted for a mini-
mum period of 18 hours per day in a heated greenhouse kept between
20-25° C. The light was supplied by fluorescent tube operated by a
time switch, so adjusted that daylight plus artificial light was on the
larvae for 18 hours out of 24. The light was brought on about half
an hour before dusk so that there was no break in the continuity—an
important point. I should like to add here that a time switch is not
essential for rearing larvae under such conditions as I have obtained
equally good results by hand switching, putting the light off just before
retiring for the night. Tungsten bulbs are as effective as fluorescent,
their disadvantage being that each cage really requires a separate
_ bulb. Also they do not last as long.

Under these conditions, being fed on a mixture of Dandelion, Plan-
tain and Ragwort, the sannio larvae fed up within a few weeks and
by the middle of September I had nearly 200 adults emerged About
half these were killed, but it was not long before the remaining fifty
females had plastered the muslin sides of the cage with some thousands
of eggs.

One is always able to be wise after the event and I now regret that
T did not keep any accurate records of the times taken by the various
stages of the life cycle to complete their development: nor did I keep
any record of the mortality, but from the numbers of adults obtained
this cannot have been very great.

It is perhaps pertinent here to give some account of my method
of feeding the larvae. When one has a couple of hundred or more
larvae to look after, the fiddle of putting the food into water to keep
it fresh becomes too time consuming, this applying particularly to low
plant feeders rather than tree feeders. My method, which has been
successful with many other larvae besides sannio, is to throw fresh
leaves in daily. With experience it is possible to judge how much will
be eaten without too much waste. Frass and debris is allowed to
accumulate on the floor of the cage which is covered with peat. No
attempt is made to transfer larvae to the fresh food; they do this
readily enough by themselves and with sannio a fair percentage were

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON REARING DIACRISIA SANNIO LINN. 117

resting on the cage walls anyway. This method does undoubtedly lead
to the squashing and burying of a few of the larvae, something I regard
as being of advantage since diseased and laggard feeders are thus put
out of harms way without the trouble of sorting them out individually.
The saving of individuals is not important, when dealing with large
numbers of larvae, as it would be if only a handful were being reared.
When the larvae are nearly fullgrown the cage is cleaned out. At
this stage they are easy to sort out from the debris and I find clean
jamjars will temporarily contain these and other active Arctiid larvae.
For the second generation a quantity of larvae were collected by
putting a potted Dandelion plant in the cage containing the mass of
eggs. These were fed up as has just been described, numbers being
killed off from time to time as the food position became more acute
with the approach of winter in order to keep the brood within reason-
able proportions. By Christmas moths of the third generation were
emerging and at this point the stock was destroyed since I had satis-
fied myself that this species could be continuously brooded and other
species were by then making demands on time and cage-space.

Now although this was a Danish stock, the life cycle is similar to
our own and I[ can see no reason why British sannio should not respond
in the same way as this stock did and give a succession of generations
when reared under the right conditions. I recommend heat and light
to anyone obtaining eggs. It should be noted, however, that once the
larvae have entered hibernation only a prolonged exposure to cold will
induce them to come out of it and the same probably apples to any
larvae found feeding in the field.

43 Woodlark Road, Cambridge.

Some Observations on Rearing
Diacrisia sannio Linn.
By M. J. Lrecu

Mr. H. Symes, in his interesting article in March’s Record (72: 60)
on PD. sannio remarked that it would have been interesting to have
some details on how I bred 41 sannio from the egg last summer.

Last year was the first time I had the opportunity of rearing sannio.
The insect does not occur locally; it is, however, common at Wither-
slack and, as Mr. Symes remarks, is still to be found locally but un-
commonly at Delamere Forest or at least what is left of this once
famous locality.

As stated in my previous note (71: 268) a series of sannio was taken
on the 20th June last year at Witherslack. The ratio of the sexes was
five females to eight males. It was a glorious summer day and it was
decidedly hot work netting the males. The females, always more
lethargic, were easier to secure, in fact two of the five were found at
rest on the heather. Insects generally were in profusion and some nice
forms of Scopula ternata Schr. were captured. In addition, Perconia
strigillaria Hb. was abundant but I only saw and netted two specimens
of Sterrha muricata Hufn.

118 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, Vou, 72 15/V /1960

However, to return to sunnio. The five females hardly ranked as
cabinet specimens, so they were all kept in pill boxes for eggs. Batches
of ova commenced to appear next day and these were added to on the
next two succeeding days. All the batches laid proved to be fertile.
When the larvae hatched (the first batch commenced on the 28th June)
they were transferred io glass topped tins and given a diet of dande-
lion and chickweed. There were soon signs of obvious eating but the
foodplants were not attacked with any voracity and | wondered at
the time whether an alternative should be introduced. As bog myrtle
occurs extensively on the Witherslack Mosses I thought that this may
be the pabulum they might eat in a state of nature. Fortunately this
plant. occurs locally on Formby Moss so sprigs of it were introduced.
The dandelion and chickweed were also retained. Results were not
altogether satisfactory as the larvae did not show exclusive interest in
this new addition to their diet. There was only the odd death, how-
ever, and I kept up the mixed foodplant technique until it was time
to transfer the larvae from the tins to the breeding cages. I gave a
lot ot larvae away but was still left with rather formidable numbers.

It is interesting to note that Mr. Symes in his article refers to a
method adopted successfully by his friend Mr. P. Cue in which heather
was used at the bottom of the containers. This was almost exactly
what I did. In each cage a carpet of fresh heather and dried grass
was placed on the bottom as this, in captivity, resembled as near as
possible the type of habitat in which the larvae must occur at Wither-
slack. Some leaves of dandelion (bog myrtle and chickweed now dis-
continued) were placed on top of the heather and grass mixture but
the bulk of the foodplant was placed in jars in an upright position.
When the jar was put into the cage the lip was approximately level
with the heather.

As fairly large quantities of dandelion were being supplied each
day the readily available stock soon became exhausted and a new plant
was introduced, namely broad-leaved plantain. They took to the plan-
tain very well, although some dandelion was supplied up to the end
It is [ think important to renew the foodplant daily as the frass, when
fed on this diet, is rather moist and does not readily fall to the bottom
of the cage.

The larvae were kept indoors in an unheated room. On pupation
they spun their cocoons amongst the heather and grass; some also spun
up in the corners of the cages.

As I said in my earlier note, the vast majority grew slowly and
went into hibernation at about the time the second brood specimens
emerged, in other words when they were roughly a quarter to one-third
grown. Hibernation in captivity has been more than they could stand
as they have all died during the winter.

Finally, I must thank Mr. Symes for his kind remarks but again
must stress that it was the considerable numbers together with the
remarkably warm weather which was obviously beneficial towards the
production of a partial second brood of this insect.

“The Spinney”, Freshfield Road, Formby, Lancs. 26.111.60.

A NOTE ON BREEDING DIACRISIA SANNIO LINN, 119

A note on breeding Diacrisia sannio Linn.
By L. G. F. Wappine ton

Mr. H. Symes’ article on the rearing of Diacrisia samnio was of
particular interest to me in view of the fact that I have only caught
one female sannio in my life, and succeeded in obtaining a fair series
without much difficulty.

This female I caught on Meathop Moss in North Lancs. in July 1954,
and she dutifully laid about 30 ova; the resulting larvae were reared
along with a small brood of caja larvae on a mixed grill of dock and
narrow-leaved plantain (lanceolata).

This latter is important in view of the sequel.

‘The cage was kept indoors on top of a bookcase in the living room,
which was heated by a stand-off coke stove, and which was kept in
night and day.

The bulk of the larvae fed up pretty rapidly and as time went on
the foodplant was lanceolata exclusively as it was the easiest for me
to obtain.

Seventeen of the sannio pupated and emerged in September, but
they were all on the small side—appreciably smaller than the wild ones
caught in July.

Most of the caja continued to feed up and I got a nice emergence
in December.

Two of the sannio, however, resolutely refused to feed up, taking
their cue from some of the caja who were also obstinate.

In my back garden I had a tub planted with three lanceolata, so
I contained these plants with a galvanised cylinder 15 in. diameter
and about 8 in. deep, and dumped the rebellious larvae inside, but no
cover was placed on the top, my feelings being that if they wanted to
clear off they could do so; I had as many sannio as I wanted.

| would like to point out at this point that lanceolata stands winter
far better than the broad-leaved variety, and this was exemplified the
following year.

During December and January the larvae secreted themselves among
the dead leaves, and in February a heavy snowstorm filled the cylinder
with snow, and both plants and larvae were completely buried for over
a fortnight.

Warm sunshine in March melted the snow, and there was the plan-
tain healthy and upright and in a few days the larvae started to nibble,
but, whereas the caja gradually absconded, the two sannio stayed put,
and I eventually brought them indoors and in due course they both
pupated, and fine specimens of a male and female emerged in June
1955.

I cultivate both narrow-leaved plantain and Oxford Ragwort in the
garden; they are invaluable for rearing caja, and the latter is grand
diet for the Water Ermine.

9 Greenleafe Avenue, Doncaster.

120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 72 15/V /1960

Some Old Records of Lepidoptera, and ‘““The Last
Apollo seen in England” — an allegation referring

to 95 years ago
By P. A. Desmonp Lanxtres, F.R.E.S.

A copy of Tutt’s British Butterfiies (1896) purchased a few years
ago was found to hold between its pages a miscellany of enclosures, and
amongst these were some newspaper cuttings.

There were three cuttings, marked in writing ink with the year-
less dates of September 13, 14 and 15 respectively. The paper appeared
to be called simply The Standard, and the cuttings comprised a con-
nected series of ‘‘Letters to the EKditor’’. It appears from the cutter’s
dates to have been a Daily, and likely, from the variety of both the
correspondents’ addresses and the advertisements on the backs, to have
been a National and possibly printed in London: perhaps some of the
Ent. Record’s older readers may even recall its later issues. With
regard to the year of the cuttings, the first correspondent refers to the
year 1859 when later using the words ‘‘Thus it will be seen that it is
forty years since...’ which conveniently places it for us at 1899.

The story these letters unfold then, begins with a report from one
Mr. F. E. Lowe of the occurrence of considerable numbers of Lampides
boeticus L.. in the Channel Islands in the September of that year (1899).
South!, publishing his well-known book seven years later, mentions
the Channel Islands for this species, but not for that year. However,
Dr. C. B. Williams (1930)2, reminds us in his thorough work that Lowe
published his observations later still in 1899 in the present periodical,
and states:

With regard to the 1899 invasion, Lowe (Hnt. Rec., xi, 1899,
p. 304) says, ‘‘The event of the year was the abundance of L.
boetica from 1st to 15th September, after which the wind and
colder weather seem to have destroyed them. Somewhat over one
hundred specimens have been captured in the islands (Guernsey),
and I could have captured at least fifty more in my garden’’.

Dr. Williams quotes Tutt (Brit. Lep., ix, pp. 366 and 374) as giving
Channel Island records for this species for the years 1859, 1872, 1889,
1892, 1899, 1900 and 1904, and adds:

Tutt (l.c.), speaking of the invasions in 1899, 1900 and 1904,
says that several examples in July gave rise to home-bred broods
in September and October*.

As Mr. Lowe’s observations in this periodical thus gained a fur-
ther airing from Dr. Williams, it might at first seem superfluous to
refer to his earlier account in The Standard, but, as mentioned pre-
viously, this was only the beginning of a story, and, as it happens, of
rather a different kind.

Lowe’s letter drew sharp criticism for over-collecting from two cor-
respondents, one of whom, a Mr. Terry, in the course of propounding
his indignation, gives a record of sighting a specimen of Parnassius
apollo L. off the southern shores of England in 1865. His generosity is
not limited to this record however, but is extended to offer some re-

*which, as will be seen later, explains the number of specimens which Mr. Lowe
found so ‘‘perplexing”’’.

SOME OLD RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA 121

markable statements on the British occurrence and larval food of this
species which do not appear to have found parallel among the observa-
tions of other British entomologists before, or for that matter, since.
To one, Mr. Snowden, this appears to have been an extravagance which
overwhelmed him into becoming a correspondent on the subject himself,
but whose letter is unfortunately not preserved among the cuttings
found. From the final cutting however, which is of Mr. Terry’s reply,
one may guess that Mr. Snowden evidently first came to Mr. Lowe’s
defence, and then questioned the accuracy of Mr. Terry’s indentification
on the grounds already suggested.

If, in this final letter, Mr. Terry retracts something of his remarks
concerning the distribution and life history of the species, he insists upon
his record of its occurrence, and with this, were he aware of it, perhaps
only a certain boatman could have chosen to disagree.

The occurrence of such a specimen in the stated year and place,
which after all is literally not an impossibility, is not of concern here,
only the occurrence of the record. As no mention of this appears
among the twenty citations listed by Messrs. Morley and Chalmers-
Hunt in their recent article on the species (Hnt. Rec., Ixxi, 1959, pp.
273-276), possibly because of its long obscurity among old editions of the
popular Press, and as the heat which seems to have been generated
under the collars of the correspondents does nothing to detract from
the liveliness of their writing, their letters are thought to be worth
giving verbatim. Before doing so though, perhaps one more thing
should be mentioned. If the cutter’s inked dates of 13th and 14th
September are correct on the first two cuttings, then Mr. Terry’s first
letter appeared on the 14th. As Mr. Snowden must have read this
before he could reply to it, his reply must have been printed on the
15th. Similarly, Mr. Terry’s reply to Mr. Snowden, ink-dated (one
might suspect in error) the 15th, surely appeared on the 16th: perhaps,
if Mr. Snowden’s missing letter formed a fourth cutting about the size
of that bearing Mr. Terry’s reply, it, too, bore an inadvertently erroneous
ink date for the 16th?

Anyway, here are the letters which, despite the errors suggested,
have been retained under the cutter’s respective ink dates:

13th September (ink).

Sir,—Because it should interest others than ‘‘mere collectors’ of
butterflies, I venture to ask a corner in your paper to record the re-
markable abundance of the ‘‘long-tailed blue’? in Guernsey. Its head-
quarters appear to be in my own garden on the outskirts of the town.
Here I have taken for myself, or friends, over eighty specimens, besides
others which have been given their liberty again. On September 1 took
eleven, including two females, and daily since I have taken some. On
September 4, I netted thirty-three specimens in all. This species is very
rare in Northern and Central Europe, though not uncommon on the
Mediterranean coast and Asia, extending to Australia and the Cape.
Tts sudden appearance, therefore, in numbers in this little spot, in
spite of its reputed tendencies for migration, is very perplexing.
Messrs. Newman and Tutt, in their respective ‘‘Histories of British
Butterflies’, quoting evidently the same authority, say, ‘‘In 1859 the
species was abundant in the Channel Islands’’. Perhaps this refers

122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 72 15/V/1960

to Jersey, but as to Guernsey, I believe the facts are these. In 1859
Miss Renouf took eight specimens of L. boetica, and one more in August,
1872. The next recorded capture is one by myself in this same garden,
on September 15, 1892. About two years earlier, a schoolboy is reported
also to have taken a battered specimen on the sea coast.

Thus it will be seen that it is forty years since more than one
specimen has been taken in the same season in this Island, and now they
are to be had ad lib.

I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
Frank EK. Lowe, F.E.S.
St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey. September 8.

14th September (ink).

Sir,—From a letter in The Standard of to-day, I gather that the
Rev. Frank EK. Lowe is to be congratulated on his good fortune, for
his vicarage garden in Guernsey appears to be the headquarters of the
‘long-tailed blue’’, over eighty specimens of this rare but all too con-
fiding butterfly having been netted by our energetic informant during
the last few days.

In this period of complaint about diminished incomes, it is pleasing
to note that someone has an opportunity for increasing his official
emoluments; and the zeal for extermination with which Mr. Lowe is
fired, justifies me in suggesting that both by art and nature he is
eminently qualified to set up a ‘‘corner’’ in long-tailed blues.

IT am, Sir, your obedient servant,
T. Luoyp Davis.
Gunnersbury. September 12.

. (Same cutting.)

Sir,—Your Correspondent, a clergyman, the Rev. F. E. Lowe, writes
with great complacency of having destroyed eighty specimens of a rare
butterfly. It seems to me that, instead of rushing into print on this
subject and so leading others (with about an equal respect for the vital
spark in created beings) to destroy the remaining specimens, he should
think quietly over this wanton destruction, and be thoroughly ashamed
of himself. It is actions such as his that render any beautiful specimens,
whether bird, beast, or insect, extinct. What can exceed in grace and
beauty a living humming-bird moth poised on the wing, or darting to
fresh flowers; yet the average boy taught by Mr. Lowe would consider
such an. insect more beautiful in a cabinet with a pin stuck through it.

In 1865, in a boat off Sea View, I saw, for a few moments, resting
on the boat, the last specimen of the Apollo butterfly seen in England.
I might easily have caught it. I stopped the boatman from doing so.
I knew its rarity and wished it to live. This the most beautiful of all
our British butterflies, now extinct, was once common in the Isle of
Wight, but building operations, and cutting down of the trees and
shrubs on which the caterpillars fed made it scarce, and the ‘‘bug-
hunter’? did the rest. How can we expect to get ladies to give up
wearing aigrettes because of the destruction of bird life involved, when
we have a clergyman boasting of having killed eighty specimens of a
rare butterfly—thirty-three in one day. A novel has lately been written,

SOME OLD RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA 123

called ‘‘The Lust of Hate’’. It seems to me what is wanted is a homily,
with examples on the lust of destruction.

I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
SrerHEN H. Terry.
Whitehall Club, Parliament-street, S.W. September 12.

15th September (ink).

Sir,—I do not understand your Correspondent, Mr. Snowden’s letter.
The destruction of eighty rare butterflies—thirty-three in one day—
is to any logical mind likely to lead to the extermination of them in
the Island of Guernsey; and if I am in Guernsey, and I want to see
living butterflies, it does not interest me to hear that they are still not
extinct, say, in Switzerland or South America. I may be excused for
not knowing the food of the caterpillar of the Apollo butterfly, having
never seen the caterpillar, and having only seen one living specimen of
the Imago, and that thirty-four years ago. Westwood’s ‘‘British Butter-
flies’, original edition, with hand-coloured plates, illustrates the insect
I saw; but the more recent edition with lithographed plates only refers
to it in the text, and does not illustrate it, as it is now extinct in
England. As to an authentic instance of the ‘‘bug-hunter doing the
rest’’, I was not present at the extinction of the race of Apollo butter-
flies in England, but whoever caught the last specimen had that proud
distinction which Mr. Snowden and Mr. Lowe would evidently have
enjoyed.

I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

StePpHEN H. TERRY.
Whitehall Club, Parliament-street, S.W. September 14.

So much for the letters. Before leaving for the moment the subject
of P. apollo however, since Messrs. Morley and Chalmers-Hunt cite as
a record Westwood (1841) quoting Duncan’s stating that it had been
seen on the west coast of Scotland in the summer of 1834, this seems
an opportune place to recall Duncan’s own words, not only because he
gives his own views on this particular record, but also his own summing
up of the standing of this species in relation to the British lists to the
time of his writing in 18353. He wrote:

‘“‘This insect was first introduced into our British lists, in consequence
of it having been supposed, through some mistake, that a few continental
specimens in the possession of Lord Seaforth, were procured from the
Island of Lewis, one of the Hebrides. Since that time, it has been
oftener than once figured and described as a British species; but no
authentic instance is on record of its having been observed by anyone—
a circumstance which may fairly be assumed, in the case of such a
marked and conspicuous object, as a sufficient indication that it is not
an inhabitant of this island. We have been assured, however, that it
was noticed on the wing last summer in some part of the west coast;
and, though inclined to think that this must be a mistake, we willingly
avail ourselves of the excuse which it affords for retaining in the mean
while such an ornamental insect among our indigenous species. On the
Continent, it inhabits the Alps, Cevennes, the mountains of Auvergne,
and various parts of Norway and Sweden, in considerable numbers’’,

124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/V/1960

Apart from these cuttings, the other enclosures in this book are worth
a brief mention in their own right, and consist of the following items :—

1. Two large photographs representing the upper and undersides of
a remarkably melanic specimen of Melanargia galathea L., but with
no details as to its origin.

2. Two records, on a paper slip, of the occurrence of Maculinea
arion L., in a locality in 8S. Devon, one on 10th July, 1886, and the
other on 9th July, 1887, in the handwriting of the book’s former owner.
Dr. E. B. Ford (1945)4, pointed out, it will be recalled, that the species
may be extinct in this area.

3. On another paper slip, six localities in the same hand, but no
dates, for Melitaea athalia Rott., one being in S.W. Devon, the other
five being fairly close together in Central Gloucestershire. Dr. Ford
said of Devon, that ‘‘a few little known colonies exist’’ there, and of
Gloucestershire, that ‘‘ancient records . . . help to bridge the gap
between its now isolated western and eastern habitats. Indeed a
specimen was taken in a remote part of Gloucestershire within the last
few years’. As he points out too, ‘‘the colonies tend to shift their
ground from year to year’’, but it would be interesting to learn if, in
the event of a more sudden and large scale expansion of range, this area
of Central Gloucestershire became again included.

4. The postscript to a letter for an unknown recipient (the book’s
former owner?), but signed E. B. P.—these initials, and the swift
enthusiastic writing, Dr. B. M. Hobby of the Hope Dept., of Entomology
at Oxford University kindly confirms, are indeed those of the late Hope
Professor E. B. Poulton (1856-1943). In this passage, he describes his
first capture of Strymonidia pruni L. ‘‘on privet blossom along the edge
of a wood”’ not such a great distance from Oxford. The late Commander
J. J. Walker (1926)5 mentioned that this very local species was first
- found in the area in June 1918, but not by E. B. P., and Dr. Hobby
agrees that E. B. P.’s letter was probably written about that time.
Although the wooded area concerned and others round about have
altered much and been greatly thinned in the last forty years, the species
may still linger there, and for this reason, the exact locality mentioned
is not given here.

Sir Edward Poulton’s postscript also mentions Hamm’s capture of
‘an icarus pair, od carrying 9’’. Mr. A. H. Hamm was a collector of
those days whose name figures much in the local records.

5. The last item comprised a cellophane packet in which are still
preserved the wings of three butterflies: a specimen each of Pieris
brassicae L., Argynnis pales W.V., and . . . Parnassius apollo L.! At
first glance, perhaps, a motley assembly, but a moment’s reflection will
recall their relationship in their being all locally common Alpine species.
Each specimen is labelled in the former book-owner’s careful hand-
writing, but the envelope bears the single date 21st January, 1903, an
unlikely date for them to have been caught in the wild or captivity-
reared simultaneously, and suggesting rather their date of acquisition—
perhaps as a souvenir from some London sale room.

The former owner of the book, a fly leaf reveals, was one George
Wheeler. While his signature could be checked but hasn’t been, it
would not be surprising to find it is that of the Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A.,
who was elected to the Royal Ent. Soc. in 1906, made its Vice-President
in 1914, subsequently to serve as its Secretary and on the Council. As

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 125

for his interest in P. apollo, well, perhaps this was also the G. Wheeler
who published a work entitled ‘‘The Butterflies of Switzerland and the
Alps of Central Europe’’ some fifty-seven years ago?

Anyway, more information came out of that copy of Tutt’s book
than its author intended or its buyer expected, but, oddly enough, it’s
not the first time something like this has happened.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1South. R. 1906. The Butterflies of the British Isles, 154-156.
2Williams, C. B. 1930. The Migration of Butterflies, 252.
sDuncan, J. 1835. The Natural History of British Butterflies, 136.
4Ford, E. B. 1945. Butterflies, 126, 133.
5Walker, J. J. 1926. The Natural History of the Oxford District, 217-218.

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hueeins, F.R.E.S.

EucosMA PAUPERANA Dup.: This moth has been very little known
in England for many years, and, to the best of my knowledge, not taken
since the early thirties. All the records I have traced have been on
the chalk, where it lived amongst wild rose bushes. It is one of my
failures amongst the Tortrices; in spite of many searches, I have never
seen it alive. I think one of the difficulties in finding it is that it is
a rather sensitive insect which refuses to fly excepting on a warm calm
afternoon, and as it is on the wing during the last ten dazs of April,
such afternoons are not too common.

In the middle years of the nineteenth century (1840-1870) it was
found by several collectors in the Dartford district of Kent, in the
chalky lanes leading to Darenth Wood, and also in those round Sutton-
at-Hone. It seems for no apparent reason to have disappeared from
these localities, and urban development makes it rather unlikely that
it will be rediscovered there. Later, in 1891, my old friend B. A.
Bower found it commonly on the lower slopes of the downs near Mickle-
ham, Surrey. It continued there for many years; Bower passed the
locality on to A. Thurnall, who found it there at intervals until the
1914 war. Jn 1923, I wrote to Thurnall that I would lke a few speci-
mens, and he more than once visited the locality, but failed to find it.
Lest it be thought that Thurnall’s age was the cause of his failure, I
should mention that both Mr. L. T. Ford and myself visited the place
more than once with equal lack of success. The locality did not seem
to have altered, and the disappearance of the moth seemed inexplicable.

In the early thirties a Cambridge collector took a few specimens
on the edge of a chalk cutting in the district between Cambridge and
Newmarket. He kindly gave directions to my late friend W. S.
Gilles and we tried for the moth in 1935 and 1936 but saw none although
one afternoon seemed very favourable. Unfortunately, as Gilles drove
me there, I took no particular note of the locality, and owing to his
sudden death in 1988 I have now no idea how to find it.

IT am convinced that pauperana still exists on the chalk in Kent
and Surrey: passed to Messrs. Wakely and Chalmers-Hunt.

LarvaL Foopriants or Torrrices: My recent correspondence with
Mr. Carolsfeld Krausé has made me recall some of the changes or pecu-

126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/V/1960

liarities of food in members of the Tortricina, particularly imported
species.

When Cacoecia pronubana Hiibn. first appeared in this country it
was only found on privet (Ligustrum), Subsequently it spread to
Japanese Huonymus, but in the last twenty years, beside feeding on
one or two other bushes, it has become a general feeder on herbaceous
plants, such as sweet Williams, chrysanthemums, stocks and even house-
leeks (Sempervivum). Similarly, Tortrix postvittana Walk., which for
years confined its attentions to Huonymus, now feeds freely on red
valerian.

In England, EHucosma solandriana Linn. is in my experience confined
to birch and sallow, but in the Burren of Clare it is always found on
hazel. It is true that there is no birch on the Burren, but sallow is
very common.

Another minor mystery is why Clysia ambiguella Hiibn., which feeds
on several foodplants, and is a vine pest abroad, sticks to alder buck-
thorn here. Fassnidge and I both bred it and netted it from this tree
in several places, but found no trace of it on any other.

65 Eastwood Bouleyard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.

Further Notes on Earlier Stages of the

Purple Emperor
By I. R. P. Hestop
(Concluded from p. 91)

I have recorded previously (paper to be published in Entomologist,
March 1960) this particular instance of a larva hibernating on the
leaf. As I write this (February 1960) all the three iris larvae which I
am bringing through this winter are on leaves, and all well. These
include one which from the outset has been kept in natural conditions
on a bush outside, without protection of any sort. The other two
are on substantial potted plants in large cages in my garage. Two
of the larvae are from Wilts, and one from Surrey. Even if the habit
is comparatively infrequent now anywhere, perhaps it was normal in
the New Forest at the time that Mr. Frohawk described it; there is
no doubt that the species can form local habits—perhaps sometimes
as a prelude to expansion, or to departure, etc. Mr. Stockley had an
iris larva hibernate successfully on a spun-up leaf in 1956-57, this
being the first he had ever had do so. So perhaps another possibility
may be kept in view, viz., that a reversion is occurring to an earlier
habit.

The male larva under detailed consideration had his last autumn
feed on Ist November 1957, and settled down for hibernation on the
following day. On 24th November the first leaves began to fall from
his bush after a heavy frost on the previous night. On the Ist Decem-
ber, during a period of keen frosts by night and warm sun by day,
I cleared all remaining leaves off the bush other than the hiberna-
culum. During hibernation the larva stirred perceptibly only once,

FURTHER NOTES OF EARLIER STAGES OF THE PURPLE EMPEROR 127

until he resumed activity on or about 3lst March. The change over
to ‘Summer Time’’ occurred on Sunday, 20th April, and the times
thenceforth are B.S.T.

On 21st April, at 11.0 a.m., the larva slowly raised his posterior
half, and as slowly lowered it again, the entire process taking a good
five minutes. On 28rd April, with the rare luxury (in that spring)
of a bright and sunny morning and adjudging that the larva was in
need of ultra-violet rays, I took the celluloid cylinder off the plant
at 9.0 a.m. (not replacing it until 7.0 p.m.) and put the plant where
it could get some dappled sunlight. When the sun became obscured
at approximately 12 o’clock, I turned on the daylight lamp. The
larva, which had been inclined to be sluggish, stirred at 11.55 a.m.,
and at 12.15 p.m. he was feeding freely. He ate one complete small
leaf, and then started on a most extraordinary promenade on which
he was still engaged at 2.05 p.m. when I had to leave him. At 3.0
p.m. he was found at rest on the upper side of a leaf, head downwards.
At 4.39 he was moving his forepart about, so continuing until I
switched off the daylight lamp at 6.0 p.m. The larva did not feed,
or move, again to-day.

On 26th T had the daylight lamp on again all morning: on this day
the larva fed only from 8.45 p.m. On 3rd May, thinking that the bush
looked a trifle jaded, I placed another potted bush in the cage in
such a manner that it was touching the first, thus leaving the choice
to the larva. After a day when he didn’t move at all, he changed
both his feeding grounds and his seat to the new bush without further
delay, and I then removed the old bush. On 9th May the new plant
also was looking rather wilted, and on 10th the larva was very rest-
less. On 11th the plant appeared somewhat recovered, and the larva
was now eating very heavily and growing very fast.

On 31st May the plant was obviously wilting again, and the larva
was wasting a great deal of time and energy in searching for suitable
leaves of which there were, fortunately, still some. I, therefore, on
Ist June, transferred him to yet another bush, which was so much to his
liking that he started feeding from a new leaf while still on a leaf of the
old bush. which I was holding. He then explored the entire bush before
making a seat-leaf and then settling down to a substantial meal. On 7th
June it was raining and dull most of the day, but the larva ate furiously
between showers; during the following night he consumed three large
leaves! On 8th June I watched him feeding from one leaf while cling-
ing to the underside of another—a manoeuvre I have not seen before or
since. But on 15th the bush was now becoming stripped of large leaves
and the larva was obviously becoming anxious, exploring the undersides
of leaves quite inadequately in size for any requirement: I therefore
transferred him to yet another bush on that day. He immediately span
a leaf to its stem, and pupated on 18th. On 27th June I was able to
observe, with the help of a powerful penetrating light, the growth made
of the ‘‘nucleus’’.. On the same day the pupa shook itself when sprayed
lightly. As already described (Hntomologist’s Gazette, 1960), the imago
emerged on. 9th July.

For the two specimens which provided the material for this paper,
the details of measurement, at maximum, were as follows : —

128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/V/1960

2 S
Larva, length including horns
(at rest, but not stretched out) ... 55 mm. 56 mm.
Pp ayibenipthy (se pee eerie enn 34 mm. 33 mm,
Puppia vaMejth: «Se ath cya vee eae ee iene 13 mm. 13 mm,
Papas Vad th | eee eam kel ate iit 9 mm. 7% mm,
Winte-radius jot. imagoye see eee eee 4] mm. 40 mm.

I find the differences between male and female in the mature larva

and the pupa to be as follows :—

(a) The female larva is stouter than the male. (The fully-grown
male larva is often longer than the female, but this is not a
reliable characteristic.)

(b) The horns of the male larva are not only, per se, longer than
those of the female, but appear even more so owing, as is pointed
out by Mr. Hyde (Entomologist’s Record, Vol. 66, page 100), to
the greater bulk of the female larva.

(d) The female pupa is always wider than the male, as is exemplified
in the dimensions stated above. It will be observed that, in these
instances, the ratio of width to length in the female pupa is
26:47 % and in the male 22-73%. There may be individual differ-
ences between specimens, of course, but in 11 pupae I have
measured (resulting in 7 males and 4 females), in every female
the ratio has been above 25% and in every male below 25%. I
should mention that I find that this difference between the sexes
is quite obvious to the eye, and that no instrumental means of
measurement are necessary; in any cases the callipers are a
dangerous appliance!

As in all other cases in my experience the main and most regular
feeding time of both the iris larvae which form the subject of this paper
was just after sunset, and neither fed during rain. As always, each was
sprayed regularly; as were the pupae.

Sunset can be understood as constituting a universal factor in pro-
moting action, even when it cannot physically be seen. Similarly the
moment of high noon has an effect on the imago. Spraying, of course,
is an artificial stimulus affecting several larvae simultaneously. But
what the nature can be of other factors ‘‘triggering’’ activities and move-
ments, we can at present only conjecture. The male larva, whose history
is above related, had as his neighbour—in the next cage on the bench—
a female larva of Apatura ilia. On 27th April, at 3.25 p.m., when the
cages were inspected after an interval, both were on their respective
seats. At 3.30 both started to move; both proceeded to points remote
from their seats; at 3.32 both started to feed. At 3.55 p.m. both were
still feeding, when I had to leave them for a few minutes. At 4.0 p.m.,
when I returned, both were back on their seats. I had to leave for
Salisbury immediately afterwards. At 2.0 p.m., on 10th May, the com-
mencement of feeding of these two caterpillars, in their separate cages,
synchronised exactly.

In April and May 1956 I had two iris larvae in separate cages on
the same bench. On 11th April, after there had been no visible move-
ment of either larva for some days, at 3.20 p.m., both moved simultane-

THE HISTORY AND PRESENT-DAY STATUS OF GNORIMUS VARIABILIS L, 129

ously. On 13th both changed their seat-leaves. On 16th, at about 3.0
p.m., both larvae started to move simultaneously. On 2Ist April they
started feeding at the identical instant, about 12 o’clock (day). (One
of these larvae, incidentally, underwent its third moult on 12th May,
but did not eat its cast skin until the following day.)

I had the good fortune to see one of these 1956 specimens pupate.
At 11.40 p.m., on 15th June, the larva suddenly writhed violently. On
the following day, 16th, it writhed again at 8.23 a.m. More frequent
movement started at 9.30 a.m., but ceased about 10 minutes later. I
then sprayed the larva liberally. Pupation started at about 10.30. The
skin was dropped at 11.45 a.m. exactly, and movement ceased 2 or 3
minutes later. Another specimen which had pupated on the previous day
gave one last shake about 20 minutes after completion of pupation. The
pupa formed on 16th measured on the following day 32 mm.; on 23rd,
33 mm.; and on 30th, 34 mm.

J conclude this paper with a brief notice of a larva which I collected,
quite accidentally, in Wiltshire on 20th June 1956. I had been wanting
some Broad-leaved Sallow for potting, and having dug up about six quite
small plants I carried them to my car. Before placing them in the car
I thought that perhaps I had better look over them, and there, lo and
behold, on one of them was a quite small iris larva. This larva made
rapid progress (last moult 29 June, pupated 21 July). I had to take the
pupa with me on holiday, and eventually—though emergence was
obviously imminent—had to bring it back again. After spraying the
pupa, the puparium containing it was placed in the back of my van.
There, wholly covered by luggage, the perfect male imago emerged (9
August) during the course of the long and bumpy ride back to Burnham

“Belfield”, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. February 29, 1960.

The History and Present-day Status of Gnorimus

variabilis L. (Col., Scarabaeidae) in Britain
By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.

This fine beetle, instantly recognised among our few native chafers
by its deep black hue relieved by some creamy-yellow spots (the latter
actually an epidermal secretion, characteristic of the Cetoniinae, cer-
tain Rhynchophora, etc.—it can be chipped off with the point of a
pin) has a most restricted range in our islands. At the present time
it is known to survive in a single British locality only: the Windsor
Forest area. Here it is widespread but difficult to obtain as a rule,
being most often found in the larval state in black wood-mould in the
interiors and high up in the forks of old oaks, and more seldom directly
under the bark where there is thick frass and mould. In this stage
the insect, though rarely enough met with even in the course of quite
intensive collecting, is usually more or less gregarious where it does
occur; many have been bred by the late H. Donisthorpe and HE. M.
Eustace. The adults must be sought in the larval habitat from May
to July, and in the latter month are occasionally to be found at large,
settled on the bark, etc., or flying. Unlike the better-known G. nobilis
L., G. variabilis seems little attracted to flowers, but it must be
admitted that suitable kinds are often almost non-existent in its

130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/V/1960

haunts. My first encounter with this beetle was the finding of four
specimens—after several years’ search—in a fairly small oak stump, no
doubt recently cut, in mid-June, 1940 (hardly a typical situation);
followed a year later by a female example found basking in the sun on
an old oak trunk broken off about five feet up; and finally a pair dug
out of a cavity in the partly-decayed trunk of a fair-sized oak (of which,
as ill-luck would have it, the female was severed in two by my digger).
All three captures were in Windsor Great Park. I once saw it on the

wing in the Forest, high up around a beech that had been struck by ©

lightning; and on another occasion Messrs. L. S. Whicher and H. W.
Forster saw (and chased in vain) a specimen flying in the Virginia
Water end of the Great Park as late as mid-August or thereabouts. It
should be added, however, that in both cases the identity of the beetle
seen remains presumptive, though it could not well have been anything
else.

Some account of the British history of this rarity, as far as known
to me, may be of interest. Windsor Forest seems to have been noted
as a locality from early in the last century, but South London appears
to have yielded the first known specimens, to judge from a note entered
in my copy of J. F. Stephens’ ‘‘Manual’’ (1839) by its original owner
(name not indicated) which reads as follows: ‘150 Specimens of this
Insect were taken in 1849 at Brixton—Informt J. F. Stephens 5/9/49.
They must be looked for in the mould and rotten wood that falls to the
bottom of decayed Oaks digging down deep. A pair was first taken at
Penge in 1806—and again a few at Windsor in about 1811 or 12’.
Stephens (‘‘Illustrations’’, 1830) states that it was ‘‘found annually in
some plenty near Windsor by Mr. Griesbach”’ and in the Manual gives
only ‘‘Windsor Forest’’; it is curious that he does not mention the
Penge examples, seemingly the first to be taken in Britain. Canon
~ Fowler (1890, Col. Brit. Isl., 4: 59) cites the above three localities and
also ‘‘Tooting and Purley, Surrey’. He mentions further that it had
not occurred in Windsor Forest for a long time past, but practically
no one was collecting there between Stephens’ day and his. In fact,
it was found again there at about the time that Fowler wrote—in
1889, by J. C. Bowring; he sent adults and larvae to Fowler, who pub-
lished a description of the latter in 1892, Wnt. mon. Mag., 28: 242 (in
Fowler and Donisthorpe, 1913, Col. Brit. Isl., 6: 273, the date of this
is given wrongly as 1902). The next record is a note by the Rev. Theo-
dore Wood (1899, Hnt. mon. Mag., 35: 94) reporting that a damaged
example had been found on a path at Balham the year before; in the
course of which he remarked that it could doubtless still be taken,
if searched for, in the old trees on Tooting Common where it was not
scarce fifty years previously. Probably about this time the eminent
hemipterist John Scott took it at Lee, a mile or so from here—the
record appears in ‘‘Woolwich Surveys’’ (1909) without further details.
Tn 1908 it was rediscovered at Purley by the late E. C. Bedwell, who
found a quantity of larvae under a piece of bark on one of the
Purley Oaks (near the railway station of that name). For a year or
two afterwards this tree continued to furnish larvae and beetles, but
then, I believe, it was felled along with the few remaining oaks; of
which latter, Bedwell, in recording his find (ibid., 44: 273) notes that
only one showed signs of having been formerly tenanted by the species.

THE HISTORY AND PRESENT-DAY STATUS OF GNORIMUS VARIABILIS L. 131

Finally, Donisthorpe recaptured it in Windsor Forest in 1925, not
long after beginning his intensive exploration of the Coleoptera of the
area, and relates an amusing anecdote in connection with the discovery
(1939, Prel. List Col. Winds, For.: 76). Now that most of the remnant
of the Forest has been destroyed to make room for conifer plantations,
it is to be hoped that this interesting chafer will continue to inhabit
the Great Park, as probably its last British stronghold, for many
years to come. Provided that felling is kept within reasonable bounds,
the habits of the species should tend to protect it.

The distribution thus indicated is that of a primary forest relict
centred on London and the districts to its immediate south and west,
and there at the extreme north-west limit of its world range. It seems
absent from the north and north-east side, though I have heard rumours
of it from Epping Forest (a likely locality) and even from Charnwood
lorest, Leics. (a most unlikely one)—both, I think, baseless and pro-
bably the result of confusion with G. nobilis. Some readers of the
Record may know of other occurrences of variabilis than those I have
listed; if so, I should be much interested to hear of them. It is by no
means inconceivable that the species may yet linger on in certain spots
within the metropolitan or suburban areas, such as Tooting Common,
or even in places where it has never been detected; many old oaks in
the right state must remain scattered about in parks, gardens, private
or public grounds, etc., in the midst of populous built-up areas, which
it would be scarcely possible to investigate without, at the very least,
making oneself the object of highly unwelcome attention! That the
beetle could exist unnoticed in such places for years is evident from
its past history in this country and from the fact that, although so
conspicuous, it is very seldom seen at large. There is one locality
for which the apparent lack of a record is surprising: namely Rich-
mond Park, with its multitude of ancient oaks which used to produce
several scarce forest relicts (and might doubtless still do, were any-
one bold enough to collect there nowadays).

According to Fowler (E.M.M., l.c.) the larva is dirty yellowish-
white, but those I have found were generally of a slaty-grey tint. No
doubt, however, the skin is more or less translucent, so that the colour
may vary with the physiological state of the larva—depending most
likely on the development of the fat-body at the time of observation.
It appears to be rather tender and susceptible to fungal infection,
and bred imagines are often deformed. Besides oak, a larva or two
has sometimes occurred in beech at ‘Windsor, when the condition of
the wood-mould was suitable. Donisthorpe and I once turned up a
number of what we assumed to be larvae of this species in frass and
mould under the bark of some elm logs; but unfortunately I allowed
myself to be persuaded to leave them and come back later when the
adults should have ecloded—in which I was anticipated by mice and/
or birds, for not a trace of the insect could be found on returning to
the spot after some weeks. (So do we learn from bitter experience!)
I am inclined now to think that these may after all have been merely
larvae of Dorcus parallelepipedus LL.—very common in the district—
which some unknown influence had caused to be of a darker colour than
usual. But there is nothing against other species of tree being utilised
by G@. variabilis, as it is recorded on the Continent even from stumps

132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/V/1960

of the maritime pine (P. pinaster).

The Fabrician name of octopunctatus has been much used for this
species by European authors, and may have to be adopted in place of
that by which it is better known here.

In conclusion, we may notice that when Fowler wrote his magnum
opus it seemed to him that our two species of Gnorimus (incidentally
the only ones occurring in Central Hurope) were on the way to becom-
ing extinct here (cf. Col. Brit. Isl., l.c.). It is, at least, gratifying
to note that this trend was not maintained. Not only is variabilis, as
I have suggested, in no immediate danger of extermination, but the
other species, nobilis, is now known to be widely scattered over a large
part of England and to be actually common in certain fruit-growing
districts, e.g., mid-Kent, though because of its habits nearly as hard
to find as its rarer congener.

Winter Chironomidae (Dipt.) in the Lake District
By Dr. Nevitte L. Brrxettr, F.R.E.S.

The interesting note by P. Roper in the Record, 72: 71-72, prompted
me to go through my card index and list those species that I have come
across during the winter months in this district. For the present note
I have taken the winter months to be October to March, inclusive.
My records cover approximately ten years, and during this time I have
taken some 44 species during the winter months as defined. Some of
the records no doubt concern late emergences of a species not usually
emerging in the October period and also there are some which are
unusually early emergences of April-May insects. There is still a con-
siderable number remaining which can be looked upon as true winter
species and which may be found in any of the winter months. These are
_usually to be found on the milder days with little wind—or if there is a

wind they are to be found in sheltered situations such as those sug-
gested by Mr. Roper. It is my experience that frosty conditions are
definitely inimical to flight activity of Chironomidae and few or no
species are found when such prevail. One specimen—Smittia aterrimus

—was attracted by a newly felled sycamore tree on 16th November 1958.

This came to rest on the newly cut surface of the tree along with a

number of other diptera and one small beetle.

Nomenclature and order in the following list are those of Kloet and
Hincks, 1945, Check List of British Insects.

Diamesa culicoides Heeger. 6.xi1.56; 7.11.57. This is a common early
species to the m.v. light trap here when the females seem to be
more plentiful than the males.

Brillia modesta (Meigen). A common species throughout winter. In-
deed I have records for it for every month of the year. It does
seem to be more in evidence in the winter months when, perhaps,
it is more noticeable in the absence of many other species.

M. (Metriocnemus) hygropetricus Kieffer. 13.x.51; 15.111.52.

M. (Metriocnemus) fuscipes (Meigen). 28.111.57.

M. (Paraphaenocladius) impensus (Walker). 30.11.57.

M. (Parametriocnémus) stylatus Kieffer. 11.x.53.

Cricotopus sylvestris (Fab.). 11.x.53.

Cricotopus pulchripes Verrall. 25.x.51.

Cricotopus trifascia Edwards. 13.x.51; 11.x.53; 2.x.56.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 133

Cricotopus vitripennis (Meigen). 12.i11.53.
H. (Trichocladius) rufiventris (Meigen). Common most Octobers and |
have one record for 6.x11.56.

. (Trichocladius). skirwithensis Edwards. 9.x.53.

. (Trichocladius) effusus (Walker). 21.x.53.

(Chaetocladius) melaleucus (Meigen). 12.x.51.

. (Chaetocladius) perennis (Meigen), 17.1.57; 30.11.57 ; 4.xi.56.

. (Chaetocladius) piger (Goetgh.). 20.111.52; 8.111.52; 15.11.52.

. (Chaetocladius) dissipatus (Edwards). 13.x.51.

. (Bryophaenocladius) vernalis (Goetgh.). 1.x.57.

(Bryophaenocladius) subvernalis (Edwards). 12.x.51.

(Bryophaenocladius) thienemanni (Kieffer). 28.11.57.

(Bryophaenocladius) dentiforceps (Kdwards). 22.11.53.

(Bryophaenocladius) apicalis (Kieffer). 5.111.53.

(Bryophaenocladius) semivirens (Kieffer). I have taken this species
in all months from i-x.

(Bryophaenocladius) minor (Kdwards). 5 and 6.x11.56.

(Bryophaenocladius) devonicus (Edwards). 25.x.51.

(Bryophaenocladius) hospitus (Edwards). 5.xi1.56; 17.1.54; 28.11.57.

(Bryophaenocladius) brevicalcar (Kieffer). 30.111.56.

(Bryophaenocladius) calvescens (Edwards). 5.x11.56; 17.1.54; 5,111.53 ;
lexeole

(Bryophaenocladius) coerulescens (Kieffer). 13.x.51.

. (Limnophyes) minimus (Meigen). Common in i and iii as well as in
other months outside those of winter.

(Limnophyes) prolongatus (Kieffer), 13.x.51; 261.57; 7.11.57;
31.111.56.

. (Smittia) aterrimus (Meigen). All months.

. (Smittia) leucopogon (Meigen). 1.x.57.

. (Smittia) pratorum (Goetgh.). 22.11.53.

(Smittia) rectus (Kdwards). 15.11.52.

Thienemanniella clavicornis (Kieffer). 18.x1.51.

Thienemanniella flavescens Edwards. 11.x.53.

. (Corynoneura) scutellata Winnertz. 5.11.53.

. (Chironomus) anthracinus Zett. 5.11.60.

. (Micropsectra) fuscus (Meigen). 30.11.57.

. (Micropsectra) subviridis Goetgh. 3.11.57; 30.111.57.

. (Micropsectra) brunnipes Zett. 8.111.52; 23.10.51.

. (Micropsectra) atrofasciatus Kieffer. 11.x.55.

Re RP RR RRR PRP

SSSsSsaQ

It will thus be seen that a considerable percentage (about 12) of the
total British Chironomid fauna is active during the winter months and
there is surely much to be learnt of the biology of these species which
can well be undertaken during this time when field work is at least a
little restricted. My list is not claimed to be a complete representation
of species found in this district during the winter months but it will,
I think, represent the majority of active species.

3 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 21.iii.60.

Notes and Observations

‘Harty Recorps For 1960 in NortH-West LAaNncASHIRE.—The com-
paratively mild winter in this area has produced a few interesting early
appearances of lepidopterous species. A visit to Warton Crag, a partly

134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/V /1960

wooded limestone hill near Carnforth, during the mild cloudy evening of
3lst January led to the observation of three of these. They were
Conistra vaccinii L., not unexpected, being a light hibernator, of which
two examples were noted; Hrannis marginaria Fab., a very small male
specimen; and Phigalia pedaria Fab., two males, one being ab.
monacharia Staud.

A further two unexpected species were found in the Robinson m.v.
trap in my garden near the centre of Morecambe on the night of 28th-
29th February, during a very mild period when the temperature re-
mained continuously in the high fifties or low sixties for two or three
days. These were Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. and Nomophila noctuella Schiff.,
one example of each, both in apparently freshly-emerged condition. It
is difficult to believe that they could have been migrants and have
retained this fresh appearance so far north.—C. J. Goopatt, 2 Derwent
Avenue, Morecambe, Lancs.

THE FoopPLaANts OF MARGARONIA UNIONALIS Hiipn.—The larva of this
moth, as far as I can discover, is generally considered to feed only upon
jasmine in Britain—though normally incapable of withstanding our
climate for more than a generation or two at most, if that. In its
native Mediterranean region olive is usually recorded as the primary
foodplant. It may, therefore, be of some interest to report that the
progeny of the female moth that came to light here in October (see Ent.
Ree., 71: 266)—or rather those larvae which survived the first instar—
fed up very readily on privet, after having been given a start with
winter jasmine which they seemed to find rather tough and leathery.
The discovery that the larvae of wnionalis would eat privet is, however,
due to Mr. S. Wakely, who had a batch of eggs sent him about the same
time as mine and was surprised to find the newly hatched larvae eagerly
- feeding on a leaf or two of this shrub which had been casually put into
their box to supply moisture. He at once informed me, knowing that I
had a brood just hatched. Mr. Wakely’s larvae continued to eat privet
freely but showed a distinct preference for the leaves of white jasmine
when the two were offered. As for my larvae, I tried them also when
fairly large with ash, lilac, and forsythia. All three were eaten; but
perhaps scarcely as readily as the privet, which may have been due to
their being on the point of falling—while the evergreen privet remained
fresh. It therefore appears likely that any of the family Oleaceae would
serve as foodplants for this species, while no doubt jasmine is the first
choice and privet the second (apart from olive which is not normally
‘on tap’ in this country). My moths emerged between 19th and 30th
November, the larvae and pupae having been kept most of the time in
gentle heat.—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, S.H.3. 22.111.60.

British ENTOMOLOGISTS AND THE BritisH Fauna.—As Mr. Carolsfeld-
Krausé thinks that the subject of our little controversy would be better
touched on privately, I will leave it at that, and endeavour, when the
weather is warmer and I can write with greater ease, to drop him a
line.

The chief reason for my reply appears to have arisen from a mis-
understanding ; when he referred to smog and our fathers, I naturally
thought he was referring to the generation I knew as a young man,
which I regard as the great age of British entomology. Few countries

NOTES AND QBSERVATIONS 135

have produced in one generation amateurs like T. A. Chapman, F.R.S. ;
K. Meyrick, F.R.S.; L. B. Prout and Thomas de Grey; Baron Walsing-
ham, F.R.S.; all of whom I had the honour of knowing.

I gather from his second letter that it was to my own generation
that he referred. Touché. I complained for years that they were
mostly a lot of butterfly-mongers, and, as Cockayne once said, would
have been better employed collecting match-box tops! However, times
have changed.

I am afraid the poor seal has got the laugh over both Mr. Carolsfeld-
Krausé and myself. At a meeting of the South Essex Natural History
Society a few weeks ago, my friend Mr. Gordon Blythe showed a number
of colour slides of a half-grown Phoca vitulina Linn. in his garden. In
one of these it was on the edge of a rose bed, which is near enough to a
strawberry for our purposes. It had been found stranded on Shoebury
Beach, and after having been declined by the Zoo, was released at
Foulness a day or so later.—H. C. Hueerins, 65 Eastwood Boulevard,
Westcliffe-on-Sea. 28.111.1960.

HETEROGRAPHIS OBLITELLA ZELL. IN S.E. Lonpon.—Amongst my

captures at m.v. light here last year Mr. Wakely detected an example
of this rare immigrant; it is a rather small and light male in fresh
condition, which came in on the night of 8/9th August (with me a
distinctly good one for rarities as it produced also Coleophora clypeiferella
Hofm. and a Cercyon* (Col.) new to Britain). I ignorantly supposed
the oblitella to be probably some species of Hphestia or Homoeosoma.
There is neither a figure nor a description in Beirne (British Pyralid and
Plume Moths)—it being apparently considered too scarce to merit such
full treatment—but it is stated (p. 88) that the moth may possibly be
overlooked as a species of Hphestia, and that it was taken in the Isle of
Wight about 1814-16. This seemed to me an incredibly early date for
people to be collecting obscure micros in Britain, so I turned to Barrett
(Brit. Lep., 10: 35) for confirmation, as a result of which it is now clear
that the dates given by Beirne should read (and were doubtless intended
for) 1874-76.
- The recent history of the species here, which begins in 1953, is very
fully dealt with by Mr. H. C. Huggins (1959, Ent. Rec., 71: 284-5). It
is notable that my specimen occurred on the same night as one taken
in §.W. Surrey—also a small light male—whilst another turned up in
W. Kent two nights later; and there were other captures that year (cf.
Huggins, l.c.). The only distinction I can perhaps claim for my moth is
that it is, in all likelihood, the first record of the species for the London
suburbs.—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, 8.E.3. 12.iv.60.

*Mr. J. Balfour-Browne (Dept. of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.))
has asked me to appeal to users of light-traps to save any good-sized Cercyons
found therein and forward them to him at the end of the season, with a view
to elucidating the British status of this insect (C. laminatus Sharp). The species
was described from Japan, but has been taken recently in Germany, always at
light; it is fairly large—about 4 mm. long, pitchy-brown with paler sides, not
very convex, and thickly punctate.

136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 72 15/V /1960

COLEOPHORA STERNIPENNELLA ZETT. In N.W. Kent anv N.E. Surrey.
—Mr. 8. ‘Wakely mentioned to me last year that a Coleophora pre-
viously unrecorded in Britain, (. sternipennella Zett., was not un-
common in his district, the larva living on white goosefoot (Cheno-
podium album). On my remarking that a species of the genus which
I had taken to be C. laripennella Zett. abounded on the same plant
in my garden, he very kindly lent me the typescript draft of a paper
by Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton on the laripennella group of species in
Britain, dealing among others with the two latest additions to our
fauna—versurella Zell. and sternipennella Zett. From this I was able
to satisfy myself that the Blackheath species was in fact the last-named
(as I suspected it would turn out to be), and the determination has
since been confirmed by actual comparison with Mr. Wakely’s speci-
mens, named by Mr. Pelham-Clinton. His paper will be found in the
Entomologist, probably the 1959 volume, but I regret IT cannot give
the exact reference. Apart from the genitalia, the members of the
group—of which five are now recognised as British—differ chiefly in
the antennal characters, scale coloration, relative lengths of the last
two palpal segments, and comparative size.

Besides Blackheath I can also record sternpennella from Car-
shalton, Surrey, where Mr. Dudley Collins has taken a specimen which
I have carefully compared with my own. Mr. Wakely’s material is
from Camberwell and South Norwood. It looks, therefore, as if the
species will prove common around London, and perhaps fairly gener-
ally; but, as yet, I think, no other records of it have been published.

In 1958 the moths appeared in profusion flying about the foodplant
in the evening sunshine in early July, and a few came to m.v. light
last year. The short grey larval cases are common on the seed-heads
of the goosefoot in autumn, and a good many are to be seen in spring
and early summer ascending a fence at the base of which the plants
grow. Although the larvae must feed up wholly in their first year—
for their food does not reappear until the following autumn—they are,
in my experience, very restless in confinement, roaming around their
receptacle for weeks instead of settling down for pupation, and pro-
ducing few moths in the end. This may be due to want of moisture,
but if so it is curious that the larvae of C. albicornuella Bradley
(=paripennella auct. Brit. nec Zell.) react to that circumstance in
the opposite way, for instead of becoming more active, when the leaves
on which they are feeding dry up, they usually attach themselves to
a stem and become quiescent until fresh leaves are introduced.—A. A.
ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. 12.iv.60.

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ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY

137

Conservation versus Destruction of Forests

—an Entomologist’s Protest
By A. A. Atten, B.Sc.

I read Mr. C. M. R. Pitman’s long and eloquent article on the New
Forest as a former happy hunting-ground for the lepidopterist—but
which the march of ‘progress’ is rapidly converting into a dreary sub-
stitute, of sterile, man-made monotony—with sentiments of the keenest
sympathy mingled with disgust at the depressing situation and still
more intolerable prospect revealed. When things have come to such
a pass that not even land actually held by the National Trust is spared,
one really feels that the last straw of endurance has been reached. I
wonder, incidentally, by what right the Trust’s property may legally be
raped and violated in this fashion, and—if that can happen anywhere
at any time—what is the good of having a National Trust at all. It is
surely a trifle ironical that the same issue of the Record carries a notice
proclaiming a postgraduate diploma course in conservation. This is
excellent, no doubt, and deserves a good response; but I hope that
by the time a sufficient number are trained there will be one or two
worthwhile areas left to conserve. Of course the various Nature
Reserves and National Parks set up from time to time are all to the
good and I suppose we must be thankful for such oases in our grossly
over-populated island. I am more concerned, however, about those areas
—forest and ancient wood- and park-land above all—that hold the
highest concentrations of rare species, and here I speak more particu-
larly for coleopterists. To such areas, the most serious threat to-day
is not the cupidity of collectors and the thoughtless depredations of
trippers, bad as those are; it is (let us face it) the destructive activities
of the Forestry Commission, who everywhere adopt the short-sighted
policy of replacing native mixed woods by conifer plantations, and cf
those local authorities who equate natural luxuriance and diversity with
untidiness.

It would be churlish not to acknowledge the good works of salvation
being performed by the Nature Conservancy, often in the teeth of
resistance by opposing interests. Yet it cannot be denied that, hitherto,
that body has been concerned far more with the establishment of Re-
serves where ecological problems can be studied—in itself, of course,
an admirable thing—than with the protection of local faunas containing
a number of scarce relicts which, having lost the power to colonize new
ground, are in danger of extinction from the inroads of ‘civilisation’.
Thus, while the Conservancy chooses to acquire, for instance (and
doubtless at considerable expense), a remote and not specially favoured
tract like the Isle of Rhum—in any case unlikely to suffer much damage
in the foreseeable future—no move is made to save our fast shrinking
remnants of primary forest with their rich relict faunas, which in
another fifty years will be practically non-existent as entomological
sanctuaries unless something drastic is done in time. The process of
attrition, one can readily envisage, will be helped on by the ever more
frequent aerial spraying of ever more toxic chemicals over ever larger
expanses (a friend in the plane-equipping business tells me that the
thing is assuming greater proportions year by year). I should think
that any naturalist visiting us from some such country as Sweden, where

wane TRLIGONIAN sce Aryans:

138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ V1/1960

they appreciate their heritage of Nature and know how to make their
forests pay whilst allowing them to regenerate naturally, must stand
agape with disillusion on learning the stark truth of how these affairs
are mismanaged here.

Might not anyone be justified in expecting that, by now, our few
still surviving historic areas of ancient forest would have been secured
by the State in perpetuo for the benefit of the nation and the researches
and recreation of nature-lovers? JI fear that we, as a people, have
always been too apathetic about these things—too slow to stand up for
what should be our right, too ready to tolerate seizure of our land by
bureaucrats. As it is, only a single one of these remnants—Hpping
Forest—seems to have been secured. But one alone, and that the least
productive entomologically, is not enough; every collector knows that
the fauna of each is individually and uniquely interesting, presenting its
own problems, possessing species now peculiar to it—despite the large
element they have in common. The annihilation of any one would,
almost certainly, result in the loss to our fauna of a number of harmless
and quite irreplaceable insect species. I can imagine our hypothetical
foreign visitor returning badly shaken to his native land, full of wonder
at those queer English who not only seem unable to practice sane
forestry but, with the loveliest countryside of all, appear more in-
sensitive than any other West Europeans to the recreative joys and
long-term aesthetic and even scientific values that flow from contact
with unspoilt and richly varied Nature.

A most pressing need is for more men, in positions of influence and
high office, of the stature and breadth of outlook of, for example, Dr.
Fraser Darling, whose scientific training in ecology is illuminated by a
profound humane understanding and a commanding grasp of the deeper
issues involved; and further, who is clear-sighted enough to perceive (a
_ fact whose importance cannot be exaggerated) that the two aspects of the
question, i.e. the technological or economic and the purely humane or
cultural, are not really opposed at all but, in the last analysis, call for the
very same enlightened policies. Dr. Darling has forcibly argued that the
conserving and developing of our resources of organic Nature is best
served in the long run by methods more intelligent than wholesale
devastation of the countryside and its wild life, which myopic policy
will ultimately have the reverse effect to that intended. It is high
time that his warning were heeded by officialdom—by the all too often
ill-educated bureaucrats to whom we have seen fit to entrust our
destinies. By this, of course, | mean no disrespect to the exceptional
individuals in their ranks who are alive to the wrongs being perpetrated
in our name, but whose word, it seems, counts for little. More power
to their elbows! (Can planning and executive authority never go hand
in hand with far-seeing wisdom? It is not as though the latter quality
were lacking in the community.)

The ancient Greeks were no more or less than realists when they
stressed that hubris—that human arrogance which is cosmic impiety,
and which we may translate in our modern context as the greedy, ruth-
less exploitation of Nature and her resources without care for the
future—always, sooner or later, brings in its train nemesis, the
inexorable punishment meted out by the gods for sinning against the
natural law—or, in the scientific context, simply the deterministic law
that a cause is followed by its effect, which we ignore at our peril!

MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN THE OXFORD DISTRICT 139

*The National Trust is not a State institution: it was founded in 1895 by Miss
Octavia Hill, Sir R, Hunter and Canon Rawnsley for the purpose of
preserving as much as possible of the open countryside for the people.
It is independent of the State and relies for its funds on bequests,
donations, and subscriptions. The State makes no contribution to its
funds. It has no connection with the Nature Conservancy. an organisa-
tion founded by Royal Charter in 1949.—ED.

Migrant Lepidoptera in the Oxford District, Autumn
1958 -- Spring 1960: Some Observations and

Comparisons
By P. A. Dresmonp Lanxtresr, F.R.E.S.

The Oxford District is generally accepted as being that area included
within a 10-mile radius of Carfax in the city.

1958.

V. atalanta lb.—Appeared in large numbers from 25th August on-
wards, and was seen visiting the many buddleias (upwards of half a dozen
per bush at times), and ice-plants in all parts of the town. Also out at
Marston, Sandford, Wheatley, Bagley, N. Hinksey and Wytham, the
last specimen being recorded on 3rd October.

P. brassicae l.—Very numerous in the autumn, and vieing with
atalanta for places on the buddleias.

P. gamma L.—Common from 10th August onwards, visiting electric
light on most nights throughout the rest of the month and during
September.

No V. cardw L., C. croceus Fourcroy, nor M. stellatarum lL. were
seen, but no lucerne fields were visited.

1959. -

V. atalanta.—Because of the large numbers noted locally the previous
autumn, local woodland was visited in the early spring for signs of
this species. The only specimen seen was watched from about 4-4.10 p.m.,
basking and planing in a sunny ride in still air by some stacked timber.
Although nothing lke the ‘‘100 spring records, of which perhaps 20 may
have hibernated’’ in T. Dannreuther’s General Summary for 1935
(Hntomologist, 69: 3), as four other early spring records for 1959 occur
scattered throughout Vol. 71 of this periodical alone, and these are
always of interest, they are brought together here in date order and the
Oxford record appropriately inserted :—

1: February 27—Upwey, Dorset (H. C. Warry, p. 111).
February 28—Bournemouth, Hants (S. C. S. Brown, p. 138).
: April 14—ILincoln (G. E. Hyde, p. 161).

: April 24—Bagley, Berks. (D. Lanktree).

: May 22—Cranleigh, Surrey (A. E. Collier, p. 202).

No more recording was attempted until 2nd July, when about 8
specimens were seen in Bagley Wood at the same place as the above
record, and from then on it was noted to be generally present in small
numbers throughout the area until observations ceased on 25th July.

In the Dundee area from 29th July to 14th August, if the species was
present at all it may have been so in its early stages, but certainly no
adults were seen in flight. There are later records for Scotland from
another source elsewhere in Vol. 72 however.

140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/V1/1960

From 15th August, observations, were resumed at Oxford but the
autumn generation did not appear on the wing until the 29th, from
which date it was regularly represented by fair numbers, but nothing
approaching those of the same season in the previous year. It is notable
that by far the greatest number were recorded from wooded areas and
comparatively very few were seen in town gardens, even at the buddleias,
which at best, supported the odd specimen at intervals. Whether this
may have had anything to do with the relatively advanced state some
of the buddleia blossom may have been in, due to the long summer,
is not known, but certainly there was still plenty of the blossom to be
seen and it is an interesting question.

The last record was obtained on 6th October, when 6 specimens were
seen flying at Wytham, but observations ceased on this date in wooded
areas anyway.

P. brassicae.—Spring brood abundant, but summer generation pro-
bably below average numbers, and very much below those of the previous
autumn.

V. cardui, C. croceus, M. stellatarum and P. gamma L.—As far as
reports in the Ent. Record go, despite the long warm summer, immigra-
tion of cardui does not seem to have been impressively large anywhere
in Britain. A sprinkling only of croceus too is all that seems to have
materialised in the three southern seaboard counties of Hants, Dorset
and Cornwall, while the best numbers in any one place seem to be
constituted by the report of a little over a dozen seen in Herts. (C.
Craufurd), and the surprise of about a dozen reported from the S.W.
Scottish coastal county of Wigtownshire (L. W. Burgess). A few
stellatarum were recorded from each of Herts., Bucks., Surrey and
Hants, and one from S. Shropshire.

In the Oxford District, these three species were not noted by the
writer anywhere else outside a lucerne field to which he paid repeated

visits. Their occurrence here, together with that of P. gamma (which
was well represented in other counties, according to reports in the
Record), is tabulated below :—

VISIF. | DATE.) HRS. CARDUI. CROCEUS, STELLATARUM. GAMMA.
4 18/8 — 1s — — A few hundred
Q 21/8 — 3s (1 9 ft) — —_ Same
3 22/8 — —_— — —_— Same
4) 29/8 || 38k 1 ot _ _ Not so many
5 5/9 13 — = — Largest nos. seen
yet :

many hundreds.

6 10/9 Q is 2 Ss i Qa —_ Not so many, but
still plentiful
7 12/9 3 4s Q t 5 s (2 t) Same
(1 g,2 9 t)
8 15/9 ales _ — DS (al ti) Much reduced nos.
9 20/9 Q — — 3 Ss (1 t) Perhaps 2 or 3 doz.
10 3/10) 2% = — 1s —
14 6/10] 4 = = Qs =
TOTALS 18/8-6/10 : 10s (5t) ? 5 t 13 s (4 t) Nil t
Ss = nos. seen. t = nos. of s taken.

Hrs. in field less than 1, unless otherwise stated. Of the 5 carduwi seen but
not taken, 4 were recognisably distinct as individuals as characteristically worn :
of the 5th, there is some small doubt. Similarly, every allowance was made
for stellatarum sightings, thus on 6/10, the 2 recorded were thought to be the
same 2 seen together many times in different parts of the field during the 4 hrs.
spent in examining another (non-migratory) species.

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 141

N. noctuella Schiff.—Reported plentiful in other counties, was also
present in considerable numbers during the latter part of August and
early September in the lucerne field mentioned.

1960.

H. peltigera Schiff.—This is the only migrant seen so far this year.
A male specimen, it was taken at ordinary electric hight in Oxford on
the 10th March, approximates closely in colour and marking to that
represented by fig. 5, pl. 14, of Dr. Ford’s book! from Dr. Kettlewell’s
temperature experiments, and appears to be only the second record for
the District to date.

Although a very early date for the species, which does not appear
to be much in evidence before May or June, it is not unique for the
month: Mr. C. S. H. Blathwayt? records taking one at Weston-Super-
Mare, Somerset, on 13th March, 1948.

The only previous record for the Oxford District seems to be that
listed by Mr. R. F. Bretherton in 1939, and jointly recorded by Messrs.
A. H. Muirden and P. B. Whitehouse at Bagley on 4th June, 1938.

‘‘The species’’, says South’, ‘‘seems to be of fairly regular occurrence
in Devonshire and Cornwall, but it has also been observed, more or less
rarely, in many other English counties, chiefly those on the coast’’.
From the periodicals, however, the mercury vapour lamps seem to have
accounted for fair numbers in many varied places in recent years.

REFERENCES.

1Ford, E. B. 1955. Moths, pp. 56-57, and 109.
2Blathwayt, C. S. H. 1948. Entom., 81: 100-101.
3South, R. 1908. The Moths of the British Isles, Il, p. 51.

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hvueeins, F.R.E.S.

Pins. I feel it may not be out of place in these notes to give a few
remarks on the pins that have been used for these insects, more par-
ticularly for the Tortrices and Tineids.

The best, although a bad best, of those in vogue until the present
stainless steel ones appear to have been the very ancient hand-forged
white pins with the large top, and the gilt. The hand-forged pins
usually showed some sign of ‘‘verdigris’’ (really an oleate of copper)
but in very few cases was this sufficient to destroy the insect. Sheldon
purchased, amongst others, most of Desvignes’s Acalla cristana Fabr.,
dating from about 1850, which were set on these pins, and although
he deemed it safer to reset these historic specimens, he told me that
he thought they would have been perfectly safe without his having
done so.

Gilt pins were usually considered the next best, after it had been
discovered what a snare black pins were from the grease-preservation
position. J well remember the late L. W. Newman telling me that
specimens set on these were the best if you wanted them to last. They
were, however, rather disappointing at times; in 1903 A. B. Farn showed
me with gloom a magnificent bred series of Hucnemidophorus rhodo-
dactylus Schiff. set on gilt pins about 1880, nearly all of which had

142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/ V1I/1960

dropped to pieces, with green spirals encircling their thoraces.

The usual ‘‘white’’, tin over brass, were pretty unsatisfactory and
the advent of the black pin, which was said to be perfectly safe, was
hailed with joy. I do not think that the black pin was quite so bad
as it is generally considered to be to-day, provided that due precau-
tions were taken in using it. B. A. Bower used nothing else during
the latter part of his collecting, but every pin he used was subjected
to a careful scrutiny under a lens for several minutes and immedi-
ately rejected if he found the slightest flaw in the varnish. This, how-
ever, involved a lavish amount of time, and also rejections; in one
cote he rejected three pins out of every five.

Most of us, however, used black pins in blind faith from the early
years of the century, with most unhappy results. I did very little
with micros during the first world war, and at the end of that time
was horrified to see the number of my pre-war specimens that had
come to grief. Others, like Sheldon, almost gave up collecting them.
It was not until his travels after foreign butterflies were ended by the
war that he took them up again.

One fairly satisfactory type of pin had long been on the market,
the so-called solid silver pin. This was perfectly safe so far as grease
was concerned, but if made sufficiently thin to suit a small Zortriz, it
became so pliable as to be almost useless, whilst thicker ones as sup-
plied often had defective points. My late friend, J. W. Corder, always
used these for the Pyralid group.

The salvation of micro-collecting came, so far as I am aware, from
one man, the late William Mansbridge. Mansbridge was a consultant
analytical chemist, specialising in oils and fats, and also a very keen
micro-lepidopterist. When chrome-nickel-steel first became well known,
he conducted a number of experiments with oils and fats on the various
‘alloys and at length obtained most satisfactory results. The only
trouble then was to obtain the pins. Mansbridge, most kindly, would
supply the wire, but for a time no firm took up the manufacture of
pins. Mr. Morgan of Torquay used to make them individually on a
small lathe, but once their value became known, he was overwhelmed
with orders, and, for a time, several of us had to rely on the gene-
rosity of Mr. L. T. Ford, who also made them by hand and helped his
friends out. After a time, however, they came permanently on the
market, and I think that many collectors to-day, lke myself, use
them for everything from a butterfly to a Hemimene.

Notes and Observations

CoscINIA CRIBRUM Linn.—Sidney Brown in the April Record. (antea,
94) questions my statement that the Hampshire records of Coscinia
cribrum L. near Ringwood ‘almost wholly relate to Dorset’’.

The St. Leonards localities are, in fact, in Hants, but they only
represent a small area of the original habitat of C. cribrum. Its main
headquarters were Ashley Heath and the large stretch of heathland
from Uddens to Verwood. J. H. Fowler’s specimens were almost wholly
taken in that area; at no time when I knew Fowler did he bother to

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 143

go to St. Leonards as the Ashley Heath area was far more productive.
George Gulliver may have gone to St. Leonards; that I cannot ques-
tion, as I do not know.

I worked both areas for cribrum in my youthful days, and for every
one I got at St. Leonards I got thirty on the Ashley Heath area, so I
abandoned St. Leonards.

Modern developments have restricted and in many cases destroyed
the habitats; in fact, when I look back seventy years to my early col-
lecting days, and compare the countryside in this area as it was then,
and the urbanised state of most of it, I wonder whether in another
seventy years there will be any lepidoptera to catch excepting cabbage
whites and clothes moths.—W. Parkinson Curtis, Ladywell Cottage,
Branksome Park, Bournemouth.

Mimas TILIAE LINN. IN YoRKSHIRE.—This moth is an established
resident of cultivated lime trees in Doncaster. Larvae, pupae, and
imagines have been found in the district almost every year since 1954.
The imagines are extremely handsome creatures, and more vividly
coloured than specimens taken from the south (a male in my collec-
tion is entirely sooty grey, slate green, and white). I have been unable
to find another record of the moth breeding in Yorkshire, and I would
be most interested to hear of any other records of this moth outside
its normal range, especially records of the moth breeding. It is pos-
sible that the species is on the increase at the moment.—D. A. Wurtz,
King’s College, Cambridge.

HERSE CONVOLVULI LINN. IN CoRNWALL.—It may be of interest to
record a small male Herse convolvuli Linn. in my mercury vapour light
trap at Lerryn by Lostwithiel last night. So far this season has locally
proved to be the most unproductive of moths that I remember.—Cot.
H. G. Rosset, The Old School House, Bodinnick, Lanteglos by Fowey.
10.v.1960.

DELAYED EMERGENCE oF CERURA VINULA Linn.—During the past
week, two specimens of Cerura vinula Linn. have emerged from cocoons
made as long ago as August 1958. I have bred this species several
times, but never before have I know it to spend two winters in the
pupal state, and this seems especially surprising in view of the hot
and sunny summer of 1959. The cocoons were kept indoors during the
winter of 1958/59 and the summer of 1959, and in a garage during the
past winter.—P. H. Lawson, The Mount, Chobham, Surrey. 15.v.1960.

FoopPLaANts OF BUTTERFLIES IN NaturRE: A REQUEST FOR [NFORMA-
TION.—With reference to The Butterflies and Moths of Kent now being
published, I would be glad to hear from anyone who has observed
Oviposition in the wild in Kent of any of the Satyridae and
Hesperiidae, or who has discovered their larvae in nature in Kent;
and who can in either case specify the plant(s) concerned. To save
unnecessary correspondence, I do not wish for records of plants on
which the species will feed in captivity, only records of observations
made in the field.—J. M. Cuatmers-Hunt, 1 The Hardcourts, The
Grove, West Wickham, Kent. 20.v.1960.

144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ V1/1960

CoLEOPHORA CLYPEIFERELLA Horm. at BLACKHEATH: A THIRD BRITISH
Recorp.—In a box of micros which [I brought for him to look over
recently, Mr. Wakely recognised a specimen of this very distinct Coleo-
phora. It came to m.v. light here on the night of 8/9th August last,
and, although it contrived in a most exasperating manner to wedge
itself into a crevice of the woodwork of the box on which the lamp
stood, so that it had to be prised out with a pin (!), it was fortunately
not damaged. The only previous records of its occurrence in Britain
are of a specimen captured by Mr. Wakely at light at Camberwell on
11th August 1953, and recorded in 1954, Hnt. Rec., 66: 272, and another
taken at Dover by Mr. G. H. Youden some time subsequently. In
addition, Mr. Wakely tells me that he saw recently in Mr. Youden’s
collection from Dover what he later realised was almost certainly
another example of the same species.

Whether C. clypeiferella is an insect of migratory habits, or whether
it is really established in this country but very scarce, appears doubt-
ful. It is noteworthy in this connection that of the four British speci-
mens now known, two are from South London and two from Dover,
but taken at different times, and this perhaps rather suggests local
breeding. There is plenty of Chenopodium in the garden here and in
waste places round about, but the only species I have so far found
definitely associated with it is C. sternipennella Zett. (see previous
note).—A. A. AtuEen, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. 12.iv.60.

The larva of Wormaldia occipitalis (Pict.)
(Trichoptera, Philopotamidae)
By Atuan Brinvie, F.R.E.S.

The Philopotamidae, in Britain, form a small distinctive family of
caddis-flies, consisting of four species. The larva of one, Chimarra
marginata (L.), is unknown; that of Philopotamus montanus (Don.) has
been described by Hickin (1942), and that of Wormaldia subnigra
McLach., by Philipson (1958). The larva of the fourth species,
Wormaldia occipitalis (Pict.), has not been described in English, though
it is included in Nielson (1942).

The larva of this latter species has been obtained from a small wood-
land stream at Witherslack, Westmorland, and is here described and
figured, together with notes on the biology of the family as a whole, and
a key to the known larvae.

The larvae of this family are of the net-spinning, campodeiform
type, and are readily distinguished by three main features : —

(1) Of the thoracic nota, only the pronotum is sclerotised, the
meso- and meta-nota are membraneous and coloured like the
abdomen.

(2) No abdominal gills are present.

(3) The labrum is soft and whitish, and retractable under the
fronto-clypeus.

THE LARVA OF WORMALDIA OCCIPITALIS (PICT) 145

The larvae of the three species are found in running water and show a
close resemblance. The head and pronotum are uniformly coloured
reddish or yellow, the pronotum being bordered posteriorly with black.
The head is narrow and elongated, the eyes being rather close to the
lateral and anterior margins. The abdomen is soft, parallel-sided,
whitish or yellowish, the colour depending to some extent on the content
of the water. In water containing iron oxides the colour tends to become
yellow—similarly the normally white thoracic gills of the nymphs of the
stoneflies, Perla cephalotes Curt., and P. carlukiana Klap., also become
tinted with yellow in the same water.

The larvae do not make a case but spin nets of silk. The nets are
more or less tubular, one open end being attached to a stone in the
water, the other end, which is closed, is left free to be suspended hori-
zontally by the current. Organic debris, diatoms, etc., are brought by
the current and deposited on to the surface of the inside of the net,
the latter thus acting as a very efficient sieve. The larva inside, head
upstream, removes this deposit with the aid of the curious, soft, brush-
like labrum which sweeps the material from the net surface backwards
towards the mouth. Philipson (1953) gives a short, excellent account of
the feeding of W. subnigra. This method of feeding is correlated with
the absence of brushes of hairs on the internal edges of the mandibles
(fig. 4), such brushes being found in most species of caddis in the larval
stage. The brushes are assumed to function in a similar manner, by
sweeping food particles towards the mouth. Noting the sharply pointed
apical teeth of the mandibles of Wormaldia, it can reasonably be assumed
that any insect larva which is swept on to the net by the current is
dealt with equally efficiently. Similar mandibles are found in
Philopotamus.

When ready to pupate the larva leaves the net and constructs an
elliptical pupal shelter of small stones, gravel, etc., held together by
silk, the shelter being attached to a stone in the stream. Within the
shelter a rather slight silken cocoon is formed, unlike the tough covering
which is found around pupae of another campodeiform caddis,
Rhyacophila, which makes a pupal shelter of similar construction.

Emergence of the adult is extremely rapid. On many occasions when
collecting the cocoons of Philopotamus, the emergence of the adults
from them has been observed in the field. The wings are extended rapidly
and the insect can run quickly very shortly after the pupa reaches the
water surface. This feature of a rapid emergence and activity im-
mediately upon emergence is usual with caddis in general.

Philopotamus inhabits swift-flowing streams, and is particularly
common where aquatic moss grows profusely on the stones in the water,
indicating well-aerated conditions. Both species of Wormaldia are also
found in the more torrential parts of small streams, especially in upland
areas, but W. occipitalis at least, together with Philopotamus, also occur
in lowland streams which flow through woodlands, even though the
streams may not be torrential. All appear to prefer water with a rather
low summer temperature. Chimarra marginata has been recorded by
Mosely (1939) to occur by water in which aquatic moss grows on stones
and boulders. The larva of this species is no doubt very similar to the
others.

Philopotamus has a very long flight period, being recorded from the
end of March to the end of September in Northern England. W.

146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/V1I/1960

ROOT TY

Uf,

7 8 9

Larvae of Philopotamus and Wormaldia.
W. occipitalis (Pict.): 1, head, dorsal; 2, pronotum; 4, mandibles; 5, labrum,
ventral view; 9, anal appendage. .
W. subnigra McLach. (after Philipson): 3, pronotum; 6, labrum, ventral view.
P. montanus (Don.): 7, head, dorsal; 8 pronotum.

occipitalis has occurred from June to October, with occasional records in
April, whilst W. subnigra has been found from mid-July to October.
C. marginata is chiefly found in July.

In the construction of a key to the known larvae, use has been made
of the figures in Philipson (1953) for W. subnigra. Some details of the
chaetotaxy of this species appear to differ from that of W. occipitalis,
and since the examination of a series of the latter larvae suggest that
the chaetotaxy is reasonably constant, these differences are used in the
key. The main distinction between these two laryae, however, seems to
le in the ventral surface of the labrum. This in subnigra, according
to Philipson, has the median area covered with teeth-like projections
and bordered with strong short setae (fig. 6). In the occipitalis larvae
examined, this part is more or less smooth, with a row of very small

THE LARVA OF WORMALDIA OCCIPITALIS (PICT) 147

teeth-like projections posteriorly and with two curved thickened borders
anteriorly (fig. 5). This latter agrees with the description and figure in
Nielson.

Key to Larvae

1. Larger, up to 24 mm. in length, head broader in comparison to
length, reddish or dark reddish; setae on head mostly short; fronto-
clypeus narrow, its anterior margin emarginate and_ blackish,
without long setae (fig. 7); dise of pronotum with one pair of
Joni Settee: iO)\re eka lh.|), MATOS Philopotamus montanus (Don.)

— Smaller, up to 12 mm. in length, head narrower, yellow; setae on
head long; fronto-clypeus broader, its anterior margin convex, not
blackish, with long setae (fig. 1); disc of pronotum with two pairs
omMlonsrsetade: (HicselO at Sy ts, 2 Fe ee eemcenromns ahh ene, BENe Da, aes ml 2

2. ‘Ventral surface of labrum with a median patch of teeth-like pro-
jections (fig. 6); anterior border of pronotum with long setae
(WTO IRS) alles see at ER cee ae oe see eran ee Wormaldia submgra Mchach.

— Ventral surface of labrum smooth, without a median patch of
teeth-like projections (fig. 5); anterior border of pronotum with
Shont setae m(heev2) ai ieee scce ea tieecees. Wormaldia occipitalis (Pict.\

Wormaldia occipitalis (Pict.)
Description of full-grown larva
Size: 10-12 mm. in length, head elongated, narrow, yellow (fig. 1)
labrum soft, whitish, anterior margin with median notch and
with a dense row of setae; a second, less dense row of setae occur
near to anterior margin ventrally. Longer setae occur on either
side of labrum (fig. 5). Mandibles yellowish-brown, with two setae
on external edge, internal edge with apical teeth and serrated
on apical half. Pronotum sclerotised, yellow, with black posterior
border, and chaetotaxy as fig. 2. Lateral margins bordered finely
with black. ;
Legs yellowish, with fine setae apically on segments, and with
short strong yellow setae elsewhere on coxae, femora, and tibiae.
Tarsi of meso- and meta-thorax with fine spines distally,
Abdomen whitish or yellow, without abdominal gills, but
with five anal gills. Anal appendages long, ending in strong
curved claws (fig. 9).

REFERENCES.

Hickin, N. E. 1942. Larvae of the British Trichoptera 4, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond.
(A), 17: 16-17. ;

Mosely, M. E. 1939. The British Caddis-flies (Trichoptera), London, 236.

Nielson, A. 1942. Uber die Entwicklung und Biologie der Trichopteren, Arch.
Hydrobiol. Suppl., 17: 374.

Philipson, G. N. 1953. The larva and pupa of Wormaldia subnigra McLachlan

' (Trichoptera, Philopotamidae), Proc. R, ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 28: 57-62.

148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/ V1/1960

Egle parvaeformis Schnabl (Dipt., Muscidae), a

species new to Britain
By Aprian C. Pont

Amongst a series of Egle species taken at Oxwich, Glamorgan, on
10th April 1959 were three males that Mr. KH. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca
kindly identified for me as the above species.

The fly is very closely allied to Hgle parva Desv. and EH, minuta
Mg., all three species being between 3 and 4 mm. in length. It may
be distinguished in the male sex by characters on the fifth sternite:
in parvaeformis, the lobes and the posterior edge of the sternite are
lined with hairs, and at the base are present two conspicuous tufts of
long hairs; in parva these tufts are absent, whilst in minuta the whole
sternite is bare and shining black except for some microscopic hairs
at the tip of the lobes. The females can not at present be separated.

The specimens were taken on a sunny morning, shortly before a
torrential rainstorm, on a path running between a spinney and the
sand dunes just before Oxwich marsh. They were basking on the sand
in company with other more usual Anthomyiinae, Egle aestiva Mg.,
Delia intersecta Mg. and Nupedia dissecta Mg.

Mr. Fonseca has also found a specimen in his collection taken at
Bookham Common, Surrey, on 11th April 1950, and considers that the
species may be quite frequent in coastal districts of the country but
as yet unrecognised.

Current Literature

Faunula Lepidopterologica Almeriense by Ramon Agenjo, Madrid,
-1952. Owing to an unfortunate miscarriage of post, I did not receive
the copy kindly sent to me by the author in 1954, but he has now been
good enough to send me a replacement copy of this important work.

It deals very thoroughly with the Province of Almeria from the
angle of lepidopterology, and is divided into four main parts and a
fine collection of plates. The first part is subdivided into an intro-
duction outlining the setting up of the author’s expeditions, the next
part describes the province, dealing with boundaries, physical geo-
graphy, geology, climate, and means of travel, and finishes with a list
of the localities cited in the treatise with height above sea level and
distance from the town of Almeria. The third section deals with ento-
mologists who resided in the province, their journeys and their
captures. Then follow sections dealing respectively with the expedi-
tions of 1942 and 1948. The final part of the first section deals with
the scientific results of the expeditions and tabulates the number of
species taken under their genera. The results are further tabulated
to give such details as new genera, sub-genera, species and forms, fol-
lowed by genera and species new to Europe, new to Spain, and finally
new to Almeria.

The second part deals with the species systematically, with distri-
butional maps of Spain in the case of many insects. The third part
consists of a list of the species with page references and part four
consists of a bibliography and explanation of the plates.

CURRENT LITERATURE 149

Finally, the plates are inserted, and these consist of a detailed map
of the Province of Almeria followed by two plates showing eight half-
tone photographs of various biotopes. These are followed by five
coloured plates of the species taken, and finally come seventeen plates
of genitalia dissections of both sexes and other physical details of the
new species, etc, found.—S. N. A. J.

From Dr. Agenjo I have also received separates of other papers
recently produced. These include The Tribes and Sub-tribes of the
Sub-family Phycitinae Ootes, 1899, dated 15th October 1958. This
consists of 4 pp. and furnishes a useful basis for working on this sub-
family. The next, Spanish sub-species of Lymantria monacha L., 1959,
with a coloured plate showing 15 races. One from Graellsia, XVII,
1959, deals with Hctomyelois ceratoniae Zell., a pest of dates and
locust beans, as a field pest of oranges, and from Hos, XXXV,
31.xii.1959, on the Catocala species of Spain, with remarks on their
relation to forestry. This consists of a key to the genera of the
Noctuidae, and a key to the Catocalid species, with associated diagrams
showing wing pattern. There are maps of Spain showing distribution
of each species mentioned and six plates of male and female genitalia
dissections.—S. N. A. J.

The Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 132, 12.11.1960, has an
article by I. F. B. Common of the ©.S.I.R.O., Canberra, describing a
modification of the Robinson trap whereby the intake of coleoptera,
especially Scarabaeidae, which are inclined to ruin the more delicate
insects in the trap, are diverted to another chamber, by the use of
concentric inner and outer trays. The scarabs crawl round and fall
through an opening into a lower chamber, but the lepidoptera, etc.,
fly to the outer tray and settle down there. There is a record by
A. ©. Sheppard, of Montreal, of Caradrina morpheus Hufn. as a new
species in North America, giving a list of records from Montreal and
various localities in British Columbia. For collectors, EK. P. Wilt-
shire writes his first impressions of the tropical forests of south-eastern
Brazil, and their lepidoptera. G. W. Byers, of the Department of
Entomology, University of Kansas, describes a home-made portable
mimeograph for making labels in the field. Other contents include an
account of a quick collecting visit to Texas, another on collecting
Incisalia mossti H. Edwards (Lycaenidae) in Vancouver Island, and
another deals with Hrebia species in the European alps. There is also
a further list of records of current literature.—S. N. A. J.

Lambillionea, 59, 7-8, 25.viii.1959, carries records of three lepidop-
tera new to Belgium: Cherosotis margaritacea Villiers at light,
Wavreille, 22/26.viii1.1959 (several examples); Hublemma parva Hubn.,
one at light, 7.vi.1958, Wavreille, and Apamea lucens Frr. with 3
genitalia dissections of H. lucens and H. oculea L. H. de Lesse dis-
cusses the use of the name Agriodiaetus iphigenia H.S., with a half-
tone text photograph illustrating 15 specimens. Cdt. M. Ruwet of
Liege writes on breeding Eriogaster lanestris L., and L. Scarlet con-
tinues his notes on lepidopterous ova. In Parts 9-10, 25.x.1959, K.
Janmoulle adds Coleophora caespititiella Zell. and C. tamesis Waters
to the Belgian list. HE. de Laever of Liege gives a short account of a
day and night collecting expedition to Torgny, and also of a collect-

150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/V1I/1960

ing trip to /Wavreille in June 1958. L. Searlet continues his ova
paper. Parts 11-12, 25.x11.1959, carry an obituary of C. L. Collenette
of the B.M.; P. Viette of Paris describes two new Pyrales from Indo-
China, Stemmatophora chapalis, and Doddiana tonkinalis with ¢ geni-
talia figures. L. A. Berger writes on some African Hesperiidae in the
Paris Museum; Dr. P. Houyez writes on ‘techniques for the prepara-
tion of hairy larvae and those whose hairs are liable to become detached;
he also discusses a technique for evisceration by suction. There is a
further portion of L. Scarlet’s paper. Vol. 60, 1-2, 25.11.1960, com-
mences with a detailed summary of the 1959 weather by P. Marechal
of Liege. KE. Janmoulle writes on the larva of Maculinea rebeli xero-
phila, B. C. Dufay adds Nycteola (Sarrothripus) asitatica Krul. to the
Belgian fauna after examining the series of Nycteola at the Institut
Royal. bL. A. Berger writes on Congonian Hesperiidae and P. Viette
on the standing of the genus Morpho Fab. The Scarlet paper is con-
tinued and E. de Laever writes on Sterrha incisaria Staud. and S.
mareotica Draudt. In parts 3-4, 25.iv.1960, C. Herbulot contributes
an account of the Geometrid family Asthenotricha from Madagascar,
including descriptions of two new species, a key to the species, a note
on their geographical distribution in Madagascar, and notes on pecu-
liar structural characters. There is a list of interesting species taken
by the ‘‘Cercle des Entomologistes liegois’” including Hemiptera, Lepi-
doptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. lL. Scarlet writes on the ova of
Thersamionia dispar Haw. with four half-tone microphotographs, and
K. Janmoulle contributes a note on the standing of Mompha lacteella
Steph. as a Belgian insect; he also comments on current happenings.—
S. N. A. J.

Zeitschrift der Wiener EHntomologischen Gesellschaft, 70, pt. 9,
15.1x.1959. Leo Siedler of Klagenfurt describes two new Psychids:
-Sciopteris amseli from Afghanistan and Peloponnesia megaspilella from
Greece, setting up a new sub-family and genus for the latter. There
is a plate figuring the ¢, an enlarged view of the antenna, and a line
drawing of the ¢ genitalia of S. amseli, and four ¢ adults and four
larval cases of P. megaspilella. Hduard Schutze continues his study
of Kupithecia (xii) with a paper on Tripolitania describing four new
species, jefrenata, fioriata, tripolitamata and subextremata, with a
plate illustrating ¢@ and @ adults and two pages of genitalia dissec-
tions, also a text figure of ¢ and 9 genitalia of H. extremata. Rudolf
Loberbauer continues his notes on the macrolepidoptera of the Traun-
stein district.

70, pt. 10 of 15.x.1959 has a note by Dr. Walter Hayek on the
lepidoptera of Hirschenstein; Charles Boursin continues his work on
the Noctuidae-Trifinae, describing a new form of Huaxoa (Choriza-
grotis) drewseni Stgr. from Greenland which he names pseudovitta;
there is a plate showing the typical form, the new form, and the d
genitalia of this and allied species. R. Loberbauer continues his
Traunstein list.

70, pts. 11/12; 15.xii.1959. Jacques F. Aubert writes a full account
of the genus Hntephria, setting up two new species, H. luteolata and
HE. albipunctata, with three plates of adults and two of genitalia dis-
sections. There are also text figures of @ genitalia. R. Loberbauer
completes his list of the Traunstein macrolepidoptera.—S. N. A. J.

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MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN THE OXFORD DISTRICT, AUTUMN 1958-
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151

Spring Butterflies in Cranleigh, 1960
By Major A. KE. CoLiiER

After seeing so many imagines of Thecla betulae lL. in the late
summer of 1959, I was surprised to find the eggs, if anything, rather
less plentiful than usual, but a greater percentage were fertile, and by
early June most of the larvae, brought from their sleeves into a cool
room when nearly full grown, had pupated or were changing colour.

Karly in March an inspection of my three colonies of Huphydryus
aurinia Rott. revealed sixty-three clusters of larvae in the first, six in
the second, and only four in the third, which had reached the top cf
its form in 1957 and 1958. The inhabitants of these colonies spring
from a pair taken in a Silverstone wood in 1949.

In the first colony I put down a few hundred larvae in 1952. <A few
were seen flying later that year, and in 1953 and 1954 I counted over a
hundred on the wing on 3lst May, and on 2nd March 1955 I counted
forty-three nests, and on 14th April there were so many larvae in the
five-acre field that it was difficult to avoid walking on them.

In May and June there were many minor and a few major abbera-
tions among a profusion of butterflies.

In early March 1956 I counted 300 nests of larvae, nearly all cf
them situated in the south-west half of the field, although the other half
was very sheltered and carried a great crop of scabious. By early April
they had stripped the plants completely and their numbers had dwindled
to such an extent that only by burrowing under the long grass to a
closely nibbled scabious root was it possible to find a larva, waiting for
its dinner to grow.

I was surprised to see no signs of the traditional mass migration,
and the thousands of plants in the north-east end of the field, and round
the borders at the edge of the forest, remained practically untouched.

This great mortality almost wiped out the population, and it is only
now, after several years, that it is beginning to recover. Unfortunately,
the scabious plants, which were eaten to the quick, have not recovered,
and if there were to be a repetition of 1956 it would be necessary to
remove a great number of the nests to other localities to give the
remainder a reasonable chance of survival. The position will probably
be apparent in late August and it is possible that other collectors
might welcome some new recruits to their local colonies.

On 20th April I saw my first Pararge aegeria L. and Anthocaris
cardamines L. The latter began well, but have an unfortunate habit
of timing their arrival to coincide with the blackthorn winter, and this
year was no exception. It always surprises me that after a long series
of cold days, during which only an occasional cardamines is seen, it is
always possible to find eggs, usually in plenty, on most patches of cuckoo
flower.

On 21st April a visit to Chiddingfold wood in search of larvae of
LIimenitis camilla L. was unsuccessful. I rather suspect that their
absence here and in other woods may be partly due to last year’s
drought. It was noticeable in September that the honeysuckle in the
local woods appeared to be wilted past recovery, and although this has
not proved to be the case, the condition of the leaves may well have been
the cause of great mortality among the larvae.

SMITHSON AUG 3 0 060

152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 72 15/ VIII/ 1960

On this day Celastrina argiolus L. put in one of its very rare appear-
ances, and an occasional Pieris napi L. was seen after a very cold spell
with severe night frosts. 3rd May ushered in a warm spell and butter-
flies began to appear in some numbers.

4th May produced the first Pyrgus malvae L. followed by Argynnis
euphrosyne L., Leptidia sinapis L. and Coenonympha pamphilus L. on
the 8th, Hrynnis tages L. on the 10th, and Pararge megaera L. on the
llth. JL. sinapis was only seen occasionally and euphrosyne was in
smaller numbers than expected. In two localities only it had increased
noticeably in numbers, but without any sign of variation, and a colk
spell in the middle of May caused it to vanish almost overnight, with
the exception of worn females which could be seen going about their
duty until well into June. Pamphilus was as usual, ubiquitous and in
great numbers, and yet I find it a difficult larva to bring through the
winter.

23rd May saw Argynnis selene L. emerging together with Lycaena
phlaeas L., the latter proving to be far more numerous than for many
years, the result, presumably, of the great show they made last year.

A. selene took full advantage of fifteen days of hot and fine weather,
and numbers in most cases appeared to be up on 1959, but there was
singularly little evidence of even very minor variation. J missed the
first emergence of aurinia and a visit to the field on 23rd revealed a
great number of males, mostly in perfect condition, together with quite
a few females. The great variety of beautiful colour forms made me
wish that I were a beginner collecting a first series. The hindwing
border, characteristic of the original Silverstone parents, was much in
evidence. During the following fourteen days of fine hot weather it
required great care to avoid treading on mating couples and ovipositing
females. Flying amongst the aurinia were a sprinkling of selene, an
~ occasional Callophrys rubi L., a very fair number of Polyommatus icarus
Rott., whose females this year in the woodland areas appear to be
generally very blue, and swarms of pamphilus.

When the more showy butterflies present little variation, I find
pamphilus a great consolation. To examine them carefully and
thoroughly can be a most absorbing and interesting job, resulting in the
discovery of unsuspected minor and major variations.

On the north downs on 27th May Lysandra bellargus Rott. was well
out. In spite of grazing and occasional over-collecting they manage to
survive, and with the wealth of Hippocrepis comosa on most of the
slopes they might, if given a fair chance, become as numerous as they
were not very long ago.

Ochlodes venata Br. and Grey made its appearance on the 30th,
but up to the present date I have only seen one Aricia agestis Schf. and
no examples at all of Hamearis lucina L.

The whites have been noticeably scarce, apart from an occasional
P. napi; P. rapae L. has not yet been seen, and it is many years since
P. brassicae Li. has been a problem in my vegetable garden.

Migrants and hibernators have been even rarer than usual this year
with the exception of rhamni, which has never in my experience been
so plentiful.

T have seen so far three Aglais urticae L., two Nymphalis io L., one
Vanessa atalanta L., and no V. cardwi L. Polygonia c-album UL. were,

MERCURY VAPOUR TRAP RECORDS AT MORECAMBE, 1959 153

however, more plentiful than I expected after their absence in the
Autumn.

The most disturbing feature is the continued scarcity of urticae,
whose numbers apparently remain undiminished in other parts of the
country. In the past two years I have only come across one nest of
larvae, and I can only assume that the standard of farming by our
Surrey business executives is too high for the comfort and wellbeing of
the lepidoptera.

There is a rough field of about two acres not far from Cranleigh.
Owing to its almost undrainable position it has escaped cultivation for
many years and has been a mass of rough grasses, reeds, knapweed and
other flowers, surrounded on all sides by banks of bramble and forest
trees. J discovered this field in 1952 when it was swarming with
jurtina, hyperantus, pamphilus and venata, with camilla, paphia and
c-album to be found occasionally on the brambles. For six years I have
released my redundant lanceolata and their near relatives in this field,
and year after year the result of my releases has been apparent. A visit
on 9th June to check up on the position of jurtina revealed devastation
and desolation. Kvery growing thing had been cut down to ground level
and the resulting mess left to rot. So passes one more of the many
delectable hunting grounds near Cranleigh which have been destroyed
in the past nine years.

Mercury Vapour Trap Records at Morecambe, 1959
By C. J. Goopatn, M.B., B.S.

After a period of nearly twenty years during which my interest in
entomology had been at a low ebb, a medical colleague well known as an
authority on the lepidoptera of this area persuaded me again to take
up the study of this fascinating, though probably overstudied, Order.

Fortunately I had preserved the bulk of the collection made in my
younger days and had occasionally added to it specimens taken during
holidays abroad, as on these occasions the sight of various well-
remembered species regarded as rarities in Britain temporarily rekindled
my interest. After the first such occasion I always had the foresight
to take with me a few items of collecting equipment.

Following this resurgence of my enthusiasm I acquired some new
apparatus. This included a Robinson mercury vapour trap, which I
operated in my garden on most suitable nights throughout the season.
Considering everything, I have had a most encouraging and successful
year, and my old collection is now scarcely recognisable, so many have
been the additions and replacements.

Before listing the species visiting the trap a description of the area
concerned is necessary. As is well known, Morecambe is a seaside holiday
’ resort situated at the south-eastern corner of Morecambe Bay and built
largely on reclaimed salt-marsh. It is thus a flat and rather uninterest-
ing district with few trees, and on the outskirts large expanses of
grazing land and meadows.

North-west Lancashire does not in any way resemble the industrial
part of the county further south; indeed, the country north of Preston
is largely rural. The climate is, on the whole, mild, with a minimum
of frost and snow during the winter months, though the summers are

154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ VITT/1960

apt to be wet and cool and gales are frequent, owing to the prevailing
south-westerly winds and procession of depressions passing between
western Scotland and Iceland.

My house and garden are situated near the centre of the town,
which has a long frontage on the coast, but eomparatively little width.
Fortunately, however, we are very near open areas on two sides, to
the north and east. These consist of school playing fields and nearer,
to the east, a piece of common land beyond which were, until the middle
of August, neglected allotments. These contained a large variety of
wild plants together with remnants of former cultivation. A small
stream crossed this area, on the banks of which grew Great Reed
(Phragmites communis) in considerable quantities. Surrounding the
outskirts of this area are well-tended allotments and also a few small
waste plots of rough grass bordered by stunted trees of hawthorn, elder,
and ash. The whole area is about a quarter of a square mile in extent.
Along the southern border runs a railway line, while the north is
bounded by the promenade and sea. It is surrounded by urban develop-
ment, though most of the houses have fairly extensive gardens.

Low-growing plants and bushes beside those already mentioned in-
cluded field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), bramble, buttercup clover,
various currant bushes, curled dock (Ruwmex crispus), goldenrod
(Solidago virgaurea), hog-weed (Heraclewm sphondyliwm), stinging-
nettle (Urtica dioica), mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), plantain (Plantago
major and P. lanceolata), ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), raspberry, marsh
thistle (Cirsium palustre), willow-herb (Kpilobium), and yarrow
(Achillea millefolium).

Unfortunately, much of the area has now been acquired as additional
playing fields by the nearby school, and large-scale burning, clearance,
and drainage of the waste area has been carried out, beginning about
-20th August. The old stream which supported the bulk of the reeds
has been replaced by a pipe-line. The result of this extensive destruction
of potential food-plants will be watched with interest during 1960. The
local Council has made matters worse by providing competition in the
form of numerous mercury vapour street lamps in our immediate vicinity.

The garden itself is small and contains a few apple and pear trees,
as do surrounding gardens; there is a privet hedge on three sides and
a hawthorn one on the fourth. A nearby garden contains one or two
black poplar trees, and there are the usual wild cherry and other
ornamental trees and shrubs in the vicinity.

The m.v. trap was first operated on the night of 24th-25th April.
Apart from the second week in June and most of September, when I
was on holiday, it was in action during all suitable nights until early
November, when several successive nil catches made it obvious that
nothing further was likely to be obtained.

At first no means of quietening specimens when examined in the
morning was used, but as the temperatures rose it was found that
many had damaged themselves by restless activity. A pledget of cotton-
wool soaked in chloroform was therefore dropped into the trap and left
for some minutes before an examination was made. Later a simple
‘‘vaporiser’’ was introduced, consisting of a small bottle half-filled with
chloroform and containing a wick which protruded from the neck, on
the principle of various well-known domestic deodorising systems, This

MERCURY VAPOUR TRAP RECORDS AT MORECAMBE, 1959 155

worked quite well, and very few specimens appeared to have been rest-
less enough to damage themselves.

Birds constituted a further hazard, especially blackbirds, thrushes,
and house-sparrows, which during the nesting season did not hesitate to
enter the trap once the light had been switched off and play havoc with
the catch. The answer to this was to leave the lamp on until I was
able to get to the trap to examine it. This, however, did not prevent
them attacking specimens resting on the area of lawn surrounding the
trap. Nevertheless, once the rearing of young had been completed,
they seemed to lose interest.

Apart from the few specimens taken for the collection, all were
placed in a large wooden box which was then inverted over a piece of
rough ground, so that they were safe from attack by birds during the
day and could crawl from beneath it at dusk.

There now follows a list of all species of macrolepidoptera noted in
the trap. Microlepidoptera were also noted and samples taken, but my
knowledge of these is not yet sufficient to make firm identifications, so
they will not be mentioned here. Total numbers varied considerably,
but in July and August several hundreds were present every night. In
each case the date of first appearance is given.

SPHINGIDAE.
Laothoe populi L.: May 9th to early June. Fair numbers.

NOTODONTIDAE.

Harpyia furcula Cl.: August 11. 1 only, on ground near trap. Late
appearance, but condition fair.

Pheosia tremula Cl.: May 27th. 1 only. Rather late, but condition
good.

P. gnoma Fab.: 1st brood, May 26th to mid June; rather late. 2nd
brood, July 19th to mid August. Fair numbers from both broods.

Notodonta ziczac L.: August 7th and 8th. 2 only. Rather late, but
condition of both fair.

N. dromedarius L.: August 7th and 8th. 2 only. Rather late, but con-
dition good.

Lophopteryx capucina L.: June 4th. 1 only. ? late 1st or early 2nd
brood. Condition fair.

THYATIRIDAE.
Thyatira batis L.: May 30th. Condition good. 1 only.

Tethea duplaris L.: May 27th. Early. 2 only. Dark forms. Con-
dition fair.

LYMANTRIIDAE.
Huproctis similis Fues.: July 8th to end of July. Fair numbers.

DREPANIDAE.

Drepana falcataria L.: August 21st. 1 only. Condition good.
Ciliz glaucata Scop.: July 21st to mid August. Numerous. None from
earlier broods.

156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ VIIT/ 1960

ARCTIIDAE.

NOLINAE.
Nola cucullatella L.: June 28th to early July. <A few.

LITHOSIINAE.

Eilema lurideola Zk.: July 27th to late August. Rather late appear-
ance. A few.

ARCTIINAE.

Spilosoma lubricipeda L.: May 23rd to late June. Numerous.
S. lutea Hufn.: May 14th to late June. Early appearance. Numerous.
Arctia caia L.: June 24th to late July. Numerous.

AGROTIDAE.
AGROTINAE.
Euzoa cursoria Hufn.: August 7th. 1 only. Worn.

EH. nigricans L.: July 28rd to end August. Rather late appearance.
Single specimens.

Agrotis segetum Schf.:: May 31st to late June. Fair numbers.

A. exclamationis L.: Ist brood, May 28th to mid July. 2nd brood,
September 2nd to early October. Very numerous.

A. ipsilon Hufn.: 1st brood, May 14th to early June; late appearance.
2nd brood, July 19th to mid October. Numerous.

Lycophotia varia Vill.: June 24th to end of July; rather late appear-
ance. <A few.

Actebia praecox L.: August 22nd. Condition fair. 1 only.

Graphiphora augur Fab.: June 20th to late July. Fair numbers.

~Diarsia festiva Schf.: May 26th to early July. Numerous.

D. rubi View.: 1st brood, May 11th to mid June; early. 2nd brood, July
22nd to early October. Very numerous.

Ochropleura plecta L.: May 12th to mid June; numerous (1st brood).
2nd brood, August llth to early September; a few.

Amathes bata Schf.: July 8th to mid August. Numerous.

A. c-nigrum L.: 1st brood, June 20th to mid July; late appearance.
2nd brood, August 30th to mid October. Numerous.

Amathes triangulum Schf.: June 17th to mid July. Numerous.

A. «xanthographa Schf.: August 5th to early September. Very
numerous.

Axylia putris L.: May 11th to end of June; rather early. Numerous.

Triphaena comes Hb.: July 23rd to end of August; rather late. A
few.

T. pronuba L.: June 17th to mid October. Very numerous.

T. ianthina Schf.: August 2nd to end of August; late appearance. A
few.

T. interjecta Hb.: August 20th and 22nd. 3 only. Condition fair.

Cerastis rubricosa Schf.: May 8th. 1 only. Condition fair.

Phalaena typica Iu.: June 21st to mid July. Single specimens.

HADENINAE.

Mamestra brassicae L.: May 14th to early August; rather early appear-
ance. Numerous. No Autumn brood.

MERCURY VAPOUR TRAP RECORDS AT MORECAMBE, 1959 157

Melanchra persicariae L.: May 26th to late July; early appearance.
Very numerous.
Diatarazia oleracea l.: 1st brood, May 8th to early July; early appear-
ance. Numerous. 2nd brood, 11th August to early September.
A few.
Ceramica pisi L.: May 30th to mid July. Fair numbers.
Hada nana Hufn.: May 23rd. I only. Worn.
Hadena trifolii Hufn.: August 19th. 1 only. Condition fair.
. w-latinum Hufn.: June 4th to late June. Single specimens.
. suasa Schf.: May 30th. 1 only. Condition good.
. thalassina Hufn.: May 27th to late June. A few.
. serena Schf.: June 24th. 1 only. Rather worn.
. conspersa Schf.: May 26th and July 25th. 2 only. Condition
good.
. bicruris Hufn.: May 14th to late June; rather early. A few.
. cucubali Schf.: 1st brood, July 8th to mid July; rather late. 2nd
brood, 7th August to end of August. A few.
. lepida De. 3 July 22nd. 1 only. Condition good. Dark form.
OrPicsin gothica L.: April 24th to end of May. Very numerous.
O. stabilis Schf.: April 24th to mid May. Fair numbers.
O incerta Hufn.: April 24th to mid May. Fair numbers.
O. gracilis Schf.: April 24th to mid May. Numerous.
Cerapteryx graminis L.: July 8th to mid August. Fair numbers.
Leucania pallens L.: June 24th to early August. A few.
L. impura Hb.: June 28th to late August; rather early. Numerous.
L. comma L.: June 21st to early July; rather late. A few.
L. lithargyria Esp.: June 28th to early August. Fair numbers.
L. conigera Schf.: July 8th. 1 only. Condition good.

RE RR FRARA

CUCULLIINAE.

Allophyes oxyacanthae L.: October ist to late October. Numerous.
30% var. capucina Mill.

Griposia aprilina LL.: October 5th. 1 only. Condition good.

EKumichtis adusta Esp.: May 23rd to mid July; late appearance. Fair
numbers.

Antitype chi L.: August 8th to end of August. Single specimens.

Agrochola lota Cl.: October 3rd to mid October. Fair numbers.

A. lychnidis Schf.: October 1st and 2nd; rather worn. 2 only.

Anchoscelis itura L.: October 1st; condition fair. 1 only.

Cirrhia icteritia Hufn.: August 4th to early October; early appearance.
Single specimens.

ACRONYCTINAE.

Oryphia perla Schf.: June 17th to mid August; rather early. Numerous.

Apatele leporina L.: June 24th. 1 only. Condition fair.

A. psi L.: May 15th to end of July; rather early. Numerous.

A. rumicis L.: 1st brood, May 12th to end of June; numerous. 2nd
brood, 21st August; 2 only.

Craniophora ligustri Schf.: June 24th; condition good. 1 only.

AMPHIPYRINAE.

Amphipyra tragopoginis Cl.: August 5th to end of August; rather
late. Numerous.

158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 72 15/ VIII/ 1960

Apamea lithoxylea Schf.: June 20th to mid July. Fair numbers.

A monoglypha Hufn.: June 19th to late July; rather late. Numerous.
Dark forms frequent.

A. crenata Hufn.: May 15th to early August; rather early appear-
ance. Numerous. 40% var. alopecurus Esp.

A. sordens Hufn.: May 8th to end of June; early appearance.
Numerous.

A. obscura Haw.: May 26th to mid July. Single specimens.

A. secalis L.: May 15th, 1 only. July 8th to late August; numerous.
Mostly dark forms.

A. ophiogramma Esp.: July 22nd to end of July. Single specimens.

Procus strigilis Cl.: May 26th to end of July. Numerous. Dark forms

frequent.

P. fasciuncula Haw.: June 17th to mid July; rather late. Fair
numbers.

P. literosa Haw.: July 23rd to late August; rather late appearance.
Numerous.

P. furuncula Schf.: July 18th to end of August; rather late. Numerous.

Luperina testacea Schf.: August 11th to early September. Numerous.
All dark forms.

Huplexia lucipara L.: May 13th to mid July; rather early. Fair
numbers.

Phlogophora meticulosa L.: May 26th to mid June; single specimens.
14th October, 1 worn specimen.

Thalpophila matura Hufn.: July 22nd to mid August. Single speci-
mens; worn.

Laphygma exigua Hb.: July 8th. 1 only. Condition fair.

Petilampa minima Haw.: July 18th. 1 only. Condition good.

Meristis trigrammica Hufn.; June 2nd and 3rd. 2 only. Condition
good.

Caradrina morpheus Hufn.: May 27th to end of July. Numerous.

C. alsines Brahm: July 8th to mid August. A few.

C. blanda Schf.: June 19th to mid July; rather late. Fair numbers.

C. clavipalpis Scop.: May 27th to mid October. Numerous.

Hydraecia oculea L.: July 26th to end of August. Single specimens.

H micacea Esp.: July 21st to mid October; rather early appearance.
Numerous.

H. petasitis Dbld.: August 22nd. 1 only. Condition fair.

Gortyna flavago Schf.: August 21st to early September; late appear-
ance. Numerous. Mostly small specimens.

Pyrrhia umbra Hufn.: June 19th. 1 only. Condition good.

Oosmia trapezina L.: August 7th and 11th. 2 only. Condition good.

Rhizedra lutosa Hb.: August 29th to October 17th. Single specimens.

Arenostola pygmina Haw.: August 24th and 28th. 2 only. Condition
good.

A. phragmitidis Hb.: July 23rd to mid August; rather late appear-
ance. Fair numbers.

Nonagria typhae Thun.: August 22nd; 1 only; condition good. October
Ath and 9th; 2 only; worn.

PLUSIINAE.

Polychrisia moneta Fab.: June 28th and July 23rd. 3 only. Condition
fair.

MERCURY VAPOUR TRAP RECORDS AT MORECAMBE, 1959 159

P chrysitis L.: June 17th to early September; early appearance.
Numerous.

P. bractea Schf.: June 24th. 1 only. Condition good.

P festucae L.: 1st brood, June 17th to mid July; rather late; fair
numbers. 2nd brood, August 11th to early September; a few.

P. iota L.: July 8th to end of July. A few.

P pulchrina Haw.: May 27th to mid July. Numerous.

P gamma L.: 1st brood, May 14th to early June. 2nd brood, July 8th

; to late October.

Abrostola triplasia L.: May 27th to mid July; fair numbers. August
18th; 1 only.

A. tripartita Hufn.: May 14th to mid July; rather early appearance.
Fair numbers.

OPHIDERINAE.

Rivula sericealis Scop.: July 23rd to mid August; late appearance.
Fair numbers.

HYPENINAE.

Hypena proboscidalis L.; July 8th to end of July. A few.

Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Tr.: June 28th; several. September 3rd;
1 only; P? example of infrequent 2nd brood. Condition of all
good.

Z. grisealis Schf.: May 27th to late July. A few.

GEOMETRIDAE.
GEOMETRINAE.
Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn.: July 18th. 1 only. Rather worn.

STERRHINAE.

Sterrha aversata L..: June 24th to end of July; late appearance. Fair
numbers.

LARENTIINAE.

Xanthorhoe ferrugata Cl.: Ist brood, May 8th to.early June. 2nd brood,
July 8th to end of August. Numerous. 3rd brood, October 1st.
1 only.

X. fluctuata L.: May 13th to early September. Fair numbers. Ab.
costovata Haw. 1 specimen, August 22nd.

Ortholitha chenopodiata L.: August 5th. 1 only. Worn.

Colostygia didymata L.: August 6th. 1 only. Worn.

Anticlea derivata Schf.: May 15th. 1 only. Condition good.

Perizoma alchemillata L.: July 23rd. 1 only. Worn.

Electrophaes corylata Thun.: May 12th to mid June; early appearance.
A few.

Pelurga comitata L.: July 8th to mid August. Fair numbers.

Lygris testata L.: August 21st. 1 only. Condition fair.

L. populata L.: July 8th to mid August. A few.

L. mellinata Fab.: June 24th to mid August. Numerous.

Cidaria fulvata Forst.: July 1st to end of July. Single specimens.

Dysstroma truncata Hufn.: 1st brood, May 26th to early June; a few.
2nd brood, August 2nd to early September; fair numbers. Mostly
dark forms.

160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 72 15/ VIII /1960

Epirrhoe alternata Miill.: Ist brood, May 9th to early June. 2nd
brood, August 11th to early September. Fair numbers.

Eupithecia centawreata Schf.: June 19th to early August. Single speci-
mens.

EF icterata Vill. ssp. subfulvata Haw.: August 2nd to late August; late
appearance. A few.

E. succenturiata L.: July 8th to early August. Single specimens.

Oporinia dilutata Schf.: October 9th to 14th. Single specimens. All
ab. obscurata Staud.

BOARMIINAE.

Abraxas grossulariata L.: June 20th to late August; rather early. A
few.

Cabera pusaria L.: June 4th to mid June; rather late. A few.

C. exanthemata Scop.: August 18th. 1 only. Condition fair.

Ennomos quercinaria Hufn.: August 24th. 1 only. Condition good.

Deuteronomos alniaria L.: August 6th to early September; rather early
appearance. Numerous.

D erosaria Schf.: August 22nd. 1 only. Condition fair.

Selena bilunaria Esp.: Ist brood, April 24th to mid May. 2nd brood,
July 15th to mid August. Numerous.

Gonodontis bidentata Cl.: May 12th to early June. Fair numbers.

Colotois pennaria L.: October 5th to November 2nd. Single specimens.

Crocallis elinguaria L.: July 18th to mid August. Numerous.

Ourapteryxz sambucaria L.: June 24th to late July. Fair numbers.

Opisthograptis luteolata 1..: May 13th to early September ; late appear-
ance. Numerous.

Epione repandaria Hufn.: July 26th. 1 only. Worn.

Itama wauaria L.: July 15th to late August; rather late appearance.
Fair numbers.

Biston betularia L.: May 14th to early July. Numerous. Nearly all
ab. carbonaria Jordan.

Alcis rhomboidaria Schf.: June 20th to end of August; rather early.
Numerous. Mostly dark forms.

A. repandata L.: June 17th to end of July; rather late appearance,
Numerous. Mostly dark forms.

Chiasma clathrata L.: 1st brood, May 15th to mid June. 2nd brood,
August 7th to end of August. Single specimens.

HEPIALIDAE.

Hepialus humuli L.: May 30th to mid July. Single specimens; all
females.

H. lupulinus L.: May 31st to late June. Single specimens.

DISCUSSION.

A total of 162 species was noted. Of these, however, 42 species
occurred as single specimens on only one or two occasions, and a further
38 singly on various nights over a period. These must probably be

regarded as having come from outside the immediate vicinity, so that
local residents amount to only 80 species.

However, it has been noticed that Geometers do not enter the trap
to anything like the same extent as Noctuids. It has been suggested
that this may be due to the fact that, although attracted to M.V light,

ANY ANSWERS ? 161

they do not fly round the lamp as do moths of other orders, and hence
are not deflected into the trap by the vertical vanes. The absence of
certain very common species of Geometers and the infrequent occur-
rence of others in the trap may thus be explained.

The dates on which various species first appeared are interesting.
A total of 21 species occurred from two to four weeks earlier than the
average. On the other hand, 18 species were up to three weeks late
(the latter were counted only from those which occurred frequently
and in some numbers). The early appearances can be related to the
unusually favourable weather conditions of 1959, but the late species
are more problematical. However, many of the latter have until
recently been regarded as exclusively southern species, and hence the
accepted times of appearance given in the text-books relate to the
south of England. One would expect, therefore, that in the north they
would be somewhat retarded.

Melanism was prominent, in spite of the relative absence of large
industrial undertakings in the district. This suggests that more move-
ment of individuals of non-migrant species takes place than is usually
recognised, and that the genes concerned have infiltrated the area by
gradual passage through a number of generations from the industrial
part of the county which begins about 20 miles to the south. In some
cases, such as Biston betularia L., Alcis rhomboidaria Schf., and Alcis
repandata L., the melanic forms appear to have almost replaced the
types. An explanation is still required, however, as to why these
forms have managed to become predominant in spite of their apparent
lack of relative advantage in an area where smoke-pollution of resting
surfaces is an exception. Indeed, they would seem to be at a positive
disadvantage.

I hope next year to publish a further list covering the 1960 season,
in which changes due to the recent alterations in the environment will
be noted and examined.

2 Derwent Avenue, Morecambe, Lancs.

Any Answers?
By A Youne Motu Hunter

I thank Mr. Allen for his timely protest in the recent Record and
feel that there cannot be a single reader who does not share his fears.
How increasingly ironical it is that Man should have labelled himself
sapiens! The very fact that we read the Record implies, I think, that
we have in common a certain basic attitude to existence which will
necessarily be horrified by the apparently inevitable desecration of the
countryside. Is it, in fact, inevitable, an incurable disease? Can we
not, as a body, be more actively indignant about the way things appear
to be going? What worries me is that it may be fruitless protesting
to each other, because we all know only too well already how much there
is to lose.

But does the man-in-the-street either notice or care when a rare
species of insect becomes extinct, or when a bit more ancient forest is
felled? I am quite sure that the answer is ‘‘No’’. Homo “‘sapiens’’ is
just as happy among the spruces as the oaks, and his enjoyment varies

162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 72 15/ VIIT/1960

inversely with the number of insects anyway. In the sterile atmosphere
of materialism is it not probably quite debatable whether insects and
ancient forests are necessary at all? Who is to be so sure that the
Forestry Commission’s policy is shortsighted? They are, when all’s said
and done, growing wood. I can so easily hear Big Brother saying,
“Why are these chaps making such a fuss?”’ If we must justify the
fuss we make, surely no argument is better than that we happen to
like insects and ancient forest?

Complacency will certainly get us nowhere, but nor will ignorance.
There may be good answers to our angry protests, and there might
even be a little reassurance in knowing some facts. Who can tell?
Various questions come to mind at random, and I intend to write them
down in the hope that they will find a reader who is in a position to
answer them. I am simply asking for information.

1. Who is the Forestry Commission? What is its structure? Is any
one person responsible for its actions? If so, who is he?

2. What is the broad policy? What factors decide reafforestation
with conifers? When a mature hardwood tree is felled is it
replaced by sufficient young ones to ensure that its place is
ultimately filled again ?

3. Can the woodland situation in, say, fifty years’ time be predicted
and described.

4. What are the plans? Is there public access to the details con-
cerning condemned woodland? i.e., can we find out what is likely
to go next?

5. What is the ratio of conifer/deciduous planting at the moment?

6. Why was Hell Coppice annihilated? Many of the oak trees in

it seemed to me to have been young and sound.

Is new deciduous forests ever thought of these days?

Why is there such a demand for spruce, larch, ete? What is the

wood used for, and who buys it?

9. Does the Government require the Forestry Commission to show a
profit each year? (‘‘Or else... .!’’) Is the justification for
planting conifers purely financial? (‘“‘They give a very quick
yield, you know... .’’) If not, what other reasons are there?

10. What crop can you grow where conifers have once grown, and
how soon?

On Making Stainless Steel Pins
By S. N. A. Jacoss

Mr. Huggins’s interesting note on the various types of pin used for
pinning microlepidoptera (antea: 141) turned my mind back to the
days just before and during the war when J made my own pins and [
may say that I am still using the product of those days of industry.

Young microlepidopterists may be interested to know how to point
these fine pins which might prove an expensive luxury if purchased,
while others may also like to make some veritable ‘‘pin money’’ by
pointing pins over and above their requirements, for dealers. Older
collectors will probably find themselves with so many duties on their
hands that, like me, they no longer have the time for pointing their
own pins.

ON MAKING STAINLESS STEEL PINS 163

The apparatus is not unduly complicated, and in these days of elec-
tric tool kits, many will have a power-driven emery wheel (4” diameter
by 1” wide is ideal) already in their possession, but, failing this, a
treadle-driven wheel can be used. A bridge about 9” wide made of 2”

by 1” batten makes a hand rest, and on this, a plywood platform 6”
long by 2” wide (the outside grain, of course, running the 6” way) with
a slotted hole at the base end, and the underside of the fore end bevelled
to bring it to a fine edge. This is bolted into position with a bolt having
a butterfly nut, so that it may easily be adjusted, and the height is

164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von, 72 15/ VIIT/1960

regulated by a wooden wedge under the platform. It is set so that the
knife edge is about 1” above the top of the wheel.

A pair of good quality wire cutters (I used a skew-cut about 6”
long), two boards for holding the cut wires, and a piece of good cork
about 2” long by 3” by 34” complete our requisites. The pin boards
should be 6” square and a little over 4” thick, and 25 quarter inch
holes are bored in lines 1” apart, say 5 each way, and they are then
backed by a piece of thin plywood.

Stainless steel wire may be purchased from certain engineering firms
specialising in wire drawing, and the sizes for our purposes are -0056”
for Nepticula up to Lithocolletis sizes, -(01” for most small micros, :0125”,
-0152” and -0179”, and I might as well remind readers of Mr. Wakely’s
advice that it is always best to use as large a pin as can safely be used
on a micro; this saves broken specimens through bending pins. Half-
pound reels of the -0056” size, and one pound drums of the larger sizes,
would be supplied by the manufacturers as minimum quantities, and
these will supply pins to last a lifetime.

The first thing is to cut the wire into convenient lengths, say 2’ 6”,
and, holding each end with a pair of pliers, hold it taut and run it
through a bunsen flame (an ordinary gas stove burner will do) suffi-
ciently slowly for the portion in the flame to become blood red, in order
to straighten it. It is then cut up into lengths about 3}” more than
double the length of pin required. Having done this, at any rate in
the case of the -0056” size, it is advisable to retemper the wire. This
is done by tying the cut wires into a bundle with a piece of -01 wire,
and heating the bundle to a blood-red heat, and then plunging it into
cold water.

‘Five is a suitable number of wires to point at one time, and one
counts out the wires into fives for each hole in one of the boards, and we
are then ready to start pointing. The emery wheel is set in motion,
_ turning away from the operator, and five wires are placed on the plat-
form with about 4” of their length over the end of the platform; the
cork is placed across them and the board sprung downwards to bring
them into contact with the emery wheel. The wires are rolled from
side to side with the cork until satisfactory points have been made.
The platform is then allowed to resume its normal position, and the
wires taken off, reversed, and pointed similarly at the other end. When
pointed at both ends they are taken off and placed in a hole in the
second board. The process is repeated until the wires in the first board
have all been pointed at both ends and transferred to the second board;
the wheel is stopped, and the pointed wires are cut in the middle, and
the pins are complete. Keeping to bundles of five may seem unneces-
sarily fussy, but when cut they make ten pins, and counting is thus
simplified for packeting, which I have always found most conveniently
done in lots of one hundred.

Current Literature

The Chironomidae are some of the commonest flies and a number of
species can be found in the adult state during the winter as well as
during the normal collecting season (see Ent. Rec., this volume, pp.
132-133). A recent paper by Dr. Karl Strenzke illustrates 15 of the
species of Chironomus with remarks on variation, rearing and attempts

APATURA IRIS LINN. AND ITS HABITS IN SURREY 165

to cross some of the species. This paper is in Arch. f. Hydrobiol., vol.
56, pp. 1-42, published in November 1959, and is titled ‘‘Revision der
Gattung Chironomus Meig. I.’? We can, therefore, hope for a series
of papers on this genus. Only the males of this genus can be identified
with certainty but both sexes of each species are figured. This is a use-
ful paper on a difficult genus of flies and should be used, with Brundin’s
paper on the Orthocladiinae (see Hnt. Rec., 1956, vol. 68, p. 279), by
anyone attempting to identify the non-biting midges from this country.
B. R. L.

Apatura iris Linn. and its Habits in Surrey
By Major A. KE. CottrmrR

I have read with great interest Mr. Heslop’s recent articles in the
Record on the early stages of this butterfly, and certainly, my limited
experience in Surrey confirms his suggestions that local races may have
different egg-laying habits.

I found somewhat ambiguous the statement that in nature the female
will lay her eggs exclusively on the north-east sector of those sallows,
only, which are shaded from the south and west. Does Mr. Heslop
mean that if the sallow is not so shaded the female will lay her eggs in
any sector ?

In the course of eight years’ observation of this butterfly in the
Cranleigh area of Surrey I have found that the female lays her eggs
almost invariably on the sector or sectors of the tree which can be most
conveniently approached, irrespective of the points of the compass.

The majority of the sallows which I have searched with success have
been on the sides of rides or on the edge of open spaces, and in these
cases there is usually one side of the tree which is easy for the butterfly
to approach, and from which, when alarmed, it is easy for her to
depart.

The eggs and young larvae I have found have always been in these
open sectors. In a very few cases I have found larvae on isolated trees,
well removed from surrounding forest, and in these cases the larvae
were distributed over the sectors from south-west to south-east. A
careful check up on the positions of 332 eggs or larvae found since
1952 gave the following results by sectors: N. 32, N.E. 25, EH. 69, S.E.
33, S. 68, S.W. 27, W. 59, N.W. 19.

In dense and tall coppice I have found hibernating larvae at the
very top of sallows projecting above the surrounding trees, where there
was no lateral protection and approach was only possible from above.

Mr. Heslop also states that larvae are very much easier to see on the
narrow leaved Salix atrocinerea than on the broad leaved S. capraea.
I have found just the opposite, and rarely bother to search narrow
leaved trees owing to the excessive time necessary to do the job properly.
A quick, almost a cursory~ glance over the comparatively few leaves of
S. capraea will reveal eggs, larvae, or signs of eating or resting, inviting
a more meticulous search. It is generally assumed that the butterfly
prefers the large leaved trees, but I have often wondered whether this
assumption does not partly arise from the fact that most collectors
prefer to search these easy trees and that S. atrocinerea remains in
consequence, rather neglected.

166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL, 72 15 / VII1/1960

In the localities within ten miles of Cranleigh, the concentration of
A. iris is never very great and I have, therefore, never yet found more
than one egg on a leaf, nor more than twelve larvae on one tree, and
usually only one to three. Owing to greater mortality in the early
stages in captivity, I usually refrain from taking them until the second
instar when they settle down readily in a sleeve on a growing sallow and
appear to be susceptible only to very early and severe air frosts before
they have adapted their constitutions to hibernation or to prolonged and
great humidity which has occasionally produced a mould or mildew on
the hibernating larva.

My only attempts to keep very young larvae in close confinement were
disastrous, and ended in death from starvation and exhaustion after
endless perambulation.

It is possible, however, to keep them from the egg stage until well
into October in the following manner, with very little chance of loss.

The original sprigs of sallow on which the egg or larva is found is
placed in a small bottle of water, the neck being packed with cotton wool
to prevent suicide, and the bottle is placed in a white enamelled pail,
with a fine net over the top, which is kept near an east window. Several
bottles, each holding several sprigs, can be kept in one pail and the
progress of the larvae can be easily observed through black netting.
Naturally fresh food must always be available when, or if, the original
sprigs dry up, and it remains a mystery to me why some cuttings will
stay fresh for months, and even take root in the water, while others
wilt and dry up within twenty-four hours. Unnecessary moisture I
avoid and consequently have never sprayed eggs, larvae or pupae.
Mortality has been very small, certainly not more than 8%, and the
resulting imagines have always been full sized and without a cripple
among them.

It must be appreciated that my remarks apply particularly to Surrey
iris, whose habits may have been influenced by increasing urbanisation,
and whose existence is certainly threatened by the ever-increasing
felling of the oak forests.

Lynher, Horsham Road, Cranleigh.

Spraying
By CiirrorpD CRAUFURD

The heyday of the lepidopterist is rapidly passing, and for that
matter so is that of the collectors and research workers in all insect
orders so far as this country is concerned. The interests of the botanist
are also greatly threatened.

Almost simultaneously with the advent of the mercury vapour
light from which we have learnt so much regarding the distribution of
insects, there have arrived the sprayers of poisons.

Insecticides and weedkillers are sold to farmers, market gardeners,
to town, borough and county councils, and are often used without any
scientific knowledge of their effects and without the knowledge that in
the case of insecticides our friends as well as our enemies are killed.

In addition to weedkillers many farmers instead of ploughing in the
stubble after harvest burn the surface of the whole field, thereby killing
many plants, and a large number of insects in the egg, larva, pupa and
imago stages. Farmers are also increasing the size of the fields, as this

SPRAYING 167

makes it easier to use combines and other machinery, the hedges and
ditches being levelled with the field. Warblers and other small insect-
eating birds do not penetrate far into the huge fields as there is no
shelter for them when the hawks and other raptores appear; there is
also no hedge or ditch adjacent to the field in which to nest.

Some farmers, instead of hedging and ditching, burn the hedges
and the low growth in the ditches. It is presumed that this is to save
the cost of labour as the farm worker is now paid what is considered to
be a high wage and the farmers consider they cannot afford to put a
man to hedging and ditching.

A number of our main roads have wide verges and the county coun-
cils have planted flowering trees on the verges. I passed one Sunday
along such a road in a car in the late spring with a friend, and the
road sides were beautiful with a very large number of flowering weeds
in addition to the trees in bloom. On the following Sunday afternoon
I saw the weeds had all been cut down. In the eyes of the county sur-
veyors, every indigenous English plant is a weed, so they employ men
to scythe the weeds lest the seeds of these pernicious weeds should be
blown by the wind on to the adjacent farm lands. Fifty years ago I
never heard a. farmer complain about the seeding of plants from the
verges. A farmer who is worth his salt keeps his land clean without
the unasked aid of the County Surveyor. Some councils, instead of
cutting down the flowering weeds, kill them with sprays.

In Hertfordshire and Essex, two large agricultural counties with
very small areas of uncultivated land, there will soon be very little of
interest to the botanist, the entomologist, and indirectly the ornitholo-
gist if the present poisonous spraying is continued and increased.

I give below some families and sub-families of butterflies and moths
and the type of plant on which the larvae feed. The details are taken
from Allan’s Larval Foodplants.

Satyridae meadow grasses

Nymphalidae violets, cow wheat, plantains, devils-bit,
nettles, thistles, elm, sallow and _ honey-
suckle

Nemeobiidae primrose, cowslip

Lycaenidae violets, clovers, docks

Pieridae cabbage, charlock, clovers, vetches, and
buckthorn

Hesperidae trefoils, grasses

Sphingidae potato, bindweed, bedstraws, trees

Notodontidae trees

Thyatiridae ( trees

Lymantridae trees

Lasiocampidae grasses, trees

Drepanidae trees

Arctiidae trees, clovers, low plants, algae, lichens

Hypsinae low plants

Agrotiinae low plants

Hadeninae trees, low plants

Cuculliinae trees, low plants

Acronyctinae trees, low plants

Amphipyrinae trees, low plants

Eustrotiinae low plants

168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou, 72 15/VIIL/1960

Westermanniinae trees

Catocalinae trees and clovers

Pantheinae trees

Plusiinae nettles, sedges

Ophicerinae trees, grasses, sedges

Hypeninae nettles, trees

Geometrinae trees, low plants

Sterrhinae chiefly low plants

Larentiinae grasses, vetches, bedstraws, campions,
low plants, trees

Boarmiinae chiefly trees; some on clovers and low
plants

The insects feeding on trees should at present escape extinction. I
cannot speak for the microlepidoptera, but they will of course be equally
affected. The larvae of some of them feed on umbellifers on roadside
verges as also do some of the ‘‘pugs’’.

In the Farmers’ and Students’ Handbook there is a list of 52 weeds
of arable land to be killed by selective weedkillers. There is
also a list of 28 weeds in grassland to be dealt with and two weedkillers
are given. Do not forget that other weeds are killed as well as those
mentioned.

I give below some of the weeds named and the number of macro-
lepidoptera whose larvae feed on them:

Bindweed 11, burdock 5, buttercup 6, campions 28, coltsfoot 3,
couch-grass 22, dock 69, fat-hen (goosefoot) 10, field mint 2, forget-me-
not 1, flixweed 7, groundsel and ragwort 29, hair grass 17, hemp-nettle
2, knotgrass 32, nettle 18, oatgrass 6, orache 8, persicaria 34, speedwell
4, thistle 6, treache mustard 1, viper’s bugloss 2. There are also to be
considered a number of polyphagous larvae and about 20 species whose
foodplant in this country is unknown.

Another loss to the countryside is the building of new towns and
the spread of the old ones, largely at the expense of arable land. Many
thousand acres have already been lost to the countryside.

Happily the number of nature reserves is slowly growing, and these
may yet prove to be the last stronghold of our native flora and fauna.

Homo sapiens—the only stupid animal on the face of the earth—
has in the past three hundred years disturbed the balance of nature,
and has denuded, eroded and burned vast areas of the earth, and has
caused to become extinct large numbers of animals, birds and plants.
It seems to me that he will now add the poisoning of plants and insects
and indirectly of birds and animals to his other stupidities.

Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. 14.vi.1960.

Gonepteryx rhamni Linn. Migrating
By H. C. Huecins, F.R.H.S.

Mr. Chalmers-Hunt’s note on this subject (Hnt. Rec., 72: 72)
reminds me that I have several times in my youth seen this butterfly
crossing the Higham marshes. Curiously enough, all the wandering
rhamni I have seen there were males, mostly in August, but it is pos-
sible that the reason was due to the fact that I so often went there in
my August holidays. I used to walk down the canal bank from Graves-

AN ENTOMOLOGIST’S WIFE 169

end, perhaps cross the bridge by the Uralite works and have a look at
the locality where extimalis recently turned up, and then recross and
follow the bank till near the railway bridge there was a cart track
into the marshes, on each side of which grew gnarled old hawthorns and
a few blackthorns. This track was full of Maniola tithonus Linn. and
Euzophera marmorea Haw. occurred amongst the blackthorns. At the
end of the Avenue, as it was called locally, was a path to the river-wall
between Shorne Mead and Cliffe batteries, and in the course of the
years I must have seen half a dozen rhamni crossing the marsh. The
river-wall then contained large numbers of tithonus and a few Humenis
semele Linn., but what I used to look for on it in August was Colias
croceus Foure., as this was always the first place at which that insect
appeared and was an indication of when to visit the lucerne fields.

Rhamni appears in the road opposite this house in the spring every
year, and usually in the autumn; the nearest buckthorn is two miles
away. Both sexes turn up, but males preponderate. As I have already
recorded (Hntomologist, 90: 141) I netted a male rhamni on 29th May
1956 in the Burren at least eight or ten miles from the nearest buck-
thorn, I should put the probable distance at 14. This specimen settled
on a flower, but usually these wandering rhamni seem to be flying
straight and purposefully, probably (like some human beings) being in
a hurry to get somewhere to do nothing.

An Entomologist’s Wife
By Mrs. E. EH. Harper

This summer, my husband broadcast a short talk about his hobby of
collecting moths, on ‘‘Woman’s Hour’’. I wonder if I could give you
the woman’s point of view on this interesting activity?

I am the wife of a retired Commander, R.N., and the mother of a
medical student son; both are rabid entomologists, and I don’t know
which is the worse.

My life has fascination, many complications, and not a few snags.
To dewy-eyed young women about to marry, or toying with the idea of
marrying an entomologist, I would not exactly give the advice ‘‘not at
any price’’, but I do urge a little caution.

Entomology is a hobby which is all-absorbing. In some men I have
seen it assume proportions almost amounting to mania as the men
grow older and become more and more interested and involved.

The men with this hobby, or sometimes profession, represent a
cross-section of society. Few women take it up on their own, perhaps
because as a sex we intuitively foresee the snags involved. As for the
men, I have known all the well-known professions involved. Admirals
and Air Marshals, Parsons and Politicians, even an occasional Prime
Minister, Doctors Publicans and, paradoxically, Policeman too. Perhaps
entomological Policemen are a little less tempted to break the law than
the others. Men in settled jobs bordering on boredom are also intrigued.
The Civil Service, Bankers, and those men vaguely known as ‘‘Something
in the city’’, men drawn from all walks of life, some with titles and all
kinds of decorations, all may be bitten by the bug of ‘‘bug-hunting’’
and join a closely-knit fraternity.

170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou, 72 15/ VIII] 1960

I think their wives fall into three categories. First, the very dis-
approving. These wives are mainly elderly; they have tried, but have
had too much of it. Secondly, the very young women. These start
married life in a flush of enthusiasm for their husband’s hobby, and soon
they find themselves involved in a morass of entomological apparatus,
feeding larvae, hatching ova, breeding cages, tins and all the associated
activities. Thirdly, the nit-wits. JI myself fall into this category with
the women who try to keep domestic order, their men-folk fed, and who
know the commoner kinds of moth but are not expert in any way at all.
We can, if the know-how is carefully explained to us, sometimes find
procryptic moths on tree trunks, caterpillars and chrysalids here and
there; often indeed we spend our outings in this way. I think my cate-
gory dislike the more austere forms and manifestations of the fever, such
as collecting in the pouring rain, in a marsh, or hanging by one’s eye-
brows over the top of a high cliff at night in a howling gale. I have
known entomological wives do all this and more without a qualm, and
never lose their glamour or their hair-set. To these women I pay due
homage; they should have some kind of memorial.

If you do become an entomologist’s wife, gone are your hopes of
married and domestic security. Rather like a doctor’s wife, you will
be on call at all hours by your man and his entomological friends. In
the spring and the autumn, as well as the summer, there is dusking
and sugaring. For the benefit of the uninitiated, this means painting
a patch on fence posts, tree trunks, or foliage with a sticky mixture of
black treacle, beer and assorted flavourings such as rum or amylacetate.
This is varied by your husband returning to see if the moths like the
mixture at all hours of the night.

It may also mean complaints from the neighbours, and dealing with
these, too, is also strictly an entomologist’s wife’s province, privilege, or
~ however you view the matter!

Now, the question of cooking for a husband who is an entomologist.
If you are a ‘Cordon blew’ expert, or even just a very good cook, say
good-bye for ever to such dishes as omelettes, hot soufflées, and the like.
When your omelette or soufflée is looking mouth-watering and lovely,
and should be eaten instantly, your husband will only say with madden-
ing calm that he can’t possibly eat it yet! He has fifty young
caterpillars to feed, and that will take another 20 minutes at least.
“Run away and don’t bother me, there’s a good girl’’, he will say
cheerfully and thereafter (temporarily) forget your existence. So
confine your cooking to meals that will not spoil if kept hot for an
indefinite period.

Gone, too, are your hopes of a settled annual holiday. You will
mention timidly to your husband how much you would like a fortnight
of shopping, or even shop-gazing, a few new clothes and gaiety in some
fashionable sea-side resort. If you have married an entomologist, he
will say: ‘‘Nonsense! my dear girl, such and such a moth emerges in
the wilds of Norfolk . . . Scotland . . . or Ireland, and I particularly
want you to come with me and hold the lamp, or feed the caterpillars,
or some other strictly entomological job’’. He will add absently,
‘Don’t bring too many clothes, will you? because I shall have to bring
so much gear myself!’’ This latter statement is only too true, and
eventually we set off with an unlimited number of tins, jars, nests of
glass-topped boxes, paraffin lamps, methylated spirit, treacle. Cater-

AN ENTOMOLOGIST’S WIFE 171

pillars which have to be fed must of course come too, and add to these
eggs about to emerge into tiny caterpillars, chrysalids about to emerge
into moths, and maybe a temperamental female moth which your hus-
band wishes to lay eggs for him, and which must be coaxed into
ovi-positing with a mixture of sherry and treacle! All this is no
exaggeration and strictly truthful. Nowadays the inevitable mercury
vapour outfit comes too. This last item is a decided snag to an entomo-
logist’s wife. Mercury vapour lamps give forth a rather ghastly blue
light, and are a great attraction for moths. Clever entomologists have
adapted these electrically so that they can run them off car batteries,
from the household supply, from fearsome (so called) portable engines
which can be carried up mountairs, on to bogs, the cliffs, the sea shore,
or where ever the moths occur. The entomologists themselves are so used
to the mercury vapour outfit by now that they take it for granted as an
absolute necessity.

BUT. The neighbours, the Police, the Customs, the Coastguards
and the gamekeepers are not always so well informed. They see a
strange and rather horrible bright blue light at night and immediately
assume that anyone out at that hour must be poaching, smuggling,
burgling, or engaging in some other nefarious activity.

Many times, as an entomologist’s wife, have I soothed down official-
dom, alarmed householders, and the like. One and all, they find it
difficult to believe that anyone out late at night can be up to any good.
They are also difficult to persuade that anyone who is engaged in really
criminal activities would never advertise their presence with a noisy
engine and a bright blue light.

Still, all this is Just part of an entomologist’s wife’s duty, and with
me now, it is all routine. Many famous stories have been told of well-
known entomologists, in the two world wars, being arrested as beautiful
blonde spies. This I can understand perfectly. To entomologists, war is
an incident, a nuisance, but not to be taken seriously at any cost. They
are quite unaware of anything except the moth, the caterpillar, which
they must obtain in some particular place, at the precise time of year
when it occurs. They are oblivious of wars, and similar complications.
My husband, in the last war, often spent his spare moments ashore «wt
his favourite hobby. In uniform or in plain clothes he was often sus-
pected, and sometimes this could become alarming, or annoying.

To go from the wartime experiences to peacetime. One of the best-
known entomologists of my acquaintance was once a policeman. On his
beat one night he saw the extraordinary phenomenon of a parson who
had climbed up a lamp-post. To his query ‘‘what’s going on here?’’,
the parson, being an entomologist, was not one whit abashed. He simply
slid down the lamp-post and explained to the policeman how moths are
attracted by light, so that in the end the policeman became so intrigued
that he became a famous collector.

I hope that I have made you see, as future entomologist’s wives,
something of the fascination as well as the complications of this way of life.

For myself, undoubtedly, I get irritated to the point of exasperation,
but not for anything would I miss meeting these famous and learned
men, and their usually stoical and sometimes learned wives. I too am
always learning and, speaking purely in the third category of the
nit-wit, I might some day do or learn something useful. Who knows?
At least one never leads a dull life.

172 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL, 72 15/ VIIT/ 1960

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hueerns, F.R.E.S.

FE\VETRIA POSTICANA ZETT. AND E. tTURIONANA Hien. These two
insects, although undoubtedly distinct species seem to me to be much
more nearly related to each other than to any others of the genus,
although I notice that Mr. Heslop in his check-list places EH. resinella
Linn. between them. Apart from their somewhat similar appearance,
they feed in the same manner, entirely clearing out the inside of the
central bud of a shoot of Scotch fir and leaving practically no sign of
their presence within until the death of the bud becomes apparent.
Occasionally a little resin may be seen about the bud, but that is all.
E. buoliana Schiff. and EH. pinicolana Doubld. feed on the growing shoot
which they distort and make in a great mess with flowing resin, whilst
E. pinivorana Zell. feeds in the same way but owing to its smaller size
makes less trouble. EH. purdeyi Durrt. feeds on the blooms and E.
resinella makes its characteristic cells on the shoots, in which it enjoys
a two-year cycle. The other Scotch fir insect, H. logiana Durrt. feeds in
the same way as pinivorana, as does HE. sylvestrana Curt., which, how-
ever, prefers stone pine.

The pupae of turionana and posticana are to be found head down-
wards in the hollow buds, turionana in the leading bud of the main
shoot, and posticana in that of a side shoot. In most cases, however,
the bud contains the cocoon of a solitary ichneumon, in fact, the
percentage of turionana so killed is so high that I have often wondered
how the moth carries on. I set a good many of the parasite of each
species, which appeared to be the same insect, and sent them to the
late B. S. Harwood who confirmed that those I sent him were con-
specific, but I have, unfortunately, lost their name.

Both insects fly at early dusk round young fir trees, twrionana in late
and posticana in very early May, but I have usually found it easier
to tap the boughs lightly in the late afternoon, when the moths flutter
gently to the ground.

Turionana has a considerable range of variation. It was not un-
common in the newly planted areas of Blean in 1924-1930, and amongst
others I captured one entirely cream in colour except for the costa
which was grey, and the copper tips of the wings and another
unicolorous dark greyish-brown except for the copper tips. Both insects
were newly emerged.

When I first found posticana at Hartlip near Sittingbourne in Kent
in 1922 it was not known to occur in the county, yet I afterwards found
it very much more widely distributed than turionana, in fact, I think
it occurred in every young plantation I visited.

HETEROGRAPHIS OBLITELLA ZELL. On 5th June I took a female
oblitella in my moth trap; it is a moderately dark one of the grey form,
and in good, though not fresh condition. It was accompanied by a
number of gamma and noctuella, and was, I fancy, an immigrant. The
date at which I took it seems to be between the broods; when the moth
made a temporary settlement here in 1956 the broods were at the
beginning of May, July and September, whereas on the continent the
second could well be out by the beginning of June. I have been told
that other specimens have been taken here this year in the late spring;

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 173

these would be at the date I would expect a native brood to emerge
after the mild winter.

I can add another to last year’s autumn captures; Mr. A. J. Dewick
recently asked me to check the identity of a specimen he had then
taken at Bradwell-on-Sea.

HoMOoEOSOMA CRETACELLA Rosst. (SENECIONIS VAUGHAN). The hot
weather last year seems to have caused the dispersal of a good many
insects to new localities. Oretacella has long been known from here,
Vaughan’s specimen from which he described it as senecionis being taken
at Leigh on Sea, but it only occurs, in my experience, on the river-wall
and its environment between Leigh-on-Sea and Benfleet, and around
Barling and Wakering. However, on 20th May I took one in my
garden moth trap, another on the 21st, two on 5th June and a fifth on
6th June, so it seems obvious that a brood was hatched in a weedy
orchard containing plenty of ragwort at the bottom of my garden. At
the same time Mr. A. J. Dewick took one or two at Bradwell-on-Sea ;
it was a new insect to him. I have run my moth trap in the garden
since 1953 and these are the first cretacella to visit it.

Notes and Observations

PYRAUSTA PERLUCIDALIS Hien. (Lep.: Pyratiprpaz) In Kenr.—lI wish
to put on record the fact that in July 1960 I had the good fortune to
find perlucidalis in Kent. The locality where it occurs is very restricted
and during the next few months it is hoped to discover something of its
life history here, and later to issue a more detailed account. The species
was unrecorded from Britain prior to 1957 (cf. Mere and Bradley, Ent.
Gaz., 8 (3): 162-166), and previous to its discovery in Kent was only
known to occur in Huntingdonshire.—J. M. CHatmers-Hunt, 1 The
Hard Courts, The Grove, West Wickham, Kent.

UTETHEISA PULCHELLA LInN. at DuNGENESS.—Prior to working
mercury vapour light at Dungeness on 15th May, I worked some of the
rough ground and put up a female Utethesia pulchella Linn. at about
6.45 p.m. B.S.T. The insect was kept for ova, but the few ultimately
laid proved infertile. There was little of interest at the light except
one fresh Calophasia lunula.—ALAN Kennarp, Officers Mess, RAGW
Range, Benbecula, Hebrides. 20.vi.60.

MYELOIS CERATONIAE ZELL. IN Importep Nuts.—Last Christmas, my
daughter found a ‘wiggler’ in a walnut. It was cherished in a glass-
topped tin together with the remains of the nut but was never seen
again. On 30th May a female Myelois ceratoniae Zell. emerged.
According to our greengrocer, the nuts originated from Sorento but
I do not know where they were stored.—Lt. Col. W. A. C. Carrer,
Briarfields, Sandels Way, Beaconsfield, Bucks. 18.v1.1960.

[M. ceratoniae cannot be regarded as a warehouse pest; nuts and
locust beans, etc., from which this insect has emerged in warehouses,
were infested by it in the field. I do not think that there is any
authenticated case of goods lying in store being infested there by an
egg-laying female ceratoniae.—Hp. |

174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou, 72 15/ VIII/1960

A Nore on Hemaris tityus Lrnn.—It is widely believed that the
two bee hawks (Hemaris tityus L. and H. fuciformis L.) fly only in
bright sunshine, and South says ‘‘the best time to see it’’ (H. fuciformis,
and no doubt the same applies to tityus) ‘‘is on a nice sunny morning
between ten o’clock and midday’’. But any entomologist who may find
that the sun goes in just as he has arrived at his collecting ground
can draw comfort from the following observations. On 27th May I went
with Brigadier Warry to a locality for tityus in the New Forest. We
arrived there at 11.25 a.m. B.S.T.; the weather was dull but warm.
At 11.30 I took a tityus at bird’s foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus).
Within the next two hours we took eight more. My second capture was
visiting the flowers of tuberous bitter vetch (Lathyrus (Orobus)
montanus). Three or four were taken at lousewort (Pedicularis
sylvatica), a favourite attraction. Owing presumably to the dull
weather, all these moths were much more docile and easy to catch than
those which I had seen many years ago in brilliant sunshine on the
turf moor near Glastonbury. I watched a female lay a green egg on a
blade of grass beside a plant of devil’s bit Scabious (Scabiosa succisa)
and then move along to lay another on the underside of a scabious leaf.
Tityus was still flying within a few minutes of our leaving the ground
at 1.45.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 30.v.60.

NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS Linn. IN West SussEx.—On 24th June 1960
I captured a freshly emerged male Nymphalis polychloros Linn. which
had flown into my garage from the garden. There is a possibility that
larvae had been feeding on a tall pear tree in an adjoining overgrown
garden, as the terminal leaves of several upper branches of this tree had
been eaten to the midribs. This was verified by cutting off three twigs.
Examination with a lens showed that larvae must have been feeding
two or three weeks previously, but the undergrowth of brambles was
- too dense to favour a search for pupae. Last year, at the end of June,
my wife told me she had seen a N. polychloros in the garden, but I am
afraid I was a trifle sceptical, and suggested that the insect may have
been a large Polygonia c-album Linn. which appears regularly. Now
there is a definite ‘‘I told you so’’ atmosphere!

The possibility of N. polychloros being established in West Sussex is
interesting as I know of no recent records for this part of the country.
—F. V. L. Jarvis, 33 Greencourt Drive, Bognor Regis, Sussex.
26.v1.1960.

MarcGarontaA UNtonatis IN West Sussex.—On 26th October last, my
wife found a fresh female Margaronia unionalis on a Forsythia bush in
the garden here.—F. V. L. Jarvis, 33 Greencourt Drive, Bognor Regis,
Sussex.

MAcROGLOSSA STELLATARUM Linn. IN Somerset.—I would like to
record having seen a male Macroglossa stellatarum Linn. to-day on a
hillside near Glastonbury, Somerset.—N. A. Warxins, M.A., F.R.E.S.,
9 Druid Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol 9. 26.vi.1960.

HOTEL ACCOMMODATION
Mrs. H. TULLY

Craigellachie Guest House, Aviemore, Inverness-shire
An Entomologist’s Mecca, highly recommended by collectors, 124 acres of

woodland in which to use light traps. Adequate power points.
Transport arranged to the famous Burma Road, etc.

Write for Brochure. Telephone Aviemore 236

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EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, all sizes, due to change over to unit system
Details on application. Easy payments if required. R. W £Watson,
“Porcorum , Sandy Down, Boldre, Near Lymington, Hants.

For Exchange.—‘‘Field Lepidopterist’, Tutt., 3 Vols. “British Moths’, Morris,
4 Vols., 1891. “‘Tineina’’, Stainton, 1854. “British Tortrices’’, Wilkinson.
1859. Also wanted: Storeboxes, 13 xX 9 or 14 X 10. Cartwright Timms, 594
Moseley Road, Birmingham, 12.

For Sale.—New aberrations of A. caja. Coloured photo on request. R. G. Todd.
West Runton, Norfolk.

For Sale.—Compact Portable Generator to run one or two mercury-varour lamps,
£35. Ancillary equipment also available if required. A. A. Lisney, Dune
Gate, Clarence Road, Dorchester, Dorset.

Urgently Wanted.—‘Meyrick’s Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera, 1928°’.
Could anyone be persuaded to part with his copy for a good price? Dr.
F. N. Smith, ““Turnstones”’, Perrancombe, Perranporth, Cornwall.

Wanted.—Living larvae of E. aurinia, V. cardui, and C. croceus, also pupae and
ova for School Breeding purposes. Cash paid. Jan Gibbs, 2/ Kavanaghs
Road, Brentwood, Essex.

Wanted.—i5 to 20 large-drawer Mahogany Cabinet. Brady or Gurney preferred.
H. N. Moon, “‘Budleigh’’, 3/9 Coniscliffe Road, Darlington.

For Sale.—Early run of Entomologist’s Record. Vols. 1-37, 1890-1925. Bound in
19 volumes in half calf. All otfers considered. MM. J. Cotton, B.Sc., 27
Hatherley Street, Cheltenham, Glos.

Orthoptera.—Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
grasshoppers of the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae from all parts of the
World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxo-
nomy, cytology, and experimental biology: dry or fluid preserved or
living. Please contact D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Department of Ento-
mology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

| For dissections,
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bench, and is readily swung aside when ~
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| With 4" lens as illustrated. Inter-changeable lenses are available,
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175

Breeding Polyommatus icarus Rott.
By Lt. Col. W. A. C. Carrer, R.A.

I try to breed icarus every year. In 1959 I had some quite
unexpected but very interesting results. Because they were so unex-
pected, the results have, unfortunately, lost some of their value.

According to Tutt (1), ab. melanotoxa was described by Pincitore-
Marott in 1873 and is the same as ab. arcuata Weym (1878). ‘‘The
insect is called melanotoxa on account of the black bow which stands
on the underside of the forewings in the middle of the inner margin.
It is much scarcer in our district (presumably Palermo) than icarus and
flies in the months of April, May and, often, June’’. Tutt says that
the aberration appears to be generally distributed although usually not
common, and that it occurs in both sexes. Verity (2) thought that
Marott considered it to be a form occurring only in the female; Tutt
says that there appears to be no foundation for this and quotes Wheeler
(3) as expressly stating the contrary. Conversely, Blachier considered
that, around Geneva, the form is more frequent in the female than in
the male. In 1903, Courvoisier described ab. semi-arcuata as an inter-
mediate stage in which confluence is not complete and said that the
form predominates in the female.

Ab. basijuncta was described by Tutt in 1910 (4): ‘‘The penultimate
spot of the sub-median series of the hindwings united to penultimate
basal spot, thus forming a short line parallel to the inner margin’’.
Tutt suspected that it was a rare form, himself having only one example,
a male.

Tutt (5) gives the name sub-obsoleta to the form in which ‘‘some
of the ocellated spots in the sub-median (and basal) row [are] absent
on the forewings or hindwings or both fore- and hindwings’’. Tutt
adds that this name should be applied to Courvoisier’s group of aberra-
tions which ‘‘comprise all those examples which have any number of
spots in the sub-median series between the full, normal number and
the absolutely obsolete form’’. Tutt considered specimens without the
6th and 7th sub-median spots to be rather common and added that the
“double ocellated spot near the anal angle of the forewings is absent in
several specimens of candiope and icarinus’’ in his own collection. (Note:
These are the forms in which, respectively, one and both basal spots
are missing from the forewings).

In my experience, the form without spots at the anal angle is fairly
frequent and occurs much more often in the male than in the female.
The form is also reasonably constant and does not appear to be
associated with abs. candiope and icarinws. Out of 130 males, I have
15 in which the double anal spot is completely missing and 7 in which
it is reduced to a single spot. There can be little doubt that this is a
form of ab. obsoleta but, for the sake of convenience, I propose to refer
to it as ab. absens to denote the complete absence of the spots in the
anal angle of the forewings. ©

Last year, I failed to find any aberrant females in the nearby
colonies. So I selected two fresh but typical insects and, on 29th
May, caged them both in a single 9” flower-pot (6) with sprigs of Lotus.
The weather was warm and sunny. During the next two days, a large
number of eggs was laid and, on the evening of 3lst May, 62 were

“4A in!
\
*

176 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1X/1960

removed and put into a 2” plastic box. On 4th June a further 94 eggs
were collected and the insects were released.

The eggs began to hatch on 8th June. By 21st June there were 120
larvae and, already, some were noticeably larger than others. The
larvae were kept in 3” glass-topped tins. By 4th July, many of the
larvae were showing unmistakable signs of pupating and, a week later,
several pupae were removed. There had been one or two deaths but
the majority of the remaining larvae looked healthy; they were, how-
ever, small in size and seemed to be growing very slowly.

On 17th July, the first male emerged—a good ab. melanotoxa. Four
days later thirteen emerged, including a large number of ab. melanotoza,
especially among the females.

Meanwhile, three more larvae had pupated but all the rest were
showing signs suspiciously suggestive of diapause. By the end of July
the larvae were still feeding, but only very slowly. Some of them were
still very tiny and seemed to spend most of their time glued to a leaf.
On 9th August, there was one more pupa and one fully-grown larva.
The last insect to emerge from this brood did so on 6th September—a
male which was badly crumpled. The emergence was, therefore, spread
over a period of seven weeks and produced 26 males and 29 females. On
22nd August there remained 35 larvae. They were still very small and
suddenly became smitten with some kind of disease which made them
turn a bright rust-red in colour and, as they were obviously not doing
well, they were turned loose.

The brood was a mixed one, originating from two females which
were, apparently, quite typical. The results may be summarised as
follows : —

TABLE 1.
Brood 59/9—two wild females, apparently typical
Male Female Total

Alerts Vapol Caleta ne aa chirp cree Saneven Ann amen 16 2 18
2), iSANOWOSRE, — concoosonsodeoccsaooscod 2 11 13
Bi SCMMICENRCUIAEL — doocncooncvacesanocnc 6 14 20
4, melanotoxa-basijuncta ......... — 2 2
5. semi-arcuata-basijuncta ...... 1 — i
GesabsenGunney msects:cocenoasuenea ace 1 —_ 1

Bovalll) Week enccenaaereen cece etn 26 29 59

The first emergences from this brood were encouraging, so, on 19th
July, a pair was selected for an F2 brood and was caged as before.
Neither insect showed any obviously abnormal characters. The weather
was still hot and sunny and, by 4.30 p.m., they were seen to be paired.
Four days later, the male had unaccountably disappeared. By 26th
July, 172 eggs had been laid, so the female was released. The eggs
started to hatch on 30th July and, by 9th August, there were 115 larvae
—some already larger than their fellows. By 28th August there were
25 pupae, and 68 larvae were still feeding; one of the pupae was show-
ing signs of colouring up.

Unhappily, I had to be away from home for a few days just prior
to this. I thought that I had left the larvae with an adequate supply

BREEDING POLYOMMATUS ICARUS ROTT. We

of food, but the few larger ones had eaten all that was going and had
started on each other. At least five freshly-formed pupae had been
attacked. This is the first time that I have experienced cannibalism
with this species, and it lends weight to the theory that, apart from
known outcasts such as Cosmia trapezina L., larvae are not normally
cannibals but will attack each other if deprived of their proper food.

On 5th September the first male emerged—apparently quite typical.
There were many larvae still feeding but they were very lethargic and
were showing unmistakable signs of diapause. On 20th September, in
an attempt to prolong the hours of ‘daylight’, the larvae were
illuminated by a 60 watt pearl lamp, placed about 12” away from the
cages from 6.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. daily. By the end of the week there
were no very obvious results. The larvae were still eating a little and
were moulting, but they were growing very slowly and were probably
too far towards diapause for the extra light to make much difference.
By 10th October, the larvae were becoming an easy prey to mildew and
all but a few of the largest were turned loose. On 20th November, a
female emerged but was unable to free itself from the pupal skin. It
was hopelessly crippled and it was impossible to make out the wing-
pattern. Hclosion seemed to take a very long time—perhaps due to the
unseasonable emergence and the low temperature. The pupa showed
signs of colouring up at least three weeks before eclosion. A week later
another female emerged, but it, too, was a failure.

In all, this brood produced 14 males and 12 females; two of the
latter were failures. The result of the brood was as follows: —

TABLE 2.
Brood 59/13—parents ex 59/9, apparently typical
Male Female Total.

Tg ARENY OIMGEDN LL ele ede Ee oe Re 8 — 8
Pa, KOE NNOUOSEh | icodestoosovondodopcooec a 1 il
SPASCMMIEACU ALA | careonsce ssicecnee aque 3 7 10
4. melanotoxa-basijuncta ......... — 2 2
He ASUNUMIUCL AY -casmsescesie sonaess vast soe = — —
GEPAOSCTIS se a nece ne sosee ook temo atta 3 = 3

BING Gens Reena ctomecte Sec cere eer 14 10 24

On 19th July, a strongly-marked female melanotoxa-basijuncta
emerged from Brood 59/9. She was caged with an apparently normal
male. No pairing was seen but, on 25th July, 142 eggs were collected
and the parents were released.

By 9th August there were 80 very small larvae which showed a
marked disinclination to start feeding. Despite the continuous hot,
dry weather, mould was rather troublesome. Twenty-one pupae were
removed on 28th August. Fifty-three larvae remained, feeding slowly
but fairly steadily. On 26th September these larvae, too, were given
light at night but with the same lack of success. By 10th October,
there were four more pupae but they came to nothing.

Twenty-two butterflies were obtained from this brood. Results were
as follows :—

178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1X/1960

TABLE 3.
Brood 59/14—parents ex 59/9, M typical; F melanotoxa-basijuncta
Male Female Total

de by pally aecchhs site eee ee 4 — 4
2), MeTaMOCOmal eh we cok ee eae — 10 10
Oy SSWNIAGNROUIANEA) "| Sansboogsnesqncccocoe 2 1 3
4. melanotoxa-basijuncta ......... — 1 il
Dem Dasiumcbahue meee eee ecerc cre = — —
GR aOSENS .h cesses cee essen ermeearatene 4 — 4

POG aes ae Mast one eeey ao ae eee 10 12 22

It is most unfortunate that Brood 59/9 was mixed; the results are
almost impossible to analyse and cannot be regarded as anything more
than suggestive. There is, however, one very striking fact. If all
three broods are considered together, the total number of insects was
101, equally divided between males and females. Twenty-seven females
were melanotozxa but this form appeared in only two males. Conversely,
thirty-six males, but only two females, were normal. This is well
brought out in the following summary : —

TABLE 4,
Brood Total normal semi-arcuata melanotoxa
M F M F M F M F
59/9 26 29 (55) 17 2 (19) % Wa Qi) Bh 1 (5)
59/13 14 10 (24) 11 — (11) 3 F (QO) = 3 (3)
59/14 10 12 (22) 8 —(8) 2 3) poe tev Ul bee(LLL))
Total 50 51 36 9) 1D OB ET:

Semi-arcuata is very difficult to define but, for the purposes of this
discussion, insects have been scored as sem-arcuata if the ‘bow’ is made
up of three or more separate spots or if the usual two spots show an
obvious tendency to coalesce. Insects with two distinct spots have been
scored as ‘normal’ as far as the melanotoxa character is concerned;
they are not necessarily typical and, as will be seen by referring to the
tables, may include other characters such as basyuncta. Insects which
show no obvious abnormalities on the undersides have been classed as
typical. The total number of semi-arcuata was, thus, 34 in the ratio
of two males to one female. In fact, the difference from equality in the
observed figures for semi-arcuata is significant at only slightly below
the 10% level (for one degree of freedom, x?=2-94). It may, therefore,
be justifiable to assume that this character may appear with equal
frequency in either the male or the female.

These results tend to confirm Marott’s suggestion that the melano-
toxa character is largely confined to the female. Dyson (7) obtained
similar results. In 1951, he bred 19 males and 18 females from a wild
melanotoxa female and obtained 11 melanotoxa of which only one was
a male.

TABLE 5.

' Dyson, 1951—ex wild F. melanotoxa.
Total normal semi-arcuata melanotoxa

M F M F M F M F
ORS SG oo ee LPO

BREEDING POLYOMMATUS ICARUS ROTT, 179

It is evident that semi-arcuata can occur with equal frequency in
both sexes, but that melanotoxa occurs only rarely in the male. When it
does occur, the character is weak and ill-defined compared with the bold
bow-shaped mark of the female. Since there is no evidence of an excess
of females, it is unlikely that homozygous melanotoxa is lethal in the
male. It follows that the gene must be suppressed or manifested in some
other form in the male. It is tempting to assume that semi-arcuata
is the intermediate form between the normal and the full melanatoza
but Ford (8) considers this an uncommon condition. Dominance seems
to be ruled out by the constant recurrence of all three classes—normal,
semi-arcuata and melanatoza.

It is possible, therefore, that this is an example of multiple allelomor-
phism; due to the difficulty of distinguishing semi-arcuata with any
certainty, it is probable that normal icarus have been confused with
heterozygotes and vice-versa. In Brood 59/14, if normals and semi-
arcuata are counted together, the results are exactly those to be expected
from a back-cross between a heterozygote and homozygote melanotoza.

I have a strong feeling that absens is, in some way, associated with
melanotoxa. The form does not appear in the female but it seems to
turn up amongst the males with a frequency too great to be due to pure
chance. As a hypothesis, if absens is counted as an expression of
melanotoxa, Table 4 is modified as follows : —

TABLE 6.
Brood Total normal semi-arcuata melanotoxa
M F M F M F M F
59/9) BS BS) Gs) 116 2 (18) 7 14 (21) 3 13 (16)
59/13 14 10 (24) 8 — (8) 3 7 (10) 3 3 ( 6)
59/14 10 12 @2) 4 — (4) 2 1 (3) AGE onl ulin (tes)

This is even more difficult to interpret and also casts some doubt
upon the suggestion that Brood 59/14 is the result of a back-cross.
Though, in fact, the figures 7 and 15 differ hardly significantly from
equality (x2=2-9).

A summary of the basijuncta results is given below : —

TABLE 7.
Summary—ab. basijuncta
Brood Total Normal basijuncta
59/9 55 52 3
59/13 24 22 2
59/14 22 21 1
Total 101 95 6

This suggests that ab. basijwncta is certainly not a simple recessive.
It is significant that only one example occurred in Brood 59/14 amongst
the offspring of a well-marked basijuwncta female.

I can go no further than this, and I hope that someone with more
knowledge and experience than I will be able to produce a convincing
explanation of these results. At least the figures show that there is
still plenty of work to be done; when we’ve cleared up melanotoxa and
basijuncta, then we can start on costajuncta !

180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1X/1960

REFERENCES.

1) Tutt, J. W. British Butterflies, Vol. IV, p. 168.

2) Verity. Hntom., 37: 58, quoted by Tutt loc. cit.

3) Wheeler. Ent. Rec., 14: 58, quoted by Tutt loc. cit.
AMG Wi elOCe Clie soln A72:

5) Tutt, J. W. loc. sit., p. 154.

6) Jarvis, F. V. L. Ent. Rec., 70: 141.

7) Dyson, R. C. Ent. Rec., G4: 194.

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(8) Ford, E. B. Butterflies, p. 177.

A Norwegian Trip in Search of

Microlepidoptera
By S. N. A. Jacozss

It had been my intention this year to attend the World Entomological
Congress at Vienna, but as the year went on it became apparent that
I would have to make a business tour to Hamburg, Copenhagen, Oslo
and Bergen, so I decided that I would incorporate our holiday with this
tour.

My wife and I set out early on 6th July for Manston, whence we
flew with the car to Ostende. We took off at about 11 a.m. and by
11.45 we were driving hard across Belgium along the Brussels motor
road. We left this road just before Ghent taking the road for Antwerp,
passing through the Scheldt tunnel, and so more or less bypassing the
town, and on through Hertogenbosch, Arnhem and Nijmegen to Hengelo,
just before the German frontier, and here we spent the night in a very
pleasant hotel in quiet residential streets, which is mainly used by
engineers visiting this active and pleasant manufacturing town.

Early the following morning we set out on the road for Bremen,
much of our road lying through seductive woodland and less heavily
wooded sandy heathland which made a strong call to the entomologist
in. me; however, our hotel accommodation was booked for us in Copen-
hagen, Oslo and Bergen for the business trip and we had to press on
to keep up with the schedule. At Bremen we got on to the autobahn
for Hamburg where we paid our first business call. Finding the
required address was somewhat difficult owing to a combination of
many one-way streets and my somewhat shaky schoolboy German, both
of which helped to hamper our progress. However, our call made, we
eventually found our way on to the autobahn for Lubeck and pressed
on to Grossenbrode where, after an evening meal, we boarded the ferry
for Gedser in Denmark, and arrived there just before midnight of 7th
July. Though our Copenhagen accommodation was booked for that
date, we decided that it would be foolish to drive through the night,
and after despatching a telegram to the hotel from the ferry, we spent
the night at the motel at Gedser, departing early the following morning
for Copenhagen, arriving there shortly after 11 a.m. A quick change
into business clothes and the round of visits commenced. This side of
our visit was finished by mid-day on Saturday, 9th July, and we stayed
over the week-end before setting out for Oslo.

We then had the pleasure of meeting our old friend Carolsfeld-
Krausé, his wife, and their sprightly eleven-year-old daughter. I had
corresponded with ‘‘C-K’’ for many years before the war on the sub-

A NORWEGIAN TRIP IN SEARCH OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA 181

ject of Nepticula mainly, but this was my first meeting with him in the
flesh, and Mrs. Carolsfeld-Krausé had prepared a royal welcome for
us in their little modern house in the Vanlose district. Strange to say,
we each found the other exactly as we had been led to imagine the
other to be by our correspondence and were soon deep in discussion
on Nep. mines and genitalia dissections, to such a degree that our
respective wives were compelled to drag us to the dinner table almost
by physical force.

In the afternoon we all set out on a sight-seeing expedition to
Roskilde where, in the cathedral, lie all the Danish kings dating
back to the very early years, and our host, being a schoolmaster, was
able to give us a most interesting outline of Danish history.

On Sunday morning we again visited C-K and walked over one
of his near-home collecting grounds along a moat-like waterway to
some semi-bog scrubland, but insects other than Hyponomeuta
ewonymella L., which had done their best to defoliate the Pyrus acuparia
trees, were scarce; one or two Preris nayi L. and Aphantopus hyper-
antus L. were about all we saw. After lunch, we made our way
northward in the car to Hillered, and visited the famous Frederiksborg
Palace, formerly a royal residence, but now housing an exceedingly
fine collection of portraits and pictures illustrative of Danish history,
together with furniture, plate, and other household effects of historic
interest. Again our conductor gave us a most interesting account of
what we saw.

Sunday evening saw us gathered at dinner on the seventeenth floor
of the Europa Hotel, overlooking the greater part of Copenhagen. Our
adieux having been taken on driving our guests home, we set out on
the road again early on Monday, 11th July, for Oslo, making our way
along the east coast of Zealand to Elsinore, and crossing to Helsingor,
Sweden, by ferry. Here, we reverted to driving on the left hand side,
setting out along the Stockholm road, which we left shortly for
Gothenburg and Uddevalla and the Norwegian frontier where we
switched back to driving on the right hand side once more. I am
glad to say that this changing of sides worried me not at all, and on
our arrival at the Norwegian frontier we had to put our clocks on
another hour.

A few odd butterflies were seen on our way through Sweden: browns,
whites, and the odd red admiral, with a few of the larger fritillaries,
but accurate determination was, of course, not possible. Between
Gothenburg and Uddevalla, we ran into two almost tropical storms,
but otherwise, throughout our journey, the travelling weather was
good.

We duly reached Oslo after a very hard day’s drive, and were
glad to check in at our hotel and settle down to dinner, for it is our
habit when travelling to have but the merest snack between breakfast
and dinner. The following day we spent in business calls, and we
were taken to dinner at a charming lakeside restaurant near Vikesund;
the ravages of H. euonymellus were again apparent on all sides, and
an odd red admiral was seen (accounted for by double summer time),
and the ubiquitous Xanthorhoe montanata were about all the other
lepidoptera noted.

On the morning of 12th July we left Oslo for Bergen, and this was
our hardest drive for much of the road was unsurfaced macadam with

182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1X /1960

many potholes, and it is this feature which seems to account for the
slowness of Norwegian driving. Odd sections had been asphalted and
gave a beautiful smooth-running surface, but these areas occur mainly
in the towns and villages where there is a 40 km. speed limit anyhow.
We had been told by our host of the previous evening that ten and a
half hours of hard driving should see us in Bergen, including the
ferry from Kinsavik to Kavandal, but the journey took us a full two
hours longer. In Bergen, when me mentioned this to one of our
business friends he replied: ‘‘You should not take any notice of what
he says, he was a spitfire pilot in the Norwegian force with the R.A.F.
in the war’’.

A most welcome meal was available for us on our arrival at the
hotel about 11.30 p.m., and so to bed. The following day was occupied
with business visits, finishing up with dinner at the famous Fleyen
restaurant at the head of the funicular railway, overlooking Bergen,
with a view out to the open sea. The ever-changing light on the
surrounding hills and water made these views of continuous interest.

We made our final business calls on the morning of 13th, and in
the afternoon set out for our week’s holiday. All our Norwegian
friends had advised us to visit the Lillehammer district, so we booked
night accommodation at Leikanger, and for a week at Nordseter,
taking care also to book for the ferries from Vangsnes to Hellen across
the famous Sognefjord, and also back across the fjord from Kaupanger
to Laerdal. Leikanger, where we spent the night, lies between Hellen
and Kaupanger, and the country there consists of the typical small
farms. We were now on holiday, and could take things more easily,
so we had given ourselves two days to cover this threehundred odd mile
journey and, in spite of a faulty tyre causing slight delay while I
changed the wheels, we reached our Nordseter hotel in time for a
bath and change for dinner. Our journey from Leikanger lay through
Geilo, Gol, Dokka and Gjovik, and alongside the large lake to Lille-
hammer across the bridge. Lillehammer is a pleasant little town on
the lakeside, apparently relying on a large pulpmill, with its attendant
masses of pulpwood floating on the lake, for its main industry. Nord-
seter is fourteen kilometres to the north-west. The road rises sharply at
first in three hairpin bends, and then wanders upwards through farm
land at first and later through spruce woods until these woods thin
out to the high rocky moorland on which Nordseter stands. This is
really a winter sports resort, but the three largish hotels are open for
the summer trade, and small wooden houses and cottages with one
general shop and a kiosk for the sale of postcards and sweets make up
the village.

The moorland is covered with clumps of a small juniper determined
by my friend T. R. Eagles as Juniperus communis, and the curious
little mountain birch, Betula nana, with its small round leaves remind-
ing one of a maidenhair fern with half-inch leaves. JI understand that
this plant is the food of Nepticula nanivora Klim., but although the
moth flies in spring and is single brooded, the mines do not appear
before September, the larva probably going into diapause shortly after
hatching from the egg, but there is no proof of this and the matter is
still under research by the specialists.

After our first dinner here, the evening being fine, we set out for
a short stroll to evaluate the micro population and I saw many likely-

A NORWEGIAN TRIP IN SEARCH OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA 183

looking species, but as I had only half a dozen pillboxes in my pocket
and no net the catch was necessarily limited, but showed the population
to consist mainly of Ancylis, Argyroploce, Hucosma and Argyresthia
species, and my hopes were raised for the enjoyment of an active collect-
ing week. Saturday, 16th July, however, brought in a wet period, and
after driving into Lillehammer for yesterday’s ‘‘Daily Mail’’ and
“Telegraph”’ we set off along the main road northwards, and when well
clear of the town, we found a spot where my wife could walk and I
could look for Nep. mines, the only possible form of collecting in the
wet weather. On Pyrus aucuparia I found many short gallery mines
which should be N. nylandrella Tengstr. but Carolsfeld-Krausé was not
satisfied with them, considering the frass to be too heavy for that
species. I got four mines with green larvae in them, but although
a variety of pupating sites was offered, all were refused and the
larvae eventually, probably under a ‘‘beatnik’’ influence, settled down
to die without having made any attempt to spin up. This is most
disappointing as it will probably be a long time before I shall be in a
position to revisit this district. Most of the mines contained larvae
either dead from virus disease or eviscerated by one of the predatory
bugs or spiders. As elsewhere, H. ewonymellus was much in evidence
wherever Sorbus or Pyrus aucuparia bushes were to be found, the moths
even flying in the rain.

Birch showed a wide gallery mine, but I was too late in the season
for larvae.

In the afternoon we tried the Nordseter moorland, well armed with
plastic raincoats, and were successful in getting a few micros and saw
also one or two Zygaena exulans Hochenw.

On Sunday, 17th, a similar programme was followed, but on this
occasion we drove northwards on the other side of the lake, with similar
results excepting that the P. aucuwparia Nep. mines here were nearly
all blotch mines, reminiscent of those of N. plagigolella Stt., common
at home in the leaves of blackthorn and plum: these, C-K told me,
were N. sorbi Stt., but here again only one was found containing a
living larva. During a bright period in the afternoon, we again set
out to explore the moorland, this time taking another path leading
through woodland with occasional open boggy grassland, and I was
able to take one or two Boloria for our friend Alexander B. Klots of
New York.

Wednesday and Thursday turned out warm and fine in the sun, but
a cool breeze was blowing: Z. exulans positively erupted, being present
in thousands so that it was difficult to avoid treading on them. Daily
on the moor, wet or fine, we saw singles and pairs of Parasemia
plantaginis Linn., always in good condition, and we saw several webs,
probably of a Lasiocampid, with colonies of half-grown larvae, grey
with black spots, in close formation, side by side on the outside of the
web, and odd members from time to time giving a sudden twitch,
probably with the intention of frightening me. There was also an
Agrotid with black forewings and paper white hindwings, an excellent
example of dazzle camouflage, which flew up from under one’s feet
and flew very conspicuously for a few yards and then closed its wings
and dropped to the ground. Hmmelesia species were also seen.

Micros, when disturbed from the junipers and birches, had in
common a most annoying habit of flying off horizontally and suddenly,

184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1X/1960

without warning, taking a vertical dive into the sphagnum moss where
it was practically useless to pursue them for, even if found, they were
by then unrecognizable, and the damp moss was anything but good
for the pillboxes.

On the 20th we again took Monday’s moorland path where more
Boloria were taken, and an off-white black bordered Colias was seen,
probably C. paleno Linn. v. euwropome Esp. On a sharp grassy bank at
the end of this path I was pleased to find Crambus ericellus Hiibn., and
was also most gratified to take C. maculalis Zett., a spectacular black,
white-spotted species of the mountains. This was followed the next
day by three more typical specimens, and what I take to be a variety
of the species, the black being replaced by sooty brown and the white
pattern being extended and diffused over the disc; however, the fasciae
seemed to be similar to those of the typical specimens.

Almost everywhere where Populus tremula was to be found, the
trees were heavily infested by Phyllocnistis mines, probably suffusella
Zell. on the upper surface and sorhaugenella Liid. on the under surface:
the infestation was such that the trees gave the impression of a plum
tree with the silver leaf fungus. The top side mines gave the impression
of a slug having crawled over the leaf, while the underside mines were
more regular, being equally shallow, but with a regular central line
of frass. I separated the mines into top, bottom, and leaves with
both top and bottom mines but, unfortunately for me, the only lot
to produce imagines was that containing both upper and under mines,
so I have still to separate the species by other means.

I was struck by the apparent shortage of Pyralid moths other than
the Crambidae; Mesographe lutealis Hiibn. was common on the lower
levels in the hedges, but beside this, I only saw one Hurrhypara
hortulata Linn. (urticata Linn.), one Endotricha flammealis Schiff., and
- three Scoparia spp. so far unidentified. Of the plumes I took one
Platyptilia tesseradactyla Linn. one Oxyptilus hierachii Zell.: Platyp-
tilia ochrodactyla Hiibn. was to be seen about the tansy clumps and,
of course, Pterophorus pterodactylus Linn. was common along the
hedges.

When determinations have been completed I propose to publish
the list as a note to be taken with this account, but its immediate
inclusion would seem unessential.

I suppose that a proper conclusion to this account would be to say
that we left Nordseter in brilliant sunshine, but this was not the case,
it was cold and cloudy with occasional flurries of rain. The weather
cleared somewhat as we went south and we came in for three straw-
berry seasons; one in England, one in the Bergen district, and a
third on our way back through Hamar; the market was in full swing,
-with large quantities of fine strawberries.

We passed from Norway to Sweden through deserted frontier posts,
it being Saturday afternoon, and we reached Gothenburg in the rain
in comfortable time to spend the night there, setting off on Sunday
morning for Helsingor, Elsinore and Copenhagen, with another short
visit to C-K, with all too short discussion of my catch, especially the
Neps., and then on to Gedser and the ferry to Grossenbrode, where we
arrived after 11 p.m. to see Leucoma salicis L. flying in numbers round
the fluorescent lights surrounding the port offices (we had seen these as
larvae on the bushes at Grossenbrode on our way out), and I was

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 185

particularly taken by the range of size of the adults. Here, to add
to the variety, we spent a comfortable night at a fisherman’s cottage,
all the orthodox accommodation having been booked before our arrival.
I would complement the village on having an accommodation organizer
who took considerable trouble to see that we got a bed for the night.
After a leisurely breakfast we set out once more to drive through
Germany, mostly by autobahn with the headaches previously described
in traversing the space between the end of one and the beginning of
the next. We followed our outward road, and again fetched up at
Hengelo for the night, then on to Antwerp, where we called on
resident cousins, and so to Ostende, Manston and home on the
following day.

It is strange, and I re-experienced the feeling while writing this
account, of the difficulty of realizing that starting out in the morning,
driving a long distance and arriving in the evening are all parts of the
same day! One feels that one should arrive on the day after departure.

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hueetns, F.R.E.S.

PYRAUSTA PERLUCIDALIS HUBN. AND OTHERS. On June 25th, 1960,
my friend Mr. A. J. Dewick took a specimen of perlucidalis in his moth
trap on Bradwell-on-Sea; he rang me up recently and I have checked
the identity of the moth for him. It was almost certainly a member of
a immigrant rush that lasted three days, June 24th-26th. On the 24th
there were over 120 Leucoma salicis Linn. and one Dioryctria
splendidella H.-S., on the 25th 40 salicis and the perlucidalis, and on the
26th over 20 salicis and one of the large light continental form of [tame
fulvaria Vill. J should here mention that although Mr. Dewick has
used an immense light trap since the end of the war, lt by mercury
vapour for the past ten years, in all that time he has previously
taken only 3 salicis.

On July 3rd Mr. Chalmers-Hunt netted another perlucidalis in
Kent flying by day, and Mr. D. ffennel! captured a very worn but
recognizable specimen at Southwold in Suffolk on August bank holiday.
Ali these specimens were taken after the Wood Walton brood was nearly
ov quite over; it was fully out this year on June 4th.

I think that it is a fair inference that like Loxostege sticticalis Linn.,
L. palealis Schiff. and Evergestis extimalis Scop., perlucidalis is an
immigrant to this country which forms a colony under favourable con-
ditions. As is well known, extimalis is at present common in a locality
near Higham where it was for many years completely unknown, whilst
palealis was from 1930-40 so common near here that I could kick up
fifty in an hour, and there were literally thousands of larvae, two or
three in every wild carrot head. It is completely gone from there now,
as is the large colony of sticticalis I found near Tuddenham in 1955, and
that insect has now returned to its customary one or two a day in the
Brecks. In that year, significantly enough, Mr. Dewick took sticticalis
at Bradwell-on-Sea.

186 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, von. 72 15/1X/1960

It seems, therefore, quite possible that the Wood Walton colony is
of fairly recent origin which removes a difficulty which has always
occupied my mind.

As is well known, for many years prior to his death in 1947, J. C. F.
Fryer (Sir John Fryer, K.B.E.) and H. M. Edelsten were doing in-
tensive work at Wood Walton on Hydrillula palustris Hibn., carrying
on through what we now know to be the emergence time of perlucidalis.
These two were both indefatigable and brilliant collectors, and both
greatly interested in Pyralid and Plume moths, especially Fryer, who
was keener on them than on any other group.

When the discovery of perlwcidalis was first announced, it was taken
for granted that they had passed it over as Perinephela fuscalis Schiff.
for which insect Mr. Mere, its discoverer, first took it. In this con-
nection it must be remembered that Mr. Mere had at that date only
recently begun to interest himself in the group, and had no acquaint-
ance with fuscalis. When, however, thanks to Mr. Mere’s kindness, I
visited Wood Walton and saw perlucidalis alive, I could not imagine
how Fryer, with whom [I had often collected, could have overlooked it,
especially as Mr. Mere’s first specimens were netted at dusk, and not
taken at m.v. light. When alive, perlucidalis has no resemblance to
fuscalis, it looks indeed like a tiny Notarcha ruralis Scop., except for
the spot on the forewings. It belongs to the class of Pyrales that sit
with their wings extended like ruralis, Hurrhypara hortulata Linn. and
Phlyctaenia sambucalis Schiff., and not in a triangle like fuscalis,
Phlyctaenia lutealis Hiibn. and Pyrausta olivalis Schiff. The only
insect to which it has a superficial resemblance in life is Microstega
pandalis Hibn., from which, however, it is at once distinguished by its
much whiter more transparent wings, apart from the spot.

It seems to me probable, therefore, that the Wood Walton colony
. is of comparatively recent origin and has at any rate greatly increased
in numbers since 1946, when Fryer last visited the fen.

Fryer not only had a very good eye for an insect, but was exceed-
ingly clever at breeding. When he, Capt. Cyril Diver, and myself
found Crambus contaminellus Hiibn. and Harpalia fulvalis Hitibn. at
Parkestone in 1932, we agreed to leave their life histories to him;
he bred both successfully. He also re-discovered Hucnaemidophorus
rhododactylus Schiff. at Chatteris and Phycita boisduvaliella Guen. at
Southwold in the 1920s, when both were lost insects and no doubt all
will remember his discovery of Nonagria neurica Hiibn. in Kast Anglia.

I wonder how many now remember his gay and brilliant personality;
even Cockayne once told me that if Fryer differed from him, he im-
mediately re-examined his own point of view, a compliment that was
paid to few!

We collected together in many parts of the south of England, the
last time in July 1939 when I took him to see Anania nubilalis Hibn.
at Benfleet and in 1946 we were planning an Irish expedition, which
was frustrated by his premature death in the following year. Fryer was
delightful to collect with; he was always amusing, he had a light dry
humour quite distinct from the flow of animal high spirits that
characterised Clutterbuck and Fassnidge, gaiety is the exact word.

He and Cockayne together were fun; I compared them with Wilde
and Whistler, the one full of amiable wit, whilst the other liked to get
home with the point every now and then.

LEPIDOPTERA: SOME UNUSUAL LARVAL FOODPLANTS 187

Lepidoptera: Some Unusual Larval Foodplants
By P. A. Desmonp Lanxrtres, F.R.E.S.

The examination of plants over a period of time may occasionally
result in the discovery of larvae feeding on plant species either little
known to be, or not previously recorded as their food, and with the
less polyphagous species of Lepidoptera, this information can be useful
as well as interesting.

The following account comprises some observations of this kind
selected from the writer’s experience.

1. Mimas tiliae L.

The Radio Times for 22nd August 1952 published a letter from a
Mr. George A. Hastain of Worthing who, in expressing his appreciation
of a then recent nature programme, recalled how ‘‘many years ago’’
he accidentally discovered a larva of J. tiliae feeding on cherry. Mr.
Hastain added that he had always thought this to be most unusual,
for he had never seen nor heard it stated that cherry is one of the
foodplants of that caterpillar.

The present writer hadn’t either, and having a nearly full-grown
larva of this species in captivity at the time at Ealing, and a cherry
tree available in the garden, an experiment was promptly arranged.

The larval quarters were cleared, and the larva supplied with fresh
sprays of lime and cherry leaves of approximately equal size and
quantity. It was found that the larva not only accepted the cherry
readily in the presence of the lime, but for three days fed steadily
o1 both without apparent discrimination.

The larva ceased feeding on 25th August, assumed its pre-pupal
colours and sought to go to earth: it pupated successfully on the 31st.

2. Orgyia antiqua L.

During the years 1928-31, larvae of this species were noted regularly
oa Pyrocanthus (firethorn) in the Ealing district and some of these were
reared to adults on this attractive plant alone.

As Mr. P. B. M. Allan’s useful book on foodplants informs that the
species feeds on most native deciduous trees and shrubs, perhaps it
is not surprising that it should have been found to have adopted
Pyrocanthus as well. It is thought worthy of mention here however,
because during the years 1952-58 the writer was again resident in the
Faling district, and noted that while larvae of O. antiqua were as
abundant as ever, they were perhaps most frequently seen on lime,
rather less often on hawthorn and other plants, but never once during
this period on Pyrocanthus, yet both lime and Pyrocanthus were
probably as abundantly grown in this district some twenty or so years
previously as during the later period mentioned. Many individual
plants of these two species known from earlier days were indeed clearly
recognised by one feature or another during the later period.

Whether this apparent avoidance was due to any change in the
constitution of the Pyrocanthus, the antiqua larvae, to selection
exercised by different races of antiqua, to chance dispersal of the
sedentary females and therefore of their ova, or to lack of sufficiently
wide observation is an open question, but perhaps larvae of this
species might accept Pyrocanthus readily enough as an alternative
food in captivity.

188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1X/1960

Possibly rather more surprising was the recent discovery of two
larvae of this species feeding on broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius)
ia Hast Oxford; in captivity they continued to feed on this plant,
spinning up on the 28th July and 2nd August 1960 to produce re-
spectively ¢ and 9 pupae within three days of spinning.

In the way of low-growing plants, Mr. Allan gives mention of the
monocotyledonous sedges and rushes as a food of the species, while
it will be recalled that the docks are dicots.

3. Hipparchus papilionaria L.

During the early part of one of the years 1928-31, it is not now
recalled which year, some five or six larvae of this species were found
on Pyrocanthus at Ealing and subsequently raised on this food alone
in captivity. They duly spun up and the pupae were eventually trans-
ferred to a roomy but rather battered cardboard box. Enquiries as
to the box’s whereabouts a few days later, however, revealed that,
deemed virtually empty and of little use, it had been disposed of.

Mr. Allan gives birch, beech, alder, hazel and broom as foodplants
of this species.

4 Abraxas grossulariata L.

This observation is really a negative record aimed at bringing to
the fore an old mention of ‘“Rhamnus”’ as a foodplant of the species by
Kappel and Kirby, though they do not state whether this was observed
oa the continent or in Britain, and it could have been either from the
nature of their work.

In 1958 a young brood of this species from Oxfordshire was offered
Rhamnus frangula in captivity but rejected it in the face of starvation.
After some ten days of wandering over the plant without feeding, they
were given sloe on which, avidly attacking it on arrival, they quickly
recovered, and were returned to this plant in the wild.

Mr. Allan’s collected records do not include Rhamnus, but that is
not to say that one or other species of buckthorn may not be acceptable
to the species in some regions.

5. Biston betularia L.

South gives oak, birch, elm, beech, sallow, plum and other fruit
trees, a list to which Stokoe adds bramble and rose, and Hyde, lilac,
while Allan states that the larva has been found on almost every species
of native deciduous tree and shrub.

Of these four authors, however, Mr. Hyde is the only one to give
a foodplant which is not a tree, shrub or bush, for he also mentions,
and figures, a larva found feeding on golden rod in his garden.

If the present writer wished to find this species in suburban London,
he would first turn his attention to the leafy shoots round the boles of
lime trees, for it was in such places particularly that the larvae were
commonly found by him in Ealing during 1952-58, and while this tree
is not specified by South or Stokoe, it is by Newman and Leeds.

The last place he would have looked though, would have been well
towards the middle of a sizeable lucerne field, yet it was in such a
place in North Berkshire that, on 3rd October 1959, the writer found
one accidentally while examining lucerne leaves for ova of another
species. The nearest trees were those bordering one side of the field

LEPIDOPTERA: SOME UNUSUAL LARVAL FOODPLANTS 189

at least two hundred feet away, and these were nearly all beech, a
normal foodplant, and one from which the larva could conceivably
have strayed. It was a green form larva, whose colour very closely
matched the lucerne stem to which it clung.

In captivity the larva fed readily on lucerne alone until 9th October,
when it began to wander. On the 10th it was found to have settled
among some chips of dry oak bark where it duly pupated on the 15th.
The moth that emerged on 19th March 1960 was a Q of the carbonaria
form. While May and June seem more normal times for the imaginal
appearance, this pupa was not only formed above ground in an exposed
position, but was kept in a warm room through the winter so the
eclosion date is not so surprising.

6. Gonodontis bidentata Clerck.

While Allan sums up the food for this species by saying that the
larva has been found on almost every species of native deciduous tree,
and also on larch, bilberry, juniper, broom and tree lichens, the follow-
ing note may be of interest.

The species was common in Ealing from 1952-58 and the ¢¢ were
regular visitors at ordinary electric light. In the summer of 1957,
however, a @Q attracted to light deposited a solitary egg on a large
potted black currant bush by the window. The larva was permitted to
continue its development on this plant. While young, it nearly always
returned to the stem base between feeding periods and lurked there for
much of the day close to the soil. In its later stages though, it chose
to rest on the outside wall of the house, climbing down and through
the open window to feed on the bush, more often and for longer periods
during the evening, but occasionally for relatively short periods by
day as well. One day, when almost if not quite fully fed, it failed to
return. »

7. Heterogenea asella Schiff.

During one of the summers of 1929-31, whilst the leaves of a long
row of poplar trees were being examined near Seaford, Sussex, a larva
of this species was found. No more larvae of the same species were
revealed by the adjacent trees that day, but a later examination of the
tree on which the original find was made produced at least one more
larva. These distinctive larvae were quite large when taken and were
fed for some weeks in captivity on poplar, but they failed to survive.
Although the year is no longer certain (part of each of the summers
mentioned was spent in this locality, but no contemporaneously written
account exists now), the month was almost certainly July; it so happens
it could not have been later in any case, and it is very unlikely to have
been any earlier.

To quote South on this species, he says of the larva that it ‘“‘.. . is
found, by searching, in August and until October, on the foliage of
beech and oak. Birch has also been mentioned as a foodplant, and on
the continent it is said to feed on poplar, lime, hazel and hornbeam’’.
When the larvae mentioned were discovered the writer was rather
young, but also well enough acquainted with South’s works. As the
larva had been reported as feeding on poplar on the continent, and
favourable conditions are well known to hasten the life-cycles of some

190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, voL. 72 15/1X/1960

species, the incident was then thought probably not to be very remark-
able.

This opinion has since been revised however, for firstly, despite the
many poplars examined since those days, no larva of this species was
ever rediscovered feeding on their leaves. Secondly, no other record of
the species feeding on poplar in Britain has been found, though
looked for (incidentally, Mr. Allan’s book, compiled as it is from many
records, unfortunately cannot help here, as no reference appears to
have been made therein to the Zygaenidae, Limacodidae, Cossidae,
Hepialidae or Sesiidae). Thirdly, despite the above remarks about
favourable conditions as a possible reason for July larvae, the fact
must also be recalled that they were in an advanced state of develop-
ment when found (and as mentioned, this was not later than July),
which indicates that oviposition must have been remarkably early.

Reflecting on these points then, one might wonder if these larvae
could have been the progeny of a female of continental racial origin, for,
apart from the matter of the foodplant, if some of the continental
races should perhaps habitually breed a little earlier in the year on their
home territory, it seems probable that they would attempt to do the
same here under comparable conditions. The locality mentioned is also
coastal, and while no evidence of migration appears to have been
collected by Dr. Williams for this species, such an act is one possibility
among the several methods of transference that might be considered in
attempting to account for this record.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Allan, P. B. M. 1949. Larval Foodplants, pp. 27, 83, 111, 114.

Hyde, G. E. 1951. A Pocket-book of British Moths, pp. 118, 133.

Kappel, A. W. & Kirby, W. E. 1895. British and European Butterflies and
Moths, p. 189.

- Newman, L. W. & Leeds, H. A. 1913. Textbook of British Butterflies and Moths,
p. 89.

South, R. 1923. The Moths of the British Isles, pp. 302, 346.

Stokoe, W. J. 1948. The Caterpillars of the British Moths, p. 196.

Williams, C. B. 1930. The Migration of Butterflies, pp. 1-473.

. 1958. Insect Migration, pp. 1-235.

A Note on Lampides boeticus Linn.
By W. L. CoLERIpGE

In early July of this year I returned from France, bringing with me
some flower buds of the everlasting pea Lathyrus latifolius in which
were a few larvae of Lampides boeticus Linn. the long-tailed blue.

On arriving home, I found that owing to the intense heat while
traversing France, the flower buds had rotted down to a sticky mess
and I could only discover two larvae, both in the last instar. I put
these in a fresh container with the only two peduncles of flower buds
which had not completely rotted; each of these had four buds which
I examined most carefully, but no more larvae were to be found on or
in them.

The next day, July 13th, I went to the sea cliff above Meadfoot,
Torquay, to get some more of the foodplant. I picked all the flower
buds I could see, and next morning tipped these into the container with

COENOTEPHRIA SAGITTATA FABR. IN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE 19]

the two larvae from France, and removed the two, by now dead,
flower buds I had brought from France.

Two days later, on examining the container, I found six larvae,
the two full fed original ones and four smaller ones, the latter in the
penultimate instar, which I am quite sure were not there before. I
examined the plastic bag in which I had brought the foodplant from
Meadfoot and found two pellets of frass.

I again went to Meadfoot and picked every flower head I could
see—only a few as I had practically cleared the few straggling plants
on the previous occasion. These were carefully examined but no
further larvae were found.

I have found this butterfly to be present all over France wherever
the foodplant is growing, but owing to its quick darting flight and
dingy colour, it is exceedingly difficult to see, even when one is watching
for it. The larvae, which feed inside the flower buds, are also difficult
to detect, and it may well be that this species is not so rare in England
as it is thought to be.

It is an interesting coincidence that where I picked the foodplant
is only about half a mile from where the late Mr. W. Kerr, whom I
knew well, took three specimens of this butterfly in his garden some
thirty-four years ago.

There is no question about the identity of the larvae as all four
butterflies emerged from the pupae between August 5th and 9th. I
did not report the matter previously because I was not quite sure of the
identity of the larvae.

I have been to France collecting some six or seven times since
the war and have been on the lookout for L. boeticus, but until this
year, I saw none. This year, having once seen it, I found it on
practically every patch of its foodplant in France, but it needs good
sight and patient watching for it.

The Gnoll, Bishopsteignton, S. Devon. 15.viii.1960.

Coenotephria sagittata Fabr. in Nottinghamshire
By R. Farrctouer

While I was attending a Ministry of Education Course at Retford
in the second half of July, I had the good fortune to accompany Mr.
F. R. Hall, a Nottingham botanist, on a brief field meeting to the
north of the county in one of the afternoon breaks. We arrived in the
area to be met by a thunderstorm and, after the rain ceased, we had
not much more than half an hour before we were deluged again. Mr.
Hall had pointed out a flowering plant of the Meadow Rue growing by
the roadside ditch just before we arrived, and when we came across a
plant which was in seed on our short walk, I naturally looked at it
with interest, though with no thought of finding larvae of the Marsh
Carpet.

A friend and I have often talked of the difficulties of finding this
species, and indeed at one time we wondered whether it had dis-
appeared altogether. We were delighted when Mr. G. M. Haggett
made known his re-discovery of larvae in Norfolk a few years ago.
The moth must be having a periodic increase in numbers for it has been

found in other places as well.

192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1TX/1960

I therefore examined the plant before me just to see what the seeds
looked like and was about to turn away when I spotted a tiny larva
sitting in a doubled-up position on one of the stalks. This led to the
discovery of eight in all on the one plant. My interest in the botany
became confined to Thalictrum, and I had time to search a big clump
of the plants where I found four larger larvae before we had to retire.
The following afternoon I returned and examined the not-too-plentiful
plants over a distance of a mile along the waterway. These were not
obvious for there was a thick growth of other vegetation. Larvae were
found on only two of the seed heads. The larvae fed quickly and had
pupated by the 31st July.

I am not aware that sagittata has ever been recorded from Notting-
hamshire, a locality farther north than those given in the books. I am
pretty sure that it must also occur in Lincolnshire. On a general note,
one wonders again what is the distribution of many of our moths.
There are so many entomologically unexplored areas in the British Isles.

14.viii.60.

Current Notes

Some of our readers may have looked a little askance at a letter
headed ‘Chemical Sprays’ by Emeritus Professor J. W. Munro in The
Times on 2nd August last. ‘‘I do not know’’, he wrote, “nor can I
find anywhere in the literature of the subject, a single instance where
any species anywhere has been wiped out by the use of chemical sprays’’.
We ourselves could tell him of several small colonies of not-too-common
plants which have been obliterated by the use of sprays in fields which
we know. Perhaps most botanists have had similar experiences. It
“seems unlikely that anyone would take the trouble to record such a
happening since the plants which inhabit, in this island, single and
very restricted habitats can be counted on the fingers of two hands.
Moreover, the habitats of most of these very rare species are far re
moved from places where spraying is carried on But it is with the
second paragraph of Professor Munro’s letter that we deal here.

‘Instances both of birds and insects which have been destroyed by
the ruthless ‘collecting’ of ‘naturalists’,’’ the Professor continued, “‘are
known, however. The fates of the osprey and of the swallow-tailed
butterfly are examples of that’’. As for the Order Lepidoptera we
take leave to doubt if the ruthless collecting of naturalists has had
anything whatever to do with the present absence of Papilio machaon
L. from some of its former haunts. But as its habitats preserve it
from the ruthless spraying of farmers its decline is still to be attri-
buted to the ruthless collector, if we have interpreted the Professor’s
meaning correctly.

‘Collectors’ form an infinitesimal portion of a lepidopteron’s pre-
dators. Some moths lay 2,000 eggs, and the proportion of mature
insects resulting therefrom rarely exceeds one per cent. Then the
bats and birds start to work. And, of course, there are various cala-
mities which destroy entire broods; so that the population of a species
in a habitat may remain more or less stationary, fluctuating only be-

CURRENT NOTES 193

tween the normal limits of the species. This is fortunate for market
gardeners and for all who grow vegetables. If no insect had other
predators than collectors this earth would be uninhabitable by human
beings and indeed by all herbivorous animals—and by the carnivores
which feed upon the herbivores! The ecologists tell us (though collec-
tors don’t need any telling) that within quite narrow limits every insect
has its normal population density in each one of its habitats (though
as Dr. R. A. Fisher pointed out some years ago the factors which
govern the size of a population in any habitat are not so simple as
some of us had thought). But, broadly speaking, if one or other of
the predators fails or if there is a physical change in the state of the
habitat advantageous to the species, we all notice—in the case of butter-
flies—how common the species has become.

But in the case of the smaller butterflies it is only the entomo-
logist who notices these fluctuations in population density and there
is no doubt that some of the smaller butterflies are affected adversely
by sprays. In some places crop sprays windblown over hedges do un-
doubtedly affect not only species that feed on hedgerow shrubs but
those which inhabit the roadside verges. Thus a certain number of
larvae in such situations are destroyed; for even if some of the larvae
rest on the undersides of leaves the plants themselves are often killed.
Of this we had ocular evidence last year, the verges of a flowery country
lane being destroyed, and hideously destroyed, for about one mile. We
enquired at a nearby cottage and were told that the adjacent fields, on
both sides of the lane, had been sprayed with ‘weed-killer’. No speci-
men of the Small Copper, once common there, was seen.

Some years ago Allan pointed out (Entomologist, 76 (1948), p. 47)
that every species of Lepidoptera seems to have what he called a ‘‘sur-
vival density’’ and that if the population in a particular habitat falls
below this density the species must either emigrate or become extinct
in that place. This is probably what happened in the case of the
Large Copper, the Black-veined White, the Mazarine Blue and several
other species which have become extinct during the last hundred years.
In days gone by the Large Copper seems to have ranged widely through
our island, from the Channel to Yorkshire, from Norfolk to Monmouth-
shire, wherever there were large fens in which its larval foodplant
flourished. It was only when it had become extinct everywhere but
in the Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire fenland that
collectors set the fenmen (and women and children) to work, offering
so many pence apiece for the caterpillars, that collecting began to play
a part in the extinction of this species. But we doubt if even this
concerted attack really played much of a part, for there were still
other large expanses of fenland (e.g. in Lincolnshire) where also the
species was dwindling to extinction. It was the physical factor of
climate that brought about extinction, even as it did in the cases of
the Black-veined White and Mazarine Blue. Certainly it was not the
ruthless collecting of naturalists.

As for the birds we doubt if the bird-stuffer or egg-collector played
any considerable part in the near-extinction of the kite since old writers

194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1X/1960

tell us that in the middle ages it was commonly to be seen scavenging
in the streets of London. Were there bird-stuffers and egg-collectors
in those days? And were ospreys and white-tailed eagles likewise
persecuted by these same enthusiasts? It seems unlikely: if so, why
did they not also exterminate the golden eagle? ‘Springes’ did not
reduce the numbers of our nesting woodcocks though they obliterated
the ruff, and cultivation has driven the bustards away. But in spite
of the ruthless egg-collector and bird-stuffer the bittern still holds its
own and booms its joie de vivre in many a marshy spot, even at Ham-
mersmith not so long ago.

Notes and Observations

EcHoES FROM THE Past.—With reference to Mr. P. A. Desmond
Lanktree’s remarks (antea. 120), The Standard was a well-known London
daily at the turn of the century. I remember it well, for my father
took it regularly for several years. He was a City man and thought
highly of its financial columns: I was more interested in its reports of
county cricket matches, which I thought excellent. As we were taking
it in 1899, I probably read the letters quoted by Mr. Lanktree when
they were published, for I was just beginning to collect lepidoptera
with the enthusiasm of a schoolboy. I still have contemporary notes
in my own writing, stating that I found P. brassicae L. ‘‘very scarce’’
in 1899 and 1900, but ‘‘abundant’’ in 1901, and WM. stellatarum UL.
‘abundant’? in 1899. I believe these records bear out the accuracy of
this last observation, and I did not see the species again in such
numbers until 1947.

Again referring to Mr. Lanktree’s article, he will be interested to
hear that Strymonidia pruni I. still exists in the area he mentioned
(l.c., p. 124), although not in the exact place where it was discovered.
May I refer him to my note on this discovery (Ent. Rec., 68: 99)?—H.
Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 21.v.1960.

PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA: A Late EHMerGEeNce.—About midnight on
5th December 1959 I collected a freshly emerged male at rest in the
lighted porch of a building at Bray, near Maidenhead. The evening
was mild, and the moth was in the company of many male C. brumata.—
G H. B. Ottver, ‘‘Corydon’’, Amersham Road, Hazelmere, High
Wycombe, Bucks.

LEPTIDIA SINAPIS L. AB. GANEREW.—On 29th May I caught a specimen
of the above in Northants. It is a male and, unfortunately, rather
worn. I would be interested to know whether ganerew is the insect’s
proper name; if so, by whom and when was it first described? As a
name for an insect it sounds improbable and I have always understood
that Ganerew is the name of the place in Herefordshire where it was
first discovered by A. B. Farn (vide Ent. Rec., 68: 155). How fortunate
that it was not the place with 52 letters which I can neither remember
or pronounce—far less spell.—Lt. Col. W. A. C. Carrer, Briarfields,
Sandels Way, Beaconsfield, Bucks. 18.vi.1960.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 195

AN Improvep GLASS OVEN SUITABLE For BakinGc LARVAL SKINS AND
OrHER BroLtocicaL Mareriat.—This oven is made of heat resistant glass,
the electric element being sealed in vacuum to give it indefinite life.
The outer jacket is silvered so that most of the infra-red rays are
reflected on to the material in the baking chamber. It is connected
direct to mains and after a few minutes reaches a temperature of
250° C.

This oven possesses the following points of superiority over other
such pieces of apparatus:

1. Providing it is not dropped it will give indefinite service.

2. Infra-red rays are used, which have a greater drying effect than
most other forms of heat.

3. It can readily be cleaned by inverting, filling with soda solution
and connecting to power supply.

4. If temperature control is required (that is, up to 250° C.) this
may be effected by using a variable resistance in series and read-
ing the temperature by a thermometer slid through a hole in the
corked entrance. The thermometer does not need to be removed
but only withdrawn until the required calibration is past the
silvered part of the glass. Withdrawal will often not be necessary
as the calibration will be visible anyway.

5. Similarly, the subject may be inspected without removal from
the oven.

6. The temperature may be approximately adjusted to any required
level without the use of a variable resistance. The current is
switched on until the required temperature is reached, and on
switching off, it will be found that this temperature will be main-
tained for a considerable time, as with a thermos flask.

This piece of apparatus has been designed with the help of a glass-
blower acquaintance who would be pleased to make the apparatus at a
reasonable cost. I would be pleased to hear from anyone interested.—
L. G. Stimson, 26 Pemberton Road, Lyndhurst, Hants.

GONODONTIS BIDENTATA VAR. NIGRA PRoUT IN WESTMORLAND.—A fine
male of this variety came to my light trap in Kendal on 27.v.1960. Re-
cords of this variety in Westmorland are few and this occurrence there-
fore seems worth recording. The type form is very common and shows
considerable variation in both ground colour and markings. So far
as concerns var. nigra I can find only two other Westmorland records.
R. Adkin exhibited specimens of nigra from Westmorland at the South
London Entomological Society in 1897 (Hntom., xxx, 327). There is also,
in the record books of the old Kendal Entomological Society, a record of
a specimen taken by R. H. Mallinson at Windermere in 1911. In his
diaries, in my possession, the late Dr. R. C. Lowther of Grange-over-
Sands states :—‘‘No nigra at Witherslack’’; nor does he record its occur-
. rence at Grange. The Rev. J. Vine Hall tells me he has never seen
nigra in this district nor has Mr. J. Heath of Grange—both active
workers at the present day.

The variety is reasonably common in both Yorkshire and South
Lancashire and one wonders if it is in process of spreading to this dis-
trict.—Dr. Nevinie L. Brrxetrt, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 11.vi.1960.

196 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1X/ 1960

CoLiaAs HYALE LL. oN THE ConTINENT.—Our editor, when writing to
me recently with news of the entomological world at home, remarked
that such was the state of affairs that he was even thrilled recently by
the sight of seven P. napi disporting themselves on the railway embank-
ments ‘between Bromley and London. From this I gather that
butterflies at any rate are scarce at home which is probably only to be
expected after last summer’s scorching weather.

Here on the continent, or at least in this part of Germany, butterflies
of all sorts are also by no means common, with one notable exception.

This exception is Colias hyale L. which has appeared in numbers—
I first became aware of what I have assumed to be a northerly migration
when i saw several specimens of both sexes flying over the meadows
that flank the river Ahr in the Eifel south of Cologne on 8th May.
These first specimens were very worn and the females only too glad to
start depositing at once. Since this very early date their numbers have
continued to build up very considerably, and over the Whitsun holiday,
when my wife and I were camping in the Hifel, hyale was to be seen
everywhere in the greatest profusion. Curiously, the majority of
specimens were now in good condition.

Perhaps this may yet be a hyale year in England, and by the autumn
provide our editor with something more exciting to look at as he travels
between his home and London !—Major General C. G. Lipscoms, Cologne.
10.v1.1960.

AGROTIS EXCLAMATIONIS LINN. VAR. PLAGA STEPH. IN CUMBERLAND.—
Two years ago I trapped an example of the extreme form of this
variety at Great Orton in Cumberland. Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell told
me it was extremely rare, in the light of which statement, it is
_ interesting to record that three more came to my m.v. light here at
Penrith last year, while another three were captured this year. Last
night a further specimen flew to the lights at the B.B.C. station at
Skelton, Cumberland, and was brought to me for identification.—W.
F. Davipson, 9 Castlegate, Penrith, Cumberland. 5.v11.1960.

HyGROCHROA SYRINGARIA LINN. AND CALOCAMPE UNDULATA HUBN. IN
CUMBERLAND.—These two moths, considered to be local and rare in
Cumberland, were caught in July of this year at the lights of the B.B.C.
station at Skelton.—W. F. Davipson, 9 Castlegate, Penrith, Cumber-
land. 5.vii.1960.

CHRYSOLINA MARGINATA LINN. AND C. BRUNSVICENSIS GR. (Cot.
CHRYSOMELINAE) NraR PenritH.—Last year I swept a Chrysomelid
beetle from a grassy bank at the top of an occupation lane leading from
Cumrew village to Cumrew Fell in Cumberland. Doubts about its
identity led me to send it to Mr. H. B. Britton, who identified it as
Chrysolina marginata Linn., a species of which there are only two
previous records for the county, one of them early last century. This
summer I took another species of the same genus on Hypericum, near
Cliburn, which is in Westmorland though only six miles from Penrith.
Mr. F. H. Day confirmed this as C. brunsvicensis Gr. I have no access
to the Westmorland list, but this species has not yet been recorded
from Cumberland.—W. F. Davipson, 9 Castlegate, Penrith. 5.vii.1960.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 197

HerRsE CONVOLVULI L. AT KENDAL, WESTMORLAND.—Two schoolboys.
John Bateman and David Cottam, brought me a male specimen of
Herse convolvuli which they had just found to-day resting on the out-
side of an hotel in Kendal. The specimen is rather worn and the left
antenna is missing. The left forewing also exhibits a rather curious
abnormality in that there is a small round hole through the wing just
proximal to the origins of veins 8 and 9. At first [ thought this hole
was an artefact but closer examination revealed that the margin con-
sisted of a well-chitinised ring.

Migrant lepidoptera have not been very plentiful this summer and
perhaps the present occurrence augurs well for the autumn.—Dr.
Nevitte L. Birkett, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 9.viii.1960.

ITAME FULVARIA VILL. (BRUNNEATA THUNB.) IN SuRREY.—It may
be of interest to record that a male specimen of [. fulvaria came to my
m.v. trap on the night of 27th June last. The moth, which was in
poor condition, was rather large and pale in colour, and may well
have been of continental origin.—J. L. MesseNncER, Stonehaven,
Wormley, Godalming, Surrey. 10.viii.1960.

MALACOSOMA CASTRENSIS L. AND SPAELOTIS RAVIDA ScuHiFrF. NEAR
SoutHwoLtp.—When on 30th July last Mr. J. L. Messenger and I
were collecting in a marsh on the Suffolk coast a little north of South-
wold, unexpected arrivals at our light were single examples of Mala-
cosoma castrensis L. and Spaelotis ravida Schiff.

M. castrensis has, of course, a very restricted distribution in Britain.
It is purely coastal, its headquarters being in the salt marshes round
the Thames estuary and up the coast of Essex. Vinter, in his hist
of the Lepidoptera of Suffolk (1937), reports it from Bawdsey and
Shingle Street in the south of the county, where many were bred from
larvae in 1905 and it still occurred until at least 1928, and at earlier
dates from Aldeburgh, rather further north. But our Southwold record
is a northward extension of fifteen miles in its known range. Meyrick
also gives Yorkshire for it, but I have been unable to trace the basis for
this: there is no mention of the species in Porritt’s ‘‘Yorkshire Lepi-
doptera’’ (2nd edition, 1904). Elsewhere, Adkin states that a colony
was discovered in the marshes near Hastbourne, Sussex, in 1926, but I
do not know if it still exists.

Records of S. ravida from any part of Suffolk can be numbered on
the fingers of one hand. The last I know of is of two examples at
light at Sotterley in 1935, which is within six miles of Southwold. I
do not share the view which is sometimes expressed that most British
S. ravida are immigrants or their immediate offspring, and I think
that further work might reveal the presence of an established colony in
the marshes round Southwold, which look very suitable for it.—R. F.
BRETHERTON, Ottershaw, Surrey. 18.viii.1960.

EUPITHECIA IRRIGUATA HUBNER IN SURREY.—Since it is often said that
Eupithecia irriguata Hiibner is now almost restricted to the New
Forest, it is worth reporting that Mr. J. L. Messenger and I obtained
one at light in a wood near Chiddingfold on 14th May last, and we
got another on 20th May in the same place. Both were in quite good
condition, despite the late date.—R. F. BretHErRton, Ottershaw, Surrey.
18.vi1i.1960.

198 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1X/1960

Scarce [IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN INVERNESS-SHIRE.—Three rare
species of immigrant have recently turned up in Badenoch, which is
not on the usual routes of these insects. On 17th July, while I was in
the South, a male Acherontia atropos li. was brought to Dr. C. B.
Williams at Kincraig from Laggan. Then about 6th August Mr. B.
Skinner tells me that he took a specimen of the very rare Helhothis
scutosa Schf. at m.v. at Aviemore. Lastly, on 8th August, a female
Celerio livornica Esp. was found at 6 p.m. on the back door-step of a
farm near Kingussie and brought to me the next day. I wonder what
exciting events are occurring in the South ?—Commander G. W. Harper,
R.N., Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 15.viil.60.

A Report or PONTIA DAPLIDICE IN CORNWALL.—Capt. Maxwell Knight
has had sent to him at the B.B.C. a letter from Mr. M. F. Tuke, Black-
boards, Dulverton, Somerset, as follows :—

Dear Sir,
On July 14th on the Cornish coast near Doyden Point, south

of Port Isaac, I found a ‘‘Bath White butterfly’. This, I believe, is a
rare visitor to this country. It was obviously in a weak condition
and made no attempt to fly away except when I shook the plant on
which it was resting; even then it feebly fluttered a short distance
only.

I do not know whom to send this information, but no doubt one
of your naturalists will, that is if it is of any importance.

Yours truly,
M. F. Tuxe.

I am sending you this for the Record if you wish to use it. Perhaps

other similar reports have been received.—S. Brauroy, 98 Tuddenham
Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. 20.v111.1960.

Doros conopsEeus I. (Dirt., SYRPHIDAE) AGAIN TAKEN IN Hsspx.—
Some years ago, my friend Mr. P. W. E. Currie handed me five speci-
mens of this large hymenoptera-like Syrphid., He had found them
in 1950 and 1951 during the second and third weeks of June in those
fields at Mickleham, Surrey, which are believed to have been a favourite
haunt of H. T. Stainton, J have never managed to visit the locality
during June myself and have failed to find the species when in the
area in other months of the year.

On 11th June, this year, I joined Mr. C. O. Hammond at Fen-
church Street station, in the pouring rain, to visit the locality where
he had taken the fly years ago in the Thames marshes near Leigh-on-
Sea, when collecting with Mr. C. N. Colyer. The rain had ceased
when we finally arrived at the edge of the marshes at the spot known
to Mr. Hammond. Within a few minutes he had taken a specimen
but further search produced no more examples. Mr. A. A. Low, on
a previous visit, also found this Syrphid on a bramble buzh close to
the bush on which this 1960 specimen was obtained. Thus in both
the Surrey and Essex localities the insect seems to haunt particular
spots and appears to have a very restricted flight period.—L. P.

BRACHYOPA PILOSA CoLLIN (Dipt., SyRPHIDAE) FouND IN BERKSHIRE.—
On 29th June 1958 Mr. A. A. Low took Mr. EK. W. Groves and myself
to his favourite area of Windsor Forest in the hope of capturing a late

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 199

Calliprobola speciosa Rossi. I saw one but it eluded my net.

Just as we prepared to leave the forest after searching a wide
area, I noticed a Brachyopa with what seems to me to be the charac-
teristic slow drooping flight of the genus, alight on a plant of Rose-bay
Willow herb. This specimen I found to be a male Brachyopa pilosa
Collin.

The specimens, types of the original description, were taken by
Col. Yerbury at Lyndhurst, Hants., in early May 1894, 1896, 1897, and
the fly has since been taken by Mr. H. C. M. d’A. Fonseca in Blaise
Woods, near Bristol, Gloucs., in April and by Dr. C. H. Andrewes,
near Aldenham and Bricket Wood, Hertfordshire, in May. The Berk-
shire capture thus extends the flight time by a full month.—L. P.

EuToLMus RUFIBARBIS Me. (Dipt., ASILIDAE) IN SuRREY.—My friend
Mr. A. le Gros recently handed me two flies taken by the late Mr.
H. D. Swain. One proved to be a male Hutolmus rufibarbis and was
labelled Oatlands, Surrey, 8th August 1957. Both G. H. Verrall (1909)
and Dr. B. M. Hoxssy (1931) regarded it as a rare British insect. The
first Surrey record appears to be that of J. C. Dale’s female specimen
labelled ‘Coombe Wood’, 18th August 1817. Verrall caught a female
at Weybridge on 29th June 1872. Mr. R. L. Coe captured one at Byfleet
on 5th August 1931.

Mr. H. W. Andrews found two females that had captured Thereva
? plebia L. as prey in the sandy woods at Farningham, Kent, on Ist
August 1925. These records appear to confirm, with the records from
Berkshire, Suffolk, Dorset and Lincolnshire, that the species is to be
found in sandy wooded areas in this country.

In Sweden, Melin (1923) found the fly haunting meadows and arable
fields and watched a female laying eggs inside a sheath of grass,
slitting the plant with her ovipositor. He found the larvae in sandy
soil.

In this country, Verrall gave the flight period as 24th June to
29th August and later records have not extended this period.—L. P.

A Micration oF SYRPHIDAE (Dipt.) AT SEAFORD, SuSsEx.—In view of
the scarcity of records of movements of insects other than lepidoptera
and locusts, I think the following note will be of interest.

The 6th August was close and sultry at Seaford, with a gentle breeze
from the south east. It was the sort of day when one would not be
surprised to see the ants swarming. About 12 a.m. B.S.T. when I
went into the garden, my neighbour remarked that the flying ants
were coming in and certainly the air seemed full of insects. However,
a glance showed they were not ants but a steady swift stream of
Syrphidae coming in from the south east and flying straight across the
garden, up the hedge and bungalow wall and away. A few rested on
the hedge and flowers but most went straight on. The streaming con-
tinued till 2.10 p.m. when it ceased abruptly.

Another neighbour, a very observant and well informed man asked
me about the flies and informed me that the movement began about
11.15 a.m. Many millions must have passed during these hours but I
have no knowledge of the width of the migrating stream. We are about
three-quarters of a mile from the sea front. Later in the day I went
down to the front but could not be sure that Syrphidae were more

200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 72 15/1X/ 1960

numerous in the district than they had been before though my garden
population had increased considerably.

During the first week of August, I have seen at least six Volucella
zonaria Poda. and a medium-sized black and white chequered Syrphid
has been and still is abundant (7.viii.60) but I did not notice any larger
species amongst the immigrants than those sent to Mr. Parmenter for
identification.

For some time during the movement a large gathering of swifts
circled overhead at about 500 feet, so probably there was some depth
to the stream. The wind was backing and by the next morning was
almost due east, the weather still fine but cooler with occasional
cloud sheets.

During the passage a few Large White butterflies appeared; four,
then odd singles, then a couple, but I do not think there was any real
movement of butterflies, merely casuals which we have been receiving
all the week.—W. H. SprEADBURY.

IDENTIFICATION OF MIGRATING SYRPHIDAE FROM SEAFORD.—Mr. W. H.
Spreadbury sent me 28 specimens of Syrphidae taken in his garden on
7th August 1960 when he was observing a movement of Syrphidae.
They proved to be:—

Syrphus balteatus Deg., 3 3,7 9.
S. vitripennis Mg., 4 gd, 1 @

S. corollae F., 3 3

Sphaerophoria scripta L., 5 g,2 9
S. menthastri L., 1 ¢o

Platycheirus albimanus F., 1 9

P. manicatus Mg., 1 ¢

The ‘‘medium-sized black and white chequered Syrphid’’ noted in
his garden is probably the well-known migrant Scaeva pyrastri L.
which also breeds in this country, its larvae feeding on Aphididae.

Mr. Spreadbury, in his letter, said: ‘‘I managed to net some but
it was no easy task to be sure I had captured the travellers. So ao
doubt my sample may contain some of the already numerous Syrphidae
about the garden’’.

Each of the specimens was fresh, with undamaged wings, legs, hair
and tomentum. The species all have larvae predatory on aphides but
the adults whilst they take nectar from flowers, mostly feed on pollen.
Examination of each specimen showed no trace of pollen except on one
male Syrphus vitripennis. Although few grains were on the head,
pollen excreta was present in the anus. The other specimens were
empty of pollen. I have seen specimens of freshly emerged Syrphidae
also free from pollen, taken in 1955 at Spurn, Yorks., by Mr. D. F.
Owen, from a migrating stream of Eristalis, etc.

Mr. Spreadbury also informs me that ‘‘Huonymus japonica flourishes
this year everywhere at Seaford, the shrubs being a mass of flowers.
They are particularly attractive to the Syrphidae, most of the bushes
were seething with them’’. It hardly seems unlikely that the specimens
were garden residents but genuine immigrants.

Further enquiry at Seaford has produced reports from other Seaford
residents showing the movement to have been on a front of at least
half a mile wide and Mr. Spreadbury had been told of people being

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 201

driven off the beach by ‘“‘hordes of wasps which flew straight at them’’.
Obviously non-entomologists take Syrphidae to be wasps!

Volucella zonaria, Scaeva pyrastri, as well as the captured species
listed above are all known migrants in France, Spain and some in India.
J W. Tutt, in his ‘‘The Migration and Dispersal of Insects’, 1902,
showed that there were records of Syrphidae migrating to this country
dating from 1818. The directness of flight, the appearance of recent
emergence and the avoidance of stops for food were noted by the more
observant entomologists.

It would be interesting to hear of other observations of migrating
Syrphidae, of any movements showing steady directness of flight, from
inland as well as coastal localities. One speculates on what ‘‘triggers
off’ the movement. It seems that the newly emerged flies pay no heed
to the need for pollen or nectar. Could it be that their emergence
coincides with a movement of aphides, amongst whose colonies the
Syrphinae will lay their eggs. Aphides are well known as drifting in
large numbers in air currents, up to 10,000 feet and more, in Kurope
as well as over this country.—L. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands Avenue,
Thornton Heath, Surrey.

VoLUCELLA ZONARIA Popa (Dipt., SYRPHIDAE) IN Bristot.—I captured
a female Volucella zonaria Poda on 26th July this year as it visited
the flowers of a Snowberry, Symphoricarpus rivularis Suks., bush in
the grounds of Broadcasting House, Whiteladies Road, Bristol.—Joun
BURTON.

THe AMATEUR EntTomotoeists’ Society will be holding its annual
exhibition on Saturday, 1st October 1960, at the Buckingham Gate
Schools, Wilfred Street, London, S.W.1. All interested in entomology
will be weleome.—R. D. Hititarp, 54 Gyles Park, Stanmore, Middlesex.

Tue Nature CoNSERVANCY announces the establishment of one new
Nature Reserve and extensions to two others in Wales. Notes on these
areas are given below.

CWM GLAS, CRAFNANT NATURE RESERVE

Cwm Glas, Crafnant, lies at the head of an upland valley which
runs south-west for a distance of four miles from Trefriw in the Conway
Valley. The Reserve, which has been established under a Nature
Reserve Agreement with the Earl of Ancaster, and his tenant, Mr. J.
Hughes, covers 38 acres of glacially over-steepened slopes between the
750 feet and 1,250 feet contour, broken by rock outcrops, and cul-
minating in the summit of Moel Wen.

The Reserve lies on basic volcanic rock and has a rich flora,
including a number of arctic-alpine species such as Mountain Sorrel,
Hairy Rock-cress, Green Spleenwort and Brittle Bladderfern, which
are here growing at a relatively low altitude. There is a remnant
Ashwood with a rich ground flora and, while the predominant tree is
Ash, there are, in addition, many exceptionally large Hawthorns.
Together with plants typical of lowland woods and fertile soils such as
Wild Strawberry, Primrose, Herb Bennet, Slender False-brome and

202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/1X/1960

Sanicle, the wood contains Rock Stonecrop, Orpine. and Hart’s-tongue
Fern, which are more particularly characteristic of such shaded, rocky
places in western Britain.

There is an agricultural tenancy over the Reserve and in order to
safeguard the arctic-alpine and other special plants a small area is to
be fenced to keep out sheep. Permits will be required to visit the
fenced area, to collect specimens of animals or plants, or to undertake
research. Applications for such permits should be made to the Regional
Officer for North Wales, Headquarters for Wales and Bangor Research
Station, Penrhos Road, Bangor.

NEWBOROUGH WARREN-YNYS LLANDDWYN NATURE
RESERVE EXTENSION

In June 1955 The Nature Conservancy established the Newborough
Warren Ynys Llanddwyn Nature Reserve in Anglesey. In 1956 and
1959 further areas were added. A further 78 acres have been pur-
chased and the Reserve now covers 1,470 acres and has a coast line
of ten to eleven miles.

The new acquisition is a rectangular area situated in the north-
central part of Newborough Warren adjacent to the Forestry Commis-
sion boundary, and includes in its northernmost corner the ruin of an
old farmhouse, called Clwt Gwlyb. A right of way runs along the
western side from Penlon via Clwt Gwlyb and follows the Forestry
Commission fence to the beach of Llanddwyn Bay (this was the ancient
road to Llanddwyn).

Before the enclosure award of 1843 this was common land, but even
after allocation to new owners it was apparently never worth fencing.
Though subject to some light grazing by cattle and sheep, its main
return was in the form of Rabbits and Marram Grass, both of which
figured largely in the local economy. The presence of the Liver Fluke
and the abundance here of its snail host (Limnaea truncatula) has
rendered this damp and undrained low-quality grazing especially
dangerous to stock in wet summers. The area is of great ecological
and physiographic interest, as the boundary between mobile and fixed
sand and the gradation between open and closed plant communities
passes right through it.

Permits are required to enter those parts of the Reserve off the
rights of way. It may prove necessary during the bird breeding season
to place certain areas out of bounds even to permit-holders, but there
will be no restriction on rights of way. Anyone wishing to undertake
research, or to collect specimens of animals or plants will need a
permit, Applications for permits should be to the Regional Officer for
North Wales, The Nature Conservancy, Headquarters for Wales and
Bangor Research Station, Penrhos Road, Bangor.

THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY holds its
Annual Exhibition on Saturday, 29th October, in the library of The
Royal Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2 p.m.
All are invited to attend and bring exhibits.

THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

A systematic work, in collaboration with the best specialists of all Countries,

edited by

Prot Dir eAw SEewZ,

Every known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 10-14 colours
and described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English,
German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna

exotica.

Every volume may be had separately.

A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, all sizes, due to change over to unit system.
Details on application. Easy payments if required. R. W. Watson,
~Porcorum’, Sandy Down, Boldre, Near Lymington, Hants.

For Exchange.—‘‘Field Lepidopterist”’, Tutt., 3 Vols. “British Moths’’, Morris,
4 Vols., 1891. “Tineina’’, Stainton, 1854. “British Tortrices’’, Wilkinson,
1859. Also wanted: Storeboxes, 13 xX 9 or 14 X 10. Cartwright Timms, 524
Moseley Road, Birmingham, 12.

For Sale——Compact Portable Generator to run one or two mercury-vapour lamps.
Offers. Ancillary equipment also available if required. A. A. Lisney,
Dune Gate, Clarence Road, Dorchester, Dorset.

Urgently Wanted.—‘Meyrick’s Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera, 1928'’.
Could anyone be persuaded to part with his copy for a good price? Dr.
F. N. Smith, “Turnstones’, Perrancombe, Perranporth, Cornwall.

Wanted.—.5 to 20 large-drawer Mahogany Cabinet. Brady or Gurney preferred.
H. N. Moon, “‘Buadleigh”’, 319 Coniscliffe Road, Darlington.

For Sale.—Early run of Entomologist’s Record. Vols. 1-37, 1890-1925. Bound in
19 volumes in half calf. All offers considered. M. J. Cotton, B.Sc., 37
Hatherley Street, Cheltenham, Glos.

Orthoptera.Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
grasshoppers of the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae from all parts of the
World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxo-
hnomy, cytology, and experimental biology; dry or fluid preserved or
living. Please contact D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Department of Ento-
mology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

RECORDS OF THE BRITISH ZYGAENIDAE

I have in preparation a paper on the distribution of the species of Zygaena
and Procris found in the British Isles, with maps showing the geographical
range of each species in these islands. I would welcome authentic records.
especially from Ireland, Scotland, Wales and South-West England. Records of
trifolii (both the early May-June subspecies and the July-August subspecies) and
lonicerae would be of special interest, including any from southern England,
as here the range of the two species overlaps. As these species, trifolii and
lonicerae, are sometimes difficult to separate, I shall be pleased to determine
any doubtful specimens, which should be sent to me by 31st December, 1960.

W. G. TREMEWAN,
Dept. of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

For dissections,
&e.

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Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Wiis, Q C., LL.D., F. R.E. S. 0 rt
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CONTENTS |
BREEDING POLYOMMATUS ICARUS ROTT. Lt. Col. W. A. C. CARTER, R.A.

A NORWEGIAN TRIP IN SEARCH OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA. S. INGAS
JACOBS .

NOTES ON THE Ce eae . H. C. HuGGmns, F.R.E.S.

LEPIDOPTERA : SOME UNUSUAL LARVAL EO ea: TBA ANY DESMOND
LANETREE, F.R.E.S.

A NOTE ON LAMPIDES BOETICUS LINN. W. lL. COLERIDGE

COHENOTEPHRIA SAGITTATA FABR. IN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Ses RY,
_ FAIRCLOUGH ’

CURRENT NOTES
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ...

SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KENT: A CRITICAL
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No. 10 oa air OCTOBER 1960
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AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, r.n.5.8.

va lca dail aia

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7 NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S.

2 J. M. Cuatmers-Hount, F.R.5.8. H. Symegs, M.a.

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203

Collecting in Lapland, July 1960

By Major General Sir Grorcr JOHNSON,
KCV-05,C.B:, CB DSO pe D ls

Opportunity arose this year to visit Swedish Lapland and to see
something of the rich insect and plant life of the Arctic summer.

The night tourist service from London airport left: at 0330 hours
on 4th July, arriving in Stockholm at 0830 hours after a stop at Copen-
hagen. A sleeper had been reserved in the ‘Arctic train’’ leaving
Stockholm 1700 hours on 5th July, which duly arrived at ‘Abisko
Touriststation’’ about 24 hours later.

Abisko, latitude 68° 23’ N., lies almost 120 miles inside the arctic
circle on the south shore of the large Lake Tornetrask. It is only a
few miles from Narvik in Norway on the Kiruna-Narvik iron ore rail-
way of last war fame. There are no roads, and the only communica-
tions are the electrified railway and a large motor launch on lake
Tornetrask operated by the Touriststation Hotel.

The lake and hotel lie at an altitude of about 1000’; scrub birch
clothes the side of the surrounding hills up to about 1500’. The hills
rise to 3000’ or a little more. Although so far north, the permanent
summer snow line is still higher. There are snow wreaths and drifts
on north-facing slopes which never melt but the general impression
is that of the Cairngorms in May. One still has to climb about 2000’
to find ptarmigan and the real high top vegetation, exactly as one
does in Scotland 600/700 miles further south, a serious reflection on
the inclemency of the Scottish climate!

The vegetation above the tree line (the trees are birch only) is
very similar to the Scottish hills exc ept for the absence of ling (Calluna).
Other Hrica species and related berry bearing plants replace it. The
flowers include practically all the more desirable Scottish hill species ;
rarities growing in Scotland only on Ben Lawers and similar hills are
often in profusion together with a few purely arctic species unknown
in Scotland.

Unfamiliar birds actually seen included bluethroat, Siberian tit,
brambling, blue-headed wagtail, rough-legged buzzard, Temminck’s
stint, long-tailed skua, redwing, fieldfare, willow grouse, ptarmigan;
all these were breeding.

The weather for the past two days, July 7th and 8th, was excel-
lent, with midday temperatures in the eighties. It then deteriorated.
There was no prolonged rain or fall in temperature below 60° but it
had a tiresome habit of clouding over daily about 11 a.m. as one
reached the high ground, a few light showers would occur and the sun
come out again as one came down in the evening, too late for the
butterflies to become active. From 7th to 18th July there were only
four really good collecting days.

The mosquitoes were quite bad; a first class repellent applied to all
exposed skin every few hours was essential. Even so, they found out
unprotected spots and were able to penetrate quite substantial cloth-
ing where this was anywhere tight against the skin.

The Touriststation Hotel is located inside the Abisko National Park
where no collecting is permitted. The park itself has no merit other

‘iN has
“Tal ol

204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/X/1960

than convenience, localities outside being as good or better. The park
boundaries are reached 1 km. to the east or by taking the train to the
next station to the west, Bjorkliden, 5 miles away. This is well out-
side the park and in a very good area.

On arrival it was found to be a very early season, at least two
weeks earlier than usual; many of the butterflies it was hoped to see
were worn or over, but, on the other hand, Colias hecla Stgr., which
usually does not appear until late July or August, was flying before
our departure.

The first two days were spent in the vicinity of Abisko Ost, a
station on the line about a mile east of the Touriststation and outside
the park. Of the Colias, C. palaeno Linn. was quite common and so
was C. nastes Boisd., but the latter were mostly very worn. All the
Colias had the habit of settling fairly often on the flowers of Astra-
galus. If it were not for this, they would be extremely difficult to
catch. A single worn Papilio machaon Linn., a few Pieris napi Linn.
and one Lycaena phlaeas Linn. were seen. Several Huphydryas iduna
Dalm. were taken near the shores of Tornetrask but few were worth
keeping. Only one Clossiana frigga Thunbg. and one C. freya Thunbg.
were taken, both worn. A dark form of C. ewphrosyne Linn. was not
uncommon, a few still fresh. Boloria sifonica Gr. Grsh. was fresh and
fairly common. Of the only two blues seen in Lapland Lycaeidas idas
Linn. was abundant everywhere and fresh; Vacciniina optilete Knoch.
was less common but widespread amongst its foodplant Vaccyniwm
wliginosum.

The 9th July was dull until late afternoon when a walk south east-
wards some two miles from the hotel produced two Oeneis jutta, Hubn.,
Krebia ligea Linn., a few C. palaeno Linn. and Hesperia comma Linn.

On 10th July the westbound train was taken to Bjorkliden, and
an ascent made of Mount Nuolja, returning to Abisko down the eastern
slopes which lie inside the park. Several Hrebia ligea Linn. were seen
near Bjorkliden station. EH. pandrose Bkh. (lappona Esp.) began at
1600 feet soon after leaving the tree line; it was frequent but not
numerous right up to the top of the hill, 3000’. B. stfonica was fly-
ing on the lower slopes, being replaced by B. pales Schiff. from about
1600’ upwards. C. nastes, though worn, was not uncommon.

On 11th July an expedition was made to the south facing slopes
north of Lake Tornetrask. The lake was crossed in the hotel launch
to the mouth of the Jebrentjakko, a mountain stream. The course of
the stream was followed upwards through the birch woods to a plateau
at about 2700’, the breeding ground of long-tailed skuas, golden plover
and Temminck’s stint. On the way up a brood of willow grouse and
a hen capercailzie were disturbed in the birch. A hut is maintained
near the shore with bunks and cooking facilities. Near this H. lhgea
Linn. was flying freely. On the way up a fresh female Palaeochryso-
phanus hippothoe Linn. was taken, a fresh O. jutta, and two rather
worn Q. noma Thunbg.: a few B. sifonica were also in evidence. Unfor-
tunately on reaching the high ground, the sun became very fitful and
largely failed for the rest of the day. One fresh Clossiana improba
Btlr. was taken and two missed on very bare moorland at about 2700’;
this insect is small, dark, and flies fast, and it is almost impossible

COLLECTING IN LAPLAND, JULY 1960 205

to see it against its dark peaty background. The three seen were all
fluttering on the ground before getting under way and though attempts
were made to clap the net on them two of the three escaped and were
seen no more. The night (there was, of course, no darkness) was spent
at 2500’ under shelter of a rock to avoid some light showers. Unfor-
tunately cloud persisted next day and it was necessary to leave the
high ground to catch the boat before the sun could break through.
Beside C. wmproba, one other fritillary was seen, which may well have
been C. polaris Boisd. It was most unfortunate that the weather did
not behave better as no further opportunity occurred for visiting this
reputedly entomologically very rich, and certainly entirely unspoiled
area. A stay of several days in the hut with adequate food and
mosquito dope is strongly recommended for any future visiting ento-
mologists.

14th and 15th July were again dull and showery, and little was on
the wing.

16th July looked better in the morning and the train was taken to
Bjorkliden. This time, a track leading due south into the hills was
taken with a view to returning to Abisko by train in the evening.
The track led up a stream, the Rakkasjakk, to a corrie at about 2500’
with higher hills and snow wreaths above it. On the way up Pyrgus
andromedae Wallgr. was taken together with B. pales and E. pandrose.
The day rapidly clouded over and by the time the 2500’ line had been
reached there was a light shower. When this was over, a gleam of
sunshine appeared. Suddenly on a patch of moor dotted with flowers
of Dryas octopetala and Astragalus spp., several Colias hecla Lef. took
wing; a female was netted, the clouds closed down, and no more were
seen.

On 17th July the Rakkasjakk was revisited. This time P. andro-
medae and B. pales were again seen, and on reaching the flowery patch
of the previous day seven male C. hecla were caught before the sun,
as usual, disappeared !

18th July, the last day of my visit, really seemed more promising,
and, in fact, the sun shone all day. Once again the Rakkasjakk was
ascended from Bjorkliden, and this time C. hecla was flying in num-
bers. P. andromedae, B. pales and EH. pandrose were again taken.

So ended a most interesting trip; it is a chancy part of the world
to visit. The insects and flowers come on very quickly and are quickly
over. The weather is uncertain, and when laying on the trip it is
impossible to forecast how early or late the season may be. If one
hits it off right, the rewards can be great. This year, to get the low
ground species in good condition, it would have paid to arrive about
20th June. The high ground is, of course, later than the low, and
species flying at 2500’ and above—C. hecla, C. polaris, C. improba, B.
pales and E. pandrose—are at least a fortnight later than species fly-
ing below the tree line. On average, probably about 1st/12th July is
right for the low ground, 12th/24th July for the high.

Thanks to the Kiruna-Narvik iron ore railway the country is acces-
sible, and the Swedish tourist organization provides all adequate
comforts.

206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/X/1960

The following is a list of butterflies taken and identified :—

Hrebia ligea Linn. Vaccinuna optilete Knoch.
KE. pandrose Bkh. Lycaena phlaeas Linn.
Oeneis jutta Hiibn. Pulaeochrysophanus hippothoe
O. noma Thnbg. Hibn.

EKuphydryas iduna Dalm. Pieris napi Linn,
Clossiana freija Thnbg. Colias nustes Boisd.

C. frigga Thnbg. CU. palaeno Lann.

C. wmproba Btlr. CU. hecla Lef.

C. euphrosyne Linn. Papilio machaon Linn,
Boloria sifonica Gr. Grsh. Pyrgus centaureae Rambr.
B. pales Schiff. P. andromedae Wallgr.
Lycaeides idas Linn. Hesperia comma Linn.

New Synonymy and Notes on Some Species of
the Genus Zygaena Fabricius, Lepidoptera,
Zygaenidae

By W. G. TREMEWAN,
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History).

The following notes have been compiled during the rearrangement
of part of the Zygaena collection in the British Museum (Natural
History).

Zygaena sarpedon Hiibner.

Sphinx sarpedon Hibner, 1790, Beitr. zur Geschichte der Schmett.,
2-585, ple le:

Sphinx sarpedon Hitibner, 1796, Kurop. Schmett., 2, pl. 2, fig. 9.

Sphinx sarpedon Hiibner, 1805, Europ. Schmett., 2: 83.

The species was first described and figured by Hiibner in 1790, when
he stated that there were specimens originating from Italy in Gern-
ing’s collection in Frankfurt. In 1796, Hiibner figured the species
again in Sammlung europdischer Schmetterlinge and gave a descrip-
tion in this work in 1805. In this second description Htibner stated
that the species came from Languedoc. Burgeff (1926a) has examined
the Gerning collection, now preserved in the Museum at Wiesbaden,
and found four specimens of sarpedon which agree fairly well with
Hiibner’s figures of 1790 and 1796. It is probable that Htibner described
sarpedon from these specimens; if this is correct, then the four speci-
mens may be considered the type material. It has been assumed by
most authors that the locality ‘‘Italy’’ is erroneous, with which I agree.
The fact that Htibner changed the locality to Languedoc in 1805 sug-
gests that the quotation ‘‘Italy’’ may be incorrect.

Oberthiir (1884) stated that the dominant form found at Montpellier
agrees with the type.

Reiss (1958) gives an account similar to what I have written above

and takes Montpellier, which les in the province of Languedoc, as
the type locality.

NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS 207

Zygaena sarpedon Hiibn. (? ssp.) ab. trimaculata Esper.
Sphinx trimaculata Esper, 1793, Die Schinett., Suppl. 2(2): 16, pl. 40,
figs. 7, 8.

Hsper described trimaculata from Nimes, Languedoc. I have been
unable to examine material from Nimes, but in all probability the
population from this locality is identical with the population from
Montpellier. If this assumption is correct, trimaculata would be rarer
than the normal form and should be treated as an aberration of the
nominate race, viz., sarpedon sarpedon Hiibn. Reiss (1930) and Burgeft
(1926b) have treated trimaculata Esp. as a race.

Zygaena sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. carmencita Oberthiir.
Zygaena Carmencita Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp., 4: 457.

In a catalogue (at present in manuscript) of the type material in
the British Museum of the genus Zygaena F., I selected as the lecto-
type of carmencita Obthr. a specimen from Vernet-les-Bains. It was
suggested to me that a better choice might have been a specimen from
Vendée (Reiss, in lit.). However, a specimen was selected from Vernet-
les-Bains as the latter is the locality first given by Oberthiir. The
lectotype selection has already been established by Bernardi & Viette
(1959) who, in the same publication, described the race from Vendée as
ssp. pictonorum Bernardi & Viette as it differs from ssp. carmencita
Obthr. from Vernet-les-Bains.

Zygaena sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. carmencita Obthr. ab. vernetensis
Oberthiir.

Zygaena Sarpedon var. Vernetensis Oberthitir, 1884, Etud. d’Ent., 8: 28.

Bernardi & Viette (1959) placed carmencita Obthr. as a synonym of
vernetensis Obthr. as they considered the latter name to have subspecific
status. It is obvious, however, that Oberthtir implied in the text that
he considered vernetensis an aberration even although he prefixed the
name with the term ‘‘var.’’ In the past the term ‘‘var’’ was often
used indiscriminately to denote both aberrations and _ geographical
races or subspecies. Further, Oberthiir stated that vernetensis was
found constantly but rarely with the normal form at Vernet-les-Bains
and that it is analagous with rhadamanthus ab. kiesenwetterii H.-S.
When describing carmencita in 1910, he obviously referred to the
commoner form occurring at Vernet-les-Bains and considered it a race.

Zygaena diaphana Stder. ssp. pimpinellae Reiss.

Zygaena pimpinellae Reiss, 1940, Stettin. ent. Ztg., 101(3): 4.
Zygaena purpuralis f. pimpinellae Guhn, 1932, Ent. Jb., 41: 89.

In 1910, Guhn discovered in great numbers at Rudersdorf, near Berlin,
a species of the purpuralis group whose larvae were greyish-white and
fed on Pimpinella nigra Wild. In 1932, the specimens were described
by Guhn as purpuralis f. pimpinellae Guhn. In the same publication he
described the larvae of what is known to be the true purpuralis as
lemon yellow in colour and stated that its foodplant was Thymus
serpyllum L.

In 1940, Reiss published a paper on purpuralis and pimpinellae in
which he raised the latter to the status of species. As Guhn described
pimpinellae as a form, the name has no nomenclatural status. Accord-

208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/X/1960

ing to the rules of nomenclature, Reiss must now be considered the
author of pimpinellae. Reiss is the first worker to separate pimpinellae
as a species distinct from purpuralis. In his paper, Reiss not only
described and figured the genitalia but also gave descriptions and
figures of pimpinellae, which he compared with the true subspecies of
purpuralis occurring in the Berlin area.

In the series of pimpinellae from various localities that Reiss had
before him, there were four of the original specimens collected by Guhn
from Rudersdorf. Reiss declared these specimens as the ‘‘type popula-
tion’’. These four specimens, from which a lectotype may be selected if
necessary, should be considered the syntypes or type material of
pimpinellae Reiss.

Reiss (1941) published a further account in which he wrote that
sareptensis Rebel had been found to be conspecific with pimpinellae.
As the name sareptensis has priority over pimpinellae, it was correctly
treated as the species name, and pimpinellae was reduced to subspecific
status.

More recently, diaphana Stdgr. was found to be conspecific with
sareptensis and pimpinellae and, having been described earlier, was
treated as the species name (Alberti, 1958; Tremewan, 1958). It was
originally described by Staudinger as a race of purpuralis Briinn.

Zygaena maroccana Rothschild.
Zygaena carniolica maroccana Rothschild, 1917, Novit. zool., 24: 342.
The species was described from a single female found in a small
collection of lepidoptera that Rothschild acquired from Staudinger and
Bang-Haas. The specimen is labelled ‘‘Mogador Marokko’’. No further
specimens have been taken from this locality and the data may be
erroneous.

| 2

Male genitalia of Zygaena maroccana Roths. 1, genitalia; 2, aedoeagus.

Until recently the male of maroccana was unknown. While sorting
miscellaneous material in the Rothschild collection I found a slightly
worn specimen which I immediately recognised as this species. The

NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS 209

specimen is a male and in superficial characters is similar to the female
type. It differs, however, in having a narrow whitish ring only around
spot 4 in the forewings, while in the female, spots 2, 3 and 4 are
strongly ringed with white. The male genitalia are illustrated (figs 1, 2)
aud show maroccana Roths. to be a species distinct from lucasi Le
Charles.

The specimen has the following data: ‘‘Tizi N’Tichka, Gt. Atlas,
12 km. W. of Telouet, 2450 m., 11.6.27 (E. Hartert)’’. Zygaenidae
Slide No. 744.

The following are descriptions of two new aberrations of Zygaena
lonicerae Scheven.

Zygaena lonicerae Scheven ssp. major Frey ab. burrasi ab. nov.

¢, 34 mm. Coloration as in normal specimens of ssp. major, but spot 4
is absent while spots 1, 2, 3 and 5 are reduced in size.
Holotype dg, ‘‘Fours. B.A 8.56 A.E.B’’, in A. E. Burras collection.

The holotype was taken at Fours, Basses-Alpes, by Mr. A. E. Burras,
to whom I am indebted for the loan of the specimen.

Zygaena lonicerae Scheven ssp. linnéi Reiss ab. hanseni ab. nov.

¢, 36 mm. Coloration as in normal specimens of ssp. linnéi, but spot
3 is absent while spots 1, 2, 4 and 5 are reduced in size.

Holotype dg, ‘12.7. 1942. Skaering. Rich. H.’’, in R. Hansen collec-
tion.

The specimen is figured by Hoffmeyer (1948) and was captured at
Skaering, north of Aarhus, Jutland.

My thanks are due to Mr. Richard Hansen for allowing me to
describe the aberration. Acknowledgment is also due to Dr. Skat
Hoffmeyer who made the necessary arrangements to send the specimen
to me on loan.

REFERENCES.

Alberti, B. 1958. Uber den stammesgeschichtlichen Aufbau der Gattung
Zygaena F. und ihrer Vorstufen (Insecta, Lepidoptera), Mitt. zool. Mus.
Berl., 34 (2) : 245-396.

. 1959. Ibid., 35 (1): 203-242.

Bernardi, G. & Viette, P. 1959. Deux nouvelles sous-espéces francaises du genre

Zygaena Fabricius, L’Entomologiste, 15: 3-6.

Burgeff, H. 1926a. Kommentar zum palaearktischen Teil der Gattung Zygaena
Fab. des fuher von Ch. Aurivillius und H. Wagner, jetzt von H. Strand
herausgegebenen Lepidopterorum Catalogus, Mitt. mtinchen. ent. Ges.,
16: 1-86.

. 1926b. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 33 Zygaenidae I.

Hoffmeyer, 8. 1948. De Danske Spindere.

Oberthtr, C. 1884. Etudes d’Entomologie, 8.

Reiss, H. 1930. Zygaenidae, Seitz, Macrolep. Suppl., 2: 1-50, Nachtrag (1933) :

249-278.
——.. 1941. Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Zygaenen (Lep.), Mitt. mtinchen.
ent. Ges., 31: 988.

——. 1958. Deuxieme Contribution a la Faune des Lépidoptéres, en particulier
des Zygaenae des Alpes-Maritimes, Bull. Soc. ent. Mulhouse, 45-63.
Tremewan, W. G. 1958. Notes on Species of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius,

Ent. Gaz., 9 (4): 183-185.

210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ X/ 1960

Late Summer in North Italy
Major-General C. G. Lirscoms, D.S.O.

We had hoped to spend most of August this year once again in
Yugoslavia, but what with one thing and another our plans for this
venture fell through and in its place my wife and I were only able to
take a short holiday in Northern Italy. This jaunt to the South in
search of the sun in exchange for the everlasting cold and wet of this
year’s summer in Cologne has proved sufficiently interesting entomo-
logically to give me the excuse of making this record of our brief
expedition.

I returned from London on the morning of 25th August and by
midday the car and trailer were packed and we were ready to start off
down the autobahn. We had no particular firm plan but neither of
us had ever seen the Italian lakes and if we didn’t find anywhere we
preferred en route we intended to make at least some of them our
ultimate destination.

That night we stayed at a Gasthof near Ulm, having covered the
best part of 300 miles. All the way down the countryside gave evidence
of the sort of summer we have been having with hay uncut and sodden
fields of corn beaten down flat by the wind and rain. It seemed doubtful
whether much of it would ever be harvested.

At a lunch halt near Frankfurt I had seen, during a gleam of sun-
shine, a single Araschnia levana L., and several Argynnis paphia L. ;
otherwise butterflies were conspicuous by their absence and there was no
evidence that there were any survivors of the big spring migration of
Colias hyale L. that had been such a feature of the early summer months.

On the following day, 26th August, we continued our journey South
’ making our way across country to Lindau at the Eastern end of Lake
Constance and then on down through Liechtenstein and so into Switzer-
land. Liechtenstein is a most attractive little place and obviously very
jealous of its independence. We noticed that its common frontier with
Switzerland was heavily obstructed with concrete blocks and barbed
wire but the nature of these obstacles gave no indication of who was
afraid of being attacked by whom! Although we made several halts when
the sun was at last showing itself we saw no butterflies of note and I
began to wonder whether it was not altogether too late for an entomo-
logical expedition.

That night we stopped at Spliigen in a most attractive valley a few
miles North of the Italian border. It was latish when we got there and
a walk before supper produced nothing more notable than a few
Lysandra coridon Poda 3 3 that had obviously wandered from wherever
they had started their existence. The next morning was fine and sunny
and we took the car up to the top of the valley following the course of
the Hinterrhein until we left it to climb up the San Bernadino Pass.
We counted no less than twenty-seven hairpin bends before we reached
the top with its attractive little lake at about 6,200 ft. We spent some
time exploring the surrounding countryside where the soil was very
peaty but were only able to discover a single fresh specimen of Hrebia
melampas Fussel and several rather worn Parnassus apollo L. flying in
a desultory fashion along the banks of a stream. We retraced our steps
to lower ground to eat our lunch and were rewarded by finding Hrebia

LATE SUMMER IN NORTH ITALY 211

aethiops Esp., Hrebia tyndarus Esp. and Hesperia comma L. in some
numbers and a single very fresh Synchloe callidice Esp. A few rather
worn Argynnis aglaia Ll. were also in evidence as was Colias phicomone
Esp. Later we returned to Spliigen and I tried a likely looking spot
on the edge of a wood on the hillside opposite the village. Here I dis-
covered a small colony of Clossiana titania Hbn. of which the 9 2 were
still very fresh. They were flying over rough ground that had not
received the attention of the haymaker’s scythe and was a mass of
flowering thistles and that magnificent tall gentian Gentiana asclepiadea.

The next day, Sunday, 28th August, we set off again, this time over
the Spliigen Pass which leads directly to the Italian border and then
on to Lake Como. We were encouraged to push on South as it was a
dull and unpleasant morning and although the country leading up to
the pass, which is at about 7,000 ft., was obviously a good collecting
ground, the weather made it a waste of time to stop and we motored
on down a most picturesque road with many hairpin bends and tunnels,
locally called galleria, till eventually we reached Lake Como. We had
had thoughts of stopping and camping here but we quickly abandoned
this idea when we saw the crowded state of the camp sites and the
general flood of humanity that occupied all approachable parts of the
lake shore. We examined the map and decided to put our money on
Lake Garda and accordingly, after a quick bathe and picnic lunch, we
took the road to this thirty mile long stretch of water lying with its
head in the Alpine foothills and its southern parts in the Plain of
Lombardy.

Once we left Lake Como the country became flat and uninteresting,
but it was only now that I saw the first Coltas croceus Fource. and, with
two others later, the only specimens seen on this trip. Our route took us
through Bergamo and Brescia, part of the way on the Autostrada, for
which one has to pay a toll, and at one point we got mixed up with a
bicycle race. Racing cyclists apparently can occupy the whole road, and
for the sake of safety we pulled up while a horde of sweating cyclists,
heads down and pedalling hard, accompanied by excitable hangers-on
on mopeds waving flags, and the whole preceded by a very vociferous
loudspeaker van, flowed past us!

Towards evening, and by now rather hot and tired, we reached the
southern end of the lake which is flat and uninteresting, but the scenery
improved quickly as we motored along the western side where the hills
come down very abruptly into the water. Much of the road is through
tunnels and the prospect of finding suitable camp sites and fruitful
collecting grounds looked slight. However all was well in the end and
we came to rest in a delightful and largely unoccupied camp in a vine-
yard on the outskirts of Torbole at the extreme north end of the lake.
We only just had time to get our tent up and cook supper before the
light went. When finally we decided to pitch our tent where we did,
I had been guided to some extent by discovering a large rough field
full of wild flowers almost next door to the site. I felt sure that
representatives of most of the local butterflies would be found here in
the morning. However, the best laid plans are apt to go astray as I
became increasingly aware, as I lay three parts asleep in my sleeping
bag next morning, of an irritating sound that I first thought was
somebody fooling about with a motor-bicycle engine. The noise per-

PA, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/ X/1960

sisted and I soon realised that it came from a mechanical mower hard
at work in my pet field, and by the time the sun was up not a single
blade of grass remained upright! We were compensated for this set-
back by the fact that it was a lovely day and we decided to make a
short expedition up a side road on the west side of the lake to another
small lake at Molina di Ledro. This road wound its tortuous way up
an almost verticle hillside and gave one wonderful views of Lake Garda,
itself looking blue and cool in its mountain setting. We halted at a
convenient layby to take photographs and on a nearby rockface my
wife pointed out a very fresh Polygonia egea Cr. sunning itself. Some
nearby clumps of hempagrimony flowers were favoured by several Jersey
Tigers, Callimorpha quadripunctaria, and indeed wherever this flower
occurred one was almost certain to find one of these fine Tigers sitting
on it; all I saw had red as opposed to yellow hindwings. Once over the
top a few more miles brought us to the lake which was absolutely clear
and ringed with woods and meadows, a really lovely place and I was
quick to spot that much of the grass that flanked it was as yet uncut,
and butterflies were in profusion. All the Argynnids, including A. niobe
L., were there in varying degrees of freshness and the large dark
butterfly Minois dryas Scop. was very common and the 9 Q with their
large blue eye spots were particularly fine.

Pyronia tithonus L. was abundant and I was lucky to capture a fine
cream coloured Q which showed up most conspicuously as it flew with
its darker sisters. The distribution of this butterfly in Central Europe
is interesting. It is such a common feature of our countryside at home
but throughout Germany and the Northern part of the Alps it is
very scarce and would seem to be common only in the southern alpine
valleys. A large and fresh [phiclides podalirius L. was netted as it
sat on a thistle, the only specimen of this lovely swallowtail that I
saw on this trip. The white Pieris manni Mayer was common. It is
very similar to P. rapae but may be distinguished by the paler underside
of the hindwings and the increase in the black markings at the wing
tips. Other interesting butterflies seen were Hrebia aethiops Hsp.,
Lysandra coridon L. still fresh and in fair numbers but with no sign of
variation, Lysandra bellargus I. (only a few 3d), Hesperia comma L.,
Pyrgus seriatulae Rbt., Plebejus aegon Schiff. still fresh, Heodes tityrus
of the dark subalpina subspecies, Lycalides idas L. ssp. opalenta, Aricia
agestis Schiff., Colias australis L. and Colmonympha arcania L. At
midday I rejoined my wife for a bathe and picnic before we explored
further down this most attractive road as far as Lake d’Idro. We
stopped several times at likely looking spots, but I was unable to add
to my list before we returned to our camp and a well-earned supper
with a bottle of wine at a local lakeside ‘‘albergo’’.

The next day, August 30th, was equally fine and warm, and we
decided, as we examined the map over a leisurely breakfast, to see what
were the possibilities of the eastern side of Lake Garda.

It quickly became apparent that this was by far the better of the
two sides from every point of view as the hills sloped less steeply to the
water’s edge and they and the shore line were almost always accessible
to the walker and bather respectively. It proved to be a lovely drive
with much of the road flanked by various flowering shrubs, including
oleander bushes of every shade of colour from white to dark red and
with the hillsides themselves clothed in olive trees. One colourful village

LATE SUMMER IN NORTH ITALY 213

succeeded another and we eventually parked our car near Malcesine
where the gin-clear waters of the lake were particularly inviting for a
dip. While my wife sunbathed on the beach I made my way with my
net up into the olive groves. Here most of the butterflies I had noted
the previous day were present but now it was the turn for LD. bellargus
to be in numbers, while ZL. coridon was all but absent. The autumn
brood of Leptidea sinapis Ll. was just coming out as also was that of
Pararge aegeria L. This latter butterfly was far from common and it
took me some time to collect a series and all proved to be of the form
egerides. Hipparchia statilinus Hufn., with which I first became
acquainted in Jugoslavia last summer, was generally to be found on
patches of open rocky ground and several specimens of the large and
conspicuously-marked Hipparchia fagi Scap., another of my Jugoslavian
acquaintances, were noted sitting about on the trunks of olive trees,
where their underside markings blended particularly well with the
bark. In the afternoon we continued down the shore as far as Garda
where the hills begin to desert the lake. At several stops I searched
the roadside oleander bushes hopefully but without success for larvae of
Daphnis nerii. They had been such a feature of these bushes in Egypt
in the days when we had soldiers there and it would have been fun to
have found one again.

August 3lst was another lovely day and we decided as a start to
explore the road which leads eastwards from Torbole over the mountains
to Mori in the Adige Valley. This, too, proved a most attractive route
and I was interested to find a colony of Melitaea didyma Esp. just
emerging on an open part of the hillside. As always, individual speci-
mens varied considerably, some being almost obsolete and others with
extensive black markings. On our return we stopped to take photo-
graphs again from a view point overlooking the lake and I noticed
several Papilio machaon L. quartering the steep hillside below us.

We returned to picnic where we had bathed the previous day and
later I explored a gully choked with undergrowth that ran up into
the mountainside behind our bathing beach. Not unnaturally, this
proved to be the main headquarters of P. aegeria and I was delighted to
find it was also the haunt of a small colony of the lovely butterfly
TIimenitis anonyma Lewis. In true White Admiral style they either
sat about on the leaves and flower heads with expanded wings or sailed
from one vantage point to another.

September lst saw us packed up once more and on our way north
heading for Cologne. It was sad to leave such a lovely place and one
which I can unreservedly recommend to other entomologists who have
not yet visited this part of Europe. Our route home took us through
Merano, and just north of the town we halted for a picnic lunch up an
attractive side valley. I noticed several dark-looking ‘‘blues’’ on the
wing and when one was eventually captured it proved to be the second
brood form of Scolitantides orion Pall. which is considerably larger
and with far less blue on it than the specimens which appear in the
spring and with which I had only previously been familiar. Dica maera
L. was also present in the same locality.

A few days later we were back in Cologne arriving in pouring rain
and with the temperature in the fifties, a state of affairs that had
existed, we gathered, ever since we had left!

Cologne. 13.9.60.

214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/X/1960

Notes on the Microlepidoptera

By H. C. Hueerns, F.R.E.S.

Margaronia unionalis Hiibn. At dawn on September 10th I went to
attend my m.v. trap to forestall the birds that collect soon after day-
break. For once I did not take a net with me, and when I saw a
male wnionalis sitting on the concrete near the trap, I was unable to
box it as it darted off, though just before it took off it lifted its wings
-utficiently to expose the male tuft. It flew off happily in the half-light
in a series of skipping curves that were very pretty to watch, and
eventually vanished into a huge rose bush some twenty yards down the
garden. As I have a long bred series I was, on the whole, not sorry
that I had not brought the net, as the natural flight was previously
unknown to me.

This brings me to the second point: why is wnionalis so comparatively
common now, locally at least as common as Nycterosea obstipata Fab.?
When Mr. Dennis Smith took one at Leigh-on-Sea in August 1947,
there was certainly no previous local record, and I believe no Hssex
one, though Mr. Dewick may have taken it before this at Bradwell.
There were no more here until 1953, but since then 24 have occurred,
including another on September 16th at Hockley by Mr. D. More. By
no means all of these have been at m.v. light although all the five in
my garden have been thus attracted. Three have been found on shop
windows, one by a schoolboy, on a fence, and Mr. Smith’s flew into his
bathroom. In the past the district was the residence of such collectors
as Whittle and Conquest, and a favourite collecting ground for numerous
others from Samuel Stevens and Tutt onwards, and I myself have lived
here since 1932, so I am driven to the conclusion that wnionalis is much
more common than in the past.

Crambus contaminellus Hiibn. Barrett (10: 110) describes the female
‘of this insect as ‘‘similar or darker in colour’. I have seen a good
number of the moth from Deal, Parkstone, the Isle of Wight and Tresco,
and in every case except one the female has been paler than any of my
males, of a very light whitish buff, and even my one dark one from
Deal is no darker than an everage male. I was particularly struck by
this on Tresco, where the males are usually liver-coloured, but the
females are as light as a Deal or Parkstone one. There are a few of the
sandy coloured males on Tresco, but on the other hand the black ab.
sticheli Constantini also occurs; this seems rather curious on these
unpolluted open sandhills where insects like Agrotis ripae Htibn. are
glistening white.

Gymnancyla canella Hiibn. Mr. D. More, who has been collecting
at Hunstanton, has brought to me a few shoots of Salsola kali with the
characteristic boring and web of the larva of this moth. So far as I
can ascertain this represents an extension in the known range of the
insect, which has hitherto not been found north of Suffolk. As it has
occurred as far north and west as Hunstanton, I think it almost certain
it will be found on the Lincolnshire coast of the Wash.

Capua grotiana Fab. Although Mr. L. T. Ford (Guide to Smaller
British Lepidoptera, 49) gives rubus as one of the food plants of this
moth I have always associated it exclusively with woods, and more
especially old woods such as Blean. I was, therefore, rather surprised to
find it common on the sandhills near Old Grimsby, Tresco, amongst
marram, mixed herbage, and bramble clumps. I set a couple for the
locality, but they are exactly the same as my Kentish woodland ones.

A HIGHLAND HOLIDAY 215

A Highland Holiday

By R. G. CHatenaIn and B. F. SKINNER

So many excellent articles have been written about visits to Aviemore
that we did not intend to swell their number but, in view of the help
we had from such notes, we have decided after all to submit our own
in the hope that they may prove of interest to others who have yet to
make the journey.

At 4 o’clock on the morning of 29th July, the old Morris staggered
northwards with a full load of generators and entomological impedi-
menta. The first night was spent at the Station Hotel, Stirling, and
our destination was finally reached at lunchtime the following day.

Within an hour of arrival we had taken a short series of Hrebia
aethiops Ksp., an insect which we subsequently found commonly all over
the district. After tea and a short reconnaissance, we decided to spend
our first night on the heather at Coylumbridge where we arrived at
dusk with an unlimited supply of optimism and pillboxes. An auspicious
start was made when B.S. netted Plusia interrogationis I. over the
heather after which the moths came to the lamp in numbers. Nothing
spectacular was taken, but nevertheless we returned home satisfied with
a small bag of Triphaena sobrina Bdv., Diarsia dahli Hiibn., Apamea
furva Schiff., Lygris populata L., etc., and found a somewhat bedraggled
female Plusia bractea Schiff. awaiting us in the trap with Amathes
depuncta L. for good measure. After some reluctance, bractea con-
sented to yield a supply of eggs.

The following day, 3lst July, provided the only prolonged spell of
sunshine we were to enjoy and the opportunity was taken to net a
series of Carsia paludata Thnbg. A cold night prevented anything of
note turning up at light but the trap contained two A. furva.

On Monday we took a few more aethiops but the weather was bad and
we saw little else on the wing. In the afternoon the weather changed
(from bad to very bad) and it was through a thunderstorm that we
motored to Kincraig to visit Dr. C. B. Williams whose trap records
were of the greatest interest. The highlight of the day, however, was
the excellent tea provided by Mrs. Williams. That night was spent in
the Craigellachie Reserve but apart from a couple of Parastichtis
suspecta Hiibn. at sugar little was noted, except a thick mist and a
twinge in the lumbar region. A further proof that moths often show
more sense than their collectors. The situation was somewhat better
at the trap which contained three depuncta and one bractea.

On Tuesday, 2nd August, the sun showed itself during the morning
and we were able to find a few Coenonympha tullia Mill. still on the
wing at Glenmore. After the usual pilgrimage to the Ospreys in the
afternoon, B.S. found four larvae of Apatele menyanthidis View. feed-
ing on a sallow bush in the middle of Loch Garten. Damp but not
despondent, we returned to Alt na Craig. That evening, in pouring
rain, we drove to Dalwhinnie and, as soon as the generators were
going, retired to the car to listen to the water bouncing off the roof.
However, quick dashes to the sheets provided three Apamea exulis Lef.
(assimilis) and a number of Stilbia anomala Haw. The trap yielded two
depuncta and one Agrotis vestigialis Hufn.

Wednesday morning had to be devoted to the task of setting our
captures but after lunch we found C. tullia quite commonly at Coylum-

216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/X/1960

bridge, although most were in a worn condition. We had hoped to
take Amathes alpicola Zett. in its well-known locality but being unable
to obtain the key to the gates, we repaired that evening with A. E.
Gardner to a likely spot we had discovered in the Cairngorms. Alpicola
did not put in an appearance but we were very soon busy boxing
assimilis, of which more than twenty visited the lamps, accompanied
by a horde of P. interrogationis, Entephria caesiata Schiff., and some
six Hurois occulta L. Descending through the clouds we hit the pillow
at 4.30 the next morning and it was only thanks to Eric Gardner that
we did not miss breakfast. In the trap were depuncta, bractea and
festucae.

Thursday was mainly spent in setting, some of which was done in
the lounge where spectators were nearly as numerous as assimilis had
been the previous night. That evening we visited a local mixed wood
where fifty species were logged, including the first two Hnargia paleacea
Esp. of the week, several bractea, dahli, occulta and three ‘‘ears’’,
subsequently identified as being Hydraecia oculea L. (2) and H. paludis
Tutt (1). We were also pleased to take a few of the beautiful red form
of Amathes castanea Esp. On our return to Aviemore, we found the
usual depuncta patiently awaiting us but a light-coloured moth flutter-
ing outside the trap was somewhat more interesting. It was Heliothis
scutosa Schiff. and the first record for the area!

This really marked the end of operations as the next day was taken
up with setting and the night in Craigellachie produced little other
than a few suspecta, occulta, Calostygia olivata Schiff., and one Apamea
furva Schiff. at sugar and at light one each of D. dahlu, Ammogrotis
lucernea L. and H. oculea.

We left Aviemore on the Saturday morning determined to return
as soon as possible. In spite of the weather and our disappointment
- at being slightly too early to see Lithomoia solidaginis Htibn.; Antitype
chi L. and one or two other local celebrities, we felt that the week’s bag
had been pretty good. After a comfortable night at Penrith, we headed
towards the A.1 which we left later in the afternoon to pay a flying
visit to the fen country in a search for larvae of Perizoma sagittata
Fab. We got six small ones.

This note would not be complete without mention of the excellent
standard of comfort provided by Mr. and Mrs. Le Masurier whose
cuisine and understanding of the foibles of entomologists did so much
to make the holiday a memorable one.

Adjuncts to Sugaring

Sugaring on the outskirts of a wood is always interesting. One
would think that there was safety for moths inside a wood, safety from
bats and goatsuckers; yet, in my experience at least, there are invari-
ably more moths a-wing outside a wood than within it. Bats, from
pipistrelle to noctule, fly to and fro along the outskirts of woods night
after night and presumably they know where to find their food. They
seem to have regular beats and once when I lay hidden among bracken
in a ditch I watched a noctule flying along the south frontage of a
wood as regularly as a sentry at Buckingham Palace. When he came
directly over my head he turned, rather sharply, and went back to the
far corner of the wood, about two hundred yards away, and there I could
just see him, against the glow of the western sky, turn again and fly

ADJUNCTS TO SUGARING 217

back to me, But he made divagations whenever a noctuid hove in
sight and of course no sentry at Buckingham Palace would ever deviate
from his beat even if offered a toothsome sweetmeat.

One night when I was sugaring the trees along the base of a wooded
hill, young oak trees fronting a narrow grassy path, I became aware
of a slight rustling among the dead leaves on the path behind me. I
looked round, expecting some yokel or the village policeman, but no
one was there. The rustling stopped when I stopped to inspect a
sugared tree, then continued as I moved on. It was rather mysterious.
It might have emanated from a grass snake; but grass snakes do not
usually trail entomologists. At last, when I had finished my inspection
of a trunk, I turned round sharply and faced the way I had come,
then shone my light on the path. Two little eyes, bright as rubies,
looked up at me. It was a porpentine, or hedgehog if you will, and
he—or she—stood there and looked up at my light (which was only a
bicycle lamp) and awaited my pleasure. Plainly a companionable and
well-behaved porpentine. It may have been lonely or it may have been
merely inquisitive, wondering what was this large animal that had
taken to perambulating its nightly beat, perhaps eating the very beetles
and worms that belonged, by right of seizin, to it.

I bid it “good evening’’, and went on with my inspection of sugared
trees, porpentine following me to the end of my beat, when it walked up
into the wood, slowly and in a rather dignified way. Next evening I
sugared that beat again, and this time I carried a saucer and a bottle
of milk with me. But apparently the porpentine was satisfied that I
boded no ill to it nor to its foodstuffs, and it did not appear again.
Next morning the saucer of milk was still full, with two drowned
earwigs in it.

This wooded hill formed a rampart of the river Severn and in hot
summer weather the valley was a favourite haunt of thunderstorms.
One night when heavy clouds were forming up, the lower atmosphere
being oppressively hot and still, I thought I would sugar a beat close
to the house, just to see what effect a storm would have on the moths.
So out I went at dusk with my sugar-pot, and as Geometers were
already on the wing I sugared a longer beat than I had intended.
By the time I regained the house gusts were blowing, seemingly from
all quarters, strong gusts too, and there was every promise of a young
typhoon. ‘‘Surely you’re not going out again?’’ asked someone. But
I like watching storms, so out, presently, I went.

As darkness fell the gathering storm became frightening. It was an
unholy night. The wind was all a-bluster, rampaging about the land-
scape and blowing trees in all directions. Streaks of red and yellow
light flashed in the sky, momentarily illumining clouds black as a crow.
Lightning ran sideways along the horizon. <A witch on a broomstick
screeching across the sky like a jet-propelled ’plane would not have
surprised me in the least. JI thought of the witch’s invocation to
Hecate in the Masque of Queens :—

‘“The owl is abroad, the bat, and the toad,
And so is the cat-a-mountain,
The ant and the mole sit both in a hole,
And frog peeps out o’ the fountain;
The dogs they do bay, and the timbrels play,
The spindle is now a-turning;

218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/X/1960

The moon it is red, and the stars are fled,
But all the sky is a-burning! ”’

It was just such a night as Ben Jonson must have had in mind when
he penned those words. But neither owl nor bat could have been
abroad on such a night as this: it was fit only for witches.

Presently rain began to fall; but the Wind, accepting as a fellow-
spirit one who dared to be out of doors in the hubbub, screamed
suddenly and blew the drops to smithers. I took off my hat to Wind
(I thought this was as well: if I hadn’t he might have removed it for
me) and stood bareheaded to watch his progress. Up the hillside he
roared, then vanished as suddenly as he had come. It was a little
startling and I held my breath, for somehow the lull seemed to forbode
some mighty event: it was as though Wind had stood aside to make
way for a more Cyclopian force. A tension that I could sense, could
feel, was gathering about me from all the corners of the sky. I began
to get excited. ‘Thor!’ I shouted.

And then it came. There was a flash which blinded me momentarily
as though an arc-light had been lit before my face, and with it came
a crash as of a field-gun fired close at hand. My scalp tingled and
for a moment I was back at a place called Ablain St Nazaire, where a
silly young gunner sub, firing over the Ridge, had pooped off a round
while I was sitting in front of his gun and nearly blew my head off
with noise. A tree in the wood rustled queerly, shaking all its leaves
together at once, an eerie sound, and presently came the acrid scent
of smoke... . Wind murmered again; then I heard him rushing away
across the fields. The wood had paid toll, and Thor, brandishing his
thunderbolts, went off in search of other prey.

Wind having departed in attendance on Thor the rain was free to do
what it liked. It plunged headlong out of the clouds, and the clouds
being low there was scarcely time for the water to break up into drops.
In five seconds it had flattened every plant in the flowerbeds, covered
them with mud, and converted the beds into pools. The low oak tree
to whose trunk I had moulded myself broke the force of the downpour
but converged the drops into streams which poured upon me. When at
last I strode across the lawn to the house I might have emerged from
a plunge in the river.

Presently the light from my bedroom window showed steam rising
from the baked earth and when JI came downstairs the air was still
close though cooler. I pulled on rubber boots and went out to inspect
my suggared trees. One pronuba on fifty trees—and he, of course,
intoxicated. I left him to it and went back to the house. At mid-
night I went out again. Same pronuba ....I mixed myself a grog
and went to bed.

The plants in the flowerbeds took two days to recover. Next morning
they were sadly out of trim, mud-bespattered and leaning tipsily at
every kind of angle. J fetched a watering-can with a fine rose, and
when the coating of soil had been washed from their leaves they looked
a little better, though still drunkenly flabby. During the afternoon
most of them straightened up and next day they were as jaunty as
ever. Thor and his vagaries are incidents which ruffle the placid
stream of life: they come and go, and Nature has adapted her children
to deal with them, The occasional sacrifice is not worth considering.

O. M. H.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 219

Notes and Observations

HoMOEOSOMA SINUELLA F'ABR, IN DERBYSHIRE.—My two eldest sons,
Kyle and Robin, aged nine and six years respectively, are keen ento-
mologists and frequently bring me insects caught on a piece of grass
and nettle-covered waste land, only 35 yards square, between houses
on our suburban avenue. The moths are usually the commoner Cram-
bids, China-marks and Plumes but on 22nd June 1960, Robin brought
me a species new to Derbyshire, namely Homoeosoma sinwella Fabr.
Mr. S. Wakely has seen the specimen and confirms its identity. B. P.
Beirne (1954) repeats E. Meyrick’s (1895) statement that this local
species is not found north of Norfolk and, as my specimen was obtained
seven miles south of Scolt Head (the northernmost part of that county),
its range cannot be said to have been extended by this new inland
locality.—Drrek C. Hutme, 1 Melton Avenue, Littleover, Derby.
12.1x.60.

Evrots occutta L. anp SEconD Broop or DtARSIA FESTIVA SCHIFF.
at MorecamBe.—On 8th August a specimen of the typical grey form
of Hurois occulta LL. was found in my garden m.y. trap here. At
this time, and for some days previously, the wind direction had been
persistently north-easterly, thus facilitating the suspected migration
of this form from Scandinavia.

The occurrence of an example of a second brood of Diarsia festiva
Schiff. in the trap on 28th August is also worth recording. It was a
small rather dark specimen resembling the form conflua Tr. though
in this area the typical form is usual.—C. J. Goopatn, 2 Derwent
Avenue, Morecambe, Lancs, 29.vi11.1960.

EPIBLEMA FOENELLA L. ar MorecaMpe.—An example of this tortricid
moth was found in my garden m.y. trap here on 21st July 1959. I
am indebted to Dr. N. Birkett for the identification. Apparently
the only previous records of this species in the north of England were
(1) Ellis’s List for Lancashire and Cheshire, ‘‘once only at Southport
in 1903 (W.G.C.)’’? and (2) Michaelis in Trans. Lanes. and Cheshire
Ent. Soc., 1953/4, ‘Formby, 1950, G. de C. Fraser’’.—C. J. Goopatt,
2 Derwent Avenue, Morecambe, Lanes, 29.viii.1960.

Late Summer Coniecting IN SourTHERN ENcGLAND.—Recently I
underwent a period of grass widowerhood and being unable to face the
results of my cooking any longer, decided to spend a long week-end in
the West Country.

Accordingly, the evening of Thursday, 8th September, found me
on the edge of some cliffs in North Devon where the Sea Thrift was
growing plentifully. Within ten minutes of lighting up a grey moth
plopped on the sheet and by 11 p.m. seven Antitype xanthomista Hiibn.
had dropped in. Other visitors to the lamp are not worthy of men-
tion, neither are the moths seen the next evening at a spot some half
a mile inland from the coast.

On Saturday, 10th September, I motored to Fowey, where my first
call was on Col. Rossel, whose local knowledge was invaluable. At
his suggestion, operations that night were on the shore near Fowey.

220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/X/1960

Some difficulty was encountered in reaching the locality on wheels but
a good gathering of moths rewarded my efforts. The commonest visitor
was Plusia gamma lL. of which hundreds were seen but the most note-
worthy insects were four Leucania l-album LL. and seven L. vitellina
Hiibn.

The next night was my last and Col. Rossel and I visited Carlyon
Bay. Conditions seemed ideal but although about 25 species were
noted, only a few Lalbwm and Agrotis vestigialis Hufin. were taken.

On 17th September, Bernard Skinner and I visited the Romney
Marshes on the trail of Hydraecia hucherardi Mab. We only took
four but one male Herse convolvuli L. turned up.—R. G. CHateELatn,
65 East Drive, Orpington.

LOYOTAENIODES FORMOSANA F'ROL. IN WILTSHIRE.—Earlier this year
T took a specimen of Loyotaeniodes formosana Frol., and Mr. Wakely
suggested to me that a record of this should be published. The moth,
which is somewhat worn, was taken at m.v. light on the night of 24th
July 1960 in my garden at Trowbridge, Wilts. This is somewhat out-
side the area so far recorded for this species, I believe.—J. R. BEtt,
42 Victoria Road, Trowbridge, Wilts. 18.1x.1960.

VoLUCELLA ZONARIA Popa In BourNEMOUTH.—On 18th July one of my
neighbours brought to me for identification the corpse of an insect
that she had found in her house. It was Volucella zonaria Poda. She
told me that a fortnight earlier she had caught another specimen of
this dipteron in her house, and that a lady visitor had assured her
that it was a hornet and insisted on drowning it. I think I convinced
my neighbour that it was an interesting insect, perfectly harmless, and
on no account to be destroyed. Since I first saw zonaria in my garden
in 1950 it has appeared in small numbers every year except last year,
which was strange, considering what a fine summer it was. This year
I saw my first on 2nd August, when two were noted on Buddleia. On
8th August I saw one V. zonaria and also one V. pellwcens on hemp
agrimony (Hupatorium cannabinum), and on the next day I saw two
zonaria on the same plant. I think they were a pair, as one was per-
ceptibly larger than the other. On 12th August, after three very wet
days, I saw these two again on hemp agrimony, and on the same plant
a Cetonia aurata, a beetle which I had not seen for two or three years.
Other appearances of zonaria were on 16th August (one), 17th and
18th (one and one pellucens), 19th (one), all on hemp agrimony. One
of them alighted on phlox, but departed hurriedly.—H. Symes, 52
Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 24.viii.60.

H. convotvuir L. on Istm or Canna.—I found a specimen of the
Convolvulus Hawk moth in my m.yv. trap this morning (12/9/60). The
night had been mild with a strong s.w. breeze. The specimen was in
good condition. There were also specimens of Peridroma porphyrea
Schiff. (saucia) and P. gamma I... in the trap. Moths of many kinds
have been very plentiful here this autumn, as has Vanessa atalanta
L., which bred on the island in numbers during the summer. Lurois
occulta L. was taken here for the first time last month.—J. lL.
CampBELL, Isle of Canna, Scotland. 12.ix.1960.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, all sizes, due to change over to unit system.
Details on application. Easy payments if required. R. W. Watson,
“Porcorum’, Sandy Down, Boldre, Near Lymington, Hants.

For Exchange.—‘‘Field Lepidopterist’’, Tutt., 3 Vols. ‘British Moths’, Morris,
4 Vols., 1891. ‘“‘Tineina’’, Stainton, 1854. ‘British Tortrices’’, Wilkinson,
1859. Also wanted: Storeboxes, 13 x 9 or 14 X 10. Cartwright Timms, 524
Moseley Road, Birmingham, /2.

For Sale.—Compact Portable Generator to run one or two mercury-vapour lamps.
Offers. Ancillary equipment also available if required. A. A. Lisney,
Dune Gate, Clarence Road, Dorchester, Dorset.

Wanted.—.5 to 20 large-drawer Mahogany Cabinet. Brady or Gurney preferred.
H. N. Moon, “‘Budleigh’’, 319 Coniscliffe Road, Darlington.

For Sale.—Early run of Entomologist’s Record. Vols. 1-37, 1890-1925. Bound in
19 volumes in half calf. All offers considered. M. J. Cotton, B.Sc., 27
Hatherley Street, Cheltenham, Glos.

Orthoptera.—Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
grasshoppers of the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae from all parts of the
World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxo-
nomy, cytology, and experimental biology; dry or fluid preserved or
living. Please contact D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Department of Ento-
mology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

For Sale—i0-Drawer Cabinet, Beating Tray, Breeding Cages, Setting Boards,
Collecting Boxes, etc.—Telephone Mill Hill 3488. John G. Dunbar.

Wanted.—A Ten-drawer Cabinet (second-hand) in good condition. Height not
to exceed 30 inches. Details and price to Col. H. J. Rossel, The Old School
House, Bodinnick, Lanteglos, by Fowey, Cornwall.

Wanted.—Records of Lathridius spp. (Coleoptera Lathridiidae) especially
L. bifasciatus Reitter, with locality, date, and if possible details of habitat.
E. Lewis, 8 Parry Road, London, S.E.25.

Wanted.—Cabinet(s)—about 40 drawers; good quality.—Lt. Col. W. B. L. Manley,
Greenways, Shoreham Road, Otford, Kent. Telephone Otford 578.

RECORDS OF THE BRITISH ZYGAENIDAE

1 have in preparation a paper on the distribution of the species of Zygaena
and Procris found in the British Isles, with maps showing the geographical
range of each species in these islands. I would welcome authentic records,
especially from Irelazid, Scotland, Wales and South-West England. Records of
trifolii (both the early May-June subspecies and the July-August subspecies) and
lonicerae would be of special interest, including any from southern England,
as here the range of the two species overlaps. As these species, trifolii and

lonicerae, are sometimes difficult to separate, I shall be pleased to determine
any doubtful specimens, which should be sent to me by 31st December, 1960.

W. G. TREMEWAN,
Dept. of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

: THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD
k aA systematic work, in collaboration with the best specialists of all Countries,
Bas edited by
Bee, Prof. Dr. A. SEITZ
Every known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 10-14 colours
and described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English,
_ German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna
9 exotica.
Every volume may be had separately.

A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80

HOTEL ACCOMMODATION
4 Mrs. H. TULLY

Craige!lachie Guest House, Aviemore, [nverness-shire

woodland in which to use light traps. Adequate power points.

An Entomologist’s Mecca, highly recommended by collectors, 124 acres ot
Transport arranged to the famous Burma Road, etc.

Write for Brochure. Telephone Aviemore 236

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221

Among the Larvae
By H. Symes

The season for me opened with two disappointments. During the
autumn of 1959 I had received eggs of two interesting species. Cap-
tain R. A. Jackson gave me about two dozen Oria musculosa Hubn.,
and Mr. Barry Goater eight Lithophane leautiert Boisd. I sowed
some winter wheat so that food would be ready for the former when
they hatched. They did so during the middle of March. The young
larvae are very minute, and I put them in a metal box with a shoot
of wheat. Hatching took place over several days, during which I put
two or three fresh wheat shoots in the box. One larva must have
started feeding, as I noticed that it grew perceptibly. When all ex-
cept one had hatched, I transferred the wheat shoots with (I hoped)
the larvae, which had disappeared from sight, to a pot of well
grown wheat. JI never saw any of them again. Captain Jackson
informs me that he had the same experience with his. Of the leau-
tiert eggs, only five hatched, in the third week of April: they were
supplhed with male flowers of Cupressus macrocarpa but all except
one died without starting to feed. This one survived until 3rd May,
by which time it had grown appreciably.

Towards the end of May, I spent three days at Whiteparish with
Brigadier Warry, beating and searching for larvae. We were dis-
appointed not to find any Apatura iris L., but larvae in general were
more plentiful than in the last two years, especially Pseudoips bicolo-
rana Fuessl. and Brachyonycha sphinew Hufn. Several Thecla quercus
l., a species we did not see in 1959, fell into the tray, and Hpisema
caeruleocephala lL. were locally abundant on blackthorn, but about
50% had been ‘“‘stung’’. On the other hand, we did not see any
Trichiura crataegi L. or Orthosia miniosa Schiff. I found one Bombycia
viminalis Fab. inside the drawn-together terminal leaves of a sallow
twig. The moth emerged on 24th June.

At the end of May, Brigadier Warry gave me a dozen larvae of
Xylomyges conspicillaris L. They were extremely healthy and gave
none of the trouble that I had experienced when rearing this species
in 1955 (Hnt. Itec., 67: 251). Their diet consisted entirely of Lotus
corniculatus, they fed up rapidly, there were no deaths, and all except
one, which got lost, had gone down before 24th June. In 1955 none
were full fed until well into July.

I have been breeding Orgyia recens Hubn. ever since Mr. E. W.
Smith sent me some larvae from Doncaster in 1958. In the south of
England this species is often double brooded. In June this year,
despite the in-breeding, four remarkably fine males emerged, of which
the largest had a wing span of 37 mm., compared with two wild ones
that were attracted to females in Pamber Forest in 1934 and 1938,
each of which measured 32 mm. This is an average size for speci-
mens of the first brood that I have bred: those of the second brood
are somewhat smaller. I was also rearing O. antiqua L., but by the
time these began to emerge, there was only one fresh recens female
remaining. I saw an antiqua male attempting to pair with her, but
apparently without success, as the eggs that she laid did not hatch.

aivEd § FR.

222 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/X1/ 1960

On 21st June, I visited Morden Heath, where I found the males
of Diacrisia sannio L. unusually plentiful in the area among young
pine trees where I had seen them last year. I saw only one female,
which I took. On the way home, she laid some eggs in the box, and
on the next day, also in the afternoon, she laid another batch, making
a total of 64.

On 9th July I took a female Parasemia plantaginis L. on a moun-
tain near Loch Rannoch, and she laid thirteen eggs. The only larvae
I saw that day were one Lasiocampa callunae and one Saturnia
puvonia. I have no idea what is the food plant of plantaginis on a
Scottish mountain any more than J have been able to discover what
sannio larvae eat on a Dorset heath, but I have found plantaginis
larvae when nearly full grown in two localities on the Berkshire downs,
feeding close to the ground on a species of Myosotis, and in captivity
they thrive on garden forget-me-not. J have always thought the
name wood tiger rather misleading as I have never found this species
anywhere except in open country, especially on the slopes of chalk
downs, although a particularly large form used to occur in Tubney
Wood, not far from Oxford. I do not know if it still exists there.

On 26th July, while Brigadier Warry and Col. W. A. C. Carter
were taking a few Coscinia cribraria L. on Morden Heath in typical
1960 weather, my only success was to find two Dasychira fascelina L.
females resting on the top of heather, where they had begun to lay
their eggs. One was a very small, pale specimen, which laid only
about thirty eggs. On 28th July I saw Miss Pengilly find a full-
grown larva of Lasiocampa quercus L. on a cart track on the downs
near Weymouth, an unseasonable find, as at this date L. quercus is
normally on the point of emerging from its pupa.

Encouraged by my experience with sannio last year and by the
helpful information contained in three articles in the May ‘‘Record”’,
I felt more confident of my chances of succeeding with this species.
The eggs began to hatch on 30th June after only nine days in that
state, and the plantaginis on 21st July, twelve days after they had
been laid. The fascelina eggs did not start hatching until 18th
August, more than three weeks after being laid. The young larvae
are slow starters and did not begin to feed until two or even three
days after hatching, except that they ate most, but not all, of their
egg shells.

In spite of the cold, wet weather in July and August, such a com-
plete contrast to last year’s, many of the sannio larvae fed up rapidly,
and a second brood was soon indicated. One larva started to spin up
on 12th August and on 17th I noticed that two had pupated. I had
given them the treatment followed so successfully last year by Mr.
P. Cue and Mr. M. J. Leech (Ent. Rec., 72: 62 and 118), and I fed
them exclusively on dandelion. Most of their eating took place be-
tween noon and dusk, but when nearly full grown they ate at any time,
almost incessantly. Before the end of August, twenty-six had spun
up, all except three at the top of their cages, and fourteen were still
feeding slowly, in various stages of growth. The first moths emerged
on 2nd September, two males about 9 a.m. and one female in the
evening.

AMONG THE LARVAE 223

On 23rd August I went with Dr. Neville Birkett, who was on
holiday near Bournemouth, to Whiteparish, where we searched for
larvae of Cucullia asteris Schiff. Rain started just after our arrival,
and continued during most of the time that we were there. Gone
are the glorious masses of golden rod (Solidago virgaurea) that filled
the clearings in 1952, when on 22nd August the Rev. F. M. B. Carr
and [ found thirty larvae in an hour. They have been stifled by the
inevitable conifers, but fortunately the plant survives along the edges
of paths and cart tracks. We found only three larvae, all in their
penultimate instar, in their usual position, closely pressed against
the stem of the flower spikes. There were signs that more larvae
were about: possibly they had been driven down by the rain and were
taking cover among the leaves below. Late in the afternoon the
weather cleared, and we paid a visit to my favourite locality for
Cucullia lychnitis Ramb. Although the date was rather late for these
larvae, we found three, nearly full grown. Fortunately for us, the
scythe brigade had not been at their dirty work.

To return to plantaginis. I had made two previous attempts to
rear this species from the egg. On 18th May 1921, some observant
schoolboys told me they had seen a number of wood tigers in a field
about four miles from Winchester. J went to the place indicated,
and at 6.15 p.m. that day I saw at least a dozen males assembling
round a female, jostling one another with their wings in their excite-
ment, and making quite a noise. I took more than a dozen males
and several pairs in cop. Returning to the place on 19th and 21st
May I took some more specimens of both sexes. Since then I have
never seen plantaginis in such numbers anywhere. Having obtained
a few eggs, I decided to try to rear a second brood, just for the
interest of the thing. It was a very hot summer, and when the larvae
hatched, they fed up well, and a few moths emerged on 17th, 18th
and 20th September. My second attempt was unsuccessful. A
female taken at Hod Hill on 28th May 1956 laid a few eggs, but the
larvae all died young.

This year, I fed my larvae on garden forget-me-not, and gave them
the same treatment as sannio. I laid some pieces of heather on the
bottom of the cage, and Mr. Cue’s belief (loc. cit.) that ‘‘one must
give larvae free access to the undersides of such food as dock, etc.’’
was proved correct by the fact that the young larvae always kept
out of sight and fed from below the leaves, revealing their presence
only by the appearance of holes in various parts of the leaves. It
was not until they were in their fourth instar that they began to
appear on top of the leaves, and even then, not very often. I was
confidently expecting to obtain a second brood when the larvae sud-
denly stopped feeding, and withdrew into the darkest corners of their
cage. It is in this stage, I think, that the wild larvae hibernate. I
had kept these larvae indoors, near the window of a room facing south,
but, presumably, the August weather was too much for them. Just
about the same time, my fourteen sannio larvae which had not become
full grown, stopped feeding.

Starting on 2nd September, sannio of the second brood emerged
steadily. Larvae and pupae were kept indoors, and the humidity of
the air this August and September seems to have suited the pupae, for

224 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/X1/1960

moths emerged from all 26 of them, the last appearing on 19th Sep-

tember. There were fifteen males and eleven females. There does
not seem to be anything remarkable about these figures, except that
the last six moths were all males. With one exception, the males

emerged in the morning between 7.45 a.m. and noon, and the females
in the afternoon and evening, mostly about 5 p.m., but two later
than 11 p.m. Jt was noted by Mr. L. G. F. Waddington (Ent. Rec.,
72: 119) that these second brood moths were much smaller than wild
ones. J found this was particularly the case with the males, some of
the females being well up to the average. This difference in size
is probably merely an instance of the normal disparity between first
and second broods, which is so pronounced in such species, for instance,
as Orgyia recens and Selenia tetralunaria Hufn. There was very
little variation in either sex, but one of the males had its hindwings
much more heavily marked with black than any specimen that I have
ever taken. A pairing took place on the night of 7th September, eggs
were laid next afternoon, and hatched on 18th and 19th September.
Now that Brigadier Warry has succeeded in bringing sannio larvae
through the winter, I shall try to follow his example.

I have seen very few casual larvae this year. They included one
Smerinthus ocellatus LL. on sallow in my garden, one Mimas tiliae L.
squashed on the pavement under a lime tree in central Bournemouth,
and one full-grown Sphinx ligustri L. on a wayside hedge near Ring-

wood. It was the first time I had seen this beautiful creature for
several years, although it used to be a common enough sight in the
south of England. Perhaps their numbers have been reduced by

spraying: one rarely sees a larva of any kind on a hedge nowadays.
I did not see any larvae of Arctia villica L. which used to occur regu-
larly at the top of the cliffs, but may have been stamped out by the
_ feet of pedestrians and the attacks of dipterous parasites, to which
they are prone. Nor did I see a larva of A. caja li. although my wife
and I both picked up a moribund male on the footpath near our house.
Phalera bucephala lu. were unusually scarce and the only Biston betu-
laria LL. that I saw were two feeding on broom at Whiteparish, but
several larvae of Gonodontis bidentaria Cl. were seen on walls and
palings close to privet hedges.

Last year, many larvae are said to have perished through the
drought: this year, no doubt, others may have been drowned. For
next year the prospect does not appear rosy, but entomology is full
of surprises, and we must hope for the best.

Considerations of Foodplants and of Size of Leaf
in the Breeding of the Purple Emperor, with other

Observations
By I. R. P. Hestopr

IT have described previously, e.g., see Entomologist, Vol. 93, p. 50,
how the size of the imago may to a considerable extent be dependent on
a leaf of proper size being available for pupation. During this year.
1960, I have experimented on this indication to the physical limit

CONSIDERATIONS OF FOODPLANTS AND SIZE OF LEAF 225

possible: using for the purpose two species of Populus. One was P.
lasiocarpa (‘‘Chinese Poplar’’, first introduced to England from China
in 1900), which was kindly expressly obtained for me by the Nature
Conservancy. The other was a particularly fine and large specimen of
P. candicans (Balsam Poplar sp.) growing in the Salisbury area, of
which I had previously struck a number of cuttings. The former plant
is the largest-leaved of all the Poplars, having leaves up to eleven inches
in length: the latter has leaves up to nine inches in length.

I should here explain that I have never had any difficulty in getting
wis larvae in their last instar to feed on various strains and species of
European and North American poplar, with the one exception noted
below. The difficulty about adaptation of this insect to Poplar as a
permanent diet, in England, is that the plant usually comes into leaf
at a different time from Sallow. The result is that though a larva may
be fed on some strains of Poplar even before hibernation, it usually
has to be put back on Sallow when it starts to stir again after hiberna-
tion. Exceptions in one direction are the Lombardy Poplar and the
Aspen on which iris may be reared throughout, or to which it may be
transferred at any stage; the same considerations, it may be mentioned,
apply to Willow (Salix alba). The exception in the other direction is
the exceedingly coarse- and small-leaved strain of Poplar growing in
some situations by the sea (‘‘Sandhill Poplar’’); which I have found
that iris will not at any stage eat, even in the last instar.

Apatura ilia Linn. will, however, eat Sandhill Poplar at any time,
and I have also reared it throughout thereon; though, like Chinese
Poplar, this plant is very late in leafing. I have reared ilia on willow,
Aspen and Osier (S. viminalis) also; but have not yet tried it on either
Sallow species—another experiment to come. It is possible that this
apparently more adaptable butterfly would have proved a better medium
for my experiments with very large-leaved Poplars; however, I did not
happen to have any stock of it available in 1959-60. I should mention
also that I had never before used either Chinese Poplar or Balsam
Poplar as a pabulum for any species.

References hereunder to Sallow are all to S. caprea (Broad-leaved
Sallow).

Two iris larvae only were available for the experiment; a third had
been allowed to run wild on a clump of sallows outside, and could not
be found just when it was wanted. No transfer from the potted Sallow
on which they had hitherto been brought up was attempted for either
until after the third moult.

The upshot was that in the penultimate instar both larvae refused
both Chinese Poplar and Balsam Poplar; in the case of one larva
despite the fact that it was really hungry owing to its Sallow bush
having wilted while I was away at Salisbury. In the last instar they
were, at different dates, introduced to the same bush of Chinese Poplar.
One larva (direct from Sallow) now again resolutely refused Chinese
Poplar. It was then placed on Balsam Poplar (which it ate readily and
freely), and was left there for the remainder of its larval existence.

The other larva had, since 21st May, been on Willow and had under-
gone its last moult thereon (probably 26th May). Its willow bush was
soon getting stripped (with the consequence that the larva was beginning
to ‘‘ration’’ itself); so I, on 3rd June, somewhat dubiously (in view of
the fact that the previous larva had refused it even in its last instar)

226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/X1/1960

removed it to Chinese Poplar, which, however, it proceeded to eat
instantly and with tremendous gusto. It was reared up thereon, pupat-
ing on 15th June, and emerging on 2nd July (8.15 p.m.).

The specimen reared up on Balsam Poplar produced a fine, very large
male (though still not to be regarded as other than of typical size). The
specimen reared up on Chinese Poplar had had a less good start and
was normal in size, also a male. As an instance of its avidity in feeding
on Chinese Poplar, it may be mentioned that one of the huge leaves
was consumed in two days. The central rib of the leaf was, of course,
left (as in Sallow), but here there was the unusual spectacle of most of
the side ribs being left also.

The experiment, therefore, is to be regarded as inconclusive; since,
although the ultra-large leaves permitted of prompt pupation and,
therefore, of no loss of size through wastage (op. cit.), there had been
no feeding thereon before the last moult. It has several times been
noticed (and not only with A. iris) that it is good feeding in the third
and fourth instars, rather than in the fifth instar, that ultimately
produces specimens of above average size. The reason for this appears
to me to be simple. The ultimate size of the larva is limited by the
size of the head; and the head does not grow after the last moult. It
was, perhaps, in any case not a good year in which to breed experi-
mentally for size, since (as in the case of 1957) it was a year of pre-
valence of green-fly and the larvae (on potted bushes which had recently
been in the open) were rendered very restless in consequence—some-
times walking about nearly all day with little eating. On 7th May I
saw one of the larvae dislodging an Aphis from its side by lunging at
it with its horns.

To test the growth potential of this larva, it will be necessary to
-induce special feeding shortly after hibernation. It is hoped to renew
the experiment, using a larger batch of caterpillars and, if possible,
Balsam Poplar (which is early in leafing) for the purpose. Possibly a
diet of Lombardy Poplar before hibernation and up to the third moult
may help to accustom the material to Populus.

One drawback about P. lasiocarpa is the readiness of the leaves, in
this climate at any rate, for dehiscence at any time. One of my plants
has produced no less than three complete crops during a season. Any
additional weight may cause the leaf to become detached without
warning; and it is impossible to cut a sprig and keep it in water
(e.g., in the puparium) without speedy falling of all its leaves.

Incidentally, it is interesting to notice that the specimen ultimately
fed up on Balsam Poplar did not go into hibernation until the first
week of January, being reared until then on Sallow (bearing a second
crop of leaf) and having its last feed thereon on 5th January; though
it stopped feeding short of its third moult. The Sallow was late in
leafing in the Spring, and feeding was not resumed until 8th April:
the larva, after only 11 days slight feeding, went into set on 19th
April for third moult (occurred 25th). Fourth moult took place on
15th May. On 21st May the Jarva was placed on Balsam Poplar.
Pupation took place on 5th, and emergence on 24th June (4.25 p.m.). A
sign of unusually advanced state of development was that, whereas the
larva does not as a rule become intolerant of the mounting sun until
about the end of April, in this case the larva could not bear it so early

CONSIDERATIONS OF FOODPLANTS AND SIZE OF LEAF 22

as the 18th of that month. This feature seems then to be dependent not
only on power and elevation of the sun but also on size of larva.

During the process of breeding in 1959-60 there were certain other
fresh observations and incidents of interest which it is appropriate to
mention here. All three larvae (including the one not in confinement)
hibernated successfully on leaves. The leaf of the one which fed into
January withered in such a manner that the larva, which had gone
into hibernation head uppermost, was turned head downwards by the
end of that month.

With one larva there was a curious darkening, to a remarkable
degree, instead of the usual paling, during set for the third moult. After
this moult it remained much darker than normal throughout its exist-
ence as a larva; but no difference from normal could be detected in
either the pupa or the resultant imago. I saw throughout this larva
(which went into set therefor on 26th April) undergo its third moult,
and was able to record the process in greater detail than previously.
The following is the original entry in my Log Book (2nd May), all
times being B.S.T. :—

In the afternoon I obtained a slight reaction from larva when
I touched its horns with a blade of grass. I sprayed it liberally;
it moved its head up and down very noticeably, and also raised
forepart slightly for a moment to let droplet run down underneath
it. At about 7.30 p.m. it raised the forepart slightly; 8.5 raised
forepart very erect; 8.10 skin split simultaneously in two places—
on the neck and ‘‘shoulders’’ and just above the tail—the splits
being irregular but mostly along the dorsal line. The larva now
gave the extraordinary appearance of having four horns and two
tails. At 8.17 the larva was free from the old skin except for a
narrow band in the middle and for a fragment adhering to the
face. At 8.25 the fragment was dislodged from face; and at 8.28
the moult was completed. The larva was now throughout its
length lying on its old skin. When next inspected, at 10.0 p.m.,
the larva was found to have eaten all the cast skin except the
tail fragment (which was adhering to leaf).

On the following day (Tuesday, 3rd May) this larva seemed of an
irregular shape. I sprayed it freely, and by the time I left for Salisbury
at 4.0 p.m. the shape was almost normal. This day there was movement
of the head only; and up to the time of my departure there had been
no eating (except of the cast skin) since moult.

The other larva kept in confinement had a remarkable escape from
drowning on 8th May while in its penultimate instar. I sprayed the
larva and liberally watered the plant in the morning; this resulted in
the pot-saucer becoming brimful of water. I noted the larva on a par-
ticular outlying leaf. At about 3.30 p.m. I was horrified to find it on
the rim of the saucer, being—owing to surface tension—more than half
submerged. It must (judging by its previous position) have dropped
clear into the water and then floated to the edge. I replaced it on the
bush and drained the saucer. Later that day it must have fallen off
again, since I found it at the very base of the plant and crawling up.
Its bush (Sallow) was very flaccid, hence probably accounting for the
weakening of the prehensile capabilities of the larva. In the evening

228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/XI/1960

I removed the larva from this bush and placed it on a Willow, which
was to its liking. I put the discarded Sallow bush in the open, to
toughen up.

Of this last-mentioned larva I had the good fortune to see the
greater part of the process of pupation, and also the imago immediately
after emergence. In pupation (5th June) a separate split occurred at
the head and at the tail ends simultaneously. The state, ten minutes
after the process had commenced, was that the skin was in a roll from
the tail upwards for several segments; at the head end the skin had
split on the dorsal surface and the two horns of the old skin were
standing out at right angles to the body, on each side, about a quarter
of the length down the body (i.e., reckoning from the head). On next
inspection, fifty minutes later (i.e., an hour after commencement) the
change was found to have been completed.

On emergence of the imago (male, 24th June), the wings were fully
expanded in less than ten minutes from the moment of suspension; but
were still crenellated and limp. After another ten minutes the wings
were quite straight.

It is not possible to judge accurately the time of emergence by mere
blackening of the pupa. I have found that the appearance of the
dorsal ‘‘points’’? is a more reliable indication. When these show out
very prominently, as a series of what look almost like black vertebrae,
then emergence may be expected within an hour.

The following observations are general, and without any particular
reference to 1959-60. It should be noted that while in any case care
should be taken not to kill too soon a bred specimen (of any species)
required for the cabinet; the larger a specimen is, the longer its wings
take to harden after emergence. If the specimen is killed prematurely,
it is certain that the unhardened membranes will stick to the setting-
paper and board, causing wholesale stripping of the scales when the
specimen is removed. In the case of the Purple Emperor it is suggested
that a clear night should be allowed between emergence and killing.
Thus, if the specimen is found emerged one morning, it may be killed
early the next morning. If it emerges in the evening, it should not
be killed before noon on the following day. Any restiveness in daylight
may be controlled by enveloping the cage with a dark hood or other
covering—I have found my gown useful thereto! After the specimen
is killed (by cyanide only), it is, of course, placed in the relaxing-tin
and not set until rigor mortis has passed off.

I have observed of the Purple Emperor that in nature a specimen
takes a trial spin an hour or so after emergence. ‘This is of a few
seconds duration only, and is made no matter what the state of the
weather may be: return is made to the vicinity of the sprig holding the
empty pupa case. This trial spin may be taken at any time up to sun-
set, and perhaps after. After the trial spin there is an interval of several
hours, even when conditions of weather, etc., are suitable, before there
is any further flight.

An iris imago dislodged—first it was by accident and later I did it
by way of experiment—from its pupa case on emergence will immediately
and desperately seek some stem or other object to climb up and suspend
itself from. While it is so seeking, the ‘‘pumping’’ process is deferred.
From observation, it appears that this holding back may last for ten
or fifteen minutes, After this, involuntary ‘‘pumping’’ will occur;

CLARIFICATION OF LIFE-HISTORY OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. 229

whether or not the insect is suitably suspended. If it is not so suspended
by then, a cripple will result. On one occasion I saved such an outcome
by holding up the detached leaf and pupa case (to which the unfortunate
insect had returned and was clinging) in my hand for nearly half an
hour.

As soon as the wings are fully expanded, i.e., in a matter of twenty
minutes or so, the fluid left surplus from the process of pumping into the
wing-vessels is forcibly ejected from the abdomen.

In conclusion, I take the opportunity of pointing out that, while I
have mentioned in several places the effects of temperature upon move-
ments of the imago (e.g., Entomologist’s Gazette, Vol. 8, p. 226),
research on the effects of barometric pressure has not yet been conducted.
This presents an untouched field. As some indication of the potentialities,
I have mentioned (in a paper on ‘‘further considerations of times,’’ etc.,
awaiting publication in the Entomologist’s Gazette) that iris will not
fly when really heavy rain is imminent. This may be due on occasion,
as I have related, to the actual reverberation of the advancing rain;
but more often there is no audible or sensible sign of what has made
the iris retire.

“‘Belfield’’, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 7.x.60.

A Clarification of the Life-history of Opisthograptis
luteolata L., (Lepid.) and an Analysis of its

Problems
By P. A. DesmMonp LanxgtTREE, F.R.E.S.

There seems to be some considerable disparity between the reports
of different authors on the life-cycle and early stages of the Brimstone
moth. This is probably not at all due to any real disagreement between
authors, but only, perhaps, to their stating their own experiences of the
insect, and omitting reference to those of others.

As is well known, the insect is common in the adult form, and its
bright colours often attract attention. Newly emerged specimens are
conspicuous on old dark palings, individuals disturbed from foliage take
wing readily enough to fly leisurely in the sunshine, and both sexes
come to light, though more often these are males. Thus it is not
difficult to obtain a series of the species in good condition exhibiting a
range of variation without going to the trouble of breeding them in
quantity from the egg stage, though perhaps these collected adults will
have been supplemented from time to time by the occasional larva
dropping into beating equipment from the foliage of various plants.
Possibly it is because of this ease with which specimens may be obtained
that its life history is so variously described. Whatever the reason, the
object of this paper is to draw attention to and examine these disparate
reports and to co-ordinate them so far as possible into a more enlightened
whole which may then be confirmed and augmented by the work of
others.

If limited experience in breeding the species lies behind the different
findings of individual recorders, let the present writer be the first to

230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vol. 72 15/X1/1969

admit he has only ever bred but two adults himself, and both of these
were from wild larvae. As his findings differed somewhat from the first
written (and modern) account he happened to look at, and caused him
to compare them with others, and so led to this paper, these two
specimens will be discussed first.

Both these larvae have in common the facts that they were found in
the latter part of 1953, pupated before the winter, and gave rise to
normal male moths of about the same size, colour and markings in May
or early June of the following year. The eclosion dates were the 3rd
of May and the 6th of June, but it is not certain to which larva each
moth is referable.

Little more is known of the first larva except that it was found in
the late summer, and was a not very impressive shade of green. That it
pupated before the winter is certain, for this was just detectable through
the unopened cocoon.

The second larva is rather better recorded, and remembered, for itself
as much as for the circumstances in which it was found. The larva
was coloured almost uniformly a bright velvet green and was found
stretched out along the upper surface of a horizontal branch of an orna-
mental shrub on a cold autumn day in 1953. It was about full grown
when found, or in any event, when offered leaves from the shrub from
which it was removed, and such green leaves as could be salvaged at the
time of year from its more conventional food plants, it wandered about
them in captivity but was never observed to feed, nor was any frass
found. It was not many days before the larva had spun up and
eventually pupated. In due course, the cocoon was slit open and the
pupa was seen to be a pale green, thickly ‘‘dusted’’ with bloom. As
stated earlier, a male moth emerged the following spring.

The spiny shrub on which this larva was found had small green
leathery leaves, and in flower, displayed masses of small yellow blooms
which were replaced later in the year by a multitude of berries which,
if the writer recalls correctly, were of a reddish hue. The plant was
one of a number adorning the grassy slopes which rose from behind either
platform of N. Ealing station, but while its identity remains unknown
to the writer, there is no material evidence that it did constitute the
food of the larva found upon it. (Berberis sp. ?—Hp.)

The first book in which a reference to the species was quite casually
encountered some time afterwards, happened to be one of Stokoe’s
(1948)!. His work, based largely on South’s?, here almost directly quotes
that author in describing the larva, and states: ‘‘The caterpillar is twig-
like and brownish, tinged with greenish or purplish . . . it will be feed-
ing, after hibernation, in the spring, and a second generation occurs
in the summer’’.

Variability in the ground-colour of smooth-skinned moth larvae is
well known to be evident in many species, and while Stokoe does not
actually mention that Juteolata larvae vary in this respect, Dr. Stovin’s
Introduction to Vol. I of this series? says, with general relevance, that
‘fn a work of this nature it is not possible to indicate all these possible
variations’. Stainton (1859)4, however, remarks: ‘‘Larva . . . exces-
sively variable in colour (green, brown or marbled)’’, so it appears that
there may possibly be a graded transition series between extreme green
and brown forms, and it remains to be learned whether such variation
in this species is genotypic, or phenotypic and determined by an environ-

CLARIFICATION OF LIFE-HISTORY OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. 231

mental factor such as ‘“‘crowding’’, as has been demonstrated before in
larvae of this order. So much for the larval colour forms.

That the larva ‘‘will be feeding, after hibernation, in the spring’’,
is again a statement unqualified by alternatives, and as it stands, sug-
gests rather that larval hibernation is the normal, or even the sole
manner by which the species survives the winter. No doubt, however,
the observation itself is correct, as far as it goes.

Now, turning to Newman and Leeds®, one finds they have set out
the life-cycle as follows :—

January February March April May June
p p p 10 1 lp
10 10
July August September October November | December
Ip i I Pp p Pp
10 10

where, for those not acquainted with this work, o, 1, p, and i stand
respectively for ova, larvae, pupae, and imagines. This also is tanta-
mount to a statement without reservation, and by itself, conversely
suggests that pupal hibernation is standard practice for this species in
winter*. That this observation is correct, again as far as it goes, is
borne out by the present writer’s experience.

Thus, to put both observations together, luteolata can apparently
hibernate either as a larva or a pupa. [If this is the case, as it appears
to be, it indicates further gaps in the knowledge of the species’ life
history, and raises a proportionate number of questions. Some initial
questions for instance would be as follows. What controls the rate of
larval development? |§What determines whether the individual shall
hibernate as a larva or a pupa? Is the instar in which larval hiberna-
tion is undertaken specific or varied? (In connection with the last
question, it might be worth noting that while South says the larva
“may be found after hibernation in the spring’’, Stokoe says ‘‘it will be
feeding, after hibernation, in the spring’’, the latter suggesting that
development may not. be complete by then.) Also, even the statement
that the species is double-brooded would seem to require confirmation,
for, while it may be partly or wholly accurate, the circumstances from
which this observation was derived are not given: this matter will how-
ever be further discussed presently.

To return to the subject of pupae, it is noted that neither South
nor Stokoe describe or depict this stage, though the latter author men-
tions the cocoon. W. F. Kirby (1897)6, however, describes the pupa as
“dark brown’’. This, though, is not in accordance with the present
writer’s sole experience of the stage as already described. Now Kirby’s
pupal description follows a description of the larva as ‘‘pale brown’’

*It should be mentioned here that these authors show the butterfly species
Pararge aegeria L., hibernating as a larva in their tabulation of its life-cycle.
but add in their notes in the last column that ‘‘the larvae feed up very
irregularly from the same brood and even hibernate both as larvae and pupae’”’,
while in their notes in the last column for 0. luteolata, they merely add ‘‘larvae
feed up irregularly’’.

232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 72 15/X1/1960

(though these descriptions may not have been made from different
stadia of the same specimen), but the writer’s green pupa is known to
have resulted from a green larva. The question remains then, is the
pupal ground-colour pre-determined by, or independent of the larval
ground-colour ?

Before leaving the early stages, it might be recalled that Stokoe
records the ovum’s shape, texture and light-reflecting capacity, and
reproduces a photo-micrograph of several by A. EH. Tonge. This in-
formation is a welcome addition to that afforded by South, and its kind
is a highly commendable feature throughout Mr. Stokoe’s two volumes
on moths.

The luteolata ova photographed are shown on a fabric surface and
may have been deposited in confinement. Although three at least of
the four or five visible form a close row or small batch, it would be
unwise to draw any conclusions as to whether row, batch or single
deposition is normal in the wild in the absence of knowledge of the
space that was available for oviposition in confinement.

It seems as if colour might be another property of the ovum that
still needs recording for this species: at least it is not mentioned in a
number of works examined. That Mr. Stokoe omits reference to it,
not just in this, but in many other cases where the ova are newly
depicted and otherwise so well described is rather remarkable, but no
doubt there is reason enough, for where South describes it, Stokoe has
included it.

Although colour may be a variable property in the ovum of any one
species, it is well to recall that it is not any the less useful or reliable.
Once these changes are known, they are not only of assistance in
identification, but invaluable as an indication of fertility, and if fertile,
of the degree of larval development attained, the approximate time
left before hatching, and even the approximate time that oviposition
occurred.

To re-open the subject of luteolata’s brood number per annum, if
reference is again made to the cycle tabulated by Newman and Leeds,
recalling also their remarks that the species is double-brooded, it would
seem the first brood appears in April and, also from the table, that the
earliest date for the second would be June or July.

Most authors agree that April (Stainton says from early April), is
the time of the first generation on the wing in the year. South says
“the moth seems to have been noted in each month from April to
August, but is most frequent in May and June’’. Many also agree that
it is most frequent in May and June, but Stainton increases the time
of appearance of the adults to September. The present writer’s
observations have agreed with this in several years. (In the latter
part of 1960, the later records have included one male at light in Oxford
on 23rd August, and another male on 11th September, though both
these were undersized). W. F. Kirby, however, in the work of his
already alluded to, goes further and states: ‘‘the moth is found from
April to October or November, there being a succession of broods through-
out the fine season of the year’’. Perhaps October and November would
be rather exceptional for Britain though, and Mr. Kirby had the
Continent as much in mind?

With reference to the dogmatic statement that the species is double-
brooded, the leading question the writer would ask, in his own

CLARIFICATION OF LIFE-HISTORY OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L., 233

ignorance of the cycle, is: has anyone ever taken spring ova and reared
the adults in the same year? Perhaps this has been done long ago and
often since, and the statement was made on the basis of such an
experience. In such a case the species would certainly be digoneutic,
at least in captivity, but to extend this question a little more, is it
wholly, or partly digoneutic? In other words, as the resultant larvae
from a large batch of ova from one female would, it seems, feed up
irregularly, a split development rate may be indicated, and a time
reached where a proportion of the brood are all larvae, and a proportion
all pupae. What happens next is a crucial point. If all this stock pro-
duced adults the same year, it would indeed be digoneutic. If only
those that attained the pupa state early produced adults the same
year, it would be part-digoneutic.

If, however, no-one has bred adults the same year as the ova were
laid, the species could conceivably be monogoneutic, and yet give the
impression of being digoneutic. The larvae of any one brood, it may be
taken, feed up irregularly. As the species can evidently hibernate in
either of two stages, consider winter intervening at this point. The
following year, the winter pupae might give rise to imagines in the early
part of the year by a series of irregular eclosions, and the winter larvae
give rise to the later imagines by further irregular eclosions, perhaps
with some degree of overlap, and the resultant progeny would have to
have a split development rate with winter intervening again.

Such a system, one of staggered broods, but each brood representing
only one generation per year, and yet permitting the lengths of larval
and pupal stadia of corresponding brood-portions to be the same, though
winter would intrude on the stadia at proportionately different times,
would not seem entirely unthinkable. A collector who had raised some
June pupae from spring ova in captivity, might then be misled, by
seeing adults at ight from July to September, into believing them to
represent a second generation, even though his own pupae remained as
pupae through the following winter.

The dual hibernation phase, and irregular eclosion periods could
account for the five months long oviposition period in the table by
Newman and Leeds (perhaps it is longer?), and these in turn could
explain Kirby’s remarks of ‘‘there being a succession of broods through-
out the fine season of the year’’. However, the suggested possibility of
a monogoneutic cycle may long have been over-ruled by experience to
the contrary as stated earlier, but as nothing more than a suggestion, it
is as much open to denial as it is to confirmation.

Whatever the cyclic system, the fact remains that it has not before
been made sufficiently clear that the species has a dual hibernating
phase, and this alone, while it may clarify or account for some observa-
tions, will almost certainly lead to the discovery of greater complexity
in the cycle than evidently suspected to date.

Breeding the progeny of a captive female on a large enough scale
would apparently be rewarding on various counts. The present writer
had hoped to be able to do something of the kind before now, but as
the opportunity appears to have been denied him the last few years,
he has decided to present this paper in its present form and make the
subject-matter thus generally available as a basis for further work.

It is hoped that the following brief summaries may indicate what
appears to be generally known of the early stages, may draw further

234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/X1/1960

S f ead { a if j : i
. . A L ol ee Te U : ' y . a
information from anyone already possessing it, and serve as a guide

to anyone who may decide to breed this species.

SUMMARY OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON HARLY STAGES

Ovum
Shape: flattish-oval (Stokoe)!.
Texture: delicately pitted over the upper surface, and shiny (Stokoe)!.
Illustrated: photo by Tonge (Stokoe)!.

Larva

External form: twig-like . . . double-pointed hump on ring six, and
smaller projections on ring eight (Stokoe)!. With 14 legs (Stain-
ton). The anterior 2 pairs of prolegs are vestigial (Lanktree).

Colour: excessively variable . . . green, brown or marbled (Stainton)‘.
Sometimes green, sometimes brown (Stainton)’.

Times of occurrence: May to September (N. & L.)°, June to October
(Stainton)*. Feeding after hibernation (Stokoe)!. Possibly April
is the only month in which it might not be found (Lanktree).

Foodplants: Hawthorn, Blackthorn, Service-tree, Whitebeam, Apple,
Rowan, and Hazel (Allan)’, Bramble (Kirby)®.

Illustrated: various works and colour drawing by J. C. Dollman

(Stokoe)!.
Pupa
Colour: dark brown (Kirby)®, pale green thickly ‘‘dusted’’ with bloom
(Lanktree).

Cocoon: thick silken (Stokoe)!, greyish-white (Lanktree).
Cocoon site: generally near or on the ground (Stokoe)!.

LInfe-cycle
Variously reported and uncertain. Imagines have been recorded from

May to September inclusively, or even later. Dual hibernation
phase as larva or pupa.

Summary oF INFORMATION REQUIRED ON HARLY STAGES
Ovum

All months in which oviposition occurs?

Incubation period?
Colour on deposition and subsequent changes after known periods?

Single, row or batch deposition usual?
Any selection exercised in, or varied deposition site?

Larva

Min. and max. lengths of life?

Suspended development in more than one larval instar? Which
instar(s) ?

% ages of any one brood (a) wintering as larvae, (b) wintering as pupae,
(c) producing adults the same year?

Colour forms associated with, or independent of any diapause. shown?

Colour forms associated with, or independent of environmental factors?

Colour forms obtained by selective breeding?

TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1960 235

Pupa

Colour pre-determined by, or independent of larval colour?

If independent of larval colour, % ages of brown, green, etc., forms per
brood ?

Min. and max. lengths of life observed and seasons concerned?

Life-cycle

Number of broods per year?
Cyclic system ?

These problems constitute but one more drop in the problematic
ocean which confronts those interested in the Lepidoptera, an Order
which is sometimes strangely described as ‘‘over-studied’’.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1Stokoe, W. J. 1948. The Caterpillars of British Moths, Vol. II, p. 180.

2South, R. 1933. The Moths of the British Isles, Vol. II, p. 283.

3Stokoe, W. J. 1948. The Caterpillars of British Moths, Vol. 1, p. 2.

4Stainton, H. T. 1859. A Manual of Butterflies and Moths, Vol. II, p. 9.

5Newman, L. W. and Leeds, H. A. 1913. Text Book of British Butterflies and
Moths, p. 40.

6Kirby, W. F. 1897. A Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera, Vol. V, p. 204.

7Stainton, H. T. (N.D.). British Butterflies and Moths, 2nd Ed., p. 207.

8Allan, P. B. M. 1949. Larval Foodplants, p. 112.

The egg is depicted in colour on Plate celxxvui (vol. 6) of C. G.
Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British Isles, and the pupa is described
at page 351 of the same volume. Further, at the same page Barrett
quotes C. R. Bree saying: ‘‘It has been definitely ascertained that
this species passes the winter in the larva and also in the pupa
state.’’—Ep.

Two Collecting Trips in Europe During 1960
By Baron pE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.R.E.S.
(1) ARQUATA SCRIVIA, PIEDMONT, 4th to 10th JUNE

It was largely on the recommendation of Lt. Col. W. B. Manley
that I visited this delightful locality, since he had reaped a good
harvest there in 1954 on several day-time trips from Genoa, 25 miles
away. But Arquata Scrivia has appeared before in the literature since
the late Rev. EK. B. Ashby gave an enthusiastic account of his few days
there in late May 1927 (vide Ent. Rec., 1928, 40: 90 seq.). He had
been much struck with the surroundings when he was stationed there
at the end of 1918 in the First War.

I had been spending the previous week in Turin with a scientific
party so that I was able to reach my destination in two hours on the
main line to Genoa. The small town is situated on the northern foot-
hills of the Appenines with undulating country around and the River
Scrivia running between it and the new great trunk road. Ashby spoke
of the excellence of the local Hotel Arquata, even over thirty years
ago, and with its recent modernisation it was really first-class. As
soon as I arrived on the warm afternoon of 4th June, I set to work
up the valley running into the hills immediately behind the hotel, the
scene of most of my collecting. It is about a mile long with vineyards

236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ X1I/1960

on the south-facing side and luscious meadows opposite. I was soon
able to appreciate the wealth of lepidopterous life in the area, which
was pre-eminently rich in the Lycaenidae. Damp places along the
narrow path were attended by large numbers of Blues, of which by far
the commonest was Lysandra hispana H.-S., a near relative of L.
coridom Poda, but double-brooded. Both sexes were in abundance and
only just out. Other species on these patches included ZL. bellargus
Rott. and Polyommatus eschert Hbn. In the adjoining meadows and
slopes I noted Agrodiaetus cyllarus Hbn. and Lycaena amandus Schneid.
with females, all in good order. Plebeius argus L. was quite fresh as
was also what turned out to be P. ligurica Oberthiir referred to by
Ashby as P. argyrognomon Bergstr. Other species seen included a
number of Coenonympha arcania L., also an occasional Lamenitis
rivularis Scop. The next morning which was very warm I explored
further up the valley where one grassy slope was alive with butterflies,
mainly Blues. On this occasion, besides the species already mentioned,
I took some very fresh Thecla aesculi Hbn., and a good many Cupido
sebrus Bdv., mostly past their best. Cyaniris semiargus Rott. and
Cupido minima Fuessly were also much in evidence. The Burnets were
represented mainly by Zygaena purpuralis Brinn. and Z. oxytropis
Bdv. On the 7th I explored further afield up an old road to the south
which wound up the slopes to a high ridge. En route I took Argynnis
daphne W.V. and saw Pararge maera L., also Melitaea cinxia L. On
the following afternoon I was joined by Signor Storace, the well-known
Genoese collector, who drove me up the rough road to the high ridge
where the main growth of the Colutea arborescens round which has
been taken Polyommatus iolas Ochs. in this spot, but it was very windy
and none were forthcoming.

The next day, the 8th, Signor Storace kindly drove me into Genoa.
It was a very sultry and still day, so we went eastwards on along the
Riviera road to Ruta and then drove up the winding road through the
park to Portofino Vecchia. Thence we made our way on foot through
the wooded slopes overlooking the sea till after about three-quarters
of an hour, at about 1 p.m., we came on a forest of Arbutus unedo.
Signor Storace went on ahead along a narrow path and suddenly gave
me a shout that he had seen a Charazes jasius L., and a moment later
he had caught a fine male which he handed to me. After a brief spell,
while it was quite cloudy but very still and warm, at least two more
of these grand insects came sailing round at great speed and one
even settled on an Arbutus bush in full view of us, but just out of reach
of our nets. We did the long walk back to the car feeling very exulted.
Zyguena transalpina Esp. and Syntomis phegea L. were especially
numerous in this locality.

I spent the last two days at Arquata collenting in the customary
valley under very warm conditions. The Lycaenids were more
abundant than ever and 7’. aescult in plenty. I counted eight species
in an area of some ten square yards. Among them was Maculinea
arion Li. just appearing. Also just out were Melanargia galatea L.,
Melitaea parthenie Borkh. and Spilothyrus lavaterae Esp., while L.
rivularis was also quite numerous. I left Arquata by the evening train
on the 10th and, travelling via Turin, was in England next evening
after a most enjoyable and successful week in these most engaging
surroundings.

TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1960 237

(2) VIENNA and EASTERN AUSTRIA, 138th to 25th AUGUST

Vienna was indeed a fortunate choice for the venue of the XIth
International Congress of Entomology which took place from 17th to
25th August. JI considered it might be advantageous to reach Austria
a few days before the opening and to stay fairly near the city. I was
advised that Baden-bei-Wien was a very delightful resort only 15 miles
from Vienna to the south-west and well in the country. I reached
Vienna by train on the morning of the 13th and went out at once to
Baden, arriving in the early afternoon. The excellent Hotel Sacher
is nearly two miles from the Station, but on the edge of the lovely
Helenental, the southern fringe of the Wienerwald. It was not very
sunny on my arrival, but I went for a walk along the valley to see
what was on the wing. I soon came across a very large form of Hrebia
aethiops Esp. flying along the grassy verge of the river. Pararge
aegeria lL. was well to the fore in a pale spotted form but, apart from
Pieris napi L., little else was on the move.

The next day I went by train some 50 miles to the south to the
summit of the Semmering Pass at about 3,000 ft., but again the day
was mostly overcast. However, I found Melitaea athalia Rott. at rest
on scabious heads, but the only species IJ saw on the wing were Coeno-
nympha iphis W.V., Lycaena virgaureae L. and Argynnis aglaia L. The
15th was a very fine and warm day which I spent in exploring further
the Helenental. In some rough ground, almost adjoining the hotel,
numbers of butterflies were flying. A small blue proved to be Hveres
coretas Ochs. which was very fresh. Satyrus circe F. was flying in the
orchards, while Argynnis paphia L. was in great numbers with many
fresh specimens in both sexes, a very late date. There were also a
few A. cydippe L., many Gonepteryx rhamni L. just out, also a few
Pararge maera L., Colias australis Berger, Leptidea sinapis L., together
with many Plebeius argus L. and P. idas L. Erebia aethiops Esp. was
in increasing numbers with the females appearing. Hesperia comma
L. was also just starting. I revisited the Semmering on the 16th, but
in spite of a much better day, there was little moving at this altitude
and my only capture of interest was a fine aberration of L. virgaureae
L., a male with the forewing spots well radiated.

A heat wave broke on 17th August, the day I moved into the centre
of Vienna to attend the Congress, and the following day the tempera-
ture was well in the eighties when I joined Mr. N. D. Riley and Dr.
and Mrs. Lionel Higgins at about 9 a.m. We motored some 40 miles
to the east to a small town called Hainburg, situated on the borders of
the Danube only four miles from the Czechoslovak frontier. We made
our way slowly in the heat up a tortuous path leading through some
woods. As soon as we began our walk we were soon able to realise the
wealth of lepidopterous life in this locality. We soon came across
Hipparchia dryas Scop. in numbers, but somewhat past its best at this
level. Among the many blues were flying Polyommatus hylas W.V. and P.
meleager Esp. As we ascended the large hill the number of butterflies
increased till, when we emerged from the woods on to a grassy plateau,
they seemed to be in thousands. The whole hillside was alive with
Lysandra coridon Poda, while H. dryas Scop. was in hundreds flutter-
ing about the herbage together with H. arethusa W.V. settling on the
bare soil with both sexes in very good order. There were also a good

238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ X1/ 1960

many H. briseis 1.., most difficult to catch. The chief Nymphalines were
Argynnis dia L. and Melitaea aurelia Nick., which was sitting about
the scabious heads in great plenty. As we reached the top of the hill
at about 800 ft., with a grand view of the Danube, Dr. Higgins caught
several Colias which proved to be (. chrysotheme Esp. A large form ef
Eumenis semele L. was flying in this area. We made a slow descent
at about 1 p.m. and, as we were approaching the car on the main road,
Dr. Higgins netted a female Melitaea trivia W.V. On the way down
we saw many Plebeius idas L. and a few Melitaea didyma Esp. The
small Burnet Zygaena carniolica Scop. was abundant.

August 20 was devoted by the Congress to a series of collecting
excursions. I was among many other lepidopterists to choose the
one which visited the vicinity of the famous Neusiedler See, a large
saline lake some 20 miles in length with the southernmost tip in
Hungary. After a thirty-mile run to the south the motorcoach landed
us at some cultivated land leading up to a small hillock overlooking
the lake. Fortunately, it was a fine day and during 14 hours collecting
in this spot quite a lot of lepidoptera were seen and taken. Many of
the species seen at Hainburg were in evidence, including H. arethusa
W.V. and Argynnis dia I., while quite a few Colias chrysotheme Esp.
were careering about the somewhat bare hillside. Pontia daplidice
was in numbers in the stubble fields. We also saw Papilio machaon L.
and Colias hyale L. Several Lasiocampa trifolu Schiff. were also taken
and some Hmmelia trabealis Scop. Later in the day, on the edge of
the lake itself, I took further C. chrysotheme Esp. and also C. croceus
Foure. f. helice. At another halt some small poplar trees were covered
with larvae of Dicranura vinula L.

The very warm spell was still persisting on the 23rd when I accom-
panied a party from the Congress on a tour of the Wienerwald. During
‘a morning halt at some sloping meadow surrounded by woods Argynnis
paphia L. was once more in plenty, together with Pararge aegeria L.,
P. maera U., P. rapae L., and Lycaena dorilis Huf. The following
afternoon, in very warm conditions, I revisited the Helenental. Most
of the species of the previous week were still much on the wing,
especially Erebia aethiops Esp. In a wooded glade I was surprised to
see Limenitis camilla L. still about and a little later quite a fresh-
looking Apatura iris L. sailed over my head. Hipparchia alcyone W.V.
was also still flying. Callimorpha hera L. was plentiful on flower heads.

On 25th August I left Vienna at about 90° F. in the shade, and
after an overnight train journey returned to England after a most
enjoyable and interesting fortnight.

Lepidoptera Observed at Dulwich, 1957 - 1960
By Atasparr Aston, B.A., F.R.E.S.

Most of these observations were made at home with the aid of a
blended mercury vapour bulb, but during the first year only ordinary
white light was used. Good results were, however, obtained, as the
bulb hung in a position of prominence, and it is a pity that very few
records were kept for 1957. Early in 1958, complaints from elderly

LEPIDOPTERA OBSERVED AT DULWICH, 1957-1960 239

female neighbours forced the lamp back into insignificance on ground
level and a blended bulb was obtained for the purpose of making the
catches numerically worthwhile again. This was achieved at the expense
of narrowing the range of species attracted. The lamp is never used
as a trap and is constantly attended, as many insects do not stay
long and, of those that do, some settle so inconspicuously that search
is hopeless.

The list also includes insects that were caught in Dulwich Woods at
night, the attraction being a tilley-lamp. Observations were also made
on Dulwich golf-course by day. The list seems to include three main
groups of species :—

(a) Common species that have adapted themselves successfully to

back-garden habitats and are ubiquitous.

(b) Woodland and meadow fauna that are “hanging on’’ in Dulwich

Woods and on the golf course.

Dulwich Woods were formerly

part of the Great North Wood and the part mentioned here is

known as Lapse Wood.

(c) Insects that have wandered to Dulwich, either as migrants in
the accepted sense or as nomadic adults of species that have a
tendency to range over the ‘‘countryside’’.

The names and order are taken from the list by I. R. P. Heslop.

PAPILIONES —

Pieris brassicae L.

P. rapae L.

P. napi L.

Polygonia c-album L., 19.vii.59

Aglais urticae L.

Vanessa atalanta L.

Pararge megera L.

Maniola jurtina L.

Coenonympha pamphilus L.

Lycaena phlaeas L.

Celastrina argiolus L.

Thymelicus sylvestris Pod.

Ochlodes venata Br. et Grey.
13 species.

SPHINGES
Mimas tiliae L.
Smerinthus ocellata L.
Laothoe populi L.

3 species.

BOMBYCES
Cerura vinula L.
Phalera bucephala L.
Habrosyne derasa L.
Tethea ocularis L.
Orgyia antiqua L., at light, 11.viii.5s.
Drepana binaria Hufn.
Cilix glaucata@ Scop.
Nola cucullatella L.
Spilosoma lubricipeda L.
S. lutea Hufn.
Arctia caja L.

41 species.

AGROTIDES

Apatele aceris L., dusky.

A. megacephala Fabr.

A. tridens Schiff.

A. rumicis L.

Cryphia perla Fabr.

Agrotis puta Hibn.

A. exclamationis L.

A. ipsilon Rott.

Euxoa nigricans L.

Peridroma porphyrea Scniff., 24.vii.59.

Amathes c-nigrum L.

A. triangulum Hufn.

A. xanthographa Fabr.

Diarsia festiva Schiff.

Ochropleura plecta L.

Axylia putris L.

Triphaena comes Hiubn.

T. pronuba L.

T. ianthina Esp.

Polia nebulosa Hufn., rest Dulwich
Woods and house light.

Mamestra brassicae L.

Melanchra persicariae L.

Diataraxia oleracea L.

Hadena trifolii Rott.

HH. nana Hufn.

A. bicruris Hufn.

Bombycia viminalis Fabr., melanic.

Luperina testacea Schiff.

Thalpophila matura Hufn.

Procus strigilis Clerck, most melanic.

P. fasciuncula Haw.

P. literosa Haw., 2.viii.59.

P. furuncula Schiff., melanic.

240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72
b)

Apamea sordens Hufn.
A. secalis, L.
A. lithoxylea Fabr.
A. monoglypha Hufn.
A. hepatica Hubn.
A. ypsilon Borkh., 7.vii.59.
Dypterygia scabriuscula L., two,

25.vi.60.
Antitype flavicincta Fabr.
Euplexia lucipara L., quite common.
Phlogophora meticulosa L.
Phalaena typica L.
Hydraecia micacea Esp.
Gortyna flavago Schiff.
Leucania pallens L.
L. impura Hiibn.
L. comma U.
L. lithargyria Esp.
L. conigera Fabr.
Meristis trigrammica Huin.
Caradrina morpheus Hufin.
C. alsines Brahm.
C. clavipalpis Scop.
Petilampa minima Haw.
Rusina umbratica Goeze.
Amphipyra pyramidea L.
A. tragopogonis L.
Cosmia affinis L.
C. trapezina L.
Orthosia gothica L.
O. incerta Hufn.
Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw.
Anchoscelis litura L.
Polychrisia moneta Fabr.
Plusia chrysitis L.
P. gamma L.
Abrostola tripartita Huin.
A. triplasia L., 25.vii and 5.ix.59.
Mormo maura lL.
Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Treits.
Z. nemoralis Fabr.
Hypena proboscidalis L.

74 species.

GEOMETRIDES

Hemithea aestivaria Hubn.

Sterrha seriata Schrank.

S. fuscovenosa Goeze.

S. aversata L.

S. trigeminata Haw.

Scopula marginepunctata Goeze.

Caloihysanis amata L.

Philereme transversata Huin.,
21.Vil.59.

Lygris mellinata Fabr.,

Dysstroma truncata Huin., many
melanic.

Thera obeliscata Hiubn., some
melanic.

Xanthorhoe designata Rott., 2.viii.59.

X. fluctuata L. ab. costovata Haw.,
5.vi.60. :

Oporinia dilutata Schiff.

Asthena albulata Hufn., Dulwich
Woods, 23.v.59.

Operophtera brumata L.

Pelurgia comitata L.

15/X1/1960

Epirrhoé alternata Mull.

Euphytia bilineata L.

Perizoma alchemillata L.

Horisme tersata Hubn.

Eupithecia centaureata Schiff,

linariata Fabr.

assimilata. Doubl.

castigata Hubn.

succentaureata L.

icterata Vill.

. abbreviata Steph.

. subnotata Hubn.

. subumbrata Schiff.

Gymnoscelis pumilata Hubn.

Chloroclystis rectangulata L., nearly
all melanic.

Lomaspilis marginata L.

Abraxas grossulariata L.

Cabera pusaria L.

Campaea margaritata L.

Ttame wauaria L.

Chiasma clathrata L.

Deuteronomos alniaria L.

D. fuscantaria Haw.

Selenia: bilunaria Esp.

Gonodontis bidentata Clerck, melanic
strains present.

Crocallis elinguaria L.

Opisthograptis luteolata L.

Ourapteryx sambucaria L.

Lycia hirtaria Clerck, normal.

Biston betularia L., all black.

Hemerophila abruptaria Thunb.,
normal, mahogany and sooty.

Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff., only
normal.

Cc. repandata L., one melanic seen.

50 species.

SSeS &

PYRALES

Eudoria mercurea Haw.

Eurrhypara hortulata L.

Nomophila noctuella Schiff.

Rhodaria aurata Schiff.

Hapalia lutealis Hiibn.

H. ferrugalis Htibn., probably bred
1959.

H. prunalis Schiff.

Anania nubilalis Hiibn., breeding.

Notarcha ruralis Scop.

Perinephela sambucalis Schiff.

Loxostege verticalis Hiibn.

Evergestis straminalis Hubn.

Mesographe forficalis L.

Endotricha flammealis Schiff.

Pyralis glaucinalis L.

P. costalis Fabr.

Aglossa pinguinalis L.

Ephestia elutella Hubn.

Homoeosoma saxicola Vaugh.

Euzophera pinguis Haw., 21.vii.59.

E. advenella Zinck.

Achroia grisella. Fabr.

Aphomia sociella L.

Crambus pascuellus L.

C. culmellus L.

C. hortuellus Hutibn.

LEPIDOPTERA OBSERVED AT DULWICH, 1957-1960 241

C. geniculeus Haw.

C. tristellus Fabr.

C. contaminellus Hiibn., 19.vii.59,
once only, dusky specimen.

Anthophila fabriciana L.

20xzyptilus parvidactylus Haw., pos-
sibly this on 20.vii.58, but not
caught.

Alucita pentadactyla L.

Emmelina monodactylus L.

383 species.

PSYCHES
Zygaena ? filipendulae L., in flight
on golf course.
Zeuzera pyrina L.
2 species.

TORTRICES

Phalonia badiana Hibn,

Euxanthis hamana Ll.

Batodes angustiorana Haw.

Capua favillaceana Hibn.

Cacoecia podana Scop., some dark
purple.

C. xzylosteana L.

C. pronubana Hubn.

Pandemis corylana Fabr.

P. heparana Schiff.

Tortrix viridana L.

T. unifasciana Dup.

Cnephasia osseana Scop.

C. incertana Treits.

Argyrotoxa forskaleana L.

A, conwaiana Fabr.

Peronea variegana Schiff.

Spilonota ocellana Schiff.

S. lariciana Zell.

Acroclita naevana Hibn.

Evetria buoliana Schiff., 11.vili.58
and 7.vii.59, possibly from park.

E. purdeyi Durr.

E. sylvestrana Curt.

Gypsonoma aceriana Dup.

G. sociana Haw.

G. neglectana Dup.

Polychrosis dubitana Steph.

P. fuligana Schiff.

Argyroploce nubiferana Haw.

A. striana Schiff.

A. lacunana Dup.

A. bifasciana Haw.

Notocelia uddmanniana lL.

N. rosaecolana Doubl.

Eucosma tripunctana Fabr.

communana Haw.

nigromaculana Haw.

bilunana Haw.

nisella Clerck.

solandriana L.

cana Haw.

. scopoliana Haw.

Hemimene flavidorsana Knaggs.

H. simpliciana Haw.

Pammene juliana Curt.

P. regiana Zell.

By SY SY BY SB

Laspeyresia woeberianad Schiff.
L. pomonella L.
L. splendana Hubn.
L. grossana Haw.
49 species.

TINEIDES

Aristotelia stipella Hiibn.

Epithectis mouffetella Schiff.

Telphusa fugitivella Zell.

Gelechia rhombella Schiff.

Platyedra malvella Hiibn.

Phthorimaea seminella Pierce.

P. atriplicella F.R.

P. costella Westw.

Oegoconia quadripuncta Haw.

Brachmia rufescens Haw.

Chrysoclista linneella Clerck.

Blastodacna hellerella Dup.

Mompha subbistrigella Haw.

Blastobasis decolorella Woll., Dul-
wich is British headquarters
and it is still prevalent; even in
Alleyn’s School Masters’ Common
Room at light.

B. lignea Wals., fairly frequent.

Dasycera sulphurella Fabr.

Endrosis sarcitrella L.

Borkhausenia fuscescens Haw.

B. unitella Hubn.

B. pseudospreteltla Staint.

Diurnea fagella Fabr.

Carcina quercana Fabr.

Depressaria costosa Haw.

D. arenetla Schiff.

Argyresthia goedartella L.

A. cornella Fabr.

A. ephippella Fabr.

Swammerdamia pyretla Vill.

Prays curtisellus Don.

Hyponomeuta padella L.

H. cognatella Hubn.

Coleophora nigricella Steph.

Lithocolletis quercifoliella Zell.

L. tristrigella Haw.

Gracillaria syringella Fabr.

Eidophasia messingiella F.R.

Ypsolophus xylostellus L.

Y. scabrellus L.

Y. vittellus L.

Plutella maculipennis Curt.

Leucoptera laburnella Staint.

Monopis rusticella Htibn.

M. crocicapitella Clem.

Tineola biselliella Him.

Tinea pellionella L.

Acedes ganomella Treits.

Incurvaria muscaletla Fabr.

Adela viridella Scop.

Nemophora schwarziella Zell.

49 species.

MICROPTERYGES

Hepialus lupulina L.

Hepialus humuli L.
2 species.

TOTAL NUMBER OF DULWICH SPECIES OBSERVED, 1957-60 :—286 species.

242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/X1/1960

FOODPLANTS

It was decided to make a list of the likely foodplants and materials
of the above insects. Using my own observations of larvae and the
works of Scorer and Ford, it has been possible to assign to each insect a
plant known to grow here, in some cases two plants, and this accounts
for the numerical discrepancy. The list of food-plants follows, arranged
according to most obvious locality. The number following each plant
refers to a suggested total of species feeding upon it, but I have no
doubt that there are many overlaps and very many here as yet un-
observed. Polyphagous species are treated separately at the end.

(A) Back-garden habitats Total

WEEDS such as Chenopodium and Atriplex 8, Polygonum
5, Dandelion 5, Willow-herb 1, Mugwort 4, and Convolvulus

GARDEN RUBBISH such as vegetable matter, fallen
leaves, refuse 12, dead wood 2, moss and lichen 2, bees’
MEScSal- WIDUBGS? MES beh. 4.0 scsiaae cee ne Cee ce Moreen En eee CR eee 18
INDOORS in stored food 1, wool and skins 8 .................. 4
GARDEN PLANT'S such as Sweet William 1, ferns 1,
Delphinium 1, Thrift 1, Tansy 1, Antirrhinum 1, Hollyhock
1, Strawberry 1, Mint 2, Rose 6, Honeysuckle 3, various
Chrysanthemum genus 2, Euonymus 1, Brassicas and

Cruciferae: TOE eae oe oe) ose oaciekeed ssainoe a dunes Nee EE een 32

GARDEN TREES AND BUSHES, as Apple 13, Privet 6,

Laburnum 1, Lilac 1, Currant 4, Ash 5, Elder 8 ............ 33
(B) Roadside planted trees

Birch 6, Sycamore and Plane 4, Cherry 3, Lime 2 ............ 15

-(C) Dulwich Park
Pine 5, Larch 1, Yew 1, Holly 2, Beech 1, Poplar 8, Willow
DNR STII ORE, SE SOOO Co ve eo USERS SHON RAORAO eI 20

(D) Playing fields (former pasture)
Hawthorn 14. lm al uwasps) mlesbs slurs cases. teense eee eee 25

(E) Golf Course
Nettle 12, Bramble 5, Bittersweet 1, Sorrel and Dock 7,
Thistles 8, Ragwort 4, Hawksweed 2, Plantain 1, Trefoil 2,
Bedstraw 1, Old Man’s Beard 1, Buckthorn 1, Woundwort
1. (Mr. Lousley doubts whether Buckthorn still exists in

Dulwich but I have seen it recorded in old Floras.) ............ 46
(F) Dulwich Woods

Qak 16, Hazel 1, Hornbeam 3, Sallow: 4 ..cccest8)..- 1. 24
(G) Grasses—General

As weeds, on lawns, playing-fields, park and golf course ... 38

(H) Polyphagous species

LEPIDOPTERA OBSERVED AT DULWICH, 1957-1960 243

COMMENTS

Dulwich is interesting in that, whereas it is close to the centre of
London, it has extensive open land which has, however, been modified
by man. The whole area is managed by the Estates Governors of
Alleyn’s College of God’s Gift who prohibit tree-felling and the intro-
duction of industry. Dulwich Village itself is almost an oasis of trees
and the remnants of oldish woodland on higher ground give good
opportunity for tree-species.

Apart from these features it is interesting to note that the pattern is
fairly typically suburban as regards the Lepidoptera. Although a
heartening number of insects manage to subsist in garden habitats, it
should be said that they are mainly common or feed on common plants
or are polyphagous. Other species have shown initiative by colonising
ornamental trees in the park and even street-trees have their inhabit-
ants, but spraying, even to tree-top level, is becoming increasingly
widespread.

It is to be hoped that the fad for spraying will not continue for long,
as 1t will make surveys of changing population impossible. For instance,
there is probably a significant difference between the moths of Dulwich
1960 and the moths of Dulwich 1898. One must not be obstinate in
the face of real progress but it is to be hoped that the dangers of
spraying will be realised in time for entomologists to observe, for
example, the influence of smokeless zones on melanism and other
changes in insect population over the next half-century.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to thank Mr. S. Wakely for identifying many of the micro-
lepidoptera and Mr. J. EK. Lousley for information about the plants of
Dulwich. I am also grateful to many friends who have brought me
specimens.

REFERENCES

Buckell, Dr. J. F., and Prout, L. B. 1898-1901. Fauna of the London District :
Lepidoptera. Trans. City of London ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1897-8, 8: 51-63;
1899, 9: 66-80; 1900, 10: 62-74; 1901, 11: 55-68.

Ford, L. T. 1949. A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera. S. Lond. ent.

nat. Hist. Soc., pp. 230.

. 1958. Supplement to Guide. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., pp. 1-16.

Heslop, I. R. P., M.A., F.R.E.S., 1945. Check-List of the British Lepidoptera.
Watkins and Doncaster, London, pp. 1-35.

——. 1947. Indexed Check-List of the British Lepidoptera. Watkins and
Doncaster, London, pp. 1-85.

——. 1953. First Supplement to Indexed Check-List of British Lepidoptera.
Entomologist’s Gazette, 1953, Vol. 4, Part 1, pp. 29-33.

——. 1953. Second Supplement to Indexed Check-List of the British Lepi-
doptera. Entomologist’s Gazette, 1953, Vol. 4, p. 265.

——. 1955. Third Supplement to the Indexed Check-List of the British
Lepidoptera. Entomologist’s Gazette, Vol. 6, pp. 231-2.

Scorer, Alfred George. 1913. The Entomologist’s Log-book. London. pp. i-vi
and 1-374.

The Common Room, Alleyn’s School, Dulwich, 8.E.22.

244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ X1/1960

The Larva of Neureclipsis bimaculata (L.)
(Trichoptera, Polycentropidae)
By Atian Brinpie, F.R.E.S.

The campodeiform larvae of the Polycentropidae spin silken nets
in lotic or static water on pondweed, submerged stones, or other sup-
ports. They may be recognised by the broad head, by the often deep
intersegmental constrictions of the abdomen which is frequently red-
dish or pinkish, by the long, widely diverging anal appendages, and
by the degree of sclerotisation of the thoracic nota, of which only the
pronotum is sclerotised, bearing a complete plate.

The Philopotamidae is the only other family of British Trichoptera
possessing net-spinning larvae which have only the pronotum sclero-
tised. These two families may be separated in the larval stage as
follows :—

1. Head broad, rounded, not unicolorous but with darker spots or
bands; abdomen often reddish usually with the intersegmental
constrictions well marked and often deep; labrum sclerotised, dark
coloumedss(Velllawa (ors or ows) seece see een eeeeeeee Polycentropidae

—. Head elongated, parallel-sided, unicolorous yellow or reddish;
abdomen whitish or yellowish, intersegmental constrictions rather
slight and not well marked; labrum soft and whitish ...............

Philopotamidae

The larva of Newreclipsis bumaculata, the only species in this genus,
is separable from the rest of the Polycentropidae by the chaetotaxy
of the segments of the anal appendages. These consist of two long
obvious segments—an apparent basal, and a distal sezment. A third
segment is present but is small and inconspicuous, and is not considered
here. In Newreclipsis only the distal sezment is covered with setae,
the apparent basal sezment has setae only on the extreme distal part
(fig. 3). Im all other genera of the Polycentropidae both of these
obvious segments have setae along their length. Lestage (1921) gives
a similar feature for the separation of this larva, though his other
characters seem to be based on errors.

Larvae of Neureclipsis were collected in large numbers from the
outflow of Llynnau Mymbyr, Capel Curig, North Wales, in June, 1960.
The water at this point is channelled into a deep narrow passage lined
with large stones and is torrential. The nets were found beneath
stones by the edge of the outflow and not in the fastest flowing water.
The apparent restriction of this species to the outflows and inflows
of lakes, as remarked on by Mosely (1939), has been noted from per-
sonal experience.

Pupation occurs in silken cocoon strengthened by the addition of
small pieces of stones, fastened to the underside of stones in the water.
The adults are very active at night, and in the day during hot weather,
having a short unsustained flight, and seeking shelter amongst stones
or vegetation when disturbed from rest. The females are much larger
than the males; the size of the larva quoted below refers to the larger
specimens.

VOL. 72 PLATE 1

Figs. 1-8. Larva of Neureclipsis bimaculata (L.)

Fig. 1, head, dorsal. 2, pronotum, dorsal. 3, anal appendage. 4, anterior leg.
rz

5, 6, posterior legs. 7, mandibles, dorsal. 8, labrum, dorsal.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 245

Larva (final instar).

Length 18 mm., breadth 2 mm. Head (fig. 1) broad, rounded,
yellow, slightly darkened along fronto-clypeal and occipital sutures,
and with brown spots arranged on the posterior part of the head and
on the fronto-clypeus; eyes blackish, rather angular, in whitish areas;
chaetotaxy of head as fig. 1; labrum (fig. 8) dark yellow with two very
long setae laterally and with six shorter setae arranged in a row
towards the anterior margin; anterior and lateral margins with short
setae, the former also with two long setae directed towards the mid-
line; mandibles (fig. 7) yellowish red; asymmetrical, rather narrow,
left mandible with a brush of setae dorsally, and with six sharp teeth
(two dorsal and four ventral) the apical one the largest ; right mandible
without a brush of setae, and with five sharp teeth, the apical one the
largest; both mandibles with one pair of long setae on external
edge. Pronotum (fig. 2) yellow with brown spots posteriorly and later-
ally, and with a well marked median longitudinal suture, posterior
border darker and actual posterior margin black ; chaetotaxy as fig. 2.

Legs (figs. 4-6) relatively slender, yellow, anterior legs shorter than
the posterior pairs; anterior femur with a ventral row of long sub-
equal setae; posterior legs with a row of long setae of unequal length;
all tarsi with short setae apically, anterior tarsi with short setae
ventrally in addition; tarsal claws long, slender, yellowish, each with
a long yellow setae.

Abdomen reddish along mid-dorsum, pale reddish laterally,
whitish ventrally; intersezgmental constrictions very deep; no gills
or lateral line. Anal appendages (fig. 3) long, widely diverging, with
two obvious long segments, the basal one whitish, with setae only on
the extreme distal edge, the distal segment yellow, blackish
proximally, covered with long setae ; anal claw long, curved, yellowish,

with fine serrations ventrally from near base to mid-length; three sub-
dorsal setae.

REFERENCES

Lestage, J. A. 1921. In Rousseau, Les Larves et Nymphes Aquatiques des Insects
a@Europe. Brussels.

Mosely, M. E. 1939. The British Caddis-flies (Trichoptera). London.

Notes and Observations

HERSE convotvunt L. in Hampsurre.—It may be of interest to
record that a male Herse convolvuli L. was taken at a lighted window
by a neighbour, Mrs. D. W. Haynes, at Crow Hill, Ringwood, on 14th
September last, at 10.30 p.m. The night was tolerably mild after a
morning and afternoon of almost unceasing rain. The moth was in
good condition.

In what appears to have been a good year for our native hawk
moths and their larvae, the Ringwood district has been no exception,
for an unusual number of adults and larvae have been brought to my
notice. This particularly applies to imagines of Hemaris tityus a es
Hyloicus pinastri L. and the larvae of Smerinthus ocellata L., Sphinx
ligustri L. and Deilephila elpenor L.—Bo.ineBroxke, Crow Hill, Ring-
wood, Hants. 17,x.1960,

246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/ X1/1960

Goop News ror Bats.—I have received the following note in a letter
from Mr. Percy Cue: ‘‘Last night (23rd May) a small bat settled on
my sheet, grabbed a moth, and flew away again. I have never seen
this before, and it appeared to do it without the slightest trouble’’.—
H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 24.viii.1960.

A Late Larva or LaorHor porutt L.—Cycling to the station early
on the morning of 15th October, I noticed a green larva on a garden
fence, and on investigating it I was surprised to see that it was a
Poplar Hawk larva about an inch and a half long. Although the
leaves were falling, I returned it to the lower shoots of a neighbouring
poplar tree, though I fear there is very little chance of its being able
to feed up to pupation stage.—S. N. A. Jacozs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley,
Kent. 19.x.1960.

LEUCANIA PUTRESCENS Husn. anp L. UNIPUNCTA Haw. at WESTON-
SupeR-Mare.—I would like to record the presence in my moth trap in
my garden of single specimens of LD. putrescens and L. unipuncta on
the nights of 25th July and 12th September respectively. Both moths
would seem to have wandered rather a long way from their usual known
habitats.—C. S. H. BuatHwayt, ‘‘Amalfi’’, 27 South Road, Weston-
super-Mare. 30.1x.1960.

MatacosoMA CASTRENSIS L. IN SuFFoLK.—With reference to Mr. R.
F. Bretherton’s report of a specimen of Malacosoma castrensis L. a little
north of Southwold, and his remarks on other Suffolk records of this
insect, it may be worth while to record that on 3rd July 1952, when
visiting Havergate Island, near Orford, to see the avocets, my wife
and I found a colony of M. castrensis on the island. I reported this to
Mr. P. J. Burton—who was then still at Lowestoft—and I remember
that in replying he told me there was a record from Walberswick (only
two or three miles south of Southwold). Mr. Burton now writes to me:
“T found larvae swarming at Walberswick in 1937 in May, but although
I went there in several subsequent years I never saw another’’.—F. H.
Lyon, Sampford Peverell, Tiverton, Devon. 10.x.1960.

LirHosta QuapRA LL. AND LEUCANIA ALBIPUNCTA Fas. IN Kent.—The
night of 24th June 1960 was extremely warm and sultry when I set up
my m.v. trap at the Duke’s Head at Ham Street. A flood of moths began
arriving and by the morning I estimated the total at over 3,000, about
80% being Agrotis exclamationis L. Fortunately, about 2 a.m., when
I came in from the woods, I noticed a Footman sitting on the grass
near the trap and, to my surprise, it turned out to be Lithosia quadra
L., a male in good condition, an abnormally early date for this species,
which usually appears a month later. The possibility that it was a
migrant is increased, since ancther example was also taken in Kent
a few days afterwards.

In the same locality, on 7th September, I took a male Leucania
albipuncta Fab. in my trap. I gather it has been a fairly good year
for this species.—C. G. M. pr Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 1.x.1960.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247

HerRsE convotvui L. at Ham Street, Kent.—On the night of 26th-
27th September, I had a fresh male convolvulus hawk in my m.v. trap
at the Duke’s Head. I gather several had been taken recently in the
district and a large number seen in the south-west of England.—C. G.
M. pve Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 1.x.1960.

Notes on Rearing PAMMENE AURANTIANA Stgr.—As already reported
(Hnt. Rec., 72: 34) I bred a specimen of P. awrantiana from sycamore
seeds on 19th December 1959. Knowing that this species was present
among the larvae collected at Mickleham, Surrey, it was a matter of
great interest to know in what numbers they actually were. A careful
watch was kept on the containers containing the wood, etc., in which
the larvae had spun up, but although both Mr. Chalmers-Hunt and I
bred a few Pammene regiana Zell. in May, we failed to get any
aurantiana. However, several friends were more successful. Mr.
Fairclough bred five auwrantiana in June from half-a-dozen cocoons which
I gave him. These were spun up in paper or linen. Mr. Mere kept his
outdoors until April and reported that he bred about two dozen
aurantiana as well as some regiana. Mr. L. T. Ford also reported that
he bred a few aurantiana. This year I am trying my luck again with
this species, and intend to keep the material containing the cocoons
outdoors during the winter, as failure to do this was probably the cause
of my failure. From sycamore seeds collected this year on 17th Septem-
ber, larvae were found leaving the seeds on the 21st ready for pupation.
However, larvae were not as plentiful as last year—probably due to the
fact that the trees were more loaded with seeds, particularly the higher
branches.—S. WaKety, 26 Finsen Road, London, S.E.5.

CALOPTILIA PYRENAEELLA CHRET. AND GRACILLARIA SEMIFASCIA Hw. IN
THE IstE or Wicut.—In the Entomologist for 1933, page 230, Mr. L. T.
Ford reported that he had bred nine specimens of Caloptilia pyrenaeella
from larvae found in ‘‘cones’’ on maple. The maple leaves were col-
lected in the Isle of Wight on 9th June, and the moths emerged from
2nd to 4th July. At the time he was expecting to breed only Gracillaria
semifascia, a series of which also emerged. Mr. Ford did not collect
again in this locality, and there have been no further reports of the
occurrence of pyrenaeella in Britain. Two years ago I had a day trip
to Cowes in early July and visited Gurnard, where I had seen cones
on maples in August several years previously. It seemed possible that
pyrenaeella might be present here, but from the few tenanted cones
collected semifascia only emerged. I realised later that it should have
been early June—not July. During some correspondence with Mr. J.
Lobb, who lives on the Island near Yarmouth, I mentioned about this
species occurring on maple, and he was kind enough to send me a
number of cones on 2nd July. This date again seemed too late, and I
was not very hopeful of finding any larvae present. However, I noticed
one larva moving about, evidently looking for fresh leaves as those sent
had got rather dry. This larva fed up on fresh leaves and soon spun up
and pupated. I placed the rest of the leaves in a glass container and
was delighted when a specimen of pyrenaeella emerged on 18th July.
The cocoon must have been on one of the leaves, the larvae having fed
up some weeks previously. On Ist August a semifascia emerged (from

248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/X1/1960

the larva previously mentioned) and later still another, but that was all.
Gracillaria semifascia is looked upon as a single-brooded species in
Britain, with the larvae occurring in June and July. Certainly in
my experience all the maple cones found in August have been empty.
To my great surprise, Mr. Lobb wrote to me in September saying that
he had found a number of fresh cones on maple in the Island. He
collected some on the 8th, and sent me two larvae on the 10th Septem-
ber, one of which had spun up en route. On the 13th I received an-
other parcel from him containing eight cocoons on maple leaves. We
had great hopes that these would prove to be pyrenaeella, as September
seemed much too late for semifascia. However, the moths emerged
from the 9th September to 3rd October, and all proved to be Gracillaria
semifascia. This seems to point to there being a second brood of
semifascia—at least in the Isle of Wight.—S. Waxkety, 26 Finsen Road,
London, S.E.5.

A Note on Breepine DiacrisiA sANNIO L.—Most of the notes on the
breeding of this insect which have appeared in the Record recently
have referred to obtaining a second or third brood the same year,
and I should be very interested to know the size of these insects com-
pared with those taken in the wild.

Mr. Waddington in his article in the May 1960 Record states that
those he bred were appreciably smaller than the wild ones he had
caught, but that the two larvae which he managed to hibernate produced
two fine moths.

On the 23rd of June 1959 a female I had taken in East Dorset laid a
good batch of ova. These duly hatched and I fed the larvae with
dandelion placed on the top of heather in a small metal container. I
_ made no attempt to force them and none spun up that year, although
one or two which I had given to Miss Pengilly did produce moths the
same year.

I sleeved twelve larvae on the 7th September on a flower-pot with
growing dandelion, a few twigs of heather, and some fallen leaves. This
pot was kept standing in a saucer so that water could be given, and
then placed in a lean-to shelter open at each end.

On 27th February, which was a warm day, I noticed one larva on
the inside of the sleeve, so I opened it up and found all twelve larvae
still alive. Four were put into each of three small containers in my
study and fed on the same diet as before. Later they were transferred
to breeding cages. One which was always smaller than the rest died
during the first week of April. The rest all duly pupated, the first one
spinning up on April 24th.

Hight females hatched between 21st May and 11th June and three
males between 14th and 16th June.

Each moth was considerably larger than the wild ones I have taken.
Mr. Symes, to whom I showed them, called them ‘‘monsters’’, and he
is now trying to hibernate some larvae to achieve even larger results.—
Brig. H. E. Warry, Eastbrook, Upwey, Dorset. 9.x.1960.

CIRRHIA GILVAGO Esp. NEAR EpINBURGH.—I stayed with Mr. and Mrs.
Eric Stevenson on the night of 15th September 1960 at East Linton,
East Lothian, They kindly let me run my m.y, trap in their garden,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 249

over the wall of which was a row of wych elms and a bed of butter-
bur. In spite of a cold night, among several visitors was a pale lemon
sallow. South reports its northernmost limits as Durham, but it is
probably spreading north, as it is now very common in the [Lake
District. It would be interesting to know whether it is now well estab-
lished in the Lowlands—C. G. M. pe Worms, Three Oaks, ‘Woking.
1.x.1960.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. IN PERTHSHIRE.—Mr. Hdgar Hare and myself
spent four days in the Highlands recently, with our headquarters at
Struan, where Mr. J. Webster kindly let us plug in my m.v. trap at
the back of his garage at Calvine, which is on the edge of the moors.
The night of 17th September was particularly warm and overcast, with
plenty of lepidoptera at light. It was indeed a great surprise to find
among some 250 visitors to the trap, comprising 32 species, a huge
female Death’s Head Hawk in first class condition. It was resting
among the cardboard trays. To our astonishment, on the following
night, which was less favourable, there was yet another in the trap,
this time, a male also in very good order. Evidently, this was part of a
migration northwards, and my trap was just in line for it.—C. G. M.
DE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 1.x.1960.

EcHorES FROM THE PAst.—To Mr. H. Symes’ interesting comments on
The Standard under this heading (antea, 194) might be added those
of the ‘‘Record’s’’ editor from a letter dated 9th May 1960. Mr. Jacobs
said: ‘‘I have been in touch with The Standard (Evening) and I am
told that their paper has existed from 1860 and used to be of a format
similar to The Times’’. This similarity in lay-out was at once striking
from the cuttings concerned, too.

With regard to Strymonidia prunt L., Mr. R. F. Bretherton stated
in 1939 that this species was first discovered in Oxfordshire by Mr. W.
F. Burrows in June 1918, and he also indicated the locality in broad
terms. Sir EK. B. Poulton’s personal discovery of the species, referred
to in the postscript of the letter he wrote, was quite specific, and it is
in this particular spot that it is thought prunz may also still exist. Mr.
Symes’ letter has also been acknowledged privately.—DrsmMonD
LANETREE, 13 Richmond Road, Oxford. 15.x.1960.

PLUSIA BRACTEA F'ABR. IN DERBYSHIRE.—A. fresh female of this species
was captured here at willow herb flowers on 16th July 1960. During
the same night, the moth deposited about fifty eggs. These duly hatched
and the larvae seemed to find leaves of stinging nettle satisfactory. Six
of the caterpillars grew quickly and were kept together in one container.
They pupated within cocoons spun among leaves towards the end of
August. The remaining larvae grew very slowly, although they con-
tinued to feed. Eventually disease appeared and they all died. The
six pupae produced fine imagines, of which two were males and four
females, between 22nd September and 1st October.—T. D. FEARNEHOUGH,
13 Salisbury Road, Dronfield, Derbyshire. 10.x.1960.

250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ X1/1960

HarpaLia FULVALIS Husn. aNd CRAMBUS CONTAMINELLUS HUBN: A
CORRECTION.—May I ask you to correct in an ensuing ‘“‘leiferung’’ of
the Record: a mis-spelling on page 186. Fryer and Diver found con-
taminellus and fulvalis at Parkstone Poole, Dorset; actually fulvalis
in Mrs. Maud Diver’s garden, and contaminellus on Parkstone golf
links. The printer has Parkestone, and there is a Parkestone quay at
Harwich as all will know, but that is nowhere near the sub-division of
Poole called Parkstone, and some day, if this is not corrected by those
who know, some will transfer the records to East Anglia and one more
geographical blunder will plague future entomologists if such there be.
—W. Parxinson Curtis, Ladywell Cottage, Branksome Park, Bourne-
mouth, Hants. 28.1x.1960.

TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS

The treasurer appeals to subscribers to send their subscriptions for
1961 early; before the end of December 1960 if possible. Delay in
payment of subscription entails a lot of work and expense for postage
and printing.

He also appeals to subscribers not to pay twice. One subscriber
sent two cheques this year in addition to payment by banker’s order.

Receipts will be sent automatically for payments by postal order
but not for cheques unless the subscriber requests a receipt.

He asks those who subscribe through a subscription agent to write
early to their agent as this method of payment often entails much delay,
and sometimes, after a lapse of time, leads to the monthly issues being
withheld owing to the fact that the treasurer is uncertain whether the
- subscriber wishes to continue his subscription or not.—CLIFFORD
CrauFruRD, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts.

Current Notes

That handsome moth Hnnomos autumnaria Werneburg, the Large
Thorn, seems at last to have found our changed climate to its liking
and after being confined to our south-eastern coastal counties for a
century and more is now spreading inland and becoming quite a
common insect. Barrett, writing at the beginning of this century,
recorded that it was ‘‘confined to the coast of the South of England
and almost to the extreme south coast’’ and went on to speculate
‘whether it is a frequent immigrant or that it is only able to exist
in a climate little affected by frost’’. About a century ago (1855) the
first specimens seem to have been noticed in Kent and Sussex,

Our friend Mr. Clifford Craufurd tells us that autwmnaria has ap-
peared quite frequently at his m.v. light in Hast Herts during the
last few years. In 1953 the first one occurred on 19th September; in
1955 there were five in his trap between 26th and 30th of that month;
the following year four appeared during the same period; in 1957
three more and in 1958 four. Then came a spurt which seemed to

CURRENT NOTES 251

show that the insect had obtained a footing in the district—ten be-
tween Ist and 25th September in 1959 and this year 23 up to 38rd
October ‘‘and they are st ll arriving at the trap’’, writes our friend
on that date. Four miles away, at Sawbridgeworth, autumnaria was
first taken in 1954.

Having come so far inland this species will probably spread east
and west along the line of the summer isotherm which bounds its range
and it will be interesting to hear from our readers how far to the
west it is now being taken. A rumour has reached us that it has
been seen at Bedford this year. Can any of our readers confirm this?
And are there records from Cambridgeshire yet?

Hadenu compta Schiffermiiller also has been extending its range
these last few years. In 1954 one appeared on a lighted shop window
in Bishop’s Stortford, East Herts, and since then it has occurred with
increasing frequency at light. Until 1958, however, only one or two
appeared each year; then, in 1959 Mr. Craufurd took 13 between the
12th and 30th June. This year (1960) the same number was recorded
here and that the insect is breeding in this locality is shown by the fact
that in 1958 four moths emerged from seed-heads of Sweet William
gathered the previous year in Mr. Craufurd’s garden, Last year the
same source yielded 24 moths and this year (1960) the number of pupae
fiom this particular garden is no less than 79. ‘I think these pupae
are all probably compta’’, writes our friend, ‘‘for I have bred no other
-seed-feeders from these Sweet Williams’’. Will our readers please
report if compta has appeared, this year, farther north and farther
west? It will be interesting to keep track of compta’s increasing
range.

This autumn, after a poor season for moths, things looked up a
bit in Hast Herts. On 23rd September with the thermometer reading
60° F. at dusk and 50° F. at dawn, with a S.W. wind and some rain,
no less than 778 moths came to a m.v. light. Unhappily it must be
added that no less than 579 of them were Noctua c-nigrum Linn. This
is always a common insect in our particular locality and in the days
when we went sugaring sometimes there were quits incredible num-
bers on sugared posts and fences. But 1960 seems to be a peak year
for c-nigrum in this part of the country at all events. Next evening,
24th September, with the thermometer standing at 50° F. at dusk and
43° F. at dawn, N.W. wind with a clear starry welkin, only 90
moths thought it worth while to take to the wing and in the six days
following, during which the wind continued to blow from the N.W.,
the numbers which visited the trap were 50, 85, 77, 49, 74 and 67.
So there seems to be little doubt about the virtue of a S.W. wind for
the moth-hunter.

On October 1st, Major A. KE. Collier came to see us and brought
with him a box of lovely things—choice aberrations of L. phlaeas, A.
hyperantus, L. corydon, M. jurtina and other species. And there,
right at a bottom corner of the box was, to our amazement, a fine
fresh female Lycaena dorilis Hufn. ‘‘Dorilis, by Jupiter!’’ said we;

52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ X1/1960

‘fand where on earth did you catch that?’’ “I didn’t catch it myself’,
said he; ‘‘it was caught on the Downs at Seaford, Sussex, in August
1958. Possibly it had been blown across the Channel’’. Some of these
fine aberrations were shown at the South London Annual Exhibition
last month and the dorilis too.

The dorilis gave us much food for thought and we’re not so sure
that it was ‘‘blown across the Channel’’. It is one of those butter-
flles which avoid our island for no reason which we can advance as
adequate. It may well be described as the commonest Kturopean
‘copper’ and one comes across it almost everywhere on the Continent.
It ranges from Denmark all the way eastwards through (what we used
to call) Asia Minor to Mongolia and so far as we can find the only
places in Europe from which it is absent are southern Spain and Sicily.
It flies on the coasts of all the countries fronting England and one
can sometimes catch it on the seashores. It does equally well on moun-
tain sides right up to the tree line. We can think of no other Euro-
pean butterfly which has such a wide range of physiological adjust-
ment. It seems to do well everywhere.

For all this, only one solitary specimen has been recorded in Great
Britain prior to Major Collier’s discovery. This was caught at Lee,
near Ilfracombe, Devon, in 1887. Of course all lepidopterists are
prone to wishful thinking but we will wager anything in reason, up
to sixpence, that JL. dorilis flies over the rough grasslands of our
southern coastal counties well nigh every year. It is overlooked by
collectors because the male at least is such a small inconspicuous
insect, a dingy brown with no copper at all about it, nor is the female
at all conspicuous. The larva feeds on such sorrels and small docks
as grow in hay fields, and collectors wandering about in hayfields in
May (when the first brood is on the wing) are not encouraged by far-
mers. In this country the second brood may not occur. To our mind
it is almost incredible that only two specimens of this small butterfly,
flying so commonly on the coastlands facing our island from Denmark
to Finisterre, should have been ‘blown across’ in 73 years.

The scarcity of butterflies—in Great Britain—this year has been
remarkable, and depressing. Perhaps the reason for it is not so recon-
dite after all. Last year was a remarkably fine one so far as weather
was concerned. There were hot sunshiny days galore from spring to
autumn, June temperatures being abnormally high. Already this
autumn (1960) reports of second broods in 1959 of species which are
normally univoltine, such as A. cardamines, A. selene and EH. tages, are
beginning to appear in the magazines. And so, as Major Collier has
pointed out to us, it is possible (probable as we think) that many more
species ‘attempted’ a second brood and that eggs from these broods
either failed to hatch or hatched after the fine weather had gone and
so the emergent larvae perished. We should like to hear the opinions
of our readers on this matter.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, all sizes, due to change over to unit system.
Details on application. Easy payments if required. R. W. Watson,
“Porcorum”’, Sandy Down, Boldre, Near Lymington, Hants.

For Exchange.—‘‘Field Lepidopterist’’, Tutt., 3 Vols. ‘British Moths’, Morris,
4 Vols., 1891. “‘Tineina’’, Stainton, 1854. ‘‘British Tortrices’’, Wilkinson,
1859. Also wanted: Storeboxes, 13 x 9 or 14 X 10. Cartwright Timms, 524
Moseley Road, Birmingham, 12.

Wanted.—15 to 20 large-drawer Mahogany Cabinet. Brady or Gurney preferred.
H. N. Moon, “Budleigh’’, 319 Coniscliffe Road, Darlington.

For Sale.—Early run of Entomologist’s Record. Vols. 1-37, 1890-1925. Bound in
149 volumes in half calf. All offers considered. MM. J. Cotton, B.Sc., 97
Hatherley Street, Cheltenham, Glos.

Orthoptera.Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
grasshoppers of the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae from all parts of the
World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxo-
homy, .cytology, and experimental biology; dry or fluid preserved or
living. Please contact D. K. Kevan and R, S. Bigelow, Department of Ento-
mology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

For Sale.—10-Drawer Cabinet, Beating Tray, Breeding Cages, Setting Boards,
Collecting Boxes, etc.—Telephone Mill Hill 3488. John G. Dunbar.

Wanted.—A Ten-drawer Cabinet (second-hand) in good condition. Height not
to exceed 30 inches. Details and price to Col. H. J. Rossel, The Old School
House, Bodinnick, Lanteglos, by Fowey, Cornwall.

Wanted.—Records of Lathridius spp. (Coleoptera lLathridiidae) especially
L. bifasciatus Reitter, with locality, date, and if possible details of habitat.
E. Lewis, 8 Parry Road, London, S.E.25.

Wanted.—Cabinet(s)—about 40 drawers; good quality.—_Lt. Col. W. B. L. Manley,
Greenways, Shoreham Road, Otford, Kent. Telephone Otford 578.

RECORDS OF THE BRITISH ZYGAENIDAE

I have in preparation a paper on the distribution of the species of Zygaena
and Procris found in the British Isles, with maps showing the geographical
range of each species in these islands. I would welcome authentic records,
especially from Ireland, Scotland, Wales and South-West England. Records of
trifolii (both the early May-June subspecies and the July-August subspecies) and
lonicerae would be of special interest, including any from southern England,
as here the range of the two species overlaps. As these species, trifolii and
lonicerae, are sometimes difficult to separate, I shall be pleased to determine
any doubtful specimens, which should be sent to me by 3ist December, 1960.

W. G. TREMEWAN,
Dept. of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7.

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CONTENTS

AMONG THE LARVAE. H. SYMES ..._ ... phe

CONSIDERATIONS OF FOODPLANTS AND OF SIZE OF LEAF IN THE Gh,
BREEDING OF THE PURPLE EMPEROR, WITH OTHER zt: :
OBSERVATIONS I. R. P. HESLOP ...

A CLARIFICATION OF THE LIFE-HISTORY OF berereoee ate
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P. A. DESMOND LANKTREE, F.R.E.S.

a TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1960. BARON DE WORMS,
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THE LARVA OF NEURECLIPSIS BIMACULATA c) (TRICHOPTERA,
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NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ...
CURRENT NOTES

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253

Butterflies in Partial Eclipse
By Major A. E. Cotter, M.C.

As I write on 31st October, I see that since 5th July there have
been 94 days of measurable rain, and the hot and promising June,
with its eleven days over 80°F., seems immeasurably distant.

On 7th June I saw my first few Maniola jurtina L. males, and a
week later, after a wet spell, both sexes were flying in our local fields,
with a good number of Polyommatus icarus Rott. and a newly emerged
lot of Coenonympha pamphilus L. My jurtina fields are almost perma-
nent rough grass, cut once a year only for hay, and topsoiled every
seven or eight years. They usually bear excellent crops of flowering
weeds among the grass and provide both bed and board for a large
population of satyridae. This year in June I found two large fields
covered with the distorted and swollen remains of Geraniwm pratense
L., the Meadow Cranesbill, obviously the result of a successful hormone
spray application. I anticipated complete destruction of the satyridae
larvae and was most pleasantly surprised in July to find these two fields
as well populated as the untreated ones. My general impression was
that the number of jurtina was greater this season than in any of the
past eight years.

At the height of the emergence the display of females in the mid
morning sun on the occasional clumps of thistles was spectacular, and
minor variations in colour schemes and spotting were abundant, but
nowhere was an ab anommata Verity female to be found, although I
have twice recently taken the male in this locality. On 19th June, in
blazing heat, I found several rather worn specimens of Strymonidia
pruni L. enjoying their ninth year as a Surrey introduction. On the
21st Limenitis camilla L. made its appearance, in company with the
new brood of Polygoma c-album L. and Thymelicus sylvestris Poda.
Camilla were even rarer this year than usual, but c-albwm were for a
few weeks noticeably more plentiful.

Aphantopus hyperantus L. were on the wing in small numbers on
25th June as were a few males of Argynnis paphia L., preceding the
females by at least a week. Hyperantus were about as numerous as
usual in those localities which remained undisturbed by agriculture,
but varieties, apart from a few ab arete Miill., were distinctly fewer in
number. Paphia continued few and far between and for the first time
for seven years I failed to see valezina locally. Argynnis cydippe L.
was only seen once and it seems remarkable that a butterfly so near to
extinction in this area still continues to survive in such very small
numbers. Such survival presumably carries with it the possibility of
sudden great expansion in numbers when all the conditions governing
its existence simultaneously become favourable.

After several blank years Thecla quercus L. was seen flying in several
localities and on 14th July M. tithonus L. made its appearance and
continued to emerge slowly until the last week in August. I was unable
to visit the North Downs until 3rd August, when I found Lysandra
coridon Poda to be no more plentiful than I had found them to be at
Swanage and Worth. Jurtina as usual were abundant, but all were
very small, while icarus, phlaeas, and Humenis semele L. were hard to

254. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ XI1/1960

find, and pamphilus, so common usually in late summer, was, and con-
continued to be, comparatively rare for the rest of the season.

The third brood of phlaeas almost completely failed to appear and
the many fine fields and roadside verges covered with fleabane, ragwort,
and knapweed were’completely devoid of butterflies throughout Septem-
ber.

Incidentally, the rural countryside now faces a new threat in the
shape of industrial magnates with excessively suburban minds. A
country lane in this vicinity, which has for years been noted for phlaeas
on its wide and flowery verges, runs north and south for several hundred
yards past the lodge gates of a large estate. Normally, about three feet
of these verges would be mown by the local roadman, but this particular
section was closely cut right up to the hedges in early September by
the new owner of this estate, a tidy minded manufacturer of radio and
television sets, and I doubt whether H.P. restrictions will have affected
him sufficiently to make him more economical with his labour next year.

The Nymphalidae were even more conspicuously absent from the
Cranleigh area than last summer. With a garden full of michaelmas
daisies and Sedum spectabile my biggest count of Aglais urticae L.. was
five on one sunny day in September. The normal state of affairs con-
sisted of one or two daily, together with one very lonely Vanessa
atalanta L., no Nymphalis io L. and no c¢-album; and this in spite of
news from Sussex, the Midlands, Durham and the West Country of
great numbers of atalanta and urticae.

On all possible fine days I looked over the local fields of scabious, but
these were also deserted and only once did I find half a dozen c. album
enjoying overripe blackberries. In the absence of other butterflies a
very thorough search was made for the larvae of Apatura iris L. in
eighteen well separated localities, all of which have been fruitful during
_ the past few years. In only four of these areas did I find any at all,
though there were very obvious signs that other collectors had preceded
me in several particularly good, but too easily accessible spots. In
several cases I found eggs, which subsequently hatched, so late that I
was prepared to find them infertile. No ivis were seen on the wing this
year. Thecla betulae lL. was not seen, but occasional searches in the
still leafy blackthorn showed that eggs were being laid in spite of the
miserable conditions.

The only butterfly that appears to have been unperturbed in any
stage by this most deplorable summer has been Pararge aegeria L. From
early in the season until well into October it has been possible to see
successive broods in their usual numbers, and they were particularly
noticeable on the fermenting blackberries towards the very end of the
season. Looking back through my diary it is apparent that the weather
in 1957 was little better than in 1960, and still the butterflies survived,
as they doubtless will do again.

CASTOR HANGLANDS NATURE RESERVE EXTENSION

In June 1954, the Nature Conservancy established the Castor Hang-
lands Nature Reserve in the Soke of Peterborough and a further area
was added in September 1955. The present declaration adds 3 acres
and brings up its total area to 221 acres. This new area consists of the
remainder of the disused limestone pits, which form an important

aby
Cisne

NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF HYPERCALLIA CITRINALIS SCOP. 255

feature as their limestone vegetation includes a number of species which
do not grow elsewhere on the Reserve.

Access to Ailsworth Heath is unrestricted, but permits to visit are
required for the rest of the Reserve and to collect specimens of animals
or plants, or to undertake research. Applications for permits should
be made to the Regional Officer for Hast Anglia, The Nature Con-
servancy, Government Offices, Bishopgate, Norwich, NOR.22P.

Notes on the Early Stages of Hypercallia

citrinalis Scop.
By A. A. Auten, B.Sc.

Since the rediscovery of this most attractive and rare little moth
(better known to many of us under the name christiernana lL.) on the
downs near Wrotham in Kent three years ago, I have had the oppor-
tunity of observing fairly closely the latter half of its life-history in
captivity—or at all events certain features of it—which may be worth
committing to print by reason of the apparent poverty of the early
descriptions available in English. These notes, then, are merely in-
tended to supplement such descriptions, and also the recent references
ta the larva, the very remarkable pupa, and the mode of pupation
(Wakely, 1959, Hnt. Rec., 71: 34-5; Chalmers-Hunt, ibid.: 55).

Of the few larvae I have yet found (all successfully reared without
the least trouble) only one was less than half grown at the time; but
it sufficed to show that in the younger stage this larva is very different
and far harder to recognise than the rather striking and distinctive
one into which it later grows. When found (25.v.60)—in its second or
third instar, I should judge—it was a darker shade of brown than the
older larva, with black head and prothoracic plate, and only the
faintest suggestion of any lighter markings—virtually none at all.

When examined on the 29th it was found to have grown considerably,
and the head and prothoracic plate now showed obscure traces of lighter
longitudinal marks. These two segments, moreover, were narrow in
proportion to the rest, a sure sign that change of skin was imminent.
In another 15 minutes the larva had undergone ecdysis—the process,
unfortunately, was not witnessed—the head and prothorax were now
straw-coloured, and darker and lighter areas were faintly visible on the
body. In a few hours’ time the dark markings of the fore parts,
characteristic of the older larva, had developed; but the variegation of
the rest of the body proceeded far more slowly, and was not fully
attained for perhaps a day or two. This larva was judged to be now
about half-size. Although observation entailed some slight disturbance
at times, it made no attempt to spin itself up closely for eedysis, which
occurred in the late afternoon. From this stage on, the rate of growth
undergoes marked acceleration and maturity is reached in a surpris-
ingly short time—something under a week.

The following is a description of the nearly full-grown larva :—

Ground-colour a rather light coffee-brown. Head and plate of first
segment pale ochreous or honey-colour, or slightly green-tinged, these
and the anal segment sharply speckled with black; a rather broad dorso-
lateral stripe on each side darker, marked on each segment with whitish
and becoming broken-up in front; a narrow dorsal line, very uneven and

256 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ XII / 1960

interrupted on each segment, and wide rings round the black tubercles,
dull white; sides below the dark stripe broadly whitish with a line of
the ground-colour just below spiracles, and dark again just below the
whitish area. Bristles moderate, black at base and then white, longest
on head and first and last segments. Legs and prolegs light, narrowly
ringed or marked with blackish. Length about 6-7 mm.; linear when
fully extended, but fond of resting in a hunched-up attitude which
dilates the front segments so that the greatest width is at the second.

As soon as growth is complete the ground-colour changes in a very
short time from brown to a decided green, clearest and brightest on
segment 2 and becoming duller behind. I have not seen the change
actually taking place and think it may usually do so before the larva
issues from its spinning for the purpose of pupation. In a matter of
hours after this has happened, and after a little wandering at large,
it settles down on either a wall or the ‘ceiling’ of the receptacle and
spins a small silken pad for caudal attachment, in the manner of a
butterfly larva. In a state of nature one must suppose that a stem or
the underside of a leaf is selected; in captivity, the position adopted
will obviously vary with the shape or type of container used, but three
of my four specimens have chosen the lid of the box so that the pupa
is vertically suspended.

The larva is now stretched out flush with the substratum, but
attached only by the anal claspers; and may remain about 24 hours thus
before pupation takes place, occasionally swaying the fore parts a little
from, side to side. From a half to one hour before the event the move-
ments increase and the larva projects itself perpendicularly from the
surface (to which, of course, it is still fixed by the ‘tail’)—a position
henceforth maintained. Its green colour deepens and it becomes more
and more battledore-shaped with the body steadily widening from the
_ rear to the second segment. Irregular jerkings set in after a time, later
becoming more regular pulsations. A slit appears in the skin of the
second segment (mesothorax) where a maximal tension has been build-
ing up, and the pulsations become more evidently wave-like (peristaltic).
The slit enlarges, at first slowly and then more quickly, the process
being completed in 5-10 minutes. The freshly disclosed pupa is not
precisely like the mature one in either colour or shape; it is a duller
green, the abdomen more cylindrical. After 20 minutes the final form
and coloration are assumed, as follows :—

The pupa is bright clear grass-green with the abdomen duller,
lighter, and a shade yellower; squat, stumpy and angular, the face
produced and ending in an acute point, the thoracic region curved so
that the dorsal outline is concave and the wing-covers bulge strongly ;
a sharp keel running across the frontal region is continuous with their
ventral borders; caudal region very short and blunt, subtruncate;
attached by cremaster and projecting from the substratum at something
like a right angle; comparatively rigid, the segments apparently allow-
ing of movement in one plane only, as in (e.g.) Depressaria. (For a few
hours the pale rings round the larval tubercles remain faintly visible
in the pupa.)

After some days the colour of the pupa is seen to be duller again—
a lighter, whiter green—and the keel edging the wing-cases and gird-
ling the head, and the beak-like face, are whitish. Six days after
pupation the eyes begin to darken. From now on, the breast, head,

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND BREEDING OF APATURA IRIS LINN. 257

and wing-covers become progressively whiter, the abdomen losing its
green colour only just before the moth emerges. In another six days
or so the wing-covers take on a distinct reddish flush which soon con-
denses into the crimson pattern of the moth’s fore-wings, showing
through more and more sharply. The bright yellow pigment of the
ground-colour of these wings, however, seems to develop much more
slowly, since it is visible through the pupal skin only at the very last—
and then not strongly, though there is a progressive yellowing as
emergence approaches. The latter generally happens from one to two
days after the red pattern appears, and in the morning. Pupation,
with me, has always been in the afternoon.

Mr. Wakely remarks (l.c.: 35) that according to Stainton the larva
of Onephasia virgaureana Treits. often occurs in spinnings on the
milkwort, but that this had not been the case with him. I can, however,
corroborate Stainton’s findings in that respect, moreover the spinnings
of the two larvae seem indistinguishable. In their young stages, a pale
head and black spots on the body indicate the Cnephasia; later of course,
the differences are accentuated.

Some Supplementary Notes on the Life History

and Breeding of Apatura iris Linn.
By R. E. Stockury and I. R. P. Hesiop

These notes are intended to comprise points, under the above head
ing, not otherwise covered by the material—either published or pri-
vately circulated—for the monograph which we are producing, jointly
with Mr. G. E. Hyde, on the Purple Emperor butterfly.

For a start, let it be said that if one has the great good fortune
to take a pair in cop., the pill-box or other container holding the pair
should gently be placed in a cool shady place until separation occurs
naturally. Sunshine may cause fluttering, and so premature separa-
tion. Similarly, anything in the nature of a journey, or even of
movement in a pocket or satchel, is likely to have the same undesir-
able effect.

The obtaining of eggs from a female in captivity, even when she
is otherwise ready to lay, is by no means a routine operation. If a
live female is sent by post to an expert colleague for this purpose, she
should first be fed on clear honey thinned with water (the use of sugar
has fatal consequences), and then be placed in a large pill-box wholly
lined, including the glass and the bottom, with butter-muslin. This
gives the insect a secure foothold during the journey—otherwise she
may be dislodged and fatally battered. The package should be posted
“express’’?; but there is enough air in a large pill-box for 48 hours
in fairly cool weather.

On arrival the insect should be fed again. If laying is to be
attempted on that day (or whenever laying is to be attempted) it may
be found that the addition of a little sherry to the honey and water
mixture is both beneficial and encouraging. Rum has been similarly
used. It is to be noted that the attractiveness of any feeding sub-
stance may be proved at a range of several feet through the uncurling
of the proboscis.

258 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, voL. 72 15/ XIT/1960

The adult female may live in captivity for several weeks (e.g. see
Entomologist, Vol. 90, p. 187); but she should always be removed from
the laying sleeve in the afternoon and not be replaced in it until the
following morning. She should be fed every 48 hours, unless she is
actually laying, when she should be fed each day.

Opinions have differed generally regarding the conditions of free-
dom of movement most suitable for iris laying in captivity. The method
whereby a considerable degree of such is given, e.g. in a netting en-
closure over pot-grown bushes, has been tried by I.R.P.H.; but, in
all, only four or five eggs have been obtained thereby. The female
has the inherent tendency to resort to the lowest point of any con-
taining device.

Substantial success has, however, been obtained by R.E.S. through
making actual use of this tendency. The female is placed in a small
sleeve on a bush of Sallow (the Broad-leaved species, S. caprea, is
greatly preferable for this purpose). Sprigs of the plant projecting
above the general crown should first be trimmed off; the foliage should
then be so arranged as to form a cup resting round the lower part
of the sleeve. An aim should be to prevent flight while permitting
free walking about. Continuous contact with a compact layer of
foliage seems to be essential. Laying will usually first be on the lowest
accessible leaves.

Tt is to be noted, however, that some breeders have had success by
placing their laying females on bushes or cut sprigs (in water vases
plugged round the mouth) inside tubs or other deep receptacles where
the only illumination therefore is from above.

Before tightening the neck of the laying sleeve round the stem
of the plant, the stem should be bound round with bandage so as to
provide a thick pad into which the sleeve-tape can imbed itself—a
barrier against the passage of earwigs being thus formed.

In captivity the insect lays only between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. (B.8.7.)
and then only when the shade temperature exceeds 65° F. in the
morning.

Experience seems to vary as to time elapsing between laying and
hatching of the ovum. It has been found by I.R.P.H. that the hatch
occurs on the 14th day (Wilts stock), and this coincides with the ex-
perience of Frohawk with New Forest stock. Working with Sussex
stock, however, R.E.S. has found the normal period in ovum to be
21 days. There can be no doubt that there is appreciable difference
in some details of life-history as between western iris and most other
races of this species: in western iris there appears further to be a con-
siderably greater degree of adaptability and variation in such respects.
The case of 50 days being spent in pupa by a Wilts specimen may be
quoted (see paper by I.R.P.H., dated 27th December 1959, relative to
certain ‘‘ecological consequences’’, awaiting publication in the Ento-
mologists’ Gazette). It is probable that these qualities spring from
climatic considerations: and the hypothesis may be formed therefrom
that if the species were to become extinct in Wilts (as it probably
now has at last done in Somerset) it could not be replaced there by
stock from other areas. The instance of the northern Oyster may be
compared: where, when extinction of the native stock unfortunately
occurred, it was found impossible to replace it by means of southern
stock of the same species.

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND BREEDING OF APATURA IRIS LINN. 259

The black dot on the top of the egg develops soon after laying.
The eggs do not turn black until about 48 hours before hatching,
After hatching and then consuming the egg-shell, the young larvae
wander about restlessly for from eight to ten hours before settling
down to normal feeding.

If the young larvae are to be reared on the bush (i.e. the eggs
having been laid thereon), it may, as a rough guide be mentioned that
one large leaf of Broad-leaved Sallow will suffice for six larvae from
hatching to the first moult. After this, of course, the eating rate is
greatly accelerated.

Tf, however, the young larvae are reared in glass-topped tins, it is
to be remembered that they must always be supplied with mature
leaves. Young leaves are harmful to larvae at any stage except
immediately after hibernation. Ova in the natural state are, of
course, laid on mature leaves: the young larva is provided by nature
with strong jaws (e.g. to eat its way out of the egg-shell).

Both in captivity and under natural conditions the normal pro-
portion of survival from time of laying to the first moult, inclusive,
is about 50%, although a few breeders have had a greater proportion
of success. The count of eggs on the bush can therefore be mislead-
ing. The first exact census of larvae should be made a month after
laying: prospects may then be fairly assessed. The point is men-
tioned because I.R.P.H. once had sold to him (for purposes of an
introduction) as ‘‘fifty’’ larvae, what were in fact that number of ova.

Rain can be an enemy of very young larvae reared on bushes in the
open. Such a larva can, however, sometimes be protected from rain
by means of an inverted glass jar placed over the sprig, provided the
branch is stiff enough and the actual leaf in occupation is free from
contact. A celluloid container over the sprig would obviously be still
better.

Iris has been known to go into hibernation after one moult only,
but in such case has never survived hibernation. The time of the
second moult is normally middle to late September.

Since there has been a mention of some very special provision made
for the very young larva, it is appropriate to mention very special
provision made for hibernating larvae by a certain Sussex entomo-
logist. He winters his larvae out of doors, but with a piece of metal
gauze, crimped round the stem (above and below) to cover each. Com-
plete protection is thus given against birds, whilst there is still per-
mitted the exposure to weather which so many breeders yet hold to be
necessary.

This view is not held by I.R.P.H. even for post-hibernation rear-
ing. In the case of indoor rearing, however, regular spraying with
water then becomes an obvious necessity—as has been constantly indi-
cated by I.R.P.H. But if such ‘‘heavy’’ weather supervenes after
spraying as to inhibit normal evaporation of surplus moisture on the
seat leaf or feeding leaf, etc., then recourse must sometimes be had to
corners of clean blotting-paper for drawing such moisture off.

The following additional information on spraying, as practised by
I.R.P.H., may be found useful. To spray, dip a new tooth-brush in
clean cold water and run the thumb-nail along it. Do not spray larvae
in a glass-topped tin: if the tin is a proper fit, the regular provision

260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 72 15/ XIT/1960

of fresh-picked leaves is enough to maintain moisture content. Once
the larva is put out (during the second instar) on the bush in a cage
indoors, spray once a week until April inclusive (except during frost).
Spray twice a week normally in May, June and July (remembering
that the pupa needs spraying just as much as the larva) until emerg-
ence; but in really hot and dry weather, three or four times a week.
Do not close the cage or replace the cylinder, as the case may be, until
the moisture is off the leaves.

The length of period in the pupa appears to be more readily in-
fluenced by conditions of temperature than is the time in any other
stage. The flexibility of western stock in this respect has been alluded
to above. But even in the case of Sussex stock there would appear
to be an extreme range of duration of the pupa stage from 13 to about
26 days (for the latter see Hntomologist’s Gazette, Vol. 6, p. 71) accord-
ing to the conditions, natural or artificial, to which the pupa is sub-
jected. To attempt to prolong this stage beyond the last figure men-
tioned would, in the case of this race, probably result in the loss of
the specimen.

20th October 1960.

Aphantopus hyperantus L. ab lanceolata Shipp +

arete Mill
By Major A. EH. Cottier, M.C.

In 1951 I had the privilege of looking over the very fine collection
of Mr. Woollett of Guildford. Among the many superlative aberra-
tions I was particularly impressed with a most unusual underside of
_Aphantopus hyperantus lL. This specimen resembled ab. arete Mill.
but instead of white spots on the hindwing there was a series of short
white streaks, the longest being nearly 2 mm. in length. Wxamined
through a strong glass it was apparent that vestiges of the gold rings
still surrounded the white streaks, as indeed I have found to be the
case in all the examples of arete or of ab. caeca Fuchs in my collec-
tion. I thought at the time that this beautiful insect must have had
both lanceolata and arete among its antecedents.

In 1954 I became the possessor of a strong strain of lanceolata and
in that and subsequent years I endeavoured to obtain a pairing between
caeca or arete males and female lanceolata. I was very kindly helped
with material by Mr. Payne of Wellingborough and Mr. Saunders of
Pinner.

For four years I failed to get a pairing owing apparently to a
reluctance on the part of either butterfly to recognise the other as of
the same species. In 1958, at last, a successful pairing produced a good
number of eggs and in 1959 thirty-seven insects emerged, all typical but
with very small ocelli. A successful mating produced an F.2 generation
of imagines numbering 51, divided into four phenotypes in the follow-
ing proportions: type, with very small rings, 30; lanceolata, poor speci-
mens, but honest, 8; arete, 6; arete + lanceolata, 7. The latter, show-
ing both characters, were very similar to Mr. Woollett’s specimen, but
the white streaks on the hind wings did not exceed 14 mm. in length.
Efforts to pair brothers and sisters failed, as did attempts to cbtain a

COLLECTING IN SUFFOLK, 1960 261

mating with lanceolata. This was to some extent due to emergences not

coinciding very closely, and also to the small amount of material avail-
able.

I did, however, succeed in obtaining a fertile clutch of eggs from a
union between another wild arete and a very colourful lanceolata female,
and with good fortune may obtain a number of F.2 broods, thus provid-
ing plenty of material in 1962 for further investigation into the genetics
of arete and the combined character.

The proportions of the different phenotypes this year confirmed
again the simple recessive character of lanceolata, and, at the same
time, quite fortuitously and misleadingly, I think, pointed to the same
condition in arete, which is generally accepted as a multiple factor
inheritance.

I have so far failed to get any significant results from arete or
caeca, due either to refusal to lay or to heavy mortality in small broods,
but an F.2 brood from an original wild arete, and in which both parents
were arete, produced this year four males and 8 females, all of which
were arete, which certainly suggests in this case a homozygous condi-
tion.

The F.1 generation from an unknown male consisted of 2 male and
5 female arete, 1 male parvipuncta and 5 type females with small spots
approaching parvipuncta. There is obviously much to be discovered
about the genetics of this not very uncommon aberration, but the results
mentioned in this article do suggest that the gene (or genes) responsible
for the reduction or near obliteration of the gold rings dominates the
gene responsible for the ultra large gold surrounds found in lanceolata.

Collecting in Suffolk, 1960

By S. WaKkELy

This year my wife and [I decided to go to Suffolk for a fortnight’s
holiday during August. I consulted Mr. H. HE. Chipperfield, of Stow-
market, who suggested Southwold as a place full of entomological
interests. Accordingly, we made enquiries and booked up a bungalow
in Ferry Road, from 30th July until 13th August. It was a happy
choice, and we all (including our dog) had a most enjoyable holiday.

Dr. Dacie and family (from Wimbledon) were staying at Walbers-
wick about a mile away, and on the evening of our arrival he called
and showed me how to take Arenostola elymi Treits. at flowers of
marram grass on the sand dunes in front of the bungalow. At the
back of the bungalow were open fields interlaced with dykes and here
the M.V. blended light was soon fixed up over a sheet and attracted
many of the local species. There was a small patch of Lyme grass
near the light, and of course large clumps of this grass were estab-
lished on the dunes in front of the house, so I was not surprised to
find A. elymi a fairly frequent visitor to light. Single specimens of
Simyra albovenosa Goeze, Apamea oblonga Haw., Homoeosoma nebul-
ella Hb., Crambus selasellus Hb., and Brachmia gerronella Z. also
appeared at light. Euzxoa cursoria Hufn., one of the commonest
noctuids here, was in endless variety.

262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ XIT/1960

Other species of note which were taken at light included: Cerap-
teryx graminis L. (fairly common and very fresh), Hremobia ochroleuca
Esp. (several), Procus literosa Haw. (well-marked forms), Schoenobius
gigantellus Schiff. (a fine pair), Hvergestis extimalis Scop. (two),
Phycita boisduvaliella Guen. (six), and Nyctegretis achatinella Hb.
(seven).

Several visits were paid to Dr. Dacie who was using a M.YV. trap
in his garden. His captures were much more numerous and varied
than mine. As my light was not used after midnight this would partly
account for this. He gave me one LH. extimalis and also three fine
Plusia festucae L. on one of my visits.

On 31st July, Mr. Chipperfield visited us, and in the evening we
both visited Wialberswick fen where he showed me where to take
Nonagria neurica Hb. flying over the reeds at dusk. Only one was
taken, which he generously passed on to me. A memory of this visit
was seeing vast numbers of noctuids feasting on the flowers of a species
of rush. After examining about fifty and finding they were only the
common Leucama impura Hb. we gave up.

The marram grass was visited at night on several occasions. The
flowers of this grass attract lots of moths—especially H. cursoria, A.
elymi and P. literosa, but it was noticed that only certain clumps
were attractive, undoubtedly due to the condition of the flowers at
the time. I tried sugaring the heads after slipping a small rubber
band round a handful of stems to bunch them together. This proved
a great attraction and saved time looking for the few clumps where
the flowers were in the right condition.

Between Southwold and Walberswick is the river Blyth, which can
be crossed by a rowing-boat ferry or a little farther inland by a Bailey
_ footbridge. Several visits were made to the salterns in the vicinity
of this bridge and by sweeping the Artemisia maritima nearby at
dusk I obtained a nice series of the local tortrix Hucosma maritima
Westw. Smoking the plant produced no results whatever—much to my
surprise. Masses of Sea Lavender grows on the salterns, and I was
rather surprised not to put up any Agdistis bennetiw Curt. by day,
especially as the species swarmed at dusk. The Limoniwm flowers
were very attractive to noctuids after dark, but once again L. impura
predominated.

Sugaring was tried several times and two more A. oblonga and a
single Celaena leucostigma Hb. were obtained by this means. The
A. oblonga were all very dark and in fresh condition.

When sweeping the Artemisia maritima two small larvae of Mala-
cosoma castrensis L. were found in the net. It was not until later
that I recognised what they were as they were only about a quarter
of an inch long. It is a mystery why such small larvae should occur
at the beginning of August as they are normally full fed at the end
of June. Repeated searches for the nest from which the two larvae
came met with no success, as I was not sure of the exact spot. About
the same time, on 30th July, Mr. Bretherton reported taking a speci-
men of the moth at light on the other side of Southwold (Ent. Rec.,
72, 197). An attempt was made to rear the larvae, but it failed, and
they only survived a few weeks.

During the first week of August a migration of Syrphidae (Dipt.)

COLLECTING IN SUFFOLK, 1960 263

occurred at Southwold and Walberswick. The flies were coming in
from the sea in vast numbers and settled on the sand, as well as on
people sunbathing, many of whom were scared, thinking the insects
were wasps. This is of particular interest as it coincided with a report
by Mr. Spreadbury of a similar occurrence at Seaford in Sussex (Ent.
Rec., 72, 199). A very common plant at Southwold is the Fennel and
the flowers of this plant attracted the Syrphidae in numbers. Large
clumps of this plant were growing on the sea wall at the end of Ferry
Road, and it was a wonderful sight to see the swallows glide along to
these flowers and hover gracefully over them, evidently picking out
the particular flies they fancied from among the closely-packed groups
on each flowerhead.

During the daytime insects seemed scarce—except for the diptera
mentioned—but the numerous species which came to light made up
for the dearth of insects by day.

Larvae of Vanessa atalanta L. were not uncommon on nettles, but
the few I collected were all ‘‘stung’’. One noticeable feature was the
abundance of Homoeosoma cretacella Roéssl. larvae on ragwort and
tansy. Most of these were in the tightly webbed tops of the stems,
but in some cases they were in the massed flowerheads. Some moths
had already emerged, and I bred a few after the holiday, but it was
‘noticed that parasites had played havoc with them.

A few larvae of P. boisduvaliella were found in pea pods of the
local Lathyrus maritimus at Walberswick.

Dr. Dacie took me on an interesting trip to Thorpness in his car
on the 10th, where the foreshore is quite extensive and the variety of
plants looked very promising. By smoking some of the herbage we
obtained single specimens of Leucania albipuncta F., Platytes alpvn-
ellus Hb. and Oxyptilus distans Zell. which gave one the impression
that it would be a wonderful district to work with a M.V. light.

Some interesting bugs were seen in numbers on one clump of marram
grass one evening. They reminded me of Indian Stick Insects, and
have been identified as the local Chorosoma schillingi (Schummel).

The weather during the first week was very kind, but sundry
thunderstorms and rain lowered the temperature towards the end of
our stay and reduced the numbers of insects at light.

HeopeEs TItyrus Popa at Searorp, SussEx.—I was recently asked by
a keen young collector, whom I have known for some years, to come and
see a specimen of Polyommatus icarws Rott. whose underside appeared
to him to be remarkable.

He had caught it this year in Dorset and had, without thinking,
set it upperside as a type male. It was indeed a lovely underside
embracing alba, discreta, fowleri and crassilunulata, and I undertook
the job of reversing the pin. I then noticed, in the same drawer, what
I knew to be a common continental copper and asked him where he
had caught it. He said that he had taken it on the downs near Sea-
ford in August 1958, and, not being able to place it in Frohawks
Natural History of British Butterflies, had concluded that it must be
‘some sort of aberration.

I showed this butterfly recently to Mr. P. B. M. Allan, who identified
it at once as a female Lycaena dorilis Hufn. which had only once, in
1870, been recorded in this country. He recommended me, however, to

264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 72 15/ XIT/ 1960

write to Lt.-Col. W. A. C. Carter to make sure of the latest nomen-
clature.

This I did, and Colonel Carter very kindly gave me the name Heodes
tityrus Poda as being, to the best of his knowledge, the latest. The
fortunate collector, Christopher Nixon, who was eleven years old at
the time, is now at Charterhouse where, I understand, lepidopterists are
not discouraged.—A. EK. Corzier, Lynher, Cranleigh. 17.x.60.

Coleophora leucapennella Hubn. in Gloucestershire
By J. Newton and L. Prict

The only record of this species is of a specimen taken by Barrett
near Denton on the borders of Norfolk (1891, Ent. mon. Mag., 27: 302)
and it is this record which is repeated in Meyrick and subsequent works.
It has come as a very pleasant surprise to us therefore, that a number
of Coleophorid moths which we collected near Hawksbury in Gloucester-
shire this year have since proved to be this species. We are indebted
to Mr. J. D. Bradley at the British Museum, who has examined the
genitalia of both sexes and identified the species for us.

The foodplants given for this species by Meyrick and other authors
are Lychnis viscaria L. (now called Viscaria vulgaris Bernh.), Silene
nutans L. and S. inflata Sm. The first two of these are not recorded for
Gloucestershire, and although S. inflata is common and generally dis-
tributed it does not appear to be in the immediate vicinity of where
the moth was located. However, Lychnis flos-cuculi L. and L. dioica
L. are both present, particularly the former, and we think that either
or both of these could be the foodplant of the moth here. If this is so,
and we hope to confirm it as soon as possible, then there appears to be
no reason why this species, if sought for, should not prove to be much
. more widespread in Britain. It should be looked for in late May and
June; it is blackish-brown with a strong white costa, and has a wing
span of 16-18 mm., although it appears to be larger than this in flight.
It is easily disturbed, flies low, and the males seem to appear con-
siderably earlier than the females.

11 Oxleaze Close, Tetbury, Glos.

CELASTRINA ARGIoLUS L. In Hampsutre.—By all accounts this has
been a good season for Celastrina argiolus L., a species which I had not
myself seen for five or six years. Having noticed a number flying round
holly bushes in the New Forest on 5th May, I revisited the locality on
14th June and searched the green holly berries for larvae, but without
success. However, on 4th October, I found two full-fed larvae on the
flower buds of ivy in the very centre of Bournemouth; it was a late date
for the larvae (the last time I had found them was on 11th September
1928, even closer to Bournemouth Square) and there had obviously been
about a dozen of them. They are exactly the same colour as the ivy
buds, but are easy enough to find when one has seen a number of half-
eaten buds, for the larva seems to start feeding on a fresh bud before
finishing the last.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth.

PRODENIA LITURA Fasr. In NoRFoLK.—On the night of 19th September
last, I took in my mercury vapour light here a specimen of this very
rare immigrant Noctuid moth.—R. GrorrrEy Topp, West Runton,
Cromer, Norfolk, 2.xi.1960.

THE LARVA OF PSYCHOMYIA PUSILLA (F.) 265

The Larva of Psychomyia pusilla (F.)
(Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae)
By Avan Brinpze, F.R.E.S.

The campodeiform larvae of the Psychomyiidae construct charac-
teristic silken tunnels or tubes on submerged stones or wood. The
tubes are attached along their length to the substratum and may ex-
terd up to 30 mm. or more but are often shorter since the earlier
constructed parts tend to be broken off and washed away. They follow
a sinuous course, often taking advantage of cracks in the substratum
and are covered with fine particles of sand or other mineral material.
In some silted habitats the particles may be of vegetable origin and
comparatively large. On pupation a more substantial silken cocoon is
formed, more or less strengthened with added material, and this is
either located inside the later constructed parts of the tube or com-
pletely free.

The larvae of this family may at once be recognised by

(1) the construction of the silken tubes, a characteristic con-
fined to this family,
(2) the very short anal appendages.

With the exception of Ecnomus tenellus (Ramb.) all the larvae have
the pronotum sclerotised dorsally, and have the meso- and meta-nota
membraneous and coloured as the abdomen. The head is usually
rather quadrangular and the premental lobe of the labium is elongated
and more or less pointed, projecting well below the anterior margin
of the labrum. There are no abdominal gills.

The larva of one genus of the family, Metalype, Klapalek, with
one species, fragilis, Pictet, is unknown. The other genera may be
separated as follows (partly after Lestage, 1921) :—

1. Pro-, meso-, and meta-nota sclerotised dorsally; in tubes on stones
in static water, reported to be often associated with fresh-water

sponges, in which the larval tunnels may occur ............ Ecnomus
— Only the pronotum sclerotised, the meso- and meta-nota
MITC UAM TVINC OU Gey erste c aace sen Gan se scan OSG ee MIRE ane ca a cnsion Mao oociawaee 2

iS)

Head yellow, almost unicolorous, except for a darker area on
fronto-clypeus; pronotum yellow darkened on posterior border
and slightly on disc; median and hind tarsal claws with two sub-
equal spines; anal claw with five prominent spines ventrally ......
Psychomyia

— Head not yellow and almost unicolorous but with extensive dark
markings; pronotum uniformly dark or with four subequal longi-
tudinal yellow patches; median and hind tarsal claws with one
spine; anal claw without prominent spines ventrally ............ 3

3. Head yellowish with a very broad transverse dark parallel-sided
band, the borders of which are straight and clearly defined (the
band is usually interrupted at the fronto-clypeal sutures); anal
claw without ventral teeth; in tubes on submerged wood in static

Gre slovak movie meWiA Less sa82 ko acca. clak We <i ohh ates eke Rey ReR Ene ees AEG Lype

— Head yellow or brownish without such a band but with an irre-
gularly bordered dark area; anal claw with five or six small ven-

266 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 72 15/ XI1T/1960

tral teeth; in tubes usually on submerged or wet rock or stones,
sometimes on wood, in faster running water as a rule, though
T. waeneri often occurs 1m static water .............0..0....60 Tinodes

Figs. 1-9. Larva of Psychomyia pusilla (F.)

2, pronotum. 3, mandibles, dorsal. 4, anal appendage.

5, tarsal claw, anterior leg. 6, tarsal claw, posterior legs. 7, anterior leg.
8 and 9, posterior legs.

Fig. 1, head, dorsal.

THE LARVA OF HYDROPSYCHE ANGUSTIPENNIS CURTIS 267

The larva of Psychomyia pusilla, the only species in this genus,
were obtained from silken tubes constructed on the sides of submerged
stones in the river Hodder, near Whalley, Lancs., in May, 1960. The
stones lay in small backwaters of the river where the bed was silted;
they did not occur where the current was at all perceptible. The adults
are very common along the river during the summer, flying freely in
the day when the weather in hot and humid.

Larva (final instar).

Length 8 mm., breadth 1-5 mm. Head (fig. 1) broad, almost quad-
rangular, yellowish, unicolorous except for a rather variable darker
mark on fronto-clypeus; anterior margin of fronto-clypeus emarginate,
darkened; labrum yellow with long setae laterally; labium of usual
Psychomyid type with long, pointed premental lobe, both this and the
tips of the maxillary palpi projecting below the anterior margin of
labrum; antennae reduced, bulbous, near anterior border of head below
eyes; eyes prominent, blackish; mandibles (fig. 3) asymmetrical,
blackish or reddish-brown, with reddish or yellowish apical and basal
parts, scoop-shaped, each with a pair of setae towards external edge,
the left mandible with a dorsal row of setae and with three blunt
teeth, right mandible dorsally without setae and with two blunt teeth.
Pronotum (fig. 2) yellow with darker markings on dise and with actual
posterior margin black; quadrangular, anterior corners rounded,
posterior corners rather produced posteriorly; a series of long setae
on anterior margin and on anterior half of lateral margin; two pairs
of long setae on disc. Anterior legs (fig. 7) short, broad, chaetotaxy
reduced, tarsi with a row of short setae ventrally, the tarsal claw (fig.
5) with one spine; posterior legs (figs. 8, 9) subequal, longer and not so
broad as anterior pair, chaetotaxy similar except for the absence of
the short ventral setae on tarsi; tarsal claws with two subequal spines
(fig. 6). Abdomen usually reddish dorsally, greenish ventrally, but
this was subject to variation in specimens examined; no lateral line
or gills. Anal appendages (fig. 4) short, of typical Psychomyid type
with five long dark setae distally and one ventrally; claws strongly
curved with four short setae dorsally and five spines ventrally, the
proximal one shorter than the others.

REFERENCE

Lestage, J. A. 1921. In Rousseau, Les Larves et Nymphes Aquatiques des Insects
ad@Europe. Brussels.

The Larva of Hydropsyche angustipennis Curtis
(Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae)
By Attan Brinpie, F.R.E.S.

The campodeiform larvae of the Hydropsychidae are found in silken
nets under stones in lotic water, and may be distinguished by the
presence of much branched ventral gills under the meso- and meta-
thorax, and under most abdominal segments. A characteristic feature
is the presence of short strong dark spines which occur on the abdomen
and elsewhere; the head and thoracic nota are covered with small

268 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ XII/1960

spicules, and each thoracic nota has a complete sclerotised plate.
On pupation a weak silken cocoon, in which small pieces of stone
or debris are incorporated, is formed underneath a stone in the water.
According to Lestage (1921) and Ulmer (1909), the three British
genera of this family may be separated in the larval stage as follows : —
1. Head brown without lighter marks; abdomen gradually broadened
to fourth segment and narrowed after; five anal gills

Diplectrona
— Head with lghter marks; abdomen not broadened; four anal
OTIS! ss pansy Saisie ats Sc te-ye Geos eveo epee eyes sie ate ois ato See eijele Saas on eee going soe ee ee EERE 2

Mandibles ventrally with proximal tooth largest; right mandible
with largest tooth furnished with a dorsal row of setae

Cheumatopsyche
— Mandibles ventrally with proximal tooth less than the next distal;
no dorsal row of setae on right mandible ............... Hydropsyche

Only one larva of this family has recently been figured and described
in English. This is the larva of Hydropsyche wstabilis Curtis,
described by Philipson (1953). From that species the larva of H.
angustipennis can be separated by the extent and shape of the lght
patches on the fronto-clypeus, by the extent of the black borders on
the posterior margins of the meso- and meta-nota, and by having ven-
tral gills on the seventh abdominal segment.

Larvae of H. angustipennis were collected in large numbers from
a swiftly flowing forming the outflow of Virginia Water, Surrey, in
July, 1960. The nets made by the larvae correspond to those described
for H. imstabilis by Philipson (1953), being rough elongated silken
shelters attached to the underside of stones in the stream from which
a net extended into the current. The pupae were found inside silken
shelters, incorporating small pieces of stone and debris, attached to
the underside of iarger stones. The shelters were weak and often the
pupae were injured when removing the shelters from the stones. Some
yellowish deposit occurred in the water which affected the larval
coloration even after removal of the gross material. It is evident
therefore that in other habitats the coloration of the larvae may be
darker than that described below. It was also noted that in a second
habitat where the larval nets were constructed on a vertical rock
down which water was flowing, the nets were almost semicircular.
Larva (final instar).

Length 17 mm., breadth 2-5 mm. Head (fig. 1) dark yellowish-
brown, very rough owing to the covering of small spicules, fronto-
clypeus with a a, -shaped lighter patch, lighter patches on occipital
areas. In some larvae the latter patches were only slightly paler
than the rest of the head, and young larvae tended to be lighter in
colour and generally with the markings larger; eyes surrounded with
yellow; antennae indistinct; labrum transverse, darker on disc with
dense lateral tufts of blackish fine setae, the points of all forming a
horizontal straight edge, disc with scattered black setae and two large
setae near anterior border; mandibles (fig. 5) triangular, reddish-
brown, left mandible with dorsal brush of setae and five blunt teeth,
right mandible without brush of setae and four blunt teeth, external
edge of both with short setae.

THE LARVA OF HYDROPSYCHE ANGUSTIPENNIS CURTIS 269

Figs. 1-9. Larva of Hydropsyche angustipennis Curt.
Fig. 1, head, dorsal. 2, pronotum, posterior margin. 3, mesonotum, posterior
margin. 4, metanotum, posterior margin. 5, mandibles, dorsal. 6, anal
appendage. 7, anterior leg. 8, 9, posterior legs.

270 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 72 15/ XII / 1960

Thorax: each nota with a sclerotised plate, yellowish or greyish
brown covered with small spicules and all margined with black later-
ally. Pronotum with black posterior margin (fig. 2), mesonotum with
broad black curved median line (fig. 3), metanotum with short black
narrow curved line (fig. 4), both meso- and meta-thorax with much
branched ventral gills.

Legs: all with a covering of sparse black setae, chaetotaxy as figs.
7-9; anterior legs short, femur very broad with dense black setae
ventrally (fig. 7), posterior legs (figs. 8, 9) subequal, longer and more
slender than anterior pair, the femora having a row of long unequal
black setae ventrally, tarsal claws subequal, short, each with one strong
seta.

Abdomen yellowish-brown covered with short black spines, a
pair of much branched ventral gills on segments I-VII, each gill aris-
ing as one stalk which bifurcates, each bifurcation sending off two or
more branches. Some variation in this pattern however occurs. Four
anal gills. Anal appendages well developed, distal segment (fig. 6)
lightly ‘sclerotised,| bearing black setae, with a dense tuft of long
brownish setae on distal edge; anal claw yellowish, sclerotised, sharply
curved.

REFERENCES

Lestage, J. A. 1921. Im Rousseau, Les Larves et Nymphes Aquatiques des Insects
@Europe. Brussels.

Philipson, G. N. 1953. The larva and pupa of Hydropsyche instabilis Curtis
(Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., (A) 28: 17-23.

Ulmer, G. 1909. Trichoptera. Die Susswasserfauna Deutschlands, 5-6. Jena.

Some Crane Flies in the Lake District
By R. M. Payne

At the end of August I spent a short holiday on the western edge of
the Lake District, in Cumberland, and made some observations of the
crane flies (Diptera, Tipulidae) that were flying at the time. The
favourite hunting ground was along the course of a stream which rises
on the open fells at a height of about 350 feet, and for half a mile,
flows sluggishly through a spongy Sphagnum and cotton grass bog. it
then becomes swifter and more rocky, and cascades down through a steep
oak wood (250 to 150 feet). After a further short distance, it flows
along the edge of a more level and very boggy wood at about 100 feet,
and finally descends through some pasture fields to join the tidal river
Esk almost at sea level. The whole length of the stream is about a
mile.

Amongst a dozen or so Tipulids seen along this stream, the most
widespread species was Limnophila meigent Verrall, an attractive fly
with its black coloration relieved by yellowish wing bases. This was
plentiful on the Sphagnum moor, and occurred all along the stream,
even down to its junction with the river Esk, though it was perhaps
less often seen in the wooded areas.

The only other species noticed on the open moorland was
L fulvonervosa Schummel, but at the upper end of the steep wood,
where the stream plunged amongst bracken and boulders, L. aperta
Verrall and Pedicia claripennis EKdwards were taken.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 271

In the steep wood Limonia nubeculosa Meigen, a distinctive fly with
heavily mottled wings, was common near the stream, while Tipula
marmorata Meigen seemed to prefer the vicinity of the huge mossy
rocks which were scattered through the wood.

The richest area was the small, very boggy wood where even
Wellington boots were not proof against wet feet. On a calm sunny
evening the western margin of this wood was alive with fluttering
Tipulids—including one very large and conspicuous crane fly whose
pursuit was a matter of some excitement. This was Tipula fulvipennis
Degeer, one of our finest flies, and unusual in the marked difference
between the wings of the two sexes. The brown-winged females were the
more easily caught as they flew among the long grass at the edge of the
wood: the males, with bluish-grey wings, seemed to stay further
inside the wood, and flew rapidly up among the trees when disturbed.
The smaller T. scripta Meigen also occurred in the wood, though less
abundantly, while the common pest, 7. paludosa Meigen, flew about
in great numbers at the fringe and in the damp pastures outside the
wood. Other species captured in this wood included L. nwbeculosa,
L. macrostigma Schummel, L. modesta Meigen, Limnophila meigent
and ZL. nemoralis var. quadrata Kdwards.

Another area visited with a net during the holiday was the boggy
margin of Devoke water, at a height of 800 feet. Here, in addition
to the two moorland species already noted (meigent and fulvonervosa),
I found Limnophila squalens Zett. and Tipula lateralis Meigen. T.
lateralis is, of course, a widespread insect occurring commonly in low-
land districts in the south of Hngland.

I was able to spend one day, at rather higher altitudes, on the Old
Man of Coniston (in North Lancs.). Here I collected some crane flies
on a steep slope above Low Water, at about 1,900 feet. From wet
flushes and a rocky stream I took the attractively marked Dicranota
guerint Zett., D. exclusa Walker, Pedicia straminea Meigen and
LIimonia mitis var. lutea Meigen., as well as Tipula marmorata which
in my limited experience of diptera seems to be the most ubiquitous of
all the larger Tipulids.

Notes and Observations

Evurots ocoutta L. In CumBertanp.—I took a specimen of the pale
grey form of this species at my m.v. trap at Bassenthwaite on the night
of 21st August 1960. It was evident that there was quite an appreciable
migration of this moth in August as the October ‘‘Record”’ carries two
other records and it is interesting that all three refer to the
western side of the country.—C. I. Ruruerrorp, Redroofs, Oakdale,
Harrogate. 23.x.1960.

Two Micrant SPECIES IN THE NEw Forest.—I took a male Nycterosia
obstipata Fabr. here on 15th May of this year, a female Margaronia
unionalis Hiibn. on 18th October, and a male of the same species on the
following evening. All three species were taken at my mercury vapour
light.—L. W. Sirees, Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst,
Hants. 29.x.1960.

272 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ XIT/ 1960

Some IntTERESTING RECORDS FROM SurReEY.—On 3rd September, a
specimen of Leucania albipuncta Fabr. was in my m.yv. trap here, while
Herse convolvuli turned up on 16th and 21st September and on 9th
October.

It will be of interest to note that on the morning of 2nd October,
I found a specimen of Lithophane leautiert Boisd. in my trap: this
caused some excitement, and I have reason to believe that this may be
the first record of this species from a Surrey locality.

I also took L. albipuncta at light at Balcombe, Sussex, on 12th
September.—R. Fatrctouen, Blencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Surrey.
25.x.1960.

THe Buack Woop or RaANNocH.—Being in the neighbourhood of Aber-
feldy one week-end this autumn and having a few hours to spare, I took
the opportunity to drive over and look at the remnant of the ancient
Caledonian forest, so well known to entomologists, which I had not seen
since April 1937. The change was a depressing one. When I had last
seen the wood, one could wander off the road anywhere into the primeval
pine and birch forest. Now, the woods are in the hands of the Forestry
Commission, and are fenced off from the road; felling is going on, and
the ground beneath the trees is churned up by the tracks of giant
tractors; Nissen huts and a sawmill have sprung up. Worse still, the
Commission has planted a block of spruce beside the ancient pines!

Naturalists should keep an eye on what is going on here. If there is
any piece of ground that should have been under the Nature Con-
servancy it is the Black Wood of Rannoch. Unfortunately, the Forestry
Commission got in first. I may add, as one who drives a good deal
around the Highlands of Scotland in the autumn, attending agricul-
tural sales and calling on friends, that the deterioration of Highland
scenery in consequence of the Forestry Commission’s policy of block
planting of spruce and larch, is becoming very marked indeed in many
places. It is particularly deplorable that a block of spruce should have
been planted right beside the Black Wood of Rannoch.—J. L. CampsBety,
Isle of Canna.

LITHOPHANE LEAUTIERI BDV. AND OTHER INTERESTING SPECIES AT STUD-
LAND, Dorset.—On 7th October 1960 I joined Mr. J. L. Messenger in
the Swanage area where he had been the two previous nights, having
made his headquarters at the Manor House Hotel, at Studland, which
provided facilities for running an m.v. trap in the garden. Most
fortunately, the night turned out extremely mild. Our first activities
for the evening began just before 6 p.m. when we paraded up and down
a row of tobacco plants bordering the main road outside Knoll House
Hotel. Mr. Messenger had taken a Convolvulus Hawk there the pre-
vious night and as soon as dusk descended these fine insects began
hovering over the flowers. During the subsequent half hour we took four
males and one female, all in very good order, but rain began, which
seemed to frighten them away. Later on, our portable m.v. apparatus
on the heath near the Little Sea attracted some 20 species of which
the most noteworthy were Dasypolia templi Thunb., Leucania l-album
Linn. and Schrankia costaestrigalis Steph. But it was our trap in
the grounds of the hotel which turned up trumps with 24 species, includ-
ing Lithophane leautieri Bdv. The nearest macrocarpus was in a gar-

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Hie

den several hundred yards away. This species had been reported from
Swanage and Bournemouth the previous year, so is evidently spreading
rapidly in that region. Two Leucania vitellina Hiibn. were also
visitors, as also were seven Palpita unionalis Hiibn., all in very good
condition. This last insect seems to have been unusually common at
this period in localities along the south coast.—C. G. M. pe Worms,
Three Oaks, Woking. 6.xi.1960.

Tue Harty History oF HyPoONOMEUTA IRRORELLA HUEBNER IN ENG-
LAND.—The note published in 1959 (Hnt. Rec., 70: 282) with the above
title brought me soon after two comments from Mr. Riley. In the first
place he pointed out that the references ‘‘Surrey’’, ‘‘Coombe’’ and
‘‘Wandsworth’”’ could very well all refer to the same place, since Coombe
(now the site of a rather famous golf club) is in the county of Surrey
and almost abuts on the metropolitan borough of Wandsworth. ‘‘South
Street, Wandsworth’’, where W. Kirby lived, was the northern end of
what is now known as Garratt Lane, running from Wandsworth High
Street to Tooting. It is barely two-and-a-half miles from Coombe Woods.

Secondly, Mr. Riley questioned the authenticity of ‘“Huebner’s type
specimen’’ in the General Collection of the Hope Department at Oxford,
it being the accepted view that such of Huebner’s type material as still
existed, was in the Natural History Museum in Vienna (1935, W. Horn,
Ent. Beih, 2). Inquiry of Vienna elicited the reply from Dr. Kasy
‘There is no specimen in our collection that could be the Type, yet there
are two empty places in which formerly there must have been specimens
which have been lost. Perhaps Huebner’s Type was one of these.
Whether the specimen seen by you [i.e. by me—S.C.S.B.] represents the
Type, cannot be settled from here’ [translation]. There does remain
the interesting speculation, therefore, if the Hope Department specimen
is the Type, as to how it got there!

On a recent visit to the Hope Department, I found that the authori-
ties there had withdrawn their claim to possession of the Type, and
have removed the label against the specimen in question.—S. C. S.
Brown, 454 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. 7.xi.60.

CLEPSIS CONSIMILANA HwtBN. (=UNIFASCIANA Dup.); A QUESTION OF
PasuLtum.—There is, I am compelled to think, some mystery about the
larval food of this very abundant Tortrix. Privet is its ‘official’ host,
and Mr. Wakely assures me that the larva does indeed occur thereon
in due season—he has also found it on ivy and apple—so I do not doubt
the correctness of the customary attribution. Yet I am almost sure it is
not the whole story. All over our district the moth abounds, showing
no special predilection for the neighbourhood of privet but teeming in
incredible profusion about elm and hawthorn hedges in particular—
sometimes far from any privet. Having collected and reared Tortrix
larvae at random from the common trees and shrubs in this area since
1955 I have been puzzled at the non-appearance of consimilana in my
boxes until this year; and when at last it did turn up, the circumstances
gave still more cause for surprise. On different dates in late April I
found three rather long and slender yellow-headed brown ‘micro’ larvae
in dry dead grass-litter at the base of a fence in my garden, and set
them up in a tube with a supply of the pabulum—fully expecting them
to produce some rubbish-feeding member of the Tineina. One died,

274 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ XII /1960

but the two larger continued to devour the litter for 2-3 weeks, pro-
ducing copious webbing and frass and growing very slowly. They
eventually pupated amongst the material and in the second half of May
a typical male and female consimilana emerged—about the last species
I was expecting! Near the spot where the larvae were found there is
apple, rose, sycamore, bramble, etc., but the nearest privet is a small
hedge some 50 yards away, with which I have never been able to
connect the species at all definitely. Perhaps the larvae had come from
apple trees nearly overhead and hibernated in the litter, feeding on it
only when unable to return to the apple to complete their growth.—
A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. 18.xi.60.

CRAMBUS CONTAMINELLUS Htsn. SURVIVING at BLACKHEATH; AND ITS
Resting ArtirupE.—It is worth noting that the uncommon grass-moth
Crambus contaminellus Hiibn. still exists in this suburb, a well-known
locality for it in early times. Barrett (1905, Brit. Lep., 10: 111) wrote,
“ . . very local, and most frequently found upon the coast, yet has
long been known to occur at Blackheath in the outskirts of London’’.
In Grinling et al., 1909, A Survey and Record of Woolwich and West
Kent, the only notice of it—by J. W. Tutt—is as follows: ‘‘Local—
Blackheath, formerly, recent records wanted’’. It occurs here at light
from mid-July to mid-August, but most sparingly, and only by odd
specimens ; I have never had as many as two in a night.

When basking in the rays of the lamp it often sits with the body
tilted over to one side, in an attitude reminiscent of that adopted by
some of the robber-flies (Asilidae) on alighting, but not (as far as I have
seen) by the common species of Crambus. This, however, is not invari-
ably the case. When resting by day, to judge from a captured specimen
observed for some time, the moth appears to take up a different
posture; there is then no lateral inclination, but the fore parts are
~ flattened against the substratum while the rear projects outward from
it at an angle of about 30°. The whole effect, with the narrow forewings
wrapped tubularly round each other, is an exceedingly good imitation
of a dry brown broken-off hollow stem of grass. This likeness, of course,
is shared to a varying extent by most species of the genus when at rest,
but those I am acquainted with do not sit with the hind parts raised.
C. contaminellus must enjoy a high degree of immunity from daytime
enemies, considering too that it is one of those which cannot normally
bs put up—a circumstance contributing, no doubt, along with its
dingy and unattractive aspect, to its apparent rarity. Mr. Wakely tells
me he has taken it not uncommonly (always at light) in two or three
suburban Surrey localites—Herne Hill, Norwood Golf Course, etc.,
besides Byfleet—and has noticed its characteristic resting attitude.—
A. A. Aten, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. 18.x1.60.

ScatopsipAE (Dipt.) REARED FRoM A Wasp’s Nest.—From a nest of
a wasp, Vespula sp., found on Bookham Common, Surrey, Mr. S.
Wakely bred two species of Scatopsidae on 5th October 1951. One,
Scatopse notata LL. was already known as occurring in wasp’s nests for
in 1936 A. Collart included this species in his list of diptera reared
from wasp’s nest in Bull. Musée roy. d’ Hist. nat. Belg., 12: 1-12. The
other species was Scatopse bifilata Walk. The latter is also an addition
to the list of 1026 species of diptera (1950, 1960, Lond. Nat., 29, 39)

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 275

that have been found at this National Trust property of Bookham
Common which has recently been scheduled as a Site of Special
Scientific Interest by the Nature Conservancy.—L. PARMENTER, 97
Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 24.x.1960.

Micrant SYRPHIDAE IN THE IstE oF WicHtT.—Mr. K. Davison of the
Birmingham Field Naturalists’ Club, who is a competent observer, was
on holiday at Shanklin during the last two weeks in July and witnessed
a large migration of Syrphidae.

Mr. Davison tells me that they flew in from a south-easterly direction
and were in ‘countless thousands’. It was necessary to close the hotel
doors and windows against the invaders. He tells me that after the
arrival of the insects, they had two and a half days of unceasing rain.
This may not be cause and effect.

He brought me four specimens. They are all Syrphus luniger Mg.,
one male and three females.—Cartwricut Timms, 524 Moseley Road,
Birmingham 12.

TACHINIDAE (Di1pt.) REARED.—In a small collection of diptera given
to me by Mr. R. L. E. Ford were four males and six females of Tachina
larvarum L. bred in July 1954 by the late H. D. Swain from larva of
Philudoria potatoria L. and a female Tachina sorbillans Wied., also bred
by Mr. Swain, that emerged on 2nd June 1944 from a larva of Saturnia
pavonia L. from Crowthorne, Berks.—L. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands
Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

VOLUCELLA ZONARIA Popa (Dipt., SYRPHIDAE) IN Essex, Kent anpD
IsLE oF WiGHT.—This species was seen in Wanstead, Essex, by Mr. E.
E Syms on 28th September, and Mr. R. L. E. Ford reports it at
Bexley, Kent, on Ist August and on Buddleia flowers at Ventnor, Isle
of Wight, on 22nd August of this year.—L. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands
Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 24.x.1960.

A Casr or ABNORMAL PAIRING IN THE SYRPHIDAE (Dript.).—Recently
my friend Mr. D. Collins showed me a pair of Syrphid flies which he
had taken in cop. at Kew Gardens in May of this year, and which he
had seen to belong to different genera. The male was the well-known
and variable narcissus-bulb fly, Merodon equestris F. (typical form) ;
the female was Criorrhina floccosa Meig., a species which passes its
earlier life in rotten wood and is not uncommon in suitable areas.
Except that both are bee-like, and about the same size, they are not
really very similar. They are, moreover, placed in different subfamilies,
Kristalinae and Xylotinae (Milesinae, Verrall) respectively. It is
likely that such cases of abnormal pairing are already on record for
Diptera, as they are for Coleoptera and doubtless other orders.—A. A.
ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, S.H.3. 19.xi.60.

COED RHEIDOL NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE EXTENSION

Coed Rheidol Nature Reserve, near Devil’s Bridge in Cardigan-
shire, was established in 1956. Further areas were added to the
Reserve in 1957 and 1958 and under a new declaration some 9 more acres
of woodland are now brought into it, including Sessile Oak woods on
the West Bank of the Afon Rheidol below the village of Ystum Tuen.
The Reserve now covers an area of 89 acres.

Much of the area is inaccessible and includes precipitous cliffs

276 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 72 15/ XIT/ 1960

forming part of the spectacular Rheidol Gorge, which can be viewed
from the village of Devil’s Bridge. Coed Rheidol is an interesting
example of a moist, mossy Sessile Oak wood with a rich associated
flora and fauna which have developed under conditions of high humidity
and heavy rainfall.

Permits will be necessary for those who wish to collect specimens of
animals or plants, undertake research, or to visit parts of the Reserve
away from the footpath. Applications for such permits should be sent
to the Regional Officer for South Wales, The Nature Conservancy, c/o
Department of Zoology, University College of Swansea, Singleton
Park, Swansea.

COOM RIGG MOSS NATURE RESERVE

Coom Rigg Moss is an excellent example of a relatively undamaged
blanket bog. Bogs of this type were at one time widespread in
Northern England but most of them have been severely damaged or
completely destroyed by draining, burning and grazing. The Reserve,
which has been established under a lease from the Forestry Commis-
sion and covers 88 acres, is about 1,050 feet above sea level and lies
about 10 miles west of Bellingham and about the same distance north
of Haltwhistle, Northumberland. It is within the boundaries of the
Northumberland National Park.

Coom Rigg Moss possesses an actively growing and apparently
undamaged Sphagnum cover, and this constitutes its major scientific
interest. Sphagnum papillosum and Sphagnum magellanicum are the
main components of the Sphagnum carpet and the usual associates of
this type of boge—Common Cotton-grass, Hare’s-tail, Ling, Cross-leaved
Heath, Cranberry, Deer Grass, Bog Asphodel and Round-leaved Sun-
dew—are abundant. The presence of Sphagnum imbricatum, Sphag-
num fuscum, Marsh Andromeda and Mud Sedge suggest an exceptional

freedom from human interference. Great Sundew, now a rare species
in Northumberland, is well represented and therefore of special
interest.

. Permits will be required to visit, to collect specimens of animals or
plants, or to undertake research. Applications for such permits should
be made to the Regional Officer for the North, The Nature Conserv-
ancy, Merlewood Research Station, Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire.

SOCIAL INSECTS

The fourth congress of the International Union for the Study of

Social Insects is being held in the historic Italian city of Pavia from
9th to 14th September 1961. It is being organised by the Italian section
of I.U.S.S.I. under its president, Prof. Carlo Jucci.
_ The programme includes sections on ‘‘bees and wasps’, ‘‘termites’’ and
“applied research’’, and symposia on ‘‘endocrinology’’, ‘‘caste
differentiation’’, ‘‘symbiosis’’ and ‘‘gregarism and_ subsociality’’.
Contributions are invited. The proceedings of the Congress will be
published.

Application forms and information are available from W. V. Harris,
c/o Natural History Museum, London, S.W.7. Those concerning the
submission of papers must be returned to Pavia not later than 31st
March, but applications for membership will be received up to 30th
April.

A short post-congress excursion to a high altitude research station
in the Apennines is under consideration.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Exchange. —‘‘Field Lepidopterist’”’, Tutt., 3 Vols. ‘British Moths’’, Morris,
4 Vols., 1891. “Tineina’’, Stainton, 1854. ‘‘British Tortrices’’, Wilkinson,
1859. Also wanted: Storeboxes, 138 xX 9 or 14 X 10. Cartwright Timms, 524
Moseley Road, Birmingham, 12.

Wanted._15 to 20 large-drawer Mahogany Cabinet. Brady or Gurney preferred.
H. N. Moon, ‘““Budleigh’’, 319 Coniscliffe Road, Darlington.

Orthoptera.—Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
grasshoppers of the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae from all parts of the
World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxo-
nomy, cytology, and experimental biology; dry or fluid preserved or
living. Please contact D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Department of Ento-
mology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

Wanted.—Records of Lathridius spp. (Coleoptera Lathridiidae) especially
L. bifasciatus Reitter, with locality, date, and if possible details of habitat.
E. Lewis, 8 Parry Road, London, S.E.25.

oahed ; Muna ie

J. J. HILL & SON

Specialists in INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS

Reconditioned SECOND-HAND INSECT CABINETS, STORE BOXES, etc.,
available from time to time.

Specifications and Prices sent Post Free on Application

YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. *Phone : WILLESDEN 0309

THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

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German and French editions. Vol. 1-4; Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna
exotica.

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22 Harlington Road East, Feltham, Middlesex, England

RECORDS OF THE BRITISH ZYGAENIDAE

_ f have in preparation a paper on the distribution of the species of Zygaena
and Procris found in the British Isles, with maps showing the geographical
Tange of each species in these islands. I would welcome authentic records,
especially from Ireland, Scotland, Wales and South-West England. Records of
trifolti (both the early May-June subspecies and the July-August subspecies) and
lonicerae would be of special interest, including any from southern England,
as here the range of the two species overlaps. As these species, trifolii and
_lonicerae, are sometimes difficult to separate, I shall be pleased to determine
‘any doubtful specimens, which should be sent to me by 3ist December, 1960.

: W. G. TREMEWAN,
bert, of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, London, s. W.7

(F tel von Te W. rrr on. ik oa ee “f

The following gentlemen act as Bana Conalanes to the magaz
- Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. WiuuiaMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthopterc
D. K. McH. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Se., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A.
Auten, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. Parmenter, I'.R.E. S. E. C. M. d’Assts-
Fonseca, F.R.E.S.

—

CONTENTS |
BUTTERFLIES IN PARTIAL ECLIPSE. Major A. E. COLUER, M.C.

NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF HYPERCALLIA ee SCOP.
A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.

SOME SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES on THE ‘LIFE HISTORY AND BREEDING
OF APATURA IRIS LINN. R. E. STOCKLEY and I. R. P. HESLOP .

APHANTOPUS HYPERANTUS UL. AB. LANCEOLATA SHIPP + ARETE
MULL. Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C. : :

COLLECTING IN SUFFOLK, 4960. S. WAKELY ah bs nh aa RRONE saad

COLHOPHORA LEUCAPENNELLA HUBN. IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. i
J. NEWTON and L. PRICE

THE LARVA OF PSYCHOMIA PUSILLA (F) (TRICHOPTERA, PSYCHO-
MYIIDAE). ALLEN BRINDLE, F.R.E. S: ay

‘THE LARVA OF HYDROPSYCHE ANGUSTIPENNIS CURTIS “(TRICHOP-
TERA, HYDROPSYCHIDAE). ALLEN BRINDLE, F.R.E.S. mye

SOME CRANE FLIES IN THE LAKE DISTRICT. R. M. PAYNE ...
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS .

SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KENT: A CRITICAL
ACCOUNT. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT . fatfete

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The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation

SPECIAL INDEX
VOL. 72, 1960

PAGE
COLEOPTERA

ASUS (CopelatS))/ yee nsess, cases eee reeeen 100
angustatus (Hydroporus) ............... 99
UCT VD UUIS)iipaaiedeass sce REE eee ee 100
bipustulatus (Agabus) ..........e eee 100
brunsvicensis (Chrysolina) ............... 196
Capricornis (Noterus) .............ccceeeeeee 99
Caspius (GYTINUS) ........ce eee eee 98, 100
chalconatus (A@abus) ...........ccecseeeeeee 100
clypealis (Hydrovatus) ............... 98, 99
confluens (Coelambus) .........0.cccccccceee ee 99
conspersus (Agabus) ................0.005 98, 99
decempustulatus (Deronectes) ... 97, 98
Glichitambicy (VERE OTIS) canbe ncrononasanoaneneAdonouss 99
discretus (Hydroporus) ....................5 99
elegans (Deronectes) .................. 97, 98
elevatuls | (BinyiGlaiuis) Py were ee eeec se senens 98
erythrocephalus (Hydroporus) ......... 99
UVM ILTS (ELAli US) Maascccsesseoeeetessseeeeee 99
fuliginosus (Ilybius) .............. cee 100
TUTHYBIS) (VElEVMTONIUIS)), > pasenesccnecenoadsenoeobeones 98
fuscus (Colymbetes) ..............ccccecee seen 100
MPN OII) (a2 NAADIS))) sheponsonsosocobroptsusbaddcaodooe 100
guttatus (Agabus) .................0 97, 99
gyllenhali (Hydroporus) .................. 99
hermanni (Hygrobia) ................:.c0008 99
hyalinus (Laccophilus) ............... 97, 99
inaequalis (HyGrotus) .............cccceceeeee 99
laminatus (Cercyon) ......... (footnote) 135
lepidus (HyAropoOrus) .............ceseeeeee es 99
lineatocollis (Haliplus) ..................0.. 99
lineatus (Scarodytes) ...............00 98, 99
maculatus (Platambus) .................. 100
marginalis (Dytiscus) ..............0..0: 100
marginata (Chrysolina) _.................- 196
marinus (Gyrinus) ...............cee 98, 100
MMA NS Lee ABTA SW isauaesces caster tease ee snscncte 98
minutus (GyVrinus) ................cceee 98, 100
minutus (Laccophilus) .................. 97, 99
MAA TOI (GayaiMUS) leh sseeescn sens. ceeeee 98, 100
nebulosus (A@abus) ..........ccceeeee eee 99
Nigrita (HyAroporus) ..........ceeeeeee eee ee 99
nobilis (GnNOriIMUS) ....... eee ee sees 132
obliquus (Haliplus) .................cecceeeeee 98
obscurus (Ilybius) ..............cccceeeee eee 100
ovatus (Hyphydrus) — ............ceeeeeeeeee 99
paludosus (Agabus) © ...........c.ceeeeeeee ee 100
palustris (Hydroporus) ..................04. 99
parallelopipedus (Esolus) ...............0.. 98
Pictus {(Graptodytes) ..............ceceeeeee 99
planus (Hydroporus) _................0.eeeee 99
pubescens (Hydroporwus) _...............655 99
pulverosus (Rantus) .........ceeeecees eens 100
Yivalis (Oreodytes) ............secceeeee 98, 99
rivularis (Limmius) .............ccceceseeeee ee 98
ruficollis (Haliplus) ............cccc:ccseeeeeee 99
rufifrons (Hydroporus) ................0.6. 99
Tugosostriatus (Otiorrhynchus) ...... 72

Bx95 IWRSZ

PAGE
semisulcatus (Dytiscus) .................. 100
septentrionalis (Oreodytes) ......... 98, 99
SHUM (ANSPATOWIS))) — sconkdedesddoodnds saecdbase 100
Substriatus) (Melichus)) 2... 98
tessellatus (Hydroporus) .................. 99
urinator (GyVrinus) .........cc..c.cc.e 98, 100
variabilis (Gnorimus) .................. 129-132
villosus (Orectochilus) ................00... 98
volkmari (latelmiis) ......::0....c..c.--..0- 98
HEMIPTERA
INM@B WES, (IRENTETPE)) codeedadocesoccosboosetocoscee 98
schillingi (Chorosoma) .............6....2- 263
ODONATA
boltonii (Cordulegaster) .................. 98
ORTHOPTERA
albomarginatus (Chorthippus) ... 69, 70
brachyptera (Metrioptera) ............ 69-70
brunneus (Chorthippus) ......... 68, 69, 70
dorsalis (Conocephalus) ..............00..00 70
griseoaptera (Pholidoptera) ............... 70
grossum (Stethophyma) .................. 69
lineatus (Stenobothrus) ...................0- 69
maculatus (Myrmeleotettix) ...... 69, 70
parallelus (Chorthippus) ............ 69, ‘70
roeseli (Metrioptera) .................. 69, 70
verrucivorus (Decticus) ..............00.. 70
viridissima (Tettigonia) .................. 69
viridulus (Omocestus) .................. 69, 70
PLECOPTERA
Gaveliikneiney- (2A) > scoconsohubanssssosnoosnods 4145
cephialotes (Perla) ieee eee 145
nebulosa (Taeniopteryx) .................- 98
TRICHOPTERA
angustipennis (Hydropsyche) ...... 267-70
bimaculata (Neureclipsis) ............ Q44-5
(Cle uUMMeNKoy OS NACIAVE) Hop sordosanacodaoneesodebacace 268
Di OLECOVOM ah (Lyte kel coes weak cchceceor eee eee 268
AH CIM OMANTS TWh cee toh gansinseseuehionaaeneeen Race 265
THERE ULIG) HIM ICH AYDXe))) 7 ac poonanoncecacosaeesnasse 265
instabilis (Hydropsyche) .................. 268
IGN OSS paBEBRe GS UneRCESeRGasdar noo mmonaent oon aceteeenae 265
marginata (Chimarra) _.................. 144-6
montanus (Philopotamus) _............ 144-7
occipitalis (Wormaldia) _............... 144-7
Philopotamidae ...................0000 144-7, 244
IPOlyGeNtLOpi Caley eteceeee ene ee eeere Q4A
IP SV GOWAN GIA Cle peers eteteina reer cease aree 265
pusilla (Psychomyia) .................0eee 265-7
subnigra (Wormaldia) ................- 144-7
EMeSUUMS) {CE CMIOMMS) I aeeeces bs scecensecesss 265
AB TD.© CLES% ee eee Passe se tela tofice/a-iaisacien tre staan aisanaleeios 266
WIAEMERT VAMIMOGES)) A viccsccceenemesedseonenee 266

SMITHSONIAN
BAe TET reine al

MAR i 3 10R4

2} SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
DIPTERA

ByClarreiyal ((CUUNCOMGIOS) — ssancecosencenevoenscons Qh
Blesuhyels (BIE ath ncachenoasnssnsooshasonboatense 148
albimanus (Platycheirus) ............... 200
annulata (Trichocera) ..................06 val
anthracinus (Chironomus) ............... 133
aperta (Limmophila) ..................0..0.- 270
apicalis (Bryophaenocladius) ......... 133
arthriticus (Epitriptus) ..................... 20

aterrimus (Hydrobaenus, Smittia) 71,
132, 133

atrofasciatus (Tanytarsus, Microp-

S CCUG ua sssce nasser eg aan hee 72, 133
balteatus (Syrphus) — ...........ccc.c0c0000-. 200
Hinlatan(SCavOpse) Meee eee QT
bimaculatus (Tabanus) ..................... Qh
bisignatus (Tabanus) ....................0... Q4
brevicalcar (Hy drobaenus, Bryo-

FOIMEYEIMOCUACHIWIS)) — sSanconconanaecoceocoooagea 133
breviforceps (Geomyza) ................+. 38
breviseta (GeOMyZa) ..........e.eeeeeeeeeeee 21
brumalis (Metriocnemus, Gymno-

TOMETTPMOCINETMIIS)) —-sconnosacecoceosonanccacace 71
brunnipes (Tanytarsus, Microp-

SCCLPA)S Caen eee eee eee "hl, 72, i183
calvescens (Hydrobaenus, Bryo-

Phaenocladius) .............ececeeeee eee 133
Claripennis (Pedicia) ...................2eeee 270
clavicornis (Thienemanniella) ......... 133
coerulescens (Hydrobaenus, Bryo-

Dhaenocladius) eee 133
GOUT (RALOATABIS)) soccdccnnsaocsscononseconscoes Q4
combinata (GCOMYza) .............ceeeeeee eee 38
CONODSEUST(DOROS) Meee ee eee 198
corollae (Syrphus) ............c.cececeeeeeees 200
cOwinii (Epitriptus) .......................- 20
culicoides (Diamesa) ...............eeeeeeee 132
cultriger (Hydrobaenus, Diplo-

CLAGHIUIS oe exsere sheen asranteeec ete aeeaen val
dentiforceps (Hydrobaenus, Bryo-

Phaenocladius) ...............c.ceeeee eens 133
devonicus (Hy drobaenus, Bryo-

TOIMEVEINOYCIEVGLIDIS)) sb scubnooebooonedosdosooos 133
aissectal (INUPECIIA)ieeecccese cease eeeeseere 148
dissipatus (Hydrobaenus, Chaeto-

CACTUS) |e Nate tance a ac aecnan eee 133
distinguendus (Tabanus) .................. Qh
duddingstoni (Culicoides) ............... Q4

effusus (Hydrobaenus, Trichocladius) 133

equestris (Merodon) .............0ccceeeeeeeees Q75
IV ELSGALIS een ccscceccs cca ceomeene se se cane osteemeee 200
exclusa (Dicramota) — ...........:..ccseeeeeee Q74
RECON deh moniae Vale aetio Re rsceace sD banuntseaeenauccusacecs 15
flavescens (Thienemanniella) ............ 133
floccosa (Criorrhina) ...................6006. Q75
Ore EITM (QMO) — ccoonsaooosossononnsabocnos 21
fulvipennis (Tipula) ...................6s00 Q71

fulvonervosa (Limnophila) ...... 270, 274
fuscus (Tanytarsus, Micropsectra) ... 133

fuscipes (Metriocnemus) _ ................-5 132

germinationis (Opomyza) _......... 21, 38

hospitus (Hydrobaenus, Bryophaeno-
CVAGIUS) LS eias cate escort ree cae ones 133

PAGE
FRVGTOCACA Hf wsscotectean cmosee te care eee 15
hygropetricus (Metriocnemus) ......... 132
impensus (Metriocnemus) Para-
DIMASMNOGIECHOS) — coocoosevosscseraenancconne 132
inflatum (Simulium) ...................... Q4
TONGIESOCUE, (DEIN) scononsooscancacansossennes 148
lleveyveneblidn ((HMEVCLUTMEY) Spocccnonconcotoneaceoance Q75
He wweree bigs CANTONS) sopeorocobececoocorcenccene Q71.
leucopogon (Hydrobaenus, Smittia) 133
lundbecki (Tabanus) .....................0.- Qh
TohaNeRSIe ((SAPEDIMNOIS)) —— aceeoseoaccoccosnoneacore: Q75
lupicaris (Culicoides) ....................... Qh
macquarti (Azellia) ...........cccececeeceeceee 15
maculosa (Limnophora) _............ 14, ‘15
majuscula (Geomyza) .................00.00- 38

manicatus (Platycheirus) .................. 200

marmorata (Tipula) ....................0.. Q71
macrostigma (Limonia) .................. Q71
meigeni (Limnophila) ............... 270, 274
melaleucus (Hydrobaenus, Chaeto-

Cl ENOL U KC) te inearacaaHoneeerGanbrncoccroccokocsonsoc 133
menthastri (Sphaerophoria) ............ 200
minimus (Hydrobaenus, Limnophyes) 133
minor (Hydrobaenus, Bryophaeno-

Cladius). <1 \i2.6 ees ces ee 133
minwta’ (Hele) 2. eee 148
mitis var. lutea (Limonia) ............... Q71
MOGEeStal (BUTT) ee sees eeaeeeeeee TA A382
modesta (Limonia) ................ccecceeceee Q74
montanus (Tabamus) ..............cecccseeeeees Qh
muthifeldi (Tabanus) .................0.00 Qh
nemoralis var. quadrata Limnophila) 274
TOU (ISXCENKOIORS) sooncoosconsonsnoseposasensnon QT4
nubeculosa (Limonia) ......................5. Q71
paludosa (Tipula) ..................ccccseeeeeee Q71
Danvial (He1e)). . cecececcusteesceceertes eee eee 148
parvaeformis (Egle) ..............:.cc:0cceeees 148
pellucens (Volucella) ....................000 220
perennis (Hydrobaenus, Chaeto-

CLAGIUS):. |) saeteie heseeieeceheese eee 133
piger (Hydrobaenus, Chaetocladius)

71, 133
pilosa (Brachyopa) ...............0- 198, 199
Dplebiay (Here Vial eeceeeeereee ee eeeeene 199
pratorum (Hydrobaenus, Smittia) ... 133
prolongatus (Hydrobaenus, Limno-

DHVES) es Models etene sahaepeeneeeeeees 71, 133
pseudochiopterus (Culicoides) ............ Q4
pulchripes (Cricotopus) ...............--. 132
punctata (OPOMYZa) ..........ccceeeeeeeeew eee 24
PyVAStri (SCACVA) .........ceceeceeee eens 200, 201
querini (Dicranota) .............:.:cceseeeeee Q71.
rectus (Hydrobaenus, Smittia) ......... 133
rufibarbis (Eutolmus) _...............0-.0+ 199
rufiventris (Hydrobaenus, Tricho-

GlAGIUS)) 4 Soo eRe aeceee eee sece 133
Schimeri(Mabanws)yeeeeeeceeseeece eee Qh
scripta (Sphaerophoria) _ .................. 200
Gore oye, (ANT OVTUIEY)) | Soysodscapocacondasodnosanconscan Q71
scoticus (Culicoides) .............:s.seeeeees Qh
scutellata (Corynoneura) _ ............... 133
semivirens (Hydrobaenus, Bryophae-

MOCIAGINTS)) -\ssepenoveosdadeee eee seeceeer trees 133
skirwithensis (Hydrobaenus, Bryo-

Phaenocladius) 2... se seeeeeeeeeee seen 133

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
SOUSTULALIS 5 (alla mls) eeeserasdeteney eeeesces Q4
SOMONE OS: (OPEC) soandonoascobsuenocentor Q75
Speciosa (Calliprobolayy arses ccseeceeee 199
SOWIAUE TAS (Leino OVAVIIE)) > ashsanceonocnos cote Q71
SUEVACSIOL | ((ALEV OK NONTIE))! © fe aunnabenoadeossacconcese Q4
stercoraria (Scatophaga) .................. 21
Siniee omnes, (IEXeYONVENE)) — — sanuocorunncosonquennons Q71
stylatus (Metriocnemus, Parametri-
OGMEMIS) ie. Pace Pim Mane ae case eeu g 132
subvernalis (Hydrobaenus, Bryo-
[ONE KEINGYCIEYGITDIS)) — Seanenecnsdacacmposeossoase 133
subviridis (Tanytarsus, Micropsec-
LEEEI Re cae DRNS RENE aN ERIE ame a ne Bik, 72), 13333
sylvestris (Cricotopus) ..............e 132
SAVE CUAUIOLS VENT MB earcosting as ancenansuapoccnecceeee se 199
thienemanni (Hydrobaenus, Bryo-
DIMACINGENAGHIBIS) © s-bocnsoonsavecursotoncoece 133
WOME TITAN, “{OWINEDS)) Sacodacenseaeecnecoueseros Q4
triangula (Pseudolimnophora) 74, 75
trifascia (Cricotopus) .................... 132
WRG OCIS (RENO y AUIS)” Sooscosbascsndunnarbocdesoo Qh
Liberal (OME Oe NANOS) “Aednconssnpoccosbaseeoeoonene Q4
vernalis (Hydrobaenus, Bryophaeno-
Cll io Wits) ees soetecstereee cockure nor peademnecnde 133
vitripennis (Cricotopus) — ................8. 133
vitripennis (Syrphus) .....................05 200
zonaria (Volucella) 94, 200, 201,
220, 275
LEPIDOPTERA
abbreviata (Eupithecia) ................... 240
FW ovi(=er2)i ores Win ( @7! (2X0) G2) JE Ree EeE EB EE ERE B REESE 51
abruptaria (Hemerophila) ............... 240
aioysiirmelauit (CHOC ONIEY) 3ocoodoccocuosonenosrobecos AT
aceriana (Gypsonoma) .................c006 Q41
ACETISY (AMatelle)waees weil scteLL al aoeeck 239
achatinella (Nyctegretis) .................. 262
adusta (Eumichtis) ..................0.0.- 8, 157
advenella (Euzophera) .............0..0000006- Q40
aegeria (Pararge) WB) yf. iri. lal).
114, 151, 213, 237, 238, 254
CEO (ESATO US) eee bees BO), Biz, Gaile
denea, (Phiytometra) 1. 2.c.tic..ce-s.cc: secre 50
aeriferana (Cacoecia)) .....ccticcecbsecceeeee 46
aerugula (C. trituberculana) ............ AT
TSS CUNT (AAS CTA IY cece cs ovaccdeccwercedeeans 236
aestivaria (Hemithea) ...............c... 240
aethiops (Erebia) ... 112, 143, 114, 211,
215, 237, 238
enbmigisy, (Chom) SonAaneanseasecceceosoancaesoon. 240
agathina (Amethes) ............... 51, 58, 144
agestis (Aricia) ......... 23, 64, 110, 152, 212
aglaia (Argynnis) ............ 56, 112, 241, 237
albicornuella (Coleophora) ............... 13
albimacula (Hadena) .............cc.cseceees 4h
albipuncta (Leucania) ......... Q46, 263, 272
albipunctata (Entephria) ................. 150
albipunctata (Eupithecia) ............... 115
albovenosa (Simyra) ............00.... 48, 261
albulata (Asthenia) ...........ceeccsesseeeee 240
albulata (Perizoma) .............0:....c00ee00 65
alchemillata (Perizoma) ............ 159, 240
alcyone (Satyrus) ..............0c. 110, 238
AS Aem (NOMA) Berens eccrine 23, AT
alniaria (Deuteronomos) ............ 160, 240

PAGE
alronieollay (@ATaMEN AMES) © Soschssocosccdosodsecuorase 216
BVbonrOVEN UIs: ((EIRMINVHES)) SacosanearsnnaneAnnoncese 263
alsines (Caradrima) .................<... 158, 240
alternata (Epirrhoé) ............ 115, 160, 240
BUNVSWS ((EISSOSTEIA)) . .oaonconscaddcatosvpnontosacss 110
ENMU WOVOIUIS) + (CL AVERYETOE))) anosecensaronoateosecsues 236
amata (Calothysanis) .................. 4115, 240
amathusia (Argymmis) ..................---.-- 110
AVON ONG, (CETEYCFEIME))) —ssonctnocecopeancondton 23
SIMON mellss ((CIRVSTEY) — ssososeoonnoppacosnaeccenss 126
Sian Sell ((SKCHOINIETAIS)) |< soopdoosuonoouosnnerenasee 150
BNMOlOMMVEXTENE! (TPAVTASWIS)) onssonomencooenccoonane 205
angustiorana (Batodes) ..............c00c Qa1
anomala (Stilbia) ............ 51, 58, 115, 245
anonyma (Limenitis) ....................0. 213
antimachus (Morpho) ....................0.08 Q2
antiopa (Nymphalis) ............... 82, 48, 109
anftiqua (Orgyia) ............... 187, 224, 239
antiquana (Endothenia) ........:.......... 66
@yOiComanNS, (SSE) Abe cocotccnneoceencsorooonpacte 9
apollo (Parnassius) ... 31, 48, 107, 110,
120, 123, 124, 210
aprilina (Griposia) ..................... 52, 157
arcania (Coenonympha) ............. 212, 236
arceuthata (E. egenaria) .................. 47
arenella (Depressaria) ...............ccc.0+: Q41
BUMCOMS, (SOIC CAMMTE)) cononcononoanesstenvvonoene 50
arethusa (Hipparchia) ................00... 237
argiolus (Celastrina) ............ 152, 239, 264
argus (Plebejus) ... 50, 57, 110, 212, 236, 237
argyrognomon (P. ligurica) ............ 236
arion (Maculinea) .................. 41, 124, 236
Sino eyeres), (ISLENNO TANS), gocsonnnoncmoeenoooneecn 97
armoricanus (Hesperia) ...............6.... 110
asella (Heterogenea) .......................-. 189
asiatica (Nycteola) (Sarrothripus) ... 150
assimilata (Eupithecia) ..................... 240
eissiamillisy (UNO AMER))) ooceoaenoonanasnecen 112, 114
BISISIEIS ((CWICWUULIE)) socossnoneocconsnbaccone 10, 223
atalanta (Vanessa) ... 1, 14, 64, 65, 139,
152, 220, 239, 254, 263
athalia (Melitaea) /i......c1.c.c0sccceee 124, 237
atomaria (Ematurga) ................. 55, 115
EWTN (COXCIETATIEN) > Soannsssoeccondooscnnsonecneccooe 110
atriplicella (Phthorimaea) ............... Q41
atropos (Acherontia) ... 9, 74, 79, 198, 249
augur (Graphiphora) ............cccc.c00.... 156
aurantiana (Pammene) ... 34, 47, 73, 247
IUMPEY SO) (INUIT OEEY) coocnosnedacosnornace 20, 72, 73
SINCE, (RIMOGNTENEY) ooo cocasnscsosnaoancanace 240
GNUNEEINE), (MUSTER) voce onenosoncoonscoocnseonere 238
Buiene mia), (VATORNHSIIE)) ono..nsensacnoneoecosencace 48
aurinia (Euphydryas) ...................... 151
QUStEALIS (COLAS) Meee ene 212, 237
autumnaria (Ennomos) ...............0..... 250
aversata (Sterrha) ............... 115, 159, 240
badiana (Phalomia) ....................00....- Q44
Dayjay (Amauhnes)ye cee eae 114, 156
LOB NNS) (AUIONVEWINAESY)) Seceecnaocanconosneocene 114, 156
lose) | (ID SASCMG)) rogococubansheaoseenosooneae, 50
bellargus (Lysandra) ...... 13, 152, 212, 236
bembeciformis (Sphecia) .................. 55
EMME hii (AC CHISTIS) eens eee eee ene 262
betulae (Thecla) ............ 414, 47, 151, 254

betularia (Biston) ...

63, 160, 188, 224, 2

4 SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
bicolorana (PseudoipS) .............:.::0 221
bicolorata (Plemyria) ..............c10.ceee 66
bicruris (Hadena) ............... 4414, 157, 239
bidentata (Gonodontis) ... 36, 160, 189,

195, 224, 240
bifasciana (Argyroploce) .................. 241
Dihascilatape a (2LIZONMa) meeeeseceeceeeeeeteenee 4115
bilineata (Euphyia) .................. 115, 240
LOMA TAS, ((DUTCOSINDE)) conssssocscossgooaba00956 Q41
bilunaria (Selenia) ............. 115, 160, 240
IgTNg ENE, ((DIASTORWNE))) — ocooscesvocecsoosncedeacseS 239
bipunctella (Ethmia) ......................- 47
LOniSelleneey (GUWEIPEINS)) — Seascconsccesqesdooosc09000000 415
Tonigyennli@illiey, (AtiMEOIE)) — — Ssboscnoboeseeconcoobo00 Q41
biundularia (Ectropis) ....................+ 50
bvancay(Canadminia)) Si seeereccscseeseceecce 4158
IMAGE, (TESIEWAOTIME)) snarcesnoesoneoseoannces 65
boeticus (Lampides) ............ 120, 122, 190
boisduvaliella (Phycita) ............ 186, 262
bondii (Arenostola) — ..........c.ccece eee eees 10
bractea (Plusia) ... 10, 115, 159, 215, 249
brassicae (Mamestra) ......... 1414, 156, 239
brassicae (Pieris) ... 64, 114, 124, 139,
152, 194, 239
IOTISENS (CEMVOATACIIME))) —s-cocsssncnpnaccnseesose 238
britanniodactyla (Oxyptilus) ............ 30
brookiana (MOrpho) .............:.cseeseeenees Q2
brumata (Operophtera) ............ 194, 240
lorena, (ID NEWESIBY)) ~—— S5oooeesccasesooonocveseo03 4114
brunneata (I. fulvaria) ..................00 197
bucephala (Phalera) ................68 Q24, 239
LOVOKONIE WOR), ((BAE1ENE))) Soonopocsonoononndnos 172, 241
caecana (Laspeyresia) ...............cceceeees 30
caeruleocephala (Episema) ............... Q21
caesiata (Entephria) .................. 115, 216
caespititiella (Coleophora) ............... 149
Bi (/NTCHIE)) seconcnae 21, 119, 156, 224, 239
c-album (Polygonia) ... 12, 14, 47, 152,
174, 239, 253, 254
caliginosa (Acosmetia) .................... 23
CaMnIGhICE! (ECTMIEN) — Sononpansoanssoaneono 110, 241
callunae (Lasiocampa) .................0+ 222
CAM OENCS,. (AVEMMISIED) > soosaonopnapenconcooseen 441
camilla (Limenitis) ... 47, 48, 56, 151,
238, 253
CAINE), (IBWICORMTNE)) socorosnoan00 pop enanooonscooconNN Q41
canella (Gymmancyla) ...................6 Q14
capucina (Lophopteryx) ............ 114, 155
cardamines (Anthocaris) ...... 63, 151, 252
cardui (Vanessa) ............... 1, 77, 139, 152
carmencita (Zy@aema) — .........c.c.eseeeee 207
carniolica (Zygaena) .................. 208, 238
carphodactylus (Leioptilus) ............... 17
carpophaga (H. lepida) .................00. 8
castanea (Amathes) .................. 114, 216
castigata (Eupithecia) ..................... 240
castrensis {(Malacosoma) 197, 246, 262
Celeron (Hip POTION) eerste eese ete ee 53
Cenitaumeaen (Pyeuis)e weneeeeceeee eee eee 206
centaureata (Eupithecia) ......... 160, 240
ceratoniae (Ectomyelois) ......... 149, 173
OES OMIMIS) (CDIAYONETER)) © soosononoppnscoasoonoocnoeconn 114
(OS ITover (1 Dee) OIE) Wes aerate gaan Sane ob banodanaeadbndonn 109
chamomillae (Cucullia) ................. 8
chaonia (D. ruficornis) .................008 8

PAGE
chapalis (Stemmatophora) ............. 150
charlotta (Mesoacidalia) .................. 113
chenopodiata (Ortholitha) ............... 159
Gln (VAMP TO®)) soscopocosescss050050 414, 157, 216
christiernana {H. citrinalis) ...... 30, 255
chrysitis (Plusia) ............... 115, 159, 240
chrysomuchellus (Crambus) _............ 68
chrysotheme (Colias) ............csceeeeee ee 238
cicatricellus (Chilo) ..............ececeee eee 48
CHMCUZINE, (CSUN) scseabpoosdonosoenccooococsoe 47
CiMCUEICIA, (CUED) — scecccosbsccns0cessc00" 51, 93
(ibar-Giey, (CWSI ERT) Socanpocoosneconsooedencosa 236
GinACS) ((SEWVIEUIS)) “Seodospouopoboppoooceceoon0c50000%0 237
cirrigerella (Myelois) ..............::.ce0ee0 73
CHETEAEKO) (RMINANCOZ)) scgoanscososonecnonse08 14, 65
citrata (Dysstroma) — ...............ceeeseee 4115
citrinalis (Hypercallia) ......... 30, 47, 255
clathrata (Chiasmia) ............ 115, 160, 240
clavipalpis (Caradrina) ...... 115, 158, 240
clypeiferella (Coleophora) ......... 135, 144
c-nigrum (Amathes) ...... 114, 156, 239, 251
cognatella (Hyponomeuta) ............... Q41
comes (Triphena) ............... 114, 156, 239
comitata (Pelurgia) .................. 159, 240
comma (Hesperia) ...... 110, 204, 211, 237
comma (Leucania) .............cc0c 157, 240
communana (EUCcosma) ...............0c006 Q44
compta (Hadena) ............... 8, 47, 73, 251
concinnata (Dysstroma) ............ 412, 113
conigera (Leucania) ............ 115, 157, 240
consimilana ({Clepsis) ..............- Q41, 273
consonaria (Ectropis) ............2........++ 43
conspersa (Hadena) ............... 73, 114, 157
conspicillaris (Xylomyges) ............... 221
contaminellus (Crambus) ... 186, 244,
241, 250, 274
Contiguial (Ead ena) ieee eeeee ee eeeeeeee 64
conturbatella (Mompha) .................. 67
convolvuli (Herse) 8, 11, 58, 143,
197, 220, 245, 247, 272
conwagana (Argyrotoxa) ................ Qh1
COFACINA (PSOAOS) ............cccscceeeeeseeees 45
CONREIS (VONKEIEES) — SoocoonaseppqcpseonnnpbanooooouD: 237
coridon (Lysandra) ... 13, 109, 110, 112,
210, 286, 237, 251, 253
cornella (Argyresthia) — ..............cee0008 Qh
corylana (Pandemis) .................ceeeees Q44
corylata (Electrophaes) _.................. 159
GCOSSUSH(COSSUS)) esi. cae eeteee ee eee 9
costaestrigalis (Schrankia) ............... Q72
Costalis’ (Pymalis)) c..c.cs..ccssececseesoctenees 240
costella (Phthorimaea) _.................. Q41
costosa (DeEPLresSaLia) ..........cceeeeeeeeeeee Q4A
crataesi (Aporia)) siiivcccsseesscseeeece 47, 107
crataegi (Trichiura) .................. 64, 221
crenata (Apamea) ...................0. 114, 158
cretacella (Homoeosoma) 67, 173, 263
cribraria (Coscinia) ......... 17, 92, 142, 222
cribrum (C. cribraria) ............... 92, 142
Cieistamian (AG@allllia) eeeeeeeeeeee ee eererc er eeeeees 141
croceus (Colias) ... 11, 22, 33, 77, 96,
139, 169, 211, 238
crocicapitella (Monopis) ................... Qh
cucubali (Hadema) ...............cscceeeeeenee 157

SPECIAL INDEX 5

PAGE
CCW, (BLOM NEY) -eessscacsonaseossdeen66a6n 47
cucullatella (Nola) ..................... 156, 239
culiciformis (Aegeria) ................ccc0e 55
culmellus (Crambus) ..................000008 240
cupriacella (Nemotois) ...................0 45
cursoria (HUKOA) ................0008 48, 156, 261
curtisellus (Prays) ............ccccccseeeeeee Qh
cydippe (Aglais) ...... 13, 22, BE, Wiz, G38}
cyllarus (Agrodiaetus) ...................0 236
cynthia (Euphydryas) ...................0666 411
(Cy OIENSS ((AWICTE D1AV0) > Sabapconasosdonsonuboseracbonosaa 22
cytisella (Paltodora) ....................000000 67
Geol (ADE WESIE)) ” Socccoteorancconacsoacanoen 114, 215
daphne (ArgynMmis) .................ccceceee ee 236
daplidice (Pontia) .................. 33, 198, 238
davus (Coenonympha) ................060000 413
deceptoria (Jaspidia) .............ccccceeceee 48
decolorella (Blastobasis) ................... Qh1
deplana (Hilema) ..................ccccceceeeees AT
depuncta (Amathes) .................cc.c00c0e Q15
derasa (Habrosyne) ...............0.0.+8 114, 239
derivata (Anticlea) ............ccccceeeeeeeeeee 159
designata (Xanthorhoé) .............0....0.. 240
GMS. (ATS AVMMIMTIS)) ccocancooasosocsseancssobosuosadones 238
diaphana (Zygaena) ...........ccceeceeeeeeeee 207
dGictynna (Melitaea) .....................00. 116
didyma (Melitaea) .............0.0..... 213, 238
didymata (Calostygia) ............... 115, 159
Glam) -(CMSINMIEN) 55 scccecaesococsocnadeaeancacdor 8
dilutata (Oporinia) ..................... 160, 240
dimidiana (Argyroploce) .................. 20
dipsacea (Heliothis) ..........0.0000.. 10, 50
GhISTORNP (OLR /ORIEIN)) | Soaccucuaresosqnokenacconncodes 32
dispar (Thersamonia) ..................00.00. 150
dissimilis (H. suasa) .........cccceceeeeeeeee 8
dissoluta (Nonagria) ..............00.cc000.0 47
distans (Oxyptilus) ..............cecceeeeee 45, 263
ditrapezium (Amathes) ............... 47, 114
GONZEMIIL (VATICIA) ccceccsescnsscagcheeees aeons 110
dorilis (Lycaena) ................ 238, 251, 263
douglasi (Talaepora) ................c00ceee eee 4h
drewseni (Euxoa) (Chorizagrotis) .... 150
dromedarius (Notodonta) ............ 114, 155
Gryas (Minois) ..............ccccceseceses 212, 237
dubitana (Phalonia) ........0....00..e. 67
dubitana (Polychrosis) .................00- Q41
Guplaris (Tethea) ............c..cceeeeeeneeee 155
CRE) (VEO SOME) sespcgecceccasconnccesncesocoe 212
egenaria (Eupithecia) .......0....00.. 47
elinguaria (Crocallis) ......... 115, 160, 240
elpenor (Deilephila) ...................... 8, 245
elutella (Ephestia) .............c..scs.ccseecenes 240
elymi (Arenostola) .........c..cecccceseseneees 261
ephippella (Argyresthia) .................. Q41
epiphron (Erebia) ............... 110, 1411, 113
ericellus (Crambus) ............0...cecseseeees 184
ericetaria (Selidosema) ................000 50
eriphylle | (Erebia)) yc.) eesee eee eee 444
eros (Lysandra) .................. Ro cacrts 110
erosaria (Deuteronomos) .................. 160
escheri (Polyommatus) .................00. 236
euonymella (Hyponomeuta) ............. 181
euphorbiae (Celerio) ...............0.c0cccecees 33
euphrosyne (Argynnis) ......... 63, 152, 204
euryale (Erebia) ............... 4109, 114, 112
exanthemata (Cabera) .............000c00 160

PAGE
exclamationis (Agrotis) ...... 156, 196, 239
exigua (Laphygma) ...................+. 41, 158
exsoleta CXylENA)) ......cccccsesseccsseas0sne 5). a5)
extensaria (Eupithecia) ..................... 719
extimalis (Evergestis) ...... 7, G7, 78.
169, 185, 262
exulans (Zygaema) ............c....006 4411, 183
Goiihisy (GN ORWOOKERY) Ghasccssconacacosacansédeacsuosod 215
fabriciana (Anthophila) ..................... Q41
TENNEY, (IDIDTAMYERY) Gacccoonsedeocoonosescce 50, 241
TEEN) (CEUITOVO NACA) conoensennstdcassoobcontsedoos 213
TAG — (SWAWAROTOWIS)) | Sebsandendacnnbonocoocosanosdes 50
falcataria (Drepana) ......................8 155
fascelina (Dasychira) .................. 44, 222
fasciuncula (Procus) ................. 158, 239
favillaceana (Capua) ...........cc..ccseceeee Q41
ferrugalis (Hapalia) ........................ 240
ferrugata (Xanthorhoé) ............... 415, 159
festiva (Diarsia) ......... 114, 156, 219, 239
festucae (Plusia) ............... 8, 115, 159, 262
filigrammaria (Oporinia) ............ 412, 145
filipendulae (Zygaena) ............... 64, 241
fimbrialis (Thalera) ..................... 44, AT
fimbriata (Lampra) ...................c...06:5 114
fioriata (Eupithecia) ........................ 150
ine, (MPMOVETESY)) Coacdonouoposapsopacbeonncnosc090 51
flammealis (Endotricha) ............ 184, 240
flavago (Gortyna) ...................0000 158, 240
flavicincta (Antitype) ..................:000 Q40
Tle M@OreMNIs) (ANCE) “Goonosoceoneseoeonooocooccs 63
flavidorsana (Hemimene) .................. Q41
flaviolaria (Sterrha) ..............cccccceseees 110
flaviventris (Aegeria) .................0c.006 55
fluctuata (Xanthorhoé) ....... 415, 159, 240
TLD. (VNTESINO SONG)” Sse cnanconsonnsapenooncaconado 48
foenella (Epiblema) .................s....2000- 2419
forficalis (Mesographe) ..................... 240
TOMMOSe Oe), ((TBWUNNEY) — pasascnagsanontaaoonsonconne 46
formosana (Loyotaenoides) ............... 220
forskaleana (Agyrotoxa) ...............0..5 Q41
fraxini (Catocala) .................s00008 45, A7
TACHA, (CUOSEMAINE)) pancoaopacasopnosonooBsopnoaKes 204
friiseay |(Clossiamea) i yenc.cessseessctescesescae eee 204
fuciformis (Hemaris) ........................ 174
fugitivella (Telphusa) ...................... Q41
fuligana (Polychrosis) ...................... Q44
fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) ............... 114
fulvalis (Harpalia) .................0. 186, 250
Tayler), ((MINTAYS)) Eos opsenannasepocence 48, 185, 197
ToUlyyeie) ((ONGEMEIEY) Sorconcoaccossssssnonaneanee= 159
furcata (Hydriomena) .................. 113, 145
THWNACUUIEY, (IEIEME ONE) sooopcondsneosccnoncssaeces 8, 155
furuncula (Procus) ................0..8 158, 239
AHarvya, (APAMEAD)L :.5 keckosecnecceecoseeeee 215
fuscalis (Perinephela) ....................00. 186
fuscantaria (Deuteronomos) ............ Qh0
fuscescens (Borkhausenia) ................ Q44
fuscovenosa (Sterrha) ..........0....ccc0eee- 240
galathea (Melanargia) ...... 22, 47, 124, 236

gamma (Plusia) ... 11, 64, 65, 77, 145,

139, 159, 172, 220, 240

ganomella (Acedes) ..............sseeeeeeeeees Q44
geniculeus (Crambus) ...................0008- Q44
gerronella (Brachmia) ..................00.05- 261
gigantellus (Schoenobius) ............... 262

6 SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
TIVO) (CHIBI) ccosnedeadcosscuosaduansbob0%0 Q48
earenisy, (LOTEOSTOVUTE)) scoconsdaoeacconascenodade 22
PHETEORE, (UAWMENINES)) | scooccdosdhososons 10, 48
alan niey ((Ollb:3)) Goccopacbancdacsobasdoocand 155, 239
glaucinalis (Pyralis) .............::ccsee Q40
GANOIMME, (IEGOEIA)) ccoosoocpsnccencansecon 4414, 155
PROB NAHS! (DTA OVIE))) “ocaosoocsoccdansdsocnconthocsace 110
goedartella (Argyresthia) ............... Qh4.
goossensiata (Eupithecia) .................. 415
gothica (Orthosia) ............... 63, 157, 240
gracilis (Orthosia) ..................0+ 55, 157
graminis (Cerapteryx) ......... 414, 157, 262
graphodactyla (Stenoptilia) ............ 16
grisealis (Zanclognatha) . .................. 159
erOISINE, (UAGINIEONIE)) cccopcactoocscoqesesatcencnoce 240
grossana (Laspeyresia) ..........:...eseeee Q44.
grossulariata (Abraxas) ... 19, 75, 160,
188, 240
Ero) ((CETOUIE)) © boastesonscocno-cecousnocdneea Q14
Thane, (OW ATTANS)) Cocgopsosoneseesos200Re Q44
haworthii (Celaena) ................- 4113, 114
MECTaM(OOMAS)& sacacsusssensn see eerebeceaccaeeses 204
hellerella (Blastodacna) .............-...-08 244
helvola (Anchoscelis) ............ 10, 52, 56
heparana (Pandemis) ...............::0:00- Q44
mepaica, (Ayana) \ieeseneseascee eesesseee eee 240
TNEOENICE, (IEOUEN) cs cascsoncccascosneocconeec 8, 63
hera (Callimorpha) .............--..0.-0+-.-+- 238
hermelina (Harpyia) ............::sseeeeeee 8
hieracii (Oxyptilus) ................00- 31, 184
hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia) ... 50, 55
hippothoé (Lycaena) ......... 109, 144, 204
TMTENERONEY (EN ACIIEW): docgsoscccoconsaccase0n5e09 48, 240
IMnispamayy (eyiCaenal |e Meesce-cereest ences: 236
hortuellus (Crambus) ...........0..-:100+ 240
hortulata (Eurrhypara) 184, 186, 240
hostilis (Nephopteryx) ..........:..::ce 38
hucherardi (Hydraecia) ......... AT, "14, 219
humuli (Hepialus) ............... 15, 160, 241
lanyallien(Cobiials) eessossceceseeece 196, 240, 238
hylas (Polyommatus) — .............::..6 237
hyperantus (Aphantopus) ... 12, 22,
56, 116, 153, 181, 251, 253, 260
janthina (Triphaena) ......... 114, 156, 239
icarus (Polyommatus) ... 18, 110, 144,
124, 152, 175, 253, 263
icterata (Eupithecia) ......... 115, 160, 240
Veteritian(Cirrhiia)ieesee-ceeeree ses 415, 157
idas (Lycaeides) ... 110, 204, 212, 237, 238
iduna (Euphydryas) ...........c.eeceeeeeeee 204
THIN), (UNjayawnbies))) Gcosecseosaebousddoseoon 81, 128, 225
improba (Clossiama) <.............-.0.0.e-+- Q04
impura (Leucania) ......... 115, 157, 240, 262
incerta (Orthosia) ............:.::eeeee ee 157, 240
incertana (Cnephasia) ..................66 Q44
iNCGiSarian (StCLPMA NY wresceseseseacecsssoteee- 150
Thava) (UM NS LANE) ncqoousdacdeenadascooneesHootabAboo0C 116
insigniata (Eupithecia) .................0 47
interjecta (Triphaena) ................ 156
interrogationis (Plusia) ... 10, 31, 115, 215
io (Nymphalis) ...... 414, 22, 36, 114, 152, 254
TOMES, . (IOI OVATNTNEHADIS)) Goostsonceconeedeonacons 236
T(E}: - (EAS) roshenseesseonaasbecsenacdsosnodoncbosa 159
iphigenia (Agriodiaetus) ................. 149

PAGE
iphis (Coenonympha) ..................00- 237
ipsilon (Agrotis) ... 64, 114, 134, 156, 239
iris (Apatura) ... 12, 14, 25, 35, 47,

55, 56, 57, 81, 126, 165, 221, 224, 238,

254, 257
irregularis (AMNePia) ..............c0ceeeeeeees 10
irriguata (Eupithecia) ..................... 197
irrorella (Hyponomeuta) ............ 47, 243
THOTAO MASINI, ((SSTHIMEY) Scesdoaconduesoance.onconocnas 64
isodactyla (Platyptilia) ............... 175 BY)
ASTUSH(ClvaraxeS) |) eeseecee reese tee eeeeeee eee 236
jefrenata (Eupithecia) .................... 150
jubaita “(Cleora). <...0.5:. dau eee 4115
juliana (Pammene) ....................5 35, 241
jurtina (Maniola) ... 13, 56, 114, 153,
239, 251, 253
jutta (Oenelis) 5. Aknkuecceee tee 204
laburnella (Leucoptera) ................0.. Q41
lacertinaria (Drepama) ..............s..00 4144
lacteella (Mompha) ..........::.c0.-.sccceense 150
lacunana (Argyroploce) — ...........seeeeee Qh41
lalbum (Leucania) ...................-- 220, 272
lanestris (Eriogaster) ................+- 10, 149
lappona (BE. pandrose) ......... 1410, 114, 204
lariciana (Spilonota) ............::.ceeeeeeees Q41
laripennella (Coleophora) .................. 136
lavaterae (Spilothyrus) — .................. 236
leautieri (Lithophane) ............... 221, 272
Gon ((TEIBNCKEINE)) socoasocdseosceaasoaeceoc 8, 157
leporinia, ((ApaAtelle)/ te eeeemeeseeeeeee tees eeeeeees 4157
leucapennella (Coleophora) ............... 264
leucostigma (Celaena) ............... 114, 262
levana (Araschmia) .....0.....-....-0ecceeeees 210
libatrix (Scoliopteryx) ............:..0+ 36
lichenaria (Cleorodes) ...................0006 64
lienigianus (Oidaematophorus) ...... 67
THIS), (AD WASY OIE), 9 oeconcdessunscasonoenc0b00 112, 204
lignea (Blastobasis) ............:..:ssesseseee Qh41
IbETDU EY ((OXOTAIETIEE)) Gegsconcaconaccooncececorcoaccece 52
hie anicay (PleD ens) eer ces eee eee eee 236
ligustri (Craniophora) .................. 157
ligustri (Sphinx) ............ 8, 19, 224, 245
linariata (Eupithecia) ................... 240
lineola (Thymelicus) ............... 13, 47, 110
linneella (Chrysoclista) .............::2c:0+ Qh
literosa (Procus) ......... 114, 158, 239, 262
lithargyria (Leucania) ......... 445, 157, 240
lithoxylea (Apamea) ............ 114, 158, 240
litura (Anchscelis) ..:.0..........0..:.-05» 157, 240
litura (Prodemia) .........cscceeeeeeeeeeeeees 264
livornica (Celerio) ................-- 9, 54, 198
(ofere meh (RYE UWIENEN) — Soconscosseeaosanopaneoscsob" 172
lonicerae (ZyGaena) ............ ewes 48, 209
Votan (Ae rochola) |p sewer reste ceeeeceaeeeease 157
lubricipeda (Spilosoma) ... 11, 114, 156, 239
lucenS (APAMEA) ........ceceeeeeeeseeeseeeeeees 149
lucens (Hydraecia) ..............::1.0+ 114, 149
lucernea (Ammagrotis) .............::0:0008 216
Ionorioves (VSI WeGKER AIS) .5-coneconadecacdoopeneoncoess 152
lucipara (Euplexia) ............ 114, 158, 240
Tuctuata (Euphyia) .............. 33, 47, 110
TmiarisS) (MEIMUCIa)N ii eseeceeeerereeentereee 47
lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ............:::0.2+ 240
lunula (Calophasia) ..........:0cccee 47, 173

SPECIAL INDEX 7

PAGE
lupulinus (Hepialus) .................. 160, 241
lurideola ~(Bilema)) ..cc.0..-cc.ccoceccoeeeeees 156
lutea (Spilosoma) ............ nent erie 156, 239
lutealis (Mesographe) ............ 184, 186, 240
Tire SNe), (CHOY) Saaaecnsaeenscnassandonerdeponsee 110
luteolata (Entephria) .......................- 150
luteolata (Opisthograptis) ... 115, 160,
229, 240
Tmtosay WRbIZe OTA) Peer. cesestceececeeecees see 158
lutulenta (Aporophyla) ...... 52, 112, 114
lycaon (Epinephele) ....................c0cc0ee 110
lychnidis (Agrochola) ..................:00008 157
Ivins (CUUCWUINE))Sspoannooonnopseoonanboooss 223
machaon (Papilio) ... 48, 103, 192, 204, 238
maculalis (Crambus) ..............c...0000e 184
maculipennis (Plutella) ..................... Q44
maera (Pararge) ... 33, 110, 236, 237, 238
MALVAS! (PVLLUS) escce wee see owe eee eee eee 152
malvella (Platyedra) .............ccscceecees Q41
Tama # (OBAETEIS)) Bei seashaeosseaanoannnacconeaSeece 212
mareotica (Stervna) l.i..ciissccescecccssceee 150
margaritacea (Cherosotis) ................ 149
margaritata (Campaea) ...............0.000s 240
margaritellus (Crambus) .................. 66
marginaria (Erannis) .....................0 134
marginata (Lomaspilis) ..................... Q40
marginepunctata (Scopula) ............... Q40
maritima (Eucosma) .............ccccc. 262
maritima (Heliothis) ................... 50
marmorea (Euzophera) .................008+ 169
maroceana (ZYGaAeNa) oo... cee eeee ee ee 208
matura (Thalpophila) ............... 158, 239
IMOVIE { (i Koy TOYO) Sone mbdosadeneanensndeeopecesases 240
Mmegacephala (Apatele) ..........0......0.0. 239
.Megaera (Pararge) ... 18, 33, 47, 152, 239
megaspilella (Peloponnesia) ............. 4150
melampus (Erebia) ......... 109, 110, 1141, 210
meleager (Polyommatus) .................. 237
mellinata (Lygris) .........00.00... 159, 240
mellonella (Galleria) ...........cce 8
mendica- (Cycnia) oo... eeeceeeceecanee 8
Menyanthidis (Apatele) ...............c.0. 215
mercurea (Eudoria) ...........cc.ceeceeeeeeee 240
merope (HUPNYATYAS) 0.0.0... eeeeeeeeeeeee 141
messingiella (Eidophasia) .................. Q41
meticulosa (Phlogophora) ... 114, 158,
194, 240
micacea (Hydraecia) ... 64, 114, 158, 240
millefoliata (Eupithecia) ...........00..... AT
minima (Petilampa) .................. 158, 240
minimus (Cupido) ............0... 109, 236
miniosa (Orthosia) .........c.ccccceceeeeeeeee 221
mmestra (Hrebia)\ 2... .cseeeeecceeee 110
moneta (Polychrisia) «0.0.0.0... 158, 240
monodactylus (Emmelina) ............... 241
monoglypha (Apamea) ... 10, 114, 158, 240
montanata (Xanthorhoé) ............0..... 181
morpheus (Caradrina) ......... 149, 158, 240
morpheus (Heteropterus) ................... 39
morrisii (A. DONGI) ....... eee eeeecceeeeee 10
Mossi (ineisalia) oe) eee: 149
mouffetella (Epithectis) 0.0.00... Q41
multistrigaria (Calostygia) ............... 63
Muricata (Sterrha) .....00.....000.0. 45, 117
muscalella (Incurvaria) ...............0...0. Q41
“musculosa (Oria) ...............00 ontede ey, Beal

PAGE
inmyauhois) (Ohishi all OhUS)) Socganeonoseodesdecosresedce 38
rag ayeHUleyeY ((EiraKor aN 0VO'S))) Sok aroassseeconsseseaccs 115
amare ii Bh (UATE) Gacaerinsoneedooneedecconode 50, 115
Maevialian (AGLOCIita)) Mesetetcertessees ee eeet eee Q41
MEME), (CSEIGIEINE!)) ocasapsc6odnqsoneeononcor 157, 239
Nanatay (HuUpithecia)issssceseseesseees bi, al)
MaMivoray ny (INGDEUCUIIA) eeeeresceetesneaeesenes 182
mMapaeca (BOLOTIA) esea.cssccsecoessessceseareens 111
napi (Pieris) ... 63, 109, 114, 152, 181,
196, 204, 237, 239
MaASteS (COMMAS) s \..casmesscssssessesouseesorsnmecnes 204
nebulella (Homoeosoma) ................06 261
TMV WUMCSEY ((I2XONNE)) Soononee donnsasoseonnonocnsconoac 239
neglecta (Amathes) ...................000 51, 58
neglectana (Gypsonoma) .................. Q41
nemoralis (Zanclognatha) .................. 240
TNT (TDN OMONONIS)) oponsnacenooneooosadeosoob000 32, 213
neurica (Nonagria) ............... 23, 186, 282
nigra (Aporophila) ..................0..... 47, 52
nigricans (Euxoa) ............... 114, 156, 239
nigricella (Coleophora) .............000000+- Q41
nigromaculana (Eucosma) ............... Q441
nigropunctata (Scopula) ................... 7
niobe (ArgymMis) ..............cccseeeeee 110, 212
TIGNES, ((BYBKOOISIINS))) | Gooconssoencdoosccoonnosdosode Q41
Niveus (ACeMNtrOPUS) ............cecceeseeeeeeee 66

noctuella (Nomophila) ... 64, 65, 77,

MOMMA |(OMEIS) ss oe cessercsncetseseeuercce ae 204
nubeculosa (Brachionycha) ............... 63
nubiferana (Argyroploce) .................. Q41
nubilalis (Anania) .................... 186, 240
THAT, (CRYHOCENA)) socccnocostaanossacconcados 52, 58
nylandrella (Nepticula) ..................... 183
Obelisca (EHUXKOA) .............c..00cceeseeee 112, 114
obelhiscatay (herd) ieee eerste ee 115, 240
oblitella (Heterographis) ............ Gt, i172
oblonga (Apamea) ..................c0..s.cc000 261
obscura (Apamea) ................00008 114, 158
obscurata (Gnophos) ..............c0cccee eee 51
obstipata (Nycterosea) ............... Q14, 71
occulta (Eurois) 31, 63, 216, 219,
220, 71
ocellana (Spilonota) ..............ccccceee Q41
Ocellariss (Cire) epee ceese eet eter 719
ocellata (Lyncometra) ................00.008 115
ocellata (Smerinthus) ......... 224, 239, 245
COMER, ((SWETEAANEY) poccosnacsnaccosnoonosoccusaon A5
ochrodactyla (Platyptilia) ................ 184
ochroleuca (Eremobia) ............... 73, 262
octogesima (T. ocularis) .................. 8
ocularis (Tethea) ............... 8, 43, 48, 239
oculea (Hydraecia) ......... 114, 149, 158, 216
oleracea (Diataraxia) ............ 114, 157, 239
OLIiVAalise(EycaSta) Meese cee eee 186
Olivata (Calostyeia) 28): 216
ononaria (Aplasta) ..............00..0.. 45, 47
ophiogramma (Apamea) ...... 112, 114, 158
optilete (Vacciniina) ............cc.. 204
orbitulus (Agriades) ...........cc..ceeeeeee 441
orion (Scolitantides) ...............cceceeeeeeee 213
ornithopus (Graptolitha) .................. 52
osseana (Cnephasia) .............cccceeeeeceues QA1
osseola (Hydraecia) — .................ceccee 74
osthelderi (Crambus) ................0..0000 38
otitae (Coleophora) — ...............000008 44, 47

8 SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
otregiata (Lampropteryx) ............... 33
oxyacanthae (Allophyes) .................. 157
ORAVAHKOONS (VAVERAGINE) — sccoradnenseobeoanoesaee 236
pabulatricula (Apamea) .................. 79
padella (Hyponomeuta) ................0.... Q41
palaemon (Carterocephalus) ............ 63
paleaceay (Hnlareiia)) Mer ccn ste eeeeeee 48, 216
palealis (Loxostege) ...................0. 67, 185
DalenOm (COliAS) i ese ecs eee ee 184, 204
pales (Boloria) ............... 110, 111, 124, 204
pallidata (Evergestis) ..................... 66
pallefrons (Eillemva)) 2.2222.0.e- 44, Ad
pallens (Leucania) ............... 4115, 157, 240
TORING WTA, (CEVESIZA) socoadbsbodecnoasossncescoasee 215
OBIS (EDVGTPAVECTA)) — sasncosdocseconsdtedeace 216
paludum (Trichoptilus) ..................... 17
palumbaria (Ortholitha) .................. 55
palustralis (Pyrausta) ..................... 38
palustris (Acrocephalus) .................. 38
palustris (Hydrillula) .................. 23, 186
pamphilus (Coenonympha) ... 13, 57,
114, 152, 239, 253
pandalis (Microstega) ................0.0.e0.- 186
DEUMCIAOSS (TBIREIONE)) —— ssanacedcconcnesocenooeosee 204
paphia (Argynnis) ... 12, 56, 153, 210,
237, 238, 253
papilionaria (Hipparchus) ............... 188
parallellaria (Epione) .....................0. 44
paripennella (C. albicornuella) ......... 156
parthenia (Melitaea) .............c..cec0e00 236
TOBA) (IO WNANEMANTME))) — sonscoaoocebseacnsedosannes 149
parvidactylus (Oxyptilus) ............... 244
pascuellus (Cramibus)) syeg-..-ceee eee 240
pauperana (Eucosma) ....................- 125
pavonia (Saturnia) ............ 50, 55, 63, 222
pectinataria (Colostygia) .............0.. 4115
De darian (Ehigailiiia) ee seee eee 63, 1384
OelUiGrmeley (HME). .-coorescoooacepaeononoscces Q44
peltigera (Heliothis) ..................... 77, 144
peMmManiiame (COLOtOIUS)) eee eee eee 160
pentadactyla (Alucita) .................. Q41
perla (Cryphia) ............ 112, 114, 157, 239
perlucidalis (Pyrausta) ............ 173, 185
permutatellus (Crambus) .................. 38
persicariae (Melanchra) ............ 157, 239
petasitis (Hydraecia) ............ 41, 47, 158
petropolitana (Pararge) ................ 38
phegea (Symtomis) .............:..0.s0sceeeee 236
phicomene (Colias) ............... 33, 110, 211
phleas (Lycaena) ... 12, 13, 57, 73, 114,
152, 204, 239, 251, 253
phragmitidis (Arenostola) ............... 158
pilosellae (Oxyptilus) ................ce.e 30
pimpinellae (Zygaema) ..................08 207
pinastri (Hyloicus) ............ 8, 47, 55, 245
pinguinalis (Aglossa) .............cccceeeeeee 240
pinguis (Euzophera) ..................:00008 240
piniariia, (Bupalus) eis. cesses w---seee ese cece 51
pinicolana (Evetria) ...........cccceeee 172
pDiniperda, ((Pamolis) Perret. ceeeeese ee 51
Pinivorama (Evetria)) c2.ccccccsccc..sccecase 172
USI (CeramiGa)) mesceeeseeeee eee eee 1414, 157
pDlaleraitae (AM itiS)) eee eee eee 115
plagigolella (Nepticula) ................. 183

PAGE
plantaginis (Parasemia) ............ 183, 222
plebeiana (Crocidosema) .................. 96
plecta (Ochropleura) ............ 114, 156, 239
pneumonanthes (Stenoptilia) ............ 16
podalirius (Papilio) ............... 32, 106, 212
podana (CacOeCia) — .........cceecceeeeeen eens Q44.
polaris (ClosSSiama) ..............0ccsecceeeees 205
polychloros (Nymphalis) ............ 48, 174
pomonella (Laspeyresia) .................- Qh1
populata (Lygris) ... 141, 113, 115, 159, 215
populi (Laothoe) ............ 32, 155, 239, 246
porata |(Cosyanlbial)eeeeeereseeeee eee 73
porcellus (Deilephila) .................:0000+ 8
porphyrea (Lycophotia) ..................++ 55
porphyrea (Peridroma) ...... 114, 220, 239
posticana (Evetria) ...............c1eeeeeeee 172
postvittana (Tortrix) ............:..:eee 126
praecox (Actebia) ............ 47, 64, 114, 156
proboscidalis (Hypena) ...... 115, 159, 240
promissa (Catocala) ................ssecseeeee 57
pronoe. (Erebila) eeeacces eee eee 411
pronuba (Triphaena) ... 52, 58, 144,
156, 239
pronubana (Cacoecia) ............... 126, 241
prosapiaria (Ellopia) ................::.. 51
prumalis (Hapalia) ................::eceeeees 240
pruinata (Pseudoterpna) ............ 115, 159
prunata (Lyris) ..............ceceeeee 112, 115
pruni (Strymonidia) ... 124, 194, 249, 253
pseudospretella (Borkhausenia) ....... Q44
TESTE (UNVDRWIIE)) soncoosnececoncaseoaqocnanssca00000350 157
pterodactylus (Pterophorus) ............... 184
pulchella (Utetheisa) ................... 32, 173
pulchrina (Plusia) .................2.+ 115, 159
pumilata (Gymmoscelis) ...... 55, 115, 240
pupillaria (Cosymbia) ......... 22, 48, 73
purdeyi (Evetria) ................:.0 172, 241
purpuralis (Zygaena) ............ 64, 207, 236
pusaria (Cabera) .................+ 115, 160, 240
pustulata (Comibaena) ..................0+ 8
JONI (VU NETROVAIS)) Coannseaccsoscdeueoccosaecosacosasnc 239
putrescens (Leucamia) ..............:se.eceees Q46
putris (Axylia) .................- 114, 156, 239
pygmina (Arenostola) .................. 114, 158
pyraliata (LYSTIS) ..........-..eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee 115
Pyralina (COSMIA) ............:ceeeeseeeeeseeees 48
pyramidea (Amphipyra) ......... 58, 115, 240
pyrella (Swammerdamia) ................. 244
pyrenaeella (Caloptilia) ...................5 Qh
DYViINA (ZEUZECTA) ......cccceeeeceeeeeeeeeeesees Qh
quadra (Lithosia) ............ fikigatls 11, 50, 245
quadripuncta (Oegoconia) ................ Qh
quadripunctaria (Callimorpha) ......... 212
quercana (Carcima) .............csseeseeeeees Q44
quercifoliella (Lithocolletis) ............. Q44
quercinaria (Ennomos) .................. 8, 160
quercus (Lasiocampas) ...........::.eeeee+ 222
quercus (Thecla) ... 14, 56, 112, 114,
221, 253
quinqueguttella (Lithocolletis) ......... 45
rapae (Pieris) ... 109, 114, 152, 212, 238, 239
Tavida (Spaelotis) ...........cc.ccccesseeneceees 197
Tebeli (Maculinea) ..........:...ccsseseeeeees 150
TECENS (OLPLYVIA) ........cccceceeeeeeneeeeee 221, 224
rectangulata (Chlorclystis) ............... 240

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
regiana (Pammene) ............ 33, 241, 247
repandaria (EPiONe) ................ecesee eee ee 160
repandata (Cleora) .................666 160, 240
mesimella (HEVEtRIa)sssecosasescse-tee ec ceeeeens 172
rhamni (Gonopteryx) ... 13, 56, 72, 152,

168, 237
rheniella (Nephopteryx) ................... 38
rhetenor (Morpho) ...............cccceceeeeeee es 22
rhododactylus (Eucnemidophorus)
141, 186
rhombella (Gelechia) ....................0.005 241
rhamboidaria (Cleora) ............... 160, 240
Ae (ALTOUES))cshcccesecsicocdesscteceotsees 10, 214
rivularis _(Limenitis) ...................0..02- 236
rosaecolana (Notocelia) .................... Q41
vubi (Callophrys) .................. 14, 63, 152
iADIlONL (DEY ASIEN) Goenconnsesonsarnceecesasasce 114, 156
rubi (Macrothylacia) ..................... 50, 114
rubiginata (Scopula) ..............cc.eeee ee 10
rubiginea (Dasycampa) ..................... 52
rubricosa (Cerastis) ................--0ce-e+eee 156
rufa (Coenobia) ...................eeeeeees 11, 23
MUbaitay (CHESIAS)) assssssess--0-peeee cee 10, 63
rufescens (Brachmia) ..................00..08 Q41
ruficornis (Drymonia) ....................0 8
rumicis (Apatele) ............... 414, 157, 239
ruralis (Notarcha) ...............00.. 186, 240
TAMSSUIIEY, (TDIIBVETETESIIB))) © nececonsacocensoscandeooeces 57
rusticella (Monopis) ..................eeeeeees Q41
wutilus (yicaema) .....2..i.ccc6....c0ecceeeee es 32
sacraria (Rhodometra) .................. tle ial
sagittata (Coenotephria) ............ 191, 216
salicalis (Colobochyla) ..................... 45
Ssalicata (Calostygia) ..........cccceeeeeeeeeee 115
salicis (Leucoma) ....................5 8, 184, 185
sambucalis (Phlyctenia) ............ 186, 240
sambucaria (Ourapteryx) ............ 160, 240
sannio (Diacrisia) ... 60, 63, 115, 117,
119, 222, 248
sarcitrella (Endrosis) .....................08 Qh
sarpedon (Zygaema) .........00...cceeee eee 206
satellitia (Eupsilia) 2.0.0.0... 52, 58
satyrion (Coenonympha) .................. 109
sducia (P. porphyrea) ..............c..0cce0e 220
saxicola (Homoeosoma) ............... 67, 240
scabrellus (Ypsolophus) ..................... Q41
scabriuscula (Dipterygia) ................ 240
schwarziella (Nemophora) ............... Q41
scopoliana (Eucosma) .................00...0 Q41.
scutosa (Heliothis) ..................... 198, 216
SeCMGUS) (CUPLAO)) vec keecccec ce ceeoeeeeeneee scene 236
secalis (Apamea) .................. 114, 158, 240
segetum (Agrotis) ............0...seeeceee 114, 156
selasellus (Crambus) ..........0...c..c00ece0 261
selene (Argynnis) ................ 63, 152, 252
semele (Eumenis) is, A, AO, Bri
114, 169, 238, 253
| semiargus (Cyaniris) ...... 93, 110, 1411, 236
semibrunnea (Lithophane) ................ 5
semifascia (Gracillaria) ................... QaT
seminella (Phthorimaea) ................... Q41
Senecionis (H. cretacella) .................. 173
Senex: (COMACIA) Ktetccsssesscccessere-- ee 15, 64
| SEIRSNES, (ER IOVeTIEN), Sa sndoanbanboonncocsoboseseoneren 157
Seriata: (SUERPND) <c...<cceccscess<vecveccoe 95, 240
Mmseriatulae (PYLEUS) ..cc...c.c.cccse-cesossess 212

PAGE
ROVER IIIS (URINEIIEN) | oosoansnosadboooncesebnbocce 159
sexpunctella (Ethmia) ...........0.0000... 47
SHHIOINCEY “(TEXONGKONE))) Gooneceanddnonboosaapesnpescen 204
silaceata (Ecliptopera) .............0..0...0. 115
SUMS (ETD LOCUS) eae eeeeeeeee eee eee 155
simpliciana (Hemimene) .................. Q41
Sinapis (Leptidia) ... 47, 152, 194, 213, 237
sinuella (Homoeosoma) ............... 67, 219
Sobrinays (hrip halen) iaeeeeeeeee eee 215
SOGIE), (LLM OVOONING)) Sa icempemeraorceeceeceones 52
sociana (Gypsonoma) ............cc.c0c000 0 Q41
SOCIEUIE, (VUAMVEOWTANE)) coccesnossessaccenaneeceoen Q40
sodalella (Acrobasius) ...........ccc.c0ccc000 38
solandriana (Eucosma) ............ 126, 241
solidaginis (Lithomoia) ..................... 216
SOrbige (NCD ti Cuil) eee eee 183
sordens (Apamea) ........................ 158, 240
sorhaugenella (Phyllocnistis) ......... 184
sparganii (Nonagria) .................. 11, 48
sparsata (Anticollix) .................. 45, AT
spheciformis (Aegeria) .............2....... 5D
sphinx (Brachyonica) ..................... 221
splendana (Laspeyresia) ............... 35, 241
splendidella (Dioryctria) .................. 185
spomsa (Catocala) ...........ccccceccceceeee eee 58
Stabilise (Onphosia) sees eee 157
statilinus (Hipparchia) ..................... 213
stellatarum (Macroglossum) ... 77, 139,

174, 194
sternipennella (Coleophora) ...... 136, 144
Sticticalis (Loxostege) ............... 67, 185
stipella (Aristotelia) ............0...0....... Q44
straminalis (E. pallidata) ............ 66, 240
striana (Argyroploce) ...................062.. Q41
strigilis (Procus) .........0...:........ 158, 239
strigillaria (Perconia) ..................... 117
Sulaisain (Hac ena) eee eee 8, 43, 157
subbistrigella (Mompha) .................. Q41
subextremata (Eupithecia) ............... 150
subnotata (Eupithecia) ..................... 240
subornatella (Pempelia) .................. 38
subtusa (Zenobiia)) ...-teseeee ee 10
subumbrata (Eupithecia) .................. Q40
succenturiata (Eupithecia) ......... 160, 240
suffusella (Phyllocnistis) .................. 184
sulphuralis (Emmelia) ..................... 10
sulphurella (Dasycira) ..................... Q44
suspecta (Parastichtis) ..................... 215
sylvestrana (Evetria) ............... 172, 244
sylvestris (Thymelicus) ......... 13, 239, 253
sylvina (Hepialus) .................. 15, 64, 115
syringaria (Hygrochroa) .................. 196
syringella (Gracillaria) ..................... Q41
UEVES, (MBTAVIMITITS)). Socoocseceacéecacceoa5needs 152, 252
tamesis (Coleophora) ....................200 149
tantillaria (Eupithecia) ..................... 46
tarsipennalis (Zanclognatha) ...... 159, 240
templi (Dasypolia) .................0.. 20, 272
tentaculella (Ancylolomia) ............... 48
IGIAMENUA, (SYGOOWIIE)) conssansosancasnosaaskecesonns 117
(HET), ((BI@IENSITOND)) -coonssaeoancacooonosooceneees 240
tesseradactyla (Platyptilia) ............... 184
testacea (Luperina) ............ 114, 158, 239
heStaGeaitiann (HayiGmelita))isssecs-cetese eesceeee 43
testata (Lygris) ............... 5d, 113, 115, 159

PAGE
tetralunaria (Selemia)) .....siii....cc.ccee 224
thalassina (Hademna) ....................- 64, 157
tiliae (Mimas) ...... 8, 32, 143, 187, 224, 239
tincta (P. hepatica) ...............cecceeeeenee 63
Hanenamney, ((OMOSSIATOE)) scoconeodeonsosnncocseo0nes 211
tithonus (Maniola) ... 13, 56, 169, 212, 253
(EESTI (ISUEXOYGIES)) © ctocaonodoseconeosccons 212, 263
THEN) HIBSIGMMEWENS)) cosnopoopceqcavacco 00 174, 245
tonkinalis (Doddiama) .............:.:.ceceeee 150
trabealis (E. sulphuralis) ............ 10, 238
tragopogonis (Amphipyra) ... 115, 157, 240
transalpina (Zygaena) ................2.65 236
transversata (Philereme) .................- 240
trapezina (Cosmia) ... 58, 115, 158, 177, 240
tremula (Pheosia) ..............cccceeeee 114, 155
triangulum (Amathes) ............... 4156, 239
Hen Kerais} (VAN ONE) IS) “io ouecocueaasaccanessobeacecdscdn 239
trifolii (Hadema) .................. 114, 157, 239
trifolii (Lasiocampa) ................. 44, 238
trifolid (Ziy@alemia)| | yee ese ce ae eee ee 110
trigeminata (Sterrha) ..........:...e 240
trigrammica (Meristis) ............... 158, 240
THEMMM OUMNH, (SPOIMUTMS) © sgsconaveaconecddoo00nan 207
triparella (Telphusa) ....................00 19
tripartita (Abrostola) ............... 159, 240
tripolitaniata (Eupithecia) ............... 150
triplasia (Abrostola) ............ 10, 159, 240
tripunctana (Eucosma) ..............:: Q41
tristellus (Crambus) ............::2:eseceeeeee Q41
tristrigella (Lithocolletis) .................. Q4A
THAN (VDWb.Oe)) | Gadecocbacbeaasécononadbobdcnecdonds 114
tritophus (Notodonta) ................ 48
trituberculana (Celama) .................0 AT
tieiivale, (OWIGITMIENEE)) ooseneoeeoconoboneoeunecarocs eats)
truncata (Dysstroma) ... 112, 113, 115,
159, 240
‘tullia (Coenonympha) ............6:c1eceeee 215
turfosalis (Tholomiges) °..............::006 64
(OMAKOINANME, (IB\ASUTEIE))) | sanoodasssneopnoqoncGono50d 172
tyndarus (Erebia) ............... 110, 111, 211
typhae (Nomagria) ...............ccecceeeeeee ees 158
typica (Phalaema)) ......::t:..::.-...-- 156, 240
uddmanniana (Notocelia) ............... QhA
(iemlones), (IENAPIEMIE)) ooncsoosscumbonccooedudDe 8, 158
umbratica (RUSIMNA) ...............ceeeeeee eee 240
uncula (Eustrotia) ................. 55, 63
undulata (Calocampe) ............::0cseeeeee 196

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE

unifasciana (C. consimilana)

unionalis (Margaronia) ... 11, 16, 134,
174, 214, 271,

unipuncta (Leucania)

unitella (Borkhausenia)
urticae (Aglais) ... 1, 14, 22, 36, 152,
urticae (Spilosoma) 61, 141, 114,
urticata (E. hortulata) .................00:
vaccinii (Conistra)
valerianata (Eupithecia)
varia (Lycophotia)
varia (Melitaea)
variata (Thera)
variegana (Peronea)
venata (Ochlodes)
venustula (Hapalotis)
versurella (Coleophora)
verticalis (LOXOStESE) ...........c.cceeceeeees
vespertaria (E. parallellaria)
vestigialis (Agrotis)
vetusta (Xylena)
villica (Arctia)
villosella (Pachythelia)
viminalis (Bombycia)
vinula (Cerura)
virgaurea (Lycaena) ......
virgaureana (Cnephasia)
virgaureata (Eupithecia)
virgularia (S. seriata)
viridana (Tortrix)
virideliial (Adela) eicceesesteee sees eneeeeeeee
vitellina (Leucania) ....................-
vitellus (Ypsolophus) ...............cc0eceeee
w-album (Strymonidia)
wauaria (Itame) ................:.cceeee
w-latinum (Hadena) ...............c:cceeseee
woeberiana (Laspeyresia)
xanthographa (Amathes)

114, 215,

114, 224,
en: 143, 238,
109, 110, 114,

xanthomelas (Nymphalis)
xanthomista (Antitype)
xerampelina (Atethmia)
xylosteana (Cacoecia) .........c..:..cceceeee
xylostellus (Ypsolophus)
ypsilon (Apamea) .............cseeccseeeeeeeees
ypsilon (A. ipsilon)
ziczac (Notodonta)

273

278
244

Q41
254
239
184
134

47
156
414

ot
241
239

47
136
240

it
219

52
224

93
239
239
237
257
115

Entomologist’'s
Record
AND TUCRN AIL Or VARIATION

EDITED BY
So, NEAS JACOBS. FARES:

Aen Vol. 73

HSC

see ties AE
APR 10 1962 |

e.\

S SIBRAKRY 7

Price 30s net

Printed in Great Britain by T. Buncre & Co. Lrp., Arbroath, Angus

CONTENTS ili

CONTENTS

Acrocercops imperialella Mann at Wood-
walton Fen, Hunts. S. Wakely, 83
Adela rufimitrella Scop. in South East

London (N.W. Kent). A. A. Allen,
259.
Adopoea lineola in Surrey. A. S.

Wheeler, 242.
Allophyes oxyacanthae L., a new aberra-
tion. G. W. Harper, 24.
Anthocaris cardamines L. two years in
pupa. N. T. Easton, 165.
Anthriscus sylvestris: Tipulidae on. R.
R. Burk, 135.
Antherophagus silaceus
Charlton, Kent. A. A. Allen, 259.
Antispila pfeiffereila Huhbn. On the
overwintering and pupation of.
A. A. Allen, 259.
Ants in Finland. (C

Hbst. near

A. Collingwood,

190.
Ants. New Vice-county Records of
British. C. A. Collingwood, 90.

Apatura iris L. Aspects of Variation in
I. R. P. Heslop and R. EF. Stockley,
73.

Apatura iris. Two new aberrations of.
T. R. P. Heslop, 58.

A remarkable Mid-February. R&R.
69.

Argyresthia sorbiella Treits. on Sorbus
aria in Kent. A. A. Allen, 260.

Mere,

Attraction for Moths, A new. dH. G.
Chipperfield, 262.

Biston strataria Hutn., Time of
Emergence of. C. G. M. de Worms,
196.

Burnet Complex, The. C. A. Duffield,
pay

Burnet Complex—a Reply, The. JW. G.
Tremewan, 110.

Butterflies, Early. HAH. Symes, 125.

Butterflies in 19614. F. H. Lyon, 218.

Butterfly, An Early. H. Symes, 94.

Butterfly Hunting in Anatolia. C. G. A.
Clay, 53. ,

Canary Islands and Central Spain, The.
Cc. G. M. de Worms, 125.

Canary Islands and Central Spain, The.
D. G. Sevastopulo, 245.

Canna Collection, Additions to the. J.
L. Campbell, 167.

Cat’s Whiskers. W.
222.

Celerio galii Rott.
obstipata in N. W. Surrey.
Bretherton, 218

Celerio galii Rott. in Lincolnshire. R.
E. M. Pilcher, 197.

Parkinson Curtis,

and Nycterosea
R. F.

Celerio lineata L. livornica Esp. D. G.
Sevastopulo, 133.

Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh. in S.E. London
(N.W. Kent). A. A. Allen, 258.

Colias croceus Foure. and Argynnis
selene Schiff. in South Devon. C. G.
M. de Worms, 241.

Collecting in Lapland, A Correction.
Major General Sir G. Johnson, 51.

Collecting in the Isle of Mull. Rear
Admiral A. D. Torlesse, 41.
Collecting Lepidoptera in 41960. R.

Fairclough, 11.

Cornwall-Devon Coast. June on the
North. Comdr. G. W. Harper, 186.

Cosymbia puppillaria Hubn. in South
East Essex. H. C. Huggins, 163.

Crambus contaminellus at Blackheath.
J. F. Burton, 209.

Crane Flies in the Lake District, More.
R. M. Payne, 239.

Cucullia absinthii in Cambridgeshire.
G. A. Ford, 222.

Cucullia verbasci L. on Buddleia. fF.
W. Byers, 258.

Current Literature.
198, 246, 264.

Current Notes. 137, 170, 245.

Cycnia mendica Clerck. A remarkable
Aberration. C. G. M. de Worms, 196.

Deilephila elpenor L. in September. C.
G. M. de Worms, 241.

Dingle Peninsula in July 1961, The. dH.
C. Huggins, 247.

Diptera Nematocera at Pett Level in
March, Some. P. Roper, 197.

Dorset, Notes from. HA. Symes, 228.

Drosophillidae, Type Collections of. LZ.
Parmenter, 167.

Drymonia trimacula Esp. in the High-
lands. C. G. M. de Worms, 197.

in 1961, More. 4d.

52, 69, 127, 135, 168,

Early Appearances
Symes, 132.

Entomological Mystery, An. New Ee
Birkett, 134.
Entomological Mystery — A Further

Note, An. WN. L. Birkett, 263.

Entomological Mystery, An. dH. C.
Huggins, 240.

Epiblema foenella in Derbyshire.
Hulme, 163.

Erebia sudetica and £. melampus,
Structural characteristics of. B.
C. S. Warren, 188.

Euchloe cardamines L. H. B. Williams,
125.

Eucosmorpha albersana Hiibn.in Derby-
shire. D. C. Hulme, 163,

D.C.

ra
4

wivilisy tA ; i
INSTITUTION ARR 6 {eee

iV CONTENTS

Euphyia bilineata L. ab. isolata Kane.
The present status of. H. C. Huggins,
203.

Eupithecia fraxinata, Emergence date
of. H. C. Huggins, 95.

Eupithecia innotata Hufn. in Yorkshire.
C. I. Rutherford, 261.

Eupithecia innotata Hufn. on Sea
Buckthorn. C. S. H. Blathwayt, 261.

Eupithecia innotata Hufn. on Sea
Buckthorn. G. M. Haggett and J.
M. Chalmers-Hunt, 211.

Eupithecia innotata Hufn. in Britain
on Sea Buckthorn. Percy Cue, 210.

Eupithecia Phoeniceata Ramb. in Corn-
wall. Austin Richardson, 93.

Eurois occulta in the Isle of Man.
Austin Richardson, 94.

Eustrotia uncula Clerck in Surrey. J.
A. C. Greenwood, 221.

Eustrotia uncula Clerck in Surrey. £.
E. Jackson, 167.

P. C. Quin, 244.
D. RR: M.

Fauna, The Shrinking.

First Appearances ‘in 1961.
Long, 133.

Forestry in Britain and its effects on
insects. TJ. R. Peace, 17.

Grapholita orobana Treits. in East
Kent. A. A. Allen, 262.

Grasshopper surviving Bite of a lanne
Spider. J. F. Burton, 95.

Gonopteryx rhamni. Early emergence
of. C. G. M. de Worms, 94.

Gypsitea leucographa in Wales.
Richardson, 95.

Austin

Hadena compta and Ennomos autumn-
aria in Cambridgeshire. B. O. C.
Gardine, 51.

Hadena compta Fab.
C. Craufurd, 166.

Varied Coronet.

Hapalia fulvalis Hb. in Dorset. L. Price.
50.

Hapalia fulvalis in Hampshire. S. C. S.
Brown, 94.

Hell Coppice, The location of. R. G.
Ainley, 166.

Hemerophila abruptaria Thbg. at Wok-
ing. A Melanic Form of. C. G. M
de Worms, 196.

Hibernating Larvae in a wet winter. dH.
Symes, 96.

Hornets and Mercury Vapour.
Siggs, 242.

Hyponomeuta rorella Hb. in Gloucester-
shire. LZ. Price, 39. ;

lbs. Whe

Information asked. A. A. Lisney, 135.

Information asked. D. Lanktree, 126.

Inverness-shire in 1960. G. W. Harper,
61.

July on the Continent.
206.

S: N. A. Jacobs,

Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe and
Euphyia cuculata Hufn. in Glouces-
tershire. L. Price, 51.

Lantana, The origin of.
pulo, 125.

Lasiocampa quercus L. and Plusia
orichaltcea Fab. in Cornwall. Col.
H. G. Rossel, 243.

Lepidoptera and other insects in Dor-
set. B. R. Baker, 225.

Lepidoptera at Highcliffe, Hants.
13, CURR, 12.

Lepidoptera collecting in East Anglia,
May and June 1961. C. J. Goodall,
Q51.

Lepidoptera in Inverness-shire, Paucity
of. Capt. C. Q. Parsons, 195.

Lepidoptera seen in Cornwall during
September 1961. G. Haggett and A.
J. Wightman, 250.

Leucania albipuncta Schiff. C. Craufurd,
50.

D. G. Sevasto-

FF, M.

Leucania lithargyrea Esp. A dilute
aberration of. H. C. Huggins, 221.
Leucania vitellina Hubn. in South

Devon, Abundance of. Baron de

Worms, 240.

Limonia (Metalimnobia) quadrimaculata
L. (Dipt. Tipulidae) in Berkshire.
L. Parmenter, 263.

Limonia nubeculosa. L. Parmenter, 167.

Lithophane leautieri Boisd., Wild larvae
of. S. Wakely, 9

Lithosia griseola L., F. flava Haw. B.
J. Lempke, 221.

Lophostethus dumolini Angas (Sphingi-
dae), A note on. J. S. Taylor, 179.

Lysandra coridon Poda in the Wyre
Forest. R. N. Ashton, 94.

Lysandra coridon, The adverse influence
of a bivoltine tendency in. Maj. A.
Be Colliers Ak

Macroglossa stellatarum LL. in Bourne-
mouth. A. Symes, 242.

Macrolepidoptera of Inverness-shire.
Comadr. G. W. Harper, 60.

Malacosoma castrensis L. in Suffolk. J.
F. Burton, 69.

Mercury vapour light.
F. H. N. Smith, 243.

Mercury vapour trap at Bishop’s Stort-
ford. A. C. Craufurd, 154.

Microlepidoptera in Gloucestershire. J.
Newton, 86.

Microlepidoptera in Kent,
S. Wakely, 242.

Microlepidoptera, Notes on the. dH. C.
Huggins, 10, 89, 113, 149, 181, 229.

Migrant moths at Weston-super-Mare.
G. S. M. Blathwayt, 261.

A battery run.

Some rare.

Mnesipatris (Teichobia) filicivora in
Gloucestershire. LZ. Price, 95.
Nature reserve, Shapwick Heath

national, 249.

CONTENTS Vv

Nephopteryx obductella Zell., An old
record of. S. C. S. Brown, 165.
Neps., Notes on. A. G. Carolsfeld-
Krause, 131, 152.

New Forest in 1961 and before, Impres-
sions of the. AH. Symes, 182.

New Forest, The changing character of
the. Lt. Col. F. C. Fraser, 129.

Night Life in Dorset. R. G. Chatelain
and B. F. Skinner, 219.

Noctuae in 1961. A. J. Wightman, 164.

Nymphalis antiopa L. in North Kent,
Release of. L. Hugh Newman, 189.

Obituary. L. T. Ford. S.N.A.J., 67.

Obituary. Walter Douglas Hincks. G.
S. Kloet, 172.

Opisthograptis luteolata. E. J.
51.

Opisthograptis luteolata L. S. N. A.
Jacobs, 133.

Opisthograptis luteolata L. <A further
examination of the life history of.
P. D. A. Lanktree, 34.

Opisthograptis luteolata at the light
trap. R. F. Bretherton, 80.

Opisthograptis luteolata. Further com-
ments on the early stages and
northern cycle of. D. Lanktree, 97.

Opisthograptis in its Southern cycle. D.
Lanktree, 103.

Opisthograptis luteolata L. Some notes
and amendments. D. Lanktree, 155.

Orthoptera in the South of England. J.
F. Burton, 64.

Hare,

Plusia calcites Esp. in North Cornwall.
C. J. Goodall, 227.

Polygonia c-album LL. A note on the
ecology of. Lt. Col. F. C. Fraser,
Q42.

Polyommatus icarus Rott. from Sussex,
Two varieties of. A. E. Stafford,
243.

Pontresina, 1960. R. F. Bretherton and
Baron de Worms, 44.

Pruni, Oxfordshire. D. Lanktree, 96.

Ptychopteridae at Robertsbridge , East
Sussex. P. Roper, 66.

Pyrameis cardui L. at Woking. Baron
de Worms, 241.

Pyrausta asinalis Hubn. at Penmaen-
mawr. Neville L. Birkett, 134.

Recollections and realities.
146.

Recurvaria piceaella. The recurrence
in Britain of. A. A. Allen, 40.

Rhodometra sacraria L. and Diasemia

ramburialis Dup. in Hertfordshire. T.
G. Howarth, 218, 241.

H. Symes,

Scatopse (Dipt.), Gregarious behaviour
of two species of. P. Roper, 256.
Seasonal Notes. F. H. N. Smith, 217.
Some early appearances in 1961. Baron

de Worms, 94.
Some notes from a 1960 diary. Nigel T.
Easton, 32.
South’s Moths of the British Isles, The
New edition of. J. L. Campbell, 220.
“South”, The new. B. Goater, 231.
“South”, The new. R. M. Mere, 232.
Strymonidia pruni L., The pairing of.
J. H. Payne, 50.
Strymonidia pruni L.
D. Lanktree, 164.
Strymonidia pruni in Oxfordshire. R.
F. Bretherton, 126.

in Oxfordshire.

Teichobia (Mnesipatris) filicivora. E.
Scott, 95.

Teneriffe, A Week’s Collecting in.
Goodall, 29.

Thera cognata Hubn., The egg stage of.
G. Haggett, 258.

Trichius fasciatus L. in Perthshire
and Ross-shire. B. L. J. Byerley, 262.

Trichius fasciatus in Inverness-shire. J.
F. Burton, 222.

Trichoptera, The larval taxonomy of the
British. Allan Brindle, 114, 235.
Trichoptera, A family key to the pupae

of British. Allan Brindle, 156.

C.J.

Unusual larval foodplants. D. Lank-
treé, 23.

Utetheisa pulchella WL. and _ other
migrants in West Sussex. G.

Haggett and A. J. Wightman, 263.
Utetheisa pulchella in South Devon.
Baron de Worms, 241.
Utetheisa pulchella L. in Sussex.
tin Sharp, 241.

Mar-

Vanessa atalanta L. in 1960. J. H. Payne,
50.

Various holidays. Col. H. Rossel, 213.

Wood spurge, Flies visiting the flowers
of. L. Parmenter, 48.

Yugoslavia revisited. Maj. General C.

G. Lipscomb, 141.

Zygaena from Gibraltar, A new species
of. W. G. Tremewan, 223.

Zygaena hippocrepidis, A new _ sub-
species of. W. G. Tremewan, 139.
Zygaena from Spain, Notes on species

of. W. G. Tremewan, 1.
Zygaena from the Pyrenees, Notes on.
W. G. Tremewan, 199.

aval CONTENTS

AUTHORS

Ainley, R. G.: 166.
Allen, A. A.: 40, 258, 259, 260, 262.
Ashton, R. N.: 94.
Baker, B. R.: 225.

Birkett, Neville L.: 134, 263.
Blathwayt, C. S. H.: 261.
Bretherton, R. F.: 44, 80, 126, 218.
Brindle, Allan: 114, 156, 235.
Brown, S. C. S.: 94, 165.

Burke, R. R.: 185.

Burton, J. F.: 64, 69, 95, 206, 222.
Byerley, B. L. J.: 262.

Byers, F. W.: 258.

Campbell, J. L.: 167, 220.
Carolsfeld-Krausé: 131, 152.
Carr, F. M. B.: 19.
Chalmers-Hunt, W. J.: 211.
Chipperfield, H. E.: 262.
Clay, ©. G. Av: 53.

Collier, Maj. A. E.: 71.
Collingwood, C. A.: 90, 190.
Craufurd, C.: 50, 154, 166.
Cue, Percy: 210.

Curtis, W. Parkinson: 222.

Duffield, C. A.: 5.
Easton, Nigel T.: 32, 165.

Fairclough, R.: 11.
Fraser, Lt. Col. F. C.: 129, 242.

Gardiner, B. O. C.: 51.
Goater, B.: 231.

Goodall, C. J.: 29, 227.
Greenwood, J. A. C.: 221.

Haggett, G. M.: 211, 250, 258.
Hare, B. J.: 51.
Harper, Comdr. G. W.:
Heslop, I. R. P.: 58, 73.
Howarth, T. G.: 218, 241.
Huggins, H. C.: 10, 89, 95, 113, 149, 163,
181, 203, 221, 229, 240, 247, 257.
Hulme, D. C.: 163.

Jacobs, S .N. A.: 67, 133, 206.
Johnson, E. E.: 167.
Johnson, Major Gen. Sir G.: 51.

24, 60, 61, 186.

Lanktree, P. D.: 23, 34, 96, 97. 103, 126,
155, 164.

Lempke, B. J.: 221.

Lipscomb, Major Gen. C. G.: 141.

Lisney, A. A.: 135.

Long, D. R. M.: 183.

Lyon, F. H.: 248.

Mere, R. M.: 69, 232.

Newman, L. Hugh: 189.
Newton, J.: 86.

Parmenter, L.: 48, 167, 263.
Parsons, Capt. C. Q.: 195.
Payne, J. H.: 50, 2389.
12208, 405 IR. 8 i7/,

Pilcher, R. E. M.: 197.
Price, L.: 39, 50, 51, 95.

Quin, P. C.: 244.

Richardson, Austin: 93, 94, 95.
Roper, P.: 93, 94.

Rossel, H. G.: 213, 243.
Rutherford, C. I.: 261.

Scott, E.: 95.

Sevastopulo, D. G.: 125, 133, 245.

Sharp, Martin: 241.

Siggs, L. W.: 242.

Smith, Dr. F. H. N.: 217, 243.

Stafford, A. E.: 243.

Stockley, R. E.: 73.

Symes, H.: 94, 96, 125, 132, 146, 182, 228,
Q42.

Taylor, J. S.: 179.
Torlesse, Rear Adml. A. D.: 41.
Tremewan, W. G.: 1, 110, 139, 199, 223.

Wakely, S.: 9, 83, 242.

Warren, B. C. S.: 188.

Warry, Brig. H. E.: 24.

Wheeler, A. S.: 242.

Wightman, A. J.: 164, 250.

Williams, H. B.: 125.

Worms, Baron de: 44, 94, 175, 196, 197,
198, 240, 241.

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JANUARY 1961

5
THE ss 3
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by 8S. N. A. JACOBS, r.z.z.8.

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Notes on Zygaena Species, with descriptions of
New Subspecies from Spain (Lepidoptera,
Zygaenidae)

By W. G. TREMEWAN,
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History)

The following notes and descriptions of new subspecies are based on
a small collection of Zygaena collected during the summer of 1960 in
South-West France and Spain by Col. and Mrs. W. B. L. Manley.

Zygaena sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. rianoica ssp. nov.

3 25 mm. Head black, thorax black, with a mixture of whitish
hair; abdomen black with a scarlet belt. Forewings greyish- or greenish-
black; spots scarlet, 1 and 2 confluent, spot 3 present but small, spot
4 large and joined to spot 5 by a scarlet bar, 5 large and diffusing
towards the apex. Hindwings scarlet with a wide, black terminal
border terminating just before the tornus. Cilia of forewings brownish-
black; cilia of hindwings black. Both the fore and hindwings are
thinly scaled.

Q 27-30 mm. Coloration similar to that in the male, but the thorax
more strongly covered with whitish hair; hindwings with narrower ter-
minal border.

Holotype 3g ‘‘Riano, Leon, 3650 ft.: 27.6.1960, W. & M. Manley’’.

Allotype @ with similar data but dated ‘15.7.1960’’.

Paratype: 1 9 with the same data as the holotype.

The holotype, allotype and paratype in collection W. B. L. Manley.

Zygaena sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. hispanica Rambur
Zygaena sarpedon var. hispanica Rambur, 1858, Cat. Syst. des Lép.
de l’Andalousie, p. 167.

A series of seven specimens was taken on the Sierra de Alfacar,
4,500 ft., 6-11.vi1.1960.

There is considerable confusion concerning the type locality of his-
panica Rambur. Unfortunately Rambur’s citation ‘‘Andalousie’’ covers
a large area. Reiss (1930) considered Andalusia and Castile as the
type locality and illustrated specimens from Granada. This locality is
again quoted in a later work (Reiss, 1936). Contrary to the opinion
of Reiss, Marten (1957) considered San Fernando, Cadiz as the type
locality. Perhaps an examination of Rambur’s type would solve the
problem.

Zygaena sarpedon Hiibn. ssp. zapateri Reiss

Zygaena sarpedon ssp. zapateri Reiss, 1936, Hnt. Rdsch., 54: 57, pl.
2, figs.

Two males of this subspecies were taken on 2 and 9.vi.1960 at Santa
Croce, Teruel, at 3.300 ft. Reiss described zapateri from the neigh-
bourhood of Albarracin.

SMITHSONIAN
AINGTITIITINN FER @ + «nee

2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/1/1961

Zygaena contaminei Boisd. ssp. penalabrica Fernandez
Zygaena penalabrica Fernandez, 1929, Mem. Soc. esp. Hist. nat., 15:

599, figs. 8, 9.
ZLygaena contaminer ssp. asturica Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 59, pl.
2, figs.

Three specimens of this interesting subspecies were taken on
24.vii.1960 at Puerto de Piedras Luengas, Palencia, at 4.200 ft. Two
of the specimens, a male and a female, have traces of a red abdominal
belt; this form is ab. cingulata Frndz.

In a catalogue of the type specimens in the British Museum (Natural
History) of the genus Zygaena F. (now in manuscript) (Tremewan,
1961) I have placed pefialabrica Frndz. as a subspecies of contaminei
but stated that further specimens were required to ascertain the sub-
specific status with certainty. Fernandez described pefialabrica from
specimens captured at Peha Labra, a mountain which lies on the border
of Santander and Palencia. The three specimens taken by Col. Manley
at Puerto de Piedras Luengas are of the same race and I now con-
sider pefialabrica to be a good subspecies. In 1936, Reiss described
from Treviso and La Liebana a subspecies of contaminei Boisd. which
he named asturica. These localities are approximately 20 miles from
Pena Labra and in my opinion asturica is synonymous with
penalabrica Frndz. J have not, however, compared the type of
petialabrica with the type of asturica to confirm this opinion.

It has been suggested to me that the status of pefalabrica is infra-
subspecific (Reiss, in. lit.). Fernandez cited the name as follows:—
“ZLygaena penalabrica f. nov.’’ but according to the text he compares
it with Z. contaminei Boisd., which is a good species. He also stated
“besides being inclined to believe that it is a good form referable to
contaminei, that it also appeared to him quite probable that it is a

_veritable new species’’. Fernandez also described aberrations of pefiualu-

brica; an example is cited as follows:—‘‘Zygaena penalabrica ab.
semiconfluens n. ab.’’ Further, in the legend to the text figures he
undoubtedly cites it as a species as follows:—‘“‘Fig. 8 y 9: Zygaena
penalabrica Fernand., 3, tipo (fig. 8); 9 (fig. 9)’. From the impli-
cations of the text I conclude that Fernandez considered pefalabrica
@ Species and not an aberration.

Koch (1948) has placed contaminei Boisd. as a subspecies of sarpedon
Hiibn. This is incorrect as the genitalia have good and different
characters which separate them into two distinct species. Following
his own conclusions, Koch incorrectly placed astwrica Reiss as a sub-
species of sarpedon Hiibn.

Agenjo (1948) correctly placed contaminei ssp. asturica Reiss as a
synonym of contaminei Boisd. ssp. pefialabrica Frndz.

Later, in an obituary to the late Fernandez, Agenjo (1954) referred
to the above-mentioned papers of Koch and himself but placed pefiala-
brica as a subspecies of sarpedon, presumably following the opinion of
Koch. Once again asturica Reiss is placed as a synonym of pefala-
brica Frndz.

As I mentioned above, asturica Reiss is a synonym of pefalabrica
Frndz., which must be considered a subspecies of contaminei Boisd.
I have compared the genitalia of the types of contaminei Boisd. and
penalabrica Frndz. and found them to be conspecific.

NOTES ON ZYGAENA SPECIES 3

Zygaena fausta L. ssp. margheritae ssp. nov.

So 24 mm. Head black, thorax black with two, whitish, dorsal
stripes and an orange-vermilion collar, abdomen black with a vermilion
belt on segments 5-7, segment 8 black with the valvae vermilion. Fore-
wings black with spots orange-vermilion. Spots 1 and 2 confluent, out-
wardly edged with light yellow. Spots 3, 4, 5 and 6 confluent by the
narrow surrounding rings which are light yellow in colour. Hind-
wings vermilion, with a narrow, black, terminal border. Cilia of fore-
wings grey; cilia of hindwings black.

Q 26-28 mm. Coloration similar to that in the male, but vermilion
abdominal belt confined to two segments only. The whitish dorsal
stripes on the thorax are more strongly marked. In one female (the
allotype) the hindwings are vermilion tinged with orange.

Holotype dg, “‘Riano, Leon, 3650 ft., 19.7.1960, W. & M. Manley’’.

Allotype 2 with the same data as the holotype.

Paratype: 1 2 with the same data as the holotype.

The holotype, allotype and paratype in collection W. B. L. Manley.

Compared with ssp. preciosa Reiss from Albarracin, ssp. margheritae
is a larger race with the thorax and abdomen more strongly marked
with white while the red coloration is brighter. Confluence of the spots
is not so extreme in ssp. margheritae which is nearer to ssp. junceae
Obthr. from Vernet-les-Bains.

Zygaena fausta L. ssp. fortunata Rambur

Zygaena fausta ssp. fortunata Rambur, 1858, Cat. Syst. des Lép. de
V Andalousie, p. 172.

A short series of this subspecies, three males and two females, was
taken at La Rochebeaucourt, Charente, 29.v.1960.

Zygaena hilaris Ochs. ssp. leonica ssp. nov.

Q 26 mm. Head black, thorax black with white collar, abdomen
black. Forewings black, with spots dull vermilion, all spots confluent,
forming a pattern similar to that in ssp. escorialensis Obthr. Huind-
wings dull vermilion with narrow, black, terminal border. The three
black ‘‘spots’’, which are the remaining areas of the black ground
colour of the forewings, are narrowly edged with light yellow.

Holotype 2, ‘“‘Riano, Leon, 3650 ft., 27.6.1960, W. & M. Manley,”’
in collection W. B. L. Manley.

Compared with ssp. escorialensis Obthr., ssp. leonica is larger, with
the red coloration darker compared with the light pink spots and hind-
wings of the former subspecies.

I would normally hesitate to describe a subspecies from a single
specimen, but in this example there can be no doubt about its sub-
specific status. Apart from the wing pattern, which is similar to that
in ssp. escorialensis Obthr., it is unlike any other known Spanish race
of hilaris Ochs.

Zygaena loti S. & D. ssp. pardoi Agenjo
Anthrocera achilleae ssp. pardoi Agenjo, 1953, Graellsia, 11: 2.

This subspecies was described from Torrelavega, Santander (Picos
de Europa).

4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

A series of nine specimens was taken at Puerto de San Glorio,
Santander, at 4,800 ft., 11-26.vi.1960, and two further specimens at
Riano, Leon, 3,650 ft., 29.vi and 17.vi1.1960. One of the two females
is partially confluent.

This subspecies can be compared with ssp. tristis Obthr. from
Cauterets, Hautes Pyrénées, but the specimens of pardow are more
thickly scaled, the colours are stronger and brighter and the spots are
larger. The thorax and abdomen of pardoi are glossy blue-black com-
pared with tristis which has the thorax and abdomen covered with
dull black hair.

Zygaena rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. manleyi ssp. nov.

6 80-32 mm. Head black, thorax black with whitish hair, abdomen
black with a narrow, scarlet belt. Ground colour of forewings blue-
black or black with a blue lustre, dusted with grey scaling. Spots
bright scarlet, confluent in pairs, spots 2 and 3 outwardly edged with
black, spots 4 and 5 laterally edged with black. Hindwings scarlet
with a narrow, black, terminal border, widening at apex.

Holotype ¢, ‘‘La Pena, Huesca, 2400 ft., 30.5.1960, W. & M.
Manley’’.

Paratypes: 3 $6 with the same data as the holotype.

The holotype and 2 paratypes are in collection W. B. L. Manley;
1 paratype in collection British Museum (Natural History).

Zygaena rhadamanthus Hsp. ssp. manleyi Trmn. ab. acingulata ab. nov.

Two males of this new subspecies have no trace of the abdominal
belt, the abdomen being completely black.

Holotype ¢, ‘‘lLa Pena, Huesca, 2400 ft., 30.5.1960, W. & M.
Manley’’. —

Paratype: 1 ¢ with the same data as the holotype.

The holotype and paratype are in collection W. B. L. Manley.

It is probable that there is great variation within this subspecies
as one specimen has spot 1 extended along the costa and reaching spot
3, while the latter is extended along the costa, almost reaching spot
5. Compared with ssp. alfacarensis Reiss, ssp. manleyi differs by its
more brilliant scarlet and the rather darker ground colour of the fore-
wings.

Zygaena rhadamanthus Esp. ssp. aragonia ssp. nov.

¢ 23-28 mm. Head black, thorax black covered with thick, whitish
hair, abdomen black with vermilion belt. Forewings black, strongly
dusted with greyish scaling around the spot area. The grey scaling
extends almost to the apex, leaving a narrow terminal border of the
ground colour. Spots vermilion, confluent in pairs, spots 2 and 3 out-
wardly edged with black, spots 4 and 5 laterally edged with black.
Hindwings vermilion, with extremely narrow, black, terminal border.
Cilia of forewings light brown; cilia of hindwings black.

Q 26-30 mm. Coloration similar to that in the male but thorax
more strongly covered with whitish hair. Greyish-white scaling of fore-
wings stronger and more intense. Hindwings lighter vermilion, ter-
minal border almost absent and with traces of same only at the apex.
Cilia of forewings light brown; cilia of hindwings black.

NOTES ON ZYGAENA SPECIES 5

Holotype 3, ‘‘Aragon Albarracin, m. 1100, 8.vi.24, Querci’’.

Allotype @ with similar data but dated ‘‘10.vi.24’’.

Paratypes: 26 specimens with similar data to the holotype but
dated as follows:—2 S¢ and 1 9, ‘6.vi.24"; 3 ood, ‘7.v1.24’;
ur) Guan sor Onn Saad 2 SS, Onley woe amc le Oy,
Oy A a Aero F A mile O ee ED i 242s 1 MOR SG cra Arey 1k),
OAS Nha ae

The holotype, allotype and 26 paratypes are in the collection of the
British Museum (Natural History).

There are 10 further paratypes in collection H. Reiss, Stuttgart, with
data as follows:—3 ¢¢ and 1 @Q ‘‘Albarracin, Juni 1917 leg. Faller,
Freiburg’; 1 ¢ ‘‘Albarracin, Val de Vega, Juni 1930, 1050 m. leg.
Faller, Freiburg’’; 3 ¢d¢ and 2 99 ‘‘Arag. Albarracin, Predota 1929.
2nGhe

Reiss (1930), due to an insufficient number of specimens, stated that
rhadamanthus from Albarracin varied little from ssp. alfacarensis Reiss
from the Sierra de Alfacar. However, according to the series in the
British Museum from Albarracin, this is not correct. Compared with
ssp. alfacarensis, ssp. aragonia has the forewing spots constantly con-
fluent in pairs, while the forewings are dusted with grey scales. In
alfacarensis this grey scaling is absent and the spots are nearly always
separate. The thorax of alfacarensis is black with only a few whitish
hairs, but in aragonia the thorax is thickly covered with whitish hair.

The Albarracin subspecies has a strong resemblance to ssp. grisea
Obthr. from Digne, Basses Alpes, but in ssp. aragonia the red abdominal
belt is always present while in ssp. grisea this character is present in
less than a third of the population. In the Digne subspecies, spot 6
is usually separated from spot 5, while in aragonia spot 6 is usually
confluent with spot 5. The males of grisea are also much lighter in
colour and have a heavier dusting of grey scales on the forewings.

A single male of rhadamanthus was taken by Col. Manley at Griegos,
Teruel, 5,250 ft., 8.vi.1960. This specimen differs greatly from ssp.
aragoma from Albarracin. The abdominal belt is present but spots 5
and 6 are separate. Spot 6 is also very small and the grey scaling of
the forewings is not so intense. The specimen is similar to ssp. alfa-
carensis Reiss. Further specimens from Griegos are required to
determine the subspecies. It is possible that it is an example of a
high mountain race as the specimen came from a locality nearly two
thousand feet higher than Albarracin.

Zygaena lavandulae Esp. ssp. alfacarica ssp. nov.

6 31-36 mm. Head black, thorax black with white collar, abdomen
black with a slight blue gloss. Forewings greenish-blue with spots
bright, deep vermilion edged with black. Hindwings bluish-black with
a bright, deep, vermilion distal spot; a few vermilion scales at the base.

Q 35-37 mm. Coloration similar to that in the male but ground
colour of forewings bluish-green and forewing spots larger.

Holotype ¢ ‘‘Sierra de Alfacar Granada. 3,600 ft., 24.6.1959, W.
& M. Manley’’.

Allotype 2 with the same data.

Paratypes: 10 dd and 4 92 with the same data as the holotype;
1 o with similar data but dated ‘‘19.6.1959’’?; 1 @ labelled ‘‘Sierra de

6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/1/1961

Alfacar, Granada, 4,500 ft., 6.7.1960, W. & M. Manley’’.
Holotype, allotype and paratypes in collection W. B. L. Manley.

Zygaena lavandulae Esp. ssp. alfacarica Trmn. ab. pseudoespunnensis
ab. nov.

A female has a suffusion of vermilion scales on the hindwings similar
to that in ssp. espunnensis Reiss.

Holotype 9, ‘‘Sierra de Alfacar, Granada, 3,600 ft., 24.6.1959, W.
& M. Manley’’, in collection W. B. L. Manley.

This new subspecies differs from ssp. espunnensis Reiss by the
absence of red scaling in the hindwings while the ground colour of the
forewings in alfacarica is greenish-blue compared with bronzy-green in
the former subspecies. Compared with ssp. barcelonica Reiss, ssp.
alfacarica is a larger race with longer and narrower forewings, while
the vermilion of the spots is brighter and more intense.

Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. asturiensis Reiss
Zygaena transalpina ssp. asturiensis Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 91,
pl. 2, figs.

A sun-bleached male was taken at La Pena, Huesca, 2,400 ft.,
30.v.1960. I place this specimen under ssp. asturiensis Reiss as it
agrees fairly well with the description and figures given by Reiss.
Further material is required to establish whether the La Pena popula-
tion is identical with ssp. asturiensis Reiss which was described from
La Liebana, Asturias.

Zygaena hippocrepidis Hiibn. ssp. occidentalis Oberthiir
Zygaena hippocrepidis-occidentalis Oberthiir, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr.,
76: 41.

Four specimens of ssp. occidentalis Obthr. were taken at La Roche-
beaucourt, Charente, 29.v.1960.

Zygaena nevadensis Ramb. ssp. picos Agenjo
Anthrocera scabiosae picos Agenjo, 1953, Graellsia, 11: 1.

A rather worn male of this subspecies was taken 11.vi.1960 at Riano,
Leon, 3,650 ft. Agenjo described ssp. picos from Camalefio, Santander
(Picos de Europa).

Zygaena nevadensis Ramb. ssp. falleriana Reiss

Zygaena scabiosae ssp. nevadensis var. falleriana Reiss, 1931, Int. ent.
Z., 25: 111, figs.

Reiss described falleriana from specimens taken at the end of July
and beginning of August in the Sierra Nogera and Sierra Alta near
Albarracin, Teruel. A rather worn specimen, which answers to the
description and figures of Reiss, was taken on 8.vi.1960 at Noguera,
Teruel, at 5,500 ft. As the specimen was taken at such an early date
compared with the dates of the specimens described by Reiss, it is
probably an example of a spring generation.

Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. kricheldorffiana Reiss
Zygaena filipendulae ssp. kricheldorffiana Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54:
75, pl. 2, figs.

NOTES ON ZYGAENA SPECIES df

Described from La Liebana, Asturias, this subspecies is distinguished
from ssp. gemina Begff. by the more brilliant blue-black ground colour of
the forewings and the narrower borders of the hindwings.

A series of fourteen specimens was taken at Riano, Leon, 3,650-3,900
{t., 25.vi.-18.vii.1960, one specimen at Puerto de Pandetrave, Leon,
4,200 ft., 19.v11.1960, and a further specimen from Espinama, Santander,
3,900 ft., on 12.vi.1960.

At Riano, this subspecies of filipendulae flies in company with a
subspecies of lonicerae Scheven, which I describe below as new, and
from which it is separated with great difficulty on superficial characters
alone. An examination of the genitalia, however, easily separates the
two species.

Zygaena filipendulae L. ssp. kricheldorffiana Reiss ab. sexmaculata ab.
nov.

In the above mentioned series are three specimens which have spot 6
present on the forewing. Two further specimens which have spot 6
present are from a series of twenty-five specimens in the British Museum
(Natural History). These specimens were collected by Romei,
6-18.vili.1924, at Pajares, Asturias, at 1,300 m.

Holotype 9°, ‘‘Asturias Pajares m. 1300 18 vili. 24 Romei’’.

Allotype ¢, ‘‘Riano, Leon, 3650 ft.: 27.6.1960, W. & M. Manley’’.

Paratypes: 1 2, ‘‘P. de Pandetrave, Leon, 4200 ft.: 19.7.1960, W.
& M. Manley’; 1 9 with similar data to the allotype but dated
**15.7.1960"’; 1 @ with similar data to the holotype but dated
“Gevalieo a7.

The holotype and one paratype are in the collection of the British
Museum (Natural History); the allotype and two paratypes are in
collection W. B. L. Manley.

Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. caerulescens Reiss

Zygaena trifoli ssp. caerulescens Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 90,
pl. 2, figs.

Zygaena australis var. caerulescens Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp., 4: 493
(ab. caerulescens Obthr., name invalid).

A series of five specimens was taken 3-6.vii.1960 in the Sierra de
Alfacar at 4,500-5,500 ft.

I must point out here that although Oberthiir used the term ‘“‘var.’’,
the text implies that he considered caerulescens an aberration. Further,
the lectotype is labelled ‘‘Ab. caerulescens Obthr.’’. Details of the
lectotype selection are due to be published shortly (Tremewan, 1961).
However, the form described by Oberthiir as caerulescens has since
proved to be a good subspecies and according to the rules of nomencla-
ture, Reiss is the correct author of the subspecific name caerulescens.

Zygaena trifolii Esp. ssp. aquitania Le Charles
Zygaena trifolu ssp. aquitania Le Charles, 1946, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr.,
51: 82.

This subspecies was described from specimens captured in the Dropt
Valley, Mesterrieux, Gironde. Three specimens of trifolii, referable to
ssp. aquitania Le Charles, were taken at La Rochebeaucourt, Charente,
29.v1.1960.

8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

Zygaena lonicerae Scheven ssp. leonensis ssp. nov.

S 32-39 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen covered with short, bluish-
black hair. Ground colour of forewings black with greenish-blue gloss.
Forewing spots and hindwings crimson. Hindwings with a blue-black
border, widest at apex and narrowing abruptly just before the tornus.
Cilia of fore and hindwings blue-black.

@ 35-39 mm. Coloration similar to that in the male but the gloss of
the forewings is bluer and the hindwings are lighter in colour. The
forewings are broader than those of the male.

The underside of both sexes is similar to the upperside but the gloss
is absent.

Holotype ¢, ‘‘Riano, Leon, 3,650 ft. 27.6.1960, W. & M. Manley’’.

Allotype 2 with similar data to the holotype but dated ‘‘29.6.1960’’.

Paratypes: 7 specimens with similar data to the holotype but dated
as, follows:— G@ and I 2 “23.6:1960"; 1 ¢g ~27-6:1960"- ie
“(28.6.1960’ ; 3 gg ‘‘29.6.1960’.

Holotype, allotype and 6 paratypes in collection W. B. L. Manley;
1 paratype in collection British Museum (Natural History).

This new subspecies differs from ssp. intermixta Verity from Aragon
by the longer forewings, smaller spots of the forewings and broader
borders of hindwings. The red coloration is, in leonensis, a pure
crimson compared with crimson tinged with scarlet in intermixta, while
the gloss in the latter is pure blue compared with greenish-blue in the
former.

Z. lonicerae ssp. leonensis is difficult to separate from filipendulae
ssp. kricheldorffiana flying in the same locality, but when the two
species are separated into two series on genital characters, marked
differences are noticeable. In superficial characters it may be dis-
tinguished from filipendulae ssp. kricheldorffiana by the thinner
antennae, longer and broader forewings and the more pointed apex of
the hindwings. In coloration the two subspecies are very similar but
the gloss of the filipendulae subspecies is pure blue compared with
greenish-blue in lonicerae ssp. leonensis. The forewing spots are smaller
in the filipendulae subspecies. A further, and almost constant
characteristic, is found on the underside of the forewing which has, in
filipendulae, a suffusion of red scaling between the spots. This red
scaling is absent in the lonicerae subspecies.

My thanks are due to Col. and Mrs. Manley for allowing me to
describe the new subspecies and for presenting to the British Museum
(Natural History) some of the specimens mentioned above.

REFERENCES

Agenjo, R. 1948. Nuevas Subespecies Burgalesas de las Anthrocera rhadamanthus
(Esp.), fausta (L.) y trifolii (Esp.) Lep. Anthroc. Eos, 24: 391-401.

———. 1954. R. P. Ambrosio Fernandez, O.S.A., 1882-1953. Graellsia, 12: 1-19.

Koch, M. 1948. Las Zygaena Espagnolas del Instituto de Entomologia de Madrid
(Lep., Zygaen.). Hos, 24: 319-333.

Marten, W. 1957. Die Zygaenen der Iberischen Halbinsel. Ent. Z., 67: 220.

Reiss, H. 1930. Zygaenidae in Seitz, Macrolep., Suppl., 2: 1-50.

. 1936. Neue Bausteine zur Zygaenenfauna der Pyrendenhalbinsel. Ent.

Rdsch., 54: 29.

Tremewan, W. G. 1961. A Catalogue of the Types and other Specimens in the
British Museum (Natural History) of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius,
Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent., 10 (7) (in
Press).

WILD LARVAE OF LITHOPHANE LEAUTIERI BOISD. 9

Wild Larvae of Lithophane leautieri Boisd.
By S. WAKELY

With the increasing records of the capture of this interesting
noctuid, it is of interest to report the finding of larvae at last. Although
numbers of moths have been bred from ova obtained from captured
females, I can find no mention of larvae having been taken in Britain.

During May 1960, Mr. J. Lobb was fortunate enough to get two of
these larvae by beating some cypress trees in his garden near Yarmouth,
Isle of Wight. He spread some sheets on the ground beneath the trees,
and with a 15-foot pole tapped the higher branches. Knowing the
larvae fed on the new growths, and surmising that they fed at night at
the tips of the upper branches where these growths occurred, he decided
to try for them after dark.

Owing to the pyramidal shape of the trees, 1t was necessary not
only to tap the top branches, but also to agitate the lower ones so that
the larvae falling from above dropped through the lower branches as
well. He was rewarded by finding two larvae barely half an inch long,
which he generously sent to me, saying that he would probably be
able to get more. They were exhibited by me at meetings of the South
London Entomological and Natural History Society, once soon after
I received them, and later when they were full fed. Unfortunately, Mr.
Lobb failed to get more in spite of several endeavours.

The larvae were kept in a plastic container with a layer of cellulose
wadding, and fresh cypress twigs, care being taken to see that they
always had plenty of the new growth to feed on. It¢ is interesting to
record that they devoured juniper on several occasions when it was
offered, but I had to rely on my weekend outings to get foodplant, and
it was not always possible to get juniper. The larvae were very
obliging, and accepted various kinds of cypress, so long as there was
new growth at the ends of the twigs. The fact that they took to juniper
so readily is interesting, as Dr. Kettlewell mentioned that on the con-
tinent the larvae are frequently found on juniper (Entomologist, 90: 3).

By the beginning of July my two larvae were full fed. About this
time one of the larvae became very sluggish; I imagined that it was
about to pupate. Then a small black scar appeared on the back and
it gradually shrivelled up. I discovered later that this scar was caused
by two dipterous parasites, the puparia of which were found embedded
in the cellulose wadding. Up to the time of writing, these have not
emerged, but if they do I will endeavour to get the species determined.

The other larva made a cocoon between two layers of the flat cypress
twigs and the moth emerged on 24th September. About this time Mr.
Lobb wrote that he had taken his first specimen of the moth in his
light trap, and subsequently he took four others by the same means. No
doubt he would have taken more had it been practicable for him to stay
up until 3 a.m. as this species is noted for the fact that it is more often
found flying to the light and settling nearby than actually entering the
trap (Entom. Gaz., 11: 16-17).

The recent occurrence of Jeautierz at Leigh, near Reigate (Hnt. Rec.,
72: 272) supports Dr. de Worms’s contention that this species is moving
steadily northwards after recently establishing bridgeheads on the south
coast (Hntomologist, 90: 242).

26 Finsen Road, London, S.E.5.

10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hueerns, F.R.E.S.

Hapalia fulvalis Hiibn. and Crambus contaminellus Hiibn. at Park-
stone. With reference to Mr. W. Parkinson-Curtis’s correction of the
spelling of Parkstone, I fancy that my note in the ‘‘Record”’ (76: 186)
must be somewhat ambiguous: Diver, Fryer and myself worked out
the local occurrence of these two insects in 1932, but their actual dis-
covery in the district was due to Diver alone. The facts are as follows:

In 1931 I was staying at the Beaulieu Road Hotel when Diver came
to stay there also. We had corresponded intermittently, chiefly about
mollusea, since 1912, when he wrote to me about a queer race of
Cepaea hortensis Mull. I had discovered on the tidal side of the river
bank at Gravesend, and we collected in the New Forest together that
June for about a week. Diver was making his well-known ecological
survey, and he asked me if I would check up some of his micro identifica-
tions.

Accordingly, in the course of the winter, I visited his house in Pem-
broke Square, and went over most of his collection, including the whole
of the micros. Amongst a few difficulties I found that he had about a
dozen fulvalis, which he had not been able to place, and three or four
contaminellus which he wished to confirm. The fulvalis had been found
during the past two years in his mother’s garden at Lilliput, Parkstone,
and the contaminellus on a few gas lamps by the side of the golf course.
Lilliput was then almost separate from Parkstone, but I have no doubt
it is now swallowed up.

We arranged to work for the two insects in the summer of 1932, and
I suggested we might ask Fryer to join us as I knew he was spending
his summer holiday at Sandbanks. We could not go until early August,
which was rather late for both insects, as both Fryer and myself had
to wait until the school holidays had begun. We found fulvalis very
common in Mrs. Diver’s garden, and between us took about a dozen
contaminellus on the golf course. We did not see fulvalis anywhere else
but in this large garden at Lilliput; I have no doubt it was to be found
in others as it had been present in the district for at least three years,
but we had not got the nerve to call elsewhere and ask permission to
beat the hedges (the moth has roughly the same habits as prunalis
Schiff. and olivalis Schiff.). We were purposely a bit vague at the
time as to the actual site of the capture as Diver did not want his
mother and father to be pestered for permission to collect.

Mrs. Maud Diver was the well-known late Victorian and Edwardian
novelist, and was engaged on a book when we were there. This did not,
however, prevent her from entertaining Mrs. Cyril Diver and my wife
whilst the husbands investigated the garden. Perhaps older readers
may remember her Edwardian best-seller ‘‘Captain Desmond, V.C.’’ It
is well over fifty years since I read it, but I can still remember most of
the adventures of Theo Desmond, Ladybird, Honour, and Diamond the
polo pony.

Eudoria lineola Curt.: I caught a number of this moth at Tresco in
July 1960, and was surprised to find how small they were; the smallest
I have ever seen. The only other insular specimens I have, from the
Isle of Man, are very much the largest. The Isles of Scilly, however,

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1960 11

appear to breed small micros; Polychrosis dubitana Steph. (littoralis
Westwd.) is also exceeding small, the very diminutive second brood
having been described as subspecies annetensis Turner, but there is no
distinction other than that of size, and this varies from brood to brood
and from year to year.

Cnephasia colquhounana Barr.: Mr. E. S. A. Baynes recently sent
me a few specimens of this moth to check, which had been taken at Inish-
trahull, Donegal. The distribution of the insect is rather puzzling; it
is found nowhere in England or Wales, but it is not uncommon locally
in the Isle of Man and in one or two places in County Dublin,
and after that, patchily from Cork to Donegal, including Tory Island,
and then in western Scotland to Unst. Its distribution roughly co-
incides with that of Hadena caesia Borkh. and H. lepida Esp., ssp.
capsophila Dup. except that caesia is not found in Dublin, and capso-
phila, I believe, in western Scotland, and both Hadenae do not reach
the Shetlands. A. priori I should have expected all three insects in the
Scillies, but they are none of them found there.

Collecting Lepidoptera in 1960
By R. FarrcioveH

The early part of March was enlivened by the emergence in the
airing cupboard of Colobochyla salicalis Schiff. and Acosmetia caliginosa
Hiibn., reared from females captured in 1959 in Kent and Hampshire.
At the same time, I was disconcerted to find that my Hndromis versi-
colora Linn. were emerging, thereby preventing an attempt to try
assembling in the moth’s old Sussex haunts. As Tilgate Forest bears no
resemblance to what it once was perhaps this was not a great loss of
opportunity.

A first visit to sallows on 13th March, a mild night, found only six
moths at the catkins despite good results at the m.v. light at home at
this date, when many of the spring moths were out.

The first real quarries were Jodia croceago Fabr. and Gypsitea
leucographa Hiibn. I met a friend on the 22nd at Dunsfold, where we
found more collectors than moths. It was not long before six of us
were gathered round the one light being used, filling in the time in
pleasant gossip. Before dark, I had found some spruce cones, and
from these one Laspeyresia strobilella L. emerged in May.

On 2nd April, at Ockham and Wisley, we saw Polygonia c-album L.,
and plenty of Gonepteryx rhamni L. while we were collecting larvae
of Laspeyresia coniferana Ratz. That night I returned to Dunsfold,
and was pleased to take three fresh leucographa out of about fifty moths
seen on the sallows, most of which were over. I decided to press home
the attack, returning on the 4th, which seemed a better night. This
time the m.v. light was taken, but neither that nor the catkins produced
anything worth-while.

On the 6th a prolonged downpour till 7 p.m. ruined the night, less
than twenty moths being seen. A fourth trip to the same place in a
week, on the 8th, was more successful, females of lewcographa being
taken. Another interesting moth on the catkins was Lithophane socia
Rott.

12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

This had been the best week of the spring for moths but croceago
had once again not been seen. However, ova from the leucographa
successfully produced pupae in due course. On the only other occasion
I had larvae, they did not pupate properly, probably owing to being
given too dry a material. This time they had damp compost.

On 5th April a Pararge aegeria L. was seen in Reigate, an early
date in a not exceptional season, and on that date some Hnargia
paleacea Esp. ova hatched. The larvae were no trouble, the moths
emerging in June, earlier than in the wild. This was the successful
conclusion of a trip to the Wyre Forest in mid August 1959. The night
had been a poor one, light being barely patronised, and sugar having
only twelve visitors. One of the dozen was the paleacea, though this
occasion being an exception to the general rule that low numbers mean
nothing one wants.

In the Thames Valley on the 21st plenty of Celastrina argiolus L.
were flying, some of them worn. We were collecting Panaxia dominula
L. larvae.

In 1958 Ron Parfitt and I had made the long journey to Taunton
for Xylomyges conspicillaris LL. Weather conditions were bad; nothing
was found at rest, while only six moths came to the m.v. As one of
these was a conspicillaris, we concluded that it must be a common species
there. We could not return in 1959, but 7th May 1960 saw us once
again on our way there. The weather this time was a complete contrast,
being hot, sunny and calm. A nightingale sang for us as we lunched
on a slope overlooking Sedgemoor, while Metriotes modestella Dup. was
common on the stitchwort flowers. Arriving in the area we fancied near
Taunton, I pulled the car off the road. My companion got out, walked
to the nearest fence post, and said, ‘‘Here’s one’’. It was a female of
the melaleuca form. We found six in all nearby, most of them females.
Search over a wider area produced only two others, so that we had
made a lucky stop. These were all of the form figured in ‘‘South’’.

Naturally, with 1958 in mind, we expected a run of males at the
m.v. lamp, but nothing of the sort happened, a stretch of three hours
giving many midges, some cockchafers and only sixteen species. One
of these though, was Hupithecia dodoneata Guen., a pug I have tried to
find for years. As we had no difficulty in rearing our conspicillaris
larvae on dock, chickweed, knotgrass, or almost anything offered them,
the expedition was a complete success, though we still cannot understand
why none turned up at the light.

The second m.v. outing was in the Tillingbourne Valley at Abinger,
on 14th May. The night was chiefly remarkable for 112 cockchafers,
moths being a bad second. Still, there were thirty-three species, not bad
for a May night, and I was pleased to see Celama confusalis H.S., and
Chesias rufata Fabr.

The same number was recorded on the 25th in St. Leonard’s Forest.
Having bred Lampropteryx otregiata Metc. last year, I took a late
L. suffumata Schiff. for eggs.

On the 29th I looked in at the Sussex home of Scopula immorata L.
and was horrified to discover all the surrounding woodland cut. I have
seen this moth in such small numbers in recent years that I am sure
this is the end of it.

Four hours spent in hot sunshine on 4th June in the Ham Street
woods were disappointing. We had hoped to see Sesza apiforms Clerck,

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1960 13

some interesting microlepidoptera, and Bee Hawks. (What has hap-
pened to these? JI have seen none in the last few years.) A few
salicalis were put up but the only common moth was Oecophora
geofrayella L. The sand dunes and salt marshes at Camber were
equally unproductive, though the flowers were interesting, especially
the fine show of Sea Pea. This is the foodplant of Phycita boisduvaliella
Guen. but the moth occurs only on the eastern coast. We tried to find
larvae in the peas a couple of years ago here, without success.

Some Orgyia revens Hiibn. females were taken to Pember Forest
on 10th June to assemble the species. The weather was sunny and windy,
apparently right for the attempt but we failed. We found Minoa
murinata Scop. in large numbers everywhere, and a second brood was
bred in August from some of the females, the larvae being fed on the
weed, Petty Spurge.

On the 11th, we returned to Ham Street for a night, but had no
success. A good round of sugar yielded only seven moths, and the
m.v. only forty-four species, a rather dull lot, only salicalis and Huphyia
luctuata Schiff. being kinds one could not have seen in any woodland.

Every year in June I make as many trips to Balcombe as possible,
hoping to see Cerura bicuspis Borkh. As it is less than half an hour’s
run, it is possible to try even in mid week. In 1953 I first took the
moth (one on 22nd May, two on 10th June), and thought that it would
be easy to take a series in a few years. However, it was 1959 before I
saw the moth again and then only a single one. This year, on the 15th,
I tried a locality in St. Leonard’s Forest, but the sky cleared. Fifty-
five species were seen, Stauropus fagi L., Hapalotis venustula Hiibn.,
Semiothisa notata L., Electrophaes corylata Thunb., Bapta bimaculata
Fabr., Ectropis luridata Borkh., Hyloicus pinastri L., Sterrha inornata
Haw., Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn., Comibaena pustulata Hufn., Apatele
leporina L., being typical of the area, but there was no sign of bicuspis.

The 16th was so obviously a good mothing night that to Balcombe we
went. On the hill there was a mist, but a mist of the right sort. Six
bicuspis arrived between 10.45 and 11.20 (their usual time of flight). Mr.
R. Mere has since told me that he took six about a quarter of a mile
away on the same night.

The following night Ron Parfitt came, so we had two lights going.
However, the meteorological conditions were different, with a clear sky
though the temperature remained at 55° F. About eighty species were
seen, among them seven Apatele alni L., which had not appeared the
previous night, probably because I left early. But there was no bicuspis.
On the Saturday night, the 18th, we returned. Though the sky was
clear the temperature was still 64° at 1.30 a.m., a remarkable figure. I
recorded eighty-six species at my own m.v., the best result of the year.
Three bicuspis came rather later than usual (up to 12.5). A female fagi
had come in at 10.15, and she was kept for eggs, her offspring yielding
some pleasure in the larval stage later. I was most pleased to see
Atolmis rubricollis L., two of which came about midnight, but it was
also pleasant to see such variety as Deilephila porcellus L., A. alni,
Craniphora ligustri Fabr., Tethea ocularis L., T. fluctwosa Hiibn.,
Boarma robararia Schiff., H. venustula, Drymonia trimacula Hsp.,
Mysticoptera sexalisata Hiibn., among the ever presents such as
Spilosoma lutea Hufn., Notodonta zczac L., Bapta temerata Hiibn

14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

Another good night was experienced on the Downs at Abinger on
the 25th, when seventy-eight species were ‘‘attracted’’. Among these
there were those with a chalk ‘‘flavour’’ such as Setina irrorella L.,
EKupithecia haworthiata Doubl., H. subumbrata Schiff., Melanthia
procellata Fabr., Agrotis clavis Hiibn., Scopula ornata Scop., Sphine
higustri L., Apamea sublustris Esp., Euphyia cuculata Hufn., but the
bulk of them were the same as one sees anywhere. The most interesting
moth was an Hphestia which I am hoping is woodiella R. and Thom:
but which needs checking at the British Museum.

A dark overcast sky on the 27th was too good to miss, so the light
was set up at Balcombe at 10 p.m. just as the light rain began to fall.
To prove that these were the conditions moths like, I had 52 species
by eleven, easily a record. At 11.30, with the score at 67, the rain,
which had become steadily heavier, made continuing an impossibility.
I was pleased to see Calocalpe wndulata L., Bomolocha fontis Thunb.,
and Chlorochystis debilitata Hiibn.- This last is common in the Leith
Hill area (as is fontis) but this is the first time I have recorded it in
Sussex.

June had been a good month, but July turned out the opposite. We
went to Folkestone Warren on the 2nd, but though there was a little
sunshine, the cool east wind was unpleasant. A few fresh Aplasta
onoraria Fuess., were seen but no Clearwings, so we turned to the
smaller fry, taking Laspeyresia microgramma Guen. among the Ononis,
Alaina microdactyla Hiibn. on Eupatorium, and digging out pupae of
L. leprastriana Curt. from the wild cabbage. These produced a few
moths, but parasites were too common, while some pupae dried up.

Balcombe on the 9th gave a bad night with nothing interesting,
except an Anania stachydalis Zinck. which was lost as it hopped about
the sheet. I first found this species last year at another place in the
area, and found it then difficult to box, one out of four being lost.

During a daytime visit to Plaistow in Sussex, on the 16th, we saw
plenty of worn Limenitis camilla L. and some fresh Argynnis paphia L.
Knocking spruces gave some Hucosma ratzburgiana Sax., and a
Schrankia taenialis Hiibn. This species I first saw last year at Emsworth
in Hampshire, where one was taken on sugar.

A separate note has been written of my discovery of Coenotrephia
sagittata Fabr. in Nottinghamshire. At the week-end, 23rd-24th, I
made two trips to Strensall with George Hyde. We spent hours walk-
ing about before dark, and afterwards, with handlamps looking for
Epione parallelaria Schiff. (vespertaria Thunb.) on both nights. One
only was found, sitting near the m.v. sheet on the 23rd. The only
interesting moth at light was paleacea, it being of a darker form than
those bred from Shropshire.

En route for home on 27th July, I ran the m.v. on the roadside at
Holme Fen. The rain soon set in, but some Arenostola fluxa Hiibn.
past their best, and fresh A. phragmitidis Hiibn. were taken before
conditions became too wet. Tethea duplaris L. was common, in variety.
A female Pelurga comitata L. was kept for ova.

On the 29th sugar and m.v. were used in the Ouse Valley, south of
Lewes. Apart from a fresh Celaena leucostigma Hiibn. the moths at
sugar were mainly Apamea monoglypha Hufn. and A. secalis L. The
night promised well for light with odd spots of rain from an overcast

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1960 15

sky, but an electrical fault developed ab eleven. By then a lot of moths
had come, including Hremobia ochroleuca Esp., Nonagria dissoluta
Treits., Cosmia affinis L., Apamea scolapacina Esp., and the
wismariensis form of Chilodes maritima Tausch.

As we had to make a trip to Windsor on the 31st, we decided to
continue to the Chilterns to try the light there. We were able to set up
in a good position surrounded by beech, ash and maple, but the night
was cold and clear, so that after eleven hardly a moth came. Certainly
nothing desirable flew. I had hoped to see Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff.
Heterogenea asella Schiff. and such species as are found in these wood-
lands. One or two pugs caused some interest. I was hoping for
Eupithecia fraxinata Crewe but they were EH. laricata Frey. and must
have been a second brood as this moth flies in May.

A disappointing daytime hunt in the Swanage area followed on 3rd
August when the butterflies flew little in cloudy conditions. On Stud-
land Heath the sight of a Dartford warbler compensated for the lack
of insects. With the sky more threatening, we retreated to near
Brockenhurst. A ride was sugared, leaving the m.v. on the roadside.
I am always hopeful that sugar will be successful (in this case Catocala
sponsa L. and ©. promissa Esp. were possibles) but find little to warrant
the optimism in the event. On this occasion ten moths of three common
species attended. To think that I used to dream of the New Forest
when, in the North, I first read of its delights! I was surprised when
a sponsa flopped on the sheet at 10 p.m. This, a fresh female, was kept
for eggs without success. This species and promissa seem to be difficult
to persuade to lay. If anyone has any secret of success they are willing
to divulge, I for one would be glad to know of it.

The only other moths of interest seen are some Amathes stigmatica
Hiibn. and a worn undulata which did lay.

On the 5th, we made a three hundred and fifty mile round trip to
Barton Broad, stopping on the Breck to find Silene otites still flourish-
ing where Geoff Cole and I took Anepia irregularis Hufn. in 1954. By
the afternoon we were having our first view of the Broads, where I con-
centrated on exploring the perimeter of Barton, being interested in
the foodplant of Papilio machaon L. without seeing the butterfly in any
stage, but finding a reed bunting’s nest with eggs.

At night, although there was a full moon, the m.v. was quite effec-
tive. Celaena haworthu Curt. swarmed and a dozen C. leucostigma
came while the most exciting visitor was the rather dingy Pelosia
muscerda Hufn. Little could be found by walking about with a lamp,
and Arenostola brevilinea Fenn. was not seen, though before dark
Coenobia rufa. Haw. was everywhere, with haworthi and Scopula
immutata LL. Of the forty-eight species seen the only other marsh-
lovers were A. phragmitides, A. pygmina Haw.,Orthonama vittata
Borkh., Comacla senex Hiibn., Philudoria potatoria L., the rest being
common garden kinds.

On the 17th the m.v. was used again at Lewes with hopes of Huzxoa
obelisca Hiibn., seen there in the past. This moth did not turn up, and
with six bats setting up a patrol over the light by eleven, moths ceased
to arrive. In the first half hour seven Wainscots were recorded, Leucania
straminea Treits. (v. late), DL. impwra Hiibn., L. pallens L., phrag-
mitidis, dissoluta, Nonagria sparganii Esp., and one N. geminipuncta

16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

Haw., a moth that shuns m.v., as indeed many of this group do. One
can see plenty over the reeds, but they seldom come to the sheet.

We decided to go to Lancaster for the last week of August, a later
date than that for our usual visits, with hopes of Oporinia filigram-
maria H.S. and Amathes agathina Dup. A search of the stone walls on
the lower slopes of Clougha on the first evening yielded only odd Antitype
chi L., Calostygia didymata Ih. and Hydriomena. furcata Thunb.

Despite some rain, we took the m.v. over the Yorkshire border to
Ribblehead on the Ingleton-Hawes road, passing between Ingleborough
and Whernside, their heads invisible in thick cloud. Here, where the
limestone yields to millstone grit at 1100 feet, the heather appears.
With a strong wind, the sheet produced only odd specimens of Trichiura
crataegi L., agathina, Hydraecia oculea L., haworthii, Plusia festucae
L., Calostygia salicata Hiibn., with the usual monoglypha, secalis,
pronuba tribe. However, a good colony of filigrammaria was found
sitting on a patch of heather, with some furcata, and Lygris testata L.,
giving the unusual experience of collecting all one wanted of a ‘‘new”’’
species at one attempt.

I always try Black Tom’s Lane at Witherslack, but the weather was
bad, and the night of the 27th when we got there was useless, the heavy
rain having just ceased. Nothing stirred at dusk, and few moths came
to the light. As a contrast to this, I experienced a good night in an-
other locality I have often tried without success, the top of the Trough
of Bowland, where there are some fine heather-bilberry moors. There,
on the following evening, the sheet was well covered with Lycophotia
varia Vill., C. haworthii, Cerapteryx graminis L., Amathes glareosa
Esp., A. castanea Esp., Hydraceia lucens Frey (to be checked), Lithomoia
solidaginis Hiibn., pygmina, filigrammaria, Lygris populata L., H.
salicata, Hupithecia nanata Hiibn., didymata and others, plenty of
Anchoscelis helvola lL. being a surprise so early, and a Red Admiral to
complete the bill.

Between showers on our final day, my son and I tried to find larvae
of Perinephela terrealis Treit. on the golden rod at Arnside. We failed
but found other larvae, one Phalonia curvistrigana Wilk. having since
been bred, and some pupae being now in store, which I hope are
Eupithecia virgaureata Doubl. An attempt to use the light at night
was ruined by a deluge.

Perhaps it would be as well to cast a veil over the rest of the year.
Certainly the usual pleasant autumnal trips in the expectation of excit-
ing migrants were largely washed out. For me the season means con-
finement to Saturday expeditions, but though they were made, they
were a series of failures.

First, there was the Cuckmere Valley on 3rd September with neither
Sugar nor m.v. producing more than a few common species. At
Dungeness on the tenth where the sun shone all day, we saw the only
Vanessa cardui L. of the year, and noticed a few Calophasia lunula
Hufn. larvae. But the new road to the atomic power station had
altered our favourite area. It is no longer possible to pull off the road
as it was at many spots on either side of the old single width one, for
after widening, a shoulder of loose shingle has been built up, making a
surface on which it is impossible to take a car.

We moved out to Romney Marsh, where a thick white mist hung
over the flat acres. Two Hydraecia hucherardi Mab. with a few other

FORESTRY IN BRITAIN AND ITS EFFECT ON INSECTS 17

commoners came to my glimmering light. One of these was Catocala
nupta L., a moth not often seen at the m.v. though at home this year
they have come in numbers.

The only occasion when any number of moths was seen throughout
the atumn was on the twelfth at Balcombe when for ninety minutes a
steady stream arrived. Asphalia diluta, Schiff. was the commonest
species but the best moth was a fresh Leucania albipuncta Fabr.

With this species in mind a visit to the Birling Gap-Friston area
of the Sussex coast was made on the 17th. There was an unpleasant east
wind, but even so one would not have expected so poor a result, for
sugar, m.v. light, and ivy together yielded only eight species. In these
circumstances they were almost certain to be such abundant species as
Phlogophora meticulosa Li. and so they were.

With conditions obviously bad on the two following Saturdays short
runs to Balcombe were made to the pine area. On the 24th, one fresh
Thera firmata Hiibn. was taken, but only fifteen moths—nothing of
interest—came to the light on 1st October.

This date was one when we hoped to go to Swanage to try for
Dasypolia templi Thunb. Three weeks later, we were still waiting, and
finally on the 23rd we risked the threatening skies. An easy run on the
empty roads brought us to Durlston Head by noon, where we chose a
site for the night’s work. In the afternoon some showers fell, but the
m.v. was put on at 5.45 p.m. in a fair period, though the sky was
blacker than ever.

The wind now rose, and after an hour we were having a thunder-
storm. The generator, usually unperturbed by any weather conditions,
chose that moment to pack up, so that we had to retire, not a moth
having been seen at the light.

This was the night on which Bridport farther west had a disastrous
flood, and we had water to negotiate near Wareham on our way back.
There was still some ivy in lovely condition even at this date, but only
meticulosa, Agrotis ipsilon Rott., Agrochola circellaris Hufn., were seen
on the flowers.

Two attempts to catch Ptilophora plumigera Esp. on the Surrey
Downs in November were failures, one of them with Ron Parfitt on the
twelfth going down in my records as a minimum of moths, one Hrannis
defoliaria Clerck and one Plutella maculipennis Curt. coming to two
m.v. lights.

None of the October week-ends gave any opportunity of spending
a few pleasant hours searching for Lithocolletis mines, and when we gave
brief attention to any trees between showers, we formed the opinion
that these tiny moths were scarce, too.

One season leads to another. Perhaps the nights next Easter will
be warm enough to tempt that female croceago to the sallows at last.

Blencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Reigate, Surrey. 6.xii.60.

Forestry in Britain and its Effect on Insects
By T. R. Peace

The main object of the Forestry Commission, and of the many
private owners who are running their woodlands as a business, is the
production of timber on sound economic lines. This does not, however,

18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 73 15/1/1961

mean that the preservation of beauty and of rarity is forgotten. The
Forestry Commission is in close liaison with the Nature Conservancy
over the preservation of areas of scientific interest, and with the
National Trust and other bodies over the preservation of natural beauty.
For instance, great care has been taken to preserve some blackthorn
thickets known to be the breeding haunts of the Black Hairstreak,
despite the felling of Hell Coppice by the firm who had, after all, bought
the timber.

Most of the good land is rightly used for agriculture, and thus
forestry is largely relegated to land which is too poor for the growth
of broadleaved trees as timber. Wherever hardwoods can reasonably
be expected to produce an economic crop, they are being planted. Thus,
even in fifty years time, there will still be a very large area of normal
broadleaved forest, apart from nature reserves and other unmanaged
areas. Details of the species used and the areas planted can be found
in the Annual Reports of the Forestry Commissioners, published by the
Stationery Office.

It is very important to realise that the main increase in the area
under coniferous trees in Britain is at the expense of hitherto bare
ground, rather than of broadleaved woodland. Secondly it is important
to know that conifers are better suited than hardwoods to most of the
purposes to which timber is put, such as house joinery, box making,
pitprops, plywood and paper pulp. However, new uses of hardwood
timber are constantly being explored.

But surely there is no need to take the view that the planting of
conifers means the end of entomological interest. In fact it has
encouraged a host of interesting and rare insects, for instance the
searce and beautiful Pine hawk and Nun moths on pine. For those
interested in Microlepidoptera there is a most rewarding field in coni-
fers—to mention a few, Laspeyresia coniferna and LL. conicolana on
pine, Hucosma griseana and Laspeyresia zebeana on larch, Hucosma
tedella and EH. ratzburgiana on spruce.

The planting of conifers has also resulted in the spread of many
sawflies (Hymenoptera) known only as rarities before, and, in two
cases, found for the first time and named in Britain. In the first cate-
gory there are Gilpinia frutetorum, G. pallida, G. virens and Acam-
tholyda pinivora on pine, Vephalcia alpina on larch, and G. hercyniae
on spruce. In the second category there are the two species Anoplonyz
destructor, now very common in all larch forests, and Pristophora
glauca, still a rarity. In addition to these species those interested in
variations should bring to mind the great work done by the late Dr.
Cockayne in this field upon Bupalus piniarius, the Pine looper moth.

There are also the intriguing changes of host plant which some-
times take place in these newly established woodlands—to mention a
few: the beautiful Broom moth larva which feeds so, happily on pine,
larch and spruce, the Knotgrass moth now feeding on larch and spruce,
and the Pepper and salt moth, made famous by Dr. Kettlewell in his
work on industrial melanism, also completing its life-cycle on larch and
spruce.

The Forestry Commission has encouraged the planting of poplars,
trees which have a remarkably rich insect population. Apart from the
Poplar hawk and Puss moths, there are attractive sawflies, such as

LEPIDOPTERA AT HIGHCLIFFE, HANTS. 19

Croesus septentrionalis and the exciting metallic colourings of the
Phyllodecta poplar leaf beetles and of Crysomela popult.

We all resent changes in the countryside to which we have become
accustomed, but forestry, like farming, is not a static matter, and we
do not complain when the farmer reaps his corn. I hope I have shown
above that forest changes, which are an inevitable part of real forestry,
are not really destructive of entomological interest, and that the much
maligned conifers have an insect value of their own.

Lepidoptera at Highcliffe, Hants.
By F. M. B. Carr

This is not an account of my own collecting, but an attempt to put
on record some of the interesting captures made by the late Mr. B. C.
Barton of Castle Mead, Highcliffe. These captures were mostly made
at m.v. light in his garden.

It was through the pages of the Hntomologist’s Record that he and
I became acquainted. After reading some of my collecting notes in
the Kecord, Mr. Barton wrote to me at Mudeford, about two miles
distant, and suggested a meeting. This was, I think, in 1952. We soon
found that we had many interests in common beside our enthusiasm for
collecting moths and butterflies. Our first expedition was early in 1953
and after that we often went out together. I shall always look back
on those excursions with a most congenial companion, with the greatest
pleasure. Alas, they ended all too soon. My friend never really re-
covered from his serious illness in 1957, and my last outing with him
was on 17th June of that year. A few months ago he died.

After Mr. Barton’s death, his son and daughter very kindly offered
me his collection. This was of a special interest to me owing to the
nearness of Highcliffe to Mudeford. I regularly worked light and
treacle at Mudeford from 1952 to 1957 as recorded in the Hntomologist’s
Record. Mr. Barton seldom sent in records of his captures, but where
he did so, I have made a note of his previous record.

In compiling these notes, I am confronted with certain difficulties.
In the first place, we were unable to trace any diaries. Secondly, Mr.
Barton confined his series to four or five specimens, and the labels do
not give any information as to the abundance or otherwise of the
species concerned. In many cases I learned something about this from
my occasional visits to the m.v. light, and also from conversations with
him on the subject.

And now a word about the locality. Highcliffe is on the main road
from Christchurch to New Milton. The garden of Castle Mead is
extensive, and the part furthest from the house abuts on to this main
road. On the other side of the main road stands Highcliffe Castle.
Until quite recently the extensive grounds of the castle were well
wooded, but unhappily it was sold, and during the past two or three
years the trees have been disappearing and small houses taking their
place. On the other side of the castle is the sea. Next door to the
castle on the Christchurch side is the golf course. There is another small
area of rough woodland on the landward side of Castle Mead. Up to the

20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

present, this appears to be untouched. It contains a patch of fine old
birches, such as are beloved of Odontosia carmelita L. This species, as
will be seen, figures in the list.

The house has now been sold. There are some old oaks round the
garden and also a beech hedge.

So far as one can see, such localities as Highcliffe and Mudeford
must before very long be numbered with the have-beens, like certain
parts of London, once beloved by Stainton and others. They are
already localities in which there are no facilities for day collecting,
but where light and treacle in a garden can still provide a few thrills.

With one such I begin this record. On 17th October 1954 there
was a lovely Acherontia atropos L. in the trap.

A word about this trap. My friend, who was very clever with his
hands, made it himself. For some time it proved all that could be
desired. Then came a nasty setback. There was a spell when examina-
tion of a morning showed that the cupboard was bare. Whodunit?
Sherlock Holmes had his suspicions.

I once had a dear old gardener in Lancashire who had no suspicions
at all, he knew. One morning he said to me: ‘‘Why, Mr. Carr, it’s
scandalous what them sparrers have done to my peas, so I’ve took the
liberty to put an old man in the garden’’. I turned pale. Another
old man to pay? I thought. I could barely afford to pay one. How-
ever, the second old man did not ask for any pay, nor, so far as I could
see, did he do any good, in fact I think the ‘‘sparrers’’ rather liked
him. Pardon the digression, but it was ‘‘sparrers’’ wot wolfed the
moths. So my friend had to reconstruct the entrance to the trap. ‘‘Not
too narrow; leave room for the next death’s head’’, I said. However,
no second death’s head came.

There are three Celerio livornica L. in the collection, one dated
14th July 1948, one 25th May 1953, and the third without date.

Deilephila elpenor L., I understand, was common as it seems to be
throughout the Christchurch area, but D. porcellus L. I had not pre-
viously seen locally. There are five in the collection.

I gathered from Mr. Barton that all the more generally encountered
‘“‘prominents’?’ were frequent visitors, so were Stauropus fagi L.,
Drymonia trimacula Esp., D. ruficornis Hufn. and Notodonta anceps
Goeze.

There are two Odontosia carmelita L., both taken in the first week
of May 1956, as recorded by Mr. Barton (Ent. Rec., 68: 189).

Clostera curtula L. was fairly common. Tethea ocularis L., as at
Mudeford, was not uncommon. In 1953 two small, lightly marked T. or
Fabr. were taken. Several 7. duplaris L. are in the collection; I used
to beat the larva of this species freely in Delamere Forest, but since
I came back south, J have found the species most elusive. I particularly
wanted to come across the pretty southern form again. Strange to say,
one of Mr. Barton’s moths from Highcliffe is of the dull northern form.

Both Achlya flavicornis Li. and Polyploca ridens Fabr. were frequent.
Dasychira fascelina L. is represented by three males and one female
dated 1952-54. This seems to me a remarkable record, though I once
took a moth of this species in Bournemouth Square.

Lymantria monacha L. At the beginning of the present century,
this moth was very common in the New Forest; I rarely see either the
moth or the larva there now, but it still flourishes at Highcliffe, and

LEPIDOPTERA AT HIGHCLIFFE, HANTS, 21

came very commonly to Mr. Barton’s light. One Trichiura crataegi L.
was taken on 30th May 1954. Poecilocampa populi LL. was common, so
was Gastropacha quercifolia L., and the same may be said of Drepana
binaria Hufn. and D. cultraria Fabr.

Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. was fairly frequent.

Cybosia mesomella L. was scarce, being represented by two moths
only. The best of the footmen taken at Highcliffe is Lithosia quadra
L. Of this moth, Mr. Barton took three males and one female. The
males were taken on 6th August 1953, 8th October 1954 and 22nd
August 1955; the date of the female is 24th August 1954. All are in
good condition except the 1955 male. Of Hilema deplana Esp. I am
unable to say whether it was at all common. Mr. Barton’s customary
short series is complete. H. sororcula Hufn. was, I know, quite common.

Apatele leporina L.. and A. aceris LL. were common. The best of this
group that came to light was A. alni L. I found that Mr. Barton, after
completing his short series, was light-heartedly liberating any others
that came along. When he found that I was interested, he kept a few
for me. I do not know how many he encountered altogether but there
were ten left, three taken in 1953, two in 1954, and five in 1956.

As at Mudeford, Amathes glareosa Esp. was represented by a single
moth (1954). There are five A. agathina Dup., a moth I never saw at
Mudeford. I wonder whether the larva of this species has taken to
any of the heaths that are grown so largely in gardens? Highcliffe
seems an unlikely spot for the species otherwise. Mr. Barton had
many garden heaths. He left also a full series of A. castanea Esp.; I
have only seen a single moth of this species at Mudeford.

Triphaena interjecta. What a species this is for reducing itself to
rags and tatters! How I should like to breed a series. There was one
good one from Highcliffe, where I imagine the species was as rarely
seen as at Mudeford. An interesting capture was Heliophobus sapon-
ariae Esp.; of this species there are three specimens, two in 1953, and
one the following year. Tholera popularis Fabr., a common enough
species, I mention since I have never seen it at Mudeford; it abounded
at Highcliffe. TT. cespitis Fabr. is represented by three specimens that
appeared in 1953.

Of Apamea anceps Hiibn. there are two; this is a species I have
not come across in recent years; is it still supposed to be common?
There are only two A. hepatica Hb. In October 1955 we had a big
surprise in the shape of three Dasypolia templi Thunb. I was still
more surprised to take one in Bournemouth Square on 7th October of
1960.

One Celaena leucostigma Hiibn. appeared in 1953. The ‘‘wainscots”’
were rather a weak spot at Highcliffe compared with Mudeford and
its adjacent reed beds in Christchurch harbour. Several of the Mude-
ford species are not represented. Of Coenobia rufa Haw. and Arenostola
pygmina Haw. there are single specimens. Nevertheless, there are a
few nice things in this group, notably 2 Leucania vitellina Hiibn. One
of these dated 14th September 1953 was reported by Mr. Barton (Ent.
Rec., 65: 329). The other has not been previously reported. One
L. albipuncta Fabr. was taken on 38rd October 1954. (Two moths
labelled L. favicolor Barr. were, I believe, vetted by the late Dr. H.
King, but as I have not personally met with this species, I should
hesitate to say that these two moths belong to it. They certainly look

22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

different from the longish series of D. pallens L. in my collection.)
Of L. l-album L. there are two as against eight taken by me at Mude-
ford.

The Orthosias are well represented, and amongst them is one
Orthosia advena Schiff. in good condition. This seems an interesting
record and was reported by Mr. Barton himself (Ent. Rec., 65: 329).

Cosmia pyralina View. seems to have been rather uncommon at
Mudeford. There are two Zenobia subtusa Fabr. and one Parastichtis
suspectu Hiibn. Atethemia xerampelina Hiibn. was quite plentiful, but
very scarce at Mudeford, where ash trees are much less in evidence.

I do not know whether Mr. Barton found Anchoscelis helvola L.
at all common. There are five Highcliffe specimens in his collection,
but as two of these were not taken till 1957 it would appear that the
species was not common. [ never saw anything of it at Mudeford.

I should have expected that Highcliffe would prove a good place
for Tiliacea citrago L. as there are many very likely old lime trees there,
but there are only two of this species in the collection. I took three at
Mudeford at treacle. J. aurago Fabr. is represented by five specimens,
and I understood from Mr. Barton that he had liberated several more.
As at Mudeford, Citria lutea Stroem. was common, and so was Cirrhia
icteritia Hufn. Two of Mr. Barton’s series of the latter were ab.
flavescens Esp. UC. icteritia has long been a great favourite with me,
and I have a long series. I always remember my first acquaintance with
this very pretty moth while sugaring in Joydens Wood, Bexley, with
my beloved father in the far off autumn of 1898. During the period of
Mr. Barton’s activities at Highcliffe I took C. icteritia commonly at
sugar at Mudeford, and kept both eyes open for ab. flavescens. On
the whole, however, the Mudeford examples were particularly well
marked, and some more heavily than any others I have taken. I have
never seen ab. flavescens in the wild though I once ore it from a very
~ small batch of larvae.

Mr. Barton reported his one capture of Dasycampa rubiginea Fabr.
(Ent. Rec., 68: 189). Naturally, after its long life, it is a poor thing;
the date of capture is 29th April 1956. Of Lithophane semibrunnea
Haw. there is only one, and of L. socia Rott. there are two. Both species
occurred in good numbers at Mudeford, particularly the former. I
noticed that these two species patronized sugar gladly but were not
easily beguiled by hight. Mr, Barton did not find sugar profitable in
his garden, so did not persevere with it. After all, it is a messy and
uncertain business, but it still has a great fascination for me and even
the m.v. light does not seem to equal it for certain species.

But my friend has me beat with a fine Xylena vetusta Hiibn. a
species not seen by me at Mudeford, though I had two at sugar at
Sandbanks, and used to take it in the north.

There are two Highcliffe Cucullia verbasci L. in the collection, and
as at Mudeford, C. chamomillae Schiff. seems to have been fairly com-
mon, as it is pneguginon! the Christchurch area.

Manta myrtili L. rather surprised me, but there are three, pre-
sumably taken in the day time. Heliothis peltigera Schiff. was taken
on 24th May 1953. Polychrisia moneta Fabr. and Plusia festucae L.
are both represented by full though short series. There are three
Lygephila pastimum Treits., and Laspeyria flexula Schiff. was not
uncommon.

LEPIDOPTERA AT HIGHCLIFFE, HANTS. 23

Turning to the Geometers, Hipparchia papilionaria LL. and Comi-
baena pustulata Hufn. are the best of the ‘‘emeralds’’. JI never en-
countered C. pustulata at Mudeford but the short Highcliffe series of
it is complete and Mr. Barton liberated others; how many, I do not
know.

Cosymbia porata Fabr. is another moth that did not appear at
Mudeford. There are three in the Highcliffe collection. There are
several Acasis viretata Hiibn. This, a frequent visitor to my Mudeford
light, appears to have been at least as frequent at Highcliffe. There are
a few Nothopteryx carpinata Borkh. and a single Lobophora halterata
Hufn.

There is one Calocalpe undulata L., and one very lovely Chloroclysta
siterata Hufn. Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff. is also only singly
represented. I think that this insect cannot be common in the Christ-
church area, as I only had one at my Mudeford light. Another species
only singly represented both at Highcliffe and Mudeford is Huphyia
picata Hufn. On the other hand Mesoleuca albicillata L. is fairly
common, and Plemyria bicolorata Fabr. not very often seen.

Mr. Barton, no doubt, met with Nycterosea obstipata Fabr. not
uncommonly, as did I at Mudeford. Semiothisa alternaria Hiibn. was
common to both of us, and Jtame wauaria L. scarce. Plagodis
dolabraria L. was another common moth. Deuteronomos fuscantaria
Haw. was quite common at Highcliffe though I only saw it once at
Mudeford. Of the other ‘“‘thorns’’, D. alniaria L. was the commonest
at both places. Highcliffe boasted Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. and
Deuteronomos erosaria Borkh., both, I believe, fairly frequently, and
Selenia tetralunaria Hufn. was really common.

Phigalia pedaria Fabr. was abundant. On 15th March 1955 Mr.
Barton took a melanic male. In March 1953 two Apocheima hispidaria
Fabr. came to his light and we had great hopes that more would follow,
but in this we were disappointed. One of the two was of the very pretty
form with the white hind margin to the forewings. We have seen
nothing more of this species in the neighbourhood.

The following were all more or less common—Lycia hirtaria Clerck,
Biston strataria Hufn., B. betularia L., Boarmia punctinalis Scop.,
Hemerophila abruptaria Thunb. and Cleora lichenaria Hufn. There is
one Cleora jubata Thunb. which is the only one I have seen from the
Christchurch area. There are two Ectropis extensaria Hiibn., another
very scarce moth here, and one EH. consonaria Hiibn.

In conclusion, there is one Apoda avellana Hiibn., and Zeuzera
pyrina L. was sometimes a pest, much commoner apparently than
Cossus cossus L.

Flat F.8, Pine Grange, Bath Road, Bournemouth.

Unusvat Larvat Fooprrants.—Unusual foodplants for two species
of Lepidoptera were mentioned by Mr. H. Symes in a recent letter,
and, with his consent, I give them herewith.

Orgyia antiqua L.—‘‘Many years ago I found a number of larvae
of this species feeding on Wistaria on an old house in Somerset. This
is not a native plant... ”’

Biston betularia L.—‘‘A year or two ago, J found a larva of this
species feeding on Buddleia in my garden: again not a native shrub’’.
—D. Lanxrree, 13 Richmond Road, Oxford.

24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

Allophyes oxyacanthae L.; a New Aberration
By Com. G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.).

Allophyes oxyacanthae Linnaeus ab. occulta ab. nov.

This remarkable aberration was first aaptured at m.v. light at
Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, on 28th September 1958, and recurred at
the same locality on 7th October 1960. In the hope that a wider distri-
bution of this form may be detected by others, I venture to name it and
describe it as follows: The silver crescent mark at the anal angle of the
forewings is completely obliterated by a large bar of black pigment, and
a thin black submarginal line extends from this to a point just short of
the costa. The whole width of the basal area of the forewings is dense
black. The outer area of the hindwings is shaded with a darker grey
than the inner area. The insect ¢ is illustrated in Proc. 8S. Lond. Ent.
Nat. Hist Soc., 1958, Plate II, fig. 3.

Type 3: Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, 28.ix.1958.—G.W.H.

Paratype 3: Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, 7.x.1960.—G.W.H.

I wish to thank Mr. A. L. Goodson, of the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.), Tring, for his approval and help with this paper.

Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 1.xii.60.

Notes and Observations

On 3rd May I visited the Somerset locality for Xylomiges
conspicillaris L. After searching posts and tree trunks for several
hours I had taken only one moth, but it was a female, and it laid about
one hundred eggs for me. These duly hatched, and some of the larvae
were fed on bird’s-foot trefoil while others were given elm shoots; they
all did well. In the evening I took one male at light The next day it
rained and [ returned home.

On 18th May I visited Studland with Mr. R. W. Watson to look for

‘Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff. larvae. It was a lovely day and I managed
to collect seven larvae. I kept them in two separate cages. I put
sand in the trough of the one containing four larvae, and these event-
ually pupated in cocoons in the sand and produced four nice moths.
The other three pupated but produced deformed specimens.

On 7th July I took a female Coscinia cribrum L. on a heath in
Dorset and it immediately deposited a few eggs. I fed the larvae on
bell heather and withered dandelion. By the beginning of September
they had stopped feeding and I sleeved nine healthy larvae on a pot
containing heather, growing dandelion, and a few dry leaves. The pot
has been placed at the end of a lean-to shelter fully exposed to outside
temperature.

On 21st July I visited a locality in Wiltshire at the kind invitation
of Captain Jackson, R.N., and was delighted to take a short series
of Thymelicus lineola Ochs.

On 27th August I noticed a male Volucella zonaria Poda on some
Buddleia in my garden and, on 29th, a female was taken on a window in
the house.

With reference to my note on the hibernation of Scoliopteryx libatriz
L. (Ent. Rec., 71: 278), this year I found seven at the beginning of
October in the same cellar, all clustered together on the roof; the best
place to be this autumn!—Brigadier H. E. Warry, Eastbrook House,
Upwey, Weymouth, Dorset. 30.xii.1960.

bo
Or

THE BURNET COMPLEX

The Burnet Complex

By C. A. W. DuFFIELD

This paper was written for publication in 1959 but was held up for
various reasons, the main one being a desire to have another season
before [ committed myself to print, but unfortunately 1960 has been
such a bad year for Burnets on the ground in question that nothing can
be added.

I have now seen both papers by Mr. Tremewan and I am hoping
that he will answer the points raised in mine, and point out the
corrections in nomenclature.

The accompanying notes on certain forms of Burnets to be met with
in three small and restricted areas are made in the field and from obser-
vations this year 1959. But before giving these details it will be as
well to go back over the years from 1922 to 1959.

In May 1922, residence was taken up at Pickersdane—a farm house
at the foot of Wye Downs and known locally as Broad Downs. There
are some 110 odd acres of scrub and hill-side belonging to the house
including the Devil’s Kneading Trough of niobe fame. Much collecting
was carried out here. Many of Tutt’s records were probably from this
area. He collected a good deal on the Crown at Wye and certainly
visited the Kneading Trough and it is conceivable that some, anyway,
of his records refer to captures on this ground. The Kneading Trough
was also well known to, and was a happy hunting ground of Parry of
Canterbury, and it is more than likely that some of his records as
quoted by Tutt may refer to Burnets taken here. Between the road
and the steep escarpment, there is a broad plateau stretching for about
half a mile and divided in the middle by a track and a high hedge of
bushes and trees. The right hand end of this plateau runs into the
Kneading Trough.

The flora is the usual chalk hill flora with much Heltanthemum and
Lotus corniculatus but of late with the absence of rabbits,
Brachypodium pinnatum, locally known as ‘‘Torr,’”’ has spread with
alarming rapidity and is tending now to choke the Lotus corniculatus
and finer grasses and plants. Bearing in mind what is to follow in the
1959 notes, it is important to remember that no Lotus uliginosus is to
be found on this ground.

At the end of May 1922, the first year of observations, trifolli ap-
peared in some numbers the whole length of the plateau. The varieties
and markings were very striking, so much so, that a good deal of
attention was given to the Burnets. By the middle of June, all five
spotted Burnets had gone. At the end of July and first week in August,
the ground furthest away from the Kneading Trough became the head
quarters of a large six spotted form with bronzy fore wings and very
narrow borders to the hind wings. This was the writer’s interpreta-
tion offilipendulae. In the succeeding years of the Twenties, some of
these six-spotted Burnets were noticed early in July and in a few cases
at the end of June. At the same time, in late seasons and years of
bad weather, trifolii prolonged its flight and began to overlap the six
spots.

No doubt this was the beginning and cause of what was to follow.
For the next few years little was done with the exception of glancing
at odd moths for extreme and yellow forms.

26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

After the Second World War, it was decided to replace many of
the early captures and also add to the various series of varieties. It
was now found with some surprise that six-spotted moths appeared in
early June and, in exceptional cases at the end of May.

The upper wings of these moths were of a more bluish bronze tint
and with a somewhat broad undulating border to the hind wings. UCer-
tainly not the writer’s interpretation offilipendulae, but a few did
appear with the bronzy upperwings and very narrow borders to the
underwings, and except for the very early date, appeared referable to
filipendulae.

About this time, South’s paper on hippocrepidis was seen and a com-
parison with my broad bordered form seemed to point to the fact we
had hiyvpocrepidis here. An examination of fresh material showed the
“coloured nervure’’ passing through the sixth spot. This vein distinct
in fresh specimens appears to fade somewhat after a time in cabinet
specimens.

A collection of these six spotted forms was now made: those with
the bronzy upper wings and narrow border to the under wings being
labelled filipendulae, while those with the broad borders were labelled
as hippocrepidis.

It has also been most marked that within the last ten years and with
the increase of these early ‘‘six spots,’’ cocoons have been appearing
high up on the grass stems. Now the cocoons of trifolii are hidden deep
down in the grass, almost at ground level. They are NOT found high
up on the grasses and consequently need much looking for. They
are often found when searching the base of the plants for hemiptera,
etc. Looking back over the 38 years, there is no doubt the colony of
true trifolu were at their peak from 1948 to 1954 when the grass was
short and the food plant Lotus corniculatus. flourished.

It was also during these years of plenty that the more extreme forms
were found. As the colony has got thinner these last few years owing
to the decline of the food plant, so has the variation decreased: the
common form now being variety orobi with the spots separated and
distinct. This fact would seem to confirm the theory that extreme
variation is an inherent weakness in an overcrowded colony with much
interbreeding.

On June 30th 1949, the actual pairing was watched of a female of
large size with five spots and a male with six spots. Unfortunately
these were killed for the collection and not kept for eggs.

Except for this one female, as far as can be remembered, no more
large and late five spotted forms were seen until 1957.

Of course, it is possible and in fact probable that one or two, here
and there, escaped notice and have cross paired but they certainly were
not in such evidence and numbers until 1957 when eight were taken.
These appeared to have many of the characteristics of lonicerae and
were so tentatively labelled.

With regard to the broad bordered, six spot, the writer feels what he
has seen take place over the years confirms South’s theory that
hippocrepidis is a hybrid between trifolii and filipendulae.

A SURVEY OF THE SITUATION IN 1959

We will consider the upper and drier chalky hillside first. There
is still a fair amount of Lotus corniculatus, the food plant of trifoliu,
growing in the coarse grass.

THE BURNET COMPLEX 27

On Ist June, a few empty cocoons were found at the base of the
grass and it was then noticed that trifoli: was just emerging. They
continued to appear for the next few days but in nothing like their
old numbers, and with little or no variation, In the afternoon of the
Ist, eight were taken and on 6th June, thirteen more. By 9th June
trifolli was very worn and all but over. A search of just over an hour
revealing only five. However, on this day cocoons began to appear
high up on the flowering stems of the grass. Twelve of these were
taken with the expectation of some form of six spotted Burnet i.e.
hippocrepidis or filipendulae emerging. Two larvae were also found,
probably about to spin up. These were taken and preserved.

On 12th June not a Burnet was to be seen. A large flock of rooks
had been quartering the hills for some days. This is not unusual at
this time of year and it has always been thought they were searching
for the chafer Phillopertha horticola which usually abounds for a short
period at this time. This year the beetle has been absent and it is
suggested the rooks cleared the few remaining Burnets.

On 19th June the first pupae of the twelve cocoons collected on the
9th, hatched. But instead of a six spot, a large five spotted form
emerged.

21st June. These five spotted Burnets have been hatching the last
two mornings between 7.30 and 9 a.m. and only one six spot appeared.
This has the distinct green vein running through the sixth spot, and
the somewhat broad undulating border of the underwing, diagnostic
characters of hippocrepidis.

23rd June. The last of these pupae hatched, five having five spots
and one six spots with the bronze upperwing and very narrow border
to the underwing, typical of filipendulae. Thus, of the twelve pupae
hatched, ten had five spots and two had six spots on the upperwing.
There were no confluent forms. All the spots being well defined with
the 4th costal spot small and, in two cases, relatively small. The
underwings were somewhat acute as in lonicerae.

The absence of early and so-called hippocrepidis this year and the
appearance of the five spotted form was of great interest and in order
to make a further check, a net was taken on the ground on 24th
June with the following results: five of the large five spotted form
and one typical filipendulae were taken. On 4th July eight five-spotted
Burnets were netted but no six spots.

On the 6th July three very worn five spots were noted while eight
with six spots in comparatively fresh condition were seen. These were
all of the filipendulae form. Perhaps it was unfortunate these were not
taken and preserved.

By 14th July, all Burnets had gone.

It would thus appear than on this chalky hillside with Lotus corni-
culatus as the foodplant, we have four distinct forms of Burnets.

1. A small five-spotted form hatching from pupae low down in the
ground and hidden from view. These are undoubtedly true
trifolit.

2. A large five-spotted form from cocoons high up on the tall grass
stems. These are approximately three weeks later than trifolii.
Can these possibly be palustris in such a dry situation?

3. A large six-spotted form with a somewhat broad undulating black
edge to the hindwing, and a green vein running through the

28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1/1961

6th spot. Colour of the upperwing bluish with a slight greenish
reflection. This is the so-called hippocrepidis of my collection.

4. A large six-spotted form without the green vein running through
the 6th spot and a very narrow border to the underwing. The
upperwing distinctly bronzy. This is my interpretation of
filipendulae.

LOWER MEADOW LAND

This principally concerns a large 10-acre field down for hay, with
a certain amount of Lotus corniculatus. On the east side, and on a
slightly lower level is a wide belt of somewhat marshy ground with
rushes and much Mentha hirsuta. In one area of this damp ground,
a considerable amount of Lotus uliginosus is to be found, much of
which is growing up and around the rushes. Two larvae have been
found on this and it is undoubtedly the foodplant of the Burnets under
discussion, and it is on this plant Tutt states palustris feeds.

On 2nd June and 5th June, twelve typical trifolii were netted in
the hay field and on the latter day, cocoons were beginning to appear
on the rushes in the damp area. On 8th June, sixteen of these cocoons
were collected with the expectation of five-spotted palustris, but it was
found on 14th June all the pupae had shrivelled up, as they had been
left in a window exposed fully to the rays of the hot sun.

llth June. It was hoped to replace these but on this date twenty-
seven cocoons were found to be split open and the pupae removed—
no doubt the work of tits. Six were, however, found intact. Also
on this date, one large five-spotted Burnet was netted and two six-spots
found just emerged.

On 17th June one five-spot was netted and one five-spot emerged
from one of the pupae found on the 16th. On the 21st June two
five-spots emerged, while on 23rd June three five-spots and eleven
six-spots were netted, giving a total of eight five-spots and thirteen
- with six spots, also on this date the last of the pupae hatched, all
being five-spots.

On 6th July, three very worn five spots and nine fresh six spots were
taken which brought the total to thirteen five-spots and twenty-two six-
spots, but unfortunately not all of these twenty-two were kept, but of
those which were kept, eleven were of the hippocrepidis form and one
filipendulae. A comparison of the captures from the two pieces of
ground are of interest, and of course differ.

Hillside Low-lying wet

ground
True trifoliu Be Mi A 21 12
Large five spotted ae ia 19 14
Hippocrepidis
six spotted ... my FH 2 11
Filipendulae
six spotted ... a: sat 2 2

Thus unexpectedly the large five spotted form predominated on the
high ground, whereas the six spotted forms were more in evidence on
the damp lower ground. This was reverse to what was expected. It
is presumed that the large five spotted form are palustris, but surely
palustris would not be found on a dry chalky hillside where no Lotus
uliginosus grows.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

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Orthoptera.—Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
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Wanted.—Records of Lathridius spp. (Coleoptera lLathridiidae) especially
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E. Lewis, 8 Parry Road, London, S.E.95.

Wanted.—Seitz, A. Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. I. Barretty ©.) G:
British Lepidoptera, Vols. X and XI of large paper edition with coloured
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Birkett, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal, Westmorland.

Special Notice

VARIETIES OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

From time to time, collections of aberrations both of butterflies and
moths come into stock. At the moment I have the remainder of the
J. C. B. Craske collection of butterflies which has just been recatalogued.
Also available is a long series of over 350 specimens of C. tullia Mull.
showing the range of this species throughout Britain. A few varieties
are still available from the following collections: H. Gumbleton, V. BE.
August and others. If you would like to receive lists, please drop me a
line. I also supply apparatus, books, cabinets and foreign lepidoptera;
please let me know your interests.

L. CHRISTIE
137 Gieneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16, England
(Postal business only)

EXOTIC INSECTS
Especially Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from India, Japan, Formosa,
West Africa, Australia, S. America, etc.

A large and varied selection of the following in stock—

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Coleoptera—Carabidae, Cicindelidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, Cerambyci-
dae, Curculionidae, Lucanidae, Scarabaedae, etc.

Living stages of lepidoptera available when in season include: Ova,
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THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

A systematic work, in collaboration with the best specialists of all Countries.
edited by
Prof. Dr. A. SEITZ

ry known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 10-14 colours
‘described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English,
Ger man and ee editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna
exotica.

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Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Witr1ams, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.;
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“CONTENTS

NOTES ON ZYGAENA SPECIES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW :
SUBSPECIES FROM SPAIN Pa ees es aa W. Ge fs
n TREMEWAN RNa hn AUL.

WILD LARVAE OF LITHOPHANE LEAUTIERI BOSD. S. WAKELY ...
NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. ... —
COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1960. R. FAIRCLOUGH ... ae
FORESTRY IN BRITAIN AND ITS EFFECT ON INSECTS. T. R. PEACE .
LEPIDOPTERA AT HIGHCLIFFE, HANTS. F. M. B. CARR ...

ALLOPHYES OXYACANTHE L.: A NEW ABERRATION. Com. G. Ww.
HARPER, R.N. (Retd.) a wes ee ia beg ie :

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS
THE BURNET COMPLEX. C. A. W. DUFFIELD ...

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DENSGAGRCNANCDE ACOSO
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
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AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

(GESCHEDEVETE

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Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.z.z.8.

BOD

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Sg 12 TRE ARNE YS EE AT SEE TE TA EIN TEDL ALAS TOSS SEI E SB SET STE SEY ISAS TOI LSP NET

THE BUTTERFLIES

OF THE BRITISH ISLES

By RICHARD SOUTH, F.R.E.S.

Edited and revised by H. M. EDELS7TEN, F.R.E.S.

Every British Species will here be found fully
described and illustrated, not only in the typical
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A Week’s Collecting in Teneriffe
C. J. Goopatt, M.B., B.S., F.R.E.S.

During October 1960 I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity
to collect Lepidoptera on the island of Teneriffe, one of the Canary
Isles, as part of an ‘‘air cruise’ to Spain and North Africa.

We arrived there on the 12th, and booked in at the Hotel Las Vegas
at Puerto de la Cruz. This town is situated on the north coast at the
mouth of the Orotava valley, famous as a banana-growing region and
one of the most attractive parts of the island. Also, according to
Gurney!, it is one of the best centres for collecting. When he was there
in 1928 it was known as Puerto Orotava.

The Canary Archipelago consists of seven islands and six islets.
Situated in the Atlantic Ocean from 50 to 230 miles west of the coast
of Africa, opposite the western end of the Atlas mountains, between
latitudes 27° and 28°N., they are volcanic in origin, many of the
volcanoes being still intermittently active. Teneriffe is the largest, and
being located on the western side of the group receives more moisture
than most of the others. This precipitation is assisted as regards the
western part by the presence of the highest peak of the archipelago,
the 12,180 ft, cone of Teide, the central voleano. The Orotava valley is
in this area, and hence the vegetation 1s comparatively lush.

The island is about 50 miles long and about 30 miles wide at the
widest part, being roughly triangular in shape. Mountain ridges run
along the greatest diameter, meeting Teide in the centre, so that on
travelling inland one also travels upward. There are four zones of
vegetation :

(1) Maritime: From sea-level to about 1,000 ft. This is sub-tropical
in climate and contains most of the banana plantations.

(2) Monte Verde: From 1,000 to 3,000 ft. The main zone of cultiva-
tion, with Citrus, Sugar-cane, etc. at lower levels, and Brassicas,
root-crops, Legumes, etc., higher up, merging eventually into

_ extensive areas of Laurel and Chestnut forest.

(3) Pine Forest Zone: 3,000 to 4,000 ft. Entirely forested with
several species of pine, including the rare Canary Cedar.

(4) Cumbres: 4,000 to 7,000 ft. Ericas, Brooms, etc., growing
sparsely on rough expanses of old and recent lava flows.

Finally, one comes to the cone of Teide, consisting mostly of volcanic
ash with practically no vegetation.

The sides of the mountains are scored by deep gullies called ‘‘barran-
cos’’, which are nearly always dry, but were presumably formed during
an extensive pluvial period of climate in early post-glacial times. One
of these, the Barranco Martianez, is mentioned by Gurney! as par-
ticularly favourable for Lepidoptera. As it was only about a quarter
of an hour’s walk from our hotel it formed my first objective.

The western side was accessible by means of a track along the lower
edge of a large banana plantation. Soon after starting along this I was
delighted to see a large butterfly sailing round a tall bush covered
with small orange flowers, which was later identified as Lantana, an
Indian shrub which has spread widely in the warmer parts of the
world. When netted it proved to be a good specimen of Danaus
plexippus L. A number of others soon appeared, and several were

CAaATTLICOPVALILANI Pet eg eee od

30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

taken, mostly in reasonable condition, though some were rather worn.
Most were larger than the common North American form. Capture was
not as easy as one at first imagined, since although their flight appeared
slow and lazy they had considerable speed and could alter course with
great rapidity.

Two somewhat smaller specimens were noted and captured. These
turned out to be D. chrysippus L., both in excellent condition and of
typical form. The forms alcippus Cram., with white hindwings, and
dorippus Klug, without the black and white markings at the tips of the
forewings, are recorded from Teneriffe, but unfortunately I saw none.

Four other species were noted. By far the most common was Zizera
lysimon Hiib., which was later found to be abundant in all areas visited
at lower elevations. Their flight is always close to the ground, often
only a few inches above it, making capture difficult without damaging
the net. Lampides boeticus L. was found in a very restricted area flying
over an expanse of a clover-like plant in a corner of the plantation. It
was numerous here, and a series was taken in quite a short time. I
was under the impression that it was a piece of waste ground, but this
surmise was rudely shattered by the appearance of a very irate planta-
tion worker, who shouted what must have been some very earthy words
in Canary dialect and unmistakably indicated that I should vacate the
area in as short a time as possible! Pieris rapae L. was common and
of typical form; while, after leaving the plantation, a good example of
Pararge xiphioides Staud. flew over the wall into the road.

Next day I took a bus to Santa Ursula, a village on the eastern flank
of the Orotava valley about five miles from Puerto de la Cruz. Gurney!
mentions ‘‘a large stretch of virgin ground’’ near here. I found the
only place corresponding with this description, but it proved singularly
unproductive, Zizera lysimon Hiib., Lycaena phleas L. (typical form),
Pieris rapae L. and one Pararge xiphioides Staud. being the only species
seen, and these not in any numbers. However, while waiting in the
plaza for the bus back to base, I noted a rather worn specimen of
Vanessa callirhoé Hiib. visiting flowers in the small public garden
there, and succeeded in capturing it.

The following day operations were centred on La Orotava, the
principal town of the valley, situated at an elevation of about 1,500 ft.
and four miles from Puerto de la Cruz. Gurney! states that Pieris
cheiranthi Hiib. occurs in the vicinity. The whole surrounding area
was found to be a mass of smallholdings, with very little uncultivated
ground, apart from path borders and odd corners. I, therefore, set out
along the road winding uphill to the south of the town and systematically
examined any likely places.

The ubiquitous Zizera lysimon Hiib. was first noted, though not as
abundant as on the coast. Pieris rapae L. was as common as ever. My
first stopping place, however, yielded a most unexpected surprise. It
was a small triangle of uncultivated ground between a curve of the
road and a small vineyard, and almost the first butterfly noted was a
‘blue’? which was obviously neither Z. lysimon nor Lampides boeticus
L. It was netted, and turned out to be a nice example of Cyclyrius
webbianus Brullé. This remarkable species is confined to the island of
Teneriffe, and is quite distinct from any other Lycaenid. The most
intriguing fact was, however, that the time of appearance is authorita-

A WEEK’S COLLECTING IN TENERIFFE 31

tively 1, 3, 4, stated as being in March and June, and the localities
mainly in the Pine-forest Zone. No other specimens were seen.

Other species taken were Pontia daplidice L., Pararge aziphiordes
Staud., Lycaena phlaeas L., Lampides boeticus L., and the moths
Galgula partita Guen. and Rhodometra sacraria L. A specimen of
Pieris cheiranthi Hib. was seen but unfortunately not captured.

I expected the next day, the 16th, to be of little interest from the
entomological point of view, as my wife had recruited me for a bus party
to visit Las Cafiadas, the old crater of the volcano, about 7,000 ft. above
sea-level. Apparently in prehistoric times some gigantic voleanic
explosion had blown off the top of the mountain, leaving a crater many
miles in diameter. The ash cone of Teide rises from the floor of this
for another 5,000 ft. or so.

The ride through the forest zone was very interesting, and I would
have been delighted to have stopped at a number of entomologically
promising spots on the way. This was not possible, however, and
eventually we reached the crater and proceeded to the Parador de
Tourismo in the most picturesque part of it.

We stayed here for about half an hour to enable us to view the
surroundings and imbibe refreshment. I had a look at the small garden
of the Parador, and was surprised to see a specimen of Vanessa cardua
L. and several small dark ‘‘blues’’ flying among the flowers. I netted
one of the latter and was delighted to find that it was another example
of Cyclyrius webbianus Brullé. A number of others were taken, all of
this species, and many in reasonably fresh condition. All too soon we
had to board the bus for the return journey; nevertheless, I was well
satisfied with the results of the trip. In addition to the entomological
treasures, I had also obtained some nice colour transparencies and ciné
film of the crater and forest zone.

In the evening a visit was made to the Hotel el Taoro, standing in
parkland high up behind the town. There was a very pleasant open
terrace scattered with tables and lit by mercury vapour lamps. We sat
down and ordered drinks, and I noticed a number of moths round the
lights. At first I was too self-conscious to attempt to capture any,
although I had a pocket folding net and a few glass-bottomed boxes with
me. However, two or three glasses of the local fire-water soon dispelled
my reticence, and I climbed on to the balustrade to reach the level of
the lamp attracting the largest number of moths, much to the horror
and consternation of the other guests! I took specimens of Plusia
aurifera Hiib. and P. signata Fab. among others.

I was not well equipped for night work, but on several evenings
during my stay I tried ‘‘dusking’’, once in Barranco Martianez and at
other times along the footpaths between villa and plantation walls. A
number of species were taken, several of which have not yet been
identified. Among those named to date the two Plusias mentioned above
were quite common, also Hypena lividalis Hib. and Galigula partita
Guen.

On the 17th I again went to the Barranco Martianez and took further
examples of Danus plexippus L. and D. chrysippus L. A single speci-
men of Vanessa huntera Fab. was also seen, but not captured.

We had to return to England on the 19th. I felt well satisfied with
the results of the few days collecting, and hope to return again in the

32 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, vou. 73 15/11/1961

future, perhaps for a longer period and at a different time of the
year. The Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands are particularly interest-
ing in view of the relatively large number of unique species and races,
and so little appears to have been published on this subject that I am
sure many surprises and discoveries await any serious lepidopterist who
is in a position to spend a prolonged sojourn there. The occurrence of
adult Cyclyrius webbianus Brullé in October is an example of this, though
as Sheldon? concluded, it is likely that all species are continuously
brooded owing to the very small temperature range (63°-77°F.) between
summer and winter. The only other factor likely to influence the life-
cycle is availability of the foodplant, which, ruling out temperature
changes, must depend upon moisture and length of day. Fluctuations
of the former are partly compensated for by the excellent irrigation
systems of the islands, especially Teneriffe, while the day length varies
by only four hours or so between the seasons.

REFERENCES

(1) Gurney, G. H. 1928. The Butterflies of Teneriffe. Entomologist, 61: 1-4,
33-39.

(2) Sheldon, W. G. 1935. Vanessa atalanta and Other Teneriffe Butterflies in
Winter. Entomologist, 68: 135-136.

(8) Holt-White, A. E. 1894. The Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe. L. Reeve &
Co.

(4) Kirby, W. F. 1903. The Butterflies and Moths of Europe. Cassell & Co.

Some Notes from a 1960 Diary

By Nicet T. Easton

Late emergence of Anthocaris cardamines L.: On 18th June 1959, in
_my garden at Mortimer, I found four larvae of Anthocaris cardamines
L., two of them full fed and two nearly so. Three of them were
feeding on the seed pods of Hesperis matronalis (sweet rocket) and one
of them on Sisymbrium. alliaria (Jack-by-the hedge). A careful search
failed to reveal any more and, as they were all of approximately the
same size, it can be assumed that they had their origin with the same
female; the plants were all within an area of one square yard.

Within four or five days all had pupated on the stems of the food-
plant in the cage. They were all of the dirty straw form and were
subsequently stored in a 3” glass-topped tin, still spun to the stems of
the foodplant, in an unheated room in the house from June 1959 to
March 1960.

In April they were removed to a cage, still indoors, and a daily
watch maintained. All appeared in good condition, not having dried
up, nor were they discoloured in any way. None of the four pupae
emerged, however, nor did any of them show signs of colouring up.
The unheated room in which they were kept opened into another room
which was inhabited during the winter months. The larvarium received
daylight from a top light panel measuring about 14’ x 2’. It is well
known, however, that most butterflies will emerge in complete darkness
and, in addition, the weather was very warm throughout May and
continued so until 23rd June, after which summer failed to return.

SOME NOTES FROM A 1960 DIARY 33}

During the last week in June, needing the cage for other things, I
gave the four pupae to my friend, Mr. Anthony Davey, of Bucklebury,
Berks. Optimistically, he placed the pupae on the surface of the soil
in his outdoor pupa cage and, though they showed no signs of life
during the following three months, he did not throw them away.

His surprise at seeing a fine female A. cardamines newly emerged
in the cage on Ist October may well be imagined! This female was
perfect and quite normal in every respect. The remaining pupae,
though they maintained their healthy colour, neither emerged nor
coloured.

Wild cardamines were flying in my garden from 12th May and it
is difficult to understand the reason for this retardation. It does go
to show, however, that not all reports of alleged second-brood butterflies
of various other species are free from doubt. Indeed, which of us
meeting an orange tip disporting itself during the first week of October
would have believed it to have been a single brooded emergence six
months late? Which of us, indeed, be he toper or teetotaller, would
have believed his eyes?

Woodland butterflies in 1960: Before commenting on the scarcity or
otherwise of some of our familiar south Berkshire woodland butterflies,
it may be of interest to outline brietly the winter weather, of vital
importance to the larval hibernators.

Anticyclonic weather with fog and frost set in on 7th January. By
the 9th, snow had replaced fog and the thermometer registered 12
degrees of frost on the 10th. Snow began to fall on the night of the
12th and continued throughout the day on the 13th, giving us a depth
of 42” and 7 degrees of frost at night. Further snow began to fall
at 4 p.m. on the 14th after a day of unbroken frost and, at 11 p.m.,
it lay to a depth of seven or eight inches. Our air supply was coming
from Russia and the freeze-up was considered the worst for thirteen
years in the south. The cold spell continued without a break until
21st January, when mild weather with south-west winds set in. By
24th January the temperature had risen to 52° F. and the mild weather
continued until 6th February when the wind became easterly; an in-
tense anti-cyclone over the North Sea moved eastward and frost and
occasional snow were with us once again. This cold spell lasted until
20th February when temperatures rose to the forties. It then con-
tinued mild until 6th March when cold weather again set in until
the Sth.

I mention the above in some detail, firstly to show that there were
several well-marked cold spells interrupted by mild weather, giving
more temperature fluctuation than usual, and secondly because a recital
of effect without cause is only half the story.

There seems little doubt but that the hibernating larvae of most
of our fritillaries are susceptible to late cold spells coming suddenly
after a mild spell has tempted them to resume feeding. Argynnis
paphia L. is a frequent victim and I lost every one of my hibernating
larvae of this species. Two other breeders had similar trouble and there
were few about in the local woods. I am glad, however, to report a
growth in the proportion of var. valezina Frhk. from 10% to 50% of
the female population of this district. A. ewphrosyne L. and A. selene
Schf. were in greatly reduced numbers.

34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

To end on a more cheerful note, I have never seen Limenitis camilla
L. in such numbers in all our south Berkshire woods. Their abundance
took me back to the New Forest in the palmy days between the wars.
Evidently temperature fluctuation has little effect on the very young
larvae. Maybe they are not fooled by premature mild spells in January
and February.

Pararge aegeria L.. appeared quite unaffected by the apalling weather
throughout its various broods during 1960.

Gonepteryx rhamni L. was in greater numbers than usual in the
spring, and their July and August progeny were abundant. This
butterfly never seems to be affected by alternate cold and warm spells
during the winter, though it is difficult to imagine what it finds to feed
upon to restore energy used up in flight during January and February.

Aglais wrticae L. was scarce in the spring, being unable to re-enter
hibernation after being prematurely awakened during the several mild
spells of 1960 in early spring.

Tethering Hyloicus pinastri L.: I was fortunate enough to find a
fine female H. pinastri at rest with its wings over its back and still
limp on a Scots pine trunk near Aldermaston, Hants, during my lunch
break at 12.15 p.m. on 11th June 1960. As damage would have resulted
had I boxed her then and there, I decided to return after work was
finished and to devote the evening to finding a mate for her. [I re-
turned at about 5.30 p.m. and found her sitting flat against the trunk
in the familiar position and boxed her, but, although I must have
searched hundreds of trunks in this and other localities where I had
found males in other years, not a single one could I find. The search
was continued unsuccessfully on the next day and, as I wished to breed
this species, I decided to ‘‘tether’’? her. This I did in the usual way,
securing her to the pine trunk at the end of a yard of strong black
thread and a drawing pin at 5.30 p.m. on 13th June. I placed her in
such a position that she was quite invisible on the trunk at six yards.
I have in the past occasionally had females of other species removed
from their tethers by birds or bats, and their wings left lying close by
on the ground. This was the first occasion on which I had attempted
a pairing of H. pinastri by this means.

On my way to work on the morning of 14th June, I was glad to
see, at 8.45 a.m., she was in coitu with a fine fresh male of the grey
form, she being of the brown form. They were left undisturbed until
the lunch break at 12.45 p.m. when it was seen that they were sitting
side by side, a quarter of an inch apart. This female deposited a large
number of eggs, a few of which were infertile, but a good number of
pupae were obtained by Mr. A. Davey, who undertook to rear them.

Westbury, West End Road, Mortimer Common, Berks.

A Further Examination of the Life-history of

Opisthograptis luteolata L., ( Lepidoptera )
By P. A. Desmonp LanETREE, F.R.E.S.

The Editor’s reference appended to the last paper on this subject
(Ent. Rec., 72: 229-235), and drawing attention to Barrett’s work which
had not been consulted by the present writer, is much appreciated. Bar-

LIFE-HISTORY OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. (LEPIDOPTERA) 35

rett’s great work was published in parts by Lovell Reeve between 1893 and
1907, and the part concerned (LXIX) came out in 1900. In it there
is much information which has to be taken into account, and the
relevant material, which has been extracted, will be quoted verbatim
and discussed briefly here.

The matter will be dealt with in two sections, the first covering
descriptions of the early stages, and the second, the cyclic system. In
previously dealing with it, the latter subject would have been more
aptly expressed in terms of voltinism, and while this will be done in
future, acceptance of the following amendments to the previous paper
would be appreciated :

P. 233, lines 4, 6, 11, 13 and 16: for digoneutic read bivoltine.
P. 233, lines 15 and 38: for monogoneutic read univoltine.

THe Harty StTaces
Ovum

Barrett does not describe this, but as the Editor points out, it is
illustrated in colour on plate 277. The large figure depicts the ovum
more or less from one side, and from the plate, it would appear to be
blotched with reddish or purplish at some stage of its development.
What the ground colour was intended to be was difficult to decide from
the plate examined: it was certainly a very pale shade, perhaps of
yellow.

Larva

Barrett describes five forms of the larva as follows :—
(i) “Dull purple, shaded with pale grey and red, but without
MOENEERTTNES G56 26

(ii) ‘“‘Dull brown, or blackish, dusted with green towards each ex-
tremity, and having a pale greenish crescent-shaped lateral
marking on the third segment’’.

(iui) “Dull dark grey with indistinct blackish diamond shaped dorsal
pattern. ..’’.

(iv) ‘‘Ferruginous with indistinct pale bluish-grey dorsal diamonds;
sides of the middle segments clouded with purplish-grey, and the
dorsal line very faint grey’’.

(v) ‘“‘Of the exact colour of a purple hawthorn-twig, with the tips of
the dorsal projection redder’’.

He then quotes C. Fenn as stating: ‘‘All these forms graduate into
each other’’ (as the present writer previously suggested was probable).
There is a wide colour-range here, but perhaps they might be tenta-
tively lumped together as modifications of the darker or browner form,
amongst which, form (ii) is tending towards the greener form.

Immediately after the larval description, Barrett adds the following
note (sic): ‘‘September to April (hybernating), and as another genera-
tion in July and August, sometimes September’’.

He then goes on to state that, ‘‘By prolonged and careful experi-
ments, Professor Poulton and Miss Lilian Gould have succeeded in
proving that the varying colours of the larva of this species, from dark
brown to green, are directly affected, and to all appearance caused,
by their surroundings; the green colour being gradually assumed by
almost every larva which was fed continuously on very green and light-

36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/11/1961

coloured food; while those fed on old dark green leaves, with dark
twigs, remained in a large proportion dark brown’’. (The italics are
Barrett’s.)

No attempt has yet been made to look up any material that may
have been published by Professor Poulton and Miss Gould on this
subject, and so the conditions under which the experiments were
conducted are not known. As Barrett virtually points out though, the
colour forms produced appear to be in response to environmental stimuli.
Perhaps the mechanism is photo-neuro-chemical and larval pigmenta-
tion regulated via the lateral ocelli? It does not appear to have been
established though, that the mechanism is independent of variation in
the constitution (which includes plant pigments), of the various pabula
forms chosen for their external visible differences. It would be interest-
ing to learn the results of breeding these particular larvae with ocelli
dyed different colours (if it hasn’t already been tried with this species,
as the technique is not new), and of attempting to bring about a colour
change by changing the dye on 50% of one stock (after a moult if
necessary), the other 50% to act as control. The effects of an almost
totally dark environment might possibly be produced by an opaque
varnish applied in place of a dye*. Another possible environmental
factor to be isolated is that of crowding which, in Professor Poulton’s
time, was almost certainly not recognised for its effects, and hardly
allowed for in his experiments. If crowding were found to produce
colour change in 50% (so subjected) of a substantial stock, 50% of these
might be ‘‘uncrowded”’ and any reversion or further change noted: the
residual percentages in both cases serving as controls.

Pupa
Barrett’s description of this stage is as follows: ‘‘Colour, black-
brown; the dorsal region . . . dull pale olive-brown, or yellow-brown;

_ abdominal segments similar but of a redder colour towards the anal
extremity ...’’. This would correspond presumably to the ‘‘dark
brown”’ form mentioned by Kirby.

Barrett observes that the pupa is contained ‘‘In a thin paper-like
silken cocoon of a pink or reddish colour, among leaves or rubbish on
the ground’’. The present writer described his two solitary cocoons as
greyish-white: perhaps pinkish or reddish is more normal? ‘‘Thin’’
and ‘‘paper-like’’ are descriptions certainly considered apt, and Stokoe’s
use of the word ‘‘thick’’ is probably meant to convey a density that
would result in a paper-like effect.

The Life-cycle

Barrett’s quotation from Bree is given in full as follows:—‘‘The
Rev. C. R. Bree says, ‘it differs from all other British species as far as
I am aware in its broods; it emerges from the pupa state at three
different periods of the same year—viz., April, June and August; but
the June brood is not the produce of the April moths, but of those of the
preceeding August, which pass the winter in the larva state, and feed
again in the spring, while those from the June brood become pupae
in the autumn, and produce moths in April. The specimens which

*Dermal photo-reception capacity should not be overlooked.

LIFE-HISTORY OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. (LEPIDOPTERA) 37

appear in June are always larger and finer in colour and markings than

those of the other two broods’.’’ (The italics are Bree’s, if not
Barrett’s.)
After this, Barrett himself states: ‘‘There is no appearance of

double-broodedness in its more northern range, and doubtless the over-
lapping broods, noticed in the south, are there absent. So far as is
known, it has not been taken further north than Moray and the
Hebrides, but in England, Wales and Ireland its abundance is
universal’.

Now if the Rey. Bree’s remarks are considered first, and his alone,
the cycle he describes might be portrayed as shown in Fig. 1. It will
be noted that no attempt has been made in the figure to show the
origin of the August brood, because, in so far as Barrett has quoted
him, Bree has not accounted for it himself.

Where does the origin of the August brood lie? Barrett states in
one place (after his larval description), and infers in another (just after
quoting Bree), that the species is double-brooded. As the products of
the April brood are also not accounted for by Bree here either, the
simple answer to the question would seem to be in taking Barrett’s
‘‘double-broodedness’’ into account by ‘‘joining April to August’’, and
this is what has in fact been done in Fig. 2.

At this juncture, the writer would like to recall that the statement
(by Barrett, and others previously quoted, some of whom may perhaps
have repeated Barrett), that the species is double-brooded, was sug-
gested to be one that seemed to require confirmation. If the system
derived in Fig. 2 from the joint statements of Barrett and Bree is the
correct one, the description ‘‘double-brooded’’ by itself would only fit
part of the case, and for this Barrett is not to be blamed. If Fig. 2
should be correct though, a remarkable state of affairs would seem to
exist, for, as far as the southern counties of Britain are concerned,
the species would then appear not only (i) to be univoltine and bivoltine
in alternate years, but (ii) to hibernate as larva and pupa in alternate
years, and (i11) to have both ‘‘streams’’ or cycles going at once (since
Bree said ‘‘it emerges from the pupa state at three different periods of
the same year’), and (iv) to have each cycle necessarily out of phase
with the other for the whole system to work.

Barrett’s observation that ‘‘there is no appearance of double-
broodedness in its more northern range, and doubtless the overlapping
broods noticed in the south, are there absent’’, seems to indicate further
complications. Unfortunately, he does not appear to have given dates
of emergence in the north, but supposing they occur in June in one
year, and pupal over-wintering ensues for the offspring—what happens
the next year? Are there only adult emergences every two years, or
has the cycle there become so adapted as to be regularly univoltine with
a fixed and specific hibernating stage?

For that matter, if the broods overlap in the southern British
counties and their respective members should interbreed, what, it
might be asked, would be the percentage cyclic products of an
“April x June’’, or a “June x August’ pairing (as might be loosely
interpreted from Fig. 2)? It will be recalled that the various eclosion
times reported for the species were summarised in the last paper into

15/11/1961

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73

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oye] oe

LIFE-HISTORY OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. (LEPIDOPTERA) 39

the statement that ‘‘imagines have been recorded from May to Septem-
ber inclusively, or even later’’.

In a footnote to the previous paper (loc. cit. 231), it was pointed out
that Newman and Leeds recorded in the last column of their notes on
the species, that the “larvae feed up irregularly’. It was also sug-
gested by the present writer that this might indicate a split develop-
ment rate for the larvae. If, however, the observation of Newman and
Leeds was based on, for example, the results of larva-beating in July
(see Fig. 2), disproportionate larval size could be accounted for by the
separate cycles already discussed, and in which the broods are, it will
be seen, staggered. For one reason yet though, the possibility of a
split larval development rate should not be entirely discounted, and that
is, from the published material so far examined at least, it is not known
o1 how many progeny, from the total number possible from a single
parent female, Bree based his observations. Further, it will do no
harm again to recall that Bree (as far as quoted by Barrett), did not
comment at all on the products of the April brood, and the origin of
the August brood.

There is no reason to doubt the direct observations of any of these
authors, they are no doubt correct, as far as they go, but until the
numbers involved of any specific brood are known, it would seem
prudent to treat these observations with some reservation, i.e., as being
contributory to, but not necessarily a complete explanation of the
whole cyclic system: even the separate cycles shown in Fig. 2 might yet
be shown to have a so far unrecorded inter-relationship via cross-
pairings.

Under the circumstances, it might be wiser to adopt Fig. 1, depict-
ing as it does what Bree’s observations alone have established, as a
working basis for any future breeding experiments, while Fig. 2 may
still be borne in mind, not forgetting how it was derived.

There still seems much to be gained from breeding luteolata on a

large scale, and as the species is widely distributed and often abundant,
even in cities, perhaps it will not be too long before this is attempted.

REFERENCE
Barrett, C. G. 1893-1907. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, Vol. 6: Part
LXIX, 1900.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The identity of the plant described in the previous paper on luteo-
lata (Hnt. Rec., 72: 230), and which the Editor tentatively suggested
might be a species of Berberis, has been kindly confirmed as such from
a recently obtained specimen by Dr. K. R. Lewis of the Department
of Botany at Oxford to whom the writer is gratefully indebted.

HYPONOMEUTA RORELLA HUBN. IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—A specimen of
this moth came to my mercury vapour light in my garden at Rod-
borough, Glos., on 22nd July 1959. This species is not recorded in
Microlepidoptera of Gloucestershire by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher and C.
Glanville Clutterbuck.—L. Pricr, Springdale, Rodborough Avenue,
Stroud, Glos. 9.i.1961,

40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

The Recurrence in Britain of Recurvaria piceaella

Kearfott
By A. A. Auten, B.Sc.

On 6th July 1959 I took at mercury-vapour light here (Blackheath,
London, S.E.) a small variegated Gelechiid moth of a species unknown
to me; it appeared to come close to the common apple-feeding Recurvaria
nanella Hiibn. but to differ rather widely in colour and markings. When
in due course I brought it with others to Mr. S. Wakely for his opinion,
he concluded it must belong to that genus, but could find no European
species to fit it. Later, however, I read in the supplement (1958, p. 5)
to Mr. L. T. Ford’s Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera that a
specimen of a Recurvaria new to Britain had been taken at Pinner,
Middlesex, in June 1952 by Mr. W. E. Minnion, and identified (with
very considerable reserve, as Mr. J. D. Bradley later informed me) as
the North American R. piceaélla Kearf. The moth was exhibited at the
Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological and Natural
History Society on 3lst October 1953, as reported in the Society’s
Proceedings for 1953-54, p. 36. It therefore seemed highly probable
that my insect was the same species—a surmise which proved correct
when, at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Mr. Bradley and I compared
it with the Pinner example, which had been placed in the Bankes
collection of British Microlepidoptera. The two moths were seen at
once to be conspecific, but, as a further check, Mr. Bradley kindly made
a genitalia-preparation of my specimen, and found the result identical
with that of the first—both being males.

It appears that the genus has many species in various parts of the
world, whose original descriptions are not always such as to allow of
confident determination, and that R. piceaélla is a case in point. Pend-
ing a revision, therefore, the identity of our species must remain open
to doubt; meanwhile, some provisional designation being required, it is
best referred to by the above name for the present. At all events it is
fairly certainly an exotic, perhaps attempting to gain a foothold in
this country. A single specimen might easily have been a chance intro-
duction, but the occurrence of a second seven years later makes this
less likely, and further captures would not now be surprising. Assuming
the species to be the true R. piceaélla, it should—to judge from the (ill-
formed) name bestowed on it—be a conifer-feeder, and it is note-
worthy that the number of these found here has increased largely with
the extended planting of their host trees during the present century;
one thinks of such recent instances as Lozotaeniodes formosana Frdl.
and Ptycholomoides aeriferana H.-S. The Pinner specimen was rather
badly damaged, but the Blackheath one is in fresh condition and looks
as if bred locally. Several conifer-feeding species have occurred at the
light which attracted the latter insect.

The ensuing description should suffice for recognition:—Size and
shape as R. nanella Hiibn., but ground colour and whole aspect much
yellower (there is no tinge of this colour in nanella) and with much less
black or fuscous intermixed. Head whitish-ochreous, thorax ochreous,
both unspotted (in nanella they are white, spotted with fuscous, the
thorax so heavily as to appear dark grey). Antennae much stouter,

COLLECTING IN THE ISLAND OF MULL, JUNE 1960 41

annulations less distinct. Forewings light ochreous-brown, with three
irregular blackish fasciae outwardly bordered with whitish; the middle
one very incomplete and ill-defined, centrally interrupted by a longi-
tudinal fuscous dash in dise extending towards the outermost fascia;
basal fascia alone formed much as in nanella; only the outermost one
quite complete and reaching dorsum, its whitish border well-defined,
projecting centrally towards termen, thence bent inwards at a right
angle, then out to meet the costa perpendicularly; stigmata merged in
the fasciae; some blackish dots near termen, but no irregular white line
subparallel to and just inside it as in nanella, and terminal cilia with-
out the inner white band and two outer fine fuscous lines present in
nanella (in fact, the markings of the entire apical half of the wing are
very different in the two species), Hindwings appearing more thinly
sealed on dise than in nanella.

I should like to take this opportunity of thanking the two gentlemen
named above for their willing and valued assistance in connection with
this and other more or less problematic specimens submitted to them.

Collecting in the Island of Mull, June 1960
By Rear-Admiral A. D. Tortzssz, C.B., D.S.O.

To anyone who likes peace and quiet, the Western Isles have much
to offer, and so, when we heard of a cottage to let for the month of
June 1960, my wife and I decided to spend our holiday in the Island of
Mull.

The long spell of fine weather which had lasted from early May, and
which was to prove the only real ‘“‘summer’’ of 1960, broke on the 7th
of June as we headed north from the Midlands bound for Bridge of
Weir, where we spent the night with friends. Next day we had time
to make the journey to Oban by a circuitous route via Inverary and
Lochgilphead, finding the Argyllshire countryside bright with the yellow
iris, which we were also to find everywhere in Mull, growing in places
even on the seashore. At Oban our car was quickly swung on board
the Mull boat, where with two others it filled the small forecastle, and
we were off in the evening sunshine on the two-hour trip across the
Firth of Lorne and up the Sound of Mull, calling at several small
places en route, to arrive alongside the quay at Tobermory in a down-
pour. With a late evening arrival in mind we had arranged to spend
our first night at the comfortable Western Isles Hotel, perched high
above the harbour.

Mull is an island of some size; it is nearly fifty miles from Tober-
mory in the extreme north to the south-west tip at Fionphort where
the motor boats ply across the narrow strait to Iona. There is little
level ground in the whole island. Ben More rises to over 3,000 feet,
and half a dozen other peaks to well over 2,000 feet. Almost every
part of the island can, however, be reached by reasonably good, single-
track, metalled roads; other roads are mostly little more than tracks,
and hard on motor vehicles other than those of the ‘landrover’ type.
The economy of the island has for long depended mainly on sheep, and
over-grazing has caused the loss of much of the heather and helped the

42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

invasion of bracken, which now infests the lower slopes everywhere.
Tifty years ago Mull was an island of large estates, a playground for
the wealthy Clyde magnate. Now most of the estates have gone, and
a considerable part of the island is either owned or leased by the
Forestry Commission, which is busy planting it with conifer forest.
There are deer, but now that the moors are no longer keepered the
swarming carrion-crows and gulls have virtually ended most species of
game-birds. Sea-birds there are in plenty, and ducks too, especially
the Sheld Duck, and one can drive along the shores of the quiet sea
lochs without disturbing the fishing herons.

My principal quarry was Zygaena achilleae Esp., and I spent a good
deal of time looking for it. J had no clues except that it had been
found on the mainland in the Oban district, a description of the kind
of locality favoured, and that my date of arrival in the island should
about coincide with its appearance if it was there. I expected to find
Zygaena purpuralis Briin., and hoped that I might come across Hrebia
epiphron Knoch. In the 367 square miles of Mull I found numerous
localities which might have sheltered all three; in the event, I found
the two burnets but not the butterfly.

Our first day in Mull was fine, but a walk in the woods near our
cottage produced only Pieris rapae, Pararge aegeria, Coenonympha
pamphilus, and a single Hustrotia uncula Clerck disturbed from a boggy
patch. For the next nine days the weather was unsettled, but only
two days were hopelessly wet, and some part of most days was usually
bright enough for butterflies to appear. The nights, however, were
mostly damp and rather cold. We explored the island, looking for
suitable localities to investigate again in better weather, and I spent
two days with the brown trout on one of the moorland lochs. In
addition to the butterflies already mentioned, Pieris brassicae,
Argynnis selene and Polyommatus icarus were seen, but no burnets. I
ran my m.v. trap in the garden of our cottage in the woods on most
nights, and on a number of nights, both promising and otherwise, I
took my portable m.v. lamp to the neighbouring moors, but on the
whole the results were rather disappointing; I got neither the number
nor the variety of moths hoped for.

The weather began to improve on 18th June. On that day I found
the first burnet, a single Zygaena filipendulae Linn., and added
Argynnis aglaia to the list of butterflies. However, next day a promis-
ing locality yielded no burnets whatever, and little else either. The
20th promised to be a fine, hot day, and I set out to climb Ben More,
a stiff walk of about four miles from the sea shore to 3,169 feet, which
took me about three hours to the summit. Again, no burnets were to
be seen, and very few butterflies, though there were plenty of spots
which looked suitable for H. epiphron if it were present. There were,
however, some interesting Pyrales. A single Hapalia alpinalis Schiff.
ssp.uliginosalis Steph. was taken about half-way up; had I recognised
this moth at the time I should have looked for more. Several Crambus
ericellus Hiibn. were taken rather higher, and at about 2,500 feet
Crambus furcatellus appeared, easily disturbed and flying briskly over
the sparse tufts of. wiry grass and the patches of Alchemilla alpina
(Alpine lady’s mantle), which seemed to be about the only vegetation
at this height, and present in some numbers at the very summit. Fly-

COLLECTING IN THE ISLAND OF MULL, JUNE 1960 43

ing round the cairn at the top was a single Red Admiral, which my
wife remarked later must have been there as a compliment to me!
Apart from the butterfly, C. pamphilus up to about 2,000 feet, and
Odezia atrata Linn. and Hapalia decrepitalis H.S. lower down, were
the only other species noted.

After this, except for one wet day, the weather was fine and sunny,
and I was able to pursue my search for Z. achilleae with more hope of
success. On 21st I found Zygaena purpuralis in profusion, but
apparently confined to a distinctly restricted area several square miles
in extent. In view of its abundance here I was surprised only to find
this species in one other place in the island. With purpuralis were a
very few filipendulae, but exhaustive search failed to reveal achilleae.
Next day both Coenonympha tullia Mill. var. scotica and Maniola
jurtina Linn. appeared for the first time, and A. aglaia was out in
numbers, but a search of suitable localities on this day and on 24th
and 26th yielded no burnets at all, and by now it seemed likely that
Z. achilleae, if it was present in Mull at all, must be over. On 27th,
in an area recently cleared and replanted, I found A. aglaia flying in
great abundance, a very beautiful sight to see. There were also a very
few newly emerged Humenis semele of a fine dark form.

On 28th June I visited several new places, and late in the afternoon
came upon a flowery slope where many burnets were flying. With
numbers of purpuralis and a few filipendulae were a few insects which,
though very worn, I had little doubt were Zygaena achilleae, and so it
proved. Next day, our last in the island, I searched the original
purpuralis ground once again for achilleae, without result. With so
many apparently suitable places it is difficult to account for the re-
striction of purpuralis to these two areas, and indeed of achilleae to
the one.

The following is a list of some of the moths taken at m.v. light,
either in the cottage garden or at various places in the neighbourhood,
during the three weeks of our stay :—

Laothoe populi Linn., Cerura furcula Linn., Notodonta drome-
darius Linn., Lophopteryx capucina Linn., Phalera bucephala
Linn., Clostera pigra Hufn., Thyatira batis Linn., Asphalia
diluta Schiff., Philudoria potatoria Linn., Bena prasinana Linn.,
Spilosoma lubricipeda Linn., Diacrisia sannio Linn., Colocasia
cory Linn., Apatele leporina Linn., A. menyanthidis View.,
A. rumicis Linn., Lycophotia varia Vill., Amathes c-nigrum
Linn., A. ditrapezium Borkh., A. triangulum Hufn., Diarsia
brunnea Fabr., D. festiva Schiff., Ochropleura plecta Linn.,
Anaplectoides prasina Fabr., Polia nebulosa Hufn., Ceramica pisi
Linn., Diatarazia oleracea Linn., Hadena thalassina Rott., H.
trifolii Rott., H. glauca Hiibn., H. bicruris Hufn., H. cucubali
Fuessl., Humichtis adusta Esp., Apamea crenata Hufn., A.
hepatica Hiibn., Euplexia lucipara Linn., Coenobia rufa Haw.,
Leucania pallens Linn., Petilampa minima Haw., Rusina
umbratica Goeze, Rivula sericealis Scop., Plusia bractea Fabr.,
P. festucae Linn., P. iota Linn., P. pulchrina Haw., Abrostola
tripartita Hufn., Sterrha aversata Linn., Scopula ternata
Schrank., Dysstroma truncata Hufn., Xanthorhoe montanata
Borkh., X. designata Rott., Calostygia pectinataria Knoch.,

44. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

Perizoma albulata Schiff., P. minorata Treits., P. blandiata
Schiff., Hupethecia pulchellata Steph., H. nanata Hiibn., H.
subumbrata Schiff., Gymnoscelis pumilata Hiibn., Dyscia fagaria
Thunb., Campaea margaritata Linn., Semiothisa notata Linn.,
Gonodontis bidentata Clerck, Biston betularia Linn., Bupalus
pimaria Linn., Hepialus fusconebulosa Deg., H. lupulina Linn.,
H. humuli Linn.

Pontresina, 1960

By R. F. BretHerton and Baron DE WorRMS

Karly in the present century Pontresina was regarded as one of
the classic centres for Alpine collecting, and much was written about
it in English periodicals; but in recent years references to it have been
few. The village stands at about 1,800 metres (5,900 feet) on the side
of the Bernina Valley, about three miles above its junction with the
main Engadine. In all directions there are excellent collecting grounds,
some of which run up to the snowline, and the electric railways make
it easy to go further afield, especially over the Bernina Pass to the south
side of the main chain of the Alps. The lepidoptera include a number
of species which it is difficult to get elsewhere, as well as some interest-
ing local forms; and these have to be sought amid a variety of Alpine
plants in surroundings which are of great natural beauty.

The authors spent effectively thirteen days there, from 2nd to 15th
July 1960. Although June had apparently been a good month, we had
very bad weather. Only one day was sunny throughout; four were
rendered altogether useless for collecting by cloud and rain; and on all
the others, after more or less sunny mornings, conditions deteriorated
sooner or later after noon. We were also frustrated by the weather
- on one or two admittedly rather half-hearted attempts at working with
paraffin lamps at night. But in spite of all this we saw enough lepi-
doptera to make it worth while to record our experiences.

Having left London by train on lst July, we broke our journey
early the next morning at Weesen, at the western end of the
Wallensee. According to the old records, this used to be a good place
to find the extremely local marsh Blues, Maculinea teleitus Bergstr. and
M. nausithous Bergstr., and also Coenonympha tiphon Rott. After
breakfasting at the station, we walked across the river bridge to the
luxuriant meadows which border the end of the lake. We came on the
Blues almost at once, sitting or flying rather sluggishly around clumps
of Sanguisorba officinalis, which is the food of the larvae before they
are, like those of M. arion Christ., taken into ants’ nests. WM.
nausithous was scarce, and we took only nine between us, some of them
damaged; M. teleiws was commoner and apparently less local. Scything
of the meadows was already in progress, and seemed likely to cover
almost the whole area; but as this presumably happens every year it is
apparently not fatal to the survival of these insects.. They may be
more threatened by the large-scale raising of the land to double the
railway track and to form goods sidings, which was also going on.
Other butterflies were neither numerous nor notable, though they in-
cluded stray specimens of Reverdinus alchymillae Hiibner and Hrebia

PONTRESINA, 1960 45

stygne Ochs. We saw nothing of C. tiphon. Among the moths we took
Atolmis rubricollis L. and Zygaena viciae teriolensis Speyer. However,
when we withdrew to eat lunch and catch the train on to Chur and
Pontresina, we felt that our bag of Blues was a sufficient reward for
our morning’s work.

At Pontresina we began operations on 38rd July by exploring the
lower part of the Rosegtal, which begins opposite the village and
reaches up for some eight miles to the glaciers beneath the Piz Tschierva
and the Piz Roseg. The valley was, indeed, our main collecting
ground, and we visited it on no less than five days. It is blessedly closed
to motor vehicles, and the only transport, other than one’s own feet,
is provided by droschky-like carriages or by an antediluvian horse
brake which does the journey twice a day to the Roseg Restaurant.
The approach through the forest on the east side was rich in small
moths such as Cidaria montanata Schiff., Entephria infidaria de la
Harpe, Coenotephria luctuata Schiff., C. incultraria H-S., C. obsoletaria
H.-S., Calostygia turbata Hiibner, several species of Psodos, and a very
beautiful black and yellow Pyrale, Catastia marginea Schiff.; and we
found an example of that fine Alpine Noctuid, Hremobia maillardi
Geyer, sitting by the path. If one started up the main track on the
west side of the valley, the first attractions were marshy meadows full
of the commoner Blues, Coppers and Erebias and large numbers cf
Pyrgus serratulae Rambur, which was the dominant Skipper almost
everywhere, many of the females being of the almost spotless form,
caecus Freyer. There were also some Brenthis ino Rott. and Aricia
agestis Stdgr., with many Polyommatus eros Ochs. and dark Mellcta
diamina Lang. We took here a few Hrebia medusa alpestris Warren,
though unfortunately they were nearly over. Further on the track
passes mainly through forest, and we usually found it best to follow the
path on the eastern bank of the stream between the first and second
bridges. Here a stretch of scrub birch on a steep slope produced single
specimens of Pyrgus malvoides Hl. & Ed. (a fine female aberration),
and Caterocephalus palaemon Pall. It was surprising to see these
species at all so high up, but one of us remarked that the ground was
otherwise very like that frequented by the Scottish race of C. palaemon.
After a little, the low birch gave way to Alpine Alder (Alnus viridis
Chaix), and there we found the headquarters of Huphydryas intermedia
wolfensbergert Freyer. They were very common, but both sexes spent
most of their time sunning themselves on alder leaves, and the males
ia particular were not at all easy to catch during their rapid flights
from one perch to another. They only occasionally settled on flowers,
usually those of the yellow Arnica montana L. This slope was also
frequented by some rather worn Pararge hiera ¥. (petropolitana F.),
and we also caught there our first Clossiana thore Hiibner, though a
better place for them, which we only found on our last visit, was in
rocky dells in the forest about half a mile further up the valley, where
they flew with H. euryale Esp. and Clossiana titania Esp. Beyond the
alders the path flanks a small marsh, which was full of Hrebia pharte
Hiibner and Boloria napaea Hoffmg., and then enters a large open
clearing beneath a flowery slope. This was good for Humedonia chiron
Rott. and Maculinea arion in the magnificent dark from obscura Christ.
Here, too, there was a spectacular growth of the two yellow gentians,
Gentiana lutea L. and G. punctata L. with many apparent hybrids, and

46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

by working among these we managed to get a few Maculinea alcon
Schiff., though they were certainly scarce. The rare Noctuid, Sympestis
funesta Payk., was found at rest on a flower. The last mile of the
track before the Roseg Restaurant was partly diverted by extensive
dam-building operations, and we did not find it productive.

On 11th July, a brilliant morning, we took the early horse bus as
far as the Restaurant and explored the upper valley nearly to Tschierva
Hut. After a brief examination of a joint colony of Parnassius apollo lL.
and P. phoebus sacerdos Stichel by the bed of the stream, we worked for a

-long way up an easily rising path, which yielded a few Hrebia mnestra
Hiibner and EH. gorge triopes Spr., and more of EH. tyndarus KEsp.,
Pieris bryoniae Ochs., Mellicta varia M.D., and Huphydryas cynthia
Schiff., though no species was really numerous. We then turned up
a steep grass slope and, after a stiff climb, came on our main quarry,
a flourishing colony of Hrebia flavofasciata Heyne. This was very
localised among long grass by a small stream, where the steepness of the
slope made it difficult to stand up, let alone follow the insects as they
were caught by the breeze. However, in a couple of hours we secured
good series of the males, which were fully out: of the females we only
caught three, one being paired. Variation on the underside of the
males was considerable, ranging from those in which the yellow band
on the hindwings was reduced to a few spots—f. warreni Vty.—to a few
in which it was almost as broad as in the typical form from Canton
Ticino; but in most the band, though complete and bright, was narrow—
f. thiemei Bartel. The insect had its peculiar haunt almost to itself,
the only other butterflies present being a few EH. epiphron aetherius
Esp. and Euphydryas debilis glaciegenita Vty. Unfortunately, just as
we finished our work here the sky clouded and we could do little more
collecting on the long walk home.

Owing to the bad weather we made only one expedition on the
attractive mountains immediately behind Pontresina. On 5th July we
went up the cable railway to the Muottas Muraig] and worked round for
several miles on the high path, at a general altitude of 2,300 metres, to
the Schafberg Restaurant, and then dropped steeply down to Pon-
tresina. But there were only gleams of sunshine, and we saw only a
few Synchloe callidice Esp., Huphydryas debilis glaciegenita, E. cynthia,
Erebia pandrose Borkh., and one Colias palaeno L., though we also
collected webs of first instar larvae of H. debilis and full-bred larvae
and pupae of H. cynthia. The Schafberg is also the classical locality
for EL. flavofasciata, but in these poor conditions we saw nothing of it.
However, as we descended the clouds cleared for a time and the break
yielded Papilio machaon, Parnassius apollo, many Maculinea arion,
Philotes baton Burgstr., and a few Mellicta athalia Rott. which are
intermediate in appearance between the type and ssp. celadussa Frhst.
(pseudathalia Rev.). This fits in with the remark by Dr L. G. Higgins
(1955) that this part of the Engadine is the borderland of the two forms,
which until recently were thought to be specifically distinct.

We made two visits to the south side of the watershed, over the
Bernina Pass. On 6th July we took the train to the Alp Grum, where
there is a magnificent flowery meadow on the edge of the forest at
about 2,100 metres. But again there were only gleams of sunshine, and

PONTRESINA, 1960 47

we had to content ourselves with a few Hrebia alberganus ceto Hiibner,
one or two Maculinea alcon, and good series of female Coenonympha
satyrion Esp. The grass was full of small moths, including Scopula
immorata L., Hapalia alpinalis Schiff., and a Plume, Stenoptilia
coprodactyla Zell.

On the way home we added a little to our captures by de-training at
the Bernina Hauser and walking down the main valley as far as
Morteratsch; but again the sun disappeared as we came on to the best
ground. Four days later we again went over the Bernina Pass and
descended as far as the beautiful little lake at Le Prese at only 1,000
metres up and nearly on the Italian frontier. We had hoped to see
something of the sub-alpine lepidoptera here, but in poor conditions not
much was flying though we saw Iphiclides podalirius L., many worn Par-
nassius apollo and Mellicta athalia celadussa, and a few EHrebia ligea
L., Coenonympha arcania L., Heodes virgaureae L., Lysandra coridon
Poda. Interesting Burnets were the brilliant Zygaena lonicerae major
Speyer, Z. transalpina alpina Bdv., and Z. purpuralis zermattensis
Speyer. We broke the return journey at Cavaglia, below the Alp Grum,
and in half an hour’s sunshine we collected fine series of Parnassius
phoebus sacerdos Stichel, Palaeochrysphanus hippothoe L. and several
species of Hrebia in the rich meadows round the station. A Forester
was also common, which Mr. Tremewan has identified as Procris obscura
Zeller. The flowers were spectacular, and a photograph was taken of a
clump of Orchis, probably O. ustulata lb. mixed with another species,
which was fully six feet across.

On 13th July, which turned out to be our sunniest day, we drove
early to the top of the Albula Pass (2,300 m.), on the watershed between
the Inn and the Upper Rhine, and after collecting for several hours
there we walked down the north side of the Pass to the railway station
at Preda (1,800 m.). Our chief objective was the smallest European
Fritillary, Mellicta asteria Freyer. But it proved to be very scarce,
and we had to work hard on the steep slopes to get a short series of
both sexes. Part of the difficulty was to spot and follow them among
the large numbers of M. varia M.-D. and E. debilis glaciegenita.
Boloria pales D. & S., E. cynthia, and Erebia pandrose Bkh. were also
very common with Agriades glandom de Pr. On the nearby screes we
spent some time stalking H. pluto anteborus Frhst., a splendid large
race with an expanse of over two inches. But few were caught: their
habit was to work across the screes, settling at intervals but always
rising when approached, and when they reached the edge sweeping
back again in powerful flight to repeat the process. As we worked down
towards Preda, the meadow insects were very abundant. EH. melampus
swarmed, there were many E. tyndarus, and we took EH. oeme noctua
Frhst, which apparently does not occur round Pontresina itself. We
also took the giant Lysandra amandus libisonis Vty., which we had
already met in the Rosegtal, many Boloria napaea, a single Colias
palaeno, and Pararge maera L. which we had not seen elsewhere. There
were also many small moths, including Crambus myellus Hiibner.
Altogether, it was certainly our richest day.

When we left Pontresina on 15th July—in a steady downpour of
rain— we had seen something, though not nearly enough, of most of
the local specialities which had been the object of our visit. One which
we were sorry to miss was Boloria aquilonaris Stichel: we had set out

48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

for its reputed haunts in the Oxyococcus bogs in the direction of St
Moritz no less than five times, but had always been driven back empty-
handed by cloud or storm! We had also done very little with the very
high level species, which in this poor and late season were hardly
beginning to emerge. Nevertheless, it had been a rewarding expedition.
Ottershaw, Surrey. 24.xii.60.

Flies Visiting the Flowers of Wood Spurge,

Euphorbia amygdaloides L. (Euphordiaceae)
By L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.

Recently I noticed a sentence in Clapham, Tutin and Warburg’s
Flora cf the British Isles under Euphorbia: ‘‘All our species are pro-
bably pollinated by flies’’. I next turned to Knuth’s Handbook of
Flower Pollination and noted under H. amygdaloides that the only
visitor recorded was ‘‘Bonnier saw the honey-bee frequently sucking’’.
It seems, therefore, worth listing the species of flies (diptera) I have

found visiting this flower.

BIBIONIDAE
Bibio varipes Mg.

BoMBYLIIDAE
Bombylius major L.

HiMPIDIDAE

Empis tessellata F.
E. trigramma Mg.

SYRPHIDAE

Baccha obscuripennis Mg.

Platycheirus albimanus F.

P. peltatus Mg.

P. tarsalis Schum.

Melanostoma mellinum IL.

Sphaerophoria scripta L.

Leucozona lucorum lL.

Syrphus albostriatus Fin.

. eligans Harris

. euchromus Kow.

. luniger Mg.

. mtidicollis Meg.

. ribesii L.

. venustus Me.
vitripennis Mg.

Rhingia campestris Mg.

Pipiza fenestrata Mg.

P. noctiluca L.

RBRARARR

Cheilosia bergenstammi Beck.

C. impressa Lw.
C. paganus Mg.

CO. variabilis Panz.

C. vulpina Mg.

Volucella bombylans UL.
Hristalis arbustorum L.

E. pertinax Scop.
Myiatropa florea lL.

Syritta pipiens L.

Humerus tuberculatus Rond.

ScloOMYZIDAE.
Sciomyza griseola Fin.

TACHINIDAE.

Lypha dubia Fin.
Fymnochaeta viridis Fln.
Hrnestia nielsent Vill.
EHchinomyia fera L.
Phorocera assimilis Fln.
Smidtia conspersa Mg.
Paraphorocera stabulans Mg.
Pales pavida Mg.

CALLIPHORIDAE.

Sarcophaga carnaria L.
Pollenia rudis ¥.

Lucilia caesar L.

Calliphora erythrocephala Mg.
C. vomitoria L.

MUSCIDAE

Musca autumnalis Deg.
Phaonia serva Mg.

FLIES VISITING THE FLOWERS OF WOOD SPURGE 49

Generally, one to two individuals per species were found on the
flowers, but I see that on 31st May 1948, at Coulsdon, Surrey, I found
27 species present with four most numerous:—Calliphora vomitoria 50,
Echinomyia fera 12, Syritta pipiens 8, and Empis tessellata 5. At a later
occasion, on 13th May 1950, in the same copse, the most numerous visitor
was Leucozona lucorwm. Five were seen and I noted at the time that
they visited flower after flower but keeping to this species of Hwphorbia.

Dr. C. D. Day has obviously found that plant attractive to Tachinidae
and Calliphoridae for he records in his British Tachinid Flies, 1948, a
further 45 species. These are listed below, but where the generic or
specific name used by Dr. Day differs from that of Dr. F. Van Emden’s
List of 1954, the former is added in square brackets.

TACHINIDAE Tachina sorbillans Wied.
Minella [Dufouria] chalybeata Nemosturmia | Winthemia |
Mg. amoena Mg.

Nemorilla floralis Fln.

Carcelia bombylans R. D.
Rhacodineura pallipes Fln.
Monochaeta [Cyzenis] albicans

Graphogaster [Syntomogaster |
fasciata Mg.

Xysta cana Mg.

Alophora hemiptera F.

A. [Hyalomyia] obesa ¥F.
Macquartia chalconota Mg.
and var. nitida Zett.
Zophomyia temula Scop.
Pelatachina tibialis Fn.
Wagneria latifrons Zett.
W. lentis Mg.
Thelaira nigripes F. [leucozona
panz.]
Nemoraea pellucida Mg.
Ernestia rudis Fln.
Iinnaemyia [Micropalpus]
pudica Rond.
Servillia lurida F.
Viviana cinerea Fln.
Blondelia nigripes Fn.
Degeeria luctuosa Mg.
Oswaldia muscaria Fln.
Actia crassipennis Mg.
A. plipennis Fin.
Voria trepida Mg.
and var. curvinervis Zett.

Fin.
Phryno vetula Mg.

CALLIPHORIDAE.

Metopia campestris F ln.
Ptychoneura cylindrica Fin.
Macronychia polydon Mg.
Helicobosca distinguenda Vill.
Blaesoxtipha gladiatrix Panda.
[laticornis Mg.]

Sarcophaga agnata Rond.
. aratrix Pand.
S. crassimargo Pand.
effuscata Schin.

[obscurata Rond. |
S. roselli Bottch.
S. scoparia Pand.
subvicina Rohd.
LTucilia ampullacea Vill.
Onesia aculeata Pand.
Oynomyia mortuorum L.

™R

ie)

Knuth lists many insects of various orders visiting other species of
Euphorbia—bees, wasps, saw-flies, ants, ichneumonids, bugs, butterflies,
beetles (e.g. Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Dermestidae, Elateridae,
Mordellidae, Scarabaeidae and Telephoridae). It is quite likely some cf
them visit EH. amygdaloides. Mr. R. R. U. Kauffman recorded
Strangalia nigra L. (Col. Cerambycidae) as a visitor to the flowers of
wood spurge, 1948, Ent. mon. Mag., 84: 78.

The niche of an insect cannot be ascertained until we know where
it gets its food and drink and meets with competitors, amongst the
other details of its life history. These are scientific facts easily obtain-
able by collectors and need to be recorded.

50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

Notes and Observations

THe ParRing oF STRYMONIDIA PRUNI L.—On the 18th June 1960 in
a local woodland riding, I was watching some black hairstreaks flying
along the tops of the bushes bordering the ride, and my interest was
taken by their behaviour around some bushes about 10’ or 15’ high
in particular. They seemed to show much interest before passing on.
I stood and watched by one such bush and spotted a freshly emerged
S. pruni looking still limp, hanging from a twig towards the back
of the bush. It was not long before a prunt, more persistent than the
others, fluttered in and copulation took place. I left them so at 4.20
p.m.—J. H. Payne, 10 Ranelagh Road, Wellingborough, Northants.
7.1.1961.

VANESSA ATALANTA L. (THE RED ApMrRaL) In 1960.—I saw my first
Vanessa atalanta lL. on 15th May; a female in very good condition.
There were many more than normally in June, July and August, and
a good many larvae of all sizes were collected in August. These, to
my surprise, were heavily parasitized (the parasites were identified as
normal to the species). Although imagines did not occur so freely
during September, many larvae were again collected during Septem-
ber, October and until mid November. These had survived some
nights of white frost, and I noticed some larvae of a completely black
form. Some were quite small even in November, but of all larvae col-
lected during September, October and November, not a single one was
parasitized. The last imagines seen emerged on nettle beds were on
30th October and 1st November, and the last to emerge indoors was
in early December. Even the very small larvae fed up in a room,
the cage being placed on the top of a wireless set.—J. H. Payne, 10
Ranelagh Road, Wellingborough, Northants. 7.1.1961.

LEvcANIA ALBIPUNCTA ScHirF. (THE Waite Pornt).—A specimen of
the above moth appeared in my mercury vapour trap on 30th Septem-
ber 1960. I had its identity confirmed by Dr. Kettlewell and the Baron
de Worms at the ‘‘South London” exhibition on 29th October 1960.
This is a new record for the books of the Bishop’s Stortford Natural
History Society. The insect is an immigrant and is usually confined
to the seaboard counties in the south according to the books in my
possession.—Ciirrorp CrauruRD, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop‘s
Stortford, Herts. 14.1.1961.

HAPALIA FULVALIS HuBN. IN Dorset.—Referring to Mr. Huggins’s
notes on this moth (Hnt. Rec., 70: 162), on 30th July 1955 I was col-
lecting in the vicinity of the lighthouse at Anvil Point, near Swanage,
and I caught a specimen of this moth. It is perhaps interesting to
note that it was taken on the open downland back from the cliff top
and well away from the houses, whereas Mr. Huggins mentions it being
taken in gardens where the larvae were apparently feeding on culti-
vated Salvia. Mr. S. Wakely, who kindly confirmed the identification,
suggests that in the open, larvae may feed on clary (Salvia horminoides
(verbenica)) which is not uncommon in the Swanage district. This,
however, requires confirmation.—L. Pricr, Springdale, Rodborough
Avenue, Stroud, Glos. 9.i1.1961.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 51

LAMPROPTERYX OTREGIATA METCALFE AND EKUPHYIA CUCULATA HUFN. IN
GLOUCESTERSHRIRE.—On 24th August 1959 while collecting near Cannop
Ponds in the Forest of Dene a female otregiata was netted. It was
beaten from low mixed herbage. This species is not recorded in Lt.
Col. Donovan’s catalogue, 1942, or in Mr. Austin Richardson’s supple-
ments dated 1945 and 1953.

A fresh female HKuphyia cuculata Hufn. came to mercury vapour
light in my garden at Rodborough on 21st June 1960. This species
has not previously been recorded either in the Lt. Col. Donovan cata-
logue or in the two Austin Richardson supplements.—L. Pricrn, Spring-
dale, Rodborough Avenue, Stroud, Glos. 9.i.1961.

CoLLecTING In LaPLaAND: A CoRRECTION.—With regard to my article
(Hint. Rec., 72: 203) I find it necessary to make two corrections. My iden-
tifications were in the first place made from T. W. Langers’ beautifully
illustrated Nordens Dagsommerfugle. Mr. B. C. S. Warren suggested
that my Boloria pales were in fact B. napaea. This I confirmed on
checking with the collection at the British Museum (Natural History).
Moreover, my Oeneis jutta turned out to be O. norna. Langers’ illustra-
tions though titled B. napaea and QO. jutta seem to correspond with
specimens of B. napuea and O. norna in the British Museum collection.
Therefore, for pales in my article read napaea and for jutta read norna.
—Major General Sir GrorcE Jonnson, K.C.V.O., C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O.,
D.L., Castlesteads, Brampton, Cumberland. 18.xii.1960.

HaADENA COMPTA SCHIFF. AND ENNOMOS AUTUMNARIA WERNEB. IN
CAMBRIDGESHIRE.—You ask in the November ‘‘Record’”’ (Ent. Rec., 72:
251) about H. compta and EH. autumnaria with particular reference to
Cambridgeshire. For an account of their first appearance in the county
I would refer you to Ent. Rec., 69: 125.

H. compta comes to my light trap regularly but not commonly. I
also found it on Wicken Fen in 1958. I also found one, H. autumnaria,
last year and two this, and I have a feeling that the Rev. G. A. Ford
has taken it at Balsham. I also have two specimens bred in 1947 from
larvae which I believe were found at Sawston (I did not take them my-
self); there being some doubt about these, I have not recorded them.

This has been a very poor year indeed for the butterflies, and moths
have been few and far between. One bright spot, however: Arenostola
extrema Hiibn. (concolor Guen.) was very common on Woodwalton Fen,
and quite a few Pyrausta perlucidalis Hiibn. as well.

I wonder whether you have any reports about Pieris brassicae L.
This species has been completely absent from Cambridgeshire and I
understand that it is no longer considered to be of much economic
importance. Incidentally, I bred five complete albinos this year.—Brian
O. C. Garpiner, 43 Woodlark Road, Cambridge. 21.xi.1960.

OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L.—Mr. Desmond Lanktree writes (Ent.
Rec., 72: 229) asking information regarding colour forms associated
with or independent of environmental factors of QO. luteolata L. I
would refer him to a little book entitled A Few Nature Notes by Dr.
Wright of Braunton, North Devon. He refers to this subject at some
length, stating that the larva does differ in colour according to its

52 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

foodplant and that the double-pointed hump varies in size considerably.
He gives a coloured plate of the larva. This book gives a list of the
lepidoptera, flora and ornithology of Braunton and district. It was
published shortly before 1938; unfortunately, I left my copy in England
and do not remember the exact particulars, but I think it was reviewed
in the Entomologist at the time of its publication.—Captain C. Q.
Parsons, John’s Row, Westpoint, Co. Mayo, Ireland.

NoMOPHILA NOCTUELLA ScHiFF. IN 1960.—A mild spell at the end of
February induced me to put out my moth-trap rather earlier than
usual, and to my surprise, when I inspected the contents on the morning
of the 29th, I found a fresh specimen of this moth which made me
wonder whether this is the earliest date on record for the species. Not
unnaturally, I supposed that it presaged a wonderful season for this
usually abundant migrant; but though I am not prepared to assert
that I saw no more until September, when a few visited my m.v. light
in South Devon, they were certainly few and far between. Furthermore,
at Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, in early October not a single specimen
of noctuella was to be seen, though it was in its thousands there at the
same period last year. I wonder whether this scarcity conforms with
the experience of other collectors?—EHpear J. Hare, Harrow Place,
Pinden, Dartford, Kent. 30.xi.1960.

Current Literature

PROCEEDINGS AND ‘TRANSACTIONS OF THE SourTH Lonpon En‘To-
MOLOGICAL AND NatuRAL History Society, 1959.—This interesting
volume contains obituary notices of F. T. Grant and R. Eldon Ellison.
These are followed by accounts of meetings, including the Annual Exhi-
bition, and two plates illustrate seventeen specially interesting insects
shown. The President’s address is entitled ‘‘The Mechanism of Specia-
tion in Animals’? and is a good introduction to the study of genes and
chromosomes, and finishes with a good bibliography of books and papers
on the subject. Field meetings are reported with the interesting insects
seen or taken.

Papers include ‘‘The Malayan Gliding Reptiles’? by M. W. F.
Tweedie with three half tone plates and three text figures; ‘‘A Naturalist
in the Kingdom of Kerry’? by H. C. Huggins with a map of the dis-
trict dealt with; a report of the insects collected in Madeira by A. H.
Gardiner and WH. W. Classey and Part IV of ‘‘Larvae of the British
Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler’? by G. Haggett with two plates
in colour, executed by the author, and illustrating the larvae of
Laphygma exigua Hubn., Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh., Leucania favicolor
Barrett, Arenostola brevilinea Fenn, and Leucania l-albwm L. In
addition, there is a very useful catalogue of the society’s library by the
Librarian and his assistant, Messrs. T. R. Eagles and F. T. Vallins,
the fruit of much useful labour on the part of these gentlemen.—S.N.A.J.

Tue Cuancine Sceng, No. 2.—This interesting little magazine deals
with the state of natural history in the north west of England and is
published by four local societies. Articles include the year’s weather,
the natural history of Helvellyn, Mammals, Birds, Lepidoptera, Flora
and Geology. The whole is written to be of interest to both the
advanced naturalist and the beginner, and should be of use to anyone
contemplating a visit to the Lake District and surrounding country.—
SiN: Andi:

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one
16 Drawers. Easy payments if required.—R. W. Watson, ‘‘Porcorum,”’
Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hants.

For EHxchange.—Field Lepidopterist”’, Tutt., 3 Vols. ‘British Moths’, Morris,
4 Vols., 1891. ‘‘Tineina’’, Stainton, 1854. ‘British Tortrices’’, Wilkinson,
1859. Also wanted : Storeboxes, 138 x 9 or 14 x 10. Cartwright Timms, 524
Moseley Road, Birmingham, 12.

orthoptera.—Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
grasshoppers of the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae from all parts of the
World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxo-
hnomy, cytology, and experimental biology; dry or fluid preserved or
living. Please contact D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Department of Ento-
mology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

Wanted.—Records of Lathridius spp. (Coleoptera lLathridiidae) especially
L. bifasciatus Reitter, with locality, date, and if possible details of habitat.
E. Lewis, 8 Parry Road, London, S.E.25.

Wanted.—Seitz, A. Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. I. Barrett, C. G.
British Lepidoptera, Vols. X and XI of large paper edition with coloured
plates. All other recent literature on European Butterflies. Dr. Neville
Birkett, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal, Westmorland.

New to Britain.—Larvae of Mexican Tiger Moth—#Hcpanteria deflorata. Feeding
on Dandelion or any low plant. 2/6 doz. small. 4/6 doz. medium (May).
T. H. Fox, 28 Boxwell Road, Berkhamstead, Herts.

_J. J. HILL & SON

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THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

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CONTENTS

A- WEEK’S COLLECTING IN TENERIFFE. C. J. GOODALL, M.B., B. S., FRES
SOME NOTES FROM A 1960 DIARY. NicEL T. EASTON

A FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE LIFE-HISTORY OF OPISTH OGRAPT ,
LUTEOLATA L. (LEPIDOPTERA). P. A. DESMOND LANEKTREE, F.R. E.S

THE RECURRENCE IN BRITAIN OF RECURVARIA PICEAELLA KEAR
FOTT. A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.

COLLECTING IN THE ISLAND OF MULL, JUNE 1960. tone Aamiral A fies
D. TORLESSE, C.B., D.S.O. a3 ee

PONTRESINA, 1960. R. F. BRETHERTON anu Baron DE i wonne

FLIES VISITING THE FLOWERS OF WOOD: SPURGE, EUPHORBIA
AMYGDALOIDES lL. (EUPHORDIACEAE). L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ..._
CURRENT LITERATURE

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appropriate references to the text.

Keys and summaries of family characters, ¢
related with the plates and figures, assist the rea
captures in their correct family and th
to supplement observation in the field with knowlede

to “place”

revealed in the appropriate chapters.

Carefully selected bibliographies at the end of each
chapter furnish quick reference to useful works on
the families, thus opening up further fields o
interesting reading and study. Also included is a:

Appendix, Glossary and Index.

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48 plates in colour

55 half-tone plates

depicting 286 representative species, from
original enlarged microscope drawings

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1-4 Bedford Court, London, W.C.2

Butterfly Hunting in Anatolia
By C. G. A. Cray

From Ankara it was two day-long bus rides to Trebizond, far to the
Kast on Turkey’s Black Sea coast. The first day’s journey had been
Northwards across the dry Anatolian plateau, with its rolling hills of
pastel pink, light amber and yellow, to Samsun, the chief port of the
North coast. This is a dull little town, overflowing with United States
Air Force personnel and technicians, and after a day’s recuperation from
the endless jolting and the cramped seats, I pushed on to Trebizond.
For ten hours we drove along the coast road, and gradually the country-
side changed. Gone were the dry hills around Samsun; instead, we
were passing through mile after mile of hazelnut orchards, thick with
luxuriant undergrowth. The roadsides were high with weeds, and above
us the thickly wooded mountainsides rose steeply, at times almost sheer,
from the sea. For this part of Turkey has a unique climate. The winds
blowing across the Black Sea bring a heavy rainfall, which the high
mountain barrier of the Pontic Taurus restricts to a narrow coastal belt.
But while the summers are wet and warm, the winters are wet and
mild, for the distant Caucasus provide a shield from the bitter winds
blowing out of Central Asia. Thus in the Trebizond area up to 100
inches of rain fall in a normal year, and the annual range of tempera-
ture is from 43° to 73° F., while Erzurum, only 120 miles away as the
crow flies, but on the landward side of the mountains, suffers the full
rigour of a Continental climate. Winter temperatures are commonly
below zero F., and the mean for January is only 15°. Similarly, the
summers are much hotter, while rainfall is a little above or below 15
inches per year.

It was this peculiarity of climate that had drawn me out from
England, in the hope that the area might produce some interesting
butterflies. Further, I had been told by the Natural History Museum
that no-one had ‘‘done’’ that part of Turkey for many years. In fact, I
did not find nearly as much as I had hoped, and indeed expected. Partly
this was due to the wet climate, which, of course, is far from ideal for
a butterfly collector. Too often the weather was positively English.
For days at a time the coast would be under a thick blanket of cloud,
which would intermittently break into drizzle. There had been serious
floods earlier in the year, and evidence of them was still plentiful.
Stretches of the road had been torn away by swollen rivers, so that
the bus had to bump along a temporary track through the hazel bushes;
stream beds were choked with fallen trees; bridges were ruined. But
also the difficulties of getting right up into the mountains proved in-
superable, since I was not equipped for camping. My introduction to
the Plant Protection Institute at Trebizond, who might have been able
to help, proved abortive, since apart from single words of each other’s
language, the only tongue we shared was Latin. I did not feel up to
an entomological conversation in that language! Thus I had to rely
on bus transport most of the time, and could rarely get far from the
roads.

My first day’s collecting was in rough ground on the coast road
just out of Trabzon. Hpinephele jurtina, Pontia daplidice, and Colias

54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/111/1961

croceus were common enough. In addition, I caught several of the Glan-
ville fritillary, Melitaea cinxia, a single specimen of Ochlodes venata,
and the little black and white skipper Pyrgus uralensis. On the follow-
ing day I took the rickety old bus that went up into the mountains,
over the Zigana Pass, and so on to Erzurum. I got out at the little
village of Hamsikoy, at about 4,000 ft. up. Here I might have been
in the European Alps. All around were lush hay fields, thick with
flowers, while above, pine-clad mountains swept upwards to rounded
grassy summits. But again the butterflies were rather disappointing.
Again there were plenty of Bath Whites and Clouded Yellows, and on
the edge of the woods, there were some large fritillaries—Argynnis
paphia L. and A. aglaia—flying. With them were Pararge maera;
Polyommatus icarus (a large form) as the only Lycaenid; and Pyrgus
armoricanus, a very similar insect to wralensis, was the only Skipper.
However, Hippothoe candens made a very welcome catch. This is a
very fine, large, copper, its top side a particularly fiery red, the under-
side a delicate pale blue.

Some time later, I went higher into the mountains, getting out of
the bus at the summit of the Zigana Pass, and spending the night at a
little inn up there. I was the only guest, which was just as well, since
the sleeping quarters consisted of a single room, with six wooden bed-
steads crammed side by side into it. The roof, walls and floor were
dried mud, and a smoky old paraffin lantern provided the only light.
Downstairs, there were some old tables and chairs, and while I sat
there in the evening, to read and write, the proprietor and his friends
sat in a corner looking at me over their glasses of raki, while the
children gathered in a giggling group round the door—clearly a
foreigner was something of a rarity. But here we were at 6,000 feet,
and well above the tree line. Grassy downs, rounded and covered with
short turf, free of boulders, rose up above the inn on both sides of the
road. From the summit of the pass there was a magnificent view. The

hills fell steeply away to a great valley. Beyond was range upon range

of mountains, the highest gleaming white with snow. But gone were
the greens and the trees of the seaward slope; all was brown and yellow
—this was the great Anatolian plateau. The grassy slopes provided
several species which hitherto I had not met in Turkey. There was
Argynnis lathonia and Boloria pales, a small fritillary which is to be
found in the Alps. The form I found here was a much brighter orange,
with smaller black spots, and a lighter coloured underside than the
Alpine form. Another butterfly fiying in large numbers over the
closely cropped turf was Hrebia tyndarus. The type appears to approxi-
mate most closely to Hrebia tyndarus iranica, i.e., to the Persian form,
rather than that of Western Anatolia. It has broader red bands, and
is rather larger than the specimens I have taken in the Alps.

I was only able to make one attempt to get higher than the bus
would take me—up to 8,000 feet—and that was brought to nought by
the weather. I begged a lift on a lorry going up to take supplies to the
isolated sheep farms, but no sooner had we left Zigana than the mist
closed down, and I was never able to see what the higher Partic Taurus
could produce. But the highest part of the range, the Kackar Massif,
rises to nearly 13,000 feet, and so even at 8,000 feet I would not have
found the ‘‘butterfly ceiling’’.

BUTTERFLY HUNTING IN ANATOLIA 55

A walk down from Zigana to Hamsikoy provided me with the most
successful day’s collecting that I had yet had. In the meadows, dense
with flowers and great clumps of cow-parsley, along the edges of the
pine woods and on the rough slopes recently cleared of timber Fritil-
laries, Hrebias and Blues abounded. Melitaea didyma and M. athalia
were both extremely common, the former showing its usual wide varia-
tion in ground colour and density of black markings; the latter a very
well marked, large, form. I took a single specimen of Argynnis
euphrosyne, A. aglais and A. paphia mixed with their smaller cousins.
It was on this day that I saw the first Limenitis since I had been in
Turkey; it ‘“‘got away’’ and what it was I do not know. Of the Hrebias,
tyndarus preferred the higher slopes, but aethiops, in the well-marked
form melusina, was flying. Melusina is large and well-marked with
broad red bands. Even more interesting to come across was Hrebia
hewittsoni, whose head-quarters seem to be in the Caucasus. This
Erebia has a tri-pupilled eye in a big orange patch on the forewing,
and a row of little spots on the underside of the hindwing. I found
Hippothoe candens again, and (unfortunately very worn) Maculinea
chiron. With them were two members of the genus Aricia; a few of
our own Brown Argus (agestis), but much more common, Aricia alcon,
which has a white streak on the underside of the hindwing.

From Trebizond I took the bus some 80 kms. further along the
coastal road to Rize. This is an attractive little port of white-walled
houses and minarets, squeezed into a depression in the swelling Pontic
range, and surrounded by forest-clad hills. Because it is the centre
of the tea-growing area, Rize boasts a botanical garden—of a sort. Here
was an incredible, and not too orderly, profusion of vegetation: sub-
tropical lies, palms, orange trees and tea-bushes, alongside bramble,
nettles and bind-weed. But bad weather prevented any collecting at
Rize: the only species I saw were Gonepteryx rhamni, Polygonnia c-
album, and Ochlodes venata. I went further East still, to Hopa, with-
in a dozen miles of the Russian frontier (one can see Batum from the
hill above the town) and then inland to Artvin. Here, I was amongst
dry, scrub-covered hills, for Artvin les on the landward side of the
mountains. It is wild, remote country, and might have yielded some
interesting species; but the clouds were still with us, and I could not
afford to wait for fine weather. I found only species common every-
where in Turkey: Colias croceus, Pontia daplidice, Laptidea sinapis,
Polyommatus icarus and Papilio podalirius. There was one exception
to this in the copper Thersammon thersammon, which I only saw on
one other occasion.

It was now mid-July, and time for me to leave the lush vegetation
of the coastal slopes of the Pontic Taurus. I took a bus back to Sam-
sun, and thence another, inland to Amasya, up on the Anatolian plateau.
Amasya is set on the river Yesil, in a deep gorge. On either side, the
cliffs rise up sheer to nearly a thousand feet, and to the West they are
crowned by the ruins of a castle, now only the home of storks. The
heat of summer had turned the hills brown and dry; the flowers, which
a few weeks before must have been a riot of colour, were now parched
and brittle and their seed pods rattling in the breeze. But butterflies
were still fairly plentiful. My most happy hunting-ground was in a
little valley behind the castle. To get there, I had to climb up out of

56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

the town by a steep path, past the little shack of a venerable peasant.
Although I spoke only single words of Turkish he would have me stop
every time I passed, and sit with him a while, and once he gave me a
rose—the only rose—from his garden. On another occasion he showed
me proudly some writing he had got in a foreign language. It was a
business letter from a German firm—goodness knows how he came by
it! He made a brave show of reading it through, but alas, he was
holding it upside down. At Amasya not only were the butterflies
plentiful, but the skies cloudless. At times it was very hot. I had
plenty of work chasing the strong-flying Satyrus mnizechu. The male
of this insect is a bright orange colour, in the usual pattern of the genus.
The female, which was much less common, is completely different, being
smaller, with white markings instead of orange, and has a little yellow
patch on the forewing. Flying with mnizechii were too similar species:
Satyrus anthella and Satyrus mamurra. Another common Satyrid was
Satyrus briseis, in an unusually large form. Together with the white
variety were a few specimens in which the ground colour was a rich
ochre. Apparently this form is still unnamed. I never came across
an intermediate form, say, cream in colour. Satyrus statilinus was
to be found as well: it was most numerous in the main street of the
town, flying from tree to tree, and settling on the trunks. But
normally, of course, the Satyrids settled on the ground, where their
variegated undersides at once turned them to stones if one took one’s
eyes off them, so that they disappeared completely. The easiest way
to catch them, I always found, was to approach them very softly and
lower the net on to them, very slowly, from directly above, until it was
no more than six inches from the insect, and then to bang it down
quickly. This method is invariably successful unless I am too noisy
in my approach, or bring the net down too soon—given even a foot,
a butterfly can escape. There were other butterflies than the Satyrids
though: Pararge hera, a similar species to Pararge maera, which
actually inhabited the castle; Vanessa cardui, and Polygonnia egera,
to be caught settling on the great clumps of yellow ragwort. As every-
where else in Turkey, Pontia daplidice was the commonest butterfly.
From the ranks of the Lycaenidae I caught Aricia agestis and Polyom-
matus icarus (a small form) and also Freyeria trochilus, a diminutive
butterfly that flitted around the low thorn bushes. It was very
abundant, and often I would find that I had swept one up in my net,
quite by mistake, when catching another butterfly. Lycaena phleas
was the only copper at Amasya, and Spitalia sertorius and Muschampia
proto the only skippers.

Four days was all the time I could afford to spend at Amasya.
During the last week of July I was travelling continuously, and unable
to do any serious collecting, though on my journey across Anatolia to
Mersin, and thence by sea to Antalya, I had opportunities to catch
butterflies by roadsides and in gardens. Near Kayseri, amongst the
weird cones of Cappadocia, I found Papilio podalirius very common,
but more interesting was Satyrus bischoffi, a fine satyrid with a salmon
pink hindwing; unfortunately, I only took a single specimen. A few
days later, at a height of 3,000 feet, amongst the pine-woods just above
the famous Cilician Gates—the pass over the Anti-Taurus Mountains—
I caught Maculinea ignorata, a pretty little blue with a scalloped edge
to its hindwing. The public gardens of Mersin, down on the Mediter-

BUTTERFLY HUNTING IN ANATOLIA 57

ranean coast, were quite full of butterflies. Papilio machaon and
podalirius chased each other across the streets, jammed with hansom
cabs and taxis. The lawns and flower-beds were haunted by blues—
Lampides boeticus, Syntaurucus telecanus, Freyeria trochilus and
Freyeria galea (less common); Zizera knysna and Polyommatus icarus.

It was not until 2nd August that I spent another full day collecting.
I was now some 230 miles further west, at Antalya, having travelled
along the coast in a smart steamer of the Turkish Maritime lines, run-
ning from Haifa to Istanbul. Antalya is in ancient Paphlagonia, and
the surrounding countryside is littered with the ruins of Greek cities.
It would be an excellent place to spend a holiday, for it has a delight-
ful position. The mountains across the bay rise to some 5,000 feet. The
most lovely view I saw in Turkey was from the top of the town, with the
curious grooved minaret of mellowed brick in the foreground. Below
it were the tiled roofs of the houses and the palms rising from amongst
them, and across the bay lay the wall of mountains, pearly grey, brown
or pink according to the time of day. I combined butterfly collecting
with visits to three ruined cities—Perga, where St. Paul preached his
first sermon; Aspendos, with its almost perfectly preserved theatre; and
Side. Here I collected butterflies in a wilderness of brambles, low
bushes and undergrowth, of fallen columns; broken walls and shattered
sculptures. I chased Papilio podalirius and machaon. over melon fields,
which seemed to be made up of broken brick and tile rather than soil.
But although collecting amidst Grecian ruins was very romantic, it was
not very rewarding. There were plenty of butterflies but I had caught
all of them before in Turkey, except the common Skipper, Carcharodus
alceae, and the little fritillary Melitaea trivia.

And so, after a few days, I started on the penultimate lap of my
Turkish journey, North to Bursa, formerly Broussa, capital of the
Ottoman Empire in its earlier days. This city of mosques and shrines
is built amongst several small hills at the foot of 7,000 feet high Ulu Dag
(Mount Olympus of Mysia). Since a ski resort is being developed on
the mountain, I was able to get up there by bus, which finally stopped
above the tree line, about 1,500 feet below the summit. The slopes
were covered with rough grass and heather, but to my disappointment
almost entirely devoid of butterfly life. I caught only two species,
Erebia stirius, which was common, and the familiar silver-studded blue
Plebejus argus, which was not. It was in the bright, strongly marked
form Plebejus argus bella. In the event, a stretch of wasteland and
olive orchard at the foot of the mountain proved to be a better hunting
ground. Here I found several species I had not yet seen in Turkey:
the Holly Blue, Lycaenopsis argiolus; two skippers, Thanaus tages,
in the form unicolor (which is descriptive, for the top side is a uniform
brown, and not mottled as in the normal form) and Thanaus marloyi. 1
caught a single specimen of a large Pararge new to me, Pararge rozel-
lana. Feasting on the myriads of bramble flowers were Hpinephele
tithonus and E. jurtina, in company with Limenitis camilla. There were
numerous other species I had met in the previous weeks, including
Melitaea didyma, which I had not seen since I left Trebizond: also
Argynnis paphia and Leptidea sinapis.

This was my last day of collecting in Turkey, and the next day I
returned to Istanbul. The yield of species I had found rather dis-

58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/T1IT/1961

appointing. I had expected more, particularly from the Pontic Taurus.
But from what I did manage to catch in the meadows and on the hill-
sides above Trebizond, in the short intervals of good weather, IT should
say that an intensive collection, made over the whole summer, would be
very rewarding indeed. It would be frustrating work, with days, and
even weeks of rain, with the clouds low on the mountains. But there are
at least two quite adequate hotels in Trebizond (more if you do not
mind roughing it), and they are cheap by Western standards. There
are few railways in Turkey, but one can go practically everywhere by
bus, which is cheap and quick, if not particularly comfortable. It is
only on the unimportant local buses that you are likely to have a sheep
as co-passenger! The horrors and dangers of travelling in Turkey which
Miss Fountaine had to undergo when she visited Amasya and Bursa to
collect, and which she described in the Entomologist of 1904, are things
of the past. To-day Trabzon can be reached by sea from Istanbul, or
by bus from Samsun, which is on the railway; and possibly now by
air, too.

Two New Aberrations of Apatura iris Linnaeus
By I. R. P. Hestop
(i)

The eye-spot towards the tornus of the hindwing (upperside) of the
Purple Emperor is, in typical specimens, described by Meyrick (Revised
Handbook) as a “black ferruginous-ringed sometimes whitish-centred
spot towards tornus’’. I find that the ‘‘whitish centre’’ (often inclin-
ing to bluish) is present in a majority of the females, but in only a
minority of the males: in a male specimen taken by myself it is par-

_ ticularly well marked and of a beautiful clear blue colour.

It should perhaps be mentioned that in certain trade catalogues
the name ‘“‘parvipunctata’’ has sometimes been applied to the absence
of this ‘‘whitish centre’’, even though this condition is the more fre-
quent one taking the species as a whole. The use of this name here
has no scientific sanction whatever, since it appears properly to be
applicable to absence of spots in the Holly Blue; and by the laws of
nomenclature aberrational names are not inter-changeable between
species (despite massive attempts to the contrary).

However, where the ferruginous (orange) surrounding patch is
absent T consider the aberration sufficiently significant to name. So
far, and after a protracted scrutiny of specimens both in the hand and
in numerous collections, I have encountered this aberration only in the
male: it is decidedly scarce, with an incidence—as I estimate—of only
some 2%. The formal description is as follows :—

nov. ab. sari Heslop. Upperside only. The spot towards the tornus
of the hindwing lacks both the normal ferruginous (orange) patch sur-
rounding it and also the whitish centre. Type specimen is in my col-
lection, a male taken wild by myself in Wiltshire on 25th July 1960
(aberration being co-incident with ab. maximinus, separately described).
Co-type is in the collection of my son, John Heslop, being a male taken
wild by him in Wiltshire on 30th July 1957, when he was nine.

TWO NEW ABERRATIONS OF APATURA IRIS LINNAEUS 59

(ii)

As will be enlarged upon in a further paper, the kinds of under-
side variation traditionally associated with iole and semi-iole upper-
sides are best considered as quite separate aberrations. Not only so,
but I have now personally taken a male specimen which, while full
iole on the upperside, is on the underside—the subject of the present
description—an extreme aberration quite new to the species. Strangely,
however, there is some congruency with certain characters of the
melanic-confluent range of aberrations of Argynnis paphia L. (Silver-
washed Fritillary).

In my paper published at page 251 of the December 1960 issue of
The Entomologist the specimen now being considered (caught on the
same day and on the same spot as the maximinus) is alluded to as ‘‘semi-
iole’’. The specimen was somewhat rubbed on the upperside, and
hence was set underside (which is perfect). It was on the board when
that paper was written, and a glance (while absorbed with the other
specimen) showed that it had on the underside certain attenuated light
bands (of which more below); hence the mistaken citation. Recent
examination of the insect, in consultation with colleagues, has shown
that the upperside is full tole; but that the underside aberration is
not only startling, but new and unique. The formal description is as
follows :—

nov. ab. sorbioduni Heslop. Underside only. There is no trace of
the normal ocelli. The white bands of the normal specimen are wholly
extinct, that of the hindwing being replaced as described below. The
terminal third of both forewing and hindwing is in the main brown-
grey, without any ferruginous shading but with a broken very slightly
darker sub-marginal band. There is a brown patch at the apex of the
forewing. There is a black mark and a brown patch at the tornus of
the hindwing. The centre third of both wings is occupied by a dull
chestnut band, which loses itself towards the tornus of the hindwing.
On the hindwing this chestnut area has, extending along its middle
and corresponding generally in position to the broad white band on
normal specimens, a narrow broken buff band. The iris ‘‘tooth-mark’’
is discernible. A vague impression of this buff band is continued into
the forewing in the direction of the apex (and not along the line nor-
mally occupied by the white markings of the forewing). The basal
third of both wings and a wide area along the dorsum of the hindwing
are brownish-grey shaded with ferruginous and for the most part
merging into the central chestnut area. There is no white patch in
the basal half of the sub-costa of the forewing (though the two normal
black marks are present there), nor any white mark save just below the
apical brown patch of the forewing. There is black shading on all the
wings (the specimen described is slightly asymmetrical in this respect).
There is a slight smokiness of the whole, resulting in a blurring of
definition of the colour areas and a general dulling effect. There is
also a slightly bluish tinge in some of the lighter areas.

The Type, a male, is in my collection. It was taken wild by myself
in Wiltshire on 25th July 1960. (The upperside is full iole Schiff.).

“Belfield’’, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 19.xi.1960.

60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/111 /1961

The Macrolepidoptera of Inverness-shire :

Newtonmore District
By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S.

(See Ent. Rec., 66: 58, 90, 124; 67: 39; 68: 91; 69: 52; 71: 115; and
72: 14)

SUPPLEMENT No. 6

Once more it is a great pleasure to be able to record new species
of Macrolepidoptera for my Badenoch List, the definition of the dis-
trict being contained in my main list in Ent. Rec., 66.

This year, 1960, five new species have occurred, the main quota of
four of them being rare migrants. This is noteworthy for two reasons:
the Central Highlands of Scotland are not usually well patronised by
these visitors, and 1960 does not seem to have been a good migrant
year in the South. The fifth species is a locally abundant southern
insect which may have penetrated to the North as so many others
seem to be doing under the influence of a steadily ameliorating climate.

SPHINGIDAE

Acherontia atropos lL. A male specimen of this fine immigrant in
good condition was found at rest on a hay-stack near Laggan on 17th
July 1960. In my absence in the South, it was taken to Dr. C. B.
Williams at Kincraig, who presented it to the Hdinburgh Museum.
Three more specimens of this species were taken not far outside this
area in September, two at Struan in Perthshire and one at Inverness.
It is curious to note that in the great ‘‘atropos’’ year of 1956 the
_ Badenoch district was not favoured with any observations of this great

moth.

Celerio livornica Esp. A female of this rare immigrant in fair
condition was found at 6 p.m. on the back door step of a farmhouse
near Kingussie on 8th August 1960 and brought to me the following
morning. The general appearance of this insect is a little different
from the usual livornica taken in Great Britain, of which I have a
considerable number. The silver nervures are very: faint, and the
marginal band on the front wings very pale. Taken into considera-
tion with the time and nature of capture, which indicates a daytime
flight, it is possible that it is of the North American form of C. lineata
Fab. Unfortunately the thorax is rubbed, so that the distinguishing
character of six silver lines cannot be seen.

ARCTIIDAE

ARCTIINAE
Callimorpha jacobaeae lu. Three wings of a specimen of this locally
abundant southern species were found on his m.v. trap by Mr. A. J.
Wightman at Aviemore on 12th June 1960, quite clearly a bat casualty.
This moth probably belongs to the increasing category of species which
are penetrating this Highland district from the surrounding lowlands,
though accidental transport by train or car cannot by ruled out.

INVERNESS-SHIRE IN 1960 61

AGROTIDAE

AMPHIPYRINAE
Helhothis scutosa Schf. A specimen of this very rare immigrant
in fair condition was taken outside his m.v. trap at Aviemore on 6th
August 1960 by Mr. B. F. Skinner. This was a very remarkable cap-
ture, and is probably a furthest north record for the British Isles,
and the first for Scotland.

GEOMETRIDAE

LARENTIINAE

Nycterosea obstipata Fab. A female specimen of this rare imm?
grant in good condition entered my trap at Newtonmore on 8th October
1960. This may also be a furthest north record and the first for Scot-
land. Although she was very lively and survived for several days, the
finest sherry and sugar, and the choicest plant of Groundsel failed to
induce oviposition, in contrast to my earlier experience in Sussex.

An additional note to the original entry of Apamea unanimis Hb.
in my main List (Hnt. Rec., 66) will not be out of place here. I have
been trying to rediscover this species ever since my settling here in
1951, and at last succeeded this year, 1960. On 5th June I took two
specimens in the marshy ground between Kingussie and Kincraig.
This is about the normal date for the species in most areas, and I feel
that the very late date given to me for the original record may per-
haps indicate a possible misidentification, as I had not seen the |
specimen.

This supplement further increases the total number of Badenoch
Macrolepidoptera at the present date, January 1961, to 365 species.

21.1.1961. Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire.

Inverness-shire in 1960
By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S.

The early winter months following the gloriously sunny Autumn of
1959 were very mild with slight frosts and little snow until the short-
lived blizzard of 19th January. This thawed very rapidly, so that
Phigalia pedaria Fab. was enabled to make its appearance at the village
street lights on 23rd January. Mild and sunny weather continued
until mid-February, when our winter arrived properly with heavy snow
and sub-zero temperatures, reaching a record low of —10° F. during
the night of 17th February. This weather lasted until the end of the
month when a rapid thaw set in and I started my m.v. trap on the
6th March.

The late intense cold of February put a severe check on emergences
of Lepidoptera, so that apart from P. pedaria only some hibernators
were on the wing before late March, and immigrant birds were late
also. However, on 22nd March, Brephos parthenias L. began flying
over the birches, followed next day by Achlyia flavicornis l. and the
usual early Spring species.

62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/111 /1961

April followed its normal course with the season at least ten days
later than normal. Even Brachyonica nubeculosa Esp. did not appear
until the 8th and was very scarce this year, the first in which I have
failed to spot one at rest on a Birch trunk! This was the experience
of other collectors also. The last fortnight of the month became fine
and warm producing big m.v. trap catches which pleased some of our
southern visitors; but although one of these recorded EHndromis
versicolora L.., a male at m.v. light which quite frequently happens here,
on the very early date of 19th April, its main emergence did not take
place until well into May. Emergences were, however, catching up
towards the normal dates, as evidenced by plenty of Callophrys rubi L.
and some Anarta cordigera Thun. and Isturgia carbonaria Cl. flying in
the sunshine on 27th April.

May was a pleasant sunny month, but cold frosty nights and east
winds kept the numbers of individuals down, although most species by
now were appearing on their normal dates, such as Odontosia carmelita
Esp. on the 4th May, and Pieris napi I. and Anthocaris cardamines L.
on the 7th. On the 20th May an observation of more than usual
interest was made simultaneously by myself at Newtonmore and by Mr.
P. Le Masurier at Aviemore of male Pieris brassicae L. I have bred
small numbers of this species every year since 1953 from locally found
larvae and pupae, the resulting butterflies being invariably single-
brooded emerging in late June or July. I feel, therefore, tolerably
certain that these early specimens were immigrants from the climatic-
ally more favourable South. It would be interesting to breed Inverness-
shire P. brassicae larvae in the South of England to ascertain whether
there is an inherent genetic univoltine tendency in them, as there is in
such species as those of the genus Selenia; bilunaria, lunaria, and
tetralunaria. This butterfly continued to be unusually abundant
throughout the whole Summer right to the end of September, but it is
not very profitable to guess at the proportion of immigrants! Spring
larvae were curiously uneven in their occurrence; most ground feeding
ones, in particular Agrotids, were very scarce, while many birches were
very severely defoliated, especially by Erannis aurantiaria Hb., but
most of these undoubtedly found their way into the crops of young
birds, for imagines in the Autumn were rather less plentiful than usual.
My son, M. W. Harper, succeeded in obtaining larvae of Triphaena
sobrina Bdv. from small birches at night and successfully bred imagines.

June was a fine warm and sunny month, all the usual early Summer
insects being in good heart. A day trip to the Great Glen area
showed that insects were thriving there too, Carterocephalus palaemon
Pall. being abundant in both sexes; an interesting find here was a good
colony of Udea decrepitalis H.-S., spotted by M. W. Harper. Back in
Badenoch, Argynnis ewphrosyne L. was appearing on the 4th June,
rather later than usual. On the 5th June I at last succeeded for the
first time in finding Apamea unanimis Hb. in the marshes between
Kingussie and Kincraig, and on the same date and in the same place,
and also at Newtonmore in my m.v. trap specimens of Spilosoma
lubricepeda LL. turned up, indicating an increase in this locally rare
moth. On the 12th June Mr. A. J. Wightman added a new species
to my local List by his discovery of three wings of Callimorpha jacobaeae
L. on his m.v, trap at Aviemore which clearly indicated a bat casualty.

INVERNESS-SHIRE IN 1960 63

This may perhaps have been an accidental introduction by car or train,
but I hope it will prove to be the beginning of penetration from the
surrounding lowlands. One or two common immigrants reached us
during the month, one Plusia gamma L. on the 8th, and Vanessa
atalanta L. on the 15th and 2ist. A day and night visit to Findhorn
on the Morayshire coast on the 20th was crowned by a new record for
that area, and possibly a most northerly record also; this was the dis-
covery of a small colony of Arenostola elymi Tr. on the Lyme Grass of
the sandhills. This local species appears to be confined to the Hast
Coast of Great Britain.

Early July was remarkable for the much larger number of butterflies
on the wing than is usual here; a very delightful change. On the 2nd
July my favourite butterfly hillside was alive with them; Aricia agestis
artaxerxes Fab. and Polyommatus icarus Rott. were in clouds, and
many Maniola jurtina L., Argynnis selene Schf., and A. aglaia L. were
all in sight at the same time! This abundance was very noticeable
throughout the whole district. The rest of the month I spent in the
South and West of England, in which visit I experienced the most
atrocious collecting weather I can remember! In North Devon, for
example, gales, torrential rain, fog, and very low temperatures with
rare sunny intervals occurred all the time. I have vivid boyhood
memories of collecting in this delightful region before the Great War,
particularly of the great patches of pink Valerian in the Devon lanes,
alive with Argynnis paphia L., Vanessa atalanta L., and Nymphalis 10
L.; this year not one was seen, even when the sun was shining! How-
ever, some compensation was afforded by a few species new to me in
night collecting, including Lygephila craccae Schf., Lewcania putrescens
Hb., Hilema caniola Hb., and Agrotis trux lunigera Steph., the latter
being of course rather worn. Lymantria monacha L. was common, and
Alcis jubata Thun. came to m.yv. light.

On 2nd August I returned to Badenoch, to receive the news that
another new species, Acherontia atropos L., had been added to my
local List; it was a male in good condition and had been found by
day resting on a haystack near Laggan. More exciting new records
followed; Mr. B. Skinner took a specimen of the very rare immigrant
Heliothis scutosa Schf. outside his m.v. trap at Aviemore on the 6th
August, and on the 9th a female Celerio livornica Esp. in fair condition
was brought to me. It had been found at 6 p.m. on the back doorstep
of a farm near Kingussie and was not there earlier in the day,
indicating diurnal flight, a well-known characteristic of the North
American race of this moth. It looks slightly different from the many
British specimens I have, but unfortunately the thorax is rubbed so
that the extra distinguishing silver lines cannot be checked. A further
scarce immigrant entered my m.v. trap in October, Nycterosia obstipata
Fab., a female. This number of scarce immigrants is very remarkable
here and contrasts with the small number of similar records elsewhere.
Three more A. atropos arrived no great distance away later in Septem-
ber, two recorded by Dr. de Worms at Struan and one at Inverness.
Meanwhile the weather had deteriorated here also, being cold, cloudy
and showery, but nothing like as wet as in the South; in fact our
annual rainfall eventually turned out to be no less than ten inches
less than normal! August ended on a slightly warmer note, the usual

64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/TIT/1961

species being present in average numbers. Further evidence of
immigrants was provided by five Hurois occulta L. of the pale grey
continental form on the 17th and several succeeding days.

September continued the same weather pattern, rather cold, dull
and showery, with the usual Autumn species generally below the
average numbers. Some common immigrants appeared, especially as
previously noted, P. brassicae, but very few V. atalanta this year and
a fair number of Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. probably bred locally from an
earlier immigrant parent. Plusia gamma L. fresh and large, appeared
similarly in small numbers. The last was seen flying rather weakly
by day on the sea coast at Nairn as late as the 4th November!

On the 7th October I was very pleased to take in my m.v. trap the
second specimen of a very remarkable aberration of Allophyes
oxyacanthae I., the first of which I took in 1958. As it is therefore
shown to be a recurring form at Newtonmore, and Mr. Goodson of the
B.M. (Nat. Hist.) at Tring kindly tells me it appears to be an ab. noy.,
IT have described and named it elsewhere ab. occulta, from its main
character, the complete obliteration of the silver crescent by a black
bar, and a solid black base to the forewings. It will be of great
interest if other observers should record this new form from other
localities ; it seems improbable that it is confined to Newtonmore. On
the 8th October a female N. obstipata, referred to under August,
occurred in my trap. This may also be a most northerly record for
the British Isles. The first snow of the Winter fell on the High Tops
on the 10th October, but frost did not occur until mid-November, very
late this year, and on the 20th November an emergence of Operophtera
fagata Scharf. brought the season to an end. It was a year of con-
siderable entomological interest, notably in the large number of scarce
immigrants, and a splendid number of butterflies in this part of
Scotland, where we were also duly thankful to escape the atrocious
worst of the weather experienced by our friends in the South.

‘ Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 24.1.1961.

Notes on Orthoptera in Southern England
in 1960

By J. F. Burton, B.Sc.

(B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol)

My opportunities for collecting Orthoptera were rather limited in
1960 and I counted myself fortunate, therefore, that the summer was
such an unfavourable one for observing these insects.

At the beginning of May I took up a new appointment in Bristol
with the result that I spent only occasional week-ends at my home in
East Grinstead, Sussex. Here, most of my observations were concen-
trated around the immediate vicinity of the house. It was in this
locality that I found my first nymphs of the year—two species, Chor-
thippus parallelus (Zett.) and Omocestus viridulus (L.) on 4th June.

Shortly afterwards I travelled to Poland to attend the 7th General
Assembly of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
The weather in Poland proved to be as wet as in Britain and the only
orthopteron I encountered on the field trips was Tettigonia viridissima

NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA IN SOUTHERN ENGLAND IN 1960 65

L.; by the Dunajec river in the Pieniny National Park, near the
Slovakian frontier, on 23rd June.

Back in England on 27th June [ found Ch. parallelus fairly common
on grassy banks in the Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, Some individuals
were quite well-grown, but the majority were still small. At Bourton
Combe, near the North Somerset village of Flax Bourton, I found
many fully mature parallelus, Chorthippus brumneus (Thunb.), and
Myrmeleotettiz maculatus (Thunb.) on 2nd July; on a limestone out-
crop amid the wooded slopes. The maculatus males were stridulating
freely in the sunshine. In the low-lying meadows around Flax Bour-
ton, purallelus was common everywhere, as | later found it to be
throughout North Somerset.

When I next visited East Grinstead, on 9th July, Omocestus viri-
dulus adults proved to be numerous in my garden and on neighbouring
grassy banks, etc. Ch. brunneus and Ch. parallelus were also plentiful
in this district and on 3lst July I caught an adult female Ch. albo-
marginatus (Geer) in the garden: probably the offspring of individuals
I released last summer.

During the afternoon of 31st July, I visited Cuckmere Haven, Hast
Sussex, and collected in a grassy area divided from the sea by a shingle
ridge. Here Ch. albomarginatus, Ch. brunneus and Ch. parallelus
were very common. The first mentioned was particularly numerous
in the long grass verging a stagnant dyke, but overlapped in distri-
bution with parallelus. On the other hand, brunneus overlapped with
parallelus, but was mainly restricted to drier places, such as the patches
of short grass in the shingle areas.

On the neighbouring chalk down, I encountered many more
parallelus and, in rough vegetation on the lower slopes, a small colony
of Metrioptera brachyptera (l.). The latter were a brighter green
than those I have seen in the New Forest bogs or elsewhere. Just
before I left this spot I caught a fine female 7. viridissuma.

On 21st August, Mr. Jeffery Boswall and I spent the day in the
western Mendips, near Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. At Crook Peak,
Chorthippus brunneus and Ch. parallelus were both common, the latter
especially on the higher slopes. Most of the brunneus I examined were
of a lovely, variegated grey form which harmonized beautifully with
the limestone outcrops. Myrmeleotettix maculatus was also numerous,
most of the males being dark green in general colouring and the females
a combination of black, grey and white. In bramble clumps and long
grass on the lower slopes I heard Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Geer)
males stridulating and captured a large female. This bush-cricket is
widespread and often abundant around Bristol: localities where I have
noticed it this year include Clifton Gorge and Downs, Portishead, Pill,
Flax Bourton and the western Mendips. I am always struck by its
superficial resemblance to a large dark-brown spider, even in so far as
its gait is concerned. Possibly the similarity affords it some protec-
tion from would-be predators.

On Bleadon Hill, two miles west of Crook Peak, I found several
Tettigonia viridissima on 21st August stridulating from the middle of
dense bramble thickets lining the boundary walls of a cornfield. Here
too, large colonies of P. griseoaptera were present along the roadside
verges. Chorthippus brunneus and Ch. parallelus were everywhere
common.

66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

In the marshes bordering the Brean-Lympsham road, Ch. albomur-
ginatus was found to be widespread and numerous in rough fields,
especially along the margins of reedy dykes and ditches, In such
habitats Ch. parallelus was invariably to be seen as well.

At Kast Grinstead on 15th September I was handed a live male
Meconema thalassinum (Geer) by a neighbour, who reported that it
came to light the previous evening.

The increasingly wet weather experienced during the autumn caused
me to cease field trips during October and concentrate on indoor work,

hoping meanwhile for a better season in 1961.
15.11.1961.

Ptychopteridae (Diptera: Nematocera) at

Robertsbridge, E. Sussex
By P. Roper

The four species of Ptychoptera considered here were all taken on
the farm here at Robertsbridge during 1960 and fall into two well
defined groups. First, those that were to be found at or near the
margins of stagnant ponds, and secondly, those that were found in
the vicinity of a small woodland stream. Members of the first category
consisted almost entirely of P. contaminata (L.) and this was a common
insect in it’s preferred habitat from about the begining of June and
with the exception of July; when a second brood was probably in
development; it continued to be noted until mid-September. Specimens
taken in June were considerably larger than those of August and
September, presumably on account of their larvae having overwintered.
The mature insects seem to delight in areas of dappled shade usually
amongst the marginal vegetation of the ponds. They have the habit
of coming to rest on the upper surfaces of leaves, such plants as
stinging nettle, bramble and woody nightshade being most convenient
for this and they are among the easier diptera to observe and follow.

The second species of this first category was a shining black female
with clear wings and could be either P. scutellaris (Mg.) or P. minuta
(Tonnoir.). Unfortunately, only the males are separable and its identity
must remain in doubt although it is more probably P. scutellaris. It
was taken while at rest on a sallow leaf beside a small pond on the
8th September.

The second group—those species taken near a small woodland stream
—consisted of P. lacustris (Mg.) and P. longicauda (Tonnoir.). Both
these species, but more especially the latter, are far less known than
the others and this is possibly because their habitat requirements are
less easily met. The stream through the wood starts from a spring
and in all flows about 200 yards before joining a deep sluggish canal.
All the Ptychoptera spp. were taken well away from the canal and, as
there is no other water, an association between the stream and the
early stages of the insects is indicated.

Apart from one male P. lacustris taken in the wood on Ist August,
the entire batch of specimens was collected on the 21st and 22nd of
June. On the 2lst I took two males and, finding them to be P.
lacustris and P. longicauda respectively, I went to the wood on the
following day and succeeded in obtaining two more male lacustris, four

OBITUARY 67

male longicauda and five females which again are apparently in-
separable. I kept some of the females alive with males of either species
in an attempt to get them in cop. and possibly breed from them, but
the attempt failed. The habits of the insects in the field resemble
those of P. contaminata and I observed one male walking about on
the surface of a bramble leaf with frequent stops as though to eat
something, however on further examination the leaf appeared quite
clean and dry. It occurred to me at the time that there was a certain
similarity in shape and colour as well as in flight and gait to some cf
the ichneumons and it would be of interest to know if this is of any
protective value. (Provided it is a valid comparison in the eyes of any
possible enemy.)

Out of our seven British species of Ptychoptera, four were found in
a very small area of country, which shows that more collecting would
undoubtedly increase our knowledge of their range and habits. Not
the least interesting fact has been the apparent absence of P. albimana
(Fab.). This is described as common and widely distributed yet I
have never found it here, although I have heard of it from fairly
similar localities in other parts of the country.

I am indebted to Dr. P. Freeman of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
who has kindly confirmed the identities of some of the above species.

Little Slides, Robertsbridge, Sussex. 19.i.61.

Obituary

Leonard Talman Ford was born on 24th October 1881 and was
educated at Dulwich College, passing on to Merton College, Oxford,
where he obtained an honours degree in chemistry. He then read
law and was called to the bar in 1906, practising at his father’s cham-
bers in lLincoln’s Inn before joining the Civil Service. He was
appointed one of the Official Trustees of Charitable Funds in November
1939, and when he retired, he was Assistant Charity Commissioner.

His interest in lepidoptera as a whole brought him in contact with
many collectors and his genius for the ‘‘micros’’ made his collection an
example in completeness resulting from indefatigable work, and also
an example in perfect setting; even his ‘‘Neps’’ having antennae and
forelegs extended in the orthodox manner. ‘There are few microlepi-
doptera collections in the country that do not contain an appreciable
number of his specimens. An example of tidiness, he did not, as most
of us do, clutter himself up with large numbers of duplicates, but
passed on ‘“‘good things’’ to his friends as soon as his series was com-
pleted to his satisfaction, without waiting for them to fall into decay
before parting with them.

There has been no comparable micro collection since that of Eustace
Bankes, and we must hope that the means may be found for it to form
the basis of a national microlepidoptera collection which could be built
up with other famous collections on the lines of the Rothschild-Cock-
ayne-Kettlewell macro collection. This would satisfy a real want and
would provide work for students for years to come.

A very large proportion of his specimens were bred, and his advice
to would-be micro collectors was that they leave their nets at home
for their first five years of collecting. He was a most successful breeder,

68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

finding ingenious techniques for difficult species, and he always had a
large number of cultures on hand in perfect order.

It was always his way to decide on the species to be found before
setting out, and on a surprising number of expeditions he brought his
quarry home in quantity. He was a most knowing and persevering
searcher and could fill his boxes while others would be taking ones and
twos. In company with others he set out to see whether Nephopteryz
obductella Zell. was correctly reported by Meyrick as ‘‘probably a mis-
taken record’’, and came back with a very reasonable bag of larvae
from the marjoram on Kentish chalk hills, which went to form his
series, and to exemplify the species in the collections of many of his
friends. The species has since been shown to be very well established
in its somewhat limited terrain.

He described Coleophora erigerella, a species new to science, which
he discovered feeding obscurely almost entirely hidden in the downy
seed-heads of Hrigeron acre in the Gravesend district, later finding it
on Dartford Heath, and it is now known locally practically all along
the North Downs as far as the Mickleham region. Another of his new
species is Nepticula (Htainma) marionella, named after his wife, which
he found on tree trunks in the Stanmore Common area. Unfortunately
this is one of the few species taken as the imago, and the early stages
are not known, but he thought it to be associated with the aspen.
There are many bred series in his collection of species whose status is
under investigation and which would be invaluable in helping with final
determination.

Mr. Ford was possessed of a most lkeable nature, being able to
assert his views without being overbearing or dogmatic, and he was
always willing to consider the views of another, however young or
inexperienced, without any thought of patronage. His manifest
pleasure on being put on to an insect he desired was good to behold,
and he would always disclose his localities to his friends with the sole
’ proviso that they in turn did not disclose them without first consult-
ing him, and this confidence was never misplaced. Wherever he went
he gave excellent advice, and simply oozed collecting and breeding
hints, unfortunately usually at times when one had not a pencil and
notebook handy to record them before he was talking of some other
interesting matter. Had it been possible to make and collate such
notes, they would have made an invaluable addition to our literature.
He wrote the Guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, giving dates
for the various stages, and foodplant where known; descriptions of his
new species, a paper on breeding the Elachistidae, and another on the
British Psychidae, but regrettably little else.

Last year Mr. Ford suffered a slight stroke from which he seemed
to recover, but on 9th January of this year, he died. His last public
appearance was at the ‘‘South London’’ society’s exhibition, and was
in great demand amongst his many friends to verify determinations
of obscure micros, to determine others, and answer queries. He was
president of The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society in 1947.

He leaves a widow, two sons and a daughter, whose sense of loss
we can well appreciate, and to whom we extend our very sincere
sympathy. We are left to regret the passing, albeit at a good age,
of one of the greatest microlepidopterists of this century—S. N. A. J

CURRENT LITERATURE 69

Notes and Observations

MALACOSOMA OASTRENSIS L. In SuFFoLK.—I was interested to read
Mr. F. H. Lyon’s note in your recent issue (72: 246) concerning the
occurrence of Malacosoma castrensis L. on Havergate Island, East
Suffolk, as I found large numbers of small larvae of this species on
the saltings during a stay on the island from 22nd to 3lst May 1953.
This was, of course, the year of the great floods which inundated the
East Coast at the end of January. Havergate Island was then com-
pletely submerged.—J. F. Burton, B.B.C. Natural History Unit,
Broadcasting House, Bristol 8. 6.11.1961.

A RemarKaBLeE Mip-Fresruary.—For the first time this year I ran
my mercury vapour lamp in my garden on the night of 10th-1lth
February. Conistra vaccinu L., Hrannis leucophaearia Schiff., Theria
rupicapraria Schiff., H. marginaria Fab., Phigalia pedaria Fab.,
Alsophila aescularia Fab., and Tortricodes tortricella Hiibn. had already
been seen at lighted windows, so it was no surprise when these all
turned up in the trap. Nor was Apocheima hispidaria Schiff. un-
expected, but Orthosia gothica L., O. cruda Schiff., and O. stabilis
Schiff. were astonishing, as were Achlya flavicornis L. and Biston
strataria Hufn. the following night. On the night of 12th-13th there
were, in addition, O. incerta Hufn., O. munda Schiff., Harophila badiata
Schiff. and Hupsilia transversa Hufn., and since then I have seen
Phlogophora meticulosa L. and Xylocampa areola Esp. as well as Peronea
cristana Fab. Except for meticulosa and areola, which were singletons,
all species have appeared in some numbers, about one dozen strataria
being seen on the best night, and rather fewer of the other species.
Truly astonishing for mid-February.—R. M. Merz, Mill House,
Chiddingfold, Surrey. 16.ii.61.

Current Literature

PracticAL HEREDITY WITH DrosopHita. By G. Haskell. Oliver &
Boyd, Edinburgh and London. 1961. 10s. 6s.—A slim, well-printed
and illustrated handy pocket-sized book ‘‘intended as a guide to the
manipulation of the fruit-fly (Drosophila melanogaster Mg.) in schools
and colleges where class work in elementary practical genetics is pro-
vided’. The life history and morphology of the fruit-fly and practical
suggestions for obtaining, rearing and running experimental genetical
studies are helpfully described. Many exercises are suggested as
practical work to support the description of the various concepts of
geneticists. The style is concise, the glossary and bibliography brief.
A practical book for the student but nevertheless with much useful
information and technical hints for the amateur dipterist who is
biologically minded.—L. P.

Keys To aND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE THIRD INSTAR LARVAE OF SoME
Species or SyRPHIDAE (DipTeRA) OccuRRING IN Britain. By T. J. Dixon.
Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Vol. 112, Part 13. 1960. 15s., from
The Society, at 41 Queen’s Gate, S.W.7.—The author, now at Zool.

70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/11/1961

Dept., University of Glasgow, has produced a model paper dealing with
the larvae of 56 of the 234 species of Syrphidae of Britain. These 56
are described, 15 for the first time, and a key to them is provided.
34 species are illustrated in the 8 figures which are grouped to afford
comparison. The paper concludes with a bibliography of 65 items.
It is hoped that the comment in the discussion, ‘‘further study of both
Syrphid eggs and larvae may elucidate affinities within groups and
provide a basis for assessing the validity of genera’’—made in a con-
sideration of E. R. Goffe’s subdivisions—is a promise of further
publications by the author. Many abundant species, e.g. Hristalis
pertinax Scop. and EH. arbustorum L., are not included in the key. A
chance for amateurs to assist the trained scientist.—L. P.

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ Society, 14, No. 1.—This volume
opens with the President’s address delivered by Dr. Eugene Monroe
dealing with research by professionals and amateurs which should be
of considerable help and interest. Shigeru Albert Ae writes on hybrids
of Papilio cuthus L. and the P. polyxenes-machaon group, with a plate
of adults and one of larvae, both in half tone. J. Benjamin Ziegler
writes on a redefinition of the genera of North American hairstreaks,
and ©. F. dos Passos writes on Nearctic Rhopalocera from a taxonomic
angle, dealing with the Megathymidae and Hesperiidae, whose chromo-
somes are the subject of a paper by Kodo Maeki and Charles L. Rem-
ington. Some notes on Agathymus from Mexico by H. A. Freeman
includes the description of a new species, A. fieldi, with a plate show-
ing upper and under sides of the male and female with anatomic photo-
graphs of genitalia and the anal end of the pupa. H. E. Hammond
contributes an illustrated article on the preservation of larval skins.
The catalogue of recent literature is continued.—S. N. A. J.

Tun Dorset Naturatists’ Trust Lrp.—This trust, under the pre-
sidency of the Rt. Hon. The Earl of Ilchester, has been formed with
the intention of doing something to ensure that parts of Dorset, of
particular scientific interest, should be preserved for posterity in an
undisturbed condition.

The trust is not intended to compete with the Nature Conservancy,
but appreciating the national basis of that body, is intended to assist
locally by preserving as much as possible of the Dorset biotopes, and
has in mind places from the fossil exposures on the coast to the habitats
of local birds, reptiles, insects and plants, making particular mention
of several interesting insects.

Membership at £1 per annum is invited, and those interested should
write to The Treasurer, The Dorset Naturalists’ Trust Ltd., The Bank
House, West Borough, Wimborne, Dorset.

wee ar a

‘er

HOTEL ACCOMMODATION
Mrs. H. TULLY

Craigellachie Guest House, Aviemore, Inverness-shire

An Entomologist’s Mecca, highly recommended by collectors, 125 acres ot
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Special Notice

VARIETIES OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

From time to time, collections of aberrations both of butterflies and
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J. C. B. Craske collection of butterflies which has just been recatalogued.
Also available is a long series of over 350 specimens of C. tullia Mull.
showing the range of this species throughout Britain. A few varieties
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Coleoptera—Carabidae, Cicindelidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, Cerambyci-
dae, Curculionidae, Lucanidae, Scarabaedae, ete.

Living stages of lepidoptera available when in season include: Ova,
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. THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

A systematic work, in collaboration with the best specialists of all Countries.
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For Exchange.—‘‘Field Lepidopterist’’, Tutt., 3 Vols. “British Moths’, Morris,
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1859. Also wanted: Storeboxes, 13 x 9 or 14 x 10. Cartwright Timms, 524
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Orthoptera.—Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
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World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxv-
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Wanted.—Records of Lathridius spp. (Coleoptera lLathridiidae) especially
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For Sule.—Weird and interesting caterpillars of the Japanese Owl Moth (Brah.

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New to Britain.—Larvae of Mexican Tiger Moth—£cpanteria deflorata. Feeding

on Dandelion or any low plant. 2/6 doz. small. 4/6 doz. medium (May).

T. H. Fox, 28 Boxwell Road, Berkhamstead, Herts.

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BY I. W. B. NYE

Although this research work describes the principal graminaceous
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part is devoted to detailed accounts of fourteen species of
lepidopterous stalk borers. The main purpose of the survey was
to yield information on this class of insect, but some account of
shoot flies, root and shoot feeders, leaf and stalk feeders, and
seed feeders is also given. The author is a member of the
Colonial Pool of Entomologists at the Commonweaith
Institute of Entomology. Colonial Research Studies No. 31.
Illustrated. 10s. 6d. (post 4d.)

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TWO NEW ABERRATIONS OF APATURA IRIS LINNAEUS. cae
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THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF INVERNESS-SHIRE : "_NEWTONMORE
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INVERNESS-SHIRE IN 1960. Commander G. W. HARPER, R.N. crete),
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NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA IN SOUTHERN ENGLAND IN 1960. J. oie
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PTYCHOPTERIDAE (DIPTERA : Sencha OTE AT ‘ROBERTSBRIDGE, B
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The chief aims of this book are to enable specimens of the
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Lysandra coridon Poda: The Adverse Influence

of a Bi-voltine Tendency
By Major A. E. CoLiieR

In all colonies of Lysandra coridon Poda the year 1959 was
climatically an excellent one for pairing and egg laying, the ensuing
winter was very normal, and the spring of 1960 left nothing to he
desired in the way of favourable conditions for the young larvae.

It seems, therefore, desirable to look for reasons, others than those
associated with heavy and continuous grazing, which will account for
the sudden great drop in numbers of imagines in most colonies in 1960.

In 1954 I noticed for the first time that a small percentage of eggs
laid in July and early August hatched out in the next few months, and
that in a mild winter the larvae could be seen feeding well into
December, some even reaching their second instar. Attempts to bring
these larvae through to the spring, in natural conditions, were not
conspicuously successful, though on occasion a few survived and
pupated well in advance of the spring hatchings, and in December
1958 a single imago was obtained without artificial protection except
in the pupal stage. The premature hatchings accounted generally for
10% to 15% of the eggs laid, and it was noticed that after a biggish
autumn hatch some of the remaining eggs would fail to hatch in the
spring. In many cases the young larvae managed to eat their way
through the shell but, lacking vitality, failed to emerge, and died
im situ.

In 1959 the great heat in August, September and October had a
disastrous effect on most of my batches of eggs, although these were
kept on an exposed balcony, shaded from direct sun and open to wind
and rain. When rain was infrequent the eggs were kept reasonably
moist by occasional spraying.

In spite of this it was obvious in October that eggs were hatching
on an unusually large scale, and a more thorough inspection in Novem-
ber revealed that in some broods more than 50% of the eggs had done
so. A few larvae were seen, but most had disappeared from the
unprotected, and in some cases dead, foodplants.

As a useful number of eggs remained I was not unduly concerned
until the spring when, to my consternation, the majority of the sur-
viving eggs in the earlier laid broods failed to hatch. The same thing
happened to a fellow collector, Mr. Stockley, who was breeding coridon
on a very big scale.

In 1958 he captured a male alba radiata and mated it successfully
with a type female taken from an F1 radiata brood. From the 263
eggs laid he obtained 198 imagines in 1959.

From this family he obtained 43 pairings, and eggs, amounting to
over 5,000, were laid between 2nd July and 10th August 1959.

The eggs were shared with Mr. Saunders, but not a single egg
hatched in the spring of 1960, and it was found that a good 30% or
more had hatched in the previous autumn.

Mr. Stockley also obtained pairings between males of the above-
mentioned F.1 radiata brood and type females, unrelated. A substan-
tial number of the eggs were laid early in July, about 10% to 15%

SMUHSUNIAN ga ays 9 gr]

72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1V/1961

hatched in the autumn, and the remainder hatched in March 1960.
Mr. Stockley is inclined to think that the failure in the case of the
F.2 broods was due to inbred weakness, but the large autumn hatch
must have been due to the exceptional high temperatures, which will
also have adversely affected the remaining eggs.

The following table gives the results obtained from my six broods.

Date of laying Approx. No. Approx. %age Number of
1959 of eggs hatched imagines
Autumn Spring
10/7 to 25/7 110 50 10 5
13/7 to 23/7 400 50 Nil Nil
DS i(envOmeoinG 140 55 5 3
25/7 to 2/8 50 40 Nil Nil
14/8 to 20/8 40 15 80 23
17/8 to 22/8 110 10 90 70

Of the above only the fourth was a F.2 brood. In all other cases
the parents were not more closely related than cousins.

The results seem to indicate that the later laid broods had a greater
chance of survival than those laid earlier.

An F.2 batch of eggs from the last brood were laid late in July 1960
and at the end of October it was found that about 12% of the eggs
had hatched, and the remainder began to hatch in mid-February 1961.
In a large batch of eggs laid by wild females towards the end of August
1960, not a single egg hatched in the autumn, and the young larvae be-
gan to emerge also in the middle of February.

The conclusion I draw is that L. coridon has a tendency towards
bi-voltinism and that the young larvae are substantially unable to
survive our winters.

In a late summer of exceptional heat, such as 1959, a far higher
‘percentage of eggs are prematurely hatched and a great number of the
larvae in the remaining eggs reach a stage where they do not readily
survive hibernation.

The result is bound to be a cataclysmic fall in the population in
most colonies.

My own experiences in 1960 were confined to Winspit, where the
biggest count at the end of July was 26; the valley immediately to the
east, where about 70 were seen; the Light House at Swanage about
120, Ballard Down about 50, Dorking a few dozen, and Shoreham about
100. These numbers were only a small fraction of those seen in 1959
and in earlier years.

Reports from other colonies suggested similar declines in numbers,
and the only locality where numbers were said to be as usual is nor-
mally a late down where the vegetation is very luxurious and where
the climate at the base of the food plant would be more equable than
in most other downs.

It might be suggested that this autumn hatching only occurs among
eggs laid in captivity, but I have twice found evidence of fresh feeding
in October on the leaves of Hippocrepis comosa L. when searching for
plants to pot up for broods of Lysandra bellargus Rott.

In both cases bellargus had never been recorded in the vicinity, and
in one case in 1947 in Northamptonshire the eating was very extensive

ASPECTS OF VARIATION IN APATURA IRIS L. 73

and in the following year the coridon population was drastically re-
duced. It will be remembered that the summer of 1947 was exception-
ally hot and my impression is that many downs, including Shoreham
in Sussex, have never recovered fully from the losses caused in that
year by premature hatching.

There are other species which occasionally produce partial second
broods, the most notable in my experience being Limenitis camilla L.,
also in 1947, when a substantial second brood occurred in the woods
round Oundle. In subsequent years camilla became very much rarer,
and has, I believe, never since achieved the numbers seen in 1947 and
earlier years.

Apatura iris L. is another butterfly which occasionally produces
second broods in captivity, without artificial temperatures except in
the pupal stage. There were several cases of this in 1959, and it is
reasonable to suppose that in nature many larvae fed on too late, and
may even have pupated, but could certainly not have emerged, mated
and laid eggs. Such a loss of stock could well explain the alarming
drop in numbers in 1960, amounting to nearly 90%, in the many
favoured localities around Cranleigh.

If my theory has any basis in fact then the unsympathetic conditions
of 1960 should go a long way towards restoring the position of coridon
to what it was before that memorable summer of 1959.

Aspects of Variation in Apatura iris L., with the

Description of One New Aberration
by I. R. P. Hestor and R. E. StockiBy

PART I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

(a) Introductory Note.

This Paper is intended primarily to give some indication of the
potential field for investigation, rather than to conduct such: a few
leads, however, are followed up. The Purple Emperor is usually re-
garded as such a prize that the average collector considers himself
fortunate to secure even a single specimen; and in consequence the
extent of individual aberration passes unnoticed—apart from the
much desired and fabulous classic varieties (to which further attention
is given below). The result is that the insect has a somewhat un-
deserved reputation for lack of variability. Actually it is, number
for number, probably as variable as Lysandra coridon Poda (Chalk-
hill Blue), though probably not so much so as Aglais urticae L. (Small
Tortoiseshell).

We are dealing with English variation only. Quite apart from the
variation, or potential variation, considered in this paper it should be
made clear that the Tring Museum has several British named aber-
rations—mostly according to Cabeau. We thank the authorities of
this Museum for the facilities kindly given to R. HE. S.

The description of a new male aberration, maximinus Heslop, has
already been published (Hntomologist, 93: 251); and the de-

74 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1V /1961

scriptions of two other aberrations (Heslop) have now been published
in the Hntomologist’s Record, 73: 58-59. In connection with
maximinus it may be observed that the gene of size must be inheritable
and breedable—for example there is the Reverend Gilbert Raynor’s
large A. grossulariata (Common Magpie) strain—just the same as any
other gene.

To appreciate the potentialities of variation, large numbers must
be viewed. For iris, this obviously is possible only under quite ex-
ceptional circumstances; or if numerous collections are studied by the
investigator. The variation noted may be considered in groups.

(b) Increase or decrease of orange colour.

An infusion of orange coloration on the upper side of either sex
is sometimes so marked as to suggest comparison with ab. clytie Schiff.
of Apatwra ila Schiff., though the extent of the variation is not so
extreme. The most advanced wild-caught specimens that we know in
this category are a male taken by I. R. P. H. in Somerset in 1952 and
a male taken in Wilts. in 1956 by Jane Heslop. Both these specimens
were somewhat below normal in size.

A similar trend of variation has occasionally been noticed in bred
specimens. Pending the potential occurrence of a more extreme ex-
ample we are not at present attaching any name to this range of
variation (which does not appear to be identical with ab. thawmantias
Cabeau—see Seitz Supp’t p. 191). There is definite evidence that
this kind of variation may result from unusual exposure of the pupa
to sunlight: an instance in the experience of Mr J. M. K. Saunders
may be mentioned.

In the reverse direction, the only variation that can apparently be
pinpointed is with regard to the orange patch surrounding the eye-
spot towards the tornus of the hindwing. Extinction of this orange
patch has been described in the Entomologist’s Record, 73: 58) under
ab. sari Heslop.

(c) Intersex and mosaic variations. Homoeosis. Scale deformity.
More research is required under this heterogeneous heading.

A male wholly lacking the purple of the upperside has been noted
by R.E.S., but we have been unable to locate it for the purposes of
the present paper. This specimen was taken in the New Forest. This
aberration corresponds to ab. obsoleta Tutt of Thecla quercus L.

There occurs rarely with the type in Wiltshire, and probably else-
where, an aberration of the male in which the normal deep purple-blue
of the upperside is replaced by a leaden-blue of paler hue. The scales
form a mat which reflects light, as well as refracting it. Distinct and
perfect specimens have been taken by I. R. P. H. and by Jane Heslop.
The magnificent example by the latter was actually her first specimen
of this species, taken (at rest on a board leaning against a shed) by
her unaided in Wilts. in 1955 when she was aged only five years and

four months. This prize appears to approximate to ab. romaniszyni
Schille.

In antithesis, in ab. hindenburgi Mecke (see below) the purple
shimmer is said to be darker than normal in tint.

ASPECTS OF VARIATION IN APATURA IRIS L. 715

A female specimen was bred by Mr. Gumbleton, from a Sussex
larva, in which there was a patch of upperside coloration on the hind-
wing underside. It was shown at the South London Exhibition about
1948 or 1949; but its present whereabouts are unknown to us, It is
not appropriate to apply an aberrational designation to this condition.
It is one of homoeosis, which has been noted in many species; but not
so far, we think, in A. iris.

On 5th July 1959 Mr. E. L. Bolton took in Surrey a male specimen
in which there was a chocolate peppering of the grey markings of the
underside, This condition—which requires further investigation—is
probably due, not to additional marking, but to scale deficiency; see
also under (e).

(d) Extension and mergence of markings.

In a certain Sussex locality females have been taken (e.g. in 1955),
and noted by R. E. S., which are rather above the average size and in
which the normal narrow sub-marginal band along the termen of the
hindwing is much widened. One or two similar specimens were noted
by I. R. P. H. in Wiltshire in the same year. Further specimens,
possibly indicating some climax, are awaited before a formal descrip-
tion is attempted.

At the South London Society’s Exhibition in 1943, Mr. B. W.
Adkin showed a bred female ‘‘with extra markings on hindwings’. A
female specimen is referred to on page 43 of Vol. 77 of The Entomolo-
gist as having rayed hindwings. The specimen figured (22) on Plate
29 of Frohawk’s British Butterflies gives a slight indication of the
same feature. See also the allusion under (f) to the 1906 specimen
from Northants.

(e) General variation of the underside.

This represents a field which we have not hitherto been able to
investigate fully, with the exception of the special forms of aberration
detailed in (d) and (g). We have not been able to trace the under-
side specimen (sex not stated) mentioned in The Entomologist, 75: 155;
if ‘obsolete’? means (as it does with some other species) being without
the ocelli, this must indeed be a spectacular insect.

Scarcely any two specimens are quite alike on the underside; and
a name for any one of a series of infinite gradations seems invidious.
There is an extraordinary range in the depth of the ground-colour,
from very pale to very dark. In some specimens, both male and
female, the white of the underside is suffused with a delicate burnt-
orange tint.

In ab. obscura Salzl, which we believe has occurred in England, the
underside areas which normally are chestnut are darkened by black
dusting so that they become blackish brown. If Mr. Bolton’s specimen
mentioned under (c) does not belong to that category, it is probably
referable here. Ab.obscura also has very dark chocolate tips to the
underside forewings.

Incidentally, we deprecate the habit of setting only poor specimens as
undersides. This practice tends to vitiate the appreciation of the
extreme beauty of the underside and of its range of variation. For
our part, we set as undersides only specimens which are quite perfect

76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1TV/1961

on that surface and including some of our largest and best generally.
But many is the specimen, both caught and bred, which we have
not killed and set at all; but have released after examination.

(f) Obsolescence of white markings of the upperside.

This type of variation, both in the Purple Emperor and As White
Admiral (Limenitis paral L.), is often colloquially alluded to as
“throwing black’’.

It is to this group that the classical aberration iole belongs. This
superb range of variation has deservedly caught the imagination: but,
unfortunately, to the neglect of other ranges.

At one time specimens showing any marked diminution of white on
the upperside were all referred to as iole Schiff. It is only in the last
forty years or so that the practice has grown up of alluding to just the
most extreme examples as iole and to all the intermediate ones as_
““semt-tole’’. The type of semi-iole, as an upperside, appears to have
been fixed for both male and female by Frohawk in 1938 (Varieties of
British Butterflies, Plate 25); but Cabeau has described much the same
thing as zolata.

We are advised that ab. iole Schiff. has been interpreted as applying
to total absence of white markings, both on the upperside and under-
side. Those specimens having only one to four white spots on the
forewing, and no other white markings, are in Museum practice treated
as ab. lugenda Cabeau. And ab. iolata (semi-iole) covers all specimens
with substantial reduction of the white band.

By this criterion, iole is indeed an excessive rarity. There is one
such specimen in the Tring Museum, set underside.

Here we must observe that the relative figure in South (1906), male,
appears to be referable to semi-iole, as so understood, not iole. The
figure on the frontispiece of Frohawk’s Varieties of British Butterflies
is apparently of Cabeau’s lugenda.

We should state that we know of only two specimens, in England,
such as that illustrated in Seitz (1906), which is actually the extremely
rare ab. monophana Cabeau. One is the male described on page 106 of
Vol. 1 of Barrett’s work and alluded to on p. 179 of Vol. 75 of The
Entomologist. There is also a male in the Tring Museum. In our
experience, with these two exceptions, whenever there is just a trace
of the white band remaining, this is on the hindwing and not the
forewing. Nevertheless, it is only fair to mention that in the collection
of Mr. E. L. Bolton there is a female upperside in which three of the
wings are typical, but one hindwing (the left) has no trace of white.
This remarkable specimen was bred out on 13th July 1906, from a
Northants larva, by E. A. Rogers. Incidentally, the aberrant hind-
wing in this specimen has distinct marks of ‘‘raying’’: see under (d).

It is generally held that iole and semi-iole are usually due to
shock conditions of heat or cold during the period of change from larva
to pupa. The gene is always in the species, but needs only to be put
into motion. The temperature required is probably quite critical:
too much of heat or cold, as the case may be, is no more likely to
produce the variation than is too little. In nature it must be caused
by exceptional (but, by hypothesis, natural) and sudden changes of
temperature.

ASPECTS OF VARIATION IN APATURA IRIS L. 77

The shock which puts the variation gene into action has been given
artificially in the case of Aglais urticae L.; ab. nigra Tutt being thus
produced by subjecting the larva to intense cold (or careful heat) after
it has gone into set for pupation (not necessarily after the process of
pupation has actually started). No such artificial induction has yet
succeeded in the case of the Purple Emperor. There, the duration and
degree of influence remain unknown; but abruptness, either of applica-
tion or discontinuance, is probably essential.

It may be mentioned, however, that the personal view is held by
I. R. P. H. that shock to or profound disturbance of the larva in the
last instar (e.g. in the matter of feeding) may have the same effect.

Tole and semi-iole (they are but degrees of the same range of varia-
tion) are usually rather late in emergence. This brings us to the
point that in nature this variation is probably more common,
potentially, than may ever appear. Aberrations generally are so com-
paratively scarce in the field, as they are, because such abnormal
specimens usually—under natural conditions—have difficulty in
emerging at all; and so, even if they do emerge, often are cripples.
Exceptional weather conditions may however, on occasion, favour the
emergence of such ‘‘difficult’’ specimens; and hence the mistaken notion
becomes current that such conditions, for example, as a thunderstorm,
have actually engendered aberrations.

Even so, iole (as usually known) on the wing may not be so excessively
rare as is generally supposed: without the white markings the insect
is very much more difficult to spot in flight. And it is another myth to
suppose that the aberration was virtually confined to Chattenden.
Further, while iris is nearly always both elusive and withdrawn, we have
found aberrations in this range even more so than is the typical insect.
In the course of all his career (and despite the many years of absence
abroad), I. R. P. H. has seen wild two or three full iole (or ‘‘lugenda’’)
and four or three semi-iole, as the case may be. R. E. S. has seen two
semi-iole. All of these insects were males. It may be of significance, or
perhaps just coincidence, that all these specimens were observed in
localities on the London Clay.

Most certainly, ‘‘black’’ is rarer in the female than in the male.
Seitz (1906) says that iole is known in both sexes: the term must be
regarded as in its wider application. As regards England, only one
female full iole has ever been recorded for certain. It has been sug-
gested that the figure (upperside) of full iole on page 72 of Edward
Newman’s book may be of a female. According to the text it is
certainly not a figure of the iole (male) described there. But efforts to
trace the specimen figured, in the F. Bond collection (embodied in part
in the Hope Museum collection at Oxford and in part in the Tring
Museum collection), have been unsuccessful. The one certain one is Mr.
A. J. Wightman’s famous bred specimen of 1943, which was shown at
the South London Society’s Exhibition of that year. Some of the
circumstances attaching to the obtaining of this unique and precious
insect are not so famous; and, as related by Mr. Wightman to I. R.
P. H., are here worth recording.

Mr. Wightman was asked by the British Museum of Natural History
to procure three larvae of iris for blowing and preservation as such.
He duly collected three full-grown larvae in Sussex—I. R. P. H. has been

78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/TV /1961

shown by him the very bush on which all three were collected at the
same time—but before he could despatch them he was informed by the
Museum that the larvae were no longer required. Mr. Wightman
accordingly brought them through. Even before emergence it became
evident to him that one of the pupae was going to produce something
unusual; for in the last hours, through the pupa case (which was
thin) he could not see any trace of white. Pains were taken to preclude
any failure of emergence.

Incidentally, both I. R. P. H. and R.E.S. have always felt distaste
for the practice of preserving larvae: I. R. P. H. has in lieu a hand-
coloured drawing in his cabinet. In the case described it is to be
observed that if the original intention had been carried out, a unique
specimen would have been lost. The other two larvae produced quite
normal imagines; and here it is known that there was no shock,
accidental or artificial, either to the pupa or to the larva when in set.
It appears then that, in this instance, we may have to fall back on the
theory of shock to the feeding larva.

It may be remarked that specimens may not infrequently be taken
showing some narrowing of the white bands of the upperside, without
however in any way attaining the rank of semi-iole.

It is perhaps appropriate here to mention extension of the white
markings. This is obviously minor variation, and we do not say that
it attains in England so great a degree as to be classed under
thaumantis Schultz (Seitz. Pal. Rhop., p. 161).

(gz) Underside aberration concomitant with aberrations of the previous
section.

Variation in the ‘‘iole’’ (sens. lat.) range of the upperside has been
remarked on as above: what we are mainly concerning ourselves with
here—and this is really the backbone of the paper—is the variation of
the underside concomitant to iole, lugenda, and semi-iole uppersides.

It had been our original intention to describe as separate aberra-
tions the usual undersides of certain upperside aberrations in the iole
range. As regards the usual underside of iole, we had intended to
coin the name ‘‘pariole’’. We are, however, advised that the British
Museum considers iole as a whole, comprising both upperside and
underside, and that the essential feature is total absence of white
markings on both surfaces. It certainly is true that, apart from the
matter of white spots (and apart from a very few major exceptions
such as aberrations sorbioduni, hindenburgi and one other—see below),
the underside of not only iole, but of lugenda as well, seems to fall into
the same regular general pattern: as is exemplified in the figures given
in Vol. 1 of Frohawk’s Natural History of British Butterflies (under-
side figure No. 23 on Plate 29), and Varieties of British Butterflies
(underside on Frontispiece). Indeed the congruency just mentioned
strengthens our belief that there is no real justification for the dis-
tinction between iole and lugenda. We leave the matter of possible
‘pariole’’ (and the adaptation of this designation to fit the underside
of lugenda) open for the present.

Incidentally, it may be mentioned that the underside of ab. nigrina
of the White Admiral conforms to a very regular pattern.

ASPECTS OF VARIATION IN APATURA IRIS BL. 79

In the case of undersides accompanying semi-iole (iolata) uppersides,
the position is more complicated. A large proportion of the undersides
of this aberration are not significantly different from the typical. Both
I. R. P. H. and R. E. S. possess self-taken male specimens of semi-iole
(i.e. upperside) of which the undersides are indistinguishable from
that of any other Purple Emperor. Some other examples have a re-
duction in the white band of the hindwing underside, but not of the
forewing (even where there is reduction on the upperside thereof). A
few have this situation reversed. Correspondence in this respect of the
underside with the upperside is actually an extreme rarity, and so far
we have been able to find only three examples thereof. One of these is a
male specimen in the R. FE. S. collection labelled as bred by Eltringham
from an Oxford larva, emerging 11th August 1919 (an unnaturally cold
summer); there is a similar specimen in the Tring Museum, and I. R.
P. H. has seen one other.

We had proposed to coin the designation ‘‘subiole’’? for such an
underside as the one just mentioned, since here we are faced by the
paradox that under the present designation regular semt-iole (considered
as the entire insect) is very much more rare than any of its subordinate
variations. On the other hand, it seems unfair to give a special name
to something which amounts to no more than a gradation in a long
related series; so we are leaving this subject also open for the time-
being.

It appears at present that a separate aberrational designation for
the underside of a specimen whose upperside is anywhere in the tole
range is justified only when the subject is of a most striking and
unusual, indeed startling, nature: such are ab. sorbioduni Heslop
(Ent. Record, 73: 59) and ab. hindenburgi Mecke. (‘We do not
think that this latter underside aberration has yet occurred in England:
but to illustrate the point that description of new underside aberration
is justifiable only in the most striking cases, we may mention that
while this underside is ‘‘of normal pattern, the ground colour is deep
black and washed with grey’. The upperside appears to be lugenda.
In this instance, and since Seitz appears to have overlooked the fact
that this aberration is largely constituted by its underside, we are
unable to agree with this work that the insect is indistinguishable
from iole.

Reverting to sorbioduni Heslop, which also has black shading, we
must observe that this remarkable underside aberration not only
diverges strongly from, but also superimposes on, the underside normally
associated with iole and is greatly more complex generally.

To the category postulated in the last paragraph but one we are
now able to make one worthy addition, underside ab. nov. chattendeni:
see formal description below. The most immediately arresting feature
of this is the absolute truncation of the broad white band at the costal
edge of the hindwing. The upperside is lugenda.

We should add, to wind up this section, that we know of no
instance of a markedly aberrational underside of iris in conjunction
with a typical upperside.

(h) Variation of ground colour of upperside.

At least two specimens, both female, with ‘‘light’’ or ‘‘pale’’ hind-
wings appear to be known: see Entomologist, 75: 155; and 76: 55.

80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1V /1961

Finally, there is that specimen seen wild by I. R. P. H. in Wilts.
in 1956 (in the first place with its wings open at rest on his dustbin),
in which the white markings were normal, but the whole of the ground
colour was replaced by light grey with a faintly bluish tinge. The
vision haunts him yet.

PART II. FORMAL DESCRIPTION

Nov. ab. chattendeni Heslop and Stockley

Underside only. The forewing is without a trace of the white band:
the ocellus is virtually normal: there are two white sub-apical spots:
the ground colour is a deep blackish-brown. On the hindwing the light
band is virtually normal in extent (an extraordinary feature in view
of its complete absence from the forewing): the light band is heavily
peppered with bluish-black scaling: the basal third of the wing is
bluish-grey: the middle third (apart from light band) is rich deep
chestnut: the terminal third is grey faintly suffused with light chest-
nut: the terminal margin is bluish-grey.

Quite apart from the remarkable tone of the ground colour on this
surface, it is to be noted that the colour areas are sharply contrasting.

The Type specimen, a male, is in the E. L. Bolton collection. It
was taken by Bentley at Chattenden in July 1878, and bears the
label accordingly. The upperside is lugenda.

6th March 1961.

Opisthograptis luteolata L. at the Light Trap
By R. F. Bretuerton, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S.

In his two recent papers (Hné. Rec., 72: 229-235 and 73: 34-39) Mr
Lanktree has asked some pretty riddles about the life-history of
Opisthograptis luteolata L., to which certain answers can only be found
by systematic breeding out-of-doors from stock from several different
types of locality. This would remove the reproach that, because the
moth is so common, nobody has bothered to find out much about it.

In the meantime it may be of interest to see what indirect evidence
can be had from records of its appearance at my light trap.at Ottershaw,
North-West Surrey, during the nine years 1952 to 1960. A summary
of these is given below. The standard Robinson trap, with an 85 watt
mercury vapour bulb, has been operated on the open lawn under
identical conditions over the years. But, as is noted in the summary,
there were a few periods in which it was not operated at all during a
weekly period. In others, it was not run every night; and in these
cases, in order to give comparability, the actual score for the week has
been raised in the summary proportionately to the results for those
nights on which it was actually run. I am satisfied that the possible
errors introduced, either by the gaps or by the adjustments, cannot
seriously affect the broad results.

It is clear that at Ottershaw there are two main periods of abundance
for the moth. The first, varying in precise date according to the
earliness or lateness of the season, begins with the first hot spell in
May, and numbers usually remain high for about three weeks. There

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82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/TV /1961

is, however, no sharp end to it. It trails away with fairly steadily-
falling numbers through the second half of June and most of July,
until a nadir is reached in the last week of that month. The second
period of abundance, also varying a little in date from year to year,
occurs in August and early September. But, unlike the first, it has a
sharply defined end. In most years the numbers drop from a high level
to nothing during the second or, occasionally, the third week of the
month. In some years, however, there are isolated appearances later in
September, and in 1952 there was a singleton on 9th October. In total
numbers the August/September emergence was, for the nine years taken
together, more than half as big again as that between early May and
mid-June, and about 30% bigger than that of May, June and July
together. But in 1952 and 1956 it was rather less than May to July, and
in 1955 and 1960 it was more than double. The range of variation in
the totals for whole years, from 112 in 1957 to 487 in 1952, was
absolutely considerable, but not greater than for many other common
species.

In some previous notes on multi-broodedness among moths in North-
West Surrey (Ent. Gaz., 4: 287-295 (1953) and 11: 164-166 (1960)), I
have treated O. luteolata as an ordinary bi-voltine species with some
tendency to produce a partial third brood—represented by the few late
September and October stragglers—in very favourable years such as
1952 and 1959. But closer study of these records suggests that this
needs to be reconsidered. It seems fairly certain that the main burst
of the May and early June emergence must represent insects which had
overwintered as pupae. This would correspond with my own (and Mr.
Lanktree’s) experience of bred O. luteolata, and, in any case, there
seems to be insufficient time in the spring before the main emergence
to allow for feeding up of larvae and a full pupal stage. It also
seems reasonable to regard the sharply defined emergence in August and
_ early September as consisting of the progeny of the May and early June
moths. So far the species still seems to be bi-voltine. But the prolonged
‘tail’? to the first emergence, running through late June and July,
does not seem to fit in. If these late June and July moths were also
double-brooded, one would expect to find a correspondingly long drawn-
out tail to the August/early September emergence, running on to
nearly the end of October. The late-September and October stragglers
actually recorded may, indeed, have originated from the late-June/July
moths. But they are too few, and too irregular in their appearances
by years, to account for anything like the whole of the progeny of those
moths.

The easiest explanation of the Ottershaw records seems to me to be
that there are two ‘‘streams’’ in the local OQ. luteolata. The first, and in
most years considerably the stronger, is bi-voltine, the mean dates being
from about 10th May to about 8th June, and from 8th August to 8th
September. The second, and weaker, is mainly uni-voltine, usually from
about 16th June to 21st July; but the beginning of it probably, in
suitable weather conditions, overlaps with the end of the first brood of
the bi-voltine stream. Occasional cross-pairings at this point, rather
than any tendency towards tri-voltinism, probably account for the few
late September and October stragglers. Members of the bi-voltine
stream in my view certainly hibernate as pupae, What the uni-voltine

NOTES ON ACROCERCOPS IMPERIALELLA MANN, 83

stream does in winter remains to be determined, but the figures are
perfectly consistent with a slow development involving hibernation in
the larval state.

Such a simultaneous and parallel existence of uni-voltine and
bi-voltine streams in one species in the same place is an interesting
biological situation. But a moment’s reflection shows that it is likely to
occur, somewhere or other, in many species which have a continuous
distribution in Britain and are bi-voltine in the South but uni-voltine
in the North. It would be unreasonable to expect that in Carlisle all
will be of one constitution and in Gretna all of the other: there are
too many runaway marriages! And, given the enormous variations of
the British climate from one year to another, the band of ‘‘mixed’’
territory may well be very wide. Within it, a succession of warm
summers may for a time favour the dominance of the bi-voltines, but
this will presently be reversed by the reappearance of conditions which
help the uni-voltines, so that, over a period, an oscillating balance is
maintained. Moreover, one could well find that in any one year the
proportions of uni-voltine and bi-voltines differed widely in different
types of localities within a limited area. My own Ottershaw records
refer to a rather sheltered biotope on a light, well-drained soil, with
probably almost minimum variations (at least for an inland locality)
between lower-air temperatures by day and by night: it is thus favour-
able to rapid larval development. It would be interesting to have
similar records of O. luteolata from a trap placed in a marsh or on a
cold, clay soil; I should be rather surprised if they did not show an
appreciably different pattern. Most of the above analysis is clearly
still in the realm of hypothesis rather than of ascertained fact.

One other point deserves mention. Bree’s ‘‘April emergence’’ is
represented in these Ottershaw records only by a single example on
22nd April 1957, which was, until the beginning of May, an almost
unprecedentedly early spring. Another was noted at Ottershaw on 24th
April 1948, also an early year; and I have one from Chiddingfold which
was taken on 8th April 1955. But I believe the appearance of O.
luteolata before May to be very exceptional under natural conditions.
It is possible that Bree’s reference may have been to bred specimens.

Ottershaw, Surrey. 28.11.1961.

Notes on Acrocercops imperialella Mann. and its

Occurrence at Wood Walten Fen, Hunts.
By S. WAKELY

On 24th September, 1960, Mr. F. G. Smith invited me to accom-
pany him by car to Wood Walton Fen. Having heard and read a lot
of this locality I was only too glad to accept his kind offer. On arrival
it was realised that the date was too late for most of the local species
to be found at this favoured spot and after a fruitless search for larvae
of Pyralis perlucidalis Hb. on thistles I began to look for larvae of
Kthma funerella Fabr. on Symphytum officinale (comfrey). The food-
plant was locally common, and although a few larvae were found it
was obvious there had been many more there earlier in the month.

84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1V /1961

Numbers of dipterous mines were found in the comfrey leaves, and
seeing these mines reminded me that many years ago entomologists used
to find the larvae of A. imperialelia on comfrey, so we began to
examine the larvae in these mines and try to find some that were not
so obviously dipterous. The larger larvae were recognisable at a glance
when dipterous, but some of the very small ones required the use of
a lens. After a lot of time spent with no results suddenly a mine was
found which looked different. An examination of the larvae revealed
that they had head and legs similar to various species of leaf-mining
lepidoptera, and it was fairly certain that at last imperialella had been
re-discovered—a new county record in the bargain. Our time was
beginning to run out by now, but we both managed to get a few more
mines before it was time to take the car back home.

On examination at home it was found that some of the larvae were
very small. I did not anticipate any trouble with these as I had a
huge plant of Comfrey growing in the garden, but unfortunately they
would not leave the old mines and go into fresh leaves. I tried to get
them to leave by extracting some and placing them on a fresh leaf
which had been scratched with a needle to loosen the outer skin, but
even this failed. Fortunately seven or eight were able to spin up in
characteristic Gracilaria-like cocoons—a thin layer of opaque silk
stretched over a leaf depression or round the angled edges of their
plastic container. The larvae were whitish when very small, but
became pale green when larger, when they were most difficult to detect
in the leaf even when held up in front of a table lamp. When full-
fed and leaving the mine they became bright red in colour and the
silk cocoon was also coloured red, probably from a hardening liquid
discharged by the larva just previous to changing to the pupa state,
About a third of the larvae died, presumably because they had been
collected when too small. Another third spun a layer of silk on which
_ they rested and appeared too weak to finish the top of the cocoon and
soon died. Individual leaf-mines contained from one to three larvae.

Owing to the scarcity of records of this extremely local species I
decided to try and force one out in warmth before recording it. Ac-
cordingly I brought one cocoon indoors in mid-January and was
rewarded by getting a moth to emerge on the 16th February. It was
much darker in colour than I had anticipated and looked very much
like Parectopa ononidis Zell.—a species I had bred from clover on
several occasions. An examination with a lens showed that the blackish
ground colour had a decidedly golden sheen, hence Meyrick’s descrip-
tion: ‘‘Forewings dark yellowish-fuscous’’. The apical shining white
spot was also distinct—a marking not present in ononodis.

The earliest record of this species in Britain seems to be of a speci-
men taken by J. C. Dale at Glanville’s Wootton, Dorset, on 25th May,
1840, and said to be in the Hope Department, University Museum,
Oxford. There is doubt about this specimen being correctly determined
however, as Sir Eustace Bankes, after a critical examination of the
specimen, pronounced it to be P. ononidis. If this specimen still
exists perhaps it could be re-examined and the determination recorded.

Stainton in his Lepidoptera: Tineina, 1854, p. 201, mentions Dale’s
capture and adds: ‘‘A specimen is in Mr. Shepherd’s collection”.

NOTES ON ACROCERCOPS IMPERIALELLA MANN. 85

In addition to comfrey, imperialella has another foodplant, namely
Pulmonaria angustifolia (lungwort). Stainton, in his Natural History
of the Tineina, 8, 1854, gave yet another foodplant—Orobus niger—
but later admitted (in the Entomologist’s Annual for 1868, p. 147)
that this was an error due to the fact that he had mixed two closely
allied species under the same name. Unfortunately this error was
not found out until after Vol. 8 of his Natural History of the Tinerna
had been published, with the result that the species figured on Plate V
was the Orobus niger species, namely G. hofmanniella Schleich and not
imperialella. It might be as well to mention here that at this time the
two species in question were placed in the Genus Gracilaria.

Stainton calls attention to his mistake in the Hntomologists’ Annual
for 1868, pp. 147-9, wherein he describes in detail the two distinct
species. Then in a further effort to put the matter right a figure of
the true imperialella appears in the H. A. for 1870, together with the
drawing of a wing of hofmanniella for comparison and to show the
difference in markings.

The Rev. Horton recorded one from near Worcester in 1860.
Stainton suggested this was probably G. hofmanniella. As Orobus
niger is a local plant only recorded from rocky places in Scotland, this
diagnosis can be discounted, and it seems rather an unsatisfactory
record.

In 1869 larvae of imperialella were found in leaves of Symphytum at
Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, and in The Natural History of Wicken
Fen (1923, p. 63) it is given as ‘‘sometimes plentiful at Wicken’’. This
probably refers to the larvae.

W. Farren, in The Entomologist for 1886, p. 82, says: “G.
imperialella larvae on Symphytum ; very difficult to get at the right age;
either too young or gone’. This may explain why most of my larvae
died.

There are very few specimens of this moth in present-day collections.
In the Bankes Collection at the British Museum there is a good series,
mostly without labels, but some with data were from Wicken and the
New Forest, 1908 and 1909. It seems extremely likely that the New
Forest specimens came from Pulmonaria, a local plant not infrequently
found there as well as in Dorset and the Isle of Wight.

The Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge took one in Morden Bog, Dorset,
on 22nd August, 1892, and Bankes also got one from the same locality
on 12th August, 1908—on Pulmonaria angustifolia: probably a larva
in each case.

There may be other records which I have failed to find; if so, it
would be interesting to hear about them.

Mr. S. G. S. Brown, of Bournemouth, tells me that he found a
mine in Dorset on Pulmonaria in June, 1940, in a lane between Morden
and Bloxworth. One moth emerged on 4th August and another was
found, fully developed, but dead, in the pupa case. He has asked me
to record this as, owing to the war, he never managed to write a note
about it for publication.

From the foregoing it will be realised that imperialella has always
been considered a great rarity, but I cannot help thinking that this
was due in some measure to the fact that it is such a small insect.
Although a handsome insect under a lens, it has a wing expanse of

86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1V/1961

only seven to eight millimetres.

The finding of this species in Huntingdonshire suggests that it has
a much larger range in Britain than would appear from the published
records, and a search for: the larvae in suitable places might bring to
light other colonies further afield. It is a double-brooded species and
larvae should be looked for in June and July and again in September.
The mine is on the under-surface of the leaf.

In conclusion I should like to thank Messrs. J. D. Bradley, S.C. S.
Brown and W. Parkinson Curtis, who supplied me with lists of re-
ferences, etc., and without whose valuable help I could not have
written this account.

26 Finsen Road, S.E.5.

Microlepidoptera in Gloucestershire
By J. Newton, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

This list gives a few new county records and some additional informa-
tion about the present distribution of certain species not contained in
The Microlepidoptera of Gloucestershire by T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher and
T. Glanville Clutterbuck (1938). Several records in that paper are very
ancient, and others require confirmation. What I have to report here,
I have found since 1953.

PYRALIDAE

Laodamia fusca Haw.: In spite of the absence of heath, I had a
specimen to my mercury vapour light on 6.vi.1958. C. G. Clutterbuck
took one in 1917 and another in 1945 in Gloucester City, otherwise the
species has not. been recorded elsewhere in the county.

Homoeosoma binaevella Hiibn.: Only one record is given for this
species by T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, viz., 1936 at Michaeldean, north of
the Severn. An odd specimen has come to my light in July for the past
few years, and last September I collected about 20 larvae from the
seedheads of thistle (Carduus lanceolatus) in Tetbury.

Eurhodope suavella Zinck.: Recorded only once in the Bristol area
many years ago. I have taken one only, beaten from blackthorn, near
Hawksbury, 13.vi11.1954.

Acentopus niveus Oliv.: This species was not recorded in the original
county list, but in the Additions and Corrections given at the end T.
B.-Fletcher reported his finding of the species at Woodchester Park in
1938. I think it has been overlooked, as males appear frequently to my
light in Tetbury, where there is very little surface water. I have also
taken it at Alderley.

Cataclysta lemnata Linn.: This is another species which I think must
be more common in the county than the dearth of records suggests. I
took it at Alderley last year.

Herculia glaucinalis Linn.: Only very old records are given for the
Bristol area. It has come regularly to my light in Tetbury for several
years.

Pyrausta martialis Guen.: I took a specimen of this immigrant at
ivy blossom in 1956 at Tetbury.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE 87

PTEROPHORIDAE
Platyptilia pallidactyla Haw.: It is rather surprising to me that this
species is reported as: ‘‘little known in the county’’. I have found it

to be quite common throughout the Tetbury area, and I have bred many
from the roots of Achillea millefoliwm.

Alucita baliodactyla Zell.: Formerly common in the Nailsworth area,
T. B.-Fletcher failed to discover it in the latter years of his life. I
found it first at Avening in 1957 and I have since bred a few from larvae
collected there.

Leioptilus carphodactylus Hiibn.: Since A. F. Pearcey discovered
this species first in 1949 as a new county record, I have bred several
specimens from pupae in the seed heads of Inula conyza collected near
Avening, some nine miles away from Pearcey’s locality.

PHALONIIDAE
Lozopera dilucidana Steph.: L. Price reported a locality for this
species near Chapman’s Cross (Ent. Rec., 70: 152). To this I can add
that I have known a colony since 1954 in an old quarry at Tetbury,
where Peucedanum sativum flourishes.

Phalonia smeathmanniana Fabr.: This species is not previously
recorded for the county. I took three specimens at Woodchester Park,
16.v.1956.

TORTRICIDAE
Cnephasia communana H.-S.: Quite common in the Tetbury-Avening
area. I have checked the genitalia of this species and although a new
county record, undoubtedly it has been confused with others of the
genus.

Spatalistis bifasciana Hiibn.: The Gloucester list has only one old
record for 1905. I have taken it near Hawksbury in June of 1959 and
1960.

Rhyacionia pinicolana Doubld.: A few were beaten from Pinus
sylvestris and also taken at mercury vapour light at Badminton in July
1958-60.

Ancylis obtusana Haw.: I first found this species at Hawksbury in
1959 and I took several there again in 1960. This is the first time for
many years that the species has been recorded south of the Severn.

Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Sax.: At Westonbirt, first in July 1954,
I found it again last year, beaten from Picea abies at Badminton. Only
once recorded before at Guiting by Clutterbuck in 1924.

Z. rufimitrana H.-S.: A new county record. I have taken this
species regularly every year at Westonbirt since 1954.

Epinotia brunnichana L.: This species had only been separated from
E. solandriana L. by Sheldon in 1935 and its status in the county was
little known at the time of the Gloucestershire list. Undoubtedly it is
widespread in the county, and I have found it common in many places.

88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1V/1961

E. fraternana Haw. (= proximana H.-S.): A new county record.
I found this species firmly established at Westonbirt in 1954, where I
have seen it every year since. I have bred several specimens from
debris collected under trees of Picea abies.

Apotomis capreana Hiibn.: This species appears always to have been
a rarity in Gloucestershire. I have only taken two specimens, one in
June 1956 and another in June 1950, both at Hawkesbury.

Ciaphila branderiana L.: Not previously recorded. I found the larva
first at Westonbirt in 1957 and later at Hawkesbury. I have taken the
moth for the past three years at both of these places, where there are
well established colonies.

Dicrorampha alpinana Treits.: The only previous record is given as
“‘Gloucestershire’’, and is taken from Barrett’s Lep. Brit. Isles, XI:
1905. There is a colony here in Tetbury and I took it also last year at
Hawkesbury.

Pammene splendidulana Guen.: A single record of Clutterbuck’s in
1909 indicates the rarity of this species in the county. I have taken one
only at Westonbirt in May 1954.

GELECHIIDAE
Anacampsis betulinella Vari: This species was not separated from
A. populella Clerck. by Vari until 1941. In 1948 T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher
drew attention to this in a note in Hnt. Record, 60: 5, 1948, but he had
evidently not yet found betulinella in Gloucestershire. I took a few at
Hawkesbury, and also at Westonbirt last year, along with populella.

PLUTELLIDAE

Ypsolophus horridella Treits.: A new county record. I took two
specimens at Hawkesbury last year, beaten out of blackthorn.

Ypsolophus lucella Fabr.: A new county record. T. B. Fletcher
predicted that this species would be found in the county, and last year
I took two specimens at Hawkesbury.

Acrolepia perlepidella Staint.: T. B. Fletcher reported in the county
list that only very vague and indefinite records existed for this species.
Later in Additions and Corrections he reported that he had seen the
moth flying round Inula conyza at Rodborough in 1943. At Tetbury
in 1955 I took one specimen which L. T. Ford kindly identified for me.
Unfortunately, the old quarry in which I took the moth has since been
opened up again, and the plants of I. conyza all destroyed. The plant
is not uncommon in the area, however, and I hope at some future date to
find the larvae.

OECOPHORIDAE
Depressaria atomella Schiff.: Only one old record for Almondsbury
from Perkins’s list of 1901. I bred two specimens from Cenista tinctoria

at Hawkesbury last year.
11 Oxleaze Close, Tetbury, Glos.

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 89

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hucerns, F.R.E.S.

Nephopteryx obductella F.v.R. I first met the late Mr. L. T. Ford
at Wicken in 1920, and a friendship began between us that endured
without a break until his death. In his obituary notice (antea, p. 67)
Meyrick’s statement that obductella was ‘‘probably a mistaken record’’
is quoted. This dictum of Meyrick’s! was completely unjustified, as
Barrett? quoted two authentic records before the date of Meyrick’s
second edition.

A short history of the moth in this country is as follows :—

A specimen was taken by Mr. Sydney Webb on the afternoon of 31st
August 1888 on a hill just outside Dover, and another was secured by
Mr. William Purdey on the Warren at Folkestone (Barrett?). Two were
taken near Deal on 16th August 1926 by Mr. and Mrs. H. W. Daltry,
but not identified until the winter of 1928, when they were checked by
Meyrick (Daltry?). In July 1928 I netted about a dozen in the North
Foreland district of which I gave an account in the Hntomologist*. I
noticed then that a female was buzzing round a marjoram head at late
dusk, so the following May I visited the locality and succeeded in finding
the small larva. Later I took several of the larger larvae and succeeded
in breeding the insect and gave the first account of its habits and life-
history in this country in the Entomologist®. I gave both set specimens
and larvae to my friend Ford, who some years later found the larva
on the chalk hills near Chilham. Since then the insect has spread
throughout the Kentish chalk hills, at any rate as far as the other
bank of the Medway, where I saw it a few years ago. Obductella is
one of those insects, like Anania nubilalis Hiibn., which raise a question
as to why they never established themselves here before. Both are
perfectly hardy in the south of England; I have seen clumps of
marjoram in which obductella larvae were wintering, buried under three
feet of snow, and nubilalis easily weathered the very severe winters of
the first years of the war and of 1947. Obductella is, however, except
for an odd specimen, a comparatively new arrival in this country. I
regularly worked Mr. Daltry’s locality for twenty years before it turned
up there, and the one on the Kentish downs has been known to me
since 1902, and it was certainly not found there up to the outbreak of
the war in 1939.

REFERENCES

1—. Meyrick, F.R.S. Handbook of British Lepidoptera, second edition, p. 381.

2C. G. Barrett. Lepidoptera of the British Isles, IX, p. 435.

3H. W. Daltry. Salebria obductella F.v.R.: confirmation of its occurrence as
British. Entomologist, 62: 34.

4H. C: Huggins. Salebria obductella in Kent. Entomologist, 62: 52.

5H. C. Huggins. Salebria obductella (Lep., Pyralidae) as a resident species.
Entomologist, 62: 193.

Laspeyresia leplastriana Curt. In the ‘‘Record’’ (antea, p. 14) Mr.
Fairclough mentioned digging out the pupae of this insect from the
stems of wild cabbage at the Warren, and that not only were they
parasitised, but some dried up. The moth is, in my experience, common
all along the cliffs where the wild cabbage grows from Kingsdown near
Deal to the Warren. It is not necessary to dig it out; the frass at the
junction of the leaf stalks shows quite clearly where the pupae are and

90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1V/1961

half a dozen stems should produce a good series if cut and stood in
damp sand. I have bred it in this way, and in 1930 I took my friend
Fassnidge to Kingsdown; he bred his series from a few stems. It is even
easier, however, to net the moth, which may readily be disturbed on
a warm day, and it is not difficult to catch.

65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.

New Vice-County Records for British Ants
C. A. CoLtiInewoop

It is proposed shortly to bring out a chart of the vice-county distri-
bution of indigenous British ants in collaboration with Mr. K. E. J.
Barrett. In order to make this as up to date and comprehensive as
possible, it is to be hoped that interested collectors will send in or
publish any outstanding records that are believed to be new. Several
recent publications (Yarrow 1954, 1955; Collingwood, 1956, 1957, 1958)
have referred to the distribution of species of Formica, Lasius, Myrmica
and other genera and some of the records in these publications are
amplified where appropriate in the following notes. Only the Irish
list (Collingwood, 1958) and that for the Highlands of Scotland (Colling-
wood, 1961 in the press) can be said to be up to date and there remains
an accumulation of unpublished records over the past few years as
well as confirmations of some of the older records given by Donisthorpe,
1927. This information is presented here with details of place and
date only given in the case of the more local or interesting species; it
is obvious that it is only a question of opportunity and time before
such ubiquitous species as Myrmica ruginodis Nyl., M. Scabrinodis
Nyl. and Leptothorax acervorum Fab. are recorded for every vice-
county in the British Isles. All the records listed are mine unless
statéd otherwise.

Tetramorium caespitum Latr. W. Sutherland—Scourie, July, 1949:
W. Norfolk—Thetford Warren, 1958; W. Kent—Dungeness, 1959; Mid-
lothian, Greville 1858 in Royal Scottish Museum.

Solenopsis fugax Latr. N. Somerset—Goblin Coombe and Brean
Down, August, 1960.

'Formicoxenus nitidulus Nyl. Cantire—Ellory, June, 1957. _Derby—
Kyam, 1955. Notts—Wigsley, 1955. N. Lincs—Tumby, 1955. S&S.
Devon—R. M. Spooner, 1958 pers. commun. also Lustleigh, 1960. W.
Glos—Lower Staunton, 1957.

Myrmecina graminicola Latr. Northants—Barnack, 1956. Although
widely distributed over the southern counties, there are still distribu-
tion gaps which include W. Cornwall, S. Somerset, Wilts. and certain
of the Eastern Counties where the species is very likely to occur.

Leptothorax acervorum Fab. 1956—S. Wilts; Mid W. Yorks; W.
Suffolk ; Pembroke; Monmouth; Cardigan; Montgomery; Westerness ;
Cantire. 1958—Hunts; 1960—Selkirk; N. Wilts; N. Somerset; N.
Devon. This widely distributed species has still to be recorded from
a few counties in Ireland and Wales and also from W. Cornwall, N.
Essex, Hertford, E. Suffolk, Mid Lancs and N.W. Yorks in England.

Leptothorax nylanderi Foerst. W. Norfolk—Harling, 1958. Cam-
bridge—Kennett, 1958, W. Kent—Knowle Park, 1959. KE. Kent—

NEW VICE-COUNTY RECORDS FOR BRITISH ANTS 91

Charing, 1959. S. 'Wilts—Whiteparish, 1960. N. Hants—KEversley,
1960. E. Suffolk—Flatford Mill, 1958. This ant is not uncommon in-
land in S. England from Gloucestershire to Essex but seems to be
searce in the Southwest where there are only records for S. Devon.

Leptothorax tuberum Fab. W. Glos—Durdham Down, Bacchus in
Donisthorpe, (1927). This record appeared doubtful to me at one time
but I have seen the specimens in the National Museum of Wales. N.
Somerset—Goblin Coombe, August, 1960. This species is almost con-
fined to the coast in England. Donisthorpe (1927) recorded it from
Worcs., Middlesex and Surrey. The Worcs. record was in error and
old museum material I have seen from Surrey have always been L.
nylanderi. It is best to delete these records pending further sub-
stantiated specimens. There are no recent records from Cornwall
where the species should be quite common.

Leptothorax interruptus Nyl. There are no new records for this
species but it is perhaps worth noting here that in addition to Bere
Heath, Dorset, where Sweeney (1949) found it, the ant is quite common
in an area of Stoke Heath about 2 miles to the south.

Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. 1956—W. Perth; Angus; N. and S. Aber-
deen; Banff; Cantire; Westerness; Montgomery; Carmarthen; W.
Norfolk; W. Suffolk; S. Wilts. 1958—Clyde Isles, A. R. Waterston
(Royal Scottish Museum); Hunts. 1960—Selkirk. This ant is now
recorded from every county and island group in the British Isles with
the exception of Fermanagh in Treland.
Myrmica rubra lL. (laevinodis Nyl.) 1956—Mid W. Yorks; Carmar-
then; Angus; Derby. 1957—W. Ross, A. W. Stelfox (also 1959). 1958—
W. Suffolk, W. Norfolk, Hunts. 1959—Montgomery, L. Weatherill ;
Merioneth, L. Weatherill. 1960—N. Wilts; S. Wilts. This common
species is still to be recorded from Cheviotland as well as a few counties
in Scotland and Ireland.

Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl. N. Aberdeen—Coreen Hills, 1956. Banff
—Glenlivet, 1956. N.E. Yorks—Staithes, etc., 1956. Mid-W. Yorks—
Pately Br., 1956. Durham—Stanhope, 1956. S. Northumberland—
Slaley, 1956. Stafford—Warslow, 1957. S. Perths—Braco, 1959. S.W.
Yorks—Ravensmoor, 1957. ‘Cheviotland—Alnwick, 1960. S. Wilts—
Redlynch, 1960. Angus—Glen Esk, 1960. Kincardine—Glen Dye,
1960. A very old record for Cornwall requires confirmation and two old
records for Glamorgan and Anglesey respectively remain unsub-
stantiated. These are best deleted together with the Irish records which
Stelfox (1927) showed were erroneous.

. Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. 1956—Cantire; N.W. Yorks; S/W.
Yorks; Montgomery; W. Suffolk; W. Norfolk; Hunts. S. Wilts. 1958
—Clyde Isles, S. Ebudes, Outer Hebrides (S. Uist), Royal Scotitish
Museum. -This species is now recorded from the whole of Britain ex-
cept Lanark, Peebles, Selkirk, Orkney and Fermanagh.

' Myrmica sabuleti Mein. 1956—-Angus; N.W. Yorks; Carmarthen;
Montgomery; S. Lincs; Leics. 1957—Dumbarton, A. W. Stelfox; W.
Norfolk; Cambridge; Midlothian (Salisbury Crags, 1924), Royal Scot-
tish Museum. 1959—Merioneth; FE. Kent; W. Kent. 1960—S,. Wilts.
W. Cornwall, H. B. Sargent. There are still many gaps in the recorded
distribution of this common species.

Myrmica schenckt Km. N. Somerset—Shapwick, August, 1960.

Myrmica lobicornis Nyl, Cantire—Bellochantuy, Artiligan, 1956.

92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/TV /1961

S. Lincs—Boston, 1956. S. Aberdeen—Glenlui, 1957. KE. Glos—Stow-
on-the-Wold, 1957. Banff—Portknockie, 1960.

Tapinoma erraticum Latr. S. Wilts—Plaitford, Hamptsworth, 1960.
This area of Wiltshire is part of the New Forest where the species
abounds. An old record for Dumfries quoted by Donisthorpe (1927) is
unconfirmed and unlikely. JI have seen examples of Lasius niger in
the Royal Scottish Museum labelled as T. erraticum.

Lasius fuliginosus Latr. Merioneth—Abertafol, Towyn, Happy
Valley, L. Weatherill, 1959. Old records have recently been confirmed
for Caernarvon, Denbigh, Glamorgan, Northants, W. Suffolk, W.
Norfolk, W. and E. Sussex. This species appears to be locally com-
mon in the Gower and parts of West Wales and is noticeably abundant
throughout the Thetford area of Suffolk and Norfolk.

Lasius niger L. 1956—Cantire, Main Argyll, Westerness, Kincar-
dine, Banff, Elgin, Cheviotland, Cardigan, Montgomery. 1957—
Radner, S. Wilts. Old records are also confirmed for Roxburgh, W.
Ross, S.W. Yorks, W. Norfolk, W. Suffolk, N. Hants, E. Kent, EH.
Cornwall, N. Wilts, N. and S. Devon, S. Lincs, Leics, Notts and Mid
Lancs. This common ant is recorded from every vice-county of Kng-
land and Wales and most of Scotland except Peebles, Selkirk, Angus,
W. Sutherland, Caithness and the outer islands.

Lasius alienus Foerst. Northants—Barnack, 1956. KE. Glos—
Painswick, 1956. Radnor—Presteign, 1957. N. Lincs—Gibraltar Point;
1958; this series consists of males, queens and workers taken in a sand
bank; they have the appearance of exceptionally hairless L. niger but
have very few to no standing appendage hairs and would key to JL.
alienus according to Wilson (1955). W. Cornwall—Kynance, 1959. S.
Wilts—Hamptsworth, 1960.

Lasius flavus Fab. 1956—Banff; N. Aberdeen; Kincardine; Angus;
Westerness; Cantire; N.E. Yorks; Mid W. Yorks; Carmarthen; W.
Suffolk; W. Norfolk; S. Wilts. 1957—Hunts. There are also speci-

-mens for Roxburgh and Selkirk in the Royal Scottish Museum. This
species which in terms of numbers must be the most abundant ant in
Britain remains to be recorded from S. Aberdeen, E. and W. Suther-
land and the outer islands.

Lasius umbratus Nyl. sensu Donisthorpe (1927). S. Lines—Ancaster,
Uffington, 1956. Leics—N. Luffenham, Elpingham, 1956. Northants—
Thrapston, 1958. W. Norfolk—Thetford Chase, J. E. Satchell, 1958.
N. Somerset—Goblin Coombe, 1960. There is also a specimen in the
Royal Scottish Museum from Arthur’s Seat, Midlothian.

Lasius mixtus Nyl. sensu Donisthorpe (1927). I am provisionally
retaining this name for record purposes pending further discussion of
this species complex to be given later. Recent new records for L
miztus include E. Glos—Aston Blank, 1956. Northants—Wansford,
1956. Barnack, 1958. Leics—Elpingham, 1956. Wigtown—Luce Bay,
1957 (also in Royal Scottish Museum). W. Kent—Bedgebury, J. E.
Satchell, 1958.

Lasius rabaudi Bond. W. Norfolk—Sandringham, Thetford Warren,
1957. W. Suffolk—West Stow, Wordswell, 1957. Thetford, 1958, J. E.
Satchell. This species has been repeatedly found on heathland in
Surrey and is also locally common in similar areas of sandy heath in
Kast Anglia. Its British distribution would appear to be restricted
to such areas but it has not yet been found in similar situations in the

NEW VICE-COUNTY RECORDS FOR BRITISH ANTS 93

New Forest, Dorset and Devon where it is likely to occur.

Formica sanguinea Latr. §S. Aberdeen, Kincardine, O’Neil, 1958.

Formica exsecta Nyl. E. Ross—Amat, L. Christie, 1954.

Formica rufa L. Caernarvon—Trefri, L. Weatherill, 1957. This is
an interesting record in that F’. lugubris, the more northern species of
wood ant, is known to be locally abundant in the same general area.
Hamptsworth, Franchise Wood, 8. Wilts, 1960.

Formica lugubris Zett. Main Argyll, Port Appin, KE. C. Pelham
Clinton, 1958; Clenborrodale, 1959; E. Sutherland—Invershin, 1960.

Formica fusca L. Carmarthen; Cardigan; Derby—Melbourne, 1956.
Main Argyll—Glenmore (Ardnamurchan); Westerness—Loch Hourn,
1959. These two Scottish records extend the known distribtuion of this
species considerably northward. In S. England, it has still to be re-
corded from Herts and Hunts.

Formica lemant Bond. Wexford, W. Cornwall, specimens in the
National Museum of Wales; Selkirk, 1960. This species inhabits the
whole of North Britain and Wales but there are no records for S.E.
Yorks and Pembroke. The only unrecorded counties in Ireland are
Westmeath, Offally and Leix. In §S. England it is more or less restricted
to the higher ground in the Southwest peninsula.

Formica cunicularia Latr. S. Lines.—Wilsford, 1957. West Corn-
wall—Kynance, 1960. N. Wilts—West Kingston, 1960. S. Wilts—Red-
lynch, Hamptsworth, 1960. N. Somerset—Brean Down, 1960. Of the
more southern English counties where this species should occur, there
are still no records from N. Hants, Berks and W. Sussex.

I am grateful to the persons named after particular records for
information or specimens supplied and also to Mr. Colin Matheson of
the National Museum of Wales and to Mr. A. R. Waterston of the
Royal Scottish Museum for permission to examine collections there.

REFERENCES.

Collingwood, C. A. 1956. Distribution of ants allied to Formica fusca L. and
F. rufa L. in Britain. Entom., 89: 291-4.

——. 1957. British Ants of the genus Lasius. Journ. Soc. Brit. Enl., 5: 204-14.

——. 1958. A Survey of Irish Formicidae. Proc. R. Ir. Acad., 11: 213-19.

——. 1958. Ants of the genus Myrmica in Britain. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. A.,
33: 65-75.

———. 195? A Key to the species of ants (Hym. Formicidae) found in Britain.

Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent.

. 1961. Ants in the Highlands of Scotland. Scot. Nat. (in Press).

Donisthorpe. 1927. British Ants. 2nd Ed. London.

Stelfox, A. W. 1927. A list of the Hymenoptera Aculeata of Ireland. Proc. R.
Ir. Acdd., 37: 338.

Sweeney, R. C. H. 1949. Two rare ants in Dorset. Ent. Mon. Mag., 85: 285.

Wilson, E. O. 1958. A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 113 (1): 1-199. Cambridge, U.S.A.

Yarrow, I. H. H. 1954. The British Ants allied to Formica fusca Hym.
Formicidae. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 11: 229-244.

——. 1958. The British Ants Allied to Formica rufa L. Hym. Formicidae.
Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 12: 1-48.

N.A.A.S., Burghill Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 1.iii.61.

Notes and Observations

KUPITHECIA PHOENICEATA RamMBuR IN CorNWwaLL.—I took two speci-
mens of this species during last September in a garden in the Penzance
area, in which Cupressus macrocarpa was growing freely. The first, on

94 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, vou. 73 15/1V /1961

6th, was found inside my car, as we were leaving about 11 p.m., having
evidently been attracted by the interior light as we were packing up.
The second, on 16th, came into a Classey trap and was found there next
morning.—AustTiIn Ricuarpson, F.R.E.S., Beaudesert Park, Minchin-
hampton, Gloucestershire. 6.111.1961.

Kurors occutta lL. ry THE IstzE or Man.—A specimen of the grey
form came into the late A. V. Hedges’ mercury vapour light trap on
19th August last, which I was operating with the permission of Mrs.
Hedges.—Avustin RicHarpson, F.R.E.S., Beaudesert Park, Muinchin-
hampton, Gloucestershire. 6.111.1961.

An Harty Burterriy.—At 11.40 a.m. on Ist March, I saw my first
butterfly of the year, a Vanessid. It was fluttering low across my gar-
den, and from its size and colour I am almost sure it was Polygonia
c-album L., but 1t gained height and flew over the hedge before I could
identify it with absolute certainty.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road,
Bournemouth. 3.111.1961.

[I saw one Gonepteryx rhamni L. and one P. c-albwm in my garden
on Sunday, 5th March, and Aglais urticae L. flying over London Bridge,
of all places, on Monday, 6th.—Eb. ]

LysANDRA CORIDON Popa IN THE WyRE Forest.—I have been prompted
to record that a single male specimen of the Chalkhill Blue was taken
in the Wyre Forest on the Worcester-Shropshire border, on 20th August
1959. I have not been able to trace a previous record from this area
so far; Wyre Forest is a coal measure area and this insect is, of course,
normally associated with chalk and limestone only.—R. N. Asuton, 2
Jaffray Road, Erdington, Birmingham, 24. 4.11i.1961.

Some Harty APPEARANCES FoR 1961.—The remarkably mild winter,
coupled with some very high temperatures for the early months of the
year, has brought out many species several weeks ahead of their normal
_ dates, somewhat as in the same period in 1957. In the following list
the dates for 1960 are given in brackets.

3rd February, Hrannis leucophaearia Schiff. (25th Feb.); 24th
February, Orthosia gothica L. (Ist March) ; Anisopteryx aescularia Schiff.
(25th February); Apocheima hispidaria Fab. (8rd March); 15th Feb-
ruary, Hrannis marginaria Borkh. (8rd March); 19th February, Orthosia
stabilis View. (llth March); 20th February, Achlyia flavicornis L.
(29th February); 27th February, Biston strataria Hiifn. (11th March);
2nd March, Orthosia cruda Schiff. (138th March), Xylocampa areola Esp.
(13th March); 3rd March, Cerastis rubricosa F. (25th March); 18th
March, Lycia hirtaria Clerck (8rd April); 15th March, Panolis flammea
Schiff. (5th April)—C. G. M. pe Worms, Three Oaks, Woking.
16.11.1961.

Farty EMERGENCE OF GONEPTERYX RHAMNI L.—On 14th February, a
very warm day for the time of year, I saw a brimstone butterfly flying
in the garden here.—C. G. M. pe Worms, Three Oaks, Woking.
10.111.1961.

HapaLiA FULVALIS HuBN. IN Hampsuire.—In reference to Mr.
Huggins’s note on this species (Hnt. Rec., 70: 162), I took two speci-
mens in Bournemouth, one on 2nd August 1932 and the other on 5th
August 1937.—S. C. S. Brown, 454 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth.
6.111.1961.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 95

MNESIPATRIS (TEICHOBIA) FILICIVORA MEyYR. IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—A
single specimen of this moth came to my mercury vapour light on 16th
June 1955, but it was not identified until recently, when a fresh speci-
men was netted on 4th June 1960. Both insects were taken in my
garden at Rodborough, Stroud, Gloucestershire. I am greatly indebted
to. Mr. S. Wakely for their identification.—L. Pricer, Springdale, Rod-
borough Avenue, Stroud, Glos. 12.111.1961.

TEICHOBIA (MNESIPATRIS) FILICIVORA Mryr. In Kent.—This insect is
locally common in the town of Ashford, the larvae feeding in Filix mas
growing in walls and gardens. It appears to be an urban species here as
I have not succeeded in finding the larvae in ferns in the surrounding
country. Teichobia verhelulella Staint. is common in some large and
ancient Phyllipis scolopodendron in a stream bank at Westwell.—Dr. E.
Scott, Suomi, Westwell, Ashford, Kent. 18.111.1961.

THe EMERGENCE Date or EHUPITHECIA FRAXINATA CREWE. In his
interesting account of collecting in 1960 (antea, p. 11), Mr. Fairclough
mentioned fraxinata as a possibility at the end of July. This date is
much too late, at any rate in this district, and if Mr. Fairclough is
thinking of having another go at it, I should recommend the third week
of June. The moth occurs very rarely, but regularly at mercury vapour
light in my garden, but as I usually take my holiday when it is fresh,
T seldom see it in good condition. In my series, I notice one perfect
(15th June 1954); one, not so good (2nd July 1955); one, worn (8th July
1958); and I have seen others, not good enough to take, in early July.
I have never seen more than two in one year.—H. C. Hueatns, 65 East-
wood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea. 20.111.1961.

GYPSITEA LEUCOGRAPHA HuBN, In Wates.—On 16th March, returning
from a successful kite-watching operation in Wales, I stopped for a
quarter of an hour to try a sallow tree, between New Radnor and King-
ton. Among twenty or so moths on the sheet I was pleased to see three
specimens of G. leucographa Hiibn. This species is not included in
Gordon Smith’s list of the lepidoptera of north and mid Wales. This is
also a very early date.—Austin RuicHarpson, Beaudesert Park,
Minchinhampton, Glos. 21.111.1961.

GRASSHOPPER SURVIVING BITE OF LARGE SPIDER.—During September
1960 a large female spider, Araneus quadratus Clerck, took up residence
in a wild piece of my garden at Hast Grinstead, Sussex, slinging its
almost invisible web between plants of devil’s-bit scabious and yarrow.
One warm sunny morning it did rather well and caught two large
hover-flies. After lunch that day, I looked again at the web and noticed
that this spider had caught and bound a fully adult female short-horned
grasshopper, Omocestus viridulus (L.), which it left suspended in the
web. In the meantime it had retired to its hide-out in the flower-head.
of the yarrow plant.

-I removed the grasshopper to verify its identity, and after complet-
ing my examination, I tossed it into a web of a smaller species of spider
which left it alone. An hour and a half later I noticed that the grass-
hopper was moving its legs, so I retrieved it and removed the entangling
strands of web. As I did so, it became very active. The spider had
unfortunately pulled off one of its hind-legs, but when I set it free on
the. lawn, it. seemed none the worse for its horrible experience and
immediately commenced eating a blade of grass. It was still alive and

96 EN TOMOROGTATS RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1V/1961

well a week later, after which I returned to Bristol and was, therefore,
unable to follow its fortunes any further.—J. F. Burton, B.B. C. N Eh
History Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol, 8. .

inweesenae LaRVAE AND THE WeET WINTER.—The oxooptioutlllly wet
autumn of 1960, followed by a mild wet winter might have been expected
to be most miniewmomieelblie to the survival of hibernating larvae.

I had larvae of three species that went into hibernation. Of these
all my thirteen Parasemia plantaginis L. perished; a great disappoint-
ment, as I had hoped to breed a few var. hospita. I had better luck with
Dasychira fascelina L. of which more than fifty per cent. were still alive
on 2nd March. They were the progeny of two females, A and B, and
were divided into three batches. Of brood A, fourteen were kept in a
celluloid cylinder cage near the open window of a garden shed, facing
west and getting no sun in the winter, and of these, eight were surviv-
ing.. Hight were sleeved out on a sallow bush in the garden, and only
two survived. The seven larvae of brood B were kept in a sleeve sup-
ported by a cut twig of sallow in the shed, and six of these were living.
From this it would seem that the shelter of the shed was a healthier
place than a sleeve exposed to the elements.

The third species was Diacrisia sannio L. There were thirty-two of
these. comprising four 1960 second brood larvae, sleeved out on 20th
September, and twenty-eight third brood larvae, twenty of which were
sleeved out on 20th October and eight on 5th December. By this date,
two of the third brood larvae had reached their final instar, but neither
pupated; one' made a feeble attempt to spin a cocoon at the end of
December, and the other survived until the end of January. Both were
kept in a warm room, never below 56°F., but neither developed the
healthy appetite of lenrae in their final crate last August, and both
eventually shrivelled up. All the thirty-two larvae were kept in a tent-
shaped sleeve over a flower-pot containing a growing plant of dandelion,
another of narrow-leaved plantain, some cut twigs of heather, and a.
few dry leaves. The pot was given partial shelter from the weather. I
turned out the contents of the sleeve on 1st March and found six larvae
still alive. This was not a very good percentage, but I think the pro-
longed wet weather was partly to blame, as several of the dead larvae
were infected with mould. Anyhow, I was pleased to have brought at
least a few larvae of this difficult species through the winter.—H. SyMEs,
52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. _ 3.111.61.

-OXFORDSHIRE PRUNI.—-The reference to E. B. P.’s ‘‘personal dis-
covery” of Strymonidia pruni L. in a “‘specific’’ spot near Oxford ought:

not to stand uncorrected any longer. ‘‘First capture’’, as originally
related (antea, 72: 124) is correct, but ‘‘personal discovery’’ (loc. cit.,
249) it could not have been. Mr. Bretherton has shown (in private

correspondence) that E. B. P. could evidently only have been referring
to a particular occasion, the details of which are known. On that occa-
ston, E. B. P. was Fisiting Hell Coppice where pruni had been pre-
viously discovered by Mr. W. F. Burrows. As soon as realised, the
point was conceded in a letter to Mr. Bretherton, with copies a Mr.
Symes and the Editor, but as no further mention of the subject has
appeared in print AEH now, it is hoped the initiative taken herewith
will settle the matter beyond doubt.—D. LANKTREE, be Richmond Road,

Oxford.

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For Sale.—Weird and interesting caterpillars of the Japanese Owl Moth (Brah.
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EXOTIC INSECTS

Especially Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from India, Japan, Formosa,
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A large and varied selection of the following in stock—
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ndelion or any low plant. 2/6 doz. small.

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CONTENTS

LYSANDRA CORIDON PODA: THE ADVERSE INFLUENCE OF A
BI-VOLTINE TENDENCY. Major A. E. COLLIER

ASPECTS OF VARIATION IN APATURA IRIS L., WITH THE! DESCRIPTION :
OF ONE NEW ABERRATION. I. R. P. HESLOP and R. E. STOCKLEY ...

NOTES ON ACROCERCOPS IMPERIALELLA MANN. AND ITS OCCUR-
RENCE AT WOOD WALTON FEN, HUNTS. S. WAKELY ... sos

MICROLEPIDOPTERA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. J. NEWTON, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. C. Huccins, FRES. ...
NEW VICE-COUNTY RECORDS FOR BRITISH ANTS. C. A. CoLLINGwoop.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ...

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BS

Further Comments on the Early Stages and
Northern Cycle of Opisthograptis luteolata L.
(Lepidoptera)

By P. A. Desmonp Lanxrrez, F.R.E.S.

LARVAL VARIATION

In a note published concurrently with the last paper! on the species,
Captain C, Q. Parsons mentioned (antea 151), a Dr. Wright’s ‘‘stating
that the larva does differ in colour according to its foodplant, and that
the double-pointed hump varies in size considerably’’.

As explained elsewhere, the book (‘‘A Few Nature Notes’’, circa
1937-38), by Dr. Wright of Braunton, Devon, does not appear to be in
the Radcliffe Library and has otherwise remained elusive, but the
statement quoted above is appreciated, and may itself be briefly con-
sidered.

With regard to the larval colour forms, Dr. Wright’s statement
seems to be in agreement with Professor Poulton’s earlier conclusions
as given by Barrett and discussed in the last paper. Professor Poulton
established that variation in these colour forms is environmentally pro-
duced. As it follows that such variation is not genotypic, it might
have been added in the last paper that this answers at least [two
questions on the larva listed under the heading ‘‘Summary of Informa-
tion Required on Early Stages’’ given at the close of the first paper”.
That is to say, as colour variation in the larva is phenotypic, (2nd last
question), selective breeding for this factor is unnecessary, (last
question), and it is also not at all improbable that any colour change
shown by the larva during growth may be quite unconnected with any
diapause undergone (8rd last question).

The further factor of variation in size of the dorsal hump is noted
with interest, but without comment, the text not having been seen.

NoRTHERN CYCLE

It will be recalled that Barrett stated: ‘‘There is no appearance
of double-broodedness in its more northern range, and doubtless the
overlapping broods, noticed in the south, are there absent. So far as
is known, it has not been taken further north than Moray and the
Hebrides. . .”’

It will also be remembered that the present writer suggested that
if Fig. 2 in the former paper (antea 38) should subsequently be found
correct in general for the southern cycle, the northern one would seem
to present complications. Some of these were indicated by several
questions, but these may be summed up in three questions as follows:

The first asked how, if the southern cycle extended to Scotland,
the voltinism represented in Fig. 2 might be affected in the species.
Such a question presupposes the absence of a totally univoltine and
separate northern race.

The second, asking if the northern cycle had become so adapted as
to be regularly univoltine, is virtually the same as asking if there is a
totally univoltine and separate race present in the north. From
Barrett’s remarks the inference might be taken that such might be

NTHSONIAN JUN 15%

INSTITUTION

On’

98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V /1961

the case. If this were so, a further interesting question that would
naturally follow would be, where is the zoogeographical dividing line
between such races?

The third question asked what the cyclic products might be of crosses
between out of phase members of the southern type cycle as portrayed
in Fig. 2, and this infers consideration of a genetic control of diapause.

To refer to the third question first, it should be mentioned that
while such crosses might be experimentally arranged without much
difficulty (they possibly occur in nature anyway), and the results
literally recorded, their interpretation might not be at once obvious, as
other factors may exert a modifying influence. Thus Dr. Wiggles-
worth?, writing specifically of the well known case of Bombyx mori (in
which voltinism differs among its various cultivated races), says:
“Voltinism is to some extent hereditary; but when the races are
crossed, clear cut segregation does not occur. For the voltinism of
the offspring is influenced by the temperature at which eggs of the
preceding generation were incubated. . . and by the effect of tempera-
ture on the larva. The voltinism of the egg seems in fact to be
determined by some influence from the somatic cells of the mother’.
He goes on to explain that voltinism is generally uniform throughout
the egg batch from a single female, and by transplantation of ovaries
in the larval stage from one known stock to another that is different,
the ova always show the voltinism of their new host.

Again, in writing specifically of Telea polyphemus (in which vol-
tinism varies in different regions of its North American distribution),
Dr. Wigglesworth says: ‘‘Voltinism in this species is regulated in
large measure by environmental factors (exposure of the last larval
stage to a falling temperature for about a week induces the pupa to
become dormant), but the capacity to respond seems, within certain
limits, to be dependent on the genetic constitution of the stock—many

stocks being heterozygous in their genetic constitution relating to
voltinism’’.

- Dr. Wigglesworth sums up with a warning as follows: ‘In general
it seems that many of the cyclical diapause phenomena of insects are
in fact induced by seasonal changes of one sort or another. But the
arrest of development may be determined long before it becomes ap-
parent. . . and so the active factor is liable to be overlooked and a
false impression created that there is an internal rhythm’’.

So if O. luteolata should subsequently be shown to be part bivoltine
in its southern cycle as figured in the last paper, genetic control may
be expected, but possibly modified in effect by environmental factors.
To what extent this might be so in some regions is tentatively dis-
cussed further on from some new material, but as so many factors
could be involved, confirmation can only come from breeding the species
under known conditions.

To refer next to the second question, that is, as to whether there is
a separate northern race which is totally univoltine: there seems now
to be some evidence which suggests that this may not be the case.

In response to a request for any information he might have on this
species in its northern distribution, Dr. C. B. Williams has, with great
kindness, placed his light-trap records, at the writer’s disposal with
carte blanche for their use. The records, extending over the five

——

but was not regular until the end of June of that year:

NORTHERN CYCLE OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. 99

year period 1955-1959 at Kincraig, have been set out in the accompany-
ing tables in such a way as to emphasise the comparative total annual
light-oceurrence periods, and the intervals between occurrence. We
are fortunate to have such continuous information available from the
-highlands, and from so reliable and distinguished a source.

Dr. Williams says that trapping started about the 20th May 1955,
trapping
= ceased in the area at the end of August 1959.

Records of Opisthograptis luteolata L., trapped at light at Kincraig,

Inverness-shire, by Dr. C. B. Williams over the five-year period, 1955-59.

1955 1957 1958 1959
13 June 2 ( 3 June 2 A 7 June 1 ( 20 May 1
4 — | 21D 8D— 3D—
x) 18 June 1 12 June 1 16 June 1 24 May iL
aa DS | 13 June 3 8D— iD)
a 20 June 2 14 June 2 25 June 2 | 26 May 3
> | 39D— 1D— 26 June 2 27 May 2
S 30 July il 16 June 1 27 June 1 | 98 May 5
«|e 2D 28 June 2 | =
oa) 6 Sept 3 19 June 1s 29 June 3 31 May %
: a 20 June 1 2) 6D— | lip
Specimens Osho D ® 6 July 1 | 2 June 2
= 27 June SY) 1D) 3 June 2
3 | 5D— bm 26 July 2} a eeeune 1
j 3 July ib ce} |) ip — | 5 June 2
1956 Pe) 3D— = 3 Aug i 5D—
( May 17 7 July 4 | sD— | 11 June 9
2D— aD 12 Aug 2 | 12 June 2
| 28 May 1 12 July 1 4D— 13 June i
1D 13 July i 17 Aug La | 14 June 3
30 May = 1 2D— 1D— Al aes
9D— | 16 July 1 19 Aug 1 2! 20 June iL
9 June 1 17 July 2 16D— SOLD
10 June 1 AD 5 Sept 1 38 22 June 4
11 June 5 | 22 July 1 \ ee, TS 23 June if
3p— | 23 July 1 Specimens : 21 9 24 June 3
15 June 1 3D— ee | 25 June a
1D | 97 July 1 26 June 3
27 June it ae 27 June 4
Z| 3D— Specimens : 26 4D—
Ts 21 June 8 2 July uv
2 22 June 5 Ve i
|) af Je 4 Last dates for each month (except for aie ev 1
re une Site
3 | IP— last month of each year) italicised. 11 July 1
oo) 17 June 2 10D=—
Oo) Op— 22 July 1
| saneds ae eee!
Ju
os: July 5 10D— =10 days meee
4 July 4 interval, etc. | 27 July 1
FD 28 July 1
12 July 1 | 9D—
| De Algal : { 7 Aug. i
u ——
a Te il Specimens: 63
[ee 21 July 2
Me ae Total no. of speci-
Specimens : 42 mens recorded in

5 years: 161

100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V/1961

He also drew attention to the fact that “in 1955, which was very
hot and very dry, there was only one (record) in the whole of July and
August, and evidence of a second emergence in September’’. This
observation is most interesting because, allowing for trapping not
being regular till the end of June, apart from the single specimen on
30th July, there would have been an interval of 66 or more days before
the occurrence of the next solitary visitor on 6th September. Heat
and dryness in excess of the average for the region then, may be
facters directly, or indirectly (through effect on the foodplant), con-
tributing to retardation of development in one stage or another.

One of the most striking things to emerge from these tables is that
the consecutive years 1956 and 1957 have total occurrence periods of
58 and 55 days respectively—or about 8 weeks each, while 1955, 758 and
°59 have total periods of 86, 91 and 80 days respectively—an average
of about 86 days—or just over 12 weeks. Now if one allowed only one
week each for the duration of ovum and pupa stages (it is probably
longer), in the ‘‘8-week years’’ of 1956 and ’57, this would leave but
6 weeks for development of the larva stage in a full cycle—which seems
rather short. The 12 week average period of the years 1955, ’58 and
759 allows a more reasonable length of time for larval development
(about 10 weeks on the same basis), and comes a little closer to the
‘““April-August”? approximation of Fig. 2 in the former paper. In
other words, there is evidence to suggest that a second brood may have

occurred in the three years 1955, 1958 and 1959, but not in 1956 or
1957.

It will be noted that most of the intervals between dates are short,
and the broods if more than one, are not very well defined, but it must
also be remembered that these dates are of recorded captures only,
and not necessarily dates of the eclosion of any of the individuals.
Also the figures represent only a proportion of the total extant in the
area: some of the visitors may have come from afar: others locally
bred may have dispersed further afield each sunny day, (being not
infrequently diurnally active), with little or no call for retrogression
on the light-trap’s account if moonlit nights occurred in between.

Despite the ‘“‘slurring’’ of the dates, there is some slight indica-
tion of further evidence in support of the idea of a second brood. It
will be noticed that records ceased to occur towards the end of July
in 1956 and 1957, with no very long intervals about this time, while
in 1955 and 1958 there are some rather longer intervals about the end
of July and during August. This is not quite so clearly indicated in
1959, although there are gaps of 6 days and 10 days in early and late
July (separated by one record), and of a further 9 days just before the
last record of 7th August: the season started earlier that year though,
and the records are remarkable in both their quantity and even spread,
but the summer of 1959 was altogether remarkable for Britain.

Of the general spread of records over the first part of any year in
this district, it seems probable that those occurring in late May and
early June may be the products of winter pupae, while those occurring
in late June and early July may be the products of the winter larvae
in those years when there is to be a second brood, the second brood
probably appearing (as suggested by the intervals mentioned) in late
July and August, and lasting perhaps till early September. In those

NORTHERN CYCLE OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. 101

years when no second brood is to appear, no doubt due to environmental
conditions, emergence of the products of the winter larvae is probably

extended until late July, through the same set of environmental con-
ditions.

The question still arises as to how the species copes with winter
in the north if single brooded two years running, as it apparently was
in 1956 and 1957. This is referable to the first question. One can
only recall that diapause, though inherited, can have its onset initiated,
or its duration extended (or reduced) by environmental factors, and it
is possible that members of a brood may spend two winters as pupae,
or possibly even as larvae. (This is not uncommonly observed with
some species in captivity: some species seem more prone to this than
others: it is interesting to recall Dr. Wigglesworth’s citation of an
extreme case where ‘‘pupae of the moth Biston have been known to
pass through seven winters before resuming their development’’).

To sum up on the evidence suggested by Dr. Williams’ records, it
seems probable:

1. That the southern cyclic system tends to persist as far north as
lat. 57° 8 approx. (Kineraig):

2. That suppression of a second emergence may however occur in
some years:

3. That excessive heat or dryness, or both, may retard development
of the early stages (as in 1955), though not entirely sup-
press a second emergence.

A. That the species usually appears on the wing in late May or
early June at this latitude, is represented by adults until
late July, but also in August or until early September
when there is a second brood. (See also paragraph before
last).

5. That there is insufficient evidence for the existence of a separate
wholly univoltine northern race.

Objection might conceivably be raised against the last point on the
grounds that the existence of a part-bivoltine cycle in the area could
mask the presence of a univoltine race, and that Kincraig might lie
on the boundary of both races. This seems unlikely. Barrett, after
alluding to ‘‘no appearance of double-broodedness in its more nothern
range’’, adds later that ‘‘so far as is known, it has not been taken
further north than Moray and the Hebrides’’. Well, the southern
edge of Moray is barely 13 miles north of Kincraig (in the latitudinal
sense), and Moray’s northern-most point is little more than 29 miles
further north of this. So Barrett’s observation could not have re-
ferred to any mainland latitude much more than 42 miles (less than
half a degree), further north of Kincraig, if as much, and as the
southern cycle appears to persist as far north as the evidence seems
to suggest, it probably does so further north still, though possibly
suppression of the second brood may become more frequent by way
of adaption to environment. In further support of the tendency of
the southern cycle to persist in the north is the relatively small shift
forwards of the mean average first emergence date—about 11 days—
for a coverage of something like 5° 19’ of latitude (from Harpenden,
Herts., in the South Midlands—see later)—which works out at about

102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V/1961

1 day per 29’ of latitude, though the mean average emergence dates
are calculated from a relatively small number of years. First emer-
gences for the five years at Kincraig lay between 20 May and 13 June,
and the mean average date is June Ist.

Barrett mentions occurrence of the species in the Hebrides, though
he did not say which Hebrides. It is interesting to recall in passing,
Dr. Heslop Harrison’s* remarking in 1949 that the species was ‘‘far
from rare in the Stornoway woods’’ (about lat. 58° 14’ N. and 34 miles
further north than northernmost Moray). So perhaps it may exist on
the mainland in Sutherland and extend into southern Caithness, though
the most northerly part of that county (and of Scotland) lies some
95 miles further north than Stornoway at about lat. 58° 40’ N. Barrett’s
records though were quite unaided by the m.v. lamp which has quickly
revealed many facts besides extent of range in recent years.

The April emergence of the species (cited by Bree) seems confined
to the south of England. C. J. Goodall’s m.v. trap report for 1959 at
Morecambe (a little more than 54° N.), says: ‘‘May 13th* to early
September; late appearance. Numerous.’’ At Rothamsted (about lat.
51° 49 in Herts.), Dr. C. B. Williams’ light trap results for four years
included between 1933 and 1937, were analysed by him in a paper®
published in 1939. (In Fig. 4, ‘‘Dates of occurrence in each of the four
years of 30 species of Lepidoptera’’, the comparison of occurrences is
most interesting, and in some species definition between broods is
sharp, and in others less clear. S. menthastri, O. luteolata and P.
forficalis are respectively the 3rd, 4th, and 5th species down the table
of results and, referring to these results, Dr. C. B. Williams commented
in the text: ‘“‘S. menthastri is single brooded: QO. luteolata is rather
indefinitely, and P. forficalis quite definitely double brooded’’.) In Fig.
5, ‘‘Mean dates of first appearance and departures from the normal in
each year of various species of Lepidoptera’’, it is seen that the Mean
Date of First Appearance for O. luteolata in this district over the
period given was 21st May. In the last two years in the Oxford district
the species was recorded on 12th May in 1959, and 11th May in 1960,
when single male specimens were noted at ordinary electric light, but
many years recording are probably required to give a closer mean
average. (It might be added that Dr. Williams’ trap, 1933-37, employed
a 200 Watt bulb). The Oxford district is not much different in latitude
from Harpenden (Rothamsted), and not so very far west, but it is west,
and has a very different local climate from that of Harpenden. Dr.
Williams (in the paper mentioned above), refers to the small number
of aquatic insects that came to his trap there, and remarked on the
marked absence of running water in that district. Oxford, caught
between the Chilterns in the east and the Cotswolds in the west, is
surrounded by country riddled with rivers, has much of its land com-
prised of water-retaining clays, and the rainfall is not low: the climate
is generally considered as approximating rather more to that experi-
enced in the west, though retaining some of the features more
appropriate to the east. This has been mentioned, because further
west, at about these latitudes, the climatic changes encountered may

*May 13th was possibly a rather early date for Morecambe? In the same year
at Kincraig, 1959, the species first appeared on May. 20th, the earliest date
through the five-year period for the region.

OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. (LEP.) IN ITS SOUTHERN CYCLE 103

exert a far more profound effect than that produced by a drop in
latitude of equivalent mileage. Thus, A. H. Turner’, writing from
Birkenhall, Somerset (about 51°) in 1952, described the occurrence of
the species at m.v. locally on 25th Pasa as ‘‘about average’’. G.
Haggett8, ADEN Se writing in The Entomologist in 1949 about the
previous year’s Lepidoptera in West Sussex, evinced some surprise at
seeing this species on the wing in April.

Finally, again acknowledging his indebtedness to Dr. Williams for
making his records so readily available, the writer accepts, as indeed
he must, sole responsibility for any constructions he may have tenta.
tively placed on them. ‘‘Tentatively’’ is the keynote, for suggested
interprepation from any medium in the absence of sharp definition is
always liable to possible error. With such a species as O. luteolata,
certain knowledge of the brood-mechanism in particular is only possible
from breeding known stock under known conditions, as stated earlier.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

ILanktree, D. 1961. A Further Examination of the Life-history of Opisthograptis
luteolata, etc. Ent. Rec., 73: 34-49.

2Lanktree, D. 1960. A Clarification of the Life-history of Opisthograptis
luteolata, ete. Ent. Rec., 72: 229-235.

3Wigglesworth, V. B. 1939 (et al., ed.). The Principles of Insect Physiology,
pp. 9 and 67-76.

4Heslop Harrison, J. W. 1949. A Contribution to our Knowledge of the
Lepidoptera of the Isles of Lewis and Harris. Entom., 82: 19.

5Goodall, C. J. 1960. Mercury Vapour Trap Records at Morecambe, 1959. Ent.
Rec., 72: 160.

6Williams, C. B. 1939. An Analysis of Four Years’ Captures of Insects in a
Light Trap. Trans. R. Ent. Soc., 89: 79-131.

7Turner, A. H. 1952. Light Trap Records in Somerset, January to April. Ent.

Rec., 64: 186.
8Haggett, G. 1949. Notes on Lepidoptera in West Sussex in 1948. Enfom., 82:
tl

Some Comments on Opisthograptis luteolata L., (Lep.)

in its Southern Cycle, with Special Reference to the

Ottershaw (Surrey) Records, and A Comparison with

the Kincraig (Inverness-shire) Records forthe Northern
Cycle

By P. A. Desmonp LanxTRreEE, F.R.E.S.

1. A general discussion of differences in cyclic interpretations.

Receipt of the last paper, in which an analysis of Dr. C. B. Williams’
Kincraig records was attempted by the writer, was acknowledged by the
Editor on 4th April—too late for publication in that month’s issue.
In the meantime, however, Mr. R. F. Bretherton published in April!
some very fine records of the species in its southern cycle together
with an attempted analysis of his own records.

Our respective analyses were independently attempted on records
obtained some 5° 22’ apart in latitude (let alone any biotopic differ-
ences), and it is the object of this paper to refer to and discuss some of
the differences in interpretation that have occurred.

104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V /1961

These differences appear to be due in large part to a difference in
approach on one point especially, and that is, while Mr. Bretherton
has maintained some independence of Bree’s statements about the cycle,
the present writer has accepted them in essence and endeavoured to
apply them as closely as possible to the Scottish figures made available
to him by Dr. Williams.

Mr. Bretherton says the easiest explanation of the Ottershaw records
seems to him to be that there are two streams. To quote: ‘‘the first,
and in most years considerably the stronger, is bivoltine, the mean
dates being from about 10th May to about 8th June, and from 8th
August to 8th September. The second, and weaker, is mainly univoltine,
usually from about 16th June to 2ist July; but the beginning of it
probably, in suitable weather conditions, overlaps with the end of the
first brood of the bivoltine stream. Occasional cross-pairings at this
point ... . probably account for the few late September and October
stragglers’’. Now up to this point, all that he has said and that is
quoted here, may be considered to be broadly represented by any of the
three late spring to early autumn periods shown in Fig. 2?: that is,
two streams, one univoltine, one bivoltine, giving three emergence
periods in the year (interpreting the dates broadly), and the overlapping
flight periods, probable cross-pairings and their (queried) results are
alluded to in the relevant text of that paper and the one after.

Beyond this, however, resemblance between Mr. Bretherton’s
interpretation of his own records and the artificially contrived Fig.
2 referred to above almost terminates. Some deviation from Fig. 2
is most reasonable, for indeed it was only constructed in the first place
to demonstrate how Fig. 1 (illustrating Bree’s observations) could be
completed into a workable cycle (by applying Barrett’s remarks), and
it was at the time suggested that, while Fig. 1 might be adopted as
contributory to a fuller explanation of the cycle, Fig. 2 and its manner
of derivation might be borne in mind. The latter figure was, more-
over, afforded considerable plasticity or mobility when tentatively ap-
plied by the present writer to the Kincraig figures in his attempt to
account for bivoltinism in two successive years and univoltinism in two
other successive years in his previous paper, but it was none the less
adhered to in principle, particularly with reference to the hibernation
states and their products, as these are dependent on Bree’s observa-
tions.

After that part of his explanation quoted above, Mr. Bretherton
adds: ‘‘Members of the bivoltine stream in my view certainly hiber-
nate as pupae’. ‘While the present writer accords every respect to
Mr. Bretherton’s personal opinion on this matter, he would point out
that it is somewhat divergent from Bree’s statement of the case. Cer-
tainly Bree’s ‘‘April’? moths (these dates will be referred to later)
would seem to be the main source of a second brood, and certainly Bree
states the ‘‘April’’ moths come from winter pupae—in this much there
is agreement. Bree also states, however, that ‘‘the June brood is not
the produce of the April moths, but of those of the preceding August,
which pass the winter in the larva state (Bree’s or Barrett’s italics),
and feed again in the spring’’. Thus, according to Bree, the August
moths give rise to hibernating larvae, which is not consistent. with Mr.
Bretherton’s view of a separate bivoltine stream whose members hiber-
nate as pupae.

OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. (LEP.) IN ITS SOUTHERN CYCLE 105

Mr. Bretherton’s univoltine stream, the adult emergence of which
he places between the 16th June and the 21st July, would correspond
to the univoltine stream with a June emergence shown in Fig. 2, and
while he states the hibernation phase of this stream ‘‘remains to be
determined’’, he adds that his “figures are perfectly consistent with
a slow development involving hibernation in the larval state’. The
present writer would suggest, though, that his figures would not ap-
pear toe be any the less consistent with hibernation in the pupal state,
as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 1, which of course would concur with
Bree’s statement that ‘‘those . . . from the June brood become pupae
in the autumn, and produce moths in April’’. Furthermore, the pro-
ducts of Bree’s ‘‘August’’ moths (i.e. second brood), have less time in
which to reach the pupal state before the onset of winter than those
of his ‘‘June’’ moths, which rather lends itself in support of Bree’s
observation.

At the close of his paper, while alluding to Bree’s “‘April’’ moths,
Mr. Bretherton said: “it is possible that Bree’s reference may have
been to bred specimens’’. The present writer would go much further
and say that it is very highly probable indeed. So definite and pre-
cise in fact are Bree’s statements concerning the cyclic system that
(short of considering dreams, revelations, wishful-thinking, etc.) it
is difficult to imagine that they are not the products of direct observa-
tion, and even more difficult to see how he could have arrived at them
without breeding, which is why the present writer has laid so muck
store by them. To accept them though, is also to impose certain limi-
tations on interpretation of the cycle from anything but further breed-
ing results,

While stressing the apparent importance of accepting Bree’s state-
ments (Ent. Rec., 73: 36-37 and Fig. 1) the writer would also recall
his own suggested reasons for caution in such acceptance, that is, to
the extent of treating them as contributory to, but not necessarily a
complete explanation of the whole cycle. This, especially for the reason
stated (loc. cit., p. 39), that ‘‘it is not known on how many progeny.
from the total number possible from a single parent female, Bree based
his observations’’.

Thus, while Mr. Bretherton’s view that the second generation of
the bivoltine cycle overwinters as pupae is not in accord with Bree’s
statement of the case, it is not yet known whether Bree’s statement
covers the case of hibernation for the whole of Gen. II, and Mr.
Bretherton’s opinion on the matter is interesting, and may yet be
shown to be partly true.

With regard to Mr. Bretherton’s remarks on the existence of uni-
voltine and bivoltine conditions within the same species, the writer is
fully aware of many different and varied instances, though he has
mentioned but a few. The mechanism of luteolata’s broods (with which
species these papers have been principally concerned), is as yet im-
perfectly understood in itself however, and is moreover distinguished
from some in that overwintering is accomplished in two separate
phases. Just how widely precisely the same system is applicable to
other species we may come to know when the workings of the present
one are better understood,

106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V/1961

So far the species seems to be euryplastic and part-bivoltine with a
dual hibernation phase throughout the greater part of its widely con-
tinuous range in Britain. Thus, as mentioned in the last paper, it
appears that, rather than exhibit clinal tendencies towards a sepaiati:
univoltine northern race, the southern cyclic conditions tend to per-
sist in the northern latitudes when environmental conditions permit,
but adaption may be afforded when they do not by suppression of the
second brood, though the precise manner in which this may be effected
has not yet been ascertained.

2. The graphs in general.

20
KINCRAIG OCCURRENCE PERIOD FoR G&
SPECIMENS OVER THE TWO YEARS 1956~57
BASED ON DR. C.B. WILLIAMS*? DATA.

ike)

(o}

He Es A eS

20 KINCRAIG OCCURRENCE PERIOD FOR 8 4
SPECIMENS OVER THE Two YEARS 19538~549
BASED ON Dr. C.B. WILLIAMS’ DATA.
to
0
APR } MAY TUN JUL AUG SEP JOC
400

OTTERSHAW OCCURRENCE PERIOD FOR 2,496

SPECIMENS OVER THE NINE YEARS i952~60
300—| (BASED ON MR. R.F. RRETHERTON?S DATA,

200
100
Ce)
_ APR | __MaAyY TUN TU a AUG GG) QSEREA Lf Oe mara

Annual light-occurrence periods for O. luteolata L. over several years at
Kincraig (approx. lat. 57° 8’ N.), Inverness-shire and at Ottershaw (approx. lat.
51° 22’ N), Surrey.

OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. (LEP.) IN ITS SOUTHERN CYCLE 107

The Ottershaw records which Mr. Bretherton has secured and pub-
lished on luteolata in its southern cycle are most pleasingly substan-
tial, and he is to be congratulated on their completeness and continuity

As the Kincraig figures of the northern cycle are also now available,
some graphical comparison, in so far as this is possible, has been
attempted in the present paper.

In the Ottershaw graph, the approximately equal four parts of
each month that Mr. Bretherton has himself employed have been plotted
against their respective totals of recorded specimens.

In the Kincraig graphs, precisely the same time scale has been
used, though due to the much lower totals the scales of the vertical
axes have had to be increased. 1955 was omitted as incomplete and
not very well represented numerically. 1956 and ’57 were separately
plotted as apparently carrying no evidence of a second brood.

3. Comments on the Ottershaw graph and records for 1952-60.

The double-humping of the first part of the graph is not purely
fortuitous. To a greater or lesser degree the tendency is discernible
in the figures for six of the nine years (1954 and 1956-60), though the
humps may vary in their separation by some weeks. In the figures
for 1952, 53 and ’55, the double hump effect is probably obscured by
confluence, though it may also happen that environmental shifting of
emergence peaks in different seasons may tend to falsify the signi-
ficance of totals over several years by appearing to add to different
peaks, but these differences are largely minimised and ironed out over
the full nine-year period.

The writer would certainly agree with Mr. Bretherton in that the
first part of ‘the main burst of the May and early June emergence’’
probably represents insects which had hibernated as pupae: this also
fits in with Bree’s ‘‘April’? emergence. On the other hand, the writer
cannot bring himself to be convinced by Mr. Bretherton’s suggestion
alone that “there seems to be insufficient time in the spring before
the main emergence to allow for feeding up of larvae and a full pupal

stage’. It is not known at what instar(s) the larvae hibernate, how
long is still required for their full development, how soon they start
feeding, or how long the spring pupal stage lasts. If they recom-

menced feeding in March on buds, young leaves and blossom, as avail-
able according to their varied foodplant, and continued some way into
April, it would still seem at least possible for a short pupation period
to be undergone to supply moths even from fairly early or mid-May
in some springs, and more likely still a principal quantity in later
May and early June. This would fit in with Bree’s statement about
the ‘June’? emergence and could also well explain the bulky second
hump, its initiation marking the occurrence of the winter larval pro-
ducts imposed on and overlapping with the winter pupal products.
The gradual decline of the second hump could partly be accounted for
by continued overlapping of later emergences from winter pupae, and
partly perhaps by the possibility that some larvae may pass the winter
in different instars and vary in their vernal development-completion
time.

It is interesting to note that the addition of totals for the period from
the first week in May to the last week in July (at which point the

108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V/1961

trough is reached) comes to 1,091 specimens, while addition of the
totals from the first week in August to the last week in September
comes to 1,406 specimens, which is a sizeable increase. While the
development of the second brood has many predatory dangers to
survive for a shorter time, the development of the first brood has
perhaps less predators to contend with, but for a much longer time,
and under the variable, but sometimes great duress, provided by
winter’s long intrusion.

As to the times in the year which Bree gave for emergences, namely
April, June and August, they have usefully served as generalisations
for simplicity in reference due to their clear-cut separation. As Mr.
Bretherton points out though, the Ottershaw records clearly demon-
strate the rarity of the April emergence in this part of Britain, and
the writer also agrees with him fully, as stated earlier, that Bree’s
dates are more than likely to have referred to breeding results. On
the other hand, there is some evidence that an April emergence may
be more usual in the West Country, as mentioned in the writer’s pre-
vious paper. It might be added here that the mean average first date
for the species in the Ottershaw area from Mr. Bretherton’s figures is
7th May.

4. Comments on the Kincraig graphs for 1956-57 and 1958-59.

The records from which these graphs were made have already been
discussed at length in the previous paper.

The generally greater compression of the northern cycle due to a
shorter season with a later start and earlier finish will be noted. The
following time comparisons will emphasise it :—

Ottershaw occurrence periods. Years. Kincraig occurrence periods.

162 days 1952 _—
188 days 1953 =
122 days 1954 —
133 days 1955 86 days
138 days 1956 58 days
157 days 1957 55 days
130 days 1958 91 days
131 days 1959 80 days
137 days 1960 —

The expansion and generally later start of the recorded flight-period
when there is to be no second brood (1956-57), and considerable con-
traction and generally earlier start of the first flight-periods when there
is (1958-59), was formerly discussed and is clear from the graphs.

Probably little inference can be fairly drawn from the triple-hump-
ing effect of the first flight period. In the first place, the population
density of the species at Kincraig is evidently much lower than it is
in more southerly latitudes, and graphic variation is consequently
dependent on much smaller figures. Secondly, weather and moonlight
conditions will influence emergence or flight and punctuate trap re-
cords. Thirdly, annual seasonal shifts can move the peaks. Fourthly,
both graphs are each dependent on only two years of data—far too
short a period to even out the other three factors. Over a much longer
period of years, if the interpretation is correct, the triple-humping
should resolve into a tendency for double-humping early in the year in

OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. (LEP.) IN ITS SOUTHERN CYCLE 109

both types of graph, while the second brood might well show much better
definition, though evidently quite unlikely to approach the dimensions
of its southern counterpart.

Unfortunately, the most useful tool for interpretation of either the
KXincraig or Ottershaw records is blatantly missing, for while summer
duration periods of egg, larva and pupa stages remain unknown, no
yardstick can be applied. It does not follow, in fact it is evidently
most unlikely, that an ‘‘Ottershaw yardstick’’ could be effectively ap-
plied to the Kincraig records, or vice versa. Nor should it necessarily
follow that the northern cycle is longer than the southern one for, say,
reasons of lower average temperature. The difference in hours of
daylight might influence larval feeding, as also the greater northern
variation between night and day temperatures might influence length
of pupal life in summer—such possible results are still undetermined.

Perhaps little real progress in analysis of the cycle can be gained
from further discussion of the present evidence, and in any event
breeding, as both Mr. Bretherton and the present writer have stated,
would seem the only means of confirmation. If, though, the same cycle
tends to persist throughout the species’ continuous distribution on the
British mainland, modified by its sensitivity to annual environmental
change, outside of laboratory control, it would seem necessary to breed
northern stock outdoors in the north for an accurate appraisal of the
northern cycle, with similar analogies elsewhere.

5. Imaginal size and Bree’s June emergence.

Bree stated: ‘‘The specimens which appear in June are always
larger and finer in colour and markings than those of the other two
broods’? Presuming the accuracy of his observations—why ?

One possible reason that has occurred to the writer is dependent on
the rest of Bree’s observations concerning the June brood, and quite
apart from its own interest in connection with imaginal size, it might
be worth examining for the effects it may have on the cycle itself.

The rest of Bree’s statement shows two relevant things (vide Ent.
Rec., 73: 36-38 and Figs. 1 and 2): firstly the June emergence in any
one year is apparently representative of univoltinism, and secondly
the June adults are, according to Bree, the products of winter larvae.
Now it is known that the respective larvae of different broods of some
species which may exhibit univoltinism and bivoltinism undergo a dif-
ferent number of ecdyses. Leptidia sinapis L. is a case in point. In
its southern English distribution it is sometimes double brooded, and
while the larvae of the first brood moult four times, those of the second
moult only three®. Whether univoltine or bivoltine, the species is
stated to pass the winter in the pupal stage, and if there is an aver-
age difference in imaginal size between broods, it does not appear to
have elicited much comment in this species, and if occurring, it is
probably not very great. However, as a possible cause of the greater
size of the June imagines of luteolata noted by Bree, it might be worth
investigating whether the overwintering larvae which give rise to them
do in fact undergo one or more moults over and above the number under-
gone by larvae producing adults at any other time of the year.

Tt is the converse aspect of this case that might provide a clue to
the difference in cyclic timing at different latitudes. Thus while Gen.

110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V/1961

If larvae may undergo one less moult than those producing the June
imagines in the southern cycle, it is not entirely impossible that Gen.
TL larvae in the northern cycle may even forgo a further moult to
obtain the compression indicated by the relevant graph, or rather to
assist in doing so, for this may not be the only contributory factor as
mentioned earlier.

REFERENCES.

iBretherton, R. F. 1961. Opisthograptis luteolata L. at the Light Trap. Ent.
Rec., 73.

2Lanktree, D. 19614. A Further Examination of the Life-history of Opisthograptis
luteolata L. (Lepidoptera. Ent. Rec., 73: 38.

3Morris, S. 1935. West Sussex Notes. Hntom., 68: 195.

The Burnet Complex—A Reply

By W. G. TREMEWAN,
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History)

As the title implies, this short note is written with a view to
correcting the nomenclature on the Zygaena species discussed by Col.
Duffield in his recent paper in the January number of the Hntomologist’s
2ecord (Duffield, 1961). .

Col. Duffield very kindly entertained me at his home, and I was
able to examine the specimens he collected and see the localities where
the specimens were captured.

First of all, it seems that not only Col. Duffield but many entomo-
logists are still puzzled as to the status of the Zygaena known for
many years as ‘‘hippocrepidis Stephens’. Stephens (1828) misidentified
a seasonal form of filipendulae L. which he called hippocrepidis Hiibner.
The latter is a distinct Continental species and has not been found in
England. Later authors realised this, so the insect became known as
“hippocrepidis Stephens’’. Dupont (1900) suggested the name stephensi
for this early form of filipendulae and a year later Rebel (1901) proposed
the name tutti which consequently is synonymous with stephensv.

Apparently collectors have difficulty in recognising stephensi Dupont.
Stephens stated that it could be distinguished by the rather small sixth
spot, which was divided by the nervule, and the rather broad, un-
dulating border of the hindwing. The character of a small sixth spot
being divided by the nervule has always been stressed by later writers
with the result that most collectors have formed a false impression. It
has also been considered that stephensi only occurs as a few examples of
filipendulae which are found flying in June and are just a small portion
of the brood the rest of which emerges later. In my opinion, stephens
is a seasonal form of filipendulae which for some unknown reason
emerges in June and is well over by the time the normal populations
begin to emerge, which is from July to August and only exceptionally
at the end of June. Also it is the whole of the population of stephensi
that emerges earlier and the normal July-August filipendulae are not
found on the same ground later.

IT have had experience with stephensi in only one locality which is
on the North Downs near Guildford. Here it flies in company with
the early subspecies of trifolii Esper which has been named by Verity
ssp. palustrella Verity. In this locality trifolit ssp. palustrella begins

THE BURNET COMPLEX—A REPLY 111

to emerge at the end of May and is almost over by the end of June.
During the first week in June, stephensi begins to emerge and is over
by the first or second week of July. By this time the normal filipendulae
are just emerging in other localities.

As I have pointed out previously, the distinguishing characters are
not great between stephensi and the July-August filipendulae. How-
ever, in the Guildford population of stephensi, the forewings of the
males usually have a bluer ground colour and the hindwing borders are
generally broader. Some of the females, however, are indistinguishable
from normal filipendulae. Apart from these odd females just mentioned,
the majority of the specimens are much smaller. I hope that this
comparison and the notes given above will be of some use for determin-
ing stephensi. I might add that stephensi is usually found on chalk
downs and in company with frifolii ssp. palustrella Verity, but it has
also been found on limestone in Ireland where trifolit does not occur.

To return to the specimens taken by Col. Duffield, all the filupendulae
that he has taken at Brook are f. stephensi Dupont. I must refute the
statement (Duffield, 1961, p. 26) that stephensi (hippocrepidis) is a
hybrid between trifolii and filipendulae. I have examined the genitalia
of many specimens of stephensi and found them quite normal and
conspecific with filipendulae. Hybrids do occur occasionally between
trifolii and filipendulae and a specimen that I took in the Guildford
locality is undoubtedly one. It is intermediate in genitalia, has a
small sixth spot and a broad border to the hindwings. In other words,
in superficial characters it resembles a specimen of trifolii which has a
sixth spot.

In recent years the populations have unfortunately diminished at
Brook, but observations made by Col. Duffield are exceedingly interest-
ing. In 1959, he collected some of the cocoons which were spun high
up on grass stems with the expectation of breeding out ‘six spots’ or
stephens. To his surprise, however, large five-spotted Zygaena
emerged. These specimens he compared with lonicerae Scheven and
they are in fact this species. It was thought that there were four
distinct forms of Zygaena feeding on Lotus corniculatus L. on the hill-
side, and these were summarized in a table. As these determinations
were not all accurate, I correct them as follows :—

1. The small five-spotted form emerging from pupae low down in the
ground and hidden from view is trifolii ssp. palustrella Verity.

2. The large five-spotted form from cocoons high up on grass stems is

; lonicerae Scheven ssp. transferens Verity.

3 and 4. The six-spotted forms are both filipendulae f. stephensi Dupont
(hippocrepidis Hiibner, Stephens nec Hiibner).

Specimens from the population of stephensi at Brook are, on the
whole, larger than specimens from Guildford. It will be noticed that
two forms were thought to be flying at Brook and these were separated
on the characters of broad or narrow hindwing borders and a sixth spot
which was or was not divided by the nervule.

Regarding the damp marshy meadow, this is quite near to the
hillside locality. On examining the specimens from the former area,
I find that these are filipendulae f. stephensi, lonicerae (the latter is
the large five-spotted form and according to Duffield is palustris Obthr.)
and trifolii ssp. palustrella. The last-mentioned is not usually found

112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V/1961

off chalky ground and I can only assume that the specimens are the

progeny of a female that either strayed or was accidentally transported

to the area by wind or some other factor. The latter may explain the

occurrence of stephensi there.

I reproduce the table given by Col. Duffield, but with the appropriate
corrections in the nomenclature placed in parenthesis.

Hillside Low-lying

wet ground

True trifolu (trifolii ssp. palustrella Verity) _... 21 12
Large five-spotted (lonicerae ssp. transferens

Verity) ae ie see Be aH Ae: 19 14
hippocrepids, six-spotted (filipendulae f£. stephensi

Dupont) ... Ae Ly. B a fi 2 11
filipendulae, six-spotted (filipendulae f. stephensi

Dupont)... ae Me a ak Hi 2 2

With the exception of one female, lonicerae was not seen on the
ground until 1957. This I can confirm as I have seen all the specimens
that were taken. I have had a similar and comparable experience at
the Guildford locality. As my experience is analagous with that cf
Cel. Duffield, perhaps it would not be without interest to compare it
here.

In 1958, I discovered in the Guildford locality a flourishing colony
of trifolit ssp. palustrella. There were also a few filipendulae f.
stephensi flying with them. In that year I was only able to make one
visit so my observations are limited. In 1959 I visited the area on
several occasions from the beginning of June to early July. Again
both species, viz. trifolit ssp. palustrella and filipendulae f. stephensi
were abundant, and I took examples of each. On one visit towards the
end of June, however, I saw at rest on a grass stem a large five-spotted
Zygaena which I immediately recognised as lonicerae even before I had
boxed it. The same day I collected some of the cocoons which were
spun high up on grass stems and from these I bred stephensi and
further specimens of lonicerae. The latter species was also observed
and taken at later dates.

In 1960, my observations were continued and [I again found
palustrella and stephensi. I did not find any lonicerae but among the
trifolii are three specimens which are as large as lonicerae and have
characters of both species. These specimens may be hybrids, but un-
fortunately the differences in the genitalia between the two species are
so small that good intermediate characters could not be found. From
these observations I can only conclude that lonicerae and trifolii have
interbred and merged in this locality. I am certain that the disappear-
ance of lonicerae is not due to over-collecting, at least not on my part,
as I only took three females and about a dozen males and the species
was abundant in 1959.

Tt is well known that these two species are not sufficiently distinct
to prevent them from interbreeding when contact is made. There
exist only geographical and perhaps seasonal barriers which keep them
distinct. By the time that lonicerae began to emerge in 1959, trifolii
was getting over, but it was possible for the males of the former to
pair with late emerging females of the latter species. This does not
explain, however, why ‘‘pure’’ lonicerae were not seen in 1959.

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA TLS}

It seems that the same phenomenon that took place in the Guildford
area has also occurred at Brook. I look forward to reading Col.
Duffield’s observations for the coming season. Col. Duffield asked me
from where did the lonicerae originate. This I cannot answer, but can
only assume that they came from some near or distant colony. It seems
that lonicerae has become more abundant and has increased its range
in recent years. This is supported by the fact that many records sent
to me for a future paper on the distribution of the British Zygaena
species are from localities where the species is not known to have
previously occurred. The majority of such records refer to southern
England, and from this area very few records are found in the early
literature. It has also been pointed out by several collectors that
lonicerae has been found in certain localities for the first time. It is
interesting to note that the same conclusions have been made quite
independantly by J. M. Chalmers-Hunt (an lit.).

REFERENCES.

Duffield, C. A. W. 1961. HEntlomologist’s Record, 73: 25-28.
Dupont, L. 1900. Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Elbeuf, 18: 49-78.

Rebel, H. 1901. In Staudinger and Rebel’s Cat. Lep., Vol. 1.
Stephens, J. F. 1828. Illustrations of British Entomology, Vol. 1.

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hueeins, F.R.E.S.

Argyroploce lacunana Dup. When I was collecting on Tresco in
June 1958 I noticed a number of a tortricid which I took to be A.
urticana Hubn. of a rather small race. The ground colour of the
insects was reddish, as is often the case with urticana, and as I have
many of this colour, I only set a couple for the sake of the locality.
When, however, I informed Mr. R. Mere of my captures on Tresco
he wrote to me that urticana had never been found in the Scillies, so
I carefully examined my two specimens and found they were certainly
not that species. I therefore took them to the B.M., where Mr.
Bradley, Dr. Obraztsov (who was there on a visit) and myself put in
most of a morning comparing them with insects in the collection with-
out results.

With my permission, Mr. Bradley then dissected them both and
found that they were lacunana; once their identity had been established
the markings could be traced easily enough.

I intended to examine the Scilly lacunana thoroughly in 1959, but
owing to the drought and heat wave the moth was over when I arrived
in late June. However, in 1960 there were a good many about at that
time and I succeeded in taking a series; the moth does not swarm on
the Scillies as it does in certain parts of England. I found that the
lacunana of the Scillies varies in ground colour from a pale golden
drab to reddish drab; I did not see any of the light greenish drab
characteristic of the species. Occasionally a worn insect approaches
in colour to the typical, but I saw no fresh ones of this kind. So far
as I could see all the Scilly Jacwnana are of this kind; I certainly found
no other on Tresco, St. Marys, St. Helens, and Tean, though I did
not do a great deal of collecting on any island but Tresco. I think

114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V /1961

therefore that the Scilly lacunana is a good subspecies and merits a
description.

Argyroploce lacunana Dup., ssp. scilloneana ssp. nov. Ground
colour of forewings pale golden drab sometimes darkening to reddish
drab.

Type: Tresco, 22nd June 1960 in coll. H. C. Huggins.

The aberration herbana Guen. in which the forewings are black
except for the few metallic spots, occurred also amongst the Tresco
population of lacunana and is rather commoner there than anywhere
else [ have worked excepting the Norfolk broads, where it is found at
Ranworth and Horning in an unusually high ratio to the type form.
There is also a strong tendency in the Scilly race to produce forms with
the dark markings confluent, a tendency I have not noted elsewhere.

On Ist August 1922 I netted at Horning a male lacunana described
beneath, which in wing pattern almost exactly resembles A. metalli-
cana Hubn., as Sheldon, to whom I showed it in the autumn, pointed
out. As at present it appears to be nondescript, I am calling it Argy-
roploce lacunana Dup. ab. umbrosana ab. nov.: Forewings dull greenish
grey, with a blackish suffusion in the median and basal areas.

Type: male, Horning, Norfolk, 1.viii.1922, in coll. H. C. Huggins.

Pyrausta perlucidalis Hubn. This moth in the ordinary way is on
the wing in the second and third weeks of June, lasting till the begin-
ning of July. As it seems probable from the capture of specimens
last year in Suffolk, Essex and Kent that there was a widespread immi-
gration to this country last summer, it is hoped that those who are
working on damp localities in the south and east coasts will keep a
sharp eye open for it, in case colonies have been established. As I
have mentioned before, it looks in life like a very small specimen of
Notarcha ruralis Scop. except for the conspicuous spot on the fore-
wings. In size it resembles Microstega pandalis Hubn., but apart
from the spot it is a much more transparent insect. In suitable weather
perlucidalis may be disturbed from the undergrowth by day, especially
at dusk; it also comes to mercury vapour light like most of the group.

65 Eastwood Bvd., Westcliff-on-Sea, Hssex.

The Larval Taxonomy of the British Trichoptera
By Auian Brinvie, F.R.E.S.

I. A KEY TO FAMILIES, WITH A REVIEW OF RECENT
LITERATURE.

For the identification of larvae of the British Trichoptera reference
has had to be made to one of two Continental works, that of Lestage
(1921) in French, or to that of Ulmer (1909) in German, in which keys
to the known larvae are given. Both works include the majority of
the British species and the taxonomic characters are often satisfactory,
but, apart from their present relative inaccessibility, they have one
main fault—the small size of the drawings illustrating the keys and
the diagrammatic character of the drawings.

This fault has been remedied to a great extent in recent years by
Hickin (1942-58) who has published a series of larval descriptions of

THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 115

British material which are accompanied by large excellent drawings of
relevant parts of the larvae concerned. This series now covers 52 of
the British species and it is to be hoped that more will follow. Other
larval descriptions, based on the standard set by Hickin, are to be
found in McDonald (1950), Philipson (1953), Hanna (1956-61) and
Brindle (1960). Keys to three families have also been published: to
the Rhyacophilidae by Mackereth (1954-6), to the Beraeidae by Hickin
(1959) and to the known larvae of the Philopotamidae by Brindle (1960).

In order to use this recent literature on the larvae of the British
Trichoptera satisfactorily, however, it is essential that more modern
keys should be published. It is not yet possible to key out all the
British larvae since a number are unknown, and certain characters
used in Lestage and Ulmer appear to be variable and need replace-
ment by more constant characters. This applies chiefly to the genus
Limnephilus. It is, nevertheless, possible to determine many larvae
with the modern descriptions referred to previously providing that at
least a key to families is available. The only modern family key pub-
lished is that of Hickin (1946) which is not quite complete. In this
key the character initially used for separating the larvae is the degree
of sclerotisation of the thoracic nota. In Lestage and Ulmer the
initial character is the division into the eruciform and the campodei-
form larvae. Both of these initial divisions present difficulties in
some species, since the degree of sclerotisation of the thoracic nota
can be readily misinterpreted, and the distinction between an eruci-
form and a campodeiform larva is sometimes slight. It would seem
that the best course would be to use as many obvious biological fea-
tures, such as the type of case or nets of the larvae whenever these
are reliable, as main characters, using additional less easily appre-
ciated characters as secondary features. In this way the identifica-
tion of the larvae could be attempted by students or by entomologists
not specialising in this order.

GENERAL FEATURES OF THE CADDIS LARVAE

Only the more obvious features, particularly those connected with
the key, are mentioned. lor further details reference should be made
to the publications listed in the biblhography.

There are two main types of caddis larvae—the eruciform and the
campodeiform, the general distinctions which are described below :—

Eruciform: These are the typical case-making larvae (figs. 2, 4,
23) with a soft whitish thick abdomen protected by the case. The
head is hypognathous, i.e. the long axis of the head is vertical, with
the mouth ventral; the first segment of the abdomen is often provided
with lateral and dorsal fleshy lobes, and the intersegmental constric-
tions of the abdomen are not well marked. There is a ‘“‘lateral line”
along the abdomen, which is seen as a furrow, often with very short
setae, and in most cases whitish filiform gills occur on some or most
segments. These may be single, double, or rarely much branched.
The abdomen ends in a pair of very short anal appendages which
possess a distal hook. The larva is thus held in position in the case
by the anal hooks and by the lateral and dorsal lobes which presum-
ably hold the body more or less centrally in the case. Normally, in
feeding, only the head and thoracic segments of the larva are exposed.

116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V /1961

The anterior legs are broader and much shorter than the posterior
pairs and all legs end in a claw. In some families a more or less
sclerotised projection occurs between the front coxae (fig. 36); this is
the prosternal horn. The larvae of the Phrygaenidae (fig. 23) are
usually termed sub-eruciform since they exhibit certain features which
are transitional between the eruciform and campodeiform type of
larva. Eruciform larvae are the rule in the Limnephilidae, Sericosto-
matidae, Beraeidae, Molannidae, Odontoceridae, and the Leptoceridae,
all of which construct a transportable case.

Campodeiform: These are the typical free-living, net-spinning, or

tube-making caddis, not constructing a case until pupation, The
Hydroptilidae construct a case when in the later larval stages but
are apparently free living when young. This type of larva has a

rather depressed, often coloured, abdomen, which is usually obviously
less soft than the abdomen of the eruciform larva. The head is progna-
thous, i.e. the long axis of the head is horizontal, with the mouth
anterior; the first segment of the abdomen bears no fleshy lobes and
the intersegmental constrictions are usually well-marked and often
deep (figs. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8). There is no lateral line. Abdominal gills
are not commonly found but when they occur they are much branched
and either lateral or ventral in position. The anal appendages are
generally long, the distal hooks affording a grip on the silk of the
tunnel or net. The anterior legs are often not greatly shorter than
the posterior ones. The campodeiform larva is the rule in the
Polycentropidae, Psychomyiidae, Philopotamidae, Rhyacophilidae,
Hydropsychidae, and Hydroptilidae, only the latter having a case in
the larval stage.

General: With one exception (Hnoicyla pusilla (Burm.) which has
a terrestrial larva with an open tracheal system) all caddis larvae are
completely aquatic with a closed tracheal system and often possessing
whitish tracheal gills. The gills are arranged along the abdomen
either laterally, dorsally, or occasionally ventrally. There is evidence
that the oxygen intake of the larvae is not confined to the gills but
is also absorbed through the cuticle, and this explains the curious dis-
tribution of the gills. In the Limnephilidae there is some correla-
tion between the oxygen content of the water and the number of gills,
i.e. the lotic water species usually have single gills, and the static
water species double gills. In the campodeiform larvae, however,
Rhyacophila (fig. 1) and Hydropsyche (fig. 6) have much branched gills
even though they live in rapid flowing water alongside such larvae as
Polycentropus (fig. 7) and Philopotamus (fig. 3) which have no gills.
Whitish so-called ‘‘anal gills’’, immediately anterior and dorsal to the
anal appendages, may also occur. The head is well sclerotised, and
the median triangular shaped sclerite is referred to as the fronto-
clypeus. The prothorax is always sclerotised dorsally, the meso- and
meta-thorax may be membraneous and coloured as the abdomen, or be
partially or entirely sclerotised, the degree of sclerotisation usually
being conspicuous by reason of the darker colour. The thoracic ter-
gites are referred to as the pro-, meso-, and meta-nota. The antennae
are generally short and inconspicuous, but long and obvious in the
Leptoceridae. The mandibles are assymetrical, variable in form,
often with a brush of setae on the internal edges (fig. 37) and two

VOL. 73 PLATE I

Caddis larvae

Fig. 1, Rhyacophila, dorsal. 2, Limnephilus, lateral. 3, Philopotamus, lateral.
4, Mystacides, lateral. 5, Tinodes, dorsal. 6, Hydropsyche, lateral. 7, Polycen-
tropus, dorsal. 8, Hydroptila, lateral.

THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 117

setae on the external edges. In some species this setal brush is absent
from one or both mandibles. The eyes are prominent, placed anteriorly
in the more carnivorous larvae and more laterally and posteriorly in
the more herbivorous larvae. The food may be either plant or animal
material, to a large extent being indicated by the shape of the man-
dibles, the broader mandibles with a broad serrated tip (fig. 37) being
typical of the herbivorous caddis, and the narrower mandibles with a
sharp tip (fig. 22) being typical of the carnivorous caddis.

Cases: These may be of vegetable or mineral material, or more
rarely of secretion only. A few species also tend to use the shells of
snails. If the mineral particles chosen are comparatively large (fig.
9) a rough case results. Smaller particles result in a smoother case
(figs. 12, 15). Some species of Athripsodes utilise very fine particles
and produce a very smooth case (fig. 16). Vegetable material may be
arranged longitudinally, either imbricated and overlapping or of uni-
formly cut pieces arranged circularly or spirally (fig. 13). In some
Limnephilus the plant material is placed transversely, resulting in a
very rough case (fig. 19). Glyphotaelius (Limnephilidae) places large
pieces of leaf dorsally and ventrally on the central tube (fig. 17), Addi-
tional materials, such as long pieces of twig, are often added to the
case in such genera as Mystacides, Anabolia, and Stenophylax (fig.
18). Whilst the cases are usually tubular in section, Lepidostoma and
Crunoecia make cases of quadrangular section (fig. 20), and some
Limnephilidae cases are triangular in section (fig. 21).

Key to FAMILIES

1. Larvae in a transportable Case .............eeceeeceee tees eneesseears 2

— Larvae without a transportable case ..............seeceeseeceeeeeeeees 13

2. Cases almost hemispherical (fig. 9), both openings on the
flattened ventral surface; cases of comparatively large pieces of
stone, rough, fastened to the upperside of stones in streams
DIV ATIVE Selma satoaaaclceossicee es Rhyacophilidae (Glossosomarinae)
Gasessnot) hemispheres | fe eetee see es cawecewssineae cede sere enue arises 3

vo |

Cases very small, of fine mineral particles, greatly flattened
or flask-shaped (figs. 10, 11); larvae small, campodeiform, some
segments of abdomen much wider than thorax (fig. 8); each
thoracic nota with a single sclerotised plate; in static or lotic
SVU SUG Toma pyroelectric crssleroecle sec iatileaialyps stein sigs slsisaiae Hydroptiidae
— Cases not greatly flattened or flask-shaped; larvae usually
larger, eruciform or suberuciform, no segments of abdomen
wider than thorax; metanotum at least without a single
sclerotised Plate — ..........ceccscececeeseeccecseecencerenerecsenesatscecscenenss 4
4. Cases shield shaped (fig. 12) composed of sand grains, and
formed of a tube with lateral extensions; head with two dark
bands (fig. 24); in static water ..........ceeeeeeeeeeee eee eees Molannidae
— (Cases not shield shaped, but usually more or less tubular, less
commonly of quadrangular or triangular section (cf. Glypho-
EQEUIUS) pas prcesweron doa «Bolnss seisiqerio ose stg Pease «dase ecessee> + meemameiaecis 5
5. Larvae sub-eruciform with only the pronotum sclerotised (fig.
23); cases of vegetable material tubular, hardly tapering
posteriorly, open at both ends, typically composed of uniform
lengths of material arranged spirally (fig. 138); sometimes a

118

11.

12.

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/V/1961

hollow stem is used (Agrypnia) and the case of Trichostegia is
not spirally made; in static or slowly moving water ...............
Phrygaenidae
Larvae eruciform with at least both pro- and meso-nota
sclerotised (the latter slight in some Leptoceridae); cases vari-
able but with one exception not spirally made. (Exception:
Triaenodes, in which the case is very thin, long, and tapers

posteriorly) 2u.c1eyniien. Ae. to.. Lange Se ESE eee eee 6
. Pronotum produced at anterior corners (figs. 26, 28) ............ a
Pronotum not produced at anterior corners (figs. 30, 34) ... 8

Cases tubular or elliptical, of mineral particles, with larger
pieces of stones arranged down either side (fig. 14); tibiae
without spines on processes; pronotum with median longi-
tudinal suture only (fig. 26); eyes lateral (fig. 25); in rivers
EN Mel ISIGESE NAS Banga sea4 Ane cenaacdscubedaasonbes Sericostomatidae (Goerinae)
Cases tubular, of secretion only, anchored at the distal end;
tibiae with spines on processes (fig. 27); pronotum with longi-
tudinal and transverse sutures (fig. 28); eyes dorsal (fig. 29);
FLT PVC LSE. REET Ly elt oe Sericostomatidae (Brachycentrinae)
Clypeus with distinct anchor-like mark (fig. 31); thoracic nota
with sclerotised plates arranged as fig. 30; case of mineral
particles, smooth, tubular, slightly curved (fig. 15); in rapid

SUM ANTIGA OP. Anns eees aemee Hate Ree Meee reenter Caran em see Odontoceridae
Clypeus otherwise; thoracic nota not with such an arrange-
ment ok lakes! sceket ome macactee eee see ceeee oe eamesce teense eee ene ae Romer ert 9
1 Prostendal process ornesentn (ieamtaO) meeetse ene nereesE er ecesreece scree 10
Prosternmal process absemt 12... 2thsce.ssseses-s essere ema cce «ace cese acres: 11

Cases quadrangular in section, at least partially (Crunoecia,
Lepidostoma); if round in section (Lasiocephala) then meso-
notum not with a complete sclerotised plate; in lotic water ......
: Sericostomatidae (Lepidostomatinae)
Cases variable, usually tubular, sometimes triangular in sec-
tion, never quadrangular; mesonotum always with a complete
sclerotised plate and metanotum typically with three pairs of
small sclerotised plates (fig. 2); in lotic or static water ............
. Iamnephilidae
Head uniformly dark brown or blackish or with light spots
(fig. 33); thoracic nota densely hairy (fig. 34); abdomen wide
(as fig. 2) cylindrical, not tapering posteriorly, ninth segment
almost as wide as eighth; cases of mineral particles as fig. 15;
TMM DLVCTS eee eetecce cette ene Sericostomatidae (Sericostomatinae)
Head lighter or with a distinct pattern; thoracic nota not
densely hairy; abdomen cylindrical, narrower, tapering, ninth
segment usually much narrower than eighth; cases of fine or
coarse mineral particles, or vegetable material, or of secretion
only LHe cate toe LGC Me orode uodu He sHngnanaeaennae deossinn: 12
Head either round and unicolorous reddish (fig. 35) or slightly
elongated, black and yellow; antennae short, inconspicuous ;
right mandible with brush of setae on inner side; cases of fine
mineral particles as fig. 16; in lotic or static water ... Beraeidae
Head elongated, with or without distinct pattern (fig. 32);
antennae long or very long, conspicuous; no brush of setae on

VOL. 73 PLATE II

Caddis cases
dorsal and lateral. 41, Oxyethira,

13, Phryganea, lateral. 14, Silo, dorsal. 15,
17, Glyphotaelius, transverse

19, Limnephilus, trans. 20, Lepidostoma, anterior
part. 21, Limnephilus, anterior part.

Fig. 9, Agapetes, lateral. 10, Agraylea,
dorsal. 12, Molanna, ventral.
Odontocerum, lateral. 16, Athripsodes, lateral.
section. 18, Anabolia, lateral.

i
Sei

THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 119

right mandible; cases variable; in lotic or static water ............
Leptoceridae

13. Larvae free living amongst stones in rapid streams and rivers;
latenalcilstuttsonsabdomen’ (fig’ 1)ph¥. .22.coass..cucbhen dttias. steeeteeds
Rhyacophilidae (Rhyacophila)

— lIarvae not free living, but in nets or tubes; no lateral gill
TUkESFONWalbe Omen te: <4. hey an eee ya eee Wareriaee versie ee eee nies 14

14. Larvae in tubes or tunnels of silk, covered with mineral

particles or other debris, on submerged stones or wood; anal

appendages short; (only the pronotum sclerotised (fig. 5) ex-

cept Hcnomus); in lotic or static water ............... Psychomyudae
— larvae not in tubes or tunnels but in silken nets, anal appen-

CGS TFe NSIS 0 28 “Oar Mae ore A RO ey 8S ya i (ae 15
15. Larvae with ventral gills tufts (fig. 6); often dark coloured

and communal; in rapid streams .................60.- Hydropsychidae
— larvae without gill tufts ventrally ...............seccc-snseesenssc0ee 16

16. Labrum soft, whitish; head elongated, parallel-sided, uni-
colorous red or yellow; abdomen whitish or yellowish (fig. 3);
HM OPCS WAUER. Aisc ec ccscseeteciae oe «2/s's'0 «sit aE oS Philopotamidae
17. Labrum sclerotised, yellow or brown; head not elongated, more
rounded; yellowish or brown, often with darker spots or bands;
abdomen reddish, pink, yellowish, or greenish, etc., never white
Gigs 7) ine lotie or staticmwaber .......eeere Polycentropidae

CHECK LIST OF BRITISH TRICHOPTERA
(from Kloet and Hincks, 1945, amended by Kimmins, 1949 (a), 1949 (b),
1952, 1956, 1961)

All larvae recently described and figured in English publications
have the appropriate reference. In order to reduce the bibliography.
the series by Dr. N. E. Hickin is listed as one item, and page refer-
ences are given below. All species having no comment in the list
are included in the Keys in Lestage (1921), or in Ulmer (1909).

PHRYGANEIDAE

The only larvae, having only the pronotum sclerotised, to make a
tubular case. Whilst the typical form is spirally made, 7. minor
often makes a simple tubular one and Agrypnia may utilise a hollow
stem.

1. Oligotricha ruficrus (Scop.) Hickin, N. E., 1944, 19: 9-12
2. OU. clathrata (Kol.)
3. Phryganea grandis I.. Hickin, N. E., 1942, 17: 134-137
4. P. striata L. Hickin, N. E., 1955, 30: 55-58
5. P. varia F. Hickin, N. E., 1953, 28: 39-40
6. P. obsoleta Hagen Hickin, N. E., 1955, 30: 55-58
7. Trichostegia minor (Curt.) Hickin, N. E., 1954, 29: 174-176
8. Agrypnetes crasstcornis Mclach.
9. Agrypnia picta Kol.
10. A. pagetana Curt. Hanna, H. M., 1957 (a)
LIMNEPHILIDAE

The most common larvae encountered. Cases extremely variable,
usually tubular, of mineral or vegetable material, occasionally snail

120

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/V/1961

shells are used. Glyphotaelius has a tubular case with large flat pieces
of leaves dorsally and sometimes ventrally (fig. 17). Anabolia nervosa
usually adds long pieces of stem or twig to the case, a habit which is
shared with other species (fig. 18). Plant material may be arranged
longitudinally (fig. 21) or transversely (fig. 19).

ile
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Wa
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

Ironoquia dubia (Steph.)

Apatania wallengrem (McLach.) larva unknown

A. auricula (Forssl.)

A. muleibris McLach.

Drusus annulatus Steph. Hanna, H. M., 1961
Ecclisopteryx guttulata (Pict.) Nielsen, A., 1942

Iimnephilus rhombicus (L.) Hickin, N. E., 1948, 23: 54-56
. flavicornis (F.) Hickin, N. E., 1943, 18: 6-10

. subcentralis Br. larva unknown

. borealis (Zett.)

marmoratus Curt. Hanna, H. M., 1956 (c)

. politus McLach. Hanna, H. M., 1956 (b)

stigma Curt.

zanthodes McLach.

decipiens (Kol.)

. lunatus Curt. MHickin, N. E., 1943, 18: 66-68

luridus Curt.

ignavus MclLach.

fuscinervis (Zett.)

elegans Curt.

. griseusi (L.)

bipunctatus Curt.

. affinis Curt.

. ncisus Curt.

. hirsutus (Pict.) larva unknown

, centralis Curt. Hickin, N. E., 1954, 29: 96-98.

LL. sparsus Curt.

L. auricula Curt.

L. vittatus (F.) Hickin, N. E., 1948, 18: 72-74

LL. nigriceps (Zett.)
L
L

HEE E RRS SE Sa

SiS

. extricatus McLach. Hickin, N. E., 1948, 23: 12-13

. fuscicornis Ramb.
L. coenosus Curt.
Grammotaulius nitidus (Muell.) larva unknown
G. atomarius (F.) Hickin, N. E., 1954, 29: 89-92
Glyphotaelius pellucidus (Retz.) Hickin, N. E., 1946, 21: 61-65
Anabolia nervosa (Curt.) Hickin, N. E., 1948: 18: 11-14
A. brevipennis (Curt.)
Rhadicoleptus alpestris (Kol.) larva unknown
Potamophylaz latipennis (Curt.) Hickin, N. E., 1954, 29: 55-58
P. stellatus (Curt.) Hickin, N. E., 1942, 17: 9-11
P. rotundipennis (Br.)
Halesus radiatus (Curt.) Hanna, H. M. (1960).
H. digitatus (Schr.) Hickin, N. E., 1949, 24: 56-59
Melampophylax mucoreus (Hagen) larva unknown
Enoicyla pusilla (Burm.) Hickin, N. E., 1958, 33: 176-178
Stenophylax permistus McLach, larva unknown

VOL. 73 PLATE IIL

Caddis larvae

Fig. 22, Neuronia, mandible. 23, Newronia, larva, dorsal. 24, Molanna, head,
anterior. 25, Silo, head, anterior. 26, Silo, sclerites of pro- and mesonota. 27,
Brachycentrus, tibia and tarsus, mesothoracic leg. 28, Brachycentrus, pronotum.
29, Brachycentrus, head, anterior. 30, Odontocerum, sclerites of pro-, meso- and
meta-nota. 31, Odontocerum, head, anterior. 32, Athripsodes, head, anterior.
33, Notidobia, head, anterior. 34, Notidobia, thoracic nota. 35, Beraea, head,
anterior. 36, Limnephilus, Prosternum, anterior. FC—front coxa, PH—prosternal
horn. 37, Limnephilus, mandible. 38, Limnephilus, head, anterior. 39, Hydra-
tophylax, head, anterior. 40, Anabolia, head, anterior.

THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 121

58. S. vibex (Curt.) Hickin, N. E., 1950, 25: 107-110

59. S. lateralis (Steph.) Hickin, N. E., 1954, 29: 145-146

60. S. sequax Mchach. Hickin, N. E., 1953, 28: 163-165

61. Mesophylax impunctatus McLach.

62. M. aspersus (Ramb.) larva unknown

63. Allogamus auricollis (Pict.)

64. Hydatophylax infumatus (McLach.) Hanna, H. M. (1957) (b)
65. Chaetopteryx villosa (F.) Hickin, N. H., 1948, 23: 59-61

SERICOSTOMATIDAE

Four subfamilies, each having a distinctive case (except Lasio-
cephala) separated in the key. Only the case made by the Sericosto-
matinae resembles that of another family.

SERICOSTOMATINAE
66. Sericostoma personatum (Sp.) Hickin, N. K., 1951, 26: 93-96
67. Notidobia ciliaris (L.) Hanna, H. M., 1956 (a)

GOERINAE

68. Goera pilosa (F.) Hickin, N. E., 1943, 18: 75-77
69. Silo pallipes (F.) Hickin, N. E., 1942, 17: 123-126
70. S. nigricornis (Pict.)

BRACHYCENTRINAE
71. Brachycentrus subnubilus Curt. Hickin, N. E., 1943, 18: 81-83

LEPIDOSTOMATINAE

72. Crunoecia irrorata (Curt.) Hickin, N. E., 1954, 29: 172-173
73. Lepidostoma hirtum (F.) Hickin, N. E., 1948, 18: 15-17

74. iL. fimbriatum (Pict.)

75. Lasiocephala basalis (Kol.)

BERAEIDAE

Cases similar to the typical Athripsodes case, of fine mineral par-
ticles, curved, tapering posteriorly. Hickin (1959) gives a key to all
the species.

76. Beraea pullata (Curt.)

77. B. maurus (Curt.)

78. Hrnodes articularis (Pict.)
79. Beraeodes minuta (L.)

MOoLANNIDAE
The case is unmistakable (fig. 12) and the colouration of the head
distinctive (fig. 24).
80. Molanna angustata Curt. Hickin, N. E., 1946, 21: 55-60
81. M. palpata MecLach. larva unknown

ODONTOCERIDAE

The pattern on the fronto clypeus (fig. 31) is distinctive, allied to
the case (fig. 15).
82. Odonticerum albicorne (Scop.) Hickin, N. E., 1942, 17: 119-122

LEPTOCERIDAE
Several types of cases (a) typical Athripsodes (fig. 16) smooth, curved,

122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V/1961

tapered, of fine mineral particles (b) a more tubular one often adorned
with pieces of twig, Mystacides (fig. 18) (c) the long, slender, spiral
type of Triaenodes, (d) the long, slender, case of secretion only of some
Setodes. Other variations occur.

83. Athripsodes nigronervosus (Retz.) larva unknown
. fulvus (Ramb.)
85. A. senilis (Burm.)

(@ 0)
i
Ss

. commutatus (MecLach.) larva unknown

. dissimilis (Steph.) larva unknown

95. Mystacides nigra (lu.) Hickin, N. E., 1943, 18: 69-71

96. M. azurea (L.) MeDonald, W. W., 1950.

97. M. longicornis (L.) Hickin, N. E., 1953, 28: 114-116

98. Triaenodes bicolor (Curt.) Hickin. N, E., 1942, 17: 12-13

99. T. conspersa (Ramb.) MHickin, N. E., 1954, 29: 153-155

100. Erotesis baltica McLach.

101. Adicella reducta (Mclach.) larva unknown

102. A. filicornis (Pict.)

108. Oecetis ochracea (Curt.)

104. O. furva (Ramb.)

105. O. lacustris (Pict.) Hanna, H. M., 1958

106. O. notata (Ramb.) larva unknown

107. O. testacea (Curt.) larva unknown

108. Leptocerus tineiformis (Curt.) Hickin, N. E., 1953. 18: 74-76
109. L. lusitanica (MeLach.) larva unknown

110. L. interrupta (F.)

111. Setodes punctata (F.) larva unknown

112. S. argentipunctella McLach. Hickin, N. E., 1943. 18: 109-111

86. A. alboguttatus (Haegen) larva unknown
87. A. annulicornis (Steph.)
88. A. aterrimus (Steph.) Hickin, N. E., 1948. 18: 106-108
89. A. cinereus (Curt.)
90. A. albifrons (L.) larva unknown
91. A. interjectws (McLach.)
92. A. bilineatus (L.) Hickin, N. E., 1953, 28: 111-113
A
A

HyYDROPSYCHIDAE
Easily recognised by their often dark colouring and by the ventral
gill tufts. Im silken nets under stones in lotic water.

113. Hydropsyche pellucida (Curt.)

114. H. saxonica McLach.

115. H. angustipennis (Curt.) Brindle, A., 1960 (d)
116. A. contubernalis McLach. larva unknown

117. H. guttata Pict. larva unknown

118. A. instabilis (Curt.) Philipson, G. N., 1953 (a)
119. A. fulvipes (Curt.) larva unknown

120. H. exocellata Duf. larva unknown

121. Cheumatopsyche lepida (Pict.)
122. Diplectrona felix McLach.

POLYCENTROPIDAE

Readily distinguished by their reddish or pinkish colour, etc., the
absence of gills, and the long anal appendages. In lotic or static water,
in nets,

THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 123

123. Neureclipis bimaculata (L.) Brindle, A., 1960 (b)

124. Plectronemia conspersa (Curt.) Hickin, N. E., 1947, 22: 114-117

125. P. geniculata McLach. larva unknown

126. P. brevis McLach. larva unknown

127. Polycentropus flavomaculatus (Pict.) Hickin, N. E., 1952, 27:
86-88

128. P. multiguttatus (Curt.) larva unknown

129. P. kingi McLach. larva unknown

130. . Holocentropus dubius (Ramb.) Hickin, N. E., 1948, 18: 19-21

131. H. picicornis (Steph.)

132. H. stagnalis (Alb.)

133. Cyrnus trimaculatus (Curt.)

134. C. flavidus McLach. McDonald, W. W., 1950

135. C. insolutus McLach.

PSYCHOMYIIDAE

The only family whose larvae construct silken tunnels on submerged
wood or stones, in lotic or static water. Hconomus is reported to be
associated with fresh-water sponges and is the only species of the family
to have a complete sclerotised plate on pro-, meso- and meta-nota.

136. Hconomus tenellus (Ramb.)
137. Tinodes waeneri (.) Hickin, N. E., 1950, 25: 67-70

138. T. aureola (Zett.)

139. T. assimilis McLach. Hickin, N. E., 1952, 27: 89-90
140. T. maculicornis (Pict.) larva unknown

141. T. wnicolor (Pict.) Hickin, N. E., 1953, 28: 36-38
142. T. rostocki McLach.

143. T. dives (Pict.) larva unknown

144. T. pallidula McLach. Hickin, N. E., 1950, 25: 103-106

145. Lype phaeopa (Steph.) Hickin, N. H., 1954, 29: 93-95
146. DL. reducta (Hagen) Hickin, N. E., 1950, 25 :71-74
147. Metalype fragilis (Pict.) larva unknown

148. Psychomyia pusilla (F.) Brindle, A., 1960 (c)

PHILOPOTAMIDAE

The three known larvae are readily distinguishable from other caddis
larvae. Brindle (1960) gives a key to the known larvae. In nets
amongst stones in lotic water.
149. Philopotamus montanus (Don.) Hickin, N. E., 1942, 17: 16-17
150. Wormaldia occipitalis (Pict.) Brindle, A. (1960) (a)
151. W. subnigra McLach. Philipson, G. N., 1953 (b)
152. Chimarra marginata (L.) Larva unknown

RHYACOPHILIDAE

- Two subfamilies, Rhyacophilinae, with free living larvae readily
distinguishable by the presence of lateral gill tufts, and Glossosomatinae
(Glossosoma, Agapetus) whose larvae construct distinctive hemispherical
cases. All in lotic water. Mackereth (1954-6) gives a key to all species.
153. Rhyacophila dorsalis (Curt.) Hickin, N, E., 1942, 17: 14-16
154. R. septentrionis McLach.

155. R. obliterata McLach.
156. R. munda McLach.

157. Glossosoma boltoni (Curt.)

124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/V /1961

158. G. vernale (Pict.)

159. G. intermedia (Klap.) Kimmins, D. E., 1943

160. Agapetus fuscipes Curt. Hickin, N. E., 1943, 18: 78-80
161. A. comatus (Pict.)

162. A. delicatulus McLach.

HYDROPTILIDAE

Very little work has been done on the larvae; the cases are all very
small and, as far as is known, of unusual shapes, either being greatly
flattened or flask-shaped, etc.

163. Agraylea multipunctata Curt.

164. A. pallidula McLach.

165. Allotrichia pallicornis (Kat.) larva unknown
166. Hydroptila sparsa Curt.

167. H. simulans Mosely larva unknown
168. H. lotensis Mosely larva unknown
169. H. cornuta Mosely larva unknown
170. H. angulata Mosely larva unknown
171. H. sylvestris Mort. larva unknown
172. H. occulta (Kat.) larva unknown
173. H. femoralis (Eat.)

174. H. pulchricornis (Kat.)

175. H. forcipata (Eat.) larva unknown
176. H. mclachlani Klap.

177. H. tigurina Ris larva unknown

178. Ithytrichia lamellaris Eat.

179. JI. clavata Mort. larva unknown.

180. Orthotrichia angustella (McLach.) larva unknown
181. O. tragetti Mosely larva unknown

182. O. tetensii Kolbe

183. Oxyethira costalis (Curt.)

184. O. tristella Klap.

185. O. simplex Ris McDonald, W. W., 1950
186. O. frict Klap.

187. O. falcata Mort. larva unknown

188. O. distinctella McLach. larva unknown
189. O. sagittifera Ris

190. Ozxytrichia. mirabilis (Mort.) larva unknown
191. Tricholeiochiton fagesii (Guin.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brindle, A. (all Ent. Rec., 72). 1960 (a), 144-147. 1960 (b), 244-245. 1960 (c), 265-267.
1960 (d), 267-270.
Hanna, H. M. (all Ent. Gaz.). 1956 (a), 7: 77-81. 1956 (b), 7: 189-144. 1956 (c), 7:
194-198. 1957 (a), 8: 110-114. 1957 (b), 8: 218-222. 1958, 9: 21-24. 1960, 11:
153-159. 1961, 12: 36-41.
Hickin, N. E., 1942-58. Larvae of the British Trichoptera, Nos. 1-52. Proc. R. ent.
Soc. Lond. (A), 17-33.

. 1946. Larvae of the British Trichoptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 97:
187-212.

. 1959. Larvae of the British Trichoptera—the Beraeidae. Proc. R. ent. Soc.
Lond. (A) 34: 83-89.

Kimmins, D. E. 1943. A note on the caddis-fly, Mystrophora intermedia
Klapalek (Trichoptera). Proc. R. ent. Soc, Lond, (A), 18: 96-98,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 125

——. 1949 (a). Some changes in generic names in the family Leptoceridae
(Order Trichoptera). Hntomologist, 82: 201-204.

——. 1949 (b). TYinodes pallidula McLachlan, an addition to the British List
of Trichoptera. Hntomologist, $82: 269.

———.. 1952. Agrypnetes crassicornis McLachlan (Fam. Phrygaenidae), a caddis
fly new to Britain. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12), 5: 1039-

——. 1956. British Trichoptera (Caddis Flies), a modified family key and a
key to the genera of the family Limnephilidae with a check list of the
species of the Limnephilidae. Ent. Gdz., 7: 29-38.

——. 1961. A species of Hydroptila (Trichoptera) New to Britain. Hnt. Gaz.,

12: 32-35.
Kloet, G. S., and Hincks, W. D. 1945. A Check List of British Insects. Stock-
port.

Lestage, J. A. 1921 in Rousseau, Les larves et nymphes aquatiques des Insects
d'Europe. Brussels.

Mackereth, J. C. 1954. Taxonomy of the larvae of the British species of the
genus Rhyacophila (Trichoptera). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 29: 147-
152.

——. 1956. Taxonomy of the larvae of the British species of the subfamily
Glossosomatinae (Trichoptera). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), $1: 167-
172.

McDonald, W. W. 1950. The larvae of Mystacides azurea L., Cyrnus flavidus
McLachlan, and Oxyethira simplex Ris (Trichoptera) Proc. R. ent. Soc.
Lond. (A), 25: 19-28.

Nielsen, A. 1942. Ueber die Entiwicklungen und Biologie der Trichopteren.
Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl., 17.

Philipson, G. N. 1953 (a). The larva and pupa of Hydropsyche instabilis Curtis
(Trichoptera-Hydropsychidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 28: 17-23.

——. 1953 (b). The larva and pupa of Wormaldia subnigra McLachlan
(Trichoptera, Philopotamidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 28: 57-62.

Ulmer, G. 1909. Die Siisswasserfauna Deutschlands (Trichoptera) 5-6. Jena.

Notes and Observations

THe OriGiIn or Lantana.—In his article on Teneriffe (Ent. Lecord,
73: 29) Mr. Goodall writes: ‘‘ . . . later identified as Lantana, an
Indian shrub which has spread widely in the warmer parts of the
world.”’

Nairne in The Flowering Plunts of Western India, published in
1894, writes: ‘‘This plant (i.e. Lantana camara) which has a strong smell
of black currants, is a native of America, but has run wild nearly every-
where in Western India, and still more so in the south, being in the
Madras Presidency a recognized nuisance’’. G. B. Longstaffe, in
Butterfly Hunting in Many Lands, also refers to Lantana as being a
native of the West Indies, which has run wild in many places in the
East (page 70).—D. G. Srevastoputo, F.R.E.S., P.O. Box 5026, Mom-
bassa. 1.iv.1961.

Earzty Burrerriies.—On 27th March I took a Parurge egeria L. at
Studland, Dorset. I do not remember ever having seen this species so
early before. On 25th March I saw my first Pieris rapae L. in the
garden, and on 18th March a female Celastrina argiolus L. emerged
from a pupa that had been kept through the winter in an unheated
room.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 28.iii.1961.

EUCHLOE CARDAMINES L.—At mid-day on March 24th I saw a male
Huchloe cardamines flying in Milford. Tutt mentions March examples

126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V /1961

in 1893, resulting in full fed larvae and pupae in May, and Tunaley
recorded one on 29th February 1896, but this early appearance seems
worthy of record.—Harotp B. Writt1ams, West Moushill, Milford, nr.
Godalming, Surrey. 27.111.1961.

InrorMatTion ASKED.—There seems to be no record of the book men-
tioned by Capt. Parsons (antea 51)—Dr. Wright’s A Few Nature
Notes—on the card index of the Radcliffe (Science) branch of the Bod-
leian Library, nor could it be traced by the staff in the printed cata-
logues of books published between 1936 and 1939. Under the title
‘Recent Literature’, the Entomologist lists all books reviewed, in the
index to each volume: indices for the years 1930-45, and those for
47-48 and ’57-’58 (in case of date misprint) were examined, but title
and author remained elusive. ‘‘Perhaps privately published’’ was one
suggestion offered.—D. Lanxrree, 13 Richmond Road, Oxford.

STRYMONIDIA PRUNI L. In OxrorDsHIRE.—The following letter from
Mr. R. IF. Bretherton to Mr. P. Desmond Lanktree has been sent to
me for publication, following Mr. Lanktree’s note (antea, 96) on the
discovery of S. prum at Hell Coppice.—Ep.

Ottershaw Cottage, Ottershaw, Surrey, 27th November 1960.

Dear Mr. Lanktree,—I was interested in your note in the Novem-
ber and, earlier, in the May, numbers of the ‘‘Record”’ about the late
Sir Edward Poulton’s ‘‘personal discovery’? of Strymonidia pruni in
the Oxford District; and in the implied correction of my own state-
ment in “‘A List of the Macro-lepidoptera of the Oxford District’’
(1939) that the discoverer was the late Mr. W. F. Burrows.

I think there can be no doubt that Burrows was the original dis-
coverer (at Hell Coppice, as Mr. Symes says), and that Poulton’s own
first capture of it was there, though I suppose that it is possible that
he found one of the other nearby localities himself afterwards. Like
Mr. Symes, I met Burrows, and had the story from his own lips in
1938. Besides, it was common talk among those interested when I
went up as an undergraduate in 1923, though some of the versions of
it were curiously embellished at Professor Poulton’s expense!

The Hell Coppice area was little, if at all, known to Oxford col-
lectors before 1918, as is shown by the complete lack of reference to
the eastern woodlands in the Sidgwick and other Diaries which are
still preserved in the Hope Department. It was, in fact, rather too
distant, and was only approachable by paths or by lanes which even
in the ’Twenties were singularly full of mud and potholes. Burrows
as a schoolboy was living, or perhaps only on a visit, not far off. He
caught what he rightly identified as a Black Hairstreak, but when he
reported this at the Museum he was at first told to go away and not be
a silly boy. However, when the authorities had looked at his capture,
there was much excitement. An expedition was organised; the problem
of transport was solved by the hire of an ancient horse brake, which
was all that could be got in the last year of the First World War; and
the party set off under the Professor’s leadership, with Burrows in
attendance as a guide-hostage faced with the prospect of condign
punishment if his information proved to be incorrect. But pruni was
found flying in numbers, and all was well, though it was said that the
Professor performed some curious gymnastics while climbing the ask

CURRENT LITERATURE 127

tree which commanded the higher blossoms of the privet hedge. There
used to be a photograph of the party and the horse-brake, which |
have seen, I think in the Hope Department. Otherwise the above is
second-hand evidence, though I have no reason to doubt its substantial
accuracy. The exact locality wag still something of a State secret in
1924, when I was told of it and first caught pruni myself.

To the list of Hell Coppice treasures given by Mr Symes (Hnt. Itec.
68: 98-102) it may be worth adding Tapinostola hellmanni, which I
first found there in 1935 at sugar and on rush blossoms, Angeronu
prunaria and among the butterflies, Strymon w.-album and Thecla
betulue. Larvae of the last were quite common on stunted sloe bushes,
but I never saw the butterfly itself, though I looked many times in
August and early September. Hemaris tityus also occurred nearby.

I am copying this letter to Mr Jacobs, in case he cares to print any
of it.
Yours sincerely,

(R. F. BRetHerton).

Current Literature

Les Insectes II, by Paul A. Robert. Delachaux & Niestle S/A.
Neuchatel, Switzerland, 260 pp. This pocket-sized textbook is de-
signed for the intelligent nature lover, and this, the second volume,
deals with the orders of Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Rhynchota and
Diptera, the author pointing out that the five orders of minute insects,
Strepsiptera, Thysanoptera, Thysanoura, Anaploura and Aphaniptera
are ommitted as being unlikely to interest the amateur naturalists for
whom the book is intended.

The introduction goes into the anatomy of the insect orders de-
scribed here so that the descriptions may be understood, and through-
out, both the line illustrations in the text and the author’s beautifully
accurate coloured plates are such as to assist the abserver whether he
be trained or not. A chapter is devoted to each of the five orders dealt
with, and these are sub-divided to deal with the main divisions of the
orders, and the more important families receive individual attention
with notes on the main species, sufficient to exemplify the family, In
the Lepidoptera section the author includes some notes on setting
techniques, and as some of these are not widely known in this country,
there is an added interest here.

Finally there is a short chapter on the ravages and benefits to man
of insects and the economic aspect of many insects is discussed. The
book is written in French and could well find a place in the pocket ot
the holiday visitor to Switzerland, or for the matter of that to other
parts of the continent.

A particularly pleasing feature brought out in this book is that the
continental popular names are based on the scientific names, thus the
ruby wasp Chrysis ignita of our fauna is La chryside enflammée, and
the pale tussock moth, Dasychira pudibunda, is L’orgye pudibonde,
illustrating well that scientific names are appellations which can be
used without linguistic difficulties whether the user is or is not
possessed of a knowledge of Latin and Greek.—S. N. A. J.

128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V/1961

Alecunor 2: Fasc. 1 has an interesting article on night collecting
at flowers by H. de Toulgoet, a note on the different parts and editions
of de Peyerimhoff’s catalogue of the lepidoptera of Alsace by P. Viette, a
note by J. Baraud on Pieris ergane Geyer in the eastern Pyrenees and an
article suggesting local variation of Limenitis populi L. by P. C. Rougeot.
H. Marion continues his revision of the French Pyraustidae with a
plate illustrating 28 species. C. Herbulot comments on a collection
of Geometridae from the department of Yonne; H. de Lesse writes on
natural hybrids between Lysundra coridon Poda and L. bellargus Rott.
and C. Dufay writes on a new French locality for Hadena clara Stgr.

Butterflies, Puffin Picture Book No. 115, by Arthur Smith and
Vernon Shearer, 7/6. This picture book may be described as an aperitif
for the young collector who may thereafter develop a real interest in
entomology. The prominent species of the main families are illus-
trated, conventionally set and also at rest as they might be seen in
nature; the life cycle is explained, and the early stages of some of
the species are illustrated in colour or in black and white, mostly from
original drawings, but one or two are copied from existing drawings
and the source acknowledged. The families are also given their scien-
tific names, but the Swallowtail is the only species accorded the dignity
of generic and specific names and the meaning of scientific names could
have been accorded a brief mention in the text, especially as such
words as metamorphosis are included, but these may be a skilful way
of whetting the appetite, which might have been sated by the too early
use of scientific names for everything. Much ground is touched on
in the short descriptive text which accompanies the very good draw-
ings, collecting, metamorphosis, the main families, rare immigrants,
and varieties are all dealt with and on the inside of the front cover
is a table giving the months of appearance of the perfect insects. To
jump from aperitifs to teething rings may be somewhat mixing meta-
phors, but this book would be a very good present on which the bud-
ding entomologist might cut his teeth.—S. N. A. J.

The London Naturalist, 39 (1959) was published in August 1960, and
contains three articles which would be of direct interest to our readers,
namely Further Notes on Relics of the Great North Wood, by J. HE
Lousley; The Diptera of Bookham Common, by L. Parmenter; and
Part I] of the Supplement to the Butterflies and Moths of London
and its Surroundings, by C. G. M. de Worms. Its 160 pages also con-
tain a very wide assortment of articles on various Natural History
subjects, all of which are of considerable interest. The Bookham
Common and London Lepidoptera papers are obtainable as separates
from the Secretary of the London Natural History Society.—S. N. A. J.

XUvH InteERNaTIONAL ConcGRESS oF ENntoMoLogy, Lonpon, 1964.—
Administrative machinery for the XIIth International Congress of
Entomology has now been set up. At a meeting held in the rooms of
the Royal Entomological Society of London it was agreed that the Con-
gress should be held in South Kensington, probably in the buildings of
the Imperial College of Science and Technology, from 15th to 23rd July
1964. Professor O. W. Richards, F.R.S., Imperial College, London,
S.W.7, was elected President of the Congress and Dr. Paul Freeman,
British Museum (Natural History), London, S.W.7, Secretary.

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EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one
16 Drawers. Easy payments if required.—R. W. Watson, ““Porcorum,”
Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hants.

Orthoptera.—Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
grasshoppers of the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae from all parts of the
World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxo-
nomy, cytology, and experimental biology; dry or fluid preserved or
living. Please contact D. K. Kevan and R, S. Bigelow, Department of Ento-
mology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

Wanted.—Seitz, A. Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. If. Barrett, C. G.
British Lepidoptera, Vols. X and XI of large paper edition with coloured
plates. All other recent literature on European Butterflies. Dr. Neville
Birkett, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal, Westmorland.

For Sule.—Weird and interesting caterpillars of the Japanese Owl Moth (Brah.
japonica). Simple to rear on privet. Prices: March, 4/6 doz. (small);
April, 6/6 doz. (medium); May, 8/6 doz. (large). Post free. T H. Fox,
98 Boxwell Road, Berkhamsted.

New to Britain.—Larvae of Mexican Tiger Moth—Zcpanteria deflorata. Feeding
on Dandelion or any low plant. 2/6 doz. small. 4/6 doz. medium (May).
T. H. Fox, 28 Boxwell Road, Berkhamstead, Herts.

For Sale—Small larvae of Epicnaptera ilicifolia (Regensburg) Small Lappet.
Feeding Sallow. 1/- each. Post 3d. 7. H. Fox, 28 Boxwell Road,
Berkhamsted.

Wanted.—Second-hand Mercury Vapour Moth Trap. Suitable for 200-250 volts. A.C.
supply.—/J. F. Burton, B.B.C., Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House,
Bristol, 8.

Wanted.—Living pupae or ova of Pieris brassicae wollastoni and P. b. cheiranthi,
for experimental breeding. I should be very erateful to anyone holidaying
in Madeira or the Canary Islands who can obtain even a few specimens.
Will be glad to refund expenses of airmail and to supply specimens of
any interesting crosses obtained.—Brian 0. C. Gardiner, 43 Woodlark Road,
Cambridge.

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I'he following gentlemen act as Honorary Comments to the ma

Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Wittiams, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Grin
D. K. McK. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Se., F.R.E. a Gblegetena: AS
ALLEN, B.Se.; Diptera: L. Gere eee F.B.E.S., BE. C. M. @Assi
Fonseca, F.R.E.S.

CONTENTS is
FURTHER COMMENTS ON THE EARLY STAGES AND NORTHERN CYCLE a S

OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA UL. (LEPIDOPTERA). Peale
DESMOND LANKTREE, F.R.E.S. oa oat S00 bab 4a a

SOME COMMENTS ON OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. (LEP.) IN ITS
SCUTHERN CYCLE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OTTER-

SHAW (SURREY) RECORDS, AND A ‘COMPARISON WITH THE ag

KINCRAIG (INVERNESS-SHIRE) RECORDS FOR THE NORTHERN

CYCLE. Py A) DESMOND LANKTREE, ELRIBLS20 0530.51) Ves py
THE BURNET COMPLEX—A REPLY. W. G. TRDMEWAN ... ia he Rape sti h!)
NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. ©. HUGGINS, F. RES... .. 13

THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA. ALLAN —
ERED DES EEC BIS) ges oie eee Baa tse Baa eribes rune lit?

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ...

CURRENT LITERATURE

TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS

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RICHARD SOUTH, F.R.E.S.
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FIRST SERIES: Comprising the families Spingidae, Endromidae,
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and Noctuidae.

SECOND SERIES: Comprising the families Lasiocampidae, Arctiidae,
Geometridae, Cossidae, lLimacodidae, Zygaenidae, Sesiidae and
Hepialidae.

The new edition of this great standard work has been ~
entirely revised and brought up to date, both im the
text and the illustrations.

The opportunity has been taken to make the fullest
revisions in accordance with present-day knowledge of
the structure, habits, distribution and nomenclature of
the species considered. Scarce and occasional visitors
have also been included.

A major portion of the value of a work of this type
is the quality of the illustrations. All the coloured
plates have been re-drawn by the late H. D. Swain,
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General Index and also a Specific Index have been
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identification of our moths, together with a simple
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129

Editorial Note

The meagre proportions of the present number are the result of an
apparent wave of diffidence on the part of almost all of our reasonably
large, but never too large, list of contributors. It may be that the
recent cold winds have blighted the promise of the earlier warm spell,
but even such an occurrence is of interest, as we all like to know how
the other fellow is faring.

We are pleased to have permission to add the name of our old friend
H. C. Huggins to the Editorial Panel; whenever circumstances have
allowed, he has supplied readers with useful accounts of microlepi-
doptera, and we look forward to further material shortly. In the mean-
time, it is not right that microlepidopterists should sit down and await
these further papers, but should be contributing notes of their own.
The same comment applies to others also.

The most desirable material is readable articles between 1,000 and
2,000 words, but both short notes and longer papers are welcome. See
what you can do.

We print the first of a series of articles on the British Nepticulidae
by A. G. Carolsfeld-Krausé of Copenhagen, who is a specialist on the
family, and it is hoped that these will clear up some of the tangles and
misconceptions that exist at present.

The Changing Character of the New Forest

By Lt. Col. F. ©. FRAszr,
I.M.S. (Retd.), M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.Z.S.

I have known the New Forest for over seventy years and during
those long years have seen many changes. Memories of my first visit
are but few; as a youngster, I was of course after butterflies and, as it
was in August, there was an extraordinary wealth of G. rhamni, far
more so than we see them now-a-days; they dotted the ridings like so
many daffodils as they hung from the blossoms of scabious which then
formed a conspicuous part of the Forest flora. These Brimstones and
the Fritillaries, the latter also abundant, are about all that I remember
of the fauna. Concerning the flora, there was a wealth of flowers for
which we look for in vain to-day; the arboreal scene was greatly
different, deciduous forest prevailing; indeed I cannot recall seeing
any of the great blocks of pine which now, more and more, monopolise
space in the Forest.

A few years later, I visited the Forest at an earlier date, in the
months of June and July to be exact, and then the ridings were simply
alive with the numbers of camilla and paphia. Deciduous forest still
largely monopolised the landscape and most enclosures were stocked
with fine stretches of oak, beech and birch. Sallow was common,
especially bordering the ridings. On a visit to Woodfidley in March,
some twenty-five years ago, I must have seen well over one hundred
c-album, fresh from hibernation, feeding on the sallow blossom. For
some years now, I have visited the same area and have sought in vain
for the sallow; all has gone and not a single c-album is to be seen.

Another species which has fallen a victim to the pine-plague is
lucina; thirty years ago I knew of five flourishing colonies of this gem,

130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V1/1961

but to-day I do not know of any locality in the Forest where it can ke
found. All have been smothered by the ubiquitous spruce. I saw the
last specimen in the Forest in Dame Slough enclosure, where at one
time it was plentiful as well as the primrose, its food-plant; that was
five years ago and J have sought for it in vain since; spruce had already
been planted in the habitat but was still only less than two foot high.
Since then, the spruce has grown and pari passu, the primroses, have
disappeared under their spreading shade and the sterilising of the soil
beneath them, and with their passing, lucina has gone the way so many
of our species have done in the past. The herring-bone ditching and
drainage which goes along with pine afforestation has done much to
assist this relentless destruction of plant and insect life. Further
drainage is destroying the bogs and marshes which harbour so much
flora and fauna. Recently J explored a number of pine plantations to
see how they affected the growth of honeysuckle and was not surprised
to find that it was difficult to find a plant in most; perhaps this explains
the rapidly decreasing numbers of camilla; back in the year 1920, I can
remember seeing as many as a score or more at a single glance up-and-
down a riding in Woodfidley ; the bramble blossoms were attracting them
in dozens. For the past few years, I have seen less than a dozen
specimens during the season and in the course of long tramps through
the ridings. The hibernacula could be found with the greatest ease
but now it requires a long search to find even one. A graphic indication
of how the forest flora is being systematically destroyed may be demon-
strated by comparing a stretch of Forest with an adjoining private
plantation. One such may be found adjoining Roe Wood where the
road separates the Forest proper from a private holding belonging to
the Haines family. You will search in vain for primroses or bluebells
in the adjacent Forest, but, in striking contrast, the private holding
is simply carpetted with the mingled yellow and blue of the two flowers.
All have been ruthlessly plucked or rooted up in the Forest but
preserved in the private spinney; the combined effect of pine afforesta-
tion and the greed of hordes of visitors is responsible for this vandalism.
Even privacy does not deter the depredations of the latter, for I have
frequently found picnickers in the private holding with their hands and
even arms laden with huge bunches of stolen flowers, and if I have
remonstrated with them, they have truthfully replied that they have
been unable to find any flowers in the adjacent Forest.

Another change which I have noticed in the general character of
the Forest is the gradual drying up or obliteration of standing waters.
During the War, a number of small ponds were used to dump rubbish
in left by the troops and then filled over with soil. These ponds
harboured many species of coleoptera, odonata, trichoptera and of
other Orders, which are now either very scarce or have vanished
altogether. Ditching and drainage has augmented this tendency to
the impoverishment of both plant and insect-water life.

The spread of pine is going on insidiously in three ways. The pine
may be planted in open areas; it invariably replaces hard woods where
an area such as oak has been felled; or thirdly, it replaces the hard
woods by a process of ‘‘infiltration’’, which is by far the most insidious
of all, since such areas are not included in the stated area allotted to
soft woods. In many places, the young pines are evidently self-sown
and may be seen growing amongst the oaks, but in some areas these

NOTES ON NEPS gil

same seedlings are already in straight lines; either the redundant ones
have been rooted out or seed has been deliberately sown; I came to
the opinion that thinning-out had been resorted to rather than the
latter method. Where pine seedlings have invaded areas allotted to
oak or beech, they should be weeded out or cut down and not permitted
to grow until they have stifled the undergrowth. In talks with Forest
wardens, I have been told that the Forest is now paying its way for
the first time and so the policy of more and more pine is to continue.
It would seem to be inevitable that unless the Nature Conservancy
takes early and drastic steps to curtail the planting of soft woods and
to insist on the planting of more deciduous forest, and further to limit
drainage and curtail the plundering of flowers by visitors, the Forest
will become a dreary, depressing homogeneous waste of pine forest.

Notes on Neps.
By A. G. CAroLsreLp-KRAvUSsE

As an attempt to attract the interest of lepidopterists to the study of
the Nepticulidae, a family of the micros so badly ignored by the British
entimologists since the days of Stainton and the team around him, the
writer will now and then turn up in the pages of the Record with small
notes on the Neps, pointing out current problems, errors which have
crept into the literature and small practical hints concerning the study
of these so interesting but also very difficult tiny micros, the study of
which has given the writer so many happy hours during the last 35
years.

Note 1 on Stigmella (Nepticula) vimineticola Frey, 1856

This species has caused some trouble to lepidopterists because of a
misunderstanding of the appearance of its mine, which as early as in
the last century has crept into the literature, and has led to this species
still being widely confused with Stigmella (Nepticula) obliquella
Heinemann, 1862.

Even in much of the most recent British literature the two species
are regarded as being conspecific, though they are two different and well
defined species. So Ford in ‘‘A Guide to the Smaller British Lepi-
doptera’’, 1949 just as Hering does as late as in 1957 in ‘‘Die Blattminen
EKuropas’’, describes the mine wrongly, confusing it with the mine of
obliquella.

This mistake is rather odd indeed, as Frey in his original description
in Die Tineen und Pterophoriden der Schweiz, 1856, pp. 382-383, quoted
by Tutt in ‘British Lepidoptera’’, 1899, gives a very good and clear
description of the mine; but already Fletcher confused the mines of the
two species, as it appears from Tutt l.c.

The vimineticola mine, as the writer knows it from Austrian speci-
mens on Salix incana (ex. coll. Klimesch), has the ovum on the upper
side of the leaf, most often near to the stalk, in which case the mine is
completely straight, running along and very close to the midrib of the
leaf towards its tip. More rarely the ovum is placed on the margin of

132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/V1/1961

the leaf, some distance from the stalk, in which case the mine runs
towards the base of the leaf before it turns towards the tip. A single
mine of the batch has the ovum placed near to the tip and runs towards
the base.

The first part of the mine is practically invisible, even by the micro-
scope, but where after an ecdysis it becomes visible to the naked eye,
it is rather broad and is nearly filled by dark, blackish-brown frass.
It never terminates with a blotch but only with the usual, straight
and slender part of a normal gallery-mine, the part which the larva
occupied immediately before leaving the mine, and this part is not
conspicuously broader than the last part containing frass.

In nature the mine must be very difficult to see, and Frey l.c. also
says: ‘‘Darum schwer zu sehen’’, which sentence Tutt l.c., with refer-
ence to Frey, oddly enough translates as: ‘‘The mine is on that account
sure to attract attention, (Frey)’’, which is directly contrary to his
literal quotation of Frey’s statement.

Though obviously no British description (known by the writer) fits
the appearance of the genuine vimineticola mine, it is, however, quite
sure that vimineticola is a British species, as Beirne’s figure of the male
genitalia of a specimen from the B.M. in ‘‘Proceedings of the Royal
Irish Academy’’, Vol. L, Sect. B, no. 9, p. 215, fig. 50, certainly repre-
sents the genitalia of vimineticola.

The genitalia of vimineticola bear a very considerable resemblance to
those of St. (Nept.) salicis Stainton, 1849; a description of the differ-
ences between the genitalia will, however, overstep the limits of this
little note, besides being unnecessary, as the descriptions given in
British literature of the mine of salicis are so excellent that a confusion
with other mines should be impossible.

Obliquella differs in the male genitalia from vimineticola mainly in
that the latter has the ventro-caudal part of the valva (cuiller, sensu
Beirne) the cucullus, sharply pointed, while in obliquella it is rounded,
and in that this last mentioned species has the ventro-caudal arms of
enathos (in Beirne lI.c. wrongly named the subscaphium, where the
name vimineticola is also spelled wrongly) united at their bases and
caudally diverging, while in vimineticola they are clearly separated
basally and caudally nearly parallel.

The female genitalia of the two species can be separated easily by
a hand-lens without dissection, as obliquella has a long freely protruding,
pointed and laterally compressed oviscapt (= ‘‘ovipositor’’), which is
not present in vimineticola.

Vimineticola seems to be a southern species, it has not been found in
Scandinavia, where it probably does not occur. Most obviously it will
be found to be confined to the narrow-leaved species of Salix. That
Fletcher confused the mines of the said species is well understood, as
one of the mines collected by Klimesch as being vimineticola proved to
be an obliquella mine, other mortals may be allowed to drop a brick,
when such a connoisseur as Klimesch could do it.

Notes and Observations

Morr Earty Appearances In 1961.—The most remarkable early
appearance that I have observed this year was a Callophrys rubi L, on
18th April. It was resting on a holly leaf in the New Forest, where I

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 133

was looking for Celastrina argiolus L., of which species I saw about
ten on that day. I had previously seen one on 11th April and three
on 13th April, also in the New Forest. My first Pieris rapae L. was
seen on 25th March, but in 1948, I took one on 18th March. On 19th
April I found a Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. on a paling near my house.
My previous early record for this was 27th April 1952, also on a paling
in the same neighbourhood. In 1941 I found one on a telegraph pole
at Sparsholt near Wantage, as late as 26th May.

With reference to my capture of Pararge egeria L. at Studland
(near the beach, incidentally), the Rev. F. M. B. Carr tells me that
since he came to live in this area in 1947, he has no record of P. egeria
in March except in 1948, when he saw two or three in the New Forest
on 23rd and 30th, and one in Bere Wood on 27th March.—H. Symes,
52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth, 2.v.1961.

OpIsTHPGRAPTIS LuTEoLATA L.—While on my way to post Mr. Lank-
tree's proofs of his luteolata papers to him on 22nd April, I was
pleased to note a freshly emerged specimen of this species on a garden
fence. During the ensuing week, I saw several (possibly a dozen)
specimens on fences at Bromley.—S. N. A. Jacops, 54 Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent. 10.v.1961.

First APPEARANCES In 1961.—I wonder whether some of the follow-
ing first appearances this year which I have noted will interest readers
of the Hntomologist’s Record: llth January, Erranis marginaria
Fabr., not seen again until 10th February; 17th February, Alsophila
aescularia Schiff.; 16th March, Selenia bilunaria Esp., and 30th,
Chaonia ruficornis Hufn. In April, on Ist, Orthosia advena Schiff. ;
2nd Selenia tetralunaria Hufn. and Inthina chlorosata Hufn.; 12th,
Ochropleura plecta L.; 17th Pheosia gnoma Fabr., Drepana falcataria
L., Xanthorhoe spadicearia Schiff., Acasis viretata Hubn. and
Aethelura punctulata Schiff.; 18th, Apatele rwmicis L.; 19th, A. psi
L. (I presume); 24th, Lophopteryx capucina L.; 26th, Notodonta
dromedarius L.; 28th, Thera obeliscata Hubn.; 30th, Agrotis puta
Hubn., Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. and Opisthograptis luteolata L.

All the above were seen either at mercury vapour light in my
garden here or on fences in adjacent roads. I have not seen Panolis
flammea yet this year, although I saw three last year, the first on 25th
April.—D. R. M. Lone, White Croft, Mavelstone Close, Bromley,
Kent. 2.v.1961.

Creterto Lineata L., Lrvornica Esp.—Recently a fair number of
this species has appeared at my mercury vapour lamp at Nyali, on the
Mombasa North Mainland. It is not normally a Mombasa species and
I wonder whether this visitation indicates a possible livornica year in
Britain,

In East Africa I have found it one of the most obliging Sphingids
as regards egg-laying, and incidentally it is the only Sphingid I know
in which the first instar larva has a black head. For some unaccount-
able reason it is omitted by Hering from his account of the Sphingidae
in Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera of the World.—D. G. SEVASTOPULO,
F.R.E.S., Mombasa. 15,v.1961.

134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/V1/1961

Pyrausta Astnatis Husn, At PENMAENMAWR.—When I took a single
specimen of this species at Abersoch, Caernarvonshire on 25.vi1.1949,
it was thought at the time that this constituted the first record of this
moth in that county. (Proceedings of the Chester Society of Natural
Science, Literature and Art, 1950 p. 59.). Jn a further volume of
these Proceedings, that for 1951, 1952 and 1953, H. N. Michaelis re-
cords specimens of P. asinalis taken in the Llandudno district in 1910
and at Great Orme in 1953. Recently when looking through the col-
lection of lepidoptera formed by the late A. Smith of York, and now
housed at the Natural History Museum, Scarborough, I was therefore
very interested to see a few specimens of P. asinalis bearing the label
—‘‘Penmaenmawr, 1913’’. It would seem therefore that the species
is fairly widespread and probably not rare in the north Wales coastal
area. It perhaps also emphasises the value of publishing ones records.
Uufortunately, Smith, who was an excellent field lepidopterist,
published very little though he turned up many interesting and un-
expected species wherever he collected.—Dr. Nevittzt L. Birkett, 3
Thorny Hills, Kendal. 8.v.1961.

An EnromotocicaL Mystery.—Recently while working through a
number of specimens of the genus Mellicta Billberg I wanted a geni-
talia mount of athalia Rott. for comparative purposes. I picked out
a none too good specimen from my series of this species and proceeded
to make the mount and do the dissection. I was greatly surprised to
find that the armature was exactly like that figured by Higgins (Trans.
KR. ent. Soc. Lond., 106, 76) as Mellicta aurelia (Nickerl). In particu-
lar the aedaegus appears to be distinctive and mine exactly matches
lig. 69a of that paper. The interesting thing is that the male I
prepared is one of a pair sent me some years ago by, I now believe, the
late A. Smith of York as a pair of athalia. The data on them is:—‘‘R,
Long, Beddington, Surrey, 1925’’.

Though I have no note of Smith sending me the specimens con-
cerned, confirmation of this came recently on a visit to Scarborough
when [ had the opportunity of seeing the Smith collection in the
Natural History Museum there. Among his series of cinxia (sic) was
a typical athalia with Essex data and, in addition, two specimens of
aurelia bearing the same data as my own.

I wonder if any reader can shed any light on the origin of these
butterflies with English data? There is, I feel quite sure, no doubt
that these specimens were from imported material—ova, larvae or
pupae and were not in fact taken in Surrey at all. It is possible that
other collectors will find ‘‘athalia’’ in their collections with the same
data and it would be most interesting to hear if this is the case.

Mellicta aurelia is stated by Higgins l.c. to have a central and
eastern European distribution. It has, however, been recorded from
northern France and from Belgium. The elucidation of this little
problem shows once again the value of genitalia examination in the
separation of superficially similar species. It also emphasises the fact
that all specimens should be labelled with true and accurate data. Be
sure your sins will find you out!—Dr. Nevitte L. Brreert, 3 Thorny
Hills, Kendal, 7.v.1961.

CURRENT LITERATURE 135
On 22nd April while sweeping Anthriscus sylvestris in Madingley
Wood, near Cambridge (Grid Ref.: TL4060) I caught two specimens
of Limonia (Tipulidae). These were identified using Coe, R. L. Hand-
books for the identification of British Insects. Vol. IX, Pt. 2, as L.
nigropunctata Schummel 1¢, and L. Masoni Edwards 12. As Coe
describes L, masoni as rare in Derbyshire, Norfolk, Oxon., and Surrey,
and L. nigropunctata as local, I returned next day and caught L.
masont 53 29, L. nigropunctata 13 39, and L. flavipes Fab. 19.
These were swept in a few minutes from the same patch of Cow Parsley.
It is worthy of note that this was April, whereas the stated flight
periods are L. masoni, June, and L. nigropunctata, May-August.—l.
R. Burk, Great Hayesden, Tonbridge. 27.iv.1961.

INFORMATION ASKED.—With reference to Mr. D. Lanktree’s note
(antea 126) the book entitled A few Nature Notes by the late Dr. F. R.
Elliston Wright was published privately in 1926 and again as a revised
edition in 1932. This is a delightful publication and an excellent
example of what a list of the fauna and flora of an area should be.
About ten years ago when on holiday in Devon I visited Dr. Wright,
who informed me that only a very limited number of both editions of
the work were published and that it always has been extremely scarce.
Although I have been collecting local lists for about thirty years it was
quite some time before I was able to acquire copies of both these
editions.—ArtHuR A. Lisney, M.A., M.D., F.R.E.S., Dune Gate,
Clarence Road, Dorchester, Dorset.

Current Literature

A List or IrtsH Burrerriies, EK. S. A. Baynes, O.B.E., F.R.E.S.
Irish Stationery Office, 2/- (1960). No such list has been published
since Lt. Col. C. Donovan’s Catalogue of the Macrolepidoptera of Ireland
in 1936, and the present list consists of 10 + i1 pp. in a strong paper
cover, strong enough to allow for regular handling. It lists 37 species
to which is added a list of 8 species noted as doubtful records. The
county distribution of each species is given with brief comments.
From Mr. Baynes also comes a report of insect migration in Ireland
during 1960.—S. N. A. J.

JOURNAL OF THE LeEprpopreRists’ Society, 14, No. 2. 31.111.1961.
Roger W. Pease, jun., opens with a long, well-illustrated paper on the
first instar larvae of Saturniidae, with 51 figures of setae and anatomic
details, a key for identification of the larvae, and a short bibliography.
M .S. Obraztsov and J. A. Powell write on a new Cnephasiid genus in
which are included four new species described here by Mr. Powell.
There are fourteen figures of genitalia dissections. Kodo Maeki and
Chas. L. Remington contribute Part 3 of their study of the chromosomes
of North American Rhopolocera, including Lycaenidae, Danainae,
Satyrinae and Morphinae. There are 41 drawings and half tone micro-

136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/V1/1961

photographs of chromosome patterns and two tables of chromosome
numbers of various species, and a long list of references. David
L. Bauer describes a new species and a new subspecies of Chlosyne
from Mexico with a half tone plate, while Julian N. Jumalon illustrates
a very curious ‘‘Siamese twin’? Parthenos from the Philipines; this
specimen has two apparently normal and complete bodies attached at
the thorax, legs and antennae being normal to each body. A fine
malanice Papilio glaucus canadensis Rothschild and Jordan is described
from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, by James A. Ebner. The portion for field
collectors deals with various types of larval breeding cage and is written
by Joseph Miiller.—S. N. A. J.

THe Nigerian Burrerriuirs (John Boorman & Patrick Roche), Part
I, Papilionidae (1957), and Part V, Nymphalidae, Sec. 3 (1959), have
been published to date by Ibadan University Press.

A well-illustrated and very cheap introduction to the butterflies of
Nigeria and Cameroons. The photographs and brief text-intended to
make identification easy, are extremely well done. There are useful
indications of environment and degree of availability.

I do think that in the brief preface a mention could have been made
of the very important factor of dry and wet season forms—the large
deep-coloured and strongly-built wet season forms may have tiny pale-
coloured and almost patternless dry season forms. The short time and
appearance of flight is characteristic also: some seasons certain species
may be abundant, and for several years not again seen in the same
lecality.

It is surprising that no mention is made of the female form
thersander of Papilio phorcas Cr., and there is also a danger of the
inclusion of species based on an original wrong locality.

Although there is a great deal of literature on the butterflies of
South, Hast and Central Africa, West Africa has been almost entirely
neglected. A very useful contribution was Berger’s Papilionidae Cata-
logue, part of Annales de Musée du Congo Belge, Tervuren, 1950.

This new series will be extremely useful, not only to Europeans in
Nigeria but to Nigerians. With Independence, many West Africans,
including children and school teachers, with an increasing pride in their
country, endeavour to make collections of butterflies, they are artistic
and love beauty and colour. It is hoped that space will be available
for simple notes on collecting and the preservation of specimens.

In Central Congo and in undeveloped areas of West Africa, during
30 years I have found that even the most primitive Africans are
very keen observers, and this has resulted in my obtaining many rare,
and even new, species through the aid of illustrations.

Perhaps this excellent publication will one day result in Nigeria and
Ghana competing in a Government publication on the lines of Professor
Alexander B. Klots’ The Field Guide to the Butterflies of North
America, and similar Field Guide series—Birds, etc., and in forming
Museums of Natural History.—F. L. Jounson, M.B.E., F.R.E.S.

Lambillionea 60; parts 5-6 and 7-8 have an article by P. Viette on
the Epipyropidae of Madagascar, a family of Lepidoptera which turn

CURRENT NOTES 137

the tables by parasitizing the larvae of certain Cicadidae, Henri-
Marie Warlet writes on the presence of Satyrus hermione L. in Belgium
and L. Scarlet continues his notes on lepidopterous ova. E. de Laever
writes on the geographical distribution of Cossus terebra Schiff. and
K. Janmoulle continues notes on the less known species in the Belgian
lepidopterous fauna. Parts 7-8 consist mainly of a symposium on Colas
palaeno ewropome Esp. by J. Hackray, L. A. Berger and L. Scarlet,
with a half-tone block of the larva and pupa.—S. N. A. J.

From my friend Dr. Ramon Agenjo of Madrid, I have two separates
from Hos and from Boletin del Servicio de Plagas Forestales (1960).
The first concerns the distribution and morphology of Hipparchia
statilinus Hufn. in Spain, and includes many records, a distributional
map, and figures of the male and female genitalia. The second deals
with Dioryctria nivaliensis Rebel as a pest of Pinus insignis plantations
on the Isle of Teneriffe, and beside a very detailed text, a fine coloured
plate of the imago, the larva and pupa, and also of the workings of the
larva and the puparia; a black and white plate gives eleven figures of
genitalia and other anatomical details while four half-tone figures show
a sectionized twig with the larval working down the middle, the bent
over branch terminations characteristic of infestation, and a close and
a more general view of infested two-year-old trees. This work should
be of considerable interest to forestry students.—S. N. A. J.

Current Notes

~ OHAIRMAN oF THE Naturr Conservancy.—Lord Hailsham, the Mini-
ster for Science, has appointed Lord Hurcomb to be Chairman of the
Nature Conservancy in succession to Mr, Arthur Bryce Duncan, who
is retiring from the Conservancy after a long and distinguished period
of service.

Lord Hurcomb will hold office as Chairman of the Nature Conserv-
ancy for the residue of his term of office as a member of the Conserv-
ancy, which expires at the end of March, 1962.

Lord Hurcomb is Chairman of the Conservancy’s Committee for
England, and is also a Member of its Scientific Policy and Finance
Committees.

The Nature Conservancy announces the following appointments : —
Professor J. B. Cragg, as Director from 1st June 1961 of their Merle-
wood Research Station, Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire; Dr. K.
Mellanby, C.B.E., as Director from 1st October 1961 of their new
Monks’ Wood Experimental Station, near Huntingdon, to be built
On a newly acquired site adjoining the Monks’ Wood National Nature
Reserve. i

The main research at Merlewood, which the Conservancy set up in
1952, concerns the study of woodland ecology, with the emphasis on
nutrient cycles (i.e. the biological and physical processes in which soils
and living organisms of a woodland are involved). Merlewood also
houses the laboratories for work on moorland ecology carried out at

138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ V1/1961

the Moor House Field Station on the Westmorland Pennines near
Alston, Cumberland, which comes under the Director at Merlewood.

The site at Monks’ Wood consists of 66 acres and will allow room
for extensive field experiments. When building is completed in 1962,
it will house three teams studying the effects of toxic chemicals on wild
life, ecological management of native woodlands and scientific problems
of conservation. The station will also form a base for field studies
of the Diploma Course on Conservation of University College, London,
and for other University and related activities. The station is already
functioning in embryo in temporary premises and it is hoped that it
will be fully operative by 1963.—THp Nature Conservancy, 19 Belgrave
Square, London, S.W.1.

BRITISH TRUST FOR ENTOMOLOGY LTD. WICKEN FEN FUND.

The following letter has been received from Mr. N. D. Riley:

‘You will remember that, following the death of Mr. Kdelsten,
who for many years made this annual appeal, the Royal Entomological
Society of London undertook the management of the Fund as an
interim measure.

The British Trust for Entomology has now assumed responsibility
for the Fund, by arrangement with the Royal Entomological Society of
London, and it is on behalf of the Trust that I write to you now in the
hope that you will see fit to continue to contribute, for the need is
still urgent.

Due to rising costs of labour, the services of one of the Keepers at
the Fen had to be dispensed with last year. Until this step was taken
Fen management had heen continued on established lines by ‘‘borrow-
ing’’ from Special Funds; the general account is now ‘‘in debt’’ to the
Special Funds to the extent of some £600. Far more people now visit
the Fen than formerly and, thanks to modern private transport
facilities, many visits are unannounced beforehand; the need for more
competent keepering at the Fen has increased. A further consequence
of the reduction in the number of Keepers and the additional work they
are having to carry out keepering, is that the agreed management and
development plans drawn up in 1956 have had to be slowed down.

Entomologists have a very special interest in Wicken Fen, dating
back to many years before the National Trust acquired it. It really does
behove us to support the Trust as generously as we can. Since Mr.
Edelsten’s death nearly two years ago, £67 13s 11d has been collected
and forwarded to the National Trust, who credit all such sums directly
to the Wicken Fen Management Committee. This represents less than
£35 a year. I am certain that entomologists can, and indeed should,
do better than this. May I ask you to bring the needs of the Fen
to the notice of other entomologists too, for this appeal is primarily
addressed to entomologists, in the hope that the basis of support may
be gradually and effectively widened ?

Cheques should be made payable to The British Trust for Ento-
mology Ltd., Wicken Fen Fund, and sent, like other remittances, to
me personally at the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell
Road, London, S.W.7.—Yours sincerely, N. D. Rivey.”’

THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

A systematic work, in collaboration with the best specialists of all Countries,
edited by
Prof. Dr. A. SEITZ

Every known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 10-14 colours

and described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English,

German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna
exotica.

Every volume may be had separately.

A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80

HOTEL ACCOMMODATION
Mrs. H. TULLY

Craigeliachie Guest House, Aviemore, Inverness-shire

An Entomologist’s Mecca, highly recommended by collectors, 124 acres of
woodland in which to use light traps. Adequate power points.

Transport arranged to the famous Burma Road, etc.
Write for Brochure. Telephone Aviemore 236

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one
16 Drawers Easy payments if required.—R. W. Watson, ‘‘Porcorum,’’
Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hants.

orthoptera.—Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
grasshoppers of the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae from all parts of the
World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxwo-
nomy, cytology, and experimental biology; dry or fluid preserved or
living. Please contact D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Department of Ento-
mology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

New to Britain.—Larvae of Mexican Tiger Moth—£cpanteria deflorata. Feeding
on Dandelion or any low plant. 2/6 doz. small. 4/6 doz. medium (May).
T. H. Fox, 28 Boxwell Road, Berkhamstead, Herts.

For Sale-——Small larvae of Epicnaptera ilicifolia (Regensburg) Small Lappet.
Feeding Sallow. 1/- each. Post 3d. T. H. Fox, 28 Boxwell Road,
Berkhamsted.

Wanted.—Second-hand Mercury Vapour Moth Trap. Suitable for 200-250 volts. A.C.
supply.—J. F. Burton, B.B.C., Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House,
Bristol, 8.

Wanted.—Living pupae or ova of Pieris brassicae wollastoni and P. b. cheiranthi,
for experimental breeding. I should be very grateful to anyone holidaying
in Madeira or the Canary Islands who can obtain even a few specimens.
Will be glad to refund expenses of airmail and to supply specimens of
any interesting crosses obtained.—Brian O. C. Gardiner, 43 Woodlark Road,
Cambridge.

er SS SE ES EE

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SPIDERS, MEN, and SCORPIONS
THEODORE H. SAVORY, M.A., M.Z.S.
Formerly Exhibitioner of St. John’s College, Cambridge

The study of spiders and scorpions in recent years has come to be
recognised as an autonomous science. This branch of zoology, known
as arachnology, has as yet no historian—a gap in the history of learning
which this book now attempts to fill. There have been arachnologists
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distribution and behaviour, classification and evolution: some have
been professional zoologists, many have had other occupations and their
contributions have been the product of their leisure. All find their
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CONTENTS
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“NOTES ON NEPS. A. G. CAROLSFELD-KRAUSE ...
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ...
CURRENT LITERATURE ...

CURRENT NOTES

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THE MOTHS
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in Two Volumes

RICHARD SOUTH, F.R.E:S.
Edited and revised by H. M. EDELSTEN, O.B.E., F.R.E.S.

FIRST SERIES: Comprising the families Spingidae, Endromidae,
Saturniidae, Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, Drepanidae, Lymantriidae
and Noctuidae.

SECOND SERIES: Comprising the families Lasiocampidae, Arctiidae,
Geometridae, Cossidae, Limacodidae, Zygaenidae, Sesiidae and
Hepialidae.

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139

A New Subspecies of Zygaena_ hippocrepidis
Hiibner, Lepidoptera : Zygaenidae
By W. G. TREMEWAN

(Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History))

In a collection of British and European Zygaena species brought :n
for determination by Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis, is a series of a new
subspecies of hippocrepidis Hiibner. The series comprises thirty-five
specimens from Dieu-le-fit, Dréme, south-east France.

Until quite recently, hippocrepidis Hiibn. had been considered a
subspecies of transalpina Esper but Alberti (1958, 1959) has separated
them as distinct species. The type race of hippocrepidis occurs in
Thuringia, southern Hanover and Lower Franconia. Oberthiir described
the ssp. provincialis from Montrieux, near Méounes, in the department
of Var. This subspecies is double brooded and was described from
specimens of the second generation flying in September and October.
Consequently, Burgeff (1926) has named the first brood f. aestivo-
provincialis and had before him specimens taken in the neighbourhood
of Marseille in July. There are three examples of this seasonal form
in the Oberthiir collection in the British Museum (Natural History).
The specimens were taken in 1908 in the neighbourhood of Marseille by
Foulquier and apart from being much larger differ little from the
autumn generation.

It is to be expected that the Dieu-le-fit population would be more
closely related to ssp. provincialis Obthr. but it is much nearer to
ssp. occidentalis Obthr. which was described from Dompierre-sur-Mer,
Charente-Inférieure.

Z. hippocrepidis Hiibner ssp. curtisi ssp. nov.

3, 28-30 mm. wingspan. The ground colour of the forewings is greenish
or bluish-black. The forewing spots and hindwings are orange-
vermilion in colour while the hindwings have a narrow black
terminal border. Spot 6 is usually confluent with spot 5.

2, 32-36 mm. wingspan. The female differs little from the male but the
orange-vermilion colour has a slight admixture of yellow in some
specimens, especially around the basal area of the hindwings. In
two females, the forewing spots are confluent in pairs.

Holotype ¢, ‘‘Dieulefit Drome France 3/10: vii:1934 W. P. Curtis’’ ;
on the reverse side of the data label is the number ‘‘45041’’.
Allotype @ with similar data to the holotype but dated ‘‘5/10: vii: 1934’’,

and on the reverse side of the data label is the number ‘‘45033’’.

Paratypes 9 g¢ and 6 9°@ with similar data but dated as follows:
DI OCAENIEOS4L. "Di GiGae COnWET Oo4 se de chmancn la®
Pl OA ee oO Ona ORG ally Om One
SOMO way ISA <1 go. “5 /1Osvar = 193427.

The holotype, allotype and twelve paratypes are in the British

Museum (Natural History) collection; 3 paratypes in collection W.

Parkinson Curtis.

There are eleven further specimens in poor condition for which
reason [ have not included them as paratyPeeatys ONIAN

wstirution OEP 19 j0R%

140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIIT/1961

Z. hippocrepidis Hiibner ssp. curtisi Trmn. ab. miniacens ab. nov.

Four males and one female of this new subspecies have the orange-
vermilion colour replaced by pure vermilion in both the forewing spots
and the hindwings. In the holotype, allotype and one paratype spot
6 is not confluent with spot 5.

Holotype 6, ‘‘Dieulefit Drome France 27:vi:1934 W. P. Curtis’.

Allotype 2 with the same data.

Paratypes: 2 ¢¢ with the same data, 1 ¢ with similar data but dated
“5: vil: 1934’’.

The holotype, allotype and 1 paratype in collection British Museum
(Natural History); 2 paratypes in collection W. Parkinson Curtis.

A further specimen is not included as a paratype because of its
poor condition.

Z. hippocrepidis Hiibner ssp. curtisi Trmn. ab. cingulata ab. nov.

A male has a vermilion abdominal belt on segment 5.
Holotype 6, ‘‘Dieulefit Drome France 3/10: vii: 1934 W. P. Curtis’’, in
collection British Museum (Natural History).

Compared with the nominate subspecies, ssp. curtist may be readily
separated by the conspicuous orange-vermilion colour of the forewing
spots and hindwings. It may be distinguished from ssp. provincialis
Obthr. by the broader forewings and hindwings and the larger spots of
the forewings, also by the orange-vermilion coloration. As mentioned
previously, ssp. curtisi is nearest to ssp. occidentalis Obthr., especially
in the shape and the confluence of the spots but it differs strongly in
coloration. In occidentalis, the forewing spots and hindwings are
vermilion compared with orange-vermilion in curtisi. Odd specimens
occasionally occur in ssp. occidentalis which have orange-vermilion spots
and hindwings and strongly resemble ssp. curtist. However, these
examples are only found as rare aberrations.

In the series of filipendulae in the Curtis collection is a six-spotted
Zygaena which I believe may be a hybrid resulting from a cross-pairing
between filipendulae L. and lonicerae Scheven. The specimen is from
the Druitt collection and was captured at York in 1900. The exact
locality is probably Strensall Common where both species are known to
have occurred. Unfortunately the specimen is a female and the genitalia
do not show good intermediate characters. The ostium is identical with
that of filipendulae but the ductus bursae is abnormal for that species
and has characters which are found in lonicerae. Compared with female
filipendulae from the same locality, the forewings are longer and more
pointed at the apex, spot 4 is of the same shape as that in lonicerae
while spot 6 is reduced and about half the normal size. The hindwing
border is also slightly broader than that in filipendulae while the
hindwings are narrower and have a more pointed apex than the
hindwings of filipendulae.

I would like to thank Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis for presenting the
holotypes, allotypes and the majority of the paratypes of the new
subspecies of hippocrepidis Hiibn. to the British Museum (Natural
History) and also for his kindness in presenting the supposed hybrid
from York.

YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 141

REFERENCES,

Alberti, B. 1958. Milt, zool. Mus. Berl., 34 (2) : 245-396.
———., 1959. Jbid., 35 (1): 203-242.
Burgelf, H. 1926. Milt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 1G: 82.

Yugoslavia Revisited
Major General C. G. Lipscoms, C.B., D.S.O.

This spring my wife and I determined to pay one more visit to
Yugoslavia before my tour of duty with B.A.O.R. comes to an end later
in the summer. Accordingly, a Sunday morning in mid-May found us
setting forth down the autobahn for a camping holiday with two com-
panions who had joined us with their car from England. Our object was
first to visit a certain river in Croatia to make contact once again with
its fabulous trout, and then to penetrate some two hundred miles
further south to Mostar in central Yugoslavia, where the fishing was
also reputed to be good. On the return journey we planned to visit
collecting grounds in the Istrian Peninsular that I had been familiar
with in the autumn of two years ago, and of which an account has
appeared in the Record. We had a common interest in natural history
and flowers, birds and entomology were all grist to our particular mill.
This article is an account of our experiences in a country that is still
very much off the.beaten track and not nearly so well known or written
up as other parts of Central Europe this side of the Iron Curtain.

We stuck to the autobahn till we were just short of Salzburg, where
we turned off it to find accommodation for the night in a hotel just this
side of the Austrian border. As we had passed through Munich it had
begun to rain, and this continued all that night (May 14th) and the
following day when we motored across Austria. The rain made our
windsereen wipers work overtime, the rivers were in flood and the
high ground was blotted out by low-lying cloud. Summer had really
come, we thought! Late that afternoon we crossed into Yugoslavia,
just south of Villach and spent that night in a hotel in Bled. It con-
tinued to rain and the temperature was most unseasonably cold. We
left Bled on the following morning—it was still trying to rain—and set
off for the coast where we hoped to find conditions better. In this we
were disappointed but at lunch time when we were eating our sand-
wiches at the side of the road just south of Rijeka we were cheered
by the sight of three cock Golden Orioles as they flashed past us in all
their yellow splendour. That evening we reached our river and pitched
our tents under very damp and cold conditions. For the next four days
the foulness of the weather was only compensated for by size and
quality of the trout we caught, but during this period not one single
butterfly did I see on the wing. Im fact, the only sign of entomological
life was a half grown brood of Nymphalis polychloros L. larvae feeding
on a willow tree by the river bank. On the 21st we had had enough
of the weather and left for Mostar where we hoped for sun and warmth.

That night after a cross-country journey in bad weather and over
most indifferent roads, we reached Split, by way of Knin and Sinj.
We went to ground in a hotel as our companion’s wife was not feeling
too good and we hoped a couple of days rest might put her right. The

142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIII/1961

following day, 22nd May, the sky cleared in the afternoon and we
motored up the coast to Trogir where, after looking round this attrac-
tive little seaport, we walked up the hill behind the town. There were
no butterflies to be seen, but the flowers were lovely and we were
particularly attracted by the large bright red waxy blossoms of a shrub
we thought was probably a pomegranate. It was growing everywhere,
both in the gardens and on the hillside. Several Hoopoes were seen both
here and in Split itself, their chequered plumage and large crests making
them very conspicuous.

On the following morning we woke to find the sun at last shining
and a clear sky and lack of wind gave promise of a better day. The
ailing wife declared she was much better so after breakfast we set. off
again for Mostar taking the coastal road as far as Makarska, before
striking inland over the Susvid pass. This coastal road was quite lovely
with great towering mountains on one side and the very blue sea a short
distance away on the other. Further north on the same route the blue
of the wild sage is the predominant colour, but here a large flowered
and sweet smelling broom had replaced it, covering the mountain-side
in places with a sheet of bright yellow. This broom in combination with
the blue of many forms of campanula and the pink of several type of
dianthus all against a background of grey limestone rocks made a
picture never to be forgotten.

In places the hillsides were covered with the Mediterranean Pine and
the last year’s webs of what I imagine was the processionary caterpillar
moth were still attached to their branches like so many coconuts. To
leave the coastal road and get over the Susvid pass we had to climb
some 3,000 feet through a series of hairpin bends, with wonderful views
of the coast and it was about now that I saw my first Papilio machaon
L. and Iphiclides podalirius lL. as they flew along the hillside. The birds,
too, were becoming more interesting and woodchat shrikes, lesser grey
shrikes and black-headed buntings, a bird like the familiar yellow
hammer but with a black head, were beginning to appear while every
now and then one got a sight of the lovely little black and white wheat-
ear, known as the black-eared chat. Bee-eaters, too, were first seen a
few miles from Mostar as they sat outside their nesting holes on a cliff-
face by the road-side. New and interesting flowers noticed during this
part of the journey were dark blue irises and a small reddish gladiolus
growing in profusion in places on the hillsides that flanked the road.

We reached Mostar in the late afternoon, and while our companions
went into the town to find a hotel—the wife was again feeling rather
rotten—we made our camp on open ground by the river Buna, a
tributary of the Neretva and some twelve miles south of Mostar. We
were lucky in our camp site as it was well away from main roads and
villages, right on the river and surrounded by rough fields in which
were a profusion of flowers. Willow, blackthorn, bramble and similar
bushes lined the river banks and a very quick reconnaissance, after
putting up our tent, revealed a large half-grown brood of Nymphalis
antiopa L. larvae feeding on willow. I was delighted to make this
discovery as it was the first time I had come across this insect on the
continent where generally it has been very rare or absent during the
four years we have been out here. Vanessa cardui L. and Colias croceus
Foure. were much in evidence near the camp, the latter very fresh
but the former ranged from freshly emerged specimens to others in the

YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 143

last stages of decrepitude. That evening the local farmer’s wife brought
us eggs and milk, the latter being extracted on the spot direct into
our milk jug from a cow tethered near our tent!

The following morning I motored into Mostar to see how the patient
was and to find out whether she was fit to resume a camping existence.
IT was met outside the hotel by the husband with the remark that the
news wasn’t too good this morning. The patient had developed measles
and was in bed with a suspected high temperature and was covered
with rash! No wonder the poor girl had been feeling rotten and, of
course, if one must have measles it is better not to wait till one is
rising fifty and then to develop it in the back of beyond amongst a
semi-Moslem community not one word of whose language can one under-
stand!

To cut a long story short, my companion was lucky in getting the
services of a most charming and helpful local doctor—fortunately,
he spoke French—who fixed the patient up with a bed in his own
consulting room in the local hospital, where all the official beds were
occupied. We were asked to provide her with an extra nightdress and
it was perhaps a little unkind that the best we could do, after scouring
the town, was a pale pink creation covered in red spots!

Whatever our original plans may have been, this development meant
that we should have to stay at Mostar till the patient recovered and in
the end this turned out to be no bad thing. Mostar is one of the older
Yugoslavian towns with roots going back to Roman days and a long
history of Turkish occupation up to comparatively recent times. As a
result a big percentage of the local people are Moslem, the men wearing
fezes and tight-fitting knickerbockers, while the women, who are for-
bidden. now by law to wear veils, dress in voluminous skirts of bright
coloured material, cut in such a way that they resemble very baggy
trousers—as these trouser-skirts are often worn with a blouse and jumper
the ultimate effect is unusual but not unattractive. The town is built
astride the fast-flowing. Neretva and the old part with its mosques,
churches and red-roofed houses clustering along the river bank is most
picturesque. It is flanked on both sides by high rocky hills supporting
a scant vegetation of stunted shrubs.

I see from my diary that 25th May was the first really hot day, and
from now on till we left the weather couldn’t have been nicer and we
-got full advantage from our riverside camp. On this particular morn-
ing a large dark fritillary flew past me in the town square while we
were shopping and I wondered whether it could be Pandoriana major
Cr. On our way back to camp, I spotted a large butterfly sitting on a
thistle head by’ the roadside, and when it was safely in the net was
able to confirm that it was this fritillary. The ¢¢ of this species are
almost indistinguishable from 99 of Argynnis paphia lL. in the mark-
ings on the upper side but the 9 9 are somewhat darker. The under-
side, however, is very different as both sexes have a deep pink flush
on the forewings. It is a beautiful insect and further examples were
seen in the next few days. I had last captured it in Cyrenaica, in
North Africa, where it occurs commonly in certain parts of the Jebel
and where again it may be taken sitting on thistle heads. In the
rough fields near our camp Pontia daplidice L. was now flying in num-
bers and I noticed that a small proportion of the croceus 99 were

144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIIT/1961

f. helice and some pairs were seen in cop. Colias hyale Ii. and C.
australis Vrty. were notable absentees and remained so for the whole
time we were in Yugoslavia.

As might be expected Callophrys rubi L., Polyommatus icarus Rott.,
Tycaena phiaeas L., and Maniola jurtina lL. were present in numbers
and on the 26th the first fresh Issoria lathonia LL. were seen. Other
butterflies noted in the area were Aporia crataegi L., dira maera L.,
Melitaea didyma Esp., Melitaea cinxia LL. and both the Swallow-tails.
Night Herons and Little Bitterns were found inhabiting thick cover on
the river bank. We were constantly coming across tortoises of all sizes
and I was frequently being told by my wife to stop the car and rescue
one from imminent destruction on the road. Snakes, too, were fairly
common and were generally seen crossing the road but whether they were
poisonous or not we were unable to determine.

It was during the time we were in this camp that we had nightly
visits from large green larvae of some insect, not of the order of
lepidoptera. They were about two inches long and got into everything,
including our beds, and had a nasty habit of climbing up the inside
tent walls and then dropping off onto the floor with a resounding plop!
What they were I don’t know, but we called them the Persistent
Pupaters, as their tough cocoons were found in the most unexpected
places, including both in my own and my wife’s bedding, much to her
horror. I have kept several cocoons to try and find out what the insect
is, but having spun up they seem to have lost interest and although alive
show no signs so far (23rd June) of pupating.

Yugoslavian rivers are often unusual and the Buna was no exception
because although it was some forty or fifty yards wide it was only four
miles long and we were told the source was worth visiting. On the 28th
we took our car to the village of Blagaj and then walked up the valley
which leads to the river’s beginning. Suddenly, rounding a corner, we
were faced with a huge vertical cliff many hundreds of feet high, from
a cave at the bottom of which the full-grown river flowed. Alpine
Swifts, Rock Pigeons, Jackdaws, Ravens and House Martins were flying
in and out of caves on the cliff face, while high in the sky, above it all,
three huge Griffon Vultures with a wing span of eight or nine feet
soared in unending circles. It was one of the most extraordinary places
T have ever seen, and proved in addition most interesting entomologi-
cally. The first brood of Lemenitis anonyma Lewis was much in evidence
and numbers of Polygonia egra Cr.—I have never seen it so common—
were flying in company with Polygonia c-album L., an unusual com-
bination. A dark purple-looking blue was identified as the first brood
of Scolitantides orion Pall.. and a skipper that was new to me was
Reverdinus floccifera Zeller. Here for the first time I also took
Libythea celtis Fuessl. It is a very fast flyer and at first glance looks
like a fine variety of c-album. I noticed it was much attracted to a
patch of ground where a horse had recently staled. Strymon pruni L.
was found nearby sitting about on blackthorn bushes by the river bank.
The only Vanessa atalanta L. I saw in Yugoslavia were seen here, but
Aglais urticae L. and Inachis io L. were altogether absent and I saw
no specimens of either while I was in this country. On the 30th I saw
a very fresh Nymphalis polychloros L. sunning itself by the river bank
while I was fishing. On the 31st Hveres alcetas Hffmgg. was added to
the list of butterfles taken near the camp and on the same day we

YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 145

saw what we were almost certain was a masked shrike—very like the
woodchat shrike but without the brown cap on its head. That evening,
T collected a number of the antiopa larvae which were now almost full
fed and those that survived the subsequent journey in a biscuit tin
produced butterflies which emerged in Cologne on 20th and 21st June.
Frohawk has described this as one of the most beautiful butterflies in
the world and they certainly are lovely creatures.

On lst June the patient was sufficiently recovered to be allowed out
of hospital and, as our time was getting short, we had already decided to
split forees and leave our companions free to pursue a more leisurely
course homewards.

So on that morning we struck camp and set off down the road
which follows the Neretva till we joined the coast at Ploce, as we wished
to see that part of it that we hadn’t yet covered between this place and
Makarska. Somewhere along it we stopped to bathe and eat our lunch,
and the only witnesses of our activities were a solitary podalirius that
patrolled up and down the beach and a constant succession of hornets
which visited a fresh water spring. Our destination was Rabac, on the
east side of the Istrian peninsular, but because of the state of the
roads it took us three days hard travelling to reach there. The first
night we spent again at Split and the next at Zadar. Between these
two places the road must be one of the worst in Yugoslavia. The coastal
road is not yet completed beyond Trogir and so one has to take to the
hills where one bumps and crawls along for mile after dusty mile until
one can rejoin the coastal road at Biograd from where northwards it is
tarmacadamed and excellent going. It was while we were passing
through Trogir that we saw the unusual sight of a man with a bear
which he had muzzled and led around on a chain. When sufficient
spectators had gathered he beat a tambourine and sang songs while the
bear, under protest, shuffled about. We were very sorry for the animal
which looked miserable but at the same time felt we were witnessing
what must now be a most uncommon sight in Europe—an itinerant per-
forming bear.

On the second day we had our lunch near Sibinick and I was
interested to find any number of the Hairstreak, Strymon spini Schiff.,
flying about the bushes by the roadside. I also saw several very fresh
Fabriciana niobe L.; the few I caught were all f. eris

We reached Rabac on the afternoon of 3rd June and were relieved
to find our old camping area of two years ago in the olive grove un-
occupied apart from a very charming Swiss couple. That evening I
found a large and magnificent larva of the Spurge Hawk, D. euphorbiae,
feeding on spurge near our tent. Others were subsequently discovered,
and although I am not a moth man, I could not resist the temptation
of keeping the two fattest in the hope that when we left they would ‘“‘go
down’’ before they exhausted their food supply. This, in fact, happened
and they pupated safely the day we reached Cologne. By now, too, all
the antiopa larvae were either suspended for pupation or had already
pupated.

We stayed at Rabac till the morning of the 6th, bathing and
generally taking things easy. It is a lovely place and as yet unspoilt
but the ugly hand of development has got its fingers on it. Two
large hotels are nearly completed and water and sanitation are being

146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIIT/1961

brought to the camp site. Very sad, but, no doubt, there are some
who will feel that this will improve its amenities! The two commonest
butterflies were Agapetes galathea L., of which there was a fine dark
race and niobe, of which, once again, all the specimens I caught were f.
eris. Several fresh Argynnis paphia L. 3S were an interesting dis-
covery, as two years ago specimens of both sexes of this butterfly, in
good condition, were on the wing at the end of August and no text-book
mentions a second brood.

The local and uncommon little blue, Everes decolorata Stgr., was
taken, and the first brood of anonyma was found to be much more com-
mon than it was in the autumn. The blue, Lycaeides argyrognomon
Bergstr., was added to the list, but cardui, daplidice and croceus were
curiously absent in spite of an abundance of their food plants. An-
other new discovery was that of the hairstreaks, Strymon ilicis Esp.
and Thecla quercus L. flying together in a big area of scrub oak near
Labin. Both were in numbers, but it was noticeable that whereas
quercus stuck to the top of the trees, ilicis was satisfied with the lower
branches and was that much easier to net.

On the morning of the 6th we were packed up and on the road once
more. We made first for Pula and then turned north up the west
coast of the peninsular to cover some fresh ground before we finally left
the country. From a collecting point of view it became obvious quickly
that this west side is a much better bet, offering flat country—much of
it covered with scrub oak forest full of open glades—as yet uninterfered
with by man.

We stopped the car at one likely looking spot and almost as soon
as I got out I found myself looking at a very fresh Nymphalis
rxanthomelas Hsp. sunning itself with expanded wings on an oak leaf.
Unfortunately it made off before I could net it, but its rich ground
colour and white apical blotch left little doubt as to its identity. A very
early Brintesia circe F. was taken and this, again, was an interesting
example of a butterfly with a long emergence period and one which is
still very common and fresh in late August. Most of the butterflies I
had already seen were present in this area of woodland and, in addition,
Melitaea athalia Rott., Coenonympha arcania L., and Lysandra
bellargus Rott. were on the wing. It was a lovely place full of flowers
and undisturbed, and we dragged ourselves away from it with
difficulty. We reached Trieste about lunchtime that same day and,
after the usual formalities at the frontier, our trip to Yugoslavia was
over.

Recollections and Realities
By H. Symes.

Not long ago I was discussing with another entomologist the
disappearance of Papilio machaon L.. from the West Country. He said
to me: ‘‘You remember the summer of 1816 was a very cold one’’. I
did not, but we will let that pass. ‘‘Yes’’, he said, ‘‘it was a very
cold summer and proved fatal to machaon’’. His memory must be
better than mine, or he must have read Mr. R. F. Bretherton’s reference
to this fact (Ent. Rec., 63: 210), quoted by Prof. F. Balfour-Browne
(Hnt. Rec., 70: 35) more recently than I had. It does not seem to be

RECOLLECTIONS AND REALITIES 147

known for certain whether our West Country swallowtails were
britannicus or bigenerata. Probably those taken on the Dorset chalk
hills near Glanville’s Wootton were bigenerata, but Sedgemoor and ihe
Brue levels west of Glastonbury would have been a very suitable habitat
for britannicus, and no doubt one of the local Umbelliferae would have
provided an acceptable pabulum. The last Somerset specimen of which
I have personal knowledge was taken at Castle Cary in 1900, and some
years after that my friend, the late W. W. Macmillan, showed it to
me in his collection. It was in very poor condition, and I have no
idea whether it was britannicus or bigenerata; in those days I did not
even know of the existence of the two subspecies.

The summer of 1879 was an extremely wet one. My memory does
not go back that far, either, but I often heard my father refer to it
as the wettest summer he could remember. In that year, the late Preb.
A. P. Wickham (well known as a cricketer who kept wicket for Oxford
and Somerset) had just come down from Oxford and was spending a
vacation in the New Forest. Here he took two Aporia crataegi L.,
which he told me were the last specimens taken in the Forest. Frohawk
gives 1878 as the date of the last New Forest crataegi, and when
Wickham had read this he wrote to Frohawk and informed him of
his 1879 captures. It seems probable to me that the wet summer of
1879 proved fatal to New Forest crataegi, which already must have
become extremely scarce. (In an appendix to the History of the New
Forest, by J. R.-Wise, first published in 1862, A. crataegi appears in
the list of lepidoptera, but without comment as to its rarity or
otherwise.)

In the Forest, Nymphalis polychloros L. had been a common species
until nearly sixty years ago. I certainly saw a number of hibernated
specimens at sallow flowers along the road from Lyndhurst to Lyndhurst
Road station in April 1902, and still have about half a dozen of them
in my collection. According to Dr. E. B. Ford (Butterflies, 140) it
suddenly became very rare in southern England in 1903. Many years
later it turned up in numbers in east Kent, where it was very plentiful
from 1946 to 1948 (Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt in Ent. Hee. 13: (40)).
On 8th June 1948, I found the only larvae of this species that have
ever come my way, half a dozen of them feeding on sallow. Someone
else had already removed a fair sized branch, which doubtless was the
home of the main body. Next year polychloros became much scarcer.
I believe that the butterflies were lured out of hibernation by a very
mild spell that lasted through most of February, and were then caught
‘as it were on the wrong foot by a cold snap between 5th and 11th March.
From this set-back, the species has not yet recovered.

We have recently experienced two consecutive summers remarkable
for heat and drought (1959) and for abnormal rainfall (1960). he
cumulative effect of these extremes may well have been deadly to many
species.

In his article on rearing Lysandra coridon Poda (Ent. Reciwdts :
71-73), Major A. E. Collier notes that owing to the hot weather, an
unusually large number of eggs were hatching in October 1959. Not
only did all the young larvae die, but many of the remaining eggs failed
to hatch after the winter. This is a very interesting and highly
significant fact. If it occurred on a similar scale in the wild, it must

148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIIT/1961

have had a disastrous effect on the numbers of the species. Coridon
was certainly much scarcer at Winspit in 1960 than in most seasons,
although in certain localities on the Wiltshire downs it was abundant
enough, and there were other reasons that contributed to its scarcity
at Winspit. But coridon is unlikely to have been the only species
affected, and many other young larvae must have perished through their
food being dried up in the summer of 1959, while the abnormally wet
season that followed can only have carried on the bad work. In any
case, a mild damp winter like that of 1960-61 does not suit lepidoptera.
This year I have not seen a single Aglais wrticae LL. up to mid June, and
only one Nymphalis io L. Of the hibernating species, Gonepteryxr
rhamni seems to have fared best; it has been plentiful in the New
Forest and east Dorset. Of the spring emergers, I have noticed a
scarcity of Anthocharis cardamines I. of which I have seen only two
specimens.

On 9th June, Brigadier Warry and I visited Cogley Wood, near
Bruton, where we had collected together nearly fifty years ago. In
those days it was a favourite hunting ground of Somerset entomologists.
Nearly two hundred and fifty acres in extent, it ranked in my estima-
tion among woodlands of comparable size of which I had any considerable
knowledge as second only to Hell Coppice for the richness of its
entomological treasures. It was here that I took my first Polygonia
c-album L. in 1918, and my last N. polychloros in 1920. On another
occasion, a perfect specimen of a gynandrous Argynnis paphia UL.
settled at my feet and was duly captured. A less pleasant memory is
of a magnificent melanic male paphia which I saw resting in the middle
of a dense patch of bracken. It nearly took my breath away. I had
forced my way through the bracken as quietly as possible to within a
yard or two of this lovely insect when it took off and flew away to a
tall bramble that had climbed a hazel bush, and settled on a flower
about ten feet from the ground. Again I approached cautiously and
was in the act of raising my net to strike, when a confounded Maniola
jurtina LL. flew up to the same flower, and drove paphia away. I re-
turned to the spot every day for a week, but never saw it again.
The Cogley paphia were a large race, and every year one or two
valesina were to be seen. But now everything has changed, and it
would be useless to look for Paphia in the wood to-day.

To the west of the wood there used to be a rough, rather marshy
field full of Scabiosa succisa where there was a flourishing colony of
Euphydryas aurinia Rott., and the odd Hemaris tityus L. might be
seen at the flowers of bugle (Ajuga reptans). There was also a large
clump of elecampane (Inula helenium), a very local plant which I have
not seen anywhere else. All this has been swept away, and the field
ploughed up. The western part of the wood, which slopes rather steeply
to a small stream, had been cleared and some of it has been replanted
with very small conifers, which do not appear to be doing any too well
in the stiff clay soil, hard as concrete after the long dry spell. Passing
through this open area, we entered a dense jungle of saplings, mostly
ash, much too dark to be the home of paphia or euphrosyne. Here
there used to be masses of another botanical rarity, herb Paris (Paris
quadrifolia). It is quite possible that this shade-loving plant yet
survives but we did not see any. After struggling uphill through the
tangled undergrowth and only occasionally stumbling across traces of

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 149

the cart track that used to traverse the wood, we reached the exact
spot for which we had been aiming, as much by luck as by good
management. Here we found a few H. aurinia, including a female
ovipositing. In a field outside the wood there used to be a colony cf
Procris statices L., our main objective, and also Zygaena filipendulae
L. in large numbers and one day I saw a friend take a very delapidated
specimen of the yellow-spotted form, ab. flava. The field appeared to
be much the same as it used to be, but closer investigation showed that
it had been ploughed up in recent years, possibly not for the first time,
and there were no signs of statices or filipendulae. In fact, there were
no lepidoptera at all, except a few M. jurtina of unloved memory.

We left Cogley, re infecta, as the Romans neatly put it, rather
earlier in the afternoon than we had intended, and as our route to
Upwey passed through Dale country near Glanville’s Wootton, we
decided to break our journey at a likely spot and have a look round.
Two very rough fields that we inspected had plenty of plants in flower,
especially the meadow plume thistle (Cirsiwm pratense) and dyer’s
ereenweed (Genista tinctoria). There were a good number of E. aurinia,
mostly worn, and of Argynnis selene Schiff. and I was lucky enough to
take a fine aberration of the latter, with the black spots and marks very
much reduced in number, and what is not always the case with aberra-
tions, in perfect condition.

In the evening, Brig. Warry ran his mercury vapour light. The
night was dark and windless, and would have been perfect had it not
been so perishing cold. We sat wrapped up like arctic explorers beside
the sheet, waiting for moths to arrive, but only fourteen species came,
and several of these were singletons. The largest visitor was Sphinx
lugustri L., and the species in greatest number was Agrotis exclamationis
L. Next day, 10th June, we visited Hod Hill, but as a persistent
drizzle was falling all the time, and it was miserably cold, it was
quite impossible to form any opinion as to the scarcity or otherwise of
the local lepidoptera. All I saw was two Polyommatus icarus Rott. at
rest, but horseshoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa) was more noticeable than
on my last visit, and from information received, we understood that
Tysandra bellargus Rott. was out in good numbers. The most interest-
ing thing that I saw was a bee orchis (Ophrys apifera) with pure white
flowers. Brig. Warry found two Cucullia umbratica L. at rest on a
wooden post.

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hveerns, F.R.E.S.

Pammene aurantiana Staud. and others. Last September Mr.
Wakely very kindly sent me a box of sycamore seeds from Box Hill
with the information that they probably contained larvae of Pammene
aurantiana Staud. and P. regiana Zell. He also told me that although
in the previous year several collectors had gathered these seeds they
had failed to breed them except Mr. R. M. Mere and Mr. R. Fairclough.
Having previously bred regiana and P. trawniana Schiff., I guessed
that the difficulty lay in keeping the full fed larvae through the winter.
I therefore put the seeds into a canvas bag, and each day turned them
out and examined them carefully. As I expected, I soon found the

150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/ VIIT/1961

full fed larvae emerging from the seeds and placed them in a tightly
fitting tin with pieces of rotten willow wood. The larvae immediately
burrowed into these, and when the last had emerged from the seeds
and burrowed, I turned the pieces of willow wood into a linen bag
and hung them on the bough of a tree in the garden until early May.
Tn all, I saw 14 larvae, 12 large and 2 much smaller. At the begininng
of May I brought the pieces of wood into the house and placed them in
glass-lidded metal boxes with a piece of wet sponge in each, and
forced them in the linen cupboard. In late May I bred 8 regiana and
im the first fortnight in June, one more regiana and two aurantiana.
As I also bred two large ichneumons, all my larvae were accounted for
but one, so the experiment seems to have been fairly successful. I
think that the two smaller larvae were probably the two aurantiana.

Mr. Mere tells me that from the locality whence my seeds came, he
bred a very high percentage of aurantiana to regiana, and as my two
small larvae appeared a couple of days before any of the larger ones, I
suspect that most had left my seeds before they were collected.

This rotten punk wood from old willow trunks is very valuable as a
pupating medium, particularly for those insects that stay over the
winter in the larval stage, though it is equally good for others. I first
discovered it at Horning in 1923. I found a full grown larva of
Apatele alni Linn. when staying there (those were of course the days
when alni was ALNI). The only previous one I had been lucky enough
to get was given a section of bored raspberry stem, as suggested in
Tutt’s Practical Hints, and emerged successfully, but as I could find
nothing of the kind at Horning, I gave it a lump of old willow wood
from a tree trunk; it almost immediately buried itself in the wood, and
I bred a large female in 1924. The ground colour of this insect, which
T still have, is a peculiar rusty grey; I have not since seen another of
this tinge.

Since then I have used the rotten wood successfully for numbers of
-insects. All of those I have tried it on bore into it of their own
accord, there is no need to make gimlet holes, as is often necessary
when using virgin cork. I have used it for Alispa angustella Hiibn.,
Taspeyresia roseticolana Zell. and L. funebrana Treits., as well as in
recent years, Calophasia lunula Hufn., which shreds the outside and
makes an external cocoon. I have also placed it in a sleeve with
Iithophane leautieri Boisd. and found it worked admirably; too fre-
quently, if these larvae are transferred from a sleeve to a breeding
cage, they develop virus disease.

Ptycholomoides aeriferana H.-S. On 24th June I went to look at
my mercury vapour trap at 4 a.m. (this early examination is necessary
to thwart the birds) and amongst a number of tortrices sitting in the
funnel was one whose shape looked unusual. I boxed it, and on looking
at it in the house, found it was a perfect male aeriferana. So far as
IT am aware, this is the first Essex record, but the interesting feature
of the capture is that I know of no larches in this district. There are
probably a few in gardens somewhere in the town, though certainly
none in this immediate neighbourhood, but the nearest plantation of
which I am aware is sixteen miles away, near Danbury. There was a
south wind blowing at the time, and I suspect that it came, like the
Phycita semirubella Scop. taken in 1958 by Mr. Dewick and myself,
from Kent.

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA silt

The movements of these apparently sedentary insects interest me
more and more. On the night of 21-22 June, there came to the trap
a specimen of the large pale buff male of the salt marsh race of Tortrix
viburnana Fabr. This was accompanied by two Phalonia affinitana
Doug. and one Agdistis bennetti Curt. I take two or three specimens of
the last two species in the trap every year, though the nearest piece of
salt marsh is nearly three miles as the crow flies.

This very large race of viburnana, whose larva is a general feeder
on salt marsh plants such as Aster tripolium and Artemisia maritima
is not mentioned in Barrett’s account of the species, but is the subject
of a note nm ‘Tutt’s “Practical Hints’ (Il. 59) where it is
suggested that it is probably quite distinct from the moorland viburnana.
Apparently no one did anything to settle this until 1922, when I took
a number on the Iwade saltings near Sittingbourne, I sent some of
these to Sheldon, who insisted they were a large dark race of I.
paleana Hiibn. These were, of course, all males. I did not agree,
so I sent them to Pierce, who dissected them and proved they were
viburnana. In the following year I bred the female, which is very
large, with pointed reddish-brown wings, and totally unlike that of
paleana.

Evetria purdeyi Durr. A neighbour recently asked me to look over
a cabinet of micros that he had purchased ten years ago. He bought
the cabinet to contain a collection of horse brasses, but when he got it
home, he was so struck by the beauty and arrangement of the specimens
that he kept the collection intact. Unfortunately, none are labelled,
but I was most interested to find a very long series of purdeyi labelled
“Bifasciana Haw.’’. This series had obviously been collected from year
to year, and although the last ones were on black pins, the earlier were
on the rather large-headed white pins in vogue about 1870-1880. This
is, of course, long before the moth was described by Durrant, but other
evidence goes to show that purdeyi had been an inhabitant of this
country long before it was differentiated. Tutt, ‘‘Practical Hints’’
(I. 40) says that blossoms of fir (Pinus sylvestris) should be
collected in early June for larvae of Retinia sylvestrana. The larva of
Evetria (Retinia) sylvestrana Curt., in my experience, feeds only in
the bud, and I have personally never found it in those of P. sylvestris.
The larva referred to can only be that of purdeyi, which feeds on blooms
of P. sylvestris and P. austriaca. Tutt was not alone in this error,
however, as in 1922, when I bred purdeyi from blossoms of Scotch fir
and referred it to Meyrick (the moth is not in Barrett), he named it
sylvestrana. A few years later the late Robert Adkin sent me a specimen
of the true sylvestrana and on my telling him of the difference between
it and my own specimens, he sent me a purdeyi, which solved the
mystery.

The Cat’s Whiskers. I find to my annoyance that I am at last
beginning to run short of the very thin tough tracing paper I use for
braces in setting. After the First World War, I had some difficulty
in obtaining this, and when a supply came on the market, I bought
in 1921 enough, I thought, to last for the rest of my life. I cut this into
good sized sheets which I placed between the leaves of ‘‘Barrett’’, an
admirable book for this purpose, and when I go on a collecting trip, I
subdivide some of these into smaller pieces that will fit into a more
portable work; since the last war, it has always been my copy of
Donovan’s ‘‘Macrolepidoptera of Ireland’’.

152 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VII1I/1961

Many collectors have different ways of setting, and perhaps the
oddest I remember was J. W. Metcalfe’s. Metcalfe’s micros were
always beautifully set, and his method was to take a cat’s bristle,
set in a piece of cork fixed to a pin, and place it across the wings. It
was elastic enough to hold them in place and covered only a small
portion of the wing expanse. When the wings were in position, he
covered them almost entirely with paper braces and removed the
bristles. I asked him how on earth he got the bristles and he told me
the following story. The Metcalfe cat departed this life and its remains
were buried in the garden. Metcalfe considered this a shocking waste of
good material, so that afternoon, when the family had gone out, he
dug up the dear deceased, pulled out its whiskers, and re-interred it.
The proceeds of this Spilsburyism lasted him the rest of his life.

65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.

As a young man [ brought some micros to the late Jchn Hartley
Durrant, at the Natural History Museum, for determination, and he
rated me very thoroughly for the bad setting, he demonstrated this
bristle method, and told me that he would have me thrown out if I
brought him such badly set material again. I must say it was a very
pleasant method to employ, but somehow I dropped it later on, pos-
sibly having the time factor in mind, and I do not seem to have resumed
now that I set fewer insects. I must try again.—Hp.

Notes on Neps. No. II.

By A. G. CARoLSFELD-KRAUSE

On Stigmella ‘‘gratiosella’ in Great Britain: In Great Britain, the
nomenclator of ‘‘gratiosella’’ is most often considered to be Zeller,
while the continental lepidopterists have long ago rejected Zeller and
consider Stainton as the nomenclator. Neither Zeller nor Stainton is,
however, the original nomenclator, but Duponchel, for as early as 1842
he published the name ‘‘gratiosella’’ in Hist. Naturel. d. Lepidopt. ow
Pupillon d. France, par M. J.-B. Godart, continue par M.P-A-J.
Duponchel, Suppl aux Tomes Quatrieme et suwant. Paris 1842. and
depicts the ¢ and @ in Duponchel, Lepidopt. Planches, tom. 4, Suppl.
1845, Pl. UXXVII, Figs. 4 and 5 (no title page).

Duponchel’s description is based on Fischer von Roeslerstamm in
litt., but he does not quote F.v.R’s. MS. This is done, however, by
Zeller in Linnaea Entomologica III, 1848, while Stainton in Syst. Catal.
of British Tineidae and Pterophoridae, p. 29, 1849, confines himself to
a quotation of Duponchel, 1842, l.c. From this it will appear that
all three authors have F.v.R. as their source of the name ‘‘gratiosella’’
and that the names of Zeller and Stainton are homonyma and not valid,
so Duponchel is the nomeclator of the species, the name of which will
be Stigmella (Stigmella) gratiosella Dup. 1842.

So far no problems appear concerning the nomenclature of ‘‘gratio-
sella’, but attention was called to the fact that Zeller, 1848, l.c. says:
‘Diese art méchte am besten die Hiibnerella Hb. 236, darstellen.”’ and
on the authority of Zeller the name of our species was altered by
continental lepidopterists, and Hiibner considered to be the nomencla-
tor. At first sight this decision seems to be untenable, but it is never-
theless quite correct, which will be made clear by a close study of the
said text. As previously mentioned, Zeller quotes the MS. of F.v.R.,
and he does it obviously fully, but adding his own remarks all over the

NOTES ON NEPS 153

MS. A careful reading shows, however, that Zeller’s remarks are placed
in brackets, and this is the said sentence concerning Hiibnerella, not in
brackets, so it must belong to F.v.R’s original MS., and then the
alteration must be considered valid, and the name of our old ‘‘gratio-
sella’? must be changed to Stigmella (Stigmella) hybnerella Hiibn. 1796.
As it does not appear from Hiibner’s text that he has named the species
in honour of himself, the spelling hubnerella is not legal.

It is rather funny that it must have escaped the attention of many
British lepidopterists that those who were the first to draw attention
to the synonymy mentioned here were the British lepidopterists T.
Bainbrigge Fletcher and C. G. Clutterbuck in ‘‘Wicrolemdoptera of
Gloucestershire, VIL’ p. 59, in Proceedings of Cotteswold Club, 28 (2):
58-66, 1943.

This was one side of the matter, the next being that Wood, unfor-
tunately, made a mess of what was to be understood by the name
‘“‘gratiosella’”’, vide E.M.M., XXX: 47. Due to the fact that he was
obviously not aware of the close likeness between the mines of ‘“‘gratio-
sella’? and Stigmella (Nepticula) ignobilella Stt. he got the idea that
the imagines reared by him from yellow larvae on Crataegus, which
were neither Stigmella regiella H.S. 1855, nor Stigmella pygmaeella
Haw.. 1828, had to be Stigmella ignobilella Stt. 1849, so that ‘‘gratio-
sella’? as a species seemed doomed.

This mistake was excusable indeed as the only sure way to tell such
species apart is by an examination of the genitalia, and such an
examination could not be carried out at that time. I+ is quite incom-
prehensible, however, that Wood got the odd idea that ‘‘the
oxyacanthella-like larvae feeding in August’’ should be the larvae of
gratiosella in spite of the fact that Stainton expressly said that the
larva of ‘‘gratiosella’? was yellow and that it mined in September
and October. That even such an authority as Stainton could make a
slip in his memory is quite excusable, but the writer doubts very much
that he made two of them! This ought to have made Wood begin to
suspect his own judgment, as the larva he considered to be the ‘“‘gratio-
sella’? larva was green and further ‘‘is fed up and over at the end of
August’’. Examinations later on have also proved that Stainton was
right and that Wood was wrong. Even more incomprehensible is it,
however, that even the most recent British literature still sticks to
Wood’s wrong point of view, though continental lepidopterists have for
many years realised what was the true state of the facts. Now fair is
fair, there must be British papers, unfortunately unknown ‘to ‘the
writer, in which facts must have been put in their right place, as the
figures of genitalia of the species in question in Beirne, 1945 L.C.
(writer’s first note antea 132), figs. 28 and 58 are quite correct.

Now the question remains, to which species does Wood’s ‘‘gratiosella’’
belong? From Wood’s own words and from Threlfall quoted by Wood,
the ovum is preferably placed on the stalk of the leaf, the mine looks
like a small oxyacanthella. mine with brown frass in arcs, and the bluish
green larva feeds in July and August. From these facts, there is only
one species in question, viz., Stigmella (Stigmella) crataegella Klim.
1936, published in Stettiner ent. Zeitung, 97: 200, which species, though
an old inhabitant of the British Isles, has to be entered into the lists as
a species new to Great Britain.

Slotsherrens Have 97, Copenhagen Vanlgse, Denmark. 20.vi.1961.

154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIII/1961

A Mercury Vapour Trap at Bishop’s Stortford
By Cuirrorp CRrAUFURD

Looking through my records for the past nine years, I noted the
number of singletons captured in the trap, many of which must have
flown a long distance.

On 20th May this year Aspitates ochrearia Rossi appeared. I have
taken or seen this insect at Southbourne Hants, Amberley Surrey, at
Fulbourne and Fleam Dyke and at Tuddenham and Eriswell in the
Breck. I know it occurs at Royston, 19 miles from Bishop’s Stortford,
and the Breck is 42 miles away. I do not know of its occurrence nearer
than Royston or Fleam Dyke, but I am not acquainted with much of
the country in between.

On 30th September 1960, Leucania albipuncta Schiff. arrived and 1
had it identified at the South London Exhibition meeting. It is a
south coast insect, I believe.

On 9th July 1956, there was a Bomolocha crassalis Treits. I know
this occurs in the ornamental Drive in the New Forest, but though I
searched there for it, I was unlucky, and the one in the trap is the
first I have seen. I understood several were taken near Birmingham
that year and there may have been an immigration.

Procus literosa Haw. was captured on 8th August 1959. It occurs
on the Breck. Hyloicus pinastri L., on 9th July 1956, is also a Breck
insect and can be taken at Dunwich and Aldborough. There was one
Kurois occulta L. on 6th August 1955. I believe a few occulta were
taken in the south that year.

Lygephila pastinum Treits., on 21st July 1955, must have flown a
fair distance as it occurs on Newmarket race course, but there may be
localities for the insect nearer Bishop’s Stortford.

On 27th May 1955 I obtained Boarmia roboraria Schiff. and the
nearest locality I know is Watton at Stone, about 20 miles from here.
When I was a boy it was very common on the oak tree trunks in the
New Forest. Perhaps it is still common there.

Amathes glareosa Hsp. occurred on 14th September 1958. It was
fairly common at sugar at Aviemore in 1957 and was taken at the
Breck in September 1958 about four days before the one flew into
my trap.

The remaining singletons are Cosymbia annulata Schulze on 14th
May 1956, C. albipunctata Hufn. on 3lst May 1959, Colocasia coryli J..
on Ist May 1955, Oossus cossus L. on 22nd July 1954, Lophoptery«
cucullina Schiff. on 16th July 1957, Nothopteryx polycommata Schitt.
on 29th August 1955, Amathes stigmatica Hiibn. on 3rd August 1953.
and Philereme transversata Hufn. on August 9th 1956.

I have seen annulata in Sussex, and albipuncta and coryli at Avie-
more. Cossus larvae used to be very common here. Cucullina is a
scarce insect in our neighbourhood. The other insects I am not
acquainted with elsewhere.

Harty APPEARANCE OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L.—Mr. Bretherton
in hig interesting article (antea 80), mentions the earliest appearance
of this species as 22nd April in 1957. <A specimen was taken at Box
Hill on 16th April this year by Mr. Alan Price at mercury vapour light.
Another early record was Alsophila aescularia Schiff. which I took off
a fence at Kingston this year on 24th January.—I*’. R. Surron, 20
Lyford Road, Wandsworth 8.W.18. 24.iv.1961.

OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. (LEP.) 155

Opisthograptis luteolata L., (Lep.) : Some Notes and
Amendments referable to the Two Previous Papers
(Ent. Rec. 73 : 97-103 and 103-110)

By P. A. Desmonp Lanetres, F.R.E.S.

Errata.

I. In the proof for the previous paper but one on the species (Ent.
Rec., 73: 97-103), the year 1956 in the Kincraig table of results on page
99 contained two ‘17 June’’ date entries, the later of which should
have been ‘27 June’. The correction indicated was misunderstood
however, and applied to the earlier date, so introducing a second error.

It would therefore be appreciated if the following corrections were
applied for 1956:

for: ‘27 June 1” read: ‘17 June 1’’,
and for: ‘17 June 2’’ read: “27 June 2’’.

If. In the previous paper (Hnt. Rec., 73: 103-110), the second last
paragraph requires correction. The word ‘‘close’’ should be substituted
for the word ‘‘start’’ in the two places in which it occurs, the para-
graph then reading as follows:

“The expansion and generally later close of the recorded flight-
period when there is to be no second brood (1956-57), and considerable
contraction and generally earlier close of the first flight-periods when
there is (1958-59), was formerly discussed and is clear from the graphs’’.

First Mean Appearance Dates and Latitudinal and Biotopic Differences.

It will be recalled that the mean dates of first appearance of the
species on the wing in three localities were given as:
Kincraig—June 1
Rothamstead—May 21
Ottershaw—May 7

The Kincraig mean first appearance was noted (in the earlier of
the last two papers, written before the Ottershaw records were seen),
to be only 11 days in retard of the mean for Rothamstead, despite the
5° 19’ latitudinal difference. The Ottershaw mean, however, puts the
Kincraig mean 25 days in retard for 5° 45’ difference approximately.

The difference between Rothamstead and Ottershaw in the latitudinal
sense is only about 30 miles or approximately 26’, yet in mean first
appearance of the species, it is 14 days. This might be accounted for
in part by biotopic differences between these two localities, but the
particular set of records on which the Rothamstead mean was based was
for a much smaller number of years than those from Ottershaw. It is
not inconceivable that a longer period of records from Rothamstead
might show an approach in the mean towards that for the Ottershaw
district.

Biotopic differences between Ottershaw and Kincraig are doubtless
exceedingly numerous and great. Mr. Bretherton sums up Ottershaw
as ‘‘a rather sheltered biotope on a light, well-drained soil, with pro-
bably almost minimum variations (at least for an inland locality)
between lower air-temperatures by day and by night’’. Climatically,
particularly with reference to temperature variation, this contrasts
strongly with Dr. C. B. Williams’ remarks concerning the Kincraig

156 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIIT/1961

biotope in recent correspondence. He states that ‘‘Kincraig had a very
extreme and severe climate—total temperature range in 5 years from
—6° F. up to 87°, and one day in June the temperature rose fiom
30° at day-break to 80° in the afternoon: 50° rise in about 10 hours.
The rainfall is low, only 30” per year, for such a mountainous district,
and this combined with (at least in the Kincraig area), a very light

soil, results in a frequent state of biological drought’’.

Trap-operation Period at Kincraig.

Dr. Williams has pointed out to the writer the importance of
emphasising the full continuity of the period through which trapping
was carried out at Kincraig. As this was not given as completely as
it might have been in the earlier paper (antea, 97-103), Dr. Williams’
relevant remarks are directly quoted here. Of trapping in general in
this district he states: ‘‘that—with the exception of the first six weeks
—my trap worked every night—winter and summer—so every blank
night means that no insect came to a trap that was alight’’.

Acknowledgment.

The writer is grateful to those who have supplied information con-
cerning the book previously mentioned (antea, 97): ‘‘A Few Nature
Notes’”’, by Dr. F. R. Elliston Wright of Braunton, Barnstaple, Devon.
Its stated first publication in 1926 and revision in 1932 being both
private and limited would suffice to account for its apparent absence
from some of the larger reference libraries.

A Family Key to the Pupae of the British
Trichoptera
By Autan Brinpie I'.R.E.S.

The taxonomy of the pupae of the caddis is usefully allied to that
of the larvae. In general the case making caddis larva, prior to
pupation, closes the ends of the case with added material and attaches
one or both ends of the case to some support in the water. Any
character, used to identify the larva, based on the type of case, is
therefore still applicable to the pupal stage.

The caddis larvae which are free living (Rhyacophila) or net-spinning
(Philopotamidae, Hydropsychidae, Polycentropidae) and the tube or
tunnel making Psychomyiidae, construct a stony or sandy case on some
underwater support, prior to pupation, but this is not complete ven-
trally, where the silken cocoon around the pupa rests directly against
the surface of the support.

This primary distinction of the case making, usually eruciform
larva using the larval case for pupation, and the non case-making,
campodeiform, larva making an incomplete case for pupation, holds
good generally, the more important exceptions, for identification pur-
poses, being mentioned below.

A FAMILY KEY TO THE PUPAE OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 157

GENERAL

Before closure of the case the larva may shorten it, by removing
the posterior end; this results in the pupal case being rather different
in appearance to that of the larva. In Athripsodes aterrimus, for
example, the larval case is tubular, curved, and tapered posteriorly,
whilst the pupal case is almost elliptical in shape, often occurring in
numbers together on stones in the water. This difference in shape is
accounted for by the shortening of the case and subsequent closure of
the ends. The closure of the case may be accomplished by means of
membranes across the ends, usually a little way inside (fig. 36) and
these membranes are perforated in various ways. In some
Phryganeidae and Limnephilidae the perforations are often of almost
uniform size and distributed over most of the surface (fig. 38), but in
some Sericostomatidae and Leptoceridae the perforations may be only
in the centre of the membrane, and sometimes consist of one slit-like
opening (fig. 39). The membranes at the anterior and at the posterior
ends may be differently constructed and the membranes can also be
supplemented by tufts of vegetable material drawn into the ends of the
case (fig. 40). In Odontocerum and other case-making larvae living in
stony streams the case may be closed by a piece of stone (fig. 37). In
the Hydroptilidae the cases may be fastened to the support by promi-
nent adhesive discs (fig. 35); otherwise the attachment is shorter but
similarly of secretion.

Once the case is attached to the support and the ends closed, the
larva undergoes an inactive stage, the prepupal stage, in which the
legs are drawn closely to the body, and which may last a few days only
or may in certain cases extend to several weeks.

The larvae which do not make a larval case but construct an in-
complete case for pupation, may make the case of comparatively large
pieces of stone, as in Rhyacophila, or the case may be of fine sandy
material, as in Tinodes. The Psychomyiidae may make their cases
inside the wider, later constructed part of their larval tunnel, The
genera Glossosoma and Agapetus (Rhyacophilidae), which as larvae
make a distinctive hemispherical stony case, use the case for pupation
after removing the ventral flattened side. This pupal case thus
corresponds with that of Rhyacophila. The pupae are enclosed in a
silken cocoon which may be substantial, yellow or brown, in the
Rhyacophilidae, or be finer and greyish in the Polycentropidae. In
the former family the cocoon is attached to the inside of the case only
by its posterior end; in the latter, and the other families of this section,
the cocoon is adherent to the inside of the case throughout. The pupal
case itself is fragile, and it is difficult to remove it from its support
without injuring the pupa inside, Lestage (1921) mentions that larvae of
Holocentropus (Polycentropidae) may make a pupal case consisting of
silk and pond-weed amongst which the larvae have been living,

The pupal stage lasts about two weeks or longer, depending on the
temperature. Most pupae lie in the case in the same position as that
held by the larvae, but sometimes the position is reversed. The pupa
is free and a general resemblance to the adult is at once apparent. The
pupal integument is usually colourless and loosely envelops the insect
so that the various parts of the adult can clearly be seen. The pupae

158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIIT/1961

which lie enclosed within a complete silken cocoon (Rhyacophilidae,
Philopotamidae, Hydroptilidae) le quietly, but in other families there
is an oscillation of the abdomen associated with respiration. The
perforated membranes or other materia] closing the case allows a cur-
rent of water to pass through the case, and the movement of the
abdomen, in a dorsal-lateral plane, maintains this current. The move-
ments also have the effect of keeping the membranes clear of silt and
other debris, which might impede the current of water, by the action
of the elaborate setae of the pupal labrum on the anterior membrane,
and by the processes or setae of the apex of the abdomen on the
posterior membrane.

The emergence of the pupa from the pupal case is accomplished by
means of the functional mandibles, by which the anterior membrane
or other material is removed. The pupa emerges from the case by
strong undulatory movements and swims through the water, the thick
fringe of setae on the mesothoracic legs assisting the action. The pupa
may swim directly to the water surface, the adult emerging and leaving
the pupal exuviae floating (Phryganea), or it may swim towards the
bank, and climb out of the water on the stem of a rush, or similar
support, for the final ecdysis (Limnephilus). |The emergence of the
adult is quickly accomplished the wings being expanded rapidly, but the
full colour may not be attained for some little time afterwards.

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS

Apart from the type of larval case, use is made of both pupal and
adult characters since the latter are usually readily seen through the
pupal integument. The pupal mandibles (figs. 1-20) are often
characteristic of a family, being strongly toothed only in the
Rhyacophilidae (fig. 15) and Philopotamidae (fig. 19), The mandibles
of the Hydropsychidae (fig. 17) possess less prominent teeth, In the
rest the teeth are very small or absent. In the Philopotamidae the
mandibles are sharply curved near the base, and a similar feature,
though not so marked, occurs in the MHydropsychidae. The
Psychomylidae (except Heonomus) (fig. 20), and the Odontoceridae (fig.
4) posses mandibles with a very narrow distal portion, but in the
latter species, at all events, the narrow part is often broken off during
emergence. The Polycentropidae have distinctive sabre-like mandibles
(fig. 16). In most species the mandibles are triangular, more or less
elongated, and often with a strongly broadened basal part. The
illustrations show the mandibles of certain genera, which, unless other-
wise stated, are taken as characteristic of that particular family; the
differences within a family are usually not great, e.g. all the
Rhyacophilidae have mandibles similar to, but not identical with,
Tthyacophila (fig. 15).

In the Phryganeidae, a dorsal process occurs on the posterior
border of the first abdominal segment projecting well over the second
(fig. 22), and Lestage (1921) gives this as a family characteristic, as
distinct from the tubercles present in the Limnephilidae (fig, 23). It
is not yet certain, however, that all the species of the Phryganeidae
possess this process, and the portion of the key which includes this
character should be used with this reservation in mind. The process
itself is often not very conspicuous.

A FAMILY KEY TO THE PUPAE OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 159

The apex of the abdomen is sometimes blunt, with two lobes (figs.
24, 28), or it may possess long narrow paired appendages (figs. 21, 25,
26, 27, 29, 34), the latter being associated with the respiratory move-
ments mentioned previously.

There appear to be other characters which could be used, but these
have not been studied fully, and are not employed in the key. Such
characters would include the pupal labrum, with its often elaborate
arrangement of setae, and the hook bearing plates on the abdomen.

Of the adult characters, that of the antennal length is useful in
separating the Hydroptilidae, which have very short antennae, and
also the Odontoceridae and Leptoceridae in which the antennae are
longer than the body. In these two families the tips of the antennae
are either curled near to the apex of the abdomen (fig. 29) or curled
round the apex of the abdomen (fig. 21).

The spines on the legs are used extensively in adult taxonomy and
can be used in the pupal stage; they are also useful in the determina-
tion of pupal exuviae together with such features as mandibles. The
spines are found on the tibiae and the spine formula is given as three
numbers, the first being the number of spines on the anterior tibiae;
the second the number on the median tibiae; the third the number on
the posterior tibiae. The spines may occur on the distal extremity cf
the tibiae or about the middle. The spine formula for Rhyacophila, for
example, is 3.4.4. (figs. 30-32).

The key should be used in conjuction with the larval key previously
published (Brindle, 1961), since some characters regarding the larval
cases are not repeated. The type of case and the habitats of the
families are useful aids to identification, and these have been given in
the larval key referred to.

Since the publication of the larval key I have been informed by Mr.
J. M. Edington of the Zoological Department, University of Durham,
that the larva of Chimarra marginata (Philopotamidae) has in fact
been described. He hopes to publish a key to species of the larvae of
the Philopotamidae and Polycentropidae in the near future. He also
kindly drew my attention to a third species of Wormatda
(Philopotamidae)—IV, mediana McLach. which Kimmins recognised in
19538 (Ann. Mag. nat, Hist, London (12) 6: 801-808).

A third species of Triaenodes (Leptoceridae)— T. simulans Tjeder,
was omitted from the check list of British Trichoptera in the larval
Key. This brings the total number of species to 193.

It has also been noted from larvae collected that occasional
Limnephilus larvae which construct a case of small pieces of stems ar-
ranged transversely, do so very regularly, and an almost square
section case results. The portion of the larval key concerned, p. 118,
couplet 10, may be amended by replacing ‘‘never quadrangular’’ with
“rarely quadrangular’’. The heads of the particular larvae concerned
display the distinctive Limnephilus pattern (fig. 38 in the larval key),
which alone distinguishes the genus.

A useful morphological paper on the pupae of British Trichoptera
is that of Hickin (1949) in which some comparative features are dis-
cussed. lLestage (1921) has been used extensively in the preparation
of the keys.

160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIIT/1961

There are actually two keys in the present paper:—the first is
intended for use when the case and pupa is obtained; the second is
intended for use when only the pupal exuviae is obtained.

The single terrestrial caddis, Enoicyla pusilla (Burm.), is not in-
cluded in the keys.

Key to Pupae

1. Pupae in a complete case, being the larval case which is attached
by one or both ends to some support, and with the openings partially

blocked with added material ..................cceccsecseccecsecsecescseceotsers 2
— Pupae in a stony or sandy case, hemi-ellipsoidal or elongated in
shape, not completely ventrally, fastened to some support ....... 12

2. Pupae small, 5 mm. in Agraylea, but usually 3 mm.; antennae very
short; spines 0.2.4. or 0.3.4.; no gills; cases of unusual shape,
greatly flattened or flask-shaped, etc., often attached to the sup-
port with prominent adhesive discs (fig. 35); mandibles with base
enlarged, and distal part either long and narrow or broad and
short (figs. 1, 2); anal appendages short .................. Hydroptilidae

— Pupae larger, 6 mm. or more; antennae longer, usually longer than
head and thorax; cases not greatly flattened or flask-shaped ...... 3

3. Antennae much longer than the body, the tips curled near to or
around apex of abdomen (figs. 21, 29); anal appendages long ...... 4

— Antennae shorter than body, the tips not curled near to or around
apex of abdomen; ana] appendages long or short ..................... 5

4. Mandibles longer or shorter, gradually narrowing towards tip (fig.
3) not prolonged into a narrow distal portion; tips of antennae
curled around apex of abdomen (fig. 21); spines 0.2.2., 1.2.2.,

OT DED I We eiwaetaniee Sacbotcete Meesen eee mea aT ecocet RECS EEE Leptoceridae

— Mandibles prolonged into a narrow distal portion (fig. 4); tips of
antennae curled near to apex of abdomen (fig. 29); spines
DALE syst bonss hen teste asmbinh eset tet anak biawaareraeta sais + asejtantrndeen seek Odontoceridae

5. Abdomen with broad dorsal process on posterior border of first
abdominal segment (fig. 22); anal appendages short; spines 2.4.4. ;

~ mandibles curved or straight with a strongly broadened basal part

(I BONY SB TALE GE IERIE, «i ALU RE EOE IB coe Phryganeidae
— Abdomen with small tubercules (fig. 23) or none; anal appendages
long, except in Lasiocephala (Lepidostomatinae) ................0-0+ 6

6. One or no spines on anterior tibiae; mandibles straight or curved,
distal part narrowed, basal part strongly broadened on internal
edge (figs. 6-8); anal appendages long, narrow, often diverging at
apex (fig. 34); cases of mineral or vegetable material (or snail
shells)icwaiaivaie.. bee. alieatdiadantiy as teietates Cale Sathana TIamnephilidae

— Two spines on anterior tibiae; mandibles usually of an elongated
triangular shape, not strongly broadened on basal part except
Brachycentrus (Brachycentrinae), or broadened on external edge
only (Beraeidae); cases of mineral material or secretion, not of
vegetable material ..)66)jo.ched aid Rateeebiuciet oe chee seen oe aoe eee a

7. Three spines on posterior tibiae (spines 2.3.3.); anal appendages
narrow, curved outwards (fig. 25); mandibles narrow distally,
strongly broadened basally on internal edge (fig. 9)............02eeeeeee

Sericostomatidae (Brachycentrinae)

Hil

13.

14,

15.

16.

A FAMILY KBY TO THE PUPAE OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 161

Four spines on posterior tibiae; mandibles not strongly broadened

basally\or, 1f-so;:on external edge: only \:2.i5s23c52:5..crennscoaseceerencs >: 8
Two spines on median tibiae; (spines 2.2.4.); cases tubular, smooth,
shghtly or moderately curved: ..........ssceeceenntecciase ase setabtbereeceereees 9
Four spines on median tibiae (spines 2.4.4.); cases not tubular
except Lasiocephala (Lepidostomatinae) .............cecseeceeeneeneee ees 10

Pupae 6 mm.; mandibles with narrow distal part and with base
strongly broadened on external edge (fig. 10); cases of mineral
material, very smooth, curved, tapered posteriorly; paired tibial
spines strongly asymmetrical ...............c...eseesessesseeeeees Beraeidae
Pupae 9 mm, or larger; mandibles elongated, not strongly
broadened at base; cases as Beraeidae but wider in proportion and
not curved so much, nor tapered posteriorly; paired tibial spines
EV AMMIMEWIPNCE! Losasoaocoepcoononoonene Sericostomatidae (Sericostomatinae)
Case characteristic, shield shaped; mandibles long, (fig. 12); anal
appendages narrow, closely approximated (fig. 26) ...... Molanmdae
Case not shield shaped; anal appendages narrow and _ widely
CNVe FCNMOMOL! SIMONE 0 fap ae cess siniss. cea « sei ss aa osihee serie eee eR CREE eens 11
Case characteristic, elliptical with larger stones arranged along
each side; mandibles broadly triangular (fig. 18); anal appendages
narrow, widely diverging (fig. 27) ...... Sericostomatidae (Goerinae)
Cases usually quadrangular; mandibles narrower (fig. 14); anal
appendages short and provided with a few (Crunoecia), or many,
long setae (fig. 24) ............... Sericostomatidae (Lepidostomatinae)
Pupae in a brown or yellowish strong cocoon which is almost free
in the pupal case, attached only by the posterior end; mandibles
with a few large teeth (fig. 15); spines 2.4.4., or 3.4.4 0.0.0.0...

Rhyacophilidae
Pupae enclosed in a greyish more delicate silken cocoon which is
fully adherent to the inside of the pupal case ..................0+20+- 13
Pan pares wath sort Sas.) saat. ce cciasmateaencan tencanaae seeemecoer be aceniaseeettananeee 14
Rulpaeswabhout, Gills. a. osc. cciseneaisacusis sama swsslesiesdenceasenast aaeeerGeeerls 15
Gills filiform, single (fig. 28); mandibles curved and narrow (fig. 16);
spines 3.4.4.; anal appendages short ..................66+ Polycentropidae

Gills filiform, in tufts; mandibles broader and with fairly
prominent teeth (fig. 17); spines 2.4.4.; anal appendages

MONT ee aac cee eco ce hoe c ore ne ee oc sue stat demo Gama clpis wane mein Hydropsychidae
Spines 3.4.4.; mandibles short, distal part triangular, basal part
extremely broad (fig. 18) ................0.00- Psychomyiudae (Ecnomus)
Spines 2.4.4. or 1.4.4., mandibles otherwise ...............cc..eeeeees 16
Mandibles narrow, almost parallel-sided with prominent teeth,
curved ‘sharply at! base (fig: 19)? f2eo sen. ccceeee Philopotamidae
Mandibles narrowly triangular, without prominent teeth, and
with a very narrow distal portion (fig. 20) ............ Psychomytidae

. (except Henomus)

Key to pupal exuviae

Anal appendages short and blunt (figs. 24, 28) ................ eee eee 2
Anal appendages long and narrow (figs. 21, 25, 26, 27, 29, 34) ..... 9
Pupae small, 5 mm. or less; antennae very short; spines 0.2.4. or
OR STA een ARB EN Sioa 0, a ciak Soin a acinus ciomonaieetre MaRS AUR CORRE ts Hydroptilidae
Pupae larger, 6 mm. or more; antennae as long as head and
thorax; spines 1.4.4.:.2:4.4. wor S.4:4. ccc .osteetihiees cleo deeecslescesinaas 3

162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIII/1961

3. Mandibles with apex produced into a narrow distal part (fig. 20);

Spies QA sash le ele cule cite beac taaaeia Pat «sea nape ae Psychomyudae
— Mandibles without the apex produced into a narrow distal
PAT bi ese sbawed cteseas deh buuleese entrap vine vee Reimmealeat de aaeces eilapeeepreet ep eterna 4
‘4. Mandibles with a few very prominent teeth ................cc000eeee es 5
— Mandibles with very small teeth or none ................ceecececeee en eeee 6
5. Mandibles curved sharply near base (fig. 19); spines 1.4.4., or
DiMA Via. eal cable obese Stth oe ieee ata smdnoseten eh sae as eaee Philovotamadue

— Mandibles not curved prose near base (fig. 15); spines 2.4.4.,
AAA Sciatic msaaie elswla trela esse stsieaeste sinus eae ER Eee ee EEE Phrvccneaa

6. Mandibles narrow, curved, sabre-like (fig. 16); spines 3.4.4. ...
Polycentropidae
= Wena ChOles mein “SeOMS IMSS bo aspecdosaqsoocueucposcaceaequnanachysoseogaeaceras 7
7. Mandibles not strongly broadened basally, triangular in shape
(fig. 14); spines 2.4.4. ......... Sericostomatidae (Lepidostomatinae)
— Mandibles strongly broadened basally ...................c:eceeeeeneeeeees 8
8. Mandibles with basal part almost quadrangular (fig. 18); spines
Oi id Ce ee ee REE Dae ooo ne noe oer Psychomyudae (Kcnomus)
— Mandibles with basal part triangular or rounded (fig. 5); spines
AA Me a ear nO athe SINAL Were Coorg lete nici seas a pase lucas efile ME tT OS ETO Phyrganeidae
9) Antennaeslongverstian: thembodiys «-recss-eesees discern ee eee ase eee eee 10
—-,, Antennae shorter than) thesbod yp een ce.er saree eteeeseseens eee ree eee 11
TO}; WS tes ye ZA Ay ys ass hat hen heehee eaiile,, carclesesmena cee acute Odontoceridae
e+ (Somaya MOA pay AeA aye P21 eMe ) Sarre s ana nannaeuronesobedse dar 9c Leptoceridae

11. Mandibles with fairly prominent teeth (fig. 17); spines 2.4.4. ...
Hydropsychidae
— Mandibles without teeth or with very small ones ..................... 12
12. Mandibles strongly broadened basally .................0..cc0cecceeeeenees 13
— Mandibles not strongly broadened basally .....................ceeceee- 15

13. Anal appendages widely diverging (fig. 25); spines 2.3.3. .........
Sericostomatidae (Brachycentrinae)
— Anal appendages not widely diverging; spines other than
OA ha ie RR Sen ec ae RR a is act aM ME ia APR one AE kOe 14

14. Mandibles strongly broadened on internal edge (figs. 6-8); one or
TOM SOMME CaN NOUN TANlSNGV SD. GEdbo Nhosnosonoodb bepbenodbbcuadane Tnmnephilidae
— Mandibles strongly broadened on external edge (fig. 10); two spines
OM efront sUuloTae ric. cue cts awh oes Gok eeham ths san te ae de Se Beraeidae

15. Anal appendages widely diverging (fig. 27); mandibles broadly
triangular (fig. 13); spines 2.4.4. ...... Sericostomatidae (Goerinae)
— Anal appendages not widely diverging; mandibles narrow, almost
Parallel-Sid Cd yp scscsaess seecud dosent cccweleragaelydia as Baddeeeatens sope eee aces 16

LGiy SpIMEGy PI 4s occas secede seuldclect Sericostomatidae (Sericostomatinae)
SE UISPUMCSMe AN Or coc cong voile ve ct eechecesecce comencemee etionle Molannidae

REFERENCES.

Brindle, A. 1961. The Larval Taxonomy of the British Trichoptera, I—a Key to
. families. Hnt. Rec., 73: 114-125.
Hickin, N. E. 1949. The Pupae of the British Trichoptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc.
Lond., 100: 275-289.
Lestage, J. A. 1921. In Rousseau, Les larves et nymphes aquatiques des Insectes
d’Europe. Brussels.

COAAK
AGOEKE
MN AAG
CObd

Figs. 1-20.—Pupal mandibles of Trichoptera.

1. Tydroptila. 2, Orthotrichia. 3, Athripsodes. 4, Odontocerum. 5, Phryganea.

6, Limnephilus. 7, Tronoquia. 8, Stenophylax. 9, Brachycentrus. 10, Beraea.

11. Sericostoma. 12, Molanna. 13, Goera. 14, Lepidostoma. 15, Rhyacophila.

16, Polycentropus. 17, Hydropsyche. 18, Ecnomus. 19, Philopotamus. 20, Tinodes.
Figs. 1, 2, 7. 14, 18. after Lestage.,

PLATE V

38 39 40

Kies. 21-40. Pupae, cle., of Trichoptera.
21, Mystlacides, pupa, dorsal. 22. Phryganea, process, ist ab. seg. (dorsal. 23,
Limnephilus, tubercles, ist ab. seg. dorsal. 24, Lasiocephala, anal processes after
Lestage. 25, Brachycentrus, anal processes after Lestage. 26, Molanna, anal
processes. 27, Goera, anal processes. 28, Plectronemia, pupa, dorsal. 29,
Odontocerum, anal seginents, dorsal. 30, 31, 32, posterior, median, and anterior
leg, adult, Rhyacophila. 33, Rhyacophila, pupa and case, ventral. 34, Anabolia,
anal processes. 385, Agraylea, pupal case. 386, Sericostoma, anterior end of pupal
case. 37, Odontocerum, anterior end of pupal case. 88, Phryganea, anterior

membrane. 39, Sericostoma, anterior membrane. 40, Phryganea, pupal case.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 163

Notes and Observations

CosYMBIA PUPPILLARIA Htsn. in SoutH-East Essex.—A short time
ago Mr. David More of Hockley brought over a drawer of tortrices for
me to check. At one end were a few other insects including half a
dozen Cosymbias, amongst which I was rather surprised to see a
specimen of C. puppillaria, taken at light in his garden at Hockley on
May 28rd 1956. As it is well known that Mr. More with Messrs. R.
M. Mere and E. J. Hare went to Tresco in May 1957 on a search for
puppillaria, on which two females were taken (one by Mr. More) I
should point out that this was the first time he knowingly took the
insect, and was unaware that he had captured one in his own garden
the year before.

The Hockley puppillaria is quite a different form from the two
taken on Tresco the following year, They were in ground colour like
rather reddish specimens of C, linearia Hubn., whilst the Essex one is
of a rather dull reddish-brown. The history of the Tresco brood of
puppillaria is rather peculiar. One of the linearia form females laid a
quantity of eggs, from part of which Mr. More bred a number of
insects and obtained a pairing. He kindly gave me some of these eggs
and we each reared about a score of moths. All the F.I. generation
reared by Mr. More were of a pale sage green colour, quite unlike
any wild specimens I have seen from Britain, or like Blair’s Freshwater
specimens, one of which I have. I was rather surprised at this, as I
had always considered the reddish form as the dominant, but con-
fidently expected it to reappear in the F.2. However, all the F.2.
specimens reared by Mr. More and myself (between 30 and 40) were
again of the sage green kind. We were unable to carry the race any
further, but in the F.3. and F.4. broods reared by Messrs. F. H. Lees
and A. Kennard, reddish brown specimens like Mr. More’s Hssex one
appeared. So far as I know, no specimen like the original parent was
bred at all, although it is the commonest form in the Scillies. Blair’s
insects were pale heliotrope in colour.—H. C. Hucerns, 65 Eastwood
Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.

EvucosMoRPHA ALBERSANA Hitipn.—A TortRIcID NEW TO DERBYSHIRE.—-
While still sunny at 17.15 G.M.T. on 17th May 1961, after a difficult
chase through creeping bramble, bracken, rushes and heaps of charred
branches, on a cleared portion of Robin Wood in Stanton-by-Bridge
parish, six miles due south of Derby, I succeeded in boxing a rusty
bell-moth. It proved to be a fresh Hucosmorpha albersana Hiibn., a
species new to the county list. Its food-plant, honeysuckle abounds
throughout this 240-acre wood.—D. C. Hume, 1 Melton Avenue, Little-
over, Derby. 24.vi.61.

EPiIBLEMA FOENELLA L. A TorRtTRICID NEW TO DERBYSHIRE.—In 1958
Mr. W. Bilbie included Epiblema foenella L., without special comment,
in his annual full list of Lepidoptera taken in the Chesterfield area.
As this species was an addition to the Derbyshire catalogue I asked
him for further details. He kindly brought along a box of micros, in-
cluding five of this unmistakably-marked Tortricid, to a recent

164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/ VIII/1961

Derbyshire Entomological Society meeting. He told me that this
species is fairly common on the grassed-over pit tips known as the Clay
Cross Hills. The specimens from this locality that he showed me were
dated 9th and 19th July 1958, 5th July 1959, 3rd and 23rd July 1960.—
D. C. Hutmg, J Melton Avenue, Littleover, Derby. 24.v1.61.

STRYMONIDIA PRUNI L., in Oxfordshire-—With reference to Mr.
Bretherton’s letter (antea 126-7), from Professor Poulton’s note I was
led to believe that E.B.P. had made a personal discovery of pruni from
his enthusiastic reference to capturing this species ‘‘for the first time
in my lhfe’’ without any acknowledgment of his introduction ito it
through anyone else. As for the first discovery of the species in
Oxfordshire however, I had always accepted Mr. Bretherton’s state-
ment that the species was first discovered in the county by Mr. W. F.
Burrows, and was therefore, as I told him in my reply, both surprised
and sorry that he had read my statement as an ‘‘implied correction’’ of
his own, for this was never for a moment intended. As previously
stated (antea 96), I did not know the circumstances of KE. B. P.’s
introduction to the species locally, and indeed his postscript could not
have referred to any other than this particular occasion.

However, all is corrected now, and I am very pleased to see Mr.
Bretherton’s interesting account of this historic occasion in print. The
happy note might be added that the original captor, Mr. Burrows, is,
I understand from recent accounts, still flourishing in Oxford.—D.
LANKTREE, 13 Richmond Road, Oxford.

Noctuar IN 1961.—This season to date has been the worst I can
remember in more than sixty years collecting, the sallows which were
in flower so early seemed to have little attraction for moths, and the
most dilligent searching for larvae went wholly unrewarded. The
garden m.v. trap was equally poor in its captures in numbers, and
there was nothing of use unti] 19th May, when among a dozen or so
insects I found a fine and large example of Leucania vitellina Hibn.,
a 2 which I could not induce to lay. On 23rd May I ran down
to Kent, for the purpose of hunting up larvae of Zenobia subtusa
Schiff., a species that has always eluded me, but long searches among
poplar and aspen, at Tenterden, Ham St., Dungeness, Wye, and on the
way back round Hawkhurst and Heathfield, all places from which the
species has been recorded, produced no subtusa larvae. At Ham St.
the sallows were hardly at all eaten, the clean appearance of their
leaves being very noticeable, and although I did find a fair number of
Zenobia retusa L. larvae, they were far less plentiful than usually is
the case. The aspens were even less productive, Orthosia populetz Fab.
larvae really rare, and those of Brephos notha Hiibn. were less plenti-
ful than I had expected. I had intended to run the m.v. lamp at Wye
for Pachetra sagittigera Hufn. and did not inspect the Crown pit in
daylight, but the clear cold and moonlight night, deterred me from
trying, especially as I knew an attempt by others on the previous Mon-
day had been unsuccessful. I spent a whole day beating the wych elms
along the Hythe canal, but did not get a single larva of Cirrhia gilvago
Schiff., where I should expect to get as many as I could deal with in
a matter of 50 yards, nor did I get larvae of Tecla w-album Knoch, in

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 165

most years plentiful there. The date may have been on the late side
for both species, but I also got no Uosmia diffinis L. larvae, the real
object of this beating and the date was certainly not late for that
species.

I had previously spent a good deal of time round Pulborough looking
for larvae Apatura iris L., and well searched a dozen localities where
in the last thirty years I have found this larva without trouble, if I
really tried, but this year I could not even find the tracks of a single
larva. It is some years since I looked for it, but I do not think I have
forgotten how to find them, they are simply scarce this year. For the
last fortnight the number of moths in my trap has been very high with
an amazing number of the bigger species, especially the ‘‘hawks’’ but
there has appeared nothing of interest to me, only the common species
one expects to attract to light in June.

Yesterday (23rd June) I decided to test as to whether this shortage
of larvae also applied to the grass feeding species and swept a large
area on the Storrington downs, giving special attention to an area of
false oat grass, at a spot where Hremobia ochrolewca Schiff. larvae are
always plentiful in late June, but I could not find them this year,
although the area was as it has been this last thirty years, and the
grass in prime condition for the feeding larvae of that species—A. J.
Wicutman, The Spinney, Pulborough, Sussex.

Aw Otp Recorp or NEPHOPTERYX OBDUCTELLA ZELL.—In the ‘‘Record’’
(Antea, p. 89) Mr. H. C. Huggins gives a short history of this species
in England. The first capture being by Sydney Webb in August 1888
near Dover, and the second by W. Purdy in the Warren at Folkestone.
It was not recorded again until Mr. Daltry took it at Deal in 1926.
- About 25 years ago the late W. Fassnidge gave me a lot of duplicates
from the A. Sich collection. Among them I found a specimen of
obductella bearing a label ‘‘Folkestone 6.8.06’. I have no idea who
the captor was.—S. C. S. Brown, 454 Christchurch Road, Bourne-
mouth. 12.vi.61.

ANTHOCARIS CARDAMINES L. Two Years 1n Pupa.—In this magazine,
(73, 32-33), I reported the very late emergence of one pupa of A.
cardamines L. on 1st October 1960, from four larvae found in my
garden in 1959.

Though this late emergence of a pupa, kept partly indoors and
partly outdoors under near-normal conditions, was rare in itself, more
was to follow.

As the three remaining pupae were of normal colour and did not
appear to be dead, they were left in the outdoor cage and here they
remained over the 1960/1961 winter—the second winter to be passed
as. pupae,

All three emerged this April as follows :—

12/4/61 a female; with hindwings between the outer and anal angles
heavily scaled with black, forming a series of terminal radiations
3” long from the outer margin along each vein.
14/4/61 a normal male.
17/4/61 a normal female.
All were of normal size,

166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 73 15/VII1T/1961

It is perhaps appropriate here to mention that all pupae were kept
under normal outdoor conditions of temperature and humidity, except
during the summer of 1959 and the winter of 1959/60, when they were
kept indoors.

It would appear that, in this instance, the occurrence owes little or
nothing to environmental influence and, in view of the fact that all
four larvae, found close together in my garden, were presumably from
the same female, this prolongation of the passiphase period of the pupa
was probably the expression of a rare gene inherited from one or other
of the parents—presuming it is a dominant characteristic. It could be
that the female which laid the four eggs had herself passed two winters
in the pupa.

I imagine there can be but very few, if any, records of such delayed
emergence and would like to hear from any breeder who has: met with
similar irregularities in this species.—N. T. Easton, 146 Castle Hill,
Reading, Berks. 23.v1.61.

Hapena Compta Fasr. VAariEp CoronetT.—In Current Notes (antea
72:251) it was reported that I had obtained 79 pupae of H. compta
from the Sweet William flower heads in my garden. I gave away 48
pupae to friends and nearly all the remaining pupae have emerged as
compta. There are two exceptions, both of which are H. conspersa
Schiff. In his Larval Foodplants, Allan states that in confinement
conspersa larvae will eat Dianthus barbatus (sweet william) and this
is now confirmed in that the flower is eaten in the open garden. The
compta have been emerging between 30th May and 18th June and one
or two more should emerge.

This year I have had as yet only one compta in my mercury vapour
trap: it arrived on 10th June. Previously, the earliest date at the
trap was 5th June 1957, and the latest, lst August 1958. There was
one in 1956, one in 1957, two in 1958, eleven in 1959 and thirteen in
1960. The insect is therefore increasing in this district. I shall be
pleased if the friends to whom I gave compta pupae and who read these
notes will advise me whether any conspersa emerged among their
compta.—CuirrorD Craururp, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stort-
ford. 19.vi.1961.

Tue Location or Heit Coprrce.—In the May 1961, and earlier issues
of the Record, under the heading ‘‘Strymonidia pruni L. in Oxford-
shire’’, there is described the discovery of 'S. pruni at Hell Coppice in
1918. May I point out that Hell Coppice is in Buckinghamshire, as will
be seen from the current Ordnance Survey map. The county boundary in
fact runs along a road between Hell Coppice and Waterperry Wood.
Before this was pointed out to them, several entomologists of my ac-
quaintance had assigned to the wrong county, specimens of a wide
variety of insects taken at Hell Coppice and adjoining localities. How-
ever, patriotic Oxonians will rest secure in the knowledge that pruni
does occur in at least four separate localities in Oxfordshire, in three
of which I have observed it regularly, and sometimes in considerable
numbers, over the past thirteen years. Fortunately (for the survival
of the species) three of these localities seem to be little frequented by
entomologists, and in one of them pruni flies in company with S. w-
album IL., a circumstance which may have led to its being overlooked.—
R. G. Arttey, M.A., B.M., B.Ch., 91 Southmoor Road, Oxford.
10.vi.1961,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 167

ADDITIONS TO THE CANNA CoLuEction, May 1961.—The first half of
May was fine and warm, the latter part of the month miserably cold.
Catches in the mercury vapour trap included for the first time speci-
mens of Colocasia coryli Ib. and Abrostola triplasia L., the former a far
finer looking moth than that figured by South, the latter in very good
condition. Vanessa io L. has been much more in evidence this spring
than for a number of years, Pyrameis atalanta I. has been seen a
number of times and Nymphalis cardui I. and Plusia gumma L. ouce
each.—J. L. Campsexz, Isle of Canna, Scotland.

Kustroira Uncuia CLERCK IN SuRREY.—Whilst traversing the marshy
part of a heath at Worplesdon, Surrey, on 6th June I netted a specimen
of Kustrotia wnceula Clerck (the silver hook) in mint condition. This
very local little moth is stated by South to have been taken in Surrey
at Wisley, which, although in the same part of the county, is a number
of miles from Worplesdon.—E. E. Jouwson, Highfield House, Ports-
mouth Road, Guildford. 8.vi.1961.

Tyre CoLitections oF DRosopHritipaE (Diprera). 1 The Strobl Col-
lection, E. B. Basden. (Beitrdge zur Hntomologie 11: 160-224), 1961.

We are informed in the introduction that a series on the old type
collections of European Drosophilidae is planned. A high standard
is attained in this paper which is in English with brief summaries in
German and Russian. The terms used in the descriptions are defined
and illustrated with figures of the pteropleuron of Drosophila funebris
F. and Stegana stroblii Mik. Each of the 308 specimens are listed in
detail and also considered under each species where descriptions are
given with valuable comments based on the author’s studies of other
collections. Figures of the male and female genitalia are included of
Drosophila nigrosparsa Str., D. andalusiaca Str., D. nigricolor Str.,
D. unimaculata Str. and of the male Microdrosophila zetterstedti Wheel.
and female ovipositor of Drosophila oldenbergi Dud. and Scaptomyza
atlantica Hack.

One new species is added to the British List with the record, figure
and photograph of the wing of a specimen of Drosophila unimaculutu
Str. taken at Oswestry, Shrop., 5.ix.1936 by our old contributor Mr.
C. H. Wallace Pugh. There are several new synonyms proposed, in-
cluding changes in the British List. Protostegana curvipenis Fln.
becomes P. furta L., Drosophila forciputa Collin becomes D. andulusiacu
Strobl and Parascaptomyza disticha Duda becomes P. pallida Zett.

A new sub-genus is proposed, Lordiphosa, for the fenestrarum group
of Drosophila and the sub-generic characters are described. The
species included are fenestrarum Fln., variopicta Beck, andalusiacu
Strobl, hirsuta Duda, acuminata Collin and basdeni Wheel.

A useful annotated list of references is added. The two plates
show specimens of Strobl’s labels and the wings of D. andalusiaca and
unimaculata. Mr. Basden also gives a short biography of Strobl and
a history of the Strobl collection.—L. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands Avenue,
Thornton Heath, Surrey.

Limonia NuBEcULOSA Mg. (Dipt., Tipulidae) and its breeding
habitat.—The late P. A. Buxton, in his paper on flies reared from
fungi published Jan, 1961 in Hnt. mon. Mag. 96 (March 1960) on

168 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/VII1T/1961

p. 70 stated “From Clictocybe nebularis collected in November in
Gerrards Cross, one emerged in May, 1955; from Collybia velutipes
collected in December at Wendover, Bucks., one emerged in April, 1955.
It is difficult to interpret these specimens, reared from Agarics, having
regard to the large number of collections of hose fungi which have been
made. The fly is common and widely distributed. If its normal food
plant is a fungus, it may be some Agaric not yet investigated’’.

This species of Limonia has obviously adapted itself to various
breeding habitats and thus been able to become ‘common and widely
distributed.’

I found a pupa with the adult fly emerging, partly extruded from
a rotten log in Epping Forest, Essex, 25th August, 1946. Dr. C. P.
Alexander in ‘‘The Crane-Flies of New York’’, 1920, recorded the
larvae in humus beneath leaves and G. Crisp and Dr. Ll. Lloyd in ‘The
Community of Insects in a patch of Woodland Mud’ 1954, Trans, KR. ent,
Soc. Lond. 105 speak of the species breeding in the woodland mud.—
L. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

Current Literature

Spiders, Scorpions and Men, by Theodore H. Savory, M.A., F.Z.S.
University of London Press Ltd. 30/-. From time to time we have
been able to read in the entomological periodicals, fascinating accounts
of entomological studies in the early days of civilisation, through the
middle ages and up to the days of Carl Linnaeus and his immediate
successors. Such accounts are usually of a patchwork nature as one
would expect, having in mind the amount of matter covered in a
short article. Such accounts are always interesting, instructive and
entertaining. The book under consideration, however, is of a size
to permit of the subject being treated reasonably fully, and it is
divided into chapters dealing with all aspects of the science of
Arachnology; it is well organized, bringing us by stages from the days
of ancient Egypt and Greece, when both scientific study and super-
stition held sway, through the dark and middle ages when scientific
study declined almost to vanishing point, though superstition survived,
to the days of Linnaeus, when science showed signs of a vigourous
revival, and on to the present day in many countries. The matter is
well ordered and it is interesting throughout. The major portion deals
with the arachnologists of modern times in chapters covering
geographical areas, and also notable periods of time.

The plates cover a range of subjects from old prints of mythological
interest and of early conceptions of spiders to photographs of
arachnologists, with a series of drawings of spiders by B. Goater, and
outline maps with the geographical chapters, marking the home areas
of the various arachnologists mentioned.—S. N. A. J.

Lambillionia, 60, Nos. 9-10, October 1960. This number opens with
the obituary notice of Abel Dufrane, followed by a note by E. Janmoulle
adding Dichomeris limosellus Schlag. to the Belgian list. Dr. M.
Fontaine writes on the possibility of natural hybrids between Colias
hyale L. and C. australis Verity. J. P. Betz discusses the possibility

CURRENT LITERATURE 169

of Parnassius apollo L. occurring in the Ardennes, while L. Scarlet
continues his descriptions of the ova of Belgian lepidoptera. H. de
Laever notes some interesting captures in France and KH. Janmoulle
continues his notes on some new and little-known species in Belgium.—

S.N. A. J.

Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 45, 3-4 (April
1960). Otto Flick writes on Pyrausta palustralis Hbn., Leo Sheljuzhko
concludes a long article on the knowledge of the Pieris melete Men.
group, with half tone blocks of the upper and undersides and a synonomy
of the species concerned. Dr. Franz Kudernatsch notes a further
capture of Sedina buettneri Hg. in the Burgenland, while Hans Reisser
writes a long article on Hyphantria cunea Drury in Europe, known as
the American spinning bear, with a bibliography of 21 items.

5-6 (June 1960) opens with an article on Sidemia zollikoferri Frey.
in the Alps. Charles Boursin writes on Scotia (Agrotis) schawerdai
Byt.-Salz as a species new to Spain with a plate of imagines and of male
genitalia, and Joseph Soffner on species in his favourite Reisengebirge,
with a plate figuring Mvetria turionana Hb. var. mughiana Zell., five
figures of Crambus maculalis Zell., and one of C. permutatellus H.-S.,
and another giving genitalia of H. turionana var. mughiana, and C.
permutatellus. Klaus Sattler writes on the identity of Gelechia
trauniella Zell., 1868, and figures the genitalia.

7-10 (October 1960). Rudolf Pinker starts an article on new and
interesting lepidoptera of the Canaries with text figures; Walter Forster
continues his work on the genus Agrodiaetus Scudd. of the Lycaenidae
with six plates illustrating the species.

11 (November 1960) opens with an article on the variation of the
female of Pieris bryoniae O. with two plates and a text figure, and
Wolfgang Glasser writes on the first instar of Heterographis oblitellu
Zell., a species of considerable interest to British lepidopterists.

12 (December 1960) starts with an account of the international
Entomological Congress at Vienna, 17-25th August 1960, by Georg
Warnecke. Stanislaw Bleszynski writes on Crambus lithargyrellus var.
domariellus Rebel, and a new species from the Balkans, with a plate
and genitalia dissections. Jacques Aubert supplements his note on the
Geometrid genus Entephria with a plate. F. Kasy writes on three
new Acptilia species with a seven figure plate and genitalia dissections.
The volume finishes with a figure of the ‘‘Kongresinsekt’’, a new
Staphylinid beetle discovered during one of the outings.—S. N. A. J.

Western Butterflies, by Arthur C. Smith. Lane Book Company,
Menlo Park, California. $2.95. This is a book for juvenile beginners,
but it has the advantage of being written by a professor of biological
science, and is therefore one which handles the matter in an instructive
manner likely to sow fertile seed in the reader’s mind. It is illustrated
with watercolour sketches of the species shown in their favourite sur-
roundings, and are by Gene M. Christman. The first pages deal with
such matters as what a butterfly is, its general anatomy, its life-cycle,
and its behaviour. The following pages deal with eleven different
biotopes and the insects to be found in each, mentioning also insects
that are to be found everywhere. There follow notes on collecting,
raising larvae, setting, labelling, papering and elementary storage of

170 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/VII1/1961

specimens. With improving travel facilities, it may well be that some
of our young collectors may be making the journey, and this book
could well find a place in their armoury.—S. N. A. J.

Insect Sounds, by P. T. Haskell, Ph.D. H. F. & G. Witherby Ltd.,
London. 30/-. It is pointed out in the first chapter that while man
has noted the fact that insects produce sounds, over more than one
thousand years, and method and reason have been discussed on and
off throughout the years, it is only in the past twenty years or so
that real progress has been made. The present work now gives a
general picture of the results of the investigation of the phenomenon,
giving ample references to detailed papers at the end of each chapter.
It would seem to be the first time such a thing has been attempted,
and it is intended to offer suggestions as to the various lines that
could be taken by research workers. The development of tape-recording
techniques may be considered as the turning point in the study of the
production of sounds produced by insects, as they have brought within
the range of human hearing sounds made by insects hitherto un-
suspected of stridulation. The first chapter naturally serves as the
more conventional Introduction, and deals with definitions, problems
and the uses of various forms of apparatus. The second chapter deals
with the production of sounds and the third, the hearing by insects cf
these sounds. The fourth and fifth chapters deal with song and _ be-
haviour patterns associated with sound. Chapter six deals with physio-
logical aspects of acoustic behaviour, and Chapter seven puts sound
behaviour patterns into their place in the insect world. There are
many text figures of various stridulatory and auditory organs of insects,
and there are many half tone plates of sound wave films, and an
interesting film sequence shows the movement of the elytra of Hphippiger
bitterensis. This book should be a welcome addition to the library of
anyone, amateur or professional, interested in the study of any aspect
of insect sounds.—S. N. A. J.

Current Notes
ASKHAM BOG

By an exchange of letters the Nature Conservancy and the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Trust have entered into an informal agreement to conserve
Askham Bog. This famous area, near York, is a 100-acre remnant of a
swamp which must at one time have covered much of the Vale of York.
Now almost wholly covered by a thicket of Birch, Oak, and Alder, the
Bog illustrates the later stages in the succession from open fen to
woodland. The ground vegetation includes many bog and fen species
uncommon in Yorkshire, among them the rare Royal Fern. Associated
with this flora is a rich variety of insects, particularly beetles.

The land is partly owned and partly leased by the Yorkshire Natur-
alists’ Trust which manage it as a nature reserve. The Nature
Conservancy regard the Bog as of equal scientific importance with their
declared National Nature Reserves and are, therefore, equally concerned

CURRENT NOTES IAL

for its protection and conservation. At present it is managed success-
fully with due regard to the scientific interest and, accordingly, they
do not feel it necessary to acquire a direct interest in the Bog or to
declare it as a National Nature Reserve.

Askham Bog will continue to be managed by the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Trust, advice from the Nature Conservancy being available
when necessary. Wardening is in the hands of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Trust and permits to visit the site or undertake research there must
be obtained from the Chairman of the Management Committee: Mr. C. J.
Smith, 7 Malton Way, Clifton, York. The Nature Conservancy, 19 Bel-
grave Square, London, S.W.1. 17.vi.61.

AN APPEAL

The Entomologist’s Record is a non-profitmaking publication
produced by entomologists on behalf of entomologists. It can only keep
alive if the subscribers themselves send articles to the Editor covering
the particular subject on which they are working, or notes of general
mterest to readers. I have received criticism of the paucity of material
in the June issue, but the critics are not contributing anything them-
selves. JI wish to impress on subscribers that the ‘‘Record’’ is their
journal, and it is incumbent on them to use the journal to increase their
own and other people’s knowledge and pleasure.

Large numbers of subscribers use a mercury vapour trap, but com-
paratively few write to the journal regarding their unusual captures,
and I am sure nearly everyone with a trap obtains insects which are rare
in his district, and also notes in his records the increase or decrease of
certain insects. The decrease of insects is of great interest at the pre-
sent time when the poisonous spraying of plants and insects is increas-
ing. This year butterflies are very scarce in this district, sufficiently so
to cause comment from even my non-entomological friends.

A’ little help is worth a lot of criticism, so please send to the Hditor
an account of your holiday this year, and do not forget that many of your
fellow subscribers are general naturalists, interested in trees, plants,
birds and scenery which you may have seen. These holiday notes are of
great interest to other subscribers, and I am sure that in the past, notes
written on the subject of insects taken in the Breck district, the New
Forest, Aviemore or on the Broads have led to many collectors trying a
district new to them with enjoyable results.

I appeal to entomologists to write now their notes and observations
if only for the benefit of naturalists who come after us, as in a few years
time there will be very few butterflies or moths to write about as they
will have been sprayed out of existence.—CturrorpD CRavFuRD,
Treasurer. 29.v1.61.

I would like to thank those contributors who have come to the rescue
with matter for the present number, and I would beg them and all
our readers not to consider the matter as a passing crisis. No sooner
is one issue away to the printer than I have to think of getting to-
gether matter for the following number, so please remember, the
demand is always with us!—Ep.

172 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ VIIT/1961

Obituary

WatterR Doucias Hincks was born in Melton Mowbray in 1906,
the only child of Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Hincks, and moved to Leeds
whilst still in his ’teens. Entering the Leeds College of Pharmacy, he
took his M.P.S. final successfully at the early age of 21 and entered
the service of a large firm of Manufacturing Chemists in which he
rapidly rose to a position of responsibility.

Always interested in insects, Douglas joined the Leeds Naturalists’
Club and devoted his spare time as a boy to the study of all Orders of
insects, and the Coleoptera in particular were rapidly mastered.
Developing a close friendship with John R. Dibb, another enthusiast
of his own age, a decision was made to examine some little known group
of beetles and test their ability to undertake original research. The
Passalidae were chosen and letters were sent all over the world asking
for material. In a remarkably short time Hincks and Dibb issued a
fine series of papers that established them as the world authorities on
this hitherto little known family. In the meantime they amassed one
of the largest private collections of foreign beetles in Great Britain and
successfully determined a large proportion of the species in spite of the
limited library facilities at their disposal. A large section of these
vast collections was presented to Leeds Museum during the war and
only a few weeks later was largely destroyed during an air raid.

Simultaneously Hincks was mastering the Orthoptera, writing good
papers on the Chironomidae and other Diptera, investigating difficult
groups like the Cassidae and Halticine beetles and becoming ever more
attracted by the Hymenoptera Parasitica.

In 1932 he married Jessie, daughter of Dr. R. H. Hargrave, the
well-known Church organist of Leeds, and throughout his brilliant
career he enjoyed the understanding of his ambitions and the selfless
devotion of his wife, without whom his progress would have been greatly
handicapped.

By this time Hincks was building up his entomological library by
an interchange of papers with specialists throughout the world and by
purchase, at the same time receivirg large quantities of foreign insects
for determination from an ever-increasing circle of friends. A fellow
or member of many Societies, he later held office as President or Council
Member of the Yorkshire and the North Western Naturalists’ Unions,
to which he gave excellent service in every way, the Manchester
Entomological Society and several local Societies whose members all
benefitted from his help. A Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society
of London, in which he served a term of office as Vice-President;
President and Council Member of the Society for British Entomology,
and later a Member of the Council of the British Trust for Entomology
Ltd. Hincks played a most important réle in the organisations
devoted to the promotion of Entomological knowledge.

OBITUARY 173

It was at the 1939 Congress of the Society for British Entomology
that he met the writer for the first time, when the latter was exhibiting
the manuscript of a Check List of British Insects then in course of
preparation with a view to ultimate publication. In March 1942 he
wrote to say that he had just finished a work for the Musée de Belge
on Insects of the Belgian Congo and would like to volunteer to help
in the completion of the Check List which he regarded as a major
necessity. A meeting was arranged at Wilmslow, complete agreement
on all points was reached and the team of Kloet and Hincks came
into being. It was now possible to enlarge the scope and improve the
format of the intended work. The 24 volumes of manuscript were
completely rewritten and the work was published in December 1945.
It may here be stated that a second edition of this work was started
some twelve months ago but will not now be continued.

Whilst engaged upon the Check List, Hineks found time to arrange
the Entomological collections of the York Museum and to undertake
the difficult task of examining the contents of the crops of Rooks for the
Rook Survey carried out by James Fisher under the sponsorship of the
Agricultural Research Council. Each crop contained some undigested
fragments of insects, many of which had started to disintegrate or to lose
their finer detail, and it is doubtful whether any other entomologist
could have accomplished the excellent result that was handed over by
this great man.

Deeply interested in Mycology, in which his wife shared his
enthusiasm, and in Botany, Hincks now started in earnest to study the
Dermaptera—now separated from the Orthoptera as a separate Order.
In close touch with Dr. Malcolm Burr and other authorities, he realised
that here lay the greatest scope for research and a task that would
test to the utmost his skill as a systematist and taxonomist and
exercise his talent for the investigation of nomenclature and synonymy.
It is rare indeed to find a man capable of all these approaches, yet
Hincks was undoubtedly master of them all.

Inevitably the day arrived when his marked talents found the re-
cognition they so richly deserved, and in 1947 he abandoned pharmacy,
pulled up his roots in Leeds and moved to Stockport, having accepted
the appointment of Keeper of Entomology at the Manchester Museum.
Here was paradise in the form of work he had wanted all his life, a
vast array of collections of all Orders from all parts of the world, the
backing of the Manchester University and use of their magnificent
Library. With the aid of his assistant Stanley Shaw, and later Alan
Brindle, the rearrangement and combination of these collections was
commenced with the object of making the Museum’s Entomology Depart-
ment the finest reference and study centre in the North. In the
Coleoptera alone one might mention collections by Sidebotham, Kidson-
Taylor, Britten and Hincks! He also acquired for the Museum the
famous Spaeth world collection of Cassidae and the fine collections of
J. Ray-Hardy, R. W. Lloyd, and many others. The task was well under
way when he died and his followers will have little difficulty in
following his programme to completion.

174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/VII1T/1961

Walter Douglas Hincks obtained his Master and Doctor of Science
Degrees at the Manchester University in whose precincts so much of his
finest work was done, and was rapidly elected to the Fellowship of the
Museums Association.

Hincks was now able to attend International Congresses at which
he became a well-known figure, and a wealth of material flowed into the
Manchester Museum from all over the world. He wrote the Handbook
on the British Orthoptera for the Royal Entomological Society’s series,
and became Editor of the Catalogus Coleoptorum, published by Junk,
being engaged on this work until the end. Trips to Milan and elsewhere
to study types of Karwigs were all taken in his stride as he commenced
the four volume monograph of Dermaptera of the World. The first
two volumes were published by the British Museum and the third was
about half written when Hincks began to sicken with what was to be his
first and last illness. Gradually this wonderful entomologist was
brought to a halt. His intended translation and editing of the Spaeth
MSS. on Cassidae, his insect surveys of Spurn and Malham Tarn, his
W.E.A. Classes on Garden Insects, his papers on new Fairy Flies, his
discovery of thousands of species of insects new to science, his fight for
the preservation of Askham Bog and other Entomological preserves,
his interest in Mycology—shared by his wife—his botanical work and
all of his many other interests were to know him no more, and on 12th
July 1961 Hincks passed away after bearing with fortitude his fatal
illness at the very peak of his manhood and the apex of his outstandingly
brillant career.

The museums of the world lie enriched by the numerous insects in
their collections bearing the famous ‘Det. W. D. Hincks’ label, and the
burden of all entomologists has been eased by his many fine publications.
By the age of 54 he had become worthy of remembrance along with
John Curtis, James Francis Stephens, A. H. Haliday, W. F. Kirby,
W. J. Lucas and those others whose work has for all time stamped
them as England’s greatest Hntomologists.

On the 14th July, after a service at Mirfield Parish Church conducted
by his brother-in-law, the Rev. E. H. Hargrave, Vicar of Mirfield, he
was cremated at Lawnswood Crematorium, Leeds.

We shall not again know so great an entomologist, nor will the
writer ever know so great a friend. In extending our sympathy to his
wite let us publish our deep gratitude to her for the way in which she
smoothed the path of his endeavour, encouraged him and helped him,
and so bravely nursed him through the last few tragic months.

G. S. Kioer.

THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

A systematic work, in collaboration with the pest specialists of all Countries,
edited by
Prof. Dr. A. SEITZ

Every known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 10-14 colours

and described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English,

German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna
exotica.

Every volume may be had separately.

A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80

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CONTENTS

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF JZYGAENA HIPPOCREPIDIS HUBNER,
LEPIDOPTERA: ZYGAENIDAE. W. G. TREMEWAN ... ame
YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED. Major General C. G. LIPSCOMB, eine DS.O. cue
RECOLLECTIONS AND REALITIES. H. SYMES a SON
NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. C. HUGGINS, “FRES. ie
NOTES ON THE NEPS. No. Il. A. G. CAROLSFELD-KRAUSE ... . a
A MERCURY VAPOUR TRAP AT BISHOP’S STORTFORD. CLIFFORD
CRAUFURD coe nike
OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA if, (LEP): SOME ‘NOTES AND AMEND-
MENTS REFERABLE TO THE TWO PREVIOUS PAPERS (Ent. Rec.,
73: 97-103 and 103-110). P. A. DESMOND LANKTREH, F.R.E.S. ... 1
A FAMILY KEY TO THE PUPAE OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA. ALLAN es
BRINDLE, F.R.E.S. ae ut eee ash Bas aKe ie A Bae a
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ...
CURRENT LITERATURE ...
CURRENT NOTES
OBITUARY si l
SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KENT: ne CRITICAL pe
ACCOUNT. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT rahe ae ae ae Ee

TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS
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| iO as a aac NG

THE MOTHS >

OF THE BRITISH ISLES"
in Two Volumes

RICHARD SOUTH, F.B.ES.
Edited and revised by H. M. EDELSTEN, O.BE., F.RES.

FIRST SERIES: “Comprising the families Spingidae, Endrom da
Saturniidae, Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, Drepanidae, Lymantr dae
and Noctuidae.

SECOND SERIES: Comprising the families Lasiocampidae, Arctiidae, a
Geometridae, Cossidae, Limacodidae, Zygaenidae, Sesiidae SS
Hepialidae.

entirely revised and brought up to date, both in »
text and the illustrations.

The oppensunty, has been ec to make the fale Be

the species ani. ae and ceeauienall Sees
have also been included.

F.R.E.S. There eee ee full revisions made to the
many half-tones and text drawings. A completely new
General Index and also a Specific Index have bee

previded. ‘Technicalities have been avoided as far as
possible, the main object being to provide a guide to ~
identification of our moths, together with a simp
account of the whole or a part of their earlier stages.

Voiume 1: 98 pilates in full colour
58 plates in black-and-white

Volume 2: 68 plates in full cclour
70 plates in black-and-white

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175

The Canary Islands and Central Spain
(March to April 1961)
By C. G. M. pE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

All those who have had the opportunity to collect in the Canary
Islands should indeed be very indebted to Dr. Charles Goodall for his
excellent account (Hnt. Record., 73: 29) of his brief visit to Teneriffe
in October 1960. It is most unfortunate that apparently nothing has
appeared in our literature in recent times on the lepidoptera of these
delightful Islands, though they have had numerous visits from collectors.
The last really concise account seems to be that of G. H. Gurney (1928,
Entom., 64: 1 seq.), though there have been a few papers in intervening
years on their lepidoptera in foreign journals.

My object of giving an account of my recent visit is as a supplement
to that of Dr. Goodall, especially as I was able to spend appreciably
longer there and also to comment on some of Gurney’s remarks as
well as his nomenclature and descriptions of species. The last word
has by no means been said on the lepidoptera of this region, limited
though it might seem and modern methods, such as the use of mercury
vapour light, would no doubt add a great deal to the knowledge of the
insect fauna, as there must still be any number of species of moths yet
to be discovered there.

Setting out from London Airport on 28th March after a delay in
Madrid, our plane touched down on Teneriffe at 3 a.m. local time on
the 29th, and a 17-mile drive through the night along the coast landed
me at Puerto de la Cruz, which was also Dr. Goodall’s headquarters. He
has given a very good and detailed summary of the various zones on
this fine volcanic island dominated by the great peak of Mt. Teide.
During my fortnight’s stay on Teneriffe the weather was very warm and
with a very equable temperature of between 70° and 80° F. daily. As
is so often the case in these hot climates, the morning is the best
period for collecting, since the afternoons were often overcast.

I set out on the hunt early on the 29th, and it did not take me long
to find the spot mentioned by Dr. Goodall as the headquarters of
Danaus plexippus L. by the bridge taking the main road over the
Martianez Barranco. They were fluttering round their foodplant,
the Lantana, Asclepius cwvassavica, which did not grow more than
2 ft. high and had small orange flowers which were very attractive to
these fine insects, and a few days later on a sizeable patch of this
small shrub I found the larvae, all apparently of D. plexippus L., in
all sizes and subsequently bred several large specimens from them. This
spot by the bridge was my venue most mornings from about 10.30 to
12.30 p.m., when the sun was nearly always at its best. On each
occasion, D. plexippus L. was sailing in all directions on the edge cf
the barranco, and on the 31st they were accompanied by a few very
worn D. chrysippus L., but no larvae of these were forthcoming. They
are very similar to those of plexippus, but have extra thin extended
processes about the middle of the body. This small area alongside this
barranco yielded many other interesting butterflies. The local form of
Pieris rapae Li. was everywhere, while Pontia daplidice L. was skimming
at speed over some bare ground by the side of the main road. On
the 30th, Pararge xiphioides Staud. was flitting in shady spots on the

176 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1X/1961

edge of the banana plantations, while a fine patch of the local thistle
harboured several Pyrameis atalanta LL. and P. callirhoé Hbn. which
proved to be far the commoner of these two red admirals and was
later to be seen in most of the public gardens and also the well-known
Botanic Gardens a little way up the road from the Martianez barranco.

In a small garden with nasturtiums on the way to this favoured
spot I noticed some Pieris larvae crawling up a wall to pupate, and
also some pupae in situ which I eventually obtained and bred into
specimens of that grand insect Pieris cheiranthi Hbn. which can
virtually be regarded as a species separate from P. brassicae L. On
3rd April, I first saw the females of this impressive butterfly on the wing
in gardens at Puerto and also in the banana groves bordering the
Martianez barranco, but both sexes were commonest on the slopes of
the Taoro Hotel on the afternoon of the 7th. The other insect of
interest in this area was the small blue Zizera lysimon Hbn. which nearly
always seemed to hug the ground and was by no means easy to see or
catch. It could also be found on flowers in the public gardens. During
my fortnight I made several expeditions further afield, mainly by the
very good ’bus_ service. I went twice up the five mile tortuous road
to Orotava where the small allotments to the north of the town were a
good hunting ground. The afternoon of 29th March provided many fine
P. ciphioides Staud., while in a small corner where lupins and the
wild gladiolus were growing Lampides boeticus L. was flitting in numbers
in both sexes together with a few Z. lystmon Hbn. Colias croceus
Foure. was also much in evidence and there was an occasional P.
atalanta L. and P. cardwi L.

On a further visit to this spot on 3rd April I saw, in addition to
the above, species the first Adopaea christi Rebel, a small Skipper
referred to by Gurney as A. acteon Rott., but peculiar to these islands
and the only representative among the Hesperidae. The little Noctuid
Galgula partita Guen. was very active, as also was Hypena lividalis
Hbn., especially in bracken-covered areas. The afternoon of Ist April
I travelled the 26 miles by ’bus to Buenovista at the extreme western
tip of the Teneriffe. The journey along the northern coast skirted some
fine rugged scenery and also passed the town of Icod where the famous
dragon tree, reputed to be well over 1,000 years old, was clearly visible.
Buenovista itself is at the foot of some very wild-looking mountain
country, but the only butterflies seen in quantity were P. rapae L. and
P. daplidice L. On the 4th I made a still more extensive all-day
excursion to the highest part of the island. An excellent small ’bus
took eight of us up the winding mountain road, first through the fir
forest zone, then among the tree heaths where Hrica arborea was
just coming into bloom and it looked as if the bushes were covered with
snow, so white were the small flowers. About mid-day we reached the
entrance to the really volcanic area at over 8,000 ft. with the 12,000 ft.
peak of Mt. Teide towering in the background, a most awesome sight.
Our lunch-time halt was at the parador mentioned by Dr. Goodall, but
when the sun came out the only butterflies I saw at this altitude were
Pieris rapae L., Pyrameis atalanta L., P. cardwi L., and P. callirhoé
Hbn. A most careful search among the flowers in the small garden failed
to yield any of the Blue peculiar to the Islands, Cyclyrius webbianus
Brullé which he took in numbers at this spot the previous October,

THE CANARY ISLANDS AND CENTRAL SPAIN 177

though Rebel in 1898 mentions its occurrence at this high altitude where
the only leguminous foodplant seemed to be the large round broom
bushes in the vicinity with jagged landscape around reminding one of
almost a lunar vision. The return journey was made along the large
backbone of the island, a very impressive ridge at about 7,000 ft. from
which several of the surrounding islands were clearly visible. We made
a steady descent through the famous Esperanza Forest to La Laguna,
the old capital at the eastern end of Teneriffe, and then along the
20 miles of winding coast road back to Puerto in the evening.

On 8th April I travelled once more by ’bus to La Laguna, thence up
towards the Mercedes valley, a most attractive area with large down-
like hills at the more easterly portion which was covered with thick
fir and cedar forest.. While there I experienced the only shower of
rain during my whole sojourn in Teneriffe, but as soon as the skies
cleared butterflies appeared in plenty, in fact in one field of a white
crucifer I do not think I have ever seen so many Pieris rapae L.,
almost giving the appearance of dancing snowflakes. Lampides boeticus
L. was especially common in this locality among the everlasting peas, as
also was the large form of Heodes phloeas L., and I also caught a fine
female of Aricia cramera Eschsch., which Gurney calls A. medon, but
has more orange spotting. While I was in this field bordering the
road one cf a group of three men walking from the nearby small hotel
suddenly came towards me and asked in French if I was collecting
butterflies. He turned out to be Senor Ramon Morales, the leading
authority on the local lepidoptera. He said how sorry he was not
to have met me sooner so that he could have shown me some of the best
localities. However, he invited me to visit him and his colleague,
Senor Fernandez, in the capital, Santa Cruz, of 80,000 inhabitants,
where I went over to see them on the 10th, and they showed me a
representative collection of the butterflies and many of the moths of
Teneriffe. Before visiting them I surveyed the hilly country at the
back of the city, but once more P. daplidice was the chief inhabitant,
though the garden of the Pino de Oro Hotel harboured many P.
xiphioides, and I also found a small larva of Acherontia atropos I.
on asolanum bush. During my time on Teneriffe I had searched in vain
for the Brimstone, Gonepteryx cleobule Hbn., only known from this
and the small adjoining islands. On the 11th, when driving by ’bus
to the air port at La Laguna, I distinctly saw one flying alongside the
main road. Unfortunately, night work was rather impracticable during
my stay and the only moths I got were at the Monopol Hotel lights and
at rest. These included Plusia circumflexa L., P. limbirena Guen.,
and the Geometers Huphyia centrostrigaria Wollaston, Scopula
ochroleucaria H.-F. and the local form of Gymnoscelis puwmilata Hbn.

On the 11th, I flew in the small aircraft from La Laguna to Grand
Canary and travelled by ’bus the 15 miles from the airport there to
Las Palmas, the large capital with a population of nearly 200,000 which
stretches for some five miles along the coast to the famous harbour.
The countryside of this island was appreciably different from that of
Teneriffe, with a much lighter and not so black volcanic soil. Most of
the roads were lined with geraniums. Bougainevillea of every shade
was in abundance, but there was much less Opuntia than in Teneriffe
and apparently more tomatoes and sugar cane and not so many banana
groves.

178 ENTOMOLOGIS1’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1X/1961

On 12th April I took a ’bus from the city to Monte Arucas on
the eastern coast. This is a small mountain some 15 miles away from
Las Palmas which is reached by a spiral road. It was very warm when
I reached the top and walked down. The rugged slopes were alive
with butterflies, mainly Maniola jurtina L. f. fortwnata which may be
a separate species from the meadow brown as it is much larger with
very orange females. The little skipper, A. christi Rebel, was every-
where in plenty, as also was P. daplidice L. with a few Z. lysimon Hbn.
[ saw, but failed to secure one Pyrameis huntera Fab. and also did not
see the small form of Huchloé belemia Esp. which Mr. KE. S. Baynes had
found fairly commonly at this spot a few weeks earlier. The 13th,
I visited the area round the Santa Brigida hotel some seven miles
inland. In the flowery garden were several P. callirhoé Hbn., also
Colias croceus Foure. and Z. lysimon Hbn. in the vicinity. April 14th
was a glorious day, when with friends I went in a small ’bus to the
central area of the island. We wound through the hilly district
round barrancos till we reached Tejeda at some 5,000 ft., a most
impressive spot where it was possible to see not only most of the island,
but also the great peak of Teneriffe nearly 100 miles away. The whole
slopes were covered with two species of broom, making them look
quite golden. The chief butterflies at this altitude were as usual
P. daplidice L. and Colias croceus Foure. We stopped for lunch lower
down at Sante Mateo where the small skipper and meadow brown
were again well to the fore. My last outing on Grand Canary on the
15th took me further along the east coast to the area of Guia where Mr.
Baynes had taken C. webbianaus Brullé at the end of March, but again
this local insect failed to be forthcoming. All the same species as at
Monte Arucas were to be seen in most of the countryside, especially on
a large thistle patch which also harboured many P. cardwi L., but
P. xiphioides Staud. seemed much scarcer than on Teneriffe.

On the night of 16th April I flew back to Teneriffe and then on
direct to Madrid which I had not visited since 1930. On the 18th I
went by train the 25 miles south to Aranjuez, exactly 31 years after
my last trip there. I walked the 2 miles from the station along the
Seville road and soon came across the ground J had collected in so
many years before, looking hardly any different and still covered with
much sage and small ilex-like bushes. It was a very warm day and
a relief to be able to leave the busy main road and disappear among
the undulating country alive with lepidoptera, especially along the
bottoms of the small valleys. I was pleased to find all the species that
were there in 1930 (vide 1931, Hntom., 64: 83). As soon as I arrived
I noticed small Lycaenids flitting over the sage, some males being
bright blue and others, somewhat smaller with hardly any blue upperside.
It would seem that these were respectively two species of Turanana, 1’.
baton Bergst. f. albonotata and T. abencerragus Pierret f. amelia which
Capt. A. F. Hemming identified when I brought them home on my
earlier visit to this locality. In his very full and interesting paper on
this genus (1929, Entom., 62: 27 seq.) he mentions that Signor Querci
found these two insects flying together in 1928 at Cuenca. This form
of 7. baton has the normal orange spots absent on the underside of the
hindwing. The only other Lycaenids observed were Agrodiaetus cyllarus
Hbn. and what would appear to be Aricia cramera Eschsch. The
Pierines were much in evidence, in particular both sexes of Huchloé

A NOTE ON LOPHOSTETHUS DUMOLINI ANGAS (SPHINGIDAE) 179

euphenoides Staud. with an occasional H. ausonia Hbn. and many Pontia
daplidice L., while Thais rumina Hbn. f. castilana was sailing about
with some worn female Gonepteryx cleopatra LL. and several Colias
australis Berger. I paid a further visit to this delightful spot two days
later, on the 20th, but there was much less sun and it was only possible
to collect up to lunch time by which time I had seen all the species cf
the previous occasion with the addition of several Huchloé tagis Hbn. f.
castellana and Issoria lathonia L.

I flew home the next day well pleased with my three weeks in such
very attractive and warm surroundings for this early part of the year.

A Note on Lophostethus dumolini Angas
(Sphingidae)
By J. S. Taytor

In his “‘Insecta Transvaaliensia’”’ (1900-1911) W. L. Distant figured
the adult and gave an account of this large and magnificent hawkmoth ;
he also quoted the description of the larva by Fawcett in the Trans.
Zool. Soc. Londan, XV, 1901.

During his four years residence in Pretoria, Distant obtained only
two specimens of the adult, and it would seem that it is not often
come across. Some years ago, while domiciled at Fort Beaufort, C.P.,
I was presented with a very worn specimen, my only personal record
of the species until comparatively recently.

I was therefore much gratified when, on 13th January 1959, I
received a female moth from my friend C. J. Skead, then Director of
the Kaffrarian Museum, King William’s Town. This moth had been
obtained locally and, although dead on arrival in Port EKlizabeth, it
had deposited a number of eggs in its container. Some of the eggs
proved to be fertile and I was therefore enabled to follow the life-history
and to rear the insect from egg to adult.

Platt (1921) records the following host-plants for LZ. dwmolini:—
Grewia occidentalis (Tiliaceae); Hibiscus tiliaceus and H. pandurae-
formis (Malvaceae); Dombeya cymosa and D. rotundifolia (Sterculiaceae).
Fortunately Grewia occidentalis, a shrub-like bush, grows abundantly
near Port Elizabeth, and as the larvae readily accepted it there was
no difficulty in feeding them.

The following account of the life-history includes descriptions of
the various immature stages.

The egg. The egg is oval, about 3-5 mm. in length, reddish-brown,
and with the surface finely pitted. The incubation period occupied nine
days (January).

The larva. On hatching, the larva measures 7 to 9 mm. in length.
It is pale yellow at first but rapidly becomes orange, the long fleshy
processes on each segment turning black. Some of these are bifurcated
and many bear setae. The anal horn is longer than the other processes
and is also bifurcated. The head is black.

From this brief description of the newly-hatched larva it will be
be seen that it differs very considerably from the usual type of sphingid
larva. The differences become more marked in the later instars, and

180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 73 15/TX/1961

the full-grown larva has a decided superficial resemblance to that of. a
saturniid. The median anal horn is constant, however.

Distant (op. cit.) quotes Harrison Dyar (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington,
iv, 1901) who studied the larva of LZ. dumolini ‘‘with reference to the
supposed relationship of the Saturniidae and the Sphingidae’’ and who
concluded that this species ‘‘is a true Sphinx, not more nearly related
to the Ceratocampids than any other Sphinx, since it possesses true
Sphingid tubercles, [IV above V and before the spiracle, not united with
V as in all the Saturnian phylum. Functionally, indeed, it is a
Saturnian lke the African Saturnians, with thorn-like tubercles; but
the character is evidently adaptational, an irregular hypertrophy of the
tubercles superimposed on the phylogenetic characters of the
Sphingidae’’.

The full-grown larva measures some 112 mm. or 4% inches in length.
It is pale green and has a pair of long, thick and substantial shiny
black branched spines with pale yellow bases and basal areas situated
subdorsally on all segments from the second to the tenth. There is a
lateral yellow patch on each segment from the fifth to the tenth as
well as a lateral row of shorter spines from the second to the tenth
segment. There are three to four spines per segment in this lateral
row and five on the eleventh segment. These short lateral spines are
sharp and prickly to the touch. The first thoracic segment has a black
chitinized ridge narrowly divided and situated dorsally, while immedi-
ately behind it is a pair of short spines. The eleventh segment bears a
large median and branched spine—the anal horn—as well as lateral
spines; the anal shield and claspers are heavily chitinized and red,
bordered by black. The head is yellow broadly margined by black and
with a pair of black fascia in the centre, each with a small black spot
above. The thoracic legs are banded yellow and black, and the prolegs
are yellow with black extremities.

The larvae fed readily and well on the leaves of Grewia occidentalis,
and eighteen of the original twenty reached maturity. The larva :s
sluggish in its movements; there are six instars, and the total duration
of the larval period varied from 62 to 77 days, the average being 65
days. The first larva to enter the soil for pupation did so on 23rd
March and the last on 7th April.

The pupa. Pupation takes place in a fragile cocoon in the soil, ee
the pupa is black, measuring some 58 mm. in length. The snitowe is
finely lined and sraglentted, the indentations being more pronounced on
the anterior margin of the abdominal segments. It is shiny on the
thorax and dull elsewhere. There is a short and substantial cremaster,
the base of which has a knobbly appearance.

Of the seventeen larvae which pupated, only two died in the pupal
stage, one adult was deformed and the remainder were perfect specimens.
Peat was used as a medium for pupation; this had been slightly
dampened beforehand but soon became dry and remained in that
condition throughout. The pupae were not disturbed in the cages in
which they were contained and which were kept in an outdoors insectary.
The first emergence took place on 4th February 1960, and the last on
12th April of that year. The pupal period varied from 318 to 386 days,
the average being some 362 days. There was much difference in the
duration of the pupal period in individuals which as larvae had entered
the soil on the same date. Thus six larvae which entered the soil on

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERs« 181

23rd March 1959 produced five adults on the five following dates in
1960 :—4th February, 4th March, 7th March, 11th April, and 12th April.

The adult. According to Distant (op. cit.) the adult comes to light.
Tt is a magnificent creature and my largest specimen has a wing-spread
of 132 mm. or just over 5 inches.

Unlike so many sphingids, the proboscis in LZ. dwmolini is almost
vestigial, being short, thick and papilla-like although with a sharp tip.
The two halves are easily separable, and it is the same in both sexes.
A somewhat similar condition is known in Polyptychus, another genus of
Sphingidae, in which the proboscis has been reduced to a pair of short
tubercles.

An attempt to mate a pair of adults was unsuccessful and the female
died without laying any eggs.

REFERENCES.

Distant, W. L. 1900-1911 Insecta Transvaaliensia, i. London.
Platt, KE. E. 1921. Food Plants of South African Butterflies and Moths. S.A.
Jl. Nat. Hist., iii, 1: 65-138.

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hueeins, F.R.E.S.

Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher: At the beginning of July, thanks
to the kindness of Mr. E. S. A. Baynes, I had the pleasure of seeing a
number of this moth alive in his garden at Glenageary. I visited this
garden once before in 1953, but then the weather was unfavourable and
I only saw a couple. I was greatly impressed by one habit of the insect,
when disturbed instead of flying low like most plumes, it often rises
high in the air, and one or two, indeed, flew over the garden wall.

The mystery of this moth seems as far from solution as ever. So
far as I am aware, it has never been found beyond the Dublin district,
where it feeds on mossy saxifrages in gardens. The establishment of an
alien insect in a district so suited to this saxifrage is not an unlikely
event, but so far no one knows whence it came, and the saxifrage
is a garden one, not a native of Ireland. Moreover, the moth is a
little faddy in its tastes; Mr. Baynes tried the interesting experiment
of planting Saxifraga hypnoides L. from the Burren between two clumps
of the usual saxifrage infested by saxifragae, and as far as can be
seen, the plume has refused to have anything to do with it.

The movements of Tortrices: At the risk of becoming tedious, I must
again record two captures of Tortricids which must have come from
a distance. The first, at the end of June, was of Hulia formosana
Hiibn. by Mr. D. More in his light trap at Hockley. This is the first
record for south Essex, although Mr. A. J. Dewick has taken the moth
at Bradwell. The second, in my own garden trap on 25th July, was a
female Hucosma conterminana H.-S. I have long known conterminana
as an inhabitant of a locality seven miles away, but although, as the
moth is a favourite of mine, I always stir up any rough vegetation
containing wild lettuce that I come across, this is the first I have seen
elsewhere in thirty years.

Euzophera advenella Zinck.: This pretty little moth is one of the
latest victims of melanism. Last year I saw a couple of smudgy dusky
ones in my trap; this year one of every two is of this form (I see two
or three most nights).

182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1X/1961

Impressions of the New Forest in 1961 and Before
By H. Symrs

Col. Fraser’s article in the June ‘‘Record’’ (antea 127-31) makes
depressing reading, but the picture it presents is only too true. My
acquaintance with the New Forest does not go back as far as his, but
I did have one day collecting butterflies there as long ago as 1900,
when I remember taking a few worn Limenitis camilla L., and some very
fair Argynnis paphia L. and one perfect specimen of A. cydippe L. I
also remember that it was a very hot day and that I finished up by
drinking six cups of tea at Lyndhurst. However, most of my collect-
ing in the Forest was done in the 1930s, when camilla and paphia were
abundant in most of the enclosures.

On 7th July this year, I paid a visit with the Rev. F. M. B. Carr to
Islands Thorns enclosure, which, during the years before the war simply
swarmed with camilla and paphia. It was the best place I knew for
valesina, which was often comparatively plentiful. I believe that nigrina
sometimes occurred there, and I know that Aphantopus hyperanthus L.
var. lanceolata did (teste my friend the late Canon T. T. Haines in
litt.). I had not visited this enclosure for ten or twelve years, because
the last time I went there I found that all the ditches had been cleared
and the brambles which used to overhang them and whose flowers are
so attractive to camilla and paphia had all been cut away and their
roots smothered with an embankment of mud. This sight was so dis-
couraging that I decided to wait a few years to give things a chance
to recover, but this year the position was as bad as ever, and no
doubt the clearing process had been repeated. And what did we see in
Islands Thorns? One paphia and one camilla! I also found two larvae
and one pupa of Gonepteryx rhamni L. on alder buckthorn (Rhamnus
frangula). A. hyperanthus was plentiful enough, and so, of course,
was Maniola jurtina L., and we saw one or two A. cydippe. After
lunch, we proeeeded to Oakley enclosure, where we saw two paphia
but no camilla. The commonest butterfly here was Thymelicus sylvestris
Poda.

The extreme scarcity of paphia and camilla is most disturbing, and
it would be a tragedy indeed if they went the way of Apatura iris L.
and Nymphalis polychloros L., but if I may coin a word, the acconifera-
tion of the New Forest is proceeding so steadily (we heard the ominous
crash of oaks being felled at one end of Islands Thorns) that paphia
and camilla will soon be suffering from acute housing shortage. I have
found larvae of camilla on honeysuckle growing under a fringe of Scots
pines along the edge of an enclosure (and also in Pamber Forest, Berk-
shire) but neither honeysuckle nor violet will tolerate a plantation of
spruce.

Outside the enclosures, the situation is not so bad. A good deal
of heathland has been converted into grassland, but there is still plenty
left. In April, I found Celastrina argiolus L. less plentiful than in 1960.
In June, when I went to search for the larvae, I could not find any
holly trees with berries on them; apparently it is a very bad year for
them, and Christmas decorations will suffer. Larvae of argiolus are
said to eat the flowers and berries of dogwood (Cornus), alder buckthorn
(Rhamnus) and spindle tree (Huonymus), but if the eggs were laid on

IMPRESSIONS OF THE NEW FOREST IN 1961 AND BEFORE 183

holly, would the larvae be able to complete their growth on the young
leaves ?

On 24th May, I met Brigadier Warry at my favourite locality for
Hemaris tityus L., where our arrival was greeted by a buzzard sailing
in circles over one of the enclosures. Tityws was not quite so plentiful
as last year, and there were fewer suitable flowers to attract it: in
particular, louse-wort (Pedicularis sylvatica) was very stunted and hard
to see. On 5th June I paid another visit to this locality with the Rev.
F. M. B. Carr. A few tityus were still on the wing and we were sur-
prised to find Diacrisia sannio L. (males only) already out. On 15th
June, Mr. Carr and I visited a locality for Hustrotia uncula Cl. They
needed working for and were scarcer than they were in 1953, when I
last went there with the late Dr. H. King, but I doubt if they were
fully out, as the six specimens we took were all nice fresh ones. While
looking for uncula, I found a larva of Dasychira fascelina L. which had
just moulted and was resting on the top of the heather beside its old
skin, which made it quite conspicuous. It was the first time Mr. Carr
and I had ever come across this species in the New Forest, although we
had found the imago in considerable numbers at Ashley Heath, about
two miles west of Ringwood, in July 1945. Unfortunately, the larva
had been ‘‘stung’’ and developed the same symptoms as several larvae
found in recent years at Morden Heath.

Col. Fraser describes the disastrous effect which the replacement
of deciduous trees with plantations of conifers has had on the New
Forest flora. As a tragic instance of this, there is a patch of wild lily-
of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) which I have known for over twenty
years. It used to bear plenty of flowers, but now it is being gradually
stifled by the ubiquitous conifer, and when I went to look at it this
year I found plenty of leaves, but only three or four flowers, and these
but poor specimens. It is a shade-loving plant, but cannot abide
conifers, and in its search for more light it is spreading to an adjacent
grass track. Perhaps the greatest botanical rarity in the New Forest
is the wild gladiolus (G. illyricus). The largest and best known colony
is not far from the main A385 road, and just before the war I came
across two young botanists who had motored down from the Cotswolds
for the day to look at it. I was convinced that their intentions were
strictly honourable. I have previously found one or two odd plants in
flower in two other places, and this year I was delighted to find two
flowering among bracken in an entirely new locality.

Col. Fraser also refers to the former abundance of G. rhamni. I
have never seen such numbers of this species as during one late August
in the 1930s, when there were scores, perhaps hundreds, of them sitting
on the flowers of bell heather (Erica cinerea) along the side road leading
from Burley village past Burley Lawn to the Lyndhurst road. Just
before the war a determined onslaught was made on their food-plant
(Rhamnus frangula). One day I was talking to a group of gypsies
sitting round their fire near Rhinefield and cutting the stems (one can
hardly call them trunks) of this small tree into suitable lengths. They
were tied up neatly into trusses and loaded into carts for transporta-
tion. I saw one of the carts standing in the road close by full of these
trusses. The gypsies assured me that charcoal made from this species
of tree was particularly valuable in the making of munitions. How —

184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 73 15/1X/1961

much truth there was in this assertion I have no idea, but I certainly
saw R. frangula being cut down and carted away in many parts of the
Forest. It is not too easy to find, either, unless you are a G. rhamni.
In the spring, before the leaves are out, I have watched this insect
making her way unerringly through the undergrowth to an in-
conspicuous little bush and laying her eggs on it. However, in spite
of the wholesale destruction of their food-plant, I noticed plenty of

7. rhamni in the Forest this spring, and of R. frangula, too.

Again, Col. Fraser mentions the disappearance of sallow. <A few
months after I had noticed the onslaught on R. frangula, I saw sallow
bushes receiving similar treatment and presumably for the same reason.
T do not remember noticing a single sallow bush in Islands Thorns this
year. Another butterfly to which Col. Fraser refers is Polygonia
c-album I., which he saw in such abundance some twenty-five years
ago. This insect was, of course, almost unknown in the Forest before
1920. The first time I saw one in this area was at Highcliffe on 26th
September 1921. It was sipping the sap exuding from an oak tree.
But in the 1930s and ’40s it was common enough round Brockenhurst.
In 1944 I watched a female ovipositing on stinging nettles at Queen
Bower, and some weeks later, on 10th June, I found a few larvae on
those nettles. I also found a larva on a red-currant bush in a garden.
After the war, it was not uncommon in Bournemouth (where I once
found a larva under a small elm tree) and the Wareham district. It
regularly came to Buddleia in my garden, but less frequently during
the last two years. This year, after a glimpse of one on 1st March,
I did not see the species until 12th July, when one came to my
Buddleia. I saw it again on 18th and 19th July. There is no doubt
that c-albwm. is less common than it was a few years ago, but this can-
not be due to any scarcity of its food plants. There are plenty of wild
hops growing in the hedges and stinging nettles in the New Forest, and’
the planting of conifers cannot have had any effect on them.

Another once common butterfly that has greatly decreased in
numbers is Thecla quercus L. and mention of this species reminds me
of the oak trees on which the larvae of so many moths are found, and
of one moth in particular, Lymantria monacha LL. What has happened
to this species? Once so abundant, it is now seldom seen, and Mr. Carr
tells me that he has hardly beaten any larvae in recent years. Another
oak-feeder which has become scarcer recently is Moma alpiwm Osheck
(orion Esp.).

The best year I have known for larva beating in the New Forest
was 1934. In August I beat 38 larvae of orion (29 of them in one
enclosure), 15 Stawropus fagi L. and 7 Apoda avellana L. (Limacodes
testudo Schiff.). (The only time I ever beat a larva of Heterogenea
asella Schiff. was in 1933). In addition to these, I found a number of
other larvae by searching: these included Mimas tiliae Li. (on alder),
Smerinthus ocellatus L., Harpyia hermelina Goeze, H. furcula Cl. (ova),
Notodonta dromedarius L., Pterostoma palpina Cl., Tethea octogesima
Hb., 7. or Schiff., Apatele alni L., A. leporina (many) and A. mega-
cephala Schiff.

About this time I ran across a parson friend (who shall be name-
less) one morning just as he was setting out on a day’s beating. He
had no beating tray, but was accompanied by two sturdy young

IMPRESSIONS OF THE NEW FOREST IN 1961 AND BEFORE 185

parishioners armed with enormous kitchen trays, whom he stationed
under a tree with instructions to stand there holding out their trays,
while he belaboured the branches with a stout pole such as Hercules
might have used had he been an entomologist. I pitied the state of the
trees when he had finished with them, and the heads of his henchmen
if he made a bad shot.

Then there was Lithosia quadra LL, I am reliably informed that in one
night in July 1938 about a hundred quadra came to light at Ladycross,
and that, mind you, was in the days before the Mercury vapour light. In
June 1939 I found five nearly full grown larvae—handsome creatures—
on oak in this locality, but when the late J. L. Moore took me there
with his light one night in July, only one quadra came to the sheet,
and a poor specimen at that. I have not heard of quadra or orion
being seen in large numbers recently.

A day’s larva beating with the Rev. F. M. B. Carr in the New
Forest on 1st August showed up the difference between the state of
things in 1934 and to-day. We went to an enclosure where, about five
or six years ago (when the lean times had already begun) Mr. Carr and
a friend had obtained four orion larvae, three fagz and one alni. This
year he beat two orion, and I thought he was lucky to get even these,
as I doubt whether as many as twenty larvae fell into our two trays.
Even such common things as Dasychira pudibunda L. and Plagodis
dolabraria lL. were represented by only three or four specimens.
Incidentally we saw four paphia still on the wing.

No, as far as the New Forest is concerned, I am afraid that it is a
ease of Ichabod, or, if you prefer it ‘‘Fings aint what they used t’be’’.
A certain amount of change must be accepted as inevitable, and in his
interesting and informative article (antea 17-19) Mr. T. R. Peace
defended the policy of acconiferation. Incidentally, he said that it
encouraged the pine hawk (Hyloicus pinastri L.) and nun moth (L.
monacha). But in my experience H. pinastri and its larva are much
more commonly found on old and often stunted pines on open heath-
land than among the serried ranks in plantations. J have never found
the larva of monacha on anything but oak, although South gives pine
as a foodplant. However, if the species is encouraged by conifers, why
has it become so scarce? It would, of course, be grossly unfair to blame
conifers for the lack of butterflies in enclosures where hardwoods are
still standing, but there must be some reason for the disappearance of
paphia and camilla in the New Forest, especially as Mr. Nigel Easton
(antea 34) states that camilla was so abundant in south Berkshire in
1960. It would be interesting to hear whether it was equally plentiful
this year. One cause of the scarcity of these two species was suggested
by a Nature Conservancy officer whom Mr. Carr and I met. It is the
increasing number of fallow deer in the Forest. Control of their
population is becoming a real problem, and they are particularly plenti-
ful in Islands Thorns enclosure. Although one seldom comes across these
animals in the middle of the day, I saw two fawns in this enclosure on
7th July. These deer browse on anything they can find, which would
include honeysuckle, violet, and young brambles. Our informant said
that he had noticed that honeysuckle was not so plentiful as it used
to be. He also confirmed my belief that argiolus was scarcer than last
year, and that it was a very poor season for holly berries. Conifers he

186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von, 73 15/1TX/1961

dismissed as bad for ornithologists, entomologists and botanists, but
defended them as an economic necessity, and I think that that is about
the best that can be said for them.

June on the North Cornwall-Devon Coast
By Commander G. W. Harrer, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.S.

A Highland Lepidopterist is frequently tempted to plan his annual
holiday so as to feast his eyes on the rich southern insects which do
not occur in the far North, and this year I was more than usually
glad to succumb to the temptation owing to the very lean start to the
season in Scotland added to some earlier family health troubles. As
a result we managed to rendezvous on the 17th June at a delightful
farm close to the North Cornwall-Devon border and only a few hundred
yards from the sea. Our lively hopes were not appreciably damped by
being greeted by a typical West-country drizzle and sea mist!

Our first four days were a glorious cloudless heat-wave, and we
sought to satisfy our first hope by exploring the coast for likely spots
for Maculinea arion L., which I had only seen previously and very rarely
in its Cotswold haunts. Here on the coast there seemed to be a dis-
mayingly large increase in new young gorse growth, probably dating
from the virtual extinction of rabbits by Myxamitosis, and a correspond-
ing reduction in the amount of Thyme. Certainly our hopes sank as
the fine sunny days passed withoutseeing this lovely butterfly on the
wing, though we realized we might have been a little too early for
it in spite of an early season. However, on the fourth hot day, I
found two in a small valley and was astonished to find them worn, as
also did my son who found two more equally worn. Probably this was
the end of the first emergence, and sure enough we had to possess our
souls in patience until the 28th June, near the end of our stay before
we at last had the pleasure of seeing a few freshly emerged specimens
of this beautiful butterfly. We never saw more than a very few at any
one locality at any one time, and often none at all, so I hope that readers —
of this note will not resent a word of warning, and an appeal not to
over-collect, based on three observations; first, the natural habitats have
all here been considerably reduced in area by the encroachment of
gorse on the Thyme; secondly, the two ‘‘reserves’’ of which I was told,
that at Welcombe and at Speke’s Mill, seem scarcely effective; the
former no longer exists apparently, and the latter has no notices!
Thirdly, as I met no less than eight other ‘‘nets’’, I feel we should all
be careful!

It was most interesting also to see a great variety of other diurnal
insects, although for sheer beauty alone the memory of a fresh male
M. arion basking with wings outspread on a dwarf thistle is rivalled by
that of a brilliant green Rosechafer beetle feeding on a thyme covered
anthill, and these will last, I hope, for a very long time to come. We
were, however, unsuccessful in finding Aegeria muscaeformis Esp. which
we had hoped to do, but the Burnets were interesting. The trefoils and
other “low plants’’ of the cliff slopes were thick with last instar larvae
which could only have been those of Zygaena filipendulae L. which, as
Mr. W. G. Tremewan has recently pointed out in the Record, emerges

JUNE ON THE NORTH CORNWALL-DEVON COAST 187

in late July and August in the South and West of England. What then
were the five-spotted and six-spotted forms which were flying on the
sume ground all through our visit? The former, I suppose, must have
been Z. lonicerae ssp. transferens Verity, though to my inexperienced
eye they looked more like Z. trifolii ssp. palustrella Verity, except for
being very fresh. But Tremewan is of the opinion (Hnt. Itec., 13: 5,
page 110) that Z. filipendulae ssp. stephensi Dup. does not fly on the
saine ground as the normal later filipendulae, so perhaps these early
specimens were only an early spread of the type emergences. Certainly
some species of butterflies were emerging early; some specimens of
Argynnis aglaia L. were quite worn, and Melanargia galatea L. and
Aphantopus hyperantus L. were both well out by the end of June. I
would like to point out that in Scotland, where I have personally
collected Z. filipendulue in many localities in Argyll, western Inverness-
shire, the Hebrides, Moray and the East coast near Aberdeen, two facts
are established: first, emergence begins in mid-June and the species
is virtually over before the end of July; and secondly, the population
density of the ‘‘colonies’? is very much lower than in the South of
Ingland, so that I incline to the view that increased competition on
the foodplant plus the wider spread of the English Summer are
responsible for the later emergences in general there, rather than a
sub-specific difference, but I am quite open to be shot down by Mr.
Tremewan on this point!

Other interesting day-fliers seen were many Ochlodes venata Br. &
Grey, Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, beginning to emerge at the end of
the month, worn Pararge aegeria L., worn and fresh Polyommatus
icarus Rott. and Callophrys rubi L., and worn Lycaena phlaeas L.

Although some of the nights were chilly with a land breeze a fine
number of species were seen at the portable m.v. lamp, including five
Sphingids, and it was a rare pleasure after many years to be bombarded
by quantities of these great moths, S. ligustri L., S. ocellata L., and
D. elpenor L., being the most abundant. The light was worked mostly
on the cliffs in order to try for Agrotis trux Hb. ssp. lunigera Steph.
and Hadena barrettii Dbld., which was successful. The former were
plentiful, in splendid condition, and nicely variable, but what a dismal
moth is the latter, which I had not seen before. Not only were most
of them very worn, but even the fresh ones have an undistinguished
look which necessitated confirmation of my very tentative determina-
tion by M. W. H. Some very interesting yellowish and blackish
H. conspersa Schf. complicated this issue! One quite unexpected and
spectacular visitor on the cliff top was a fine, fresh female Apatele alni
L.! Other unlikely visitors to the m.v. light in such a situation were
several very fresh and lovely examples of the pale form of Stauwropus
fagi L., presumably strayed, like the A. alni, from the lush wooded
bottoms of the near-by valleys. But to me, perhaps the most in-
triguing experience of the cliff-top m.v. sheet was an intensification of
the Ammagrotis lucernea L. mystery. On the first night there I had
an extraordinary run of about a dozen very fresh examples of both sexes
which was not repeated on later good nights, nor were the males
seen flying by day as they do in Inverness-shire, where I cannot find
them at night!

Lastly, m.v. light worked in a valley bottom also produced some
good things among plenty of commoners. The most interesting, perhaps,

188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/1TX/1961

was the discovery that the local Procus was P. versicolor Bork. in
large numbers and fine variety, with apparently no P. strigilis Cl. A
few Mythimna turca L., some very worn, others fresh, were also seen,
and a few very fresh Leucania pudorina Schf. and L. putrescens Hb.
rejoiced our eyes.

Thus ended a most pleasant and successful entomological holiday.

Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, Scotland. 8.vii.1961.

Structural Characteristics of Erebia sudetica and

Erebia melampus
By B. C. S. Warren, F.R.E.S.

It is well-known that in the genus Hrebia the spines on the claspers
of the male genitalia develop in definite systems which are correlated
to the species, and further that such systems are unaffected by the
variation that is habitual in the sizes and numbers of the individual
spines. Evolution has worked on the collective results of that variation
without in any way restricting its activity. In this we have yet
another example that variability is an indestructable attribute of living
matter, as has been postulated in other connections (Warren, 1937;
Jordan, 1958). The taxonomic value of the systems is unquestionable,
and the variable nature of the spines a generic characteristic. In LE.
sudetica and EH. melampus the spines are very fine and the systems
consequently not readily observable without greater magnification than
is usually necessary when studying such structures. The photographs
of the genitalia given in my Monograph of the genus (1936), enable the
differences to be recognized though not as clearly as might be; this fact
led me when separating sudetica as distinct (1949), to say I hoped to
give better illustrations at a later date. During the past year several
correspondents have asked for information concerning LH. sudetica,
which reminds me I should have dealt with the matter long ago.

The photographs on the plate accompanying this note were taken
shortly after the publication of my original paper (1949), and can be
compared with the description then given. It may, however, be helpful
to point out here that in sudetica all the spines are distinctly
separated, even the very fine ones which develop as simple spines or
occasionally as united pairs, or triplets, which pairs or triplets are
separated from the spines on each side of them. AlII spines in sudetica,
of whatever size, are’ of heavier build than the corresponding spines
in melampus; in the latter the fine spines are mostly touching.

These characteristics are seen clearly in the more highly-magnified
photographs (figs. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10, all x 42 diameters), and can be
more or less observed in the photographs of the complete genitalia
(figs. 1, 2, 6, 7), which are magnified 18 diameters. The latter photo-
graphs serve to show the relative sizes of the structures in the two
species, and also to warn anyone who tries to identify them with no
more than the aid of a hand lens of high power (say x 10), of the
difficulty he may expect to encounter, for such magnification is con-
siderably less than our figures. These complete photographs may further
help in contrasting the relative proportions of the structures with those

VOL.

Rou)

PLATE V1

awe

al 4 ®.
oh ian awk F| ve A
ie y Ree hh Ay My
“ad Ibhrf ch. HA Y oa ys ( { oh

)
Petey ete
Te al

me
ee ages aed je

a : o
thks er bcthedl a feos rg tdi 24 micger nr ny
em ee —

138 sii a

| bi

antennae

’ STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EREBIA SUDETICA AND E. MELAMPUS 189

of widely remote species. With this object in view I have always
employed a uniform magnification of 18 diameters for such complete
photographs of the genitalia for all species of Rhopalocera that I may
be dealing with, regardless of the size of the insect; even if this has
necessitated cutting off parts of the photographs for purposes of
publication.

Though some details such as the spine systems in sudetica and
melampus require a little more magnification, high magnifications are
as a rule not required in entomological work (except for chromosomes),
and anything up to 500 diameters will usually be adequate. Such
magnifications can easily be obtained with low or medium-powered
objectives. All photographs are best taken at the actual magnification
required. If the resolving power of the objective is insufficient, and
the magnification of the original negative too low to show the finest
detail, it is obvious that no amount of subsequent enlargement of the
photograph will remedy these defects. The same of course applies to
drawings, but a more frequent defect in the latter is a strange tendency
to exaggerate fine detail. (or apparently any detail that has attracted
the attention of the drawer), disproportionately to the rest of the
work; this at times can be quite as misleading as insufficient clarity of
fine detail.

REFERENCES.

Jordan, K. 1958. Reminiscences of an Entomologist. Proc. Tenth Intr. Congress
Ent., 1: 59-61.

Warren, B. C. 8S. 1936. Monograph of the Genus Erebia.

———. 1937. On the evolution of subspecies as demonstrated by the alteration
of variability in the subspecies of the genus EHrebia. Jowrn. Linn. Soc.
Zool., 40: 305-323.

———, 1949. Three hitherto unrecognized European species of Hrebia. Enlom.,
82: 97-104.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

1; 2. Erebia sudelica inalpina; Grindelwald. x 18.

3. Erebia sudetica inalpina; Grindelwald. x 42.

4. Erebia sudetica sudetica. Retyezat Mountains. x 42.

5. Erebia sudetica lioranus. Le Lioran, Cantal. x 42.

6. Erebia sudetica lioranus. Le Lioran, Cantal. x 48.

7 Erebia melampus momos. Mallnitz, Carinthia. xX 18.

8. Hrebia melampus melampus. Pontresina, Grisons. X 42.

9. Erebia melampus momos. Mallnitz, Carinthia. x 42.

10. Hrebia melampus tigranes. Niesen, Bernese Oberland. x 42.

Each photograph from a different specimen.

RELEASE OF NyMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. In NortH Kent.—Late on Sunday
afternoon, 31st July, I released some fifty live N. antiopa on Hosey
Heath, near Westerham. I did not mark them as they were the
American sub-species, which is easily identified by the heavy dark
speckling on the yellow borders. From the behaviour of the few I
have kept in a cage at my home, it would appear that the insects
are preparing for hibernation already. As they were well fed on honey
and water for a fortnight before the release, I feel they have a good
chance of surviving the winter in an area which closely resembles their
natural habitat in Finland, where I first saw this butterfly alive more
than twenty years ago.—L. Hteu Newman, F.R.H.S., Betsoms,
Westerham, Kent. 5.viii.1961.

190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/TX/1961

Ants in Finland

By C. A. Contingwoop

An excursion was made in May, 1961 with the particular object of
implementing information on the distribution of Formica spp. in Fin-
land. Results of a similar journey in Norway and Sweden have already
appeared (Collingwood, 1959) but it was of great interest to visit Fin-
land where lttle has been published in recent years. Short stops of a
few hours only were made but most of the local northern species
including Formica gagatoides, F. transkauasica, I. wrulensis, LP.
suecica and FI. forsslundi were seen in their appropriate habitats.

Notes on the species :—

Myrnica

M. rubra LL. was only seen on the island of Ruissalo near Turku.
Two of the numerous colonies seen were found nesting in Lusius flavus
mounds as is commonly found with MM. scabrinodis in Britain. WM.
ruginodis Nyl. was present at every place visited and is clearly the
most widely distributed ant in Scandinavia as Holgersen (1944) found
in Norway. The microgynous form (Brian and Brian, 1949) was seen
at Savonlinna and Pieksamaki in central S. HE. Finland while the more
usual macrogynous form was common everywhere. In 1958 I took
‘microgynw in both Norway (Svolvaer) and Sweden (Stokholm), but !
have not seen it in collections from continental Europe. M. sulcinodis
Nyl. was present at Rovaniemi and is doubtless as common in the more
open country of N. Finland as it is in N. Scandinavia and parts of
Scotland. M. lobicornis Nyl. was taken at Kouvola in 8. Finland and
Laurila in the north.

M. schencki Km. occurred both at Ruissalo and Savonlinna, This is
our rarest Myrmica in Britain but I have the impression that in S, Scan-
’ dinavia generally it is as common as M. sabuleti Mein. which I also
found at Savonlinna. Forsslund (1957) gives the same range for the two
species in Sweden, whereas in Britain sabuleti is much more abundant
and occurs right up to N. Scotland. M. scabrinodis Nyl. was common as
elsewhere in N. Europe. I did not find M. rugulosa Nyl. in Finland
where it has been recorded but had the pleasure of seeing it again near
Ahus in 8. Sweden.

LEPTOTHORAX

L. acervorum Fab. was found everywhere and seems to be as common
in Scandinavia as M. ruginodis. The inquiline species Harpugoxenus
sublaevis Nyl. occurred with DL, acervorwm at Pieksamaki in a pine
stump. This interesting ant was originally discovered in Finland but
it is also quite common in Norway and Sweden although decidedly
local in the rest of Europe. The only other Leptothorax seen was L.
tuberum Fab. nesting in a rocky bank at Savonlinna. Another in-
quiline, Formicoxenus nitidulus Nyl., was found in a nest of Formica
lugubris Zett. at Laurila and also in some numbers at Haparanda
in N. Sweden with F. aquilonia Yarrow. Tetramorium caespitum L.
was only found at Savonlinna which is well inland although its distri-
bution in Scandinavia generally, as in Britain, tends to be coastal.

ANTS IN FINLAND 191

CAMPONOTUS

C. ligniperdus L. was found abundantly under stones at Savonlinna
where alate queens and males were already present in the nests on 23rd
May. C. herculeanus L. was general at all sites up to Laurila, typically
nesting in spruce stumps. Hélldobler (1944) records it at Lat. 66 in N.
K. Karelia; Forsslund (1957) lists it for all the provinces of Sweden
while in Norway (Holgersen, 1942) it occurs as far north as lat, 70°.

Lastus

L. mger L. was generally abundant and was taken as far north as
lat. 65° 50° at Laurila. This is the most northerly record to date for
this common and wide-ranging holarctic species. I also saw it at Oulu
and Forsslund has taken it as far north as Lulea in Sweden. JL. flavus
F. was general in S. Finland. LD. mixtus Nyl. is regarded as a synonym
of L. umbratus Nyl. on good evidence by Wilson (1955), but this has not
been accepted by some European authors. Dr. Forsslund told me that
all Swedish examples are quite distinct with no overlapping with
umbratus. Nylander’s types at the Helsinki Natural History Museum
as well as later captures in Finland belong clearly to one or the other.
However, apparent intermediates do in fact occur and [ have seen such
from Denmark in the Zoology Museum, Copenhagen by courtesy of
Mer. Chas. Bisgaard. A typical LZ. mixtus queen was found wandering
on a bank at Savonlinna and typical workers have been taken at
Hauerseter in Norway on a former occasion. A few L. wmbratus
workers were found under a stone at Ruissalo. Another similar
species LZ. rabaudi Bond. is quite common in parts of Denmark accord-
ing to Mgr. Bisgaard and also in §. Sweden where I found it in some
abundance on calcareous sandy heathland near Ahus in Skane. Here
most of the nests were under stones often with irregular earth mounds
built up to one side. This species has not yet been found in Norway or
Finland. JL. fuliginosus Latr. does not appear to be common in Fin-
land where only one series is represented in the Helsinki Museum.
Ahus in S. Sweden is the only locality where I have seen it in Scan-
dinavia.

Formica Fusca Group.

Formica fusca L. was seen at Ruissalo, Salo, Turku, Helsinki,
Kouvola, and Savonlinna in the south. fF. lemani Bond. was only
recognised at Oulu, Laurila and Rovaniemi in the north but probably
occurs considerably further south as well. F. rufibarbis Fab. was
present in numbers at Savonlinna but is quite local in S. Finland. I’
cinerea Mayr. was recorded for Finland many years ago but I do not
know of any recent published information on its distribution there.
Dr. Forsslund informs me that it has been taken in several places in
the south and east. It is locally common in a few places round the
coast of Denmark and in S. Sweden where it inhabits dry sandy areas.
Tt is not known in Belgium, the Netherlands or N. Germany and there
is a big gap between its Scandinavian localities and its main areas of
distribution in Central Europe. I did not see this species in Finland
but had the pleasure of observing it in numbers around Abus in Sweden.
One nest under a stone had a single queen, contrasting with its usual
multicolonial habit with many queens.

192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/1TX/1961

fF’, gugatoides Ruzs. was only seen once at Rovaniemi. This is the
most northern species of this group and Holgersen (1942) records 1%
right up to the North Cape at lat. 70° 40’, South of the Arctic Circle
it is restricted in Scandinavia to the mountains of Norway and Sweden
where it has the same habitat as, and presumably competes with, I’.
lemani. The bog inhabiting species F'. transkawcasica Nas. (picea Nyl.)
Was seen in numbers at Pieksamaki in Central Finland as well as at
Rovaniemi in the north where there are many miles of bog forest. I+
is also widely distributed in Sweden and Denmark but it is not yet
recorded from Norway. It is frequent in N. Europe in suitable
localities and further south it is found in mountain areas from the
Caucasus to the Pyrenees where I found it in wet upland meadow in
1959 near Font-Rameau in the Pyrénées-Orientales.. Records of this
species from Central Asia and the Himalayas seem to me suspicious
and probably refer to the superficially similar Proformica nusuta and
its allies. For example, series in the Stockholm Natural History
Museum from §. Mongolia and S. Korea collected during one of Sven
Hedin’s expeditions are labelled ‘F’. picew but are clearly a Proformica
species.

ForMICA EXSECTA Group.

Formica exsecta Nyl. itself was very abundant in Finland from
Kouvola in the south, where I saw it in natural combat with F.
aquilonia, to Rovaniemi. At Kouvola, a queen was taken among the
combatants and had a more deeply excised scale and was as well con-
siderably more hairy than F. exsecta from Britain. Worker pilosity
however, seems to intergrade more or less from north to south among
the numerous series [ have from Scandinavia. Series of hairy workers
from Finland led Betrem (1954) to propose a separate species
‘kontuniemv’ but a clear distinction between the various worker samples
in my collection does not seem to be possible. A study of series of males
‘and queens would be necessary before a decision was made on the
validity of Betrem’s suggestion. Nests of F, exsecta were found in the
open, in woodland, in bogs and even in pasture and the habitats of
this common ant ranged over those typical for each of the following
more local species.

F.. pressilabris Nyl. is not a common species anywhere in Europe.
Holgersen (1944), only knew of one locality in S. Norway but Forsslund
(1957), indicates a wide distribution in §. Sweden. A group of 7
nests along a sandy track were seen at Savonlinna in S, I. Finland.
These nests were covered with fine grassy litter but not heaped up in a
definite mound.

F. suecica Adlerz is an interesting Scandinavian species only known
from Norway, Sweden, Finland and one locality in Estonia. Holgersen
(1943) and Forsslund (1947) have described its nesting habits in Norway
and Sweden respectively. Typically it nests in tree stumps without
much movable leaf litter but sometimes irregularly shaped litter mound
nests are built. Both stump and mound nests were seen at Oulu and
Rovaniemi respectively. This ant much resembles F. exsecta in
general appearance and size but is slower moving and less aggressive.
It is distinguished by the characteristic rounded head lobes, scale shape
and hairless eyes.

ANTS IN FINLAND 193

I. forsslundi Lohmander is one of the most recent additions to the
European fauna. It was described in 1946 from one locality in Sweden
since when Forsslund has found it in several places from Smaland in
the south to Harjedalen in the centre and Dr. R. Krogerus has taken
it in Central Finland. More recently Dr. H. Kutter found it in 1957
in Switzerland, I had the pleasure of seeing this species at Rovaniemi
where I found three small nests in the bog among dwarf birch and
willow. This locality is about four degrees latitude north of its known
range in Sweden. This small shining species is found exclusively in
forest bog in much the same sort of habitat as I’. transkaweasica.

FORMICA SANGUINEA Latr.

F. sanguinea is abundant throughout Scandinavia. Holgersen
recorded it only as far north as Dovre in Norway. Forsslund, however,
recorded it from Jokkmok and I found it in 1958 at Giallivare both
within the Arctic Circle. In Finland it occurred at Rovaniemi and

Oulu as well as several places further south. In these Northern
localities, including also Haparanda and Lulea, the auxiliary species
found with it was F. lemani. There is no definite record of fF.

gagatoides as slave species but Hélldobler found F. sanguinea in N. FE.
Karelia at lat. 66° in association with F. ‘fusca-picea’ which almost
certainly refers to F. gagatoides. Both Adlerz (1914) and Skwarra
(1929) found mixed nests of Ff’. sanguinea and F. transkaucasica. I
saw such a nest in a bank at the edge of a bog at Pieksamaki. This
was a typical sanguinea nest and the transkawcasica workers appeared
to be thriving outside their usual damp habitat. In S. Scandinavia
the slave species is generally F’. fusca but I found one example of a
I, cinerea/sanguinea colony near Ahus in Sweden. Instances of this
are not common but evidently as Donisthorpe (1927) pointed out, F.
sanguinea will enslave any member of the F’. fusca group that happen
to be in the neighbourhood,

FoRMICA URALENSIS Ruzsky.

F. wralensis was originally described from the S. Urals. There and
in 8. W. Siberia its habitat is dry steppe. It is also widely distributed
in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia from the Kola peninsula to the
Swiss Alps and westwards to Jutland. Records from the whole of this
area describe its characteristic habitat as forest bog. The curious dis-
crepancy between these biotopes is worth further study, particularly
by entomologists having access to information and specimens from
Asiatic Russia. The species has been taken in about half a dozen places
in Finland where it is likely to be quite common over the many miles
of bog in the centre and north. I found it plentifully at Rovaniemi.
Most of the nests were in the bog among sparse trees with rather flat
mounds built up of spruce needles. They were immediately distinguish-
able by eye from the abundant nests of F. exsecta in the same
neighbourhood which were more domed and built up of mixed fragments
of heather and general leaf litter. Workers of F. uralensis in one nest
were extremely small, about 4-5 mm. long instead of 5-8 mm, Two
nests were anomalous as they were built against the relatively dry rail-
way bank. Forsslund (1949) gives an account of the habits and distri-
bution of F. wralensis in Sweden and mentions the occasional occurrence

194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/TX/1961

of nests on dry ground but always in the near neighbourhood of swampy
ground. I also saw a single isolated nest of this species among scattered
firs in the bog at Pieksamaki.

FoRMICA RUFA Group.

F,, truncorum Fab. is a north and central European species of rather
sporadic occurrence outside Scandinavia. In Norway and Sweden it is
general and widely distributed from the Arctic north to the extreme south
of Sweden. In Finland I only found it at Savonlinna in the south east,
nesting typically in a tree stump. F'. cordieri Bond., a species of more
southern distributionis still only known in Scandinavia from Sweden
where it is common in the south and from one locality in Denmark (col.
Ch. Bisgaard). JI saw no representatives of this ant in the Helsinki
museum and the generally more common species Ff. nigricans Em. has
apparently not often been taken there. These two species together are
the ‘pratensis’ of authors before Yarrow (1955) but were also confused
with the more northern species Ff. lugubris Zett. Thus Holldobler
(1944) refers to Ff’. pratensis at lat 66° in N. E. Karelia but this was
undoubtedly F,. lugubris and Forsslund’s more critical records do not
give F. nigricans further north than Central Sweden. I saw several
nests at Savonlinna and also took F. nigricans at Boxholm in Smaland,
a new provincial record for Sweden. F. lugubris Zett. occurred at
at Laurila and Rovaniemi and may be expected to abound throughout
N. Finland. This species has a very wide range in HKurasia from the
Pyrenees in the south and Ireland in the west to Kamschatka in H.
Siberia. Typical examples of this species from Kamschatka collected
by Dr. Malaise, labelled variously ‘pratensis’ or rufa according to the
amount of red on the worker thorax were seen in the Stockholm Natural
History Museum. Although this is the only record for Siberia of which
I am aware, there is little doubt that this ant must have a continuous
distribution westwards throughout the northern coniferous forest to
- Scandinavia where it is so abundant. fF. acquilonia Yarrow was un-
expectedly common right in the south of Finland at Salo and Kouvola
in spruce forest as well as in the centre and north from Pieksamaki to
Rovaniemi. Hélldobler (1944) describes the nesting habits of this ant,
under the name of F. rufa rufo-pratensis, in N. EH. Karelia. In
particular he refers to girdle nests, i.e. flattened domes with steep
sides covered in vegetation. These are a typical feature of the land-
scape as one proceeds northward by train. In the Helsinki Museum
most of the rufa group species are assembled together under such names
as “polyctena’? and ‘major’ and a high proportion of these are F.
aquilonia which is probably the commonest wood ant in Finland.

True F. rufa L. was only seen at Ruissalo and Turku in the south-
west and at Savonlinna in the south-east. F. polyctena Foerst is the
most hairless form of this group of species. Betrem (1960) includes
Finland in its range and I have a single worker which was collected for
me outside Helsinki which has the characteristics of this species. In
1958, I recorded F. polyctena from Hauerseter in Norway and Stock-
holm. I have now found it in Sweden also at Ahus in Skane, Alvesta
and Boxholm in Smaland and Nykoping in Sodermannland. At
Nykoping the colonies were quite typical as in the Netherlands (Elton,
1958) with smaller nests grouped round a central larger nest, but at

PAUCITY OF LEPIDOPTERA IN INVERNESS-SHIRE 195

Alvesta only a single isolated mound was seen while in the other locali-
ties, the form of colony grouping wag not distinguishable from that of
nearby F. rufa.

REFERENCES.

Adlerz. 1914. Formica fusca picea Nyl., en torfmossarnas myra. Arkiv. Zool.
8, Heft 4 (26): 4-5.

Brian, M. V., & Brian, A. D. 1949 Observations on the taxonomy of the ants
Myrmica rubra L. and M. laevinodis Nylander (Hymenoptera, Formi-
cidae). Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 100: 393-409.

Betrem, J. G. 1954. De satermier (Formica exsecta Nyl., 1846) en enkele van haar

problemen, Hym., Formicidae. Ent, Ber., 15: 224-230.
. 1960. Uber der Systematik der Formica rufa-gruppe. Tijdsch. Ent.,
103: 51-81.
Collingwood, C. A. 1959. Scandinavian Ants., Ent. Rec., 71: 77-81.
Donisthorpe, H. 1927. British Ants. 2nd Ed. London.
Elton, E. T. G. 1956 (1958). The Artificial Establishment of Wood Ant Colonies
for Biological Control in the Netherlands. Proc. Int. Congr. Ent., @:
578-578
Forsslund, K. H. 1947. Svenska Myror, 1-10. Ent. Tidsk., G8: 67-80.
. 1949. Svenska Myror, 11-14. Ent. Tidsk., 70: 19-31.
———. 1957. Catalogus Insectorum Sueciae, XV. Hymenoptera: Formicidae.
Opusc. Entom., 22: ‘70-78.
Holgersen, H. 1942. Ants of Northern Norway (Hym.. Form.). Troms@ Mus.
Arshefter, 24: 1-33.

. 19438. Formica gagatoides Ruzsky. Troms¢@ Mus. Arshefter, G4: 1-15.

———. 1943. Ant studies in Rogaland (South-western Norway). Avh. Norske
Vidensk. Akad., I. Oslo.

. 1944. The Ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nytt. Mag.
Naturvidensk., 84: 165-202.

Holidobler, K. 1944. Uber die forstlich wichtigen Ameisen der nord ost
Karelische Urwalden. Z. Angew. Ent., 30: 587-622.

Skwarra. 1929. Die Ameisenfauna des Zehlaubruches. Schr. phys. Gkon. Ges.
Konigsberg, 66: 1-174.

Wilson, E. O. 1955. A monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 113 (1): 1-199.

Yarrow, I. H. H. 1955. The British Ants allied to Formica rufa L. (Hym.,
Formicidae). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 12: 1-48.

N.A.A.S., Burghill Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol.

Paucity of Lepidoptera in Inverness-shire
By Captain C. Q. Parsons

I stayed with a relation in a house about 500 feet above
Drumnadrochit from 17th May until 1st June 1961. On the first night
it was warm and cloudy. Moths, which appeared to be mostly ermines,
showed up in some numbers in the headlights of a car shortly after
midnight on the way home from a party. At my bedroom window,
lit for a short time by an ordinary electric light bulb, Pheosia gnoma
Fab. and Anagoga pulveraria L. arrived. I thought this was a good
omen, but during the next fortnight the nights were cold and unsuitable
for light. Twice I tried sugaring, and not a moth appeared.

During the daytime, sometimes in bright sunlight, the only moths
I saw were three Ematurga atomaria L., two Ortholitha mucronata Scop.
and two unidentified pugs. On 28th May, near Tomintoul across the
border in Banff, I took one Hadena bombycina Hufn. settled on the
heath, but saw nothing in flight.

196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 738. =. 15/1 X/1961

As regards larvae, every juniper bush contained swarms of Hupithecia
sobrinata Hiibn. and Thera cognata Thun. Two of the latter hatched
on 25th June, whereas some I had collected in Co. Mayo I found newly
hatched on my return on 2nd June. In Inverness-shire I got nothing
by beating birch and oak, which I did only during daylight. In the
garden with a torch I got four Alcis repandata I. since hatched, of a
lowland form, and several Leucania pallens lL. small and stung. On
the moors I found a cocoon of Orgyia antiqua Js. spun up on heath.
The first of the ova thereon hatched the same day, and they continued
to do so for some days. The only other vegetation in the vicinity of
this site was stunted birch thirty yards away. The larvae eventually
took to heath, having refused birch, sallow and broad-leaved dock
mentioned by Mr. Lanktree. They are still feeding on heath, much to
my disgust as I am overrun with dock while heath is a mile away.

I notice that Commander Harper only mentions one pulveraria in
his original list of lepidoptera for the county and omits antiqua. I have
not got a list of his additions, so perhaps I have nothing to be grateful
for. In conclusion, I saw one atalanta about 20th May.

Tunney’s Orchard, John’s Row, Westport, Co. Mayo. 10.vi.1961.

Notes and Observations

TIME OF EMERGENCE OF BISTON STRATARIA HuFrn.—On 26th February,

a very mild day, while walking in woods near Virginia Water, I spotted,

at the foot of an oak tree, a male oak beauty with its wings limp

over its back, The time was just 11 a.m., thus indicating a definite

time of emergence.—C. G. M. pr Worms, Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey.
10.111.1961,

A Metanic Form oF HEMEROPHILA ABRUPTARIA THUNB. AT WOKING.—
The only waved umber I have taken here this year, on 26th April 1961,
was of the melanic form, ab. fusca, which has apparently not been
noted from this area previously, but I gather it is steadily spreading
from the Metropolis, where it is quite frequent even in the central area,
in the squares of Mayfair and around Hyde Park.—C. G. M. pk Worms,
Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey. 16.vii.1961.

CycnIc MENDICA CLERCK; A REMARKABLE ABERRATION.—The muslin
moth has been one of the few insects that has been unusually common in
this lean year, and on 7th May I was amazed to find in my trap here
a specimen having the right side of the normal male dark coloration,
while the left two wings were pure white like those of the female, but
with slight shading at the tip. The hair on the body and thorax is
exactly divided with dark ones on the right and white on the left-hand
side. The right side antenna is that of a normal male with strong
pectinations, while the left antenna is much shorter and has very small
pectinations, but is not completely filiform as in the normal female.
Mr. Goodson tells me he has never heard of a similar specimen of this
insect, in which gynandrous specimens are almost unknown.—C. G. M.
DE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey. 16,vii.1961,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 197

DRYMONIA TRIMACULA Esp. In THE H1GHLANDS.—While collecting with
Mr. J. L. Messenger on 18th June 1961, a very blustery night, in the
vicinity of the Loch Awe Hotel, we were surprised when among a
good many visitors to our mercury vapour light was a marbled brown,
somewhat larger than those from the south.

Barrett (III; 135) notes its record from Clydesdale, while South
(I; 68) says it is rarely met with in Scotland, and I have never heard
of it so far north.—C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey.
16.vii.1961.

CeLerto GALit Rorr. 1n LIncoLNsHIRE.—A male bedstraw hawk moth
in fresh condition was taken in my mercury vapour trap on the night
of 21st July in my garden at Boston. I have had to wait a long time
for this, my second specimen, since my first was taken on 28th July
1912 at valerian at dusk in my father’s garden in Boston.—R. I. M.
PiLcHER, 39 Spilsby Road, Boston, Lincs.

Some Diprera: Nemarocera ar Perr Lever iy Marcu.—On the
28th March this year I was with some friends on the East Sussex coast
and was able to spend about half an hour looking for Diptera in the
Pett area. At the time it seemed probable that I would not be able
to find anything at all as the Pett Level is a bleak area of flat coastal
marsh, and on this particular day looked very sullen and windswept.
Finally I decided to go over the sea-wall and have a look around the
beach, The tide was halfway out revealing a large expanse of mud,
shingle and low, algae-smeared rock. A steady cold wind was blowing
from the sea and about the only available cover for insects were the
various groynes and breakwaters which extended over part of the beach,
so I began to look around the sheltered lee sides of these. Surprisingly,
numbers of insects were soon found, all of them Diptera: Nematocera.
There was one Tipulid; Limonia (Dicranomyia) chorea Mg., one species
of Ceratopogonid, Culicoides pulicaris (L.) which was very common, and
five sepcies of Chironomid, Anatopynia (Macropelopia) nebulosa Mg.,
Metriocnemus (Paraphaenocladius) impensus Walker, Hydrobaewus
(Psectrocladius) sordideilus Zett., Hydrobaenus (Smittia) pratorum
Goetgh., and Chironomus (s.str.) dorsalis Mg. Single examples only
were taken of A. (M.) nebulosa, M. (P.) impensus, and H. (P.)
sordidellus. Several C. dorsalis were noted and the H. (S.) pratorwm
was the commonest insect there. Although the Nematocera number
amongst themselves several littoral and marine species, none of those
taken fall markedly into these categories and it would seem probable
that they had either been blown, or had flown to the beach over the
sea-wall or perhaps from the cliffs which start a little way to the
west, although this would have to be proven. The possible exception to
this is H. (P.) sordidellus which has been found breeding in the
Clyde and the larvae would not seem at all averse to salt or brackish
water. It was a pleasant surprise to have such an uninviting locality
reveal so much material in the half-hour available, and it does emphasise
the amount of work still to be done in these groups and also the
number of discoveries still to be made by those prepared to spend a
little time on them.—P. Rorgr, Little Slides, Robertsbridge, Sussex.
20.vii.1961.

198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/1X/1961

Current Literature

The Moths of the British Isles, by Richard South, Fourth Kdition,
1961. Warne, Two Volumes, 70/-. Since 1907, when the first edition
appeared, it is safe to say that there is hardly a lepidopterist in the
country who did not cut his teeth on ‘‘South’’, and that all who did
so have retained the book as their standard work on the British
macrolepidoptera. This first edition was reprinted three times; a
second edition was produced in 1920 and reprinted three times; a third
edition appeared in 1939 and was reprinted four times, and now we
have this long-awaited fourth edition.

The serious onslaught on nomenclature made in recent years called
for a thorough revision of the text of the third edition, which was
undertaken by Mr. Edelsten, and the many species added to the
British list since the introduction of the mercury vapour lamp as a
means of collecting, demanded that these species should be illustrated.
The colour photograph plates hitherto in use were showing signs of wear,
and the publishers decided that it was time to have a fresh series of
plates prepared. They put the matter of the coloured plates in the
capable hands of the late Mr. H. D. Swain, who most regrettably
died at an early age while on holiday, before he could see his great
work in the hands of the public. It is a trick of illustrators when
dealing with delicate subjects, to make their drawings to an enlarged
scale, so that the finished article, reduced to life size, has a better finish
than the original drawings, but the beautiful figures produced by Mr.
Swain were drawn natural size, and the fine quality of the plates is a
marvellous tribute to his work.

Many of the black and white plates illustrating the early stages
have been kept as in the earlier editions, but to these have been added
four new plates by Miss A. Walters, and the text is embellished with
photographs by Mr. J. D. Bradley. Wanderers, species newly established
- in this country, and species newly discovered here, including the division
of some portmanteau species are included in this work, and even
though some of the species added must be looked on as occasional
stowaways in aircraft and shipping, it is of immense value to lepi-
dopterists that they should have illustrations at hand with which to
compare such insects, should they come their way.

The text has been brought right up to date as the work went to
Press, having been revised by the late Mr. Edelsten and Mr. Fletcher
with the help and advice of Mr. W. H. T. Tams, and the order of the
genera is brought into line with the latest conception of the matter,
so that although one may well expect new species to be added to the
British list from time to time, lepidopterists may well feel that they
have now at their disposal something on which to rely for some years
to come.

The original ‘‘South’’ was a classic, and the publishers are to be
congratulated on having preserved its classical status through the many
printings of the past half century, and this status has been enhanced
by the inclusion of references to the original descriptions or first records
of the species in this country in the text descriptions of the added
species. With the new plates illustrating many more species and the
revolutionized nomenclature (which one may, without undue optimism,
regard as approaching stability), no serious collector can neglect to add
this new edition to his bookshelves.—S. N. A. J.

THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

A systematic work, in collaboration with the pest specialists of all Countries,
} edited by
Prof. Dr. A. SEITZ

Every known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 10-14 colours

and described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English,

German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna
exotica.

Every volume may be had separately.

A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80

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CONTENTS
THE CANARY ISLANDS AND CENTRAL SPAIN. C. G. M. DE WORMS,
M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. ei j sae 175
A NOTE ON LOPHOSTETHUS ‘DUMOLINI. ANGAS _ (SPHINGIDAR),
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NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. C. HUGGINS, ERES. aa Ain a teil

IMPRESSIONS OF THE NEW FOREST IN 1961 AND BEFORE. H. SYMES . 182
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HARPER, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S. ... : 186
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EREBIA SUDETICA AND EREBIA
MELAMPUS. B. C. S. WARREN, F.R.E.S. ... Naa Be aut ‘es Ga ot kete}
ANTS IN FINLAND. C. A. COLLINGWOOD ... wg : ae aN aed OO
PAUCITY OF LEPIDOPTERA IN INVERNESS- SHIRE. “ Gaptaie Cc. Q.-
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CURRENT LITERATURE Bag ee a Sie 2k aah ie as Bae ns Koha
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199

Notes on Zygaena species from the Pyrenees,
Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae

By W. G. TREMEWAN
(Department of Kntomology, British Museum (Natural History)

The following notes are based on some species of Zygaena collected
ia the Pyrenees by Mrs. V. M. Muspratt and the late Guy T. Adkin.
The Adkin collection is now preserved in the British Museum (Natural
History).

I wish to express my thanks to Mrs. Muspratt for sending me the
material in her collection and for presenting to the British Museum
(Natural History) the holotype and allotype of the new subspecies
described below.

Z. hippocrepidis centripyrenaea Burgeft (comb. nov.)

Zygaena transalpina centripyrenuea Burgeff, 1926, Mitt. miinchen. ent.
Ges., 16: 82.

Burgeff described the Pyrenean populations under the name of
centripyrenaea without citing a type locality. Reiss (1930: 41) gives
Vernet-les-Bains, Pyrénées-Orientales. Three specimens of hippo-
crepidis were taken by Mrs Muspratt at Gavarnie, Hautes-Pyrénées. I
tentatively place them under this subspecies.

Z. filipendulae seeboldi Oberthutr
Zygaena filipendulae seeboldi Oberthiir, 1910, Lép. Comp., 4: 543.

One five-spotted male of filipendulae taken at St. Jean-de-Luz,
Basses-Pyrénées, 15.vi1i.1958, is referable to ssp. seeboldi Oberth. which
was described from Bilbao, Spain.

Z. trifolii muspratti ssp. nov.

¢, 28-35 mm. wingspan. Ground colour of forewings black with a blue
gloss. Forewing spots and hindwings bright scarlet tinged with crimson.
Terminal border of hindwings narrow, blue-black in colour. Head and
thorax black, abdomen blue-black.

©, 33-37 mm. wingspan. Coloration similar to that in the male but
ground colour of forewings with a greenish gloss. Abdomen with shorter
hair and rather more glossy blue-black in colour.

Holotype 3, Le Lac, St. Jean-de-Luz, Basses-Pyrénées, 6.v.1961, leg.
V M. Muspratt; allotype 2 with the same data.

Paratypes: Le Lac, St. Jean-de-Luz, Basses-Pyrénées. 6 6d, 1 9,
5-12.ix.1958; 5 6d, 3 99, 1-26.v.1959; 2 go, 30.v.60; 49 oo, 14
2 Q, 30.iv.-17.v.1961, leg. V. M. Muspratt; 2 gd,1 9, 24.v.1951, leg.
G. T. Adkin.

This new subspecies shows the usual individual variation that occurs
in trifolii. In the above mentioned series are three males and one
female which are ab. orobi Hiibn.; five males and one female are ab.
basalis Sélys-Longchamps; six males and six females are ab. minoides
Sélys-Longchamps, and one male is ab. seemaculata Oberth. A female,
which has the spots as in ab. glycirrhizae Hiibn. has the crimson-tinged,
scarlet coloration replaced by vermilion in both the forewing spots and
hindwings.

200 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL, 73 15/X/1961

This new subspecies differs from ssp. trifolii, which is from Frank-
furt, by its larger size and brighter coloration, Although it is more
closely related to ssp. palustris Oberth. from Rennes it differs strongly
by its bright crimson-tinged, scarlet spots and hindwings. In palustris
the red coloration is almost a pure scarlet. Specimens of the latter
subspecies are slightly larger and the forewings are broader and more
rounded at the apex. Compared with ssp. aquitania Le Charles from
the Dropt Valley, Mesterrieux, Gironde, ssp. muspratti differs by its
brighter coloration and bluer ground colour of the forewings. In my
Opinion ssp. muspratti is nearest to ssp. hibera Verity which was
described from Oviedo, Spain. I have not seen specimens from this
locality but according to examples illustrated by Reiss (1930, pl. 4a)
hibera is not so bright in coloration and the wings are broader. Accord-
ing to Verity’s description (Verity, 1926) the red coloration of hibera
is carmine with a very weak blue content. The blue content in the
scarlet coloration of muspratti 1s conspicuous.

Mrs. Musprat informs me that a second generation occurs regularly
in September but the specimens of this autumn brood are never so
numerous. I have seven specimens before me and they differ from the
spring generation by their smaller size (24-832 mm. wingspan) and
narrower and more pointed forewings. In coloration, however, they are
quite similar to the spring generation.

In the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) are
further specimens of trifolii from St. Pierre d’Irube, B.P., ex collection
G TT. Adkin. These specimens are referable to ssp. muspratti Trmn.
Four specimens from Barescon, Val d’Aspe, B.P. (leg. G. T. Adkin)
are not referable to ssp. muspratti and are probably a new subspecies.
Further specimens are needed from this locality to confirm this opinion.

Z. lonicerae major Frey
Zygaena lonicerae major Frey, 1880, Lep. Schweiz, p. 67.

A series of lonicerae was taken at Gavarnie, Hautes-Pyrénées, 1357
m. in July 1960. The lonicerue from Vernet-les-Bains, Pyrénées-
Orientales have previously been placed under ssp. major Frey
(Tremewan, 1961) but probably represent an undescribed subspecies.
The same applies to the specimens from Gavarnie which I temporarily
place under ssp. major Frey. The latter subspecies was described from
the Alps, the type subspecies emanating from St. Nicolas.

REFERENCES.
Reiss, H. 1930. In Seitz, Macrolep., Suppl., 2: 1-50, pl. 1-4.

Tremewan, W. G. 1964. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent., 10 (7): 302.
Verity, R. 1926. Hnt. Rec., $8: 9.

The Subgenera of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius,
Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae

By W. G. TREMEWAN
(Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History))

Twenty-two subgenera have been erected within the genus Zygaena

THE SUBGENERA OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS 201

F. Although certain of these subgenera have been criticised by some
workers as being unnecessary, it is not my intention here to discuss or
consider the status of each subgenus, but merely to give a citation of
the type species. If a designation has already been made I give a
reference to where it was first published. Otherwise the citations, which
are initialled W.G.T., are my own and will date from the publication
of this paper.

GENUS

Zyygaena Wabricius, 1775, Systema Entomologiae, p. 550.
Type species: Sphinx filipendulae Linné, 1758 (Zygaena fili-
pendulae (Linné)), by subsequent designation, Latreille, 1810,
Considérations Générales, p. 441.

=Anthrocera Scopoli, 1777, Introductio ad Historiam naturalem, 10:

Al4.

Type species: Sphinx filipendulae Linné, 1758 (Anthrocera fili-
pendulae (Linné)), by subsequent designation, Westwood, 1840,
Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects, p. 89.

SUBGENERA
Mesembrynoidea Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1958, Mitt. miinchen, ent. Ges.,
48: 271.
Type species: Zygaena cambysea Lederer, 1870, by original
designation, Holik & Sheljuzhko (loc. cit.).

Coelestis Burgeff, 1926, Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 33: 29.
Type species: Zygaena cuviert Boisduval, 1829, W. G. T. selected.

Hesychia Hiibner, 1819, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, p. 116.
Type species: Sphinx laeta Hiibner, 1790, by subsequent designa-
tion, Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1953, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 43:
219.

Peucedanophila Burgeff, 1926, Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 33: 19.
Type species: Sphinx cynarae Esper, 1789, W.G.T. selected.

Santolinophaga Burgeff, 1926, Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 33: 18.
Type species: Zygaena corsica Boisduval, 1829, W.G.T. selected.

Yasumatsuia Strand, 1936, Folia. zool. hydrobiol., 9: 167 (new name for
Hyala Burgeff nec Adams).
Type species: Zygaena loyselis Oberthiir, 1876, W.G.T. selected.

=Hyala Burgeff, 1926, Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 33: 15 (preoccupied
by Hyala Adams, 1852, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (2) 10: 359.

Mollusca).
Type species: Zygaena loyselis Oberthiir, 1876, W.G.T. selected.

Cirsiphaga Holik, 1953, Ent. Z., 62: 153.
Type species: Sphinx brizae Esper, 1797, by original designation,
Holik (loc. cit.).

Mesembrynus Hiibner, 1819, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, p.
dg:

202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X/1961

Type species: Zygaena pluto Ochsenheimer, 1808 (=Zyyaena
purpuralis Briinnich), W.G.T. selected.

Agrumenoidea Holik, 1937, Ent. Z., 51: 132.
Type species: Zygaena johannae Le Cerf, 1923, by original
designation, Holik (loc. cit.).

Coelestina Holik, 1953, Ent. Z., 63: 15.
Type species: Sphinx sedi Fabricius, 1787, by original designa-
tion, Holik (loc. cit.).

Agrumenia Hiibner, 1819, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, p. 116.
Type species: Sphinx onobrychis Schiffermiiller & Denis, 1775
(=Zygaena carniolica Scopoli), W.G.T. selected.

Lycastes Hiibner, 1819, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, p. 118.
Type species: Sphinx exulans Reiner & Hohenwarth, 1792,
W.G.T. selected.

Inctoria Burgeff, 1926, Lepidepterorum Catalogus, 33: 20.
Type species: Sphinx achilleae Esper, 1781, W.G.T. selected.

Usgenta Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1956, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 46: 237.
Type species: Zygaena huguenini Staudinger, 1887, by original
designation, Holik & Sheljuzhko (loc. cit.).

Iibama Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1956, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 46: 94.
Type species: Zygaena graslini Lederer, 1855, by original designa-
tion, Holik & Sheljuzhko (loc. cit.).

Peristygia Burgeff, 1926, Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 33: 25.
Type species: Zygaena anthyllidis Boisduval, 1829, W.G.T.
selected.

Kutychia Hiibner, 1819, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, p. 117.
Type species: Sphinx rhadamanthus Esper, 1793, W.G.T. selected.

=Anthilaria Hiibner, 1819, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, p. 117.
Type species: Sphinx lavandulae Esper, 1783, W.G.T. selected.

Aeacis Hiibner, 1819, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, p. 117.
Type species: Sphinx ephialtes Linné, 1767, W.G.T. selected.

=Polymorpha Burgeff, 1926, Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 33: 65 (pre-
occupied by Polymorpha Soldani, 1791, Testaceogr., 1 (2):

114. Protozoa).
Type species: Sphinx transalpina Esper, 1782, W.G.T. selected.

= Biezankoia Strand, 1936, Folia. zool. hydrobiol., 9: 167 (mew name
for Polymorpha Burgeff nec Soldani).
Type species: Sphinx transalpina Esper, 1782, W.G.T. selected.

=Burgeffia Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1958, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 48:
229 (new name for Polymorpha Burgeff nec Soldani).
Type species: Sphinx transalpina Esper, 1782, W.G.T. selected.

THD PRESENT STATUS OF EUPHYIA BILINEATA 1. 203

Thermophila Hiibner, 1819, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, p. 117.
Type species: Sphinx viciae Schiffermiiller & Denis, 1775
(=Zygaena meliloti Esper), by subsequent designation, Holik
& Sheljuzhko, 1957, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 47: 144.

Silvicola Burgeff, 1926, Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 33: 10.
Type species: Zygaena chaos Burgeff, 1926 (=Zygaena erebus
Staudinger), W. G. T. selected.

Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, Systema Entomologiae, p. 550.
Type species: Sphinx filipendulae Linné, 1758, by subsequent
designation, Latreille, 1810, Considérations Générales, p. 441.

=Anthrocera Scopoli, 1777, Introductio ad Historiam naturalem, 10:
414.
Type species: Sphinx filipendulae Tinné, 1758, by subsequent
designation, Westwood, 1840, Synopsis of the Genera of British
Insects, p. 89.

Huebneriana Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1957, Mitt. miinchen. ent. Ges., 47:
144.
Type species: Sphinx lonicerae Scheven, 1777, by original designa-
tion, Holik & Sheljuzhko (loc. cit.).

The Present Status of Euphyia bilineata L.
ab. isolata Kane

By H. C. Hueetns, F.R.E.S.

This striking aberration of bilineata was taken by Kane on the
Tearaght, an isolated rock near the Blaskets, about eight miles from
the coast of Kerry. It is uniform blackish-brown in colour, with a
very few obscure markings.

The Tearaght, which from the shore appears as a huge gaunt
pyramid, but which from the sea can be seen to have three ascending
humps on its north-western face, is most difficult of access, both from
the currents and surf, and the inadequacy of any landing stage. It is
uninhabited except for the keepers of its light-house. To my know-
ledge, it has only been visited by two entomologists, although several
ornithologists have been there in the past, Kane, and Dr. Kettlewell
in 1947. Kane, as is well known, had a large yacht, so that he could
choose his day and weather for visiting any of the islands, whilst
Kettlewell made arrangements to cross on the relief vessel for the light-
house that goes from Valentia. On his way over, however, the wind
and sea became so rough that he could not land from a boat, but had
to jump with the aid of a rope in circumstances of considerable danger.

When he arrived, the wind was so strong that all collecting was
impossible, except for gathering heads of sea campion for larvae, from
which Hadena caesia Bork. and H. lepida Esp. ssp. capsophila Dup. ab.
suffusa Tutt were bred. As these may be obtained on any headland in
Kerry where the foodplant grows (by no means everywhere), I feel
his pluck was insufficiently rewarded.

204. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/X/1961

In 1912 my late friend B. A. Bower, who was a close friend of
Kane’s, told me that on Kane’s last visit to the Tearaght he had found
that the grassy slope on which isolata lived had been swept away in a
storm and that the moth was now probably extinct. Since that date,
nothing new has been published about it, although in a recent corres-
pondence, Dr. Kettlewell has suggested to me, and I am inclined to
agree with him, that it may still exist there. This does not mean that
there is necessarily the slightest chance of capturing it; as anyone
who has worked the Kerry cliffs knows, moths may exist on miles of
coast, but only in one or two places is access to them possible.

Both Bower and the late Dudley Westropp told me that Kane had
informed them that isolata was the only form of bilineata found on
the Tearaght. This contrasts strongly with the other extreme forms
such as hibernica Prout, which are always outnumbered by yellows.

Very few specimens of isolata exist in collections. Kane’s series is
in the National Museum at Dublin. He, however, gave a number to
Westropp, who was quite generous with them to his friends. The series
in Westropp’s collection at his death, is in the Rothschild-Cockayne-
Kettlewell collection at the British Museum, Tring, but he gave me a
perfect female in 1930 and a male in 1949, and a few years before
he died, he gave one to Mr. EK. S. A. Baynes, with characteristic
generosity telling him to take his pick. I also possess a third, a
female, given to Bower by Kane as a recognition of his work in making
out the index to his Catalogue: this, after several changes of ownership
passed ‘to Mr. H. D. Bessemer’s collection and was purchased by me
when he sold his geometers. All my three specimens are simply labelled
“Tearaght, Kerry’, in Kane’s writing; Kane was _ often
deplorably laconic in his labelling. I know of no others in private
hands, though probably there are several, as both Kane and Westropp
were most generous with their insects.

In 1952, Mr. J. E. Flynn, well known to all in the Bantry Bay
-district as a sportsman-naturalist, told Mr. E. S. A. Baynes that
he would be visiting the Blaskets the following year with a party of
ornithologists. Mr. Baynes then told him of Kane’s discovery of isolata
on the Tearaght and of Dr. Kettlewell’s fairly recent visit there, and
the possibility of its being extinct in that locality. Mr. Baynes,
however, stressed that it might exist in one of the other isolated islands,
and described it to Mr. Flynn and asked him to keep a sharp lookout
for it. The result was that Mr. Flynn took three specimens on
Inishvickilaun, the remotest of the Blaskets, which he kindly sent to
Mr Baynes. One of these was referred to Dr. Cockayne, who
agreed it was isolata, it is now at Tring, where I saw it recently.

‘Since then Mr. Baynes and I have been making attempts for a
joint trip to Inishvickilaun, and this summer (1961) managed to make
the necessary arrangements.

The island is only accessible in fine weather, with the wind in a
certain quarter, as the very small beach on which it is possible to land
must be protected from the wind by the island to make the landing
from a dinghy possible. We were also warned to take an ample supply
of food as the island is uninhabited and should the wind shift a few
points, it might not be possible to take us off again for a day or so.
We arrived at Dingle, the nearest town to provide a motor-boat, on
2nd July, but although the weather was very fine, it was not until

THE PRESENT STATUS OF EUPHYIA BILINEATA IL. 205

‘th July that the motor-boat proprietor would risk the venture. Even
then, the crossing was no joke, and everyone was completely wet
through in spite of waterproofs, the currents in Blasket Sound and the
passage between Inishvickilaun and the next island are very tricky, and
caused a lot of bumping.

The quantity of sea birds seen was wonderful, as Mr. Baynes wrote
to me subsequently, the sea trip (which was rather expensive) was worth
it for that alone. We saw sixteen kinds without counting shore birds
such as curlews and oystercatchers. These were cormorant, shag,
gannet, greater black-backed, lesser black-backed herring, black-
headed, common, and kittiwake gulls, common and black guillemots,
razor-bill, puffin, fulmar and manxshearwater, and a tern, either arctic
or common; both species nest in Kerry and it is impossible in my opinion
to separate them on the wing. The most interesting to me were the
manx shearwaters and fulmars, which were often only five or six yards
off us. I have often seen both before, but never at such close range;
I was particularly impressed by the hooked beak of the shearwater and
the way the fulmar carries its head; I had always supposed it was
carried horizontally in the manner of a gull, but it flies with the beak
inclining at a sharp angle, at least forty-five degrees.

In due course we effected a safe landing and began to climb the
zigzag path on the high cliff from the beach. About half way up, Mr.
Baynes disturbed a black moth from some vegetation, he was unable to
strike at it and I missed it by about two inches; Baynes thought he
saw it go into my net, but I knew I had missed it and saw it go
away and settle in an inaccessible position on the cliff face. We agreed
it was undoubtedly isolata, we had both been catching the extreme forms
of hibernica during the previous part of the week, and this was a
much blacker insect. Unfortunately, this was the only one we saw.
We worked two other places where the cliff was accessible and also
every weed bed, bracken slope, and stone wall on the island without
seeing a further bilineata of any kind. The only other insect seen was
a very lightly marked, somewhat worn form of Hudoria angustea Steph.,
of which we each took one, though that taken by Mr. Baynes died and
completed its ruin on the way home. We each picked a small bag of
sea campion heads from which we obtained a good many larvae of
capsophila, three each of caesia and two each of venosata.

The result of the trip was certainly disappointing, but it was very
satisfactory to see that the moth still exists. The trouble with it is
that, like several of the cliff forms of bilineata, it only lives on the
cliff-face, which is nearly all inaccessible. It is probably also rare on
Tnishvickilaun; we only saw one, and Mr. Flynn only took three in a
week on the island. Luckily the wind did not change, and we got off
without misadventure.

On the mainland of the peninsula, we worked what cliff faces
were accessible with good results; amongst a lot of yellows we took a
good sprinkling of forms round hibernica. Mr. Baynes has pointed
out to me that our cliff bilineata display two tendencies, one in which
the wavy cross lines and bands get darker till they reach the true
hibernica and another in which the forewings from a diffused smoky
look get darker and darker until they almost reach isolata. This form
was very rare, we each only got one, both, unhappily, worn, in a week’s
work. I might state here that all these darker forms become quickly

206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X/1961

rubbed on the disc of the forewing in the net, and it is not easy to box
them braced on a rotten shale slope on a cliff face.

The greatest catch to me, however, was a male of the beautiful form
ab. ethelae, which I had described from a female in 1956 (Entomologist,
89: 1). I described and named this at the suggestion of the late Dr.
Cockayne, but as the females of bilineata are usually darker than the
males, I had a sneaking fear that the male might not exist, and I did
not quite like the idea of naming an aberration existing only in the
one sex. However, I am glad to report that the male is exactly like
the female as previously described.

I should perhaps add that the new edition of ‘‘South’’ states that
isolata is recorded from ‘‘the islands of Dursey and Tearaght off the
coast of Cork’’. This statement is doubly erroneous, the Tearaght is
off Kerry and the form of bilineata on Dursey Island is hibernica, not
isolata.

Some of our other work on the mainland, particularly with the
micros, was very interesting, but these will require further working
out and I will deal with them later.

I must express my gratitude to Mr. Baynes for most generously
availing me of his notes and experience, and also for his companionship
on the whole trip.

July on the Continent
By S. N. A. Jacoss

My wife and I set out on the perfect morning of 6th July for
Lydd airport, and were duly landed at Le Touquet shortly after
mid-day. We at once struck east and reached Vitry le Francois in time
for dinner and a well earned night’s rest. Fine weather was with
us all the way, but we saw few butterflies other than Pierids and a few
Satyrids. The following morning we set out for Schaffhausen which
we reached without adventure by evening. Before leaving on the
morning of 8th July, we made a slight deviation to see the Rhine falls,
after which we took the road along Lake Constance, over the Fernpass
and to Garmisch-Partenkirchen where we decided to stay for a few
nights.

On 9th July we set out on a short sentimental journey to Seefeld,
one of our first continental collecting holidays having been spent there,
our road taking us through Mittenwald, famous for its many painted
houses and its violin workshops. Unfortunately, a drizzle set in and
although we set out for a round walk at Seefeld, microlepidoptera were
not much in evidence. However, a Diasemia litterata Scop. tempted me
by settling on my trousers, and paid the penalty. The following day
was also rainy, and we decided to visit Oberammergau, although the
Passion Play was last year. The theatre and costumes, however, were
on view, parties being made up according to language, with German,
French, English and Spanish speaking guides. This is on the road to
Munich, and the mountains are beginning to give way to hilly agri-
cultural land. On 11th July, the morning having cleared up, we went
for a walk on the hillside to the south of the town, and here saw
many Crambus species, including combinellus Schiff., margaritellus
Schiff., pyramidellus Triets., hercynae Heinemann, perlellus Scop., and
culmellus L.; we also took a fresh Hypercallia christiernana L., our

JULY ON THE CONTINENT 207

Kentish larvae of which species had emerged a couple of weeks earlier.
It was very striking to see how quickly the damp grass came to life
with insects whenever the rather fitful sunlight broke through.

The next day it rained heavily and continuously, and we could only
pass the time by burning petrol and making a circuit of the surrounding
country, once more entering Garmisch by way of the Fernpass. On 13th
July we set out on a collecting trip to the Eibsee, a pleasant lake,
remarkably clear, on part of which swimming and boating took place,
and on one shore there was a large hotel, which seemed to be associated
with the recreational facilities of the American Army personnel. The
surrounding woodland was scheduled as a game reserve, but nothing
was said about insects, so I did my best to find something. The usual
woodland species were seen in small numbers, and the most interesting
was Clepsis rurmana L. (semialbana Guen.) of which I saw two specimens
and was able to take one. This species seems to have disappeared from
our British fauna. In the afternoon we visited Innsbruck where we
called at the flat of our friend K. Burmann, only to be told that he was
collecting in the United States, but were given the latest news of him
by Mrs. Burmann.

On 14th July we set out for Linz to visit Joseph Klimesch only to
find that he too was away, this time collecting in the Italian Alps, but
his niece very kindly entertained us. The weather was fine and hot
for the journey to Linz and back, and on the way we saw several of
the larger Argynnids and Vanessa atalanta L. beside the Pierids and
Satyrids of the roadside. On our return journey, we took the more
devious road from Salzburg via Kitsbuehl to Innsbruck, and then
on to Oetz for the night. Here the evening was warm and heavy
and we went out to explore an area of rough ground, but in spite of the
promising conditions, the only insects there seemed to be Tabanidae
in numbers, and we retired before them in disorder.

We continued our journey the following morning, and in the early
afternoon arrived at Saas Fee where we intended to spend another five
nights. This pleasant little town is at the end of the road, and cars
are parked and forgotten at the entrance to the town; the parking
charge is‘one franc per day, and this enables one to proceed on foot in
all directions. On our first morning we walked down the track to Saas
Amagell, a village in the other branch of the main valley, but a small
rain began to fall, and it was difficult to get insects to leave their
shelter. A few Argyresthia pygmaeella Hiibn. were tapped out of sallow
bushes, and young mountain ash bushes produced a few mines of
apparently Nepticula sorbi Stt. In the afternoon, the weather cleared
and we walked through the woods, but little serious collecting was
attempted, our bag consisting of two Melitaea didyma O.

On 16th, we walked through the wooded lower slopes towards the
glacier. Here the spruce trees yielded several largish Cnephasia,
probably chrysanthemana Dup., while one tree harboured a nice pair of
C. penziana Thbg. Hemimene ligulana H.-S. was taken flying amongst
the damp herbage. On 17th, we set out along the path towards the
Britanniahute, which took us through an open woodland where I
decided to work. On the way up to this place, I struck what I suppose
was the entomological highlight of the holiday: a beautiful male
Scoparia centuriella Schiff. flew on to a bush by the path and waited
while I boxed it (I had not put up my net at the time), In using the

208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von, 73 15/X/1961

word beautiful, I mean it, for although a Scoparia, this species is about
twice the size of the species to which we are accustomed here, and
instead of the nondescript greys of our species, it is richly shaded browns.
In the wood, Argyroploce bipunctana Fab. was flying freely in good
condition, but when one has satisfied one’s requirements it is apt to
become a bit of a nuisance, as it is inclined to take one’s eye off more
obscure quarry. The first butterfly seen was Vanessa atalanta L.
followed by Hrebia aethiops and smaller Erebias, Argynnis cydippe L.,
Melanargia galatea L., and Pierids, including Aporia crataegi L. Other
micros taken included Argyroploce metallicana Hiibn., Gypsonoma
nitidulana Zell. and Laodamia fusca Haw.

In the afternoon, we walked up towards the Alphubel glacier through
the botanical reserve, where, beside a fine show of Dianthus species,
banks of Aster alpina made a fine show with its almost luminous purple
and gold. On the meadows above this reserve I took several leaves of
earline thistle, on which were spinnings of the dull green larvae of
Choreutis bjerkandrella Thbg., some containing full fed larva while
in others they had already pupated. Where I had previously met this
species, the larvae were feeding in colonies of six to eight on a leaf,
but here they were feeding singly; the larva spins a loose web from
side to side of the leaf, causing it to form a deep channel, and in this
the larva feeds on the upper surface of the leaf. When pupation is due,
it spins a long white tube across the leaf, more than double the length
of the black pupa. From these, moths emerged from 29th July until 5th
August, and two species of braconid parasites emerged. I mention
details of the spinning because this is a very widely distributed species,
and it has on occasions been recorded from the south-eastern counties
of England, and it might be a guide to microlepidopterists working
downland in late June/July.

On the following day we left Saas Fee for St. Tuc, two valleys to the
east, and here we spent the nights of 18th and 19th July. Itis a
pleasant little village with two hotels, one or two shops, and the usual
cottages and wooden granaries or hay-lofts; it is one of the highest
villages in Europe that is open all the year round. Here butterflies
were seen in very fair numbers when the sun came out, including
Parnassius apollo I.., A. crataegi, Colias ewropome Esp., Issoria lathonia
L., Euphydryas selene lu. (worn), Melitaea didyma O., M. dictynna Esp.,
and Brenthis amathusia Esp. Nettles here, as at Saas Fee, were covered
by colonies of larvae of Aglais urticae L., and an occasional worn adult
was to be seen on the wing, as was atalanta. Here the micros were
also in good numbers and many interesting small fry could be disturbed
from the herbage, though Pempelia ornatella Schiff. was the most
numerous insect, and took one’s attention off its betters. There were
several small Tinea species, which will require careful determination,
and well up the mountain side I netted what I thought looked to be a
good thing, only to find that it was Lampronia rubella Bierk. It is
curious how different a familiar insect may look in unexpected surround-
ings, but the plentiful supply of wild raspberry canes should have
suggested the insect to me. A pleasing little thing was Brachmia
dimidiella Schiff. which flew low amongst the herbage, but it had the
unpleasant habit of many of the small alpine meadow species, of diving
down towards the roots, which offer a deep shelter for them, where
it is of little use to pursue them, for if eventually boxed they are so

JULY ON THE CONTINENT 209

badly rubbed as to be useless. From St. Luc, on a clear day, a very
good view of the Matterhorn, Cervin or Cervino, call it which you will,
can be had, and on our departure on the morning of 20th, we first ran
up to the head of the valley road at Zinal to get a better view of this
impressive peak. We then turned round and made for Chamonix, via
the Forclaz pass, which has lost its sting since it was remade after the
landslide of a few years ago. One of the amusing sights stored in my
memory of the old pass is of an ancient car of the over-powered
American type of some twenty-five years ago, loaded with students
and belching steam, coming triumphantly to the pass; it was emblazoned
with a skull and crossbones, and named ‘‘La Trompe de Mort’’. We
were fortunately able to get accommodation at our favourite Hotel
Belvedere at Chamonix and spent the nights of 20th, 21st and 22nd
July there. Most of our time was taken up with driving round the
district, but one collecting trip was made up a valley running down to
the Co] des Montets road. Here a fair bag was obtained, though nothing
unduly exciting was included, and on the narrow track which I was
working, I encountered a small Renault car, ancestor of the present
elegant Dauphine, coming down. It was loaded with an artisan family,
Papa, Maman, two children and Grandmére on the back seat. As it
passed me, Grandmere lowered the window, and with eyes popping out
of her head exclaimed in a loud voice: ‘‘Comment est ce possible? un
papilloniste avec son filet!”’

This really ended the collecting part of our holiday and we left on
23rd, driving to Chatillon sur Seine, and on 24th went on to Compeigne,
but my wife felt unwell on the way and wanted to sleep, so we waited
a couple of hours in a poplar plantation near Anglure, Seine et Oise,
and I worked the roadside scrub from which I brought home mines in
oak producing Tischeria dodonaea Stt., blackthorn mines producing
Lithocolletis spinolella Dup., with one Callisto (Ornix) loganella Stt.
A thing which struck me very forcibly was the entire absence of
Lithocolletis rajella LL. from the leaves of the mountain Alnus. In
previous years, I have seen the bushes loaded with the mines of this
species, sometimes as many as six in a leaf. I must have examined
thousands of leaves carefully, and run my eye over millions, but not
a single mine did I see, at Saas Fee or at Chamonix. The last occasion
when [ brought home a few mines in 1959, the percentage of parasites
was very high, but some moths did hatch out.

We left Compeigne on the morning of 25th, reaching Le Touquet
about noon, and were home in time for tea, after a varied three
weeks of care-free liberty.

CramBus CoNTAMINELLUS Hin. at BuackHEATH, Lonpon.—With
reference to Mr. A. A. Allen’s most interesting note (Ent, Rec. 72:
274) of the continued survival of Crambus contaminellus Hiibn. at
Blackheath, I feel it is worth while mentioning that William West in
his ‘‘The Lepidoptera of the South Eastern Disrict of London’? (Ent.
Rec., 18: 141-43; 170-73; 198-201; 229-236) makes the following
remarks: “‘Two at rest on fence on Blackheath in September, 1876;
never before, nor since, have I seen the species, although I have worked
for it.’—J. F. Burton, B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Broadcasting
House, Bristol 8. 6.ix,1961.

210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL, 73 15/X/1961

The Discovery of the Larva of Eupithecia innotata
Hufn. in Britain on Sea Buckthorn, with Notes on
its Habits, etc.

By Percy Cur

On 8th June 1958, Mr. S. Wakely and I were dusking among an
extensive thicket of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides 1.) in
Sussex, when he captured a ‘‘Pug’’, and knowing that I was interested
in this family, kindly gave it to me. About the middle of July 1958,
whilst I was beating Sea Buckthorn bushes in Kent, I took three small
larvae unknown to me and which were unlike any ‘‘Pug’’ larva I had
hitherto seen. These duly pupated.

When in May 1959 three ‘‘Pugs’’ emerged in my cage, I did not
associate them at first with the three larvae taken on Sea Buckthorn
in 1958 until I found them to be identical with the moth taken flying
over this shrub in June 1958. Baron C. de Worms kindly took all four
moths to Mr. D. S. Fletcher of the British Mus. (S. Kensington), who
identified them as Hupithecia innotata Hufn.

In July 1959 I could find only one of these larvae at the same spot,
this I kept under close observation and eventually bred from it another
innotata, thus proving, at least to my satisfaction, that innotata larvae
could be found on Sea Buckthorn on the coast of Kent, also probably
Sussex. Here I may mention that I had already been struck by South’s
statement that the first authentic innotata were taken at Skegness,
because I happen to know that at Skegness there are literally acres of
Sea Buckthorn.

The following July (1960) I found twelve of these larvae, which
pupated between the 24th July and 2nd August, and from five of these,
rather to my surprise, moths emerged about the 22nd August 1960 (one
was parasitised), and the rest in May 1961. It is evident, therefore,
that there is sometimes a partial Autumn emergence, at least in
captivity. In July 1961, I found some more larvae and tried
these out on Tamarisk, Ash (young leaves) and Mugwort; these fed
without hesitation on the first two but none would have anything to do
with Mugwort. I now have a series of moths from larvae taken over a
period of four years on Sea Buckthorn, and these Baron de Worms has
once more kindly submitted to Mr. Fletcher, who confirms that they
are all E. innotata Hufn.

The full-grown larva is about 12” long, slender, tapered and flattened
towards the head. Head flattened. Anal end tapered to a sharp point.
Young larvae thred-like. The main colour is rich velvety green, head
pale green, spiracular line greenish or yellowish white widening on
each segment to form a circle around the tiny reddish spiracles. Often
the spiracular line is interrupted between each segment and consists of
a series of oblique lines or dashes, the ends of which are just visible on
the back. Again, there are sometimes more or less faint dashes on the
back of each segment. Below the spiracular line the colour is also
rich green, and along the centre underneath part it is greenish-white.
Anal tip reddish-brown.

EUPITHECIA INNOTATA HUFNAGEL ON SEA BUCKTHORN alte

Among the deep green upper and greenish-white undersides of the
leaves of its foodplant, the larvae are extremely difficult to detect ;
and before throwing away debris from the beating tray, one is advised
to think twice, because though having been dislodged they are sometimes
quick to attach themselves to a leaf or twig.

These larvae are apparently not often parasitised, since only one
out of the thirty was so affected; this by the curious parasite Meteorus
versicolor Wesin (Braconidae), which on leaving its unhappy host
pupated swinging by a silken thread in mid-air.

The larvae rest extended along a twig or leaf or between twig and
leaf, and if disturbed, like other geometers, they immediately become
rigid. They appear only to feed at night and have a habit of nibbling
the tips of leaves so that it looks as if the tips have been cut off.

There is little or no change of colour before pupation, no wandering,
one day they are there, the next they are gone.

The cocoon is a fairly hard one (certainly not frail) and usually spun
on the bottom of the container among debris which adheres to the
cocoon. One or two pupated in a fold of the porous paper with which
I line the plastic boxes, and in this case the cocoons were semi-
transparent, so much so that the pupa therein is visible.

The pupa is about 3%” long, wing cases and thorax are dark green
and the abdominal part brown. Before emergence the upper parts
change from green to light brown. The actual change from larva to
pupa takes place within seven or eight days.

The moth is on the wing in May and early June (in captivity
though, if the pupa is brought indoors, the moths will emerge in
April); the second brood specimens (if any) in late August. The larva
occurs from July to early August; the second brood examples (if any) in
September. My earliest and latest dates for larvae are 6th July and
6th August.

Eupithecia innotata Hufnagel on Sea Buckthorn
(Hippophae rhamnoides)
By G. M. Hacerrt and J. M. Cuatwers-Hunt

Mr. Cue has been good enough to let us see his Paper on WV. innotata,
which species has for a long time interested us, and of which we have
collected the larvae in large numbers from Sea Buckthorn during the
past two years on the Sussex coast, and in some numbers during the
present year in Kent. We found that larvae could be beaten in quantity
from Sea Buckthorn, but not from Tamarisk which was plentiful in the
same locality in Sussex, nor from Mugwort in nearby spots (there being
no Mugwort close to the Sea Buckthorn). We found larvae equally
commonly in both broods in July and again in September. One of us
(G.M.H.) tried the larvae from the egg in captivity on Tamarisk, Ash,
and Mugwort, and like Mr. Cue found that they could not complete their
growth on Mugwort, and although one or two reached last instar, the
majority died young: they would not eat the flowers, only the leaves.

Altogether we have beaten about 150 larvae from Sea Buckthorn
and reared a good many more from pairings in captivity, but only one

212 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X/1961

larva was wholly brown, this a wild July specimen from Sussex. None
of our larvae was parasitized. There has been little variation in the
moths so far and certainly no difference in size and colour between
broods reared on different foodplants: nor is there any difference in
size between moths of the two broods.

We found that about half of the pupae of the July larvae produced
moths in August, and we also had occasional emergences through the
winter months from pupae of both July and September larvae.

Mr. Cue’s reference to early British innotata at Skegness prompts us
to ask if there are any specimens of innotata from last century and
early this that have data or correlated records that prove them to have
been bred from Mugwort feeding larvae. There is nothing at all to
indicate that the larvae described under innotata in Buckler (Larvae of
the Brittish Butterflies and Moths, 8: 35) were in fact this species, and
indeed the illustrations (op. cit., 8, plt. 136, figs. 6, 6a) are certainly
not those of innotata.

The great significance, it seems, of these Sea Buckthorn feeding
innotata on the south coast of England, is that they appear to be
quite unable to feed up on Mugwort which, on the Continent, is the
major (and according to Dietze, the only) second brood food.

Manx SprEcIMENS oF KHitema compLtaNna L.—Several specimens of
Kilema complana L. were taken during August 1960 near Port St. Mary,
as recorded Entomologist, 93: 240. During this summer the mercury
vapour trap was again in operation in the same locality. The weather
was poor, and only about half a dozen nights could be said to ke
perfect collecting nights, but on one of these, 14th August, two male
specimens were taken which, like those taken last year, were referable
to ab. sericea Gregson (northern footman). One of the specimens taken
last year was heavily marked with grey scales over about one-third of
the hindwings. The two specimens taken this year were less heavily
marked with grey, but were similar to the female figured in the new
edition of South’s The Moths of the British Isles, Pl. 21: fig. 2. The
wing spans of the five specimens now in my possession are 34-0, 35-0,
35:5, 35:5, and 34-5 mm. respectively.—MicuarL J. Taytor, 8 Patch
Lane, Bramhall, Cheshire. 15.1x.1961.

Some Morus at Bromiey, Kent.—I would like to record my first
Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S. at mercury vapour light here on the night of
June 29/30. Two Amathes ditrapezium Schiff. turned up on the night
of July 9/10 and Huxoa tritici L. on the night of July 29/80.
Ditrapezium seems much more energetic and more difficult to box than
its tamer relative A. triangulum Hufn. I trapped two Apamea
scolopacina Esp. here in 1960, one on the night of July 16/17 and the
other in the evening of August Ist. Another moth which would
appear to have extended its range somewhat since the standard
reference books were written is Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn.
which is fairly common here in July. Perhaps I should mention
a female Nycterosea obstipata Fab. nearly overlooked on a window
some yards from the mercury vapour light on the evening of May 12,
1961. She laid eggs readily and the resultant larvae attained maturity
with great expedition—the last imago emerging on July 6th: D. R. M.
Lone, White Croft, Mavelstone Close, Bromley, Kent, 24.viii.61.

VARIOUS HOLIDAYS 213

Various Holidays
By Colonel H. G. Rossen

It is three years since I last attempted a note for the Record, and
it is really only on account of the present appeal for material that I
offer the following trivia.

Bodinnick, in 1959-60 and 61, has not produced many surprises, U.
livornica Esp. in May 1960, H. armigera Hiibn., and an unusual number
of L. vitellina Hiibn. being the only migrants of special interest. Pelti-
gera, sacraria and ni have been quite absent. There are, of course,
always the mysterious singletons of species that really have no business
here, e.g. C. bicuspis Borkh. in May 1961, A. caliginosa Hiibn., N.
typhae Thunb., and C. pendularia in August, all of which one assumes
were house-hunting in the present urge to turn poor Cornwall into a
built-up area.

A telephone call late one night in October 1959 implored me to
remove an ‘‘unpleasant moth that squeaked’’ from a Fowey bathroom,
a request gladly acceded to the following morning as soon as the ferry
functioned, and resulting in a splendid female A. atropos L.

I have, however, been able to leave home for considerable periods
and go farther afield, thereby making several good friends and visiting
areas of this country which I had previously never seen.

In the late summer of 1959 I visited the New Forest for the first time
in over 50 years, staying with my late second-in-command at Pilley,
near Lymington. His neighbours formed the opinion that my mercury
vapour trap in his garden was a device to ripen his apples. Having no
generator, I was compelled to resort to sugaring glades in the forest:
more and more rum was applied nightly to the brew until at the end of
the week I expected the Forest pubs to complain of unfair competition.
Modern moths, however, are apparently teetotal, for my one visitor
during that week was a rather alcoholic-looking 7. pronuba L. The
only capture new to me, in the trap, was NV. spargani Ksp.

I then went up to Aberfoyle to stay with Colonel and Mrs. Home,
old friends for more than 40 years, and in their oak copse took my
first P. bractea Fabr. and P. interrigationis L., besides interesting
Scottish forms of other species. C. Tullia Mull. and H. aethiops Esp.
were not in the vicinity.

A visit to Mullion with the Young Moth Hunter at the end of
September yielded one armigera, but no A. zanthomista Hiibn., though
one of the latter visited the Bodinnick trap on my return.

In April 1960, my old friend Miss Quiller Couch asked me to
Trelowarren, Lady Vyvyan’s famous wooded estate near the Lizard, but
this otherwise pleasant visit produced nothing above the Bodinnick
standard of species. A visit to Herodsfoot on a perfect collecting night
in June, with Drs. Smith and Clarke and Mr. Puckey, gave a sur-
prising number of species including D. trimacula Esp., B. punctinalis
Scop., C. ribeata Clerck, A. prunaria L. (in quantity) and a fine female
C. cossus L.—collected, if I remember rightly, on the back of Dr.
Clarke’s neck.

In the second half of July, I made the obligatory pilgrimage to
Aviemore, and performed the prescribed rite of sugaring the golf course

214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1961

posts—which, after several generations of collectors, must now be
solid sugar to the centre—thereby attracting a few H. occulta L. and
positive locust-flights of A. monoglypha Hufn. The ‘“‘Burma Road’’
produced one interrogationis, a few H. caesiata Schiff., and a number
of U, paludata Thunb. which I discovered when one obligingly settled
on my boot.

My trap, in the garden of ‘‘Alt na Craig’’, produced a few A.
depuncta L., interrigationis, and S. anomala Haw., but nothing else
of note. The excellent weather enabled me to collect a few C. tullia
Mull. as they flitted like pale ghosts over the peat mosses, and, later,
E. aethiops Hsp., a more stalwart but less subtle butterfly to chase.
Incidentally, my experience did not support South’s statement that
aethiops only fly in the sun, though this is quite true of epiphron.

What helped to make this visit pleasant was meeting two new
friends, Dr. Goodall and Mr. Gardner, who generously gave me every
assistance in their power. With Dr. Goodall, I drove up Glen More
to try for I. brunneata Thunb., incidentally experiencing a yet un-
explained incident en route when a long column of female hikers from
a holiday camp gave us uninhibited signals of welcome. Subsequent
argument as to which of us was the target of these attentions was quelled
by our arrival on the brunneata moss. With Mr. Gardner, I paid
a courtesy visit to the ospreys at Loch Garten (a species last seen by
me on Indian and Ceylon ‘‘tanks’’) and investigated the local beetles—
I am glad to say that he has since told me that some particularly
obscene yellow grubs we found under the bark of a dead Scots pine
have produced one of the rarest of British beetles.

From Aviemore I went again to Aberfoyle to stay with my old
friend, Mrs. Home—Colonel Home, alas, having died suddenly since my
previous visit. I made several short treks up the Menteith Hills, below
which one sees the Carse of Stirling spread out on one side and the
Trossachs on the other. The ground is somewhat limited by the
Forestry Commissions deer fences, and there is little scope for collect-
ing much in the vast dark blocks of spruce. However, in this case, the
Commission (which owns very large areas in this neighbourhood) has
not destroyed, as yet, much deciduous woodland, but has planted up
bare hillsides. There is, of course, little wild life in these commercial
‘forests’? since there is little or nothing for herbivores (or most birds)
to eat. I saw only one roe, and a few signs of red deer on the heather.
I am told that these are relentlessly destroyed when opportunity offers.

I took a few day-flying moths on the heather, mostly H. caesiata
Schiff. and L. testata L., C. graminis L. was flying in quantity, giving
its well known imitation of interrogationis. The trap had better results
as there are still some fine old oak woods left in the Aberfoyle plain.
Occulta anomala and A. xerampelina Hiibn. were present among others.
When next I visit Aberfoyle, I hope to do better if my portable
generator functions.

In September, Fowey experienced Mr. Chatelain’s phenomenal
collecting luck (vide his note in the Record. for October 1960).

Encouraged by Drs. Goodall and Birkett, I decided to try Wither-
slack in 1961, and I never made a better choice, First, however, I had the
pleasure of two visits by Mr. Heslop, which enabled him to obtain a
species he required. I travelled to Lancaster at the end of June, where
Dr: Goodall met me and with his usual kindness drove me to that

VARIOUS HOLIDAYS 215

delectable hostelry, ‘‘The Derby Arms’’, at Witherslack. With Meathop
Moss at one’s door for daylight collecting, Black Toms Lane and
Witherslack woods at night, and Drs. Goodall and Birkett driving one
half over Westmorland and North Lancashire, my luck would have been
completely in, had it not been for the failure to function of my recently
acquired portable generator. This was redeemed by my friends’ kind-
ness in letting me share their lights, in Witherslack woods, at Sandscale,
and various other profitable collecting spots. Daily visits to Meathop
Moss (owing largely to Dr. Birkett’s efforts, still in an unspoilt state),
a trap at the Derby Arms, and visits with my friends to Arnside Knott,
Sandscale, and Storrs Moss, gave me small series of tullia (var.
philoxenus), agestis (var. salmacis), D. sannio L., L. salicis L., L.
quercus L. (callunae), A. ripae Hiibn., P. tincta Brahm, P. captiuncula
Treits., S. muricata Hufn., B. piniaria L., and specimens of several
other species. Mr. Tierney, my host at the Derby Arms, most kindly
drove me to the foot of Langdale Pikes, which we managed to ascend,
though with two game legs between us, in an hour and a half, to net
EH. epiphron Knoch at the 2,200 foot level. The only flaw in the day
was that the hotel bar at the foot of the hill had closed ten minutes
before we descended on it.

Before leaving home, I had consulted a certain chain drug store for
a really good fly repellant, but when applying this on my first visit to
Meathop Moss, the local insects flew at me with delighted cries and
licked it off. I was, however, saved by the Royal Navy in the person
of Admiral Torlesse, who emerged from the jungle and anointed me
with some most effective dope. I was reminded of a night long ago
in India, when the citronella I had applied successfully kept off the
tiger I was awaiting, but not the mosquitoes. Tullia swarmed on the
Moss (though many specimens had damaged hindwings) and I was
able to send several small series to friends. My great frustration was
A. myrtilli L., of which I was active enough to take only two—lI intend
to try No. 9 shot next time to check its snipe-like flight. I ascended
Whitbarrow, the 700 ft. limestone bluff above Witherslack, for P.
plantaginis L. without success,and was told that the hill was about to
be covered with conifers by the Forestry Commission. I noticed several
good deciduous trees already ringed for destruction, and I assume that
the deer I surprised in the lower woods are also doomed.

Referring again to sugar, Dr. Birkett, Admiral Torlesse and I spent
a night lamping in Witherslack woods: a quarter of a mile of trees was
sugared also, but at the end of an otherwise successful night, not a
single moth had been seen on the sugar.

From Witherslack, after a week-end in Dr Goodall’s hospitable home
at Morecambe, I went to stay with Dr. Clarke at Horton cum Studley,
near Oxford. He had generously asked me there to try for iris, though
he had only just moved into his new house. Alas, much of the local
woodland at Shabbington, adjoining what was once Hell Coppice, and
famous for iris and camilla, has been poison sprayed by the Forestry
Commission and there was hardly a sign of life over a vast area. We
were told that these ghastly operations were to be greatly extended over
neighbouring areas of mixed woodland, the object apparently being to
replace these woods by stands of spruce for wood pulp. Except for the
occasional bark of a wandering deer, there was no wild life in evidence,
and the deer themselves have little chance of survival.

216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/X/1961

Individual members of the Forestry Commission one meets are usually
pleasant people, but their ‘‘end-effort’’—whether intended or not—is
the elimination of practically all but coniferous life—vegetable as well
as animal—in the interests of more news print. Is it economically
essential for Government to destroy our heritage of beauty for such a
purpose? This destruction is going on all over Britain, and the more
uniformed members of the public seem largely indifferent. I will write
no more on this point as I believe that the Young Moth Hunter (whose
questions in the Record of August 1960 were by no means answered by
the apologia of January 1961) may be fusing a rocket on the subject.

Salcey Forest, to which Dr. Clarke drove me, showed one iris (not
taken) and three camilla, two of which were collected. Dr. Clarke's
trap at Horton was most interesting in its contents, C. pyralina View.,
H. immaculata Thunb., and X. quadrifasciata Clerck being of particular
interest to me.

Dr. and Mrs. Clarke most kindly drove me back to Reading, whence
I travelled to Salisbury, where Mr. Heslop had gone to immense trouble
to lay on an attempt at O. musculosa Hiibn. for me. Putting up very
comfortably in a 250-year-old thatched post office in the chosen area,
I called on Mr. Woodrow, the local landowner and farmer, who gave me
valuable information. A cottager obligingly let me connect my trap
with his mains in a most favourable area (my generator was com-
pletely out of action), but I was probably too early, in the third week
of July, for musculosa, harvesting being due in about 10 days, though I
haunted the barley fields and examined the reeds on the Avon’s banks
by day. The trap took EH. ochroleuca Esp. and numbers of 7. matura
Hufn. among others. JL. coridon Poda was plentiful on Camp Hill.
Mr. Heslop and Lord Bolingbroke (writing to me of the current dearth
of insects in the New Forest) both think I was too early for musculosa.
Mr. Price of Stroud and Mr. Woodrow told me that the insect has
_spread considerably westward in recent years.

On 2ist August, Dr. Smith and I made a long planned visit to
Torquay for a ‘‘tiger hunt’’, our distinguished, experienced and
generous ‘‘shikari’’? being Mr. Dobson of Exeter, who had taken time off
to show us where and how to rouse quadripunctaria from its lairs in
the ivy. We took seven, some of them excellent specimens, in spite of
the threats of a public-spirited citizen ‘‘to shoot us’’. One of Dr.
Smith’s ladies laid some 40 eggs, which he hopes to rear to tigerhood.
Lesser quarry was a H. vitalbata Hiibn. and a few O. bipunctaria
Schiff. collected by me later. After seeing Mr. Dobson on to the even-
ing train, we consulted where we should put up Dr. Smith’s light.
Anstey’s Cove car park seemed suitable, but we felt that a cold wind
and the presence of several darkened cars might render m.v. both
unprofitable and unpopular, so we ran up the coast to Dawlish Warren.
Here, after giving a short course in collecting to the interested police
patrol, we spread our sheet and took a few A. vestigialis Rott. and
L. straminea Treits.—the catch would have been much better but for the
strong north wind. A doze in the car from 3 a.m. to dawn, which
was greeted with the remnants of a bottle of sherry, enabled us to
make for a Dawlish hotel for a necessary shave, after which Dr. Smith
dropped me at my friends’ house in Torquay, and collected his way
slowly back to Cornwall.

SEASONAL NOTES 217

I had the pleasure during early August, of several visits by Mr
Price of Stroud, on holiday at Looe, with whom I had long corres-
ponded. He was able to take a few micros from my traps.

Although there certainly seems to be a general scarcity of butter-
flies this year, I have not noticed a scarcity of moths, except (so far) a
dearth of migrants, especially P. gamma. How long the current moth
population will survive, in view of the Forestry Commission’s under-
takings, and the poison spraying craze by farmers and local authorities,
is a matter for apprehension, for it concerns the continued existence, or
elimination, of all wild life in this country.

By way of a postscript, there was a good specimen of Utetheisia
pulchella l. in the trap this morning (2nd September).

Seasonal Notes
By Dr. F. H. N. Situ

During the past three seasons, the trap in my garden has only
been operated on promising nights. There has been little of interest.
Selenia tetralunaria Hiibn., the purple thorn, 15th July 1959. Leuwcania
vitellina Hiibn., delicate, 9th September, and Nonagria typhae Thunbg.,
bullrush wainscot, 17th September 1960. The last named is not at all
common in Cornwall. Rhodometra sacraria L., the vestal, 29th August
1961. Avporophila australis Bdv., feathered brindle, occurs regularly in
the autumn.

On 26th June 1960, Colonel Rossel, Dr. R. H. Clark, Mr. Roy
Puckey and I had two lamps going in some woodland near Looe. It was
a warm, still night and results were good; Deileptenia ribeata Cl., satin
beauty; Alcis jubata Thunbg., dotted carpet; Mythimna turca L.,
double line (in quantity); Drepana lacertinaria L., scalloped hooktip ;
Hydrelia testaceata Don., waved carpet; Leucania pudorina Schiff,
striped wainscot; Bomolocha crassalis Fab., beautiful snout; Cossus
cossus L., goat (one, which arrived very early); Heterocera asella
Schiff., triangle (one, a very pleasant surprise); Drymonia dodonea
Schiff., marbled brown; Craniophora ligustri Schiff., coronet; Angeronea
prunaria L., orange moth. Several glow-worms added to the illumina-
tions.

July 1960 was notable for two specimens of Hustrotia wncula Cl.,
silver hook, at a marsh by the local sand dunes here at Perranporth, and
Filema deplana Esp., buff footman, on 14th, disturbed from under-
growth in a ride in a conifer plantation near Bodmin. On the cold
windy night of 24th September 1960, two specimens of Stilbia anomala
Haw., both males, came to mercury vapour light at a spot just over the
county boundary into North Devon. Antitype xanthomista Hiibn.,
black banded, which was hoped for, did not arrive.

This year the only moths worth mentioning are Panemaria
tenebrata Scop., small yellow underwing, which was flying in the May
sunshine near a place called Zelah on the A.30. Mercury vapour light
at Dunmere Wood, Bodmin, on 24th June, produced Stauropus fagi
L., lobster, several males; Cosymbia linearia Hiibn., clay triple lines;
Chesias rufata Fab., broom tip, and Ingdia adustata Schiff., scorched
carpet. Two larvae of Arctia villica L., cream spot tiger, found cross-

218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X/1961

ing a road on 21st April, produced moths on 6th and 9th June. both
males, unfortunately. I searched again in vain for Panaxia dominula
L., scarlet tiger, in several likely Cornish localities, but had the luck
to find four larvae on bramble at Babbacombe on 21st May. These
hatched, all female, on 25th and 30th June and 2nd and 4th July.
On 18th June I found larvae of Cucullia verbasci L., mullein, swarming
on ordinary purple buddleia in a garden in Perranporth, and wonder
whether this is perhaps a well-known alternative foodplant for the
species.

On 21st August, Colonel Rossel and I drove up to Torquay to meet
Mr. Dobson, who very kindly showed us round some of his haunts there,
and in spite of poor weather we found Huploeia quadripunctaria Poda,
Jersey tiger, in fair condition; one was sitting on the window of a café
where we had tea out in the garden. Another was good enough to lay
39 eggs that night: I released her to continue the good work and have
re-read Mr. Postans’s and Mr Symes’s instructive notes on the rearing
of the caterpillars. Later on we tried the lamp on Dawlish Warren,
which in spite of a strong northerly wind and moonlight, produced
Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., archer’s dart; Leucania straminea Treits.,
southern wainscot, and Hydraecia oculea L., the ear.

A short visit to Scotland at the end of May yielded little in the
way of lepidoptera. Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff. var. piceata,
water carpet, was, however, new to me. In Sutherland I had the good
fortune to see a pair of golden eagles, both in the air and at rest
at quite close quarters—about a quarter of a mile. This was a very
exciting occasion, and they are magnificent birds. I spent a good
many hours by Loch Ness, mostly between dawn and breakfast time,
hoping to see IT, but no luck! Personally, I enjoy the idea of a
monster, and should hate it if the gas bubble theory were ever proved.

Centerio Ganir Rorr. anp Nycrerosea Osstipata F. In NortH WEST
Surrey.—On the morning of 25th July last my mercury vapour light
‘trap here contained an example of (. galii—the first I have ever had
here. It was a very large female, in slightly rubbed condition. It
lived in captivity until about 4th August and laid, very slowly, about
thirty-five small, bright green eggs, mostly on flowers of Galiwm but
some also on twigs. These have, however, shown no signs of hatching
and appear to be infertile. Earlier, on 12th July, the trap also
yielded a very worn female of N. obstipata, which expired after one
day without laying.—R. F. Brernerton, Ottershaw, Surrey.
25.vi11.1961.

BUTTERFLIES IN 1961.—While fully in agreement with Mr. Symes
(antea 148) as to the general scarcity of butterflies in 1961, I might
mention that Anthocharis cardamines L., of which he has seen only
two specimens, has been quite plentiful here. In fact, we had the
impression that there were more than usual in and about our garden.
—F. H. Lyon, Sampford Peverell, Tiverton, Devon. 10.ix.1961.

RHODOMETRA SACRARIA L. IN HERTFORDSHIRE.—A male specimen of
ab. labda Cramer of this species came to the mercury vapour trap in
my garden at Arkley on the night of August 3l-September 1.—T. G.
Howarrn, Arrochar, Barnet Gate, Arkley, Herts.

NIGHT LIFE IN DORSET 219

Night Life in Dorset
(SEPTEMBER, 1961)
By R. G. Cuatrenain and B. F. Skinner

Having heard much of the good things which have been taken at
Portland, it was with great hopes that we arrived there on the 8th
September. Mesults, of course, seldom come up to expectations.
especially in a season such as we are having this year, but a short
account of our visit is appended in the hope that it may be of interest
to some readers.

As only few parts of the coastline are accessible, we confined our
night operations on the two nights we were on the the island to a spot
on the undercliff near Church Ope Cove. Conditions on the first night
were fair—no moon, clear sky, and a temperature of 62° F., which
subsequently dropped to around the fifty mark. Two lamps were used
and of the forty-two species of ‘macros’ attracted, the majority were
very much back-garden stuff, but we were pleased to see about twenty
Leucochlaena oditis Hiibn. (hispida Gey.), nine Leucania vitellina
Htibn. and a few ZL. l-album I. all in fairly good condition. <A few
Tholera cespites Fabr. arrived rather late, but were unfortunately past
their best. The only geometers of note were three Gnophos obscurata
Schiff. and several Scopula conjugata Borkh. (marginepunctata Goeze.).
Conditions on the next night were very similar, but far fewer moths
turned up, although all the species already mentioned were seen. A
single example of Palpita wnionalis Hitibn. was also taken.

It was interesting to note the order in which the species arrived on
both nights. JZ. vitellina and L. l-album came fairly early, but it was
not until about 10.30 p.m. that DL. oditis started to arrive (although the
only female noted came early) and T. cespites was one of the last species
on the sheet.

During the day we saw only a few Macroglossum stellatarum I. at
the valerium bloom in company with Vanessa atalanta L. and VY.
cardwi Li.

On 9th September we repaired to Studland Heath where the
temperature was 50° F. when we lit up, but rose slightly towards
midnight. Apart from Amathes agathina Dup. which was fairly
common, one Stilbia anomala Haw. and a few Schrankia costaestrigalis
Steph. were the only captures of any note. A visit to a bed of tobacco
plants in the vicinity only yielded one tattered Herse convulvuli Linn.

A late visitor to the lamp was an irate gentleman with two
alsatians who informed us that we were causing a disturbance in the
neighbourhood and keeping the local telephone exchange awake. Our
surprise at this statement was not diminished by the fact that the
nearest habitation was miles away. It seems that, although there is
no indication of the fact, Studland Heath is the property of the Bankes
Kstate and permission to collect is required.

Although by no means a memorable occasion, the trip was enjoyable
and served to fill a few blank spaces in the collection. It also provided
an opportunity for inspecting the insect collection at Portland Museum
which included a var. of Notodonta tritophus Schiff. which looked
remarkably like Apamea monoglypha Hufn., but who are we to
criticise ?

220) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 73 15/X/1961

The New Edition of South’s ‘“‘ Moths of the
British Isles”

Admiration for the new edition of this book, for the labour that
must have gone into it, for the many beautiful illustrations, including
the magnified Hupithecias and the figuring of new species and rare
migrants, is tinged in my mind with regret, first, that some moratorium
cannot be imposed on the continual chopping and changing of scientific
names—the only really constant names appear to be the vernacular ones!
And, secondly, as a Hebridean collector, that the text has not been
brought more thoroughly up to date.

This is something that an interested person naturally looks for:
and it is surprising and disappointing to find the existence of several
common and long since reported Hebridean species not only not
admitted, but in several cases specifically denied. Doesn’t anyone
south of the Border read the Scottish Naturalist? Discovering this
state of affairs sent me to my moth trap record book; armed with this
and with an adding machine, I have compiled the following totals of
captures during the nine years 1951-59 of common species here that
have been excluded in this way. These came to the following figures : —

A. exclamationis ‘not north of Moray and Argyll’ .................. 718
O. plecta ‘generally distributed throughout England, Ireland,
SKeMiolenaKely XGrnevoMilennCl)?” FoLacakcdscoosadedoa5cesbnesosonedobtod%006 200009090 78
D. oleracea ‘except, perhaps, in the Hebrides, it has been found
throughout the? British) aisles ertseasssseee-- ene eeeeeeeeeer 1094!
QO. stabilis ‘common throughout the British Isles. except, perhaps,
inthevaslandsmoteS.cor land)? Wee-sensseeseece cee eheeeecesteet eee 670
L. conigera ‘does not appear to have been noted in the Isles’ ... 250
A. lithoxylea ‘In Scotland . . . only on the eastern side’ ............ 39
P. chrysitis ‘so far, however, it has not been recorded from the
ebrides! eee SL BI BS OS Se a Ra eee 366

In fact, most of these moths had been recorded from the Hebrides
as long ago as 1938. Other species, such as A, prasina and S. irrorella,
were recorded from Canna as long ago as 1946 (in the Entomologist of
March of that year).

Turning to the Sphingidae, it is a pity that no mention is made of
the great atropos invasion of 1956. And the story of Mr. Raddon and
the Spurge Hawk larvae on Braunton Burows, which has all the appear-
ance of a piece of entomological folklore, is still reproduced, regard-
less of Mr. P. B. M. Allan’s exposure in Talking of Moths, pp. 229-231.
Surely, if this story was to be repeated, an exposure coming from such
a source ought either to have been refuted, or else it should have been
added that there was an element of dubiety about the record.

Tf these comments seem sour I must plead the appalling weather of
this summer, which is the worst anyone in the Isles can remember, and
which has washed out both lepidoptera and the harvest and left one
with time to indulge in criticism of this kind. In spite of these little
defects, the new edition of South is a delightful production. Let it be
hoped that it will sell so quickly that a new edition will be soon

called for, in which the Hebridean records can be brought up to date,
and the mnpRobabiliey of Mr. Raddon’s Spurge Hawks can be Ahaties

Isle of Canna, 14/9/61. J. L. CAMPBELL

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 221

Notes and Observations

A DiuutTE ABERRATION oF LEUCANIA LITHARGYREA Esp.—On 27th June
Mr. David More of Hockley brought me a moth to name, which he said
appeared to be an albino. When | examined it, I found it was a
dilute form of lithargyrea, and quite new to me. The head, thorax
and abdomen are a little lighter than usual, but the forewings are very
pale pinkish buff, growing a little darker at the margins, and entirely
without markings. The cilia are the usual dark pink. The hindwings
are almost colourless in the centre, changing to the usual grey at the
base and borders, and the cilia pink as usual. The moth had turned
up that morning in Mr. More’s light trap, and was alive when he
brought it in; he very kindly gave it to me.—H. C. Hueeins, 65
Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. 4.ix.1961.

LirHosia GRiseota L., I. roava Haw.—In his well-known book,
Moths (1955:71), Prof. kK. B. Ford writes of this form, ‘‘.. . though
the insect is widespread in Europe, it is said to be dimorphic only in
Britain; the pale form being, apparently, unknown elsewhere’’.

The authors of the revised edition of South’s Moths of the British
Isles (2: 46: 1961) are still more convinced that the form is a pure
British one, for they write: ‘‘the yellow variety, which by the way is not
known to occur abroad ... ’”’, thus confidently copying the original
text of South himself of 1908.

I therefore draw attention to a few passages in continental literature,
where the form is mentioned. H. de Toulgoét mentions it from Huel-
goat (Dep. Finistere) in Rev. franc. de Lép. (10: 339: 1946). He dis-
covered two males in the collection of de Joannis, which is preserved
in the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. One of them is figured
(2 cit. Plate 135, Hig. 2).

More localities are known from the Netherlands. In part 3 of the
Catalogue of Dutch Macrolepidoptera (1938, p. 163), I mentioned nine
localities (one of which appeared later to be wrong), and in the eighth
supplement to this catalogue (1961, p. 462) thirteen more were added.
This means that already 21 Dutch localities are known, where the form
is met with, as a rule in one, or a few specimens, but locally it is
certainly not rare.

As far as I know, it has not been found in Belgium. Lambillion
cites it with a note of interrogation, without stating a locality (Cat.
Lep. de Belgique: 250; 1906). And Derenne in his supplement to this
catalogue (1931: p. 154) writes, ‘‘N’ plus été signalée’’.—B. J. Lempxe,
Oude Yselstraat 12iii, Amsterdam — Z.2. 24.viii.1961.

EUSTROTIA UNCULA CLERCK IN SuRREY.—Referring to Mr. Johnson’s
letter (antea 167), I have taken Hustrotia uncula Clerck at mercury
vapour in my garden here at Woking. I also took it on 15th July,
1961 at Thursley. Worplesdon is roughly midway between, and [
expect it to be pretty well distributed in suitable parts of the area
Hapalotis venustula Hiibn. is also found in the same area. It was fairly

plentiful at mercury vapour this summer near Thursley.—J. A. C.
' GREENWoop, Woodcote, Horsell Park, Woking, Surrey. 28.viii.1961.

bo
is)
i)

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X/1961

Cat’s WuiskeRS.—Apropos of your note (antea, 152), the Rev.
Octavius Pickard Cambridge and Mr Eustace Bankes always used cat’s
whiskers. The former taught me to do so. I prefer it for small insects.
Hare’s whiskers are very good, but fox’s are no. good at all. Cats
shed their whiskers regularly and if you have friends who keep cats,
ask them to look out for whiskers dropped on the carpet of the rooms
the cats frequent. Those of male cats are better than those of females.
Pickard Cambridge used to put his micros under chloroform, set them,
and then prevent them from coming out of the anaesthetic. JI have
latterly used ammonia as the killing agent and dispensed with
chloroform.—W. Parxinson Curtis, 131 Princess Road, Bournemouth,
Hants. 22.v11i.1961.

TricHIus Fascratus (L.) (CoLEOoPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN INVERNESS-
SHIRE.—A young viewer of the B.B.C. television programme ‘‘Out of
Doors’’, Angus MacKenzie (age 93), sent us a beetle for identification
recently, which proved to be the very local species Trichius fasciatus
(L.). He found this specimen visiting the flowers of some species of
Umbelliferae on 2nd August 1961, at Foyers, about twenty miles from
Inverness. Foyers is situated at 400 feet above sea level on the south
side of Loch Ness. The habitat apparently consisted of steeply rising
rocky ground covered with heather and birch, and bordered on one
side by an oat field. Angus MacKenzie tells me this is the only occasion
o.1 which he has ever seen this conspicuous beetle.

According to Linssen, in his ‘‘Beetles of the British Isles’’ (1959),
fusciatus is restricted to North Wales (mainly Snowdonia), and is very
local. It has also been recorded from the south of Wales and Scotland,
but it seems worthwhile publishing this Scottish record.—J. F. Burton,
B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol, 8. 24.viii.61.

[I understand that this species has its main stands in the extreme
south-west of England and in the Inverness-shire mountains, where
one can be pretty sure of finding the insect if a search be made. It
is, however, apparently absent from localities elsewhere which would
seem suitable for its requirements. Your young correspondent is to be
congratulated on his interest, and let us hope that he will keep it up
through the years.—Ep. ]

CucunLi1aA aBsinTHit L. in CaMBRIDGESHIRE.—In 1939 on leaving the
Isle of Portland, I took with me, for old time’s sake, a plant of common
wormwood to my next home in Kent. On leaving there in 1945, I
removed it to my present address in Cambridgeshire where the
original plant and cuttings taken from it continue to flourish. A few
days ago I took to my great satisfaction, and surprise, twelve larvae
of the wormwood shark on the new plants, now two years old. I am
certain that none were there in former years, so this possibly represents
a new county record. I have failed to find the larva on mugwort in the
area, so after twenty odd years, I once more have absinthi resident in
my garden. Hadena compta Schiff., by the way, is still in the garden
since 1956, but the original host plants are nearly finished.—Guy A.
Forp (Rev.), Balsham Rectory, Balsham, Cambridgeshire. 12.ix.1961.

THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

A systematic work, in collaboration with the pest specialists of all Countries,
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Wanited.—Seitz, A. Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. I. Barrett, C. G.
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CONTENTS

NOTES ON ZYGAENA SPECIES FROM THE PYRENEES, ‘LEPIDOPTERA ;
ZYGAENIDAE. W. G. TREMEWAN ...
THE SUBGENERA OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS, LEPIDOPTERA :
ZYGAENIDAE. W. G. TREMEWAN ... :
THE PRESENT STATUS OF EUPHYIA BILINEATA Te AB ISOLATA | Kane, “
H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. ... ‘ ied h ts ye,
JULY ON THE CONTINENT. S. N. KG JACOBS AS ue
THE DISCOVERY OF THE LARVA OF EUPITHECIA INNOTATA HUEN.
IN BRITAIN ON SEA BUCKTHORN, WITH NOTES ON ITS HABITS, —
etc. PERCY CUE Bas
EUPITHECIA INNOTATA HUFNAGEL ON ‘SEA. BUCKTHORN (IP POPHAE
RHAMNOIDES). G. M, HAGGertT and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT . beet
VARIOUS HOLIDAYS. Colonel H. G. ROSSEL ... ee
SEASONAL NOTES. Dr. F. H. N. SMIT# ... : Bee oh dee is a
NIGHT LIFE IN DORSET (SEPTEMBER 1961). R. G. CHATELAIN and
B. F. SKINNER ... : Ne
THE NEW EDITION OF SOUTH’ Ss “MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES” .
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ... Ae He a

SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KENT; A CRITICAL
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223

A New Species of Zygaena from Gibraltar,
Lepidoptera : Zygaenidae

By W. G. TREMEWAN,
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History)

A series of Zygaena specimens in the Rothschild collection had been
incorrectly determined by Rothschild as the nominate subspecies of
fausta L. Although superficially resembling faustina Ochs., an
examination of the genitalia revealed them to be more closely related
to fausta L. The specimens were taken in and near the Alameda
gardens at Gibraltar by J. J. Jacobs, who recorded them as Zygaena
baetica Rambur (Jacobs, 1913). There are further specimens in the
collection of Burgeff who considered them to be faustina baetica Ramb.
(Burgeff, in lit.). The genitalia of the Burgeff specimens are illus-
trated by Haaf (1952) under the name of baetica Ramb. The true
baetica, however, is only found in Malaga.

Zygaena gibraltarica sp. nov.

Zygaena baetica Rambur, Walker nec Rambur, 1890, Trans. ent.
Soc. Lond., 1890: 380.

Zygaena baetica Rambur, Sheldon nec Rambur, 1908, Hntomo-
logist, 41: 216.

Zygaena baetica Rambur, Ribbe nec Rambur, 1909/12, Iris, 23:
358 (partim).

Zygaena baetica Rambur, Jacobs nec Rambur, 1913, Ent. month.
Mag., 49: 234.

Zygaena fausta baetica Rambur, Haaf nec Rambur, 1952, Veroff.
z0ol. Staatssamml. Miinch., 2: 189.

S, 26-30 mm. wingspan. Head black, thorax black with vermilion
collar, the latter almost absent in some specimens. Abdomen black with
dorsal part of segment 5 vermilion, valvae black. Ground colour of
forewings blue-black or greenish-black with a slight gloss. Forewing
spots deep vermilion, 1 and 2 confluent, 2 outwardly edged with light
yellow ochre, spots 3 and 4 confluent by the narrow surrounding rings
which are light yellow ochre in colour. Spot 5 narrowly edged with
light yellow ochre and there are traces of the same colour surrounding
spot 6 which is often confluent with spot 5. Hindwings vermilion with
black terminal border widest at apex and terminating just before the
tornus. Cilia of forewings light brown, cilia of hindwings dark brown.

@, 32-34 mm. wingspan. Coloration similar to that in the male, but
vermilion colour is lighter and brighter. The forewing spots are larger
than those of the male and have wider yellow ochre rings.

Holotype dS, Gibraltar, 10.v.1910, J. J. Jacobs; allotype 9,
Gibraltar, vi.1887, J. J. Walker, in collection British Museum (Natural
History).

Paratypes, Gibraltar: 4 gd, 10.v.1910, J. J. Jacobs; 1 9, v.1887,
J. J. Walker; 3 66, 16-26.ix.1911, J. J. Jacobs; 1 9, 2.ix.1958, C. W.
Mackworth-Praed, in collection British Museum (Natural History); 5
3d, v.1887, J. J. Walker; 1 2, v.1908, W. G. Sheldon; 2 dd, 1 Q,
ix.1887, J. J. Walker, in Hope Department of Entomology, University
Museum, Oxford; 1 ¢, 2.ix.1958, leg. and collection C. W. Mackworth-
Praed.

SHI GOUINIAN

wal

smOoTITILTION

224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/X1/1961

A second generation occurs in September and differs from the spring
generation by its smaller size and the tendency of the forewing spots
to coalesce. In the hindwings of the female the vermilion coloration is
warmer and tinged with orange while the terminal border is extremely
narrow, even at the apex.

This new species is very distinct and the dark vermilion of the spots
and hindwings readily separates it from fausta L. It is larger than any
known subspecies of fausta and is thus comparable with Z. murciensis
Reiss. Reiss (1922) described murciensis as a subspecies of fausta from
a series of specimens taken on the Sierra de Espuna, Murcia. Later,
Reiss (1930) considered murciensis a subspecies of baetica Ramb., which
was followed by his placing both as subspecies of faustina Ochs. (Reiss,
1933). According to the genitalia, baetica is closely related to faustina,
but mwrciensis is more closely related to fausta. Reiss (in lit.) now
considers that murciensis is a good species and should be separated from
faustina and fausta. Alberti (1958) has placed fauwstina and its sub-
species baetica as a vicarious species of the North African Z. algira
Dup. occurring in the South, Z. fausta occurring in the North. It is
thus reasonable to consider murciensis and gibraltarica as vicarious
species of fausta.

According to Walker (1890) and Sheldon (1908) the larvae of
gibraltarica feed on Coronilla glauca L. The species algira, fausta,
faustina and its subspecies baetica have all been recorded on several
Coronilla spp. with the exception of C. glauca L. The oval, glossy-white
cocoon is similar to that of fausta.

The accompanying plate depicts drawings of the genitalia of
gibraltarica, murciensis, faustina and various subspecies of fausta. In
spite of slight differences between the genitalia of the subspecies of
fausta they all have a great similarity as is also noticeable in murciensis
and gibraltarica. The horns of the uncus of faustina baetica, however,
are much thicker, with a blunt, rounded apex in comparison with
_ that of fausta.

Z. gibraltarica differs from the known subspecies of fausta by its
larger size, broader forewings and hindwings, and darker vermilion
spots and hindwings. The vermilion abdominal belt is also narrower
and confined to one segment whereas in fausta this belt is usually
present on two segments. The valvae of gibraltarica are completely
black but in fawsta the valvae are vermilion or scarlet. Even in fausta
jucunda Meissner and fausta genevensis Milliere, which have the scarlet
coloration strongly reduced or absent in the collar and abdominal belt,
there are traces of scarlet on the valvae.

My thanks are due to Col. C. W. Mackworth-Praed for presenting
to the British Museum (Natural History) a female of the autumn
generation of gibraltarica Trmn. Acknowledgment is due to Mr. E.
Taylor, Hope Department of Entomology, University Museum, Oxford,
for the loan of material from their collections.

REFERENCES.

Alberti, B. 1958. Milt. zool. Mus. Berl., 34 (2): 310.

Haaf, E. 1952. Verdff. zool. Stattssamml. Munch., 2: 189.
Jacobs, J. J. 1913. Ent. month. Mag., 49: 234.

Reiss, H. 1922. Int. ent. Z., 15: 179.

SS 1930) in Seltz) Macrolep SUD) 2)om2os

. 1933. Ibid. (Addenda), 2: 271.

PLATE VII

VOL. 73

i
-

- a Pie

fe Hi ii Se
Ps ey |

NOTHS ON LEPIDOPTHRA AND OTHER INSEOTS IN DORSET 225

Ribbe, C. 1909/12. IJIris, 29: 358.
Sheldon, W. G. 1908. Hnlomologist, 41; 216.
Walker, J. J. 1890. Trans, ent. Soc. Lond., 1890: 380.

LEGEND TO PLATE VII.
Figs. 1-6, male genitalia of Zygaena species.
rigs. 7-10, female genitalia of Zygaena species.
. gibraltarica Trmn., ¢ uneus. Gibraltar,
murciensis Reiss, f uncus. Sierra de Espufia, Murcia.
. fausta fausta L., B uncus. Nice, Alpes-Maritimes.
. fausta agilis Reiss, g uncus. Thuringia.
. [dusta apocrypha Le Charles, ¢ uncus. Digne, Basses-Alpes.
. faustina baelica Rambur, & uncus. Malaga.

NNNNNNNNNN

7 gibraltarica Trmn., 9 ostium. Gibraltar,

8. murciensis Reiss, 9 ostium, Sierra de Espufia, Murcia.
9 Z. fausta forlundta Rambur, 9 ostium. Charente-Inférieure,
10. Z. faustinad baelica Rambur, Q ostium, Malaga.

Notes on Lepidoptera and Other Insects in
Dorset, 1961

By B. R. Bakrr

When planning the time of our holidays for 1961 one of the deciding
factors was the date on which my young son was due back at school
and another was the desirability to avoid the nightly swarms of
Triphaena pronuba L. as much as possible, The Dorset coast can
produce some wonderful insects, but when several hundred pronuba
are also in the trap the condition of some of the other species present
leaves more than a little to be desired.

We decided on the last week of August and the first of September,
and by 5 p.m, on the 26th August we were back on the familiar Dorset
cliffs west of Swanage. During the operation of ‘‘the laying out of
cable’’ the rain streamed down, the hills were hidden in mist and the
sea was somewhere down below, but by 6.30 p.m. the rain clouds and
mist had gone and, as if to cheer us up, a late-in-the-day Macroglossum
stellatarum L. was hovering over some valerian.

At 6 a.m. the following morning an inspection of the trap showed
little of interest. As was to be expected, Amathes c-nigrum L. was
abundant, so too were Amathes xanthographa V., Plusia gamma L.,
and Triphaena pronuba li! Caradrina ambigua I. was present in small
numbers as were Schrankia costaestrigalis Steph. and Scopula margine-
punctata Goeze. We were obviously too early for the several interesting
autumnal species which are to be taken on this stretch of coast so
consoled ourselves with the thought of 2 weeks by the sea with probably
very little setting to do.

That evening soon after switching on the lamp, sea mist began
to shroud the cliffs—it was warm and moths readily came to the
light. At 9 p.m. a yellowish species settled for a moment outside the
trap and then was lost among the circling crowd. Soon afterwards it
was partly visible on one of the egg trays and my wife helped me by
lifting off the transparent cone and we were able to box the specimen.
It buzzed vigorously in the box so we retired for supper and examined
the unknown afterwards. It proved not to be Heliothis armigera Hiibn.

226 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X1/1961

as I had suspected but a very fresh Leucania vitellina Hiibn. Before
we retired for the night at 11.30 p.m., seven vitellina had arrived, all
of them in wonderful condition.

The trap count next morning of all species was 731, mostly made up
of the commoners noted on the previous evening plus several Peridroma
porphyrea Schiff., and single specimens of Pheosia tremula Clerck, P.
gnoma F., Aspitates ochrearia Ross and Nomophila noctuella Schiff. A
further 15 L. vitellina Hiibn. made the unexpected night’s count of this
species 22. During the night of 28th/29th August, 5 more vitellinu
appeared and then we saw no more until the end of the week, 4 days
hence; in fact over this period, of the lepidoptera which were trapped,
none was worth recording. Insects were, however, not inactive as, for
example, on the 30th August when 147 corixids were found in the trap
amongst 470 moths. Trichoptera, too, were freely taken on almost
every night but these were only of 3 species: Limnephilus lunatus Curt.,
L. affinis Curt., and Stenophylax permistus McLach.

The bird population of this stretch of coast was also very active as
evidenced by the early morning arrival of stonechats, wrens and tits to
the area immediately surrounding the trap. The stonechats in particu-
lar were most persistant, and from our windows we were able to watch
these delightful little birds systematically working along the cliff ledges
in search of insects which had taken refuge there. The green wood-
peckers, too, were regular visitors and would clumsily, as if with great
effort, hop along the ledges, stopping for some moments to stab at
seme particular spot, until they were within a few feet of our living
quarters. In view of the hazards that the moths had to contend with
from the nightly halo of bats and the attention paid to them by the
birds from dawn onwards, the trap and examined contents were taken
away and covered over during the day and the moths released at dusk
at a point further around the headland.

During brilliant sunshine on the afternoon of 30th August, some
-attention was given to the Orthoptera, an order of insects for which
Dorset is justly famed. Dr. D. R. Ragge had very kindly told me of
the precise area for Decticus verrucivorous L. which he had rediscovered
in Dorset in 1955, but although several careful searches were made
for this impressive bush cricket none was found. We were, however,
successful again, thanks to Dr. Ragge, in finding the very local bush
cricket Conocephalus discolor Thun. of which a compact colony exists
close to the sea at one of Dorset’s impressive coves. On the cliffs at
Swanage, Tettigonia viridissima L. was heard stridulating most evenings,
its penetrating call carrying far up the rocky slopes, but in spite of the
hot sunny weather during our stay this large bush cricket was not heard
during the daytime. In previous years we have heard the call during
daylight from Swanage, Corfe and other localities in the Isle of Purbeck,
even when journeying by motor cycle the sound could well be detected
from the grassy road verges. Perhaps we were rather too early in the
season to hear viridissima at its best. Pholidoptera griseoaptera Deg.
was another species which could be heard most evenings on the cliffs
and on two occasions male specimens were taken at the light trap!

Sir Robert Saundby visited us on 3lst August, very thoughtfully
bringing along the recently published new edition of South. We re-
read the account therein of vitellina and speculated on this migrant’s

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA AND OTHER INSECTS IN DORSET Dapeey

presence in other places on the south coast but did not know at that
time of any definite records.

For the next two nights sea mist was prevalent and with it several
new species came to the lamp. Leucania l-album WL. just out and
very fresh appeared on Ist September and again on 2nd September,
together with single specimens of Ammogrotis lucernea L., and Ennomos
quercinaria Hufn. These, and vitellina, were the most interesting of
the 44 species noted that night, the most prominent species was without
doubt Plusia gamma L. A young entomologist friend who was spending
a few days with us found some difficulty in going to bed at all during
his stay and he reported to me next morning, 3rd September, that the
gamma, of which there were over 100, had almost all appeared around
3 a.m.

The hot weather of our first week’s stay now seemed to be breaking
up, and thunder storms and heavy rains were frequent. In these
thundery conditions moths abounded, and on the night of 3rd September
it seemed wisest to spot check the trap contents before midnight,
release the majority a distance away and then restart afresh. 381
moths were present at 11.45 p.m. and these included single specimens of
Amathes agathina Dup., Leuchochlaena hispida Gey., and Gnophos
obscurata Schiff. There were also 10 vitellina and 88 gamma.

At 06.30 hours the next morning there was a further 1,011 moths in
the trap including 5 vitellina and 205 gamma, the rest were all common
species.

This pattern of the single uncommon visitor and many commoners
was to take place throughout the following week, by the end of which
we had recorded a total of 70 Leucania vitellina Hiibn.

As far as other migrants were concerned they were few and well
dispersed over the fortnight. A single Vanessa cardw lL. was observed
on 8th September, but Colias croceus Foure. was not seen at any time.
Less than half a dozen Macroglossum stellatarum L. were noted and
only 4 Nomophila noctuella Schiff.

The vitellina kept alive for ova waited their time and it was not
until we were back in Reading, when some of the moths had been kept
for some 15 days, that the hoped for eggs began to appear. At the
time of writing the larvae are in their 3rd instar and growing steadily.

7ia Berkeley Avenue, Reading, Berkshire. 3.x.1961.

Puiusia cHALCITES Esp. In NortH Cornwatu.—While working an m.v.
lamp at Welcombe Mouth, on the north Devon-Cornwall border, in
the company of Col. H. G. Rossel, an unidentified Plusiid appeared on
the sheet among a multitude of Plusia gamma L. This turned out to be
a male specimen of P. chalcites Esp. which I recognised when boxed,
having taken several in Teneriffe in October 1960.

I have not yet heard of any further captures of this species in the
British Isles this year. However, one would expect that a relatively
large influx may have occurred, in view of the relative abundance of
other irregular immigrants this Autumn, especially Leucania vitellina
Hiibn.—C. J. Goopatt, M.B., B.S., 2 Derwent Avenue, Morecambe,
Lanes.

228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X1/1961

Notes from Dorset
by H. Symes

Two years ago (Hnt. Rec. 71: 162 and 252-3) I made some adverse
comments on conditions at Hod Hill, largely due to the absence of
rabbits and presence of cattle. Last summer, owing mainly to the bad
weather, I did not even visit the locality. This year I am glad to re-
port a great improvement in the state of affairs, and during the late
summer, the Hill was looking more like its old self. The second brood
of Lysandra bellargus Rott. was very strong, and there was plenty of
devil’s bit scabious in flower. Provided that the place is not over-run
with cattle in the late spring, prospects for entomologists next year
seem to me to be very favourable. ;

On 22nd August I visited Hod Hill with the Rev. F. M. B. Carr.
The weather was cold and windy and there was little sunshine. Two
male bellargus were taken and a good many Polyommatus icarus Rott.
were seen resting low down in the herbage, very loth to fly. I took a
3 ab. arcuata. On 29th August Mr. Carr and I went there again. It
was a brilliant hot day. L. bellargus males were abundant, the females
were only just beginning to come out. A few Lysandra coridon Poda
were still on the wing. J had a good view of two Vanessa cardw IL. in
beautiful condition, the only specimens that I have seen or heard of this
season. Aglais urticae lL. was present in fair numbers and I saw one
Vanessa atalanta LL. Mr. Carr and I paid our third visit to the Hill on
20th September, a warm day with no wind and hardly any sun. UL.
bellargus was still out in large numbers, but most of the males were
very worn. Some of the females were perfectly fresh, and I took two or
three nicely marked specimens. It was easy to examine the butterflies
as they were rather sluggish and I picked up one ¢ ab. obsoleta. I also
took a very beautiful form of P. icarus 9, but the biggest surprise was
_a Rhodometra sacraria l., whose appearance was most unexpected in
such a poor season for migrants.

T paid two visits to Morden Heath, on 10th and 20th July, but did
not see Coscina cribaria L. or Heliothis maritima Grassl. Even Plusia
gamma lL. was scarce. This scarcity was also very noticeable with
larvae: many of the common species I did not see at all. On August
16th, Mr. Carr and I went to look for larvae of Cucullia lychnatis
Ramb. in its Dorset 1 locality. He found one small one, which rather
unexpectedly completed its growth: as a rule, small larvae found at
so late a date do not long survive. On our way back to Bournemouth
we looked in on Ferndown Forest (not very near Ferndown) and
found a dozen larvae of Scoliopteryx libatrix I. of various sizes. They
were all in a very confined area of a few square yards, and I have never
seen so many together before. Feeding in an exposed position at the
top of sallow shoots, these larvae are very much exposed to attacks by
their enemies, and more than half of them turned out to have been
“stung’’ by a dipterous parasite. These flies were smaller than, but
similar in appearance to, those which I have bred from Arctia villica L.,
Macrothylacia rubi L. and Apatele aceris L. but differed from them in
two respects: each libatriz larva harboured only one parasite, as against
three or four in the case of the other species I have mentioned, and the

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 229

parasite larva pupated inside the skin of its host instead of breaking
through it and pupating in the open. S. libatrix spends a very short
time in the pupal state: none of my larvae started to spin up until two
or three days after 16th August and a moth emerged on 7th September.
Three more had emerged by 14th September and one pupa was a dud.
The other larvae had been ‘‘stung’’. The moth emerges early in the
morning, before 7 a.m. B.S.T. I saw one drying its wings at 6.50 a.m.

Not far from Ferndown Forest we found a full-grown larva of
Sphinz ligustri L., and on September 7th I found two more at Badbury
Rings. Here Mr. Carr and I were joined by Brigadier Warry. We
beat the beeches in the avenue for larvae of Drepana cultraria Fab.
without the slightest success. These larvae are very erratic in their
appearance. In some years, notably 1955, they are very plentiful, in
others they do not appear at all. A few Bena fagana Fab. were beaten
from the beeches, and about a dozen Gastropacha quercifolia lL. from
small blackthorns and hawthorns. Neither Apatele pst L. nor A.
tridens Schiff. nor Craniophora ligustri Schiff. was seen, and only one
or two Lophopteryx capucina I.., sometimes so abundant at Badbury
Rings on hawthorn.

On 12th September I drove to the Glanville’s Wootton locality to
meet Brig. Warry and Miss Pengilly. In the morning, while they were
beating for larvae, I wandered round the rough fields with my net.
There were plenty of patches of flower, but no butterflies, not even
Lycaena phlaeas L. P. gamma however, was more plentiful than I had
seen it this year. I searched some small birches and sallows and found
one larva each of Notodonta ziczac L. and Drepana lacertinaria L. Brig.
Warry beat a few Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessly, one N. ziczac, one N.
dromedarius L. and one D. lacertinaria. After lunch I joined them
with my tray and soon knocked a Dryobotodes protea from oak and a
larva of Atolmis rubricollis lu., but there my success ended.

The last fortnight of September saw an enormous influx of P. gamma
and on 26th it was swarming in vast numbers in a clover field near
Badbury Rings, but there was no sign of R. sacraria in the stubble
fields.

Notes on the Microlepidodtera
By H. C. Hueerns, F.R.E.S.

Immigrants: I intend shortly writing a note on immigrants generally
in the present season, but I think it may be of interest to state what I
have and have not seen so far. I saw three or four Nomophila noctuella
Schiff. in early June, but have not seen a single specimen in August and
September. The same applies to Hapalia ferruginalis Hiibn., there
were a few about in the early summer, but I have seen none of the
usually abundant late summer and early autumn ones. I have recently
been working stubble fields for Rhodometra sacraria L., of which a few
specimens have occurred locally. When I did the same in 1947
ferruginalis was in all the fields in hundreds, but this year I have seen
none. This is all the more curious as Plusia gamma L., which was also
very scarce in the early summer, is now present in myriads. Twice
during the past week I have had at least 500 in one night in the
mercury vapour trap. I have also seen no Plutella maculipennis Curt.

230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/X1/1961

Eucosma maritima Westwd. (candidulana Nolcke): The little
variegated larva of this tortricid is to be found in September feeding on
the seeds of Artemisia maritima. I have just had a query as to the
best method for bringing it through the winter, as it is one of those
exasperating larvae that spin in the autumn and do not pupate until
the spring, apparently solely to spite the collector by drying up in the
winter. My best plan, I always found, was to get a 17” flower pot,
put in about 7” of fairly light earth on top of good drainage, throw
all my Artemisia stems into it, and after fixing a piece of muslin over
the top, leave it out on the garden path. At the end of July and
beginning of August, the muslin can be taken off early every evening
and any moths that have emerged can be boxed. This method is good
for all such insects as spend the winter in the larval state. Anyone,
however, who lives near a locality for this species, as I did when at
Sittingbourne, may take it easily on a warm evening buzzing over
the food-plant or sitting on it. My series is labelled August 4th/10th.

The New ‘South’

The long-awaited revised edition of Richard South’s ‘‘Moths of the
British Isles’? has at last been published and must now be in the hands
of most serious students of British Lepidoptera. In the preface, the
editors state that a new edition having become necessary, it was deemed
a fitting opportunity to bring the subject matter more into line with
our present knowledge of the structure, habits, distribution and
nomenclature of the species considered therein. Scarce and occasional
visitors have been included, together with the species which have estab-
lished themselves in this country since South’s day.

Perhaps because the advent of this book has been so eagerly awaited,
one feels a sense of disappointment now that it is here. The editors,
and quite rightly, have attempted a revision of the original classic rather
than to write a new book, but many may feel, as I do, that so much
stress has been laid on preservation of the original form, that an oppor-
tunity to make our standard textbook infinitely more useful has been
lost. In the following remarks, the examples I quote all come from
vol. 1, to which all page references refer, but the same generalisations
apply to vol. 2, which could furnish examples similar to those I have
used.

One of the most irritating features of South’s masterpiece was the
lack of system with which the facts were presented: sometimes the
distribution of a species is dealt with first, sometimes last; descriptions
of imago, field notes, accounts of early stages and so on are often
jumbled together in one paragraph, though sometimes separate para-
graphs are devoted to one or other aspects of the treatment of a species.
Surely it would have been an advantage to present the accounts in
the new edition more systematically, especially when the addition of an
appendix ‘to bring the subject matter more into line... .’ merely
adds to the chaos, e.g., on p. 358 an account of the larva is placed
between the early records of Catocala fraxini L. and the statement
that it now seems to be established in two localities.

THE NEW ‘SOUTH’ 231

Of course it is not necessary to give detailed descriptions of the imago
of all species in an illustrated book of this sort, but one feels strongly
that more space should have been given to notes on distinguishing
‘difficult’ species. This has been attempted somewhat arbitrarily with
Procus and Cucullia, but where genitalia are important surely line
drawings of these structures should have been included in the text.
If space were at a premium, they could have replaced some of the
very wishy-washy photographs which appear. In the case of Hydraecia,
quite a lot of text is devoted to description of colour and pattern of the
four critical species, but I am personally unaware of any wing character
or combination of characters which gives an infallible means of determin-
ing the species. Though in the cases cited and elsewhere, most useful
references are given to papers on the genitalia, these are not always
readily accessible, and a summary should appear in the work under
discussion. A few notes on the manipulation of genitalia, to encourage
the beginner and make him less afraid of tackling the structures, would
have been useful in the introduction. While on the subject of critical
species, it is noted with some concern that Wightman’s paper on
Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff. and A. luneburgensis Freyer in Ent. Gaz.,
6: 217-223, is not mentioned. The present work includes the two species
under lutulenta without comment.

The up-to-date nomenclature and taxonomy is invaluable, but dis-
cussions of general points should be included above the genera concerned
and not in an account of one of the species. Thus on pp. 158-159
Triphaena-Noctua-Euschesis is discussed under EH. janthina Schiff. By
some accident, Calamia tridens subsp. occidentalis Cockayne (p. 327)
is placed between Hnargia paleacea Esp. and EH. ulicis Staud.!

It is a great pity that the botanical names used in the text are
still woefully out of date. A host of examples could be listed, but I will
mention only one which is also an inconsistancy. On p. 237, bladder
campion is referred to, correctly, as Silene cucubalus (no author, as
everywhere else); on p. 181 and elsewhere the old name of S. inflata
is used for the species. In any event, the scientific names are scattered
thinly and at random through the text and in most cases the common
names only are given. It would have been better to omit the botanical
names altogether. Incidentally, Scotch Fir (p. 193) caused a wince,
and so, too, did ‘flagellae’ (p. 71)!

On the whole, the range of variation within the species is dealt with
satisfactorily for a book of this size, though more could have been said
concerning local forms, e.g. of Celaena haworthu Curt. in the Broads
and North Britain, and of the continued appearance and spread of
melanics.

A verbal description of the early stages is extremely difficult if it
is to be useful, and my own opinion is that it would have been helpful
to allot more space to the habits of these stages. For instance, in
mentioning the recent spread of Cucullia absinthu L. no correlation, is
made regarding the spread of the larva from Artemesia absinthium L.
to A. vulgaris L., without which colonisation of the inland towns would
not have been possible. Far too many larvae still seem to eat ‘low
plants’, especially when young. Such unhelpful remarks should be
omitted.

232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/X1/1961

Probably the worst part of the new book is that dealing with
distribution of the species. On p. 141 is found one of the few cases
where the present state of knowledge is really well summarised: this
concerns a rather uncommon moth whose history has been well docu-
mented by R. F. Bretherton. His papers are referred to, and a good
summary is given. Too often though, noncommital or downright mis-
leading statements are made. On p. 245, for instance, the remarkable
assertion, taken from the old edition, is made that records exist of
Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff. ... . having been taken at light, perhaps
the latest of these being that of a specimen captured at Exeter on 11th
April 1906! Our present knowledge of the distribution and comparative
abundance locally of Xylomyges conspicillaris L. lies in the fact that it
comes so readily to m.v. light, yet the book says that though the moth
has occasionally been found at rest on isolated tree trunks or on posts,
it has rarely been captured in any other way. On pp. 179-180 we read
that Hadena dysodea Schiff. is found especially in Cambridgeshire. It
was in South’s day, and the present edition tacitly acknowledges that
something is wrong by mentioning four isolated records since 1918,
none of them from Cambs.! There are many instances where well-known
extensions of the known range of a species have been omitted. The
editors are in error when they say that the five specimens of Hydraecia
hucherardi Mab. taken after the first two recorded were captured at
Dungeness. In fact, they were taken between Rye and Appledore.

In the case of the famous migrants, especially the hawk moths, a
great list of occurrences in the last century is given, followed by the
remark that the species has been taken in greater or lesser numbers
almost every year since 1906. Surely a more balanced summary could
have been achieved without destroying the essential character of South?

Regarding distribution abroad, I see that many species still extend
as far as Amurland, wherever that may be!

The illustrations by the late Mr. H. D. Swain are for the most part
extremely accurate and, in their original state, lovely to behold. What
a shame that so many of the plates are slightly off register, in all the
copies I have so far examined. The only illustrations of that variable
little moth Nycteola revayana Scop. are in a poor black-and-white
photograph on p. 356, and one cannot help feeling that figures by
Swain would have been much more valuable. It would have been an
advantage to give page references to the relevant text against each
illustration, as in other recent Warne publications.

All in all, the new ‘South’ reminds me of the fine ship that was
spoilt for a ha’p’orth of tar.

19.ix.1961. B. Goater.
To the Editor, 25th September, 1961.
The Entomologist’s Record.

Dear Sir,

IT read with much interest and astonishment, on page 198
of your September issue, the review ‘“‘The Moths of the British Isles”’
by Richard South, Fourth Edition, 1961, Warne’s Wayside & Woodland
Series. What you say is correct so far as it goes, but you omit all
comment and criticism of the faults which mar this otherwise splendid
work. Hence my astonishment,

THE NEW ‘SOUTH’ 233

The pity is that with a little trouble and intelligence these faults
could have been avoided.

First, the insects are not numbered on the coloured plates, though
the legends below each plate name the insects by reference to numbers.
Sometimes one has to count the insects on the plate to find out from
the legend what is the insect’s name. The figures of larvae ete. on
uncoloured plates are properly numbered. The earlier editions of
‘South’ numbered the figures on both the coloured and uncoloured
plates. Now to omit these numbers on the coloured plates is a retro-
grade step which is both infuriating and incomprehensible.

Secondly, the text page on which an insect is described is not noted
on the plate legends. This useful cross reference is in general use—for
example in Beirne’s ‘‘British Pyralid & Plume Moths’’ in the same
Series. The plates are often well away from the relevant text, and the
figures are at times in an order different from the text. Thus, taking
a plate at random, plate 55 facing page 141 of Vol. 1, the figures show
moths described on pages 144, 145, 155, 159, 152, 155 and 150, in that
order. To find a text reference from the plate means looking in the
index. ;

Thirdly, there are errors in the plates. Figures 10 and 11 of plate
30 in Vol. 1—Oak Hook-tip female and Barred Hook-tip male—have
been transposed. Figure 14 on plate 70 Vol. 2 appears to be the Grey
Pine Carpet (Thera obeliscata Hiibn.) not the Spruce Carpet (T. variata
subsp. britannica Turner).

Fourthly, the Eupithecia are drawn about twice life size on the
coloured plates. No mention is made of this either on the plates or in
the text. A beginner might be greatly puzzled. The scale ought to be
shown on each of the plates concerned.

Fifthly, there are printers errors that should have been eliminated
by careful proof reading. Plate 84 Vol. 2 refers to the ‘‘Bilbury Pug’’
instead of the ‘‘Bilberry Pug’’. On page 271 Vol. 1 ‘‘venosa’’ is written
‘‘Venosa’’?. And there are other such errors. Possibly in the same
category of mistake is that on page 311 Vol. 1 in reference to the Giant
Ear (Hydraecia hucherardi Mabille). South says ‘‘in 1953 a female was
taken by Mr. W. F. Tweedie in Romney Marsh and Mr. H. Robinson
took a male at Dungeness, where later that year five were taken’’.
Mr. Tweedie’s initials are ‘““M. W. F.”’ not “W. F.’’, and the five
moths were taken not at Dungeness but in Romney Marsh.

Sixthly, by continuing to use the text of the earlier editions
without proper amendment, mis-statements occur that should never
have been allowed. Thus, page 68 Vol. 1 reads with reference to the
Kentish Glory (Endromis versicolora Linn.) ‘In England it seems to
be not uncommon in Wyre Forest, Worcestershire, and the Reading dis-
trict in Berkshire’. To the best of my knowledge, I hope I am wrong,
E. versicolora has been extinct in the Reading area for some fifty years!
There are other like errors.

My seventh criticism is perhaps a little unfair. One of the faults
of the previous editions of South was so often showing illustrations of
two almost identical examples of a species, instead of either showing
two different forms of the species, or having one illustration of that
species and using the space made thus available to illustrate some form
of another species which was not illustrated. This fault has been

234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, Vou. 73 15/X1/1961

largely rectified, but not entirely. For example, plates 34 and 36 in
Vol. 1 containing pictures of a male and female of each of Yellow-tail
(Huproctis similis Fuessly), Brown-tail (H, chrysorrhoea Linn.), Reed
Tussock (Laelia caenosa Hiibn.), and Black V Moth (Arctornis l-nigrum
Miill.). In every case the only apparent difference between the sexes
is form of antennae, body shape and size of insect. One picture of
each would suffice and this would leave a free plate. It would be help-
ful to a beginner to show the banded conversaria and the black nigricata
forms of the Mottled Beauty (Alcis repandata Linn.), and other useful
illustrations readily come to mind.

Eighthly, and this is really my main complaint, the distribution
given of numerous species is inaccurate and misleading. Thus fourteen
lines of text on pages 202-203 Vol. 1 are used to give the distribution of
the Southern Wainscot (Leucania straminea Treit.), naming 17 counties
including Sussex, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall. But not Hampshire,
where in places the insect is fairly common. Again, the Obscure Wain-
scot (L. obsoleta Hiibn.), page 203 Vol. 1, is stated to be ‘‘a very local
species, chiefly found among reeds in Norfolk, Hunts., Cambs., Sussex,
and the Isle of Wight’’, and also that it occurred ‘‘in marshy places
along the banks of the Thames from Bucks. to Essex and Kent’. It
occurs to my knowledge in west Surrey and south east Kent, both well
away from the Thames, mid and south Hampshire, and the Isles of
Scilly. I should expect to find that it has been recorded from Dorset
and Devon. Again, the Devonshire Wainscot (L. putrescens Hiibn.) is
stated, page 205 Vol. 1, to be ‘‘confined to the coasts of South Devon and
South Wales’’. It is well known that it occurs along the North Cornish
coast into North Devon, and I would expect to find it in South Corn-
wall.

The Grey (Hadena caesia subsp. mananti Gregson) is said, page 181
Vol. 1, to occur in various localities in Co. Cork, Co, Kerry and Co.
Donegal in Jreland. No mention of Co, Clare is made where it occurs
‘in the Burren.

Webb’s Wainscot (Nonagria sparganii Esp.) is stated on page 339,
Vol. 1, to occur along the south coast from Kent to ‘‘Devon and Somer-
set’’. Reference is made to the Isle of Wight, Suffolk and Co. Cork.
No mention is made of the Isles of Scilly, where it is resident. Again,
the Silky Wainscot (Chilodes maritima Tausch.) is stated on page 344
Vol. 1 to occur in Norfolk and Cambs., Hunts., Essex, Herts., Suffolk,
Surrey, Kent, Sussex, Dorset, Devon, and Isle of Wight. It fails to
mention Hampshire (mainland) and Isles of Scilly where it also occurs.

The Butterbur (Gortyna petasitis Doubl.) is stated on Page 314 Vol.
1, so far as the south of England is concerned, to have been reported
‘from the Eastern counties and from Dorset, Somerset and Wiltshire’’.
Tt certainly occurs in Surrey, Hampshire, Middlesex, and Hertford-
shire, and doubtless in other southern counties where its foodplant
grows.

Probably all these additional county records have been published in
The Entomologist’s Record, The Entomologist or the Entomologist’s
Gazette during the last 15 years. Certainly most have.

To make the above remarks, I have opened Vol. 1 of South at ran-
dom some ten or twelve times, and have read the distribution given for

THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 235
some half dozen or so species each time. There are doubtless additional
misleading statements of distribution, but I do not wish to labour the
point. My complaint is that the publishers should have had the text
read and amended by an entomologist with a wide and up-to-date ex-
perience in the field, such as Dr. Charles de Worms, Mr. Austin Richard-
son or Mr. EK. W. Classey, to name but three of a number who come
readily to mind.

It is easy to criticise. In spite of all I have said above, the new
South is by far the finest book in its class on the larger British Moths
for both beginner and expert, and no lepidopterist should be without it.
The additional species illustrated in the new edition are particularly
valuable, But how much better South could have been if someone had
displayed a little more imagination and care.

Yours faithfully,
Rosin M. Mere.
Mill House, Chiddingfold, Surrey.

The Larval Taxonomy of the British Trichoptera
By Autuan Brinvis, F.R.E.S.

2.—TuHEe PHRYGANEIDAE

In the present part of this series a key ig given to the species of the
Phryganeidae in both the larval and pupal stages. The larval key,
which is based on Lestage (1921) but somewhat amended, has been used
for the identification of some of the species; the pupal key, however,
which is a more or less literal translation of that in Lestage, has not
been tested. When more work has been done on the immature stages
of the family, a more satisfactory key should result, but the length of
time necessary to accomplish this is the chief reason for the present
survey. The characters used in Lestage and earlier authors, in any
case, have usually been found to be good, and it is only in some genera
that difficulty is found.

There is also an error in the previous paper (Brindle, 1961), which
should be corrected. On p. 162 the second part of couplet 5 occupies
lines 9 and 10. Line 9 is correct but line 10 should read : —

CNW ANAS oy eiuii2a0 Rhyacophilidae’.

With the inclusion of Agrypnetes crassicornis McLachlan in the
Phryganeidae, the pupae of this family may have spines 2.4.4., or 2.2.2. ,
the latter formula restricted to Agrypnetes.

The Phrygaenidae possess sub-eruciform larvae, the head being yel-
low or brown with darker bands which may almost obliterate the lighter
colour. The characteristic head pattern, which is similar to some
Limnephilus, consists of two dark longitudinal bands on the genae ap-
proximately following the lines of the occipital and fronto-clypeal
sutures, with a median dark band on the fronto-clypeus (fig. 2). In
Oligotricha (fig. 8) this latter band is absent, and the two dark bands
coincide with the fronto-clypeal sutures. In Phryganea and Oligotricha
the bands are dark brown or blackish, contrasting with the yellowish

236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X1/1961

ground colour of the head, but in Agrypmia and Agrypnetes the bands
are brownish. The head is longer and narrower in Oligotricha and
shorter and more rounded in Agrypnia (fig. 7)

The mandibles are assymetrical and strongly toothed, the right man-
dible usually with one or two teeth less than the left; and, with the
exception of Trichostegia, the inner concave edges of the mandibles are
without the brushes of setae so commonly found in caddis larvae. The
maxillary palps are long and five-jointed; the labial palps are short
and two-jointed. The antennae are short, consisting of a basal segment
with a distal setae; the labrum is usually large and ellipical with a
median anterior notch.

Only the prothorax has a dorsal sclerotised plate, the dorsum of the
meso- and meta-thorax being membraneous. The anterior and median
pairs of legs are about equal in length, the anterior being broader. The
distal spines of the anterior legs are on processes. A prosternal horn
occurs between the anterior coxae.

The abdomen is generally reddish, greenish or whitish, the first seg-
ment having very large protuberances, one dorsal and two lateral. The
lateral line along this side of the abdomen is well developed as in most
eruciform larvae, The tracheal gills are long, filiform and single, the
posterior gills of the lateral rows being pubescent. The dorsal plate on
the ninth tergite is generally hexagonal with four setae posteriorly.

The typical case of the family is a simple tube, open at both ends,
not narrower posteriorly, or only slightly, and constructed from pieces
of vegetable material, cut into uniform lengths and arranged in a spiral
around the case. When fully grown the larvae of Phryganea probably
show this type of case to perfection, but when young the spiral con-
struction of the case is not always apparent. Trichostegia arranges the
material longitudinally not spirally, and the case of Agrypnia pagetana
is rarely spiral though that of A. pictais. A. pagetana may use a piece
of hollow stem.

For identification purposes any caddis larva with only the pronotum
sclerotised and in a tubular case belongs to this family—the spiral con-
struction of most cases is an added certainty. The only doubts which
may arise concern some Athripsoudes (Leptoceridae) in which the
mesonotum is only slightly sclerotised but their cases are never spirally
made, the abdomen is much narrower and the gills are in tufts, not
single. The only other British caddis larvae making spiral cases be-
long to the genus T'riaenodes (Leptoceridae) but here the cases are long,
very narrow, and taper considerably posteriorly.

Pupation takes place in the case after this has been closed by per-
forated membranes. Tufts of vegetable material are drawn into the
ends of the case before the construction of the membranes, the latter
being internal to the vegetable tufts.

‘he pupae have the labrum fully as long as wide (fig. 9) with a group
of setae at the anterior angles. The pupal mandibles are long and
stout, the distal part being either strongly or gently curved, and the
basal part being strongly or only slightly broadened. In all
cases there is a prominence on the outer edge on which are placed two
setae.

Fringes of setae are usually prominent on the median legs of the

THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 237

pupa, the anterior and posterior legs being provided with less numerous
setae. The notum of the first abdominal segment is generally produced
posteriorly in a narrow elongated process, the distal margin of which
may be rounded or emarginate (fig. 12). Tracheal gills occur as in the
larva. The anal processes are short, often more or less blunt, sometimes
(Agrypmia) being produced into a short pointed apex (fig. 10).

The larvae are characteristic of still or slowly moving water, and
there is some restriction of habitat amongst the various species. In
spite of the large size of Phyganea adults, the emergence from the pupa
is undertaken at the water surface, the cast pupal exuviae being left
floating on the water surface.

The sizes of the fully grown larvae and ot the pupae are included
in the keys.

Key to Larvak.
1. Head with two blackish longitudina! bands but without a median
band on the fronto-clypeus (fig. 8); length 20-22 mm. ... Oligotricha
— Head with two blackish or brownish longitudinal bands and with a

similarly coloured band on the fronto-clypeus ...................00005 2
2. Fronto-clypeal band covering most of the sclerite (fig. 1) ............ 3
=a Hromto-clypealsband narrows (ese 4ego() o...-2eeeeen ste meee 4
3. Head shorter and rounded (as fig. 7); mandibles without brush of

setae on internal edges; left mandible bidentated at apex; length
PAD PAS rid 10) 5 tien 5 een nc 5h eB nic 3 SR ARHGP CaM ea i Abe Agrypnetes
— Head more elongated (fig. 1); mandibles with a brush of setae on
internal edges; left mandible not bidentated at apex; length 15-17
TUAIURE a ARRON oh Pe SSE Sah prensa Te Eee a eee ee Trichostegiu
4. Pronotum with blackish anterior and posterior borders; bands on
head dark brown or blackish; head longer (figs. 2, 4, 5); length 22-
AA TUT eye he in Bares che asc hinds oscars dessin cots te dates eet ee Phryganea
— Pronotum with a dark area in middle extending to anterior border,
but with posterior and lateral borders light; head shorter (fig. 7);
Nera G2 OSD As rN Ws. os Rs 5 0 ahsa RR enc sac alee cis ars Necarace aw ate ae Agrypnia

Oligotricha Rambur
Two species, both in slowly moving or still water, often in peaty
pools on moorlands.
1. Two almost parallel blackish longitudinal bands on head which ex-
tend on to thoracic nota and first abdominal segment; widely

Cis tstetl UNGS Classe ree Maca asus ouatocg sod tee eee lates: cenaneiane ruficrus (Scop.)
— Bands absent from thoracic tergites; very local, recorded from
Stakondshinesands shiropsbineysva.cscssece- eee eee clathrata (Kol.)

Phryganea L.
Four species, all widely distributed, in still or slowly moving water.
1. Gulls absent from eighth abdominal segment; ventral surface of
head with dark bands (fig. 3); typical of fen country but also occurs

in some Lake District tarns; length 22-26 mm. .................. varia BF.
— Gills present on eighth abdominal segment; ventral surface or head
withoutmoanrkbatids Roe REGO DOE PRG. A Seay LaaURE 2

2. Fronto-clypeal band narrowed ventrally or not reaching anterior

238 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X1/1961

border of fronto-clypeus (fig. 4); three gills on each side of eighth
abdominal segment; in lakes and slowly moving water, both in

lowland and upland districts; length 30-40 mm. ............ striata L.
— fFronto-clypeal band not narrowed ventrally (fig. 5); two gills on
each side of eighth abdominal segment ...............cccceseeeceeceeeeeass 3

3. Two dark marks on ventral surface of head (fig. 6); gills absent
from second abdominal segment; in stony lakes or peat pools, etc.,
always in upland districts; length 22-25 mm. ...... obsoleta Hagen

— Ventral surface of head without dark marks; head dorsally as in
varia (fig. 2); gills present on second abdominal segment; in lakes
and slowly moving water in lowland districts; length 30-44 mm.
DARLIN Sea Re Iie AR OY Renn NOE HA BPR) DUAR ea grandis L.

Trichostegia Kolenati
One species (fig. 1), rather local, in slowly moving water
Sh ses a Uae She RAE A LN SADR are ai So minor (Curt.)

Agrypnetes McLachlan
One species only known in Britain from Malham Tarn, Yorkshire,
but it should occur in some other Northern lakes.
a siemmuchert etter tend behitaansiechs i a lala ol diesel arnt seat inch crassicornis MeLach.

Agrypnia Curtis
Two species.

1. Fronto-clypeal band broadened suddenly ventrally to reach both
lateral borders of fronto-clypeus; gills present on second abdominal
secunienty wery. locally! (tare rec eco ane moanaae eee cobs anebelig picta Kol.

— Fronto-clypeal band parallel (fig. 7); gills absent from second ab-
dominal segment; characteristic of fen country, in lakes and ponds,
COT OF abe ah eee sie eT Eee Ee ee pagetana Curt.

Key to Pupag.

1. Spines 2.2.2.; fourth abdominal segment without a dorsal sclerotised

las lernesila, WSO) ii, snomapcondoandoososocoapesedsnconosd00. Agrypnetes
— Spines 2.4.4; fourth abdominal segment usually with a dorsal
sclerotised plate (exs Ps varia) issicse te node. ee eee ee eee 2
Mandibles rudimentary, the terminal part aborted; length 16-20
TITAS amd, eb arth bbe ela! ee Sea ee te oe Oligotricha clathrata
= Mandibles -wellideveloped Waits. Sere Eee eee eee 3
Anal appendages with a digitate process apically directed towards
mid-line; case not spiral; length 10-13 mm. ............... Trichostegia
— Anal appendages without such a process; length 14 mm, or more

mV eres We hele ids TA a Ei Lo A Pe NE Ce es eR eee eee 4
4. Mandibles with terminal part sharply bent, almost at right angles

proximalipart broads | (oe :cad:secsisteaoeeseeeeee sheet oP Rete te aae ee Aer er eee 5
— Mandibles with terminal part gently curved (fig. 9), proximal part
LINEN SLCONV Sle Ee SOMe Sa taser naan cccenad iacn paaeaeorn aaeoe seen scspescasbsoh sn oons sacdccor 6
Dorsal gills absent from eighth abdominal segment; labrum pro-
jecting, with transverse row of small tubercles; length 26-33 mm.
i rahe seh sate Spates side a tener aaie shee eae ea cee i ope Phryganea grandis
— Dorsal gills present on eighth abdominal segment; labrum not pro-

jecting, smooth; length 25-30 mm. .................. Phryganea striata
6. Dorsal process on first abdominal segment rounded distally; length

16-20 mmuttin’y, ose’ er sesie nein «chad Saereea ee ae sereane er seeheice Oligotricha ruficrus

VOL. 73 PAE Vat

Rei

MORE ORANE-FLIES IN THE LAKE DISTRICT 239

— Dorsal process on first abdominal segment emarginate (fig. 12) ... 7

7. Apex of anal appendages with pointed processes (fig. 10) ............ 8
— Apex of anal appendages pointed but without processes (fig. 11) ... 9
8. labrum wider than long; case spiral; length 16-17 mm. male, 20-22

TAN TAA ALS TA USI Sv NALT A, ene NT oe 2 Na le Mk ca CE Agrypnia picta
— labrum as wide ag long; case not spiral; length similar

a cicii Poa REUocca MEE Ra eee en me ae sh MURA Agrypnia pagetana
9. Fourth abdominal segment without a sclerotised plate; first ab-

dominal segment without gills; dorsal gills on segments 2-5;

leno Ge G=20 emit BOY Wace, bos Paral ie ey nttee Phryganea variu
— Fourth abdominal segment with a sclerotised plate; first abdominal

segment with gills; dorsal gills on segments 2-8; length 14-15 mm.

Tate HOES OAS GOSS GHEE Ona aE LE eEEC ATP ae a nr Siam Phryganea obsoleta
REFERENCES.

Brindle, A. 1961. A Family Key to the Pupae of the British Trichoptera.
EGP RCG Tae 62162"

Hickin, N. E. Larvae of the British Trichoptera—49. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond.
(A), 30: 174-176.

Lestage, J. A. 1921. In Rousseau, Les larves et nymphes aquatiques des Insectes
@Erurope. Brussels.

LEGEND FOR PLATE VIII.

Larvae (heads).—Dorsal: 1, 7. minor (after Hickin); 2, P. varia; 4, P. striata;
5, P. obsoleta; 7, A. pagetana; 8, O. ruficrus. Ventral: 3, P. varia; 6,
P. obsoleta.

Pupae.—9, A. pagetana, labrum and mandibles. 10, A. pagetana, anal process.
11, P. varia, anal process. 12, P. striata, process on first abdominal
segment. (Figs. 9-12 after Lestage.)

More Crane-flies in the Lake District
By R. M. Payne

Last year (Hnt. Rec., 72: 270-1) I wrote an account of my collecting
crane flies (Diptera, Tipulidae) in a small area on the western edge of
the Lake District, in Cumberland. In 1961 I spent a fortnight in the
same area, but earlier than in 1960, at the beginning of August.

This year I paid special attention to the exposed Sphagnum and
cotton grass bog on Birkby Fell (3850 feet above sea level) where in
1960 Limnophila fulvonervosa Schummel and L. meigent Verrall had
been noted. These two species were again common, the former especially
so, and in addition I found L. squalens Zett., Tipula oleracea L.,
T. cava Riedel and the very large and striking fly Pedicia rivosa L.
The few specimens of 7. cava and P. rivosa I saw were amongst the
taller vegetation in the bog—mainly Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. or tufts of
Molinia coerulea L. The long black legs of the Pedicia, robust for a fly
of this family and quite unlike the legs of any Tipula, give it something
of the appearance of a huge spider in the net. It may be of interest
to note that these Cumberland P. rivosa had wing markings of the
“‘southern’’ type, not of the ‘‘northern’’ type, as depicted by F. W.
Edwards in his monograph on the ‘British Short-Palped Craneflies’’
(Trans. Soc. Brit. Hnt., 1938, 5: 53).

The margins of the damp oak wood lower down the course of the
stream again proved very productive, especially on warm still evenings

240 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X1/1961

when the sun was setting. Species taken here included Tipula fulvi-
pennis Degeer, T. scripta Meigen, Limonia nubeculosa Meigen,
Dicranomyia dumetorum Meigen, D. chorea Meigen, Rhipidia maculata
Meigen, Austrolimnophila ochracea Meigen, L. fulvonervosa, forms of
the very variable Pilaria nemoralis Meigen, Cheilotrichia cinerascens
Meigen, and Hrioptera lutea Meigen. It was presumably a little too
early for Tipula marmorata Meigen to be about: I did not see this
ubiquitous fly in Essex until the beginning of September.

On the maritime sand dunes at Drigg there were two tiny ponds
dominated by the common spike rush (Eleocharis palustris L.). Crane-
flies netted round the margins of these ponds included T’. oleracea, T.
lateralis Meigen, Pilaria discicollis Meigen and LHrioptera trivialis
Meigen.

In 1960 I took Dicranota guerini Zett. at 1,900 feet, and assumed
that this might be a fly peculiar to high altitudes. This year, however,
it was flying over a shady backwater of the River Esk only some 50
feet above sea level.

In general I found the higher altitudes unrewarding, but at 1,280
feet on Hardknott Pass I took a male Tricyphona schummeli Edwards
resting on the moss Campylopus atrovirens De Not. on a dripping
vertical rock face.

Notes and Observations

An EntomotocicaL Mystery.—With reference to Dr. Birkett’s note
antea 134) I can make a suggestion as to the origin of the Melitaea
aurelia Nickerl. The late A. Smith of York was a very great friend of
Head, the Scarborough dealer. Some fifteen years ago Smith called on
me at Westcliff, spending most of the day with me, and almost im-
mediately he told me of his friendship with the late Head and of the
numerous insects with which Head had supplied him, mostly, I gathered,
in exchange. As many members of my generation will remember, Head
was, to put it delicately, somewhat careless of the origin of some of his
insects. J ventured to suggest this to Smith and he would not entertain
the idea for one moment, so it is quite likely that he accepted anything
offered without criticism. Head used to offer British larvae of Isturgiu
limbaria Fabr. in his sales list until about 1934. When my late friend
W.S. Gilles wrote and asked him as to their origin, he replied that he
had been carrying on a strain in captivity for many years, but by a
curious coincidence limbaria never appeared in subsequent lists.—H. C.
Hueerns, 65 Westwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. 26.ix.1961.

ABUNDANCE OF LEUCANIA VITELLINA Htsn. In SoutH Drvon.—1961
would seem to be a year of great plenty for this migrant Wainscot which
has evidently bred in quantity from spring parents. While at Hast
Prawle for three days during mid-September Mr. E. Hare and myself
must have seen quite thirty of these insects at light and sugar and Mr.
Hare had already seen as many as this during four nights earlier in
the week. It seemed more numerous than JL. l-album lL. and more
prevalent in the South than for any year since the last War. I under-
stand several specimens have been taken well inland.—C. G. M. pr
Worms, Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey. 4.x.61.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 241

UvrTHEISA PULCHELLA L. 1n Sours Devon.—On the morning of 17th
September, while in company with Mr. E. J. Hare at Hast Prawle, I
was thrilled to see sitting in full view on the top of my m.v. trap, set
in the small yard outside a local farmhouse, a rolled-up moth which I at
once recognised as the Crimson Speckled Footman. Very fortunately
it was overcast at the time, otherwise this prize would not have been
in situ, for I was able to box it quite easily and it turned out a
perfect male specimen. It would seem, judging by reports to date, that
this autumn may well prove to be a record one this century for this
sporadic migrant of which more examples have already been reported
this year than the total for the past 35 years. And these have been
at intervals all along the south coast and as far north as the south of
Scotland, evidence of a large scale immigration.

I gather that several other rare migrant moths were taken in other
areas of the south coast on the same night.—C. G. M. p—E Worms, Three
Oaks, Woking. 4.x.1961.

CoLias cRocEuS Fourc. AND ARGYNNIS SELENE SCHIFF IN SouTH DEVON
IN SEPTEMBER.—With so few migrant butterflies about this summer it
was very gratifying to observe several Clouded Yellows near the cliffs
at Kast Prawle on 17th September, and I was especially glad to observe
the Small Pearl-bordered flying in a small marshy hollow, evidently a
partial second brood of this butterfly as it was much smaller than the
normal form and I have never seen it on the wing at this time of year
before.—C. G. M. pre Worms, Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey. 4.x.1961.

DEILEPHILA ELPENOR L. In SePpTEMBER.—On 13th September I was
surprised to find an Klephant Hawk in my trap here, most probably a
second brood specimen as the last one I had recorded from here this
year was on 12th July.—C. G. M. pe Worms, Three Oaks, Woking,
Surrey. 4.x.6l.

PYRAMEIS CARDUI L. at Woxine.—In view of the scarcity of migrant
butterflies this year I was pleased to see a Painted Lady on the
michaelmas daisies here on the sunny morning of 29th September. It
was in company with P. atalanta L. and Polygonis c-album L.— C. G.
M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey. 4.x.1961.

UTETHEISA PULCHELLA lL. IN Sussex.—On 19th September at about
4.15 p.m. on Camber sands, I caught a good female specimen of the
crimson speckled footman (Utetheisa pulchella L.). I have had the
identification confirmed. I saw a second one in the same area but failed
to catch it.—Martin Suarr, Temple Grove, Herons Ghyll, near Uckfield,
Sussex. 29.1x.1961.

RHODOMETRA SACRARIA LL. AND DIASEMIA RAMBURIALIS DUP. IN
HeERtrorRDSHiRE.—A rather worn male specimen of Diasemia ramburialis
Dup. was found in the mercury vapour trap on the morning of 22nd
September, and another specimen of Rhodometra sacraria L., this time
a fertile female in good condition, was in the trap the following
morning.—T. G. Howarty, Arrochar, Barnet Gate, Arkley, Herts.
26.ix.1961.

242 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X1/1961

A Note on THE Ecotocy or PoLyGonta c-ALBUM L.—Mr. H. Symes,
in substantiating my remarks on the overplanting of pine in the New
Forest and its disastrous effects on the flora and fauna, gives his
opinion that the planting of conifers can not have any effect on the
incidence of Polygonia c-album (L.). He states that there is still plenty
of food for the larvae but overlooks the fact that the only food for
the imago when it emerges from hibernation is the blossom of sallows.
In my note I emphasized how great numbers of the butterfly visited
sallow blossom in March and they do so not only to replenish their
exhausted reserves of the winter months but to provide the very neces-
sary pabulum to build up the ova. It is during the early weeks after
hibernation that mating takes place, and it is imperative that the
female should be provided with ample food after pregnancy has occurred ;
without the sallow blossom, which is the only food available, I have
no doubt most females would be sterile even if copulation had been
effected. The over-planting of conifers has led to the disappearance of
sallow in the ridings of the Forest, and with it the large numbers of
insects which depend on this tree for their livelihood.—F. C. FRAseEr,
I.M.S. (Retd.), M.D., F.R.E.S., F.R.Z.S.N.S.W., 55 Glenferness
Avenue, Bournemouth. 2.x.1961.

ADOPOEA LINEOLA IN SuRREY.—On 29th July and subsequently on
several dates this year I have found A. lineola. A. sylvestris
appeared to be about one in six on 30th July when I netted about
40 specimens for identification purposes. Bearing in mind that
A. sylvestris appeared to have emerged some while earlier, the relative
numbers might well be closer than the count indicated. I understand
the species has been taken in Surrey before but this is the first time
I have recognized it within the border.—A. S. WHEELER. 12.x.1961.

MAcCROGLOSSA STELLATARUM L. In BouRNEMoUTH.—On 13th October I
saw my first M. stellatarwm of the year. It came to lavender in my
- garden at 4.40 p.m. and appeared again on the following day at 3.30
p.m.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 16.x.61.

Some Rare MicRoLEPrIpoPpTERA IN Kent: I would like to record two
interesting species that have come into my hands this year, Depressaria
astrantiae Hein. came to my light on the nights of 2nd, 3rd and 4th
August, 2¢¢ 19 in fresh condition at Westwell, and Meessia
argentimaculella Staint., one on a beech trunk at Borough Green,
Sevenoaks, on 26th July and one at light at Westwell, Ist August 1961.
Both species were identified by Mr. S. Wakely.—E. Scort, Suomi,
Westwell, Ashford, Kent. 28.vii1.1961.

Hornets anD Mercury Varour.—At this time of year, I frequently
find hornets (Vespa crabro L.) in my mercury vapour trap, but this
morning I found one busily eating a Pheosia gnoma Fabr., Step, in
his ‘“‘Bees, Wasps, Ants and allied Insects of the British Isles’’ says:
‘entomologists who have been sugaring for moths at night have noted
the activity of the hornet at this period, and its interest in the sweet
patch and the insects visiting it,’’ but I do not recall any references
to a similar interest in the mercury vapour trap.—L. W. Sices
Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants, 27.vi1i.1961.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 243

A Battery-run Mercury Vapour Licut.—Last year I bought a rotary
converter, which turns 12 volts into 240 volts, as a means of providing
portable mercury vapour light. My original theory was that one should
surely be able to make a car fulfil the duties of a generator, and the
converter seemed an ideal way of making it do this. It would simply
be connected to the battery, which would be kept charged by keeping
the engine ticking over as long as required. The first full scale per-
formance, about three hours in duration, resulted in a dead battery
and a very hot car, and I decided not to repeat what I still sneakingly
thought was a good idea.

Subsequently, two ex-W.D. 12-volt accumulators were purchased.
These are each 72 ampere/hour capacity, and provide good light with
the 125 watt bulb, for about four hours when wired in parallel. I had
hoped for about twice that length of time with fully charged batteries,
but I presume the apparatus takes more current than was bargained for.
The converter cost £10, and the batteries £7 10s. per pair, which I
think compares favourably with the cost of a generator. However, it
seemed worth while to get a charger, at £6, in order to be completely
independent. The idea of really cheap portable mercury vapour light
has thus not worked out very well, though I think the cost is still at
least competitive.

The converter, by the way, makes practically no noise, just a
melodious hum. Could anyone tell me if by using an 80 watt bulb
would prolong the light time substantially, and is it a waste of current
to use a long flex between the choke and bulb? These questions probably
reveal why I was always bottom in physics, but any helpful comment on
the subject generally would be most welcome.—Dr. F. H. N. Smrru,
Perranporth, Cornwall. 27.vi1i.1961.

Two VARIETIES oF PoLyomMatus 1caRuSs Rott. rrom Sussex.—I wish
to record the capture of two remarkable specimens of Polyommatus
icarus Rott. taken in Sussex this year on different grounds, miles apart,
on different days in August. Both are male undersides, as follows: the
first is ab. costa-juncta, with areas of upperside blue immediately below
each costa-juncta mark shading towards the margins with dull purplish
colour. An extreme form of homoeosis. The second has the left wings
quite normal, but the right forewing, which is truncated and enlarged,
has nearly half a hindwing superimposed, including the lunules and
fringes, and the right hindwing is represented by a tiny narrow strip
of wing with one or two spots and one orange lunule, with complete
fringe. The right forewing appears to be of double thickness and the
insect has five wings. In addition to being an extreme form of
homoeosis, there are some other spots occupying unusual positions in
this forewing, making the specimen an example of heteromorphosis also.
It was taken hopping about in long grass, just emerged, and of course,
unable to fly.—A. E. Srarrorp, 83 Colborne Way, Worcester Park,
Surrey. 18.ix.1961.

LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS L. AND PLUSIA ORICHALCEA Fas. IN CoRNWALL.—
I wonder if anyone has decided if our South Cornish D. quercus L. is in
fact var. callunae? I took two females of the Northern Eggar at Sand-
scale on the North Lancashire coast last July, and I can detect no
difference between these and the series of Cornish Oak Eggars now

244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X1/1961

before me. The outward turn of the band on the wings, the light patch
at the base of the male wings, the size and, in most cases, the dark
colour, all correspond to South’s description of callunae (except that
the Cornish specimens themselves are considerably bigger than those
shown in the new edition, and are more accurately represented—as in
several other cases—in the first (1907) edition). South states that
callunae is found on Dartmoor and in North Devon. The series I refer
to were all taken on the cliffs within a mile of this cottage or in the
garden trap, usually in July.
_ Some years ago I reported to the ‘‘Record’”’ that I had taken a
Plusia chryson Esp. here on 15th September 1956. Why I did so I
cannot now imagine, since Mr. Tams identified it at the time as P.
orichalcea F. This aberration on my part lasted until I noticed a good
picture of the Slender Burnished Brass in the new South. I then turned
to Mr. Tam’s label and found I had lost a chryson but had gained an
orichalcea.

My fellow collector, Mr. R. Puckey, also took a good specimen of this
moth at Polperro on 22nd August 1960.—Col. H. G. Rossrn, Bodinnick-
by-Fowey, Cornwall. 12.x.1961.

THe SHRINKING Fauna.—I read with interest, and a little sadness,
the article entitled ‘‘Impressions of the New Forest in 1961 and Before’’
by Mr. H. Symes, in the September issue.

Mr. Symes’ main theme was the apparent gradual decrease in lepi-
doptera in the Forest, with especial reference to paphia, iris, camilla,
P. c-album and polychloros. I suppose these butterflies were at one
time found regularly, and sometimes in profusion—or, at least, so we are
led to believe by the writings of earlier days.

I must admit that I was just a bit disappointed by the lack of paphia
and camilla, when I visited the New Forest in the summer of 1956. I
must assume that several factors have contributed to the decline of the

lepidoptera here, not the least of which I suspect to be over-collecting.
I repeat, over-collecting, especially in years when a species is depleted
through disease, or through the period to which all creatures are sub-
jected, those years or year, of paucity, not yet fully understood by the
scientists. My own opinion is that this factor is probably the most
telling on any particular species. And when you consider all the other
developments in recent years, it is hardly surprising that many species
are on the decline, and some even on the verge of extinction, in a
particular area.

Causes of the depletion of lepidoptera can be summarised as follows:
—(a) Over-collection, especially in ‘“‘lean’’ years; (b) increased use of
insecticides, etc.; (c) the ravages of parasitic-flies; (d) more regular
clearing of foodplant by Forestry Commission and farmers, and (e)
heavier planting of conifers, and not of deciduous trees.

When you also add to these factors, the possibility of unfavourable
climatic conditions in some years, the gradual encroachment of industry
and housing and the increased (?) population of deer in the Forest,
is it surprising that butterflies are becoming scarce?

The article which followed, about collecting in North Devon/Cornwall
by Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), adds weight to my argu-
ment for over-collection. He himself admits that he saw eight other
‘nets’? in the field—all of whom were probably on the search for

CURRENT NOTES 245

another rare species—Maculinea arion. Here is a butterfly well on the
road to extinction, helped on its way by regular collecting. I challenge
anyone to prove that Maculinea arion is common anywhere. Even the
natural enemies are supposed to be taking their toll of this blue, so
human interference can only hasten the end.

As with the recent pronouncement that the larger mammals in Africa
are doomed to extinction, so I think are some of the lepidoptera in
Britain, unless we can protect them.—P. C. Quin, 51 Leylands Lane,
Heaton, Bradford, 9. 2.x.1961.

[The thought of over-collecting can raise strong feelings in the
entomologist as in others, but I well remember administering a strong
rebuke to a well-known entomologist who exhibited a row of about six
Catocala fraxini, only to be informed that these had been raised ab ovo
and that many more of the brood had been returned to the home of their
parents; probably many more than would have survived in the wild
state.—Ep. ]

Tue Canary Istanps AND Crntrat Sparn.—There seems to be some-
thing very wrong with Baron de Worms’ reference to the foodplant of
Danaus plexippus. Apart from the fact that Asclepias curassavica is
spelt Asclepius cuvassavica, it and Lantana are completely different
plants, Lantana belonging to the Verbenaceae and the Asclepias to the
Asclepiadaceae. In fact the only thing they have in common is the
colour of the flowers. The Asclepiad is, of course, the foodplant.—D.
G. Srvastoputo, F.R.E.S., Mombasa. 18.x.61.

Current Notes

WYE AND CRUNDALE DOWNS NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE.

This Reserve forms part of the escarpment of the North Downs
between Ashford and Canterbury. It is the first area of chalk down-
land to be declared as a National Nature Reserve in Kent and adds to
the incomplete series stretching from Wiltshire and Hampshire to
Bedfordshire and Sussex.

To-day the chalk downlands are particularly vulnerable to destruc-
tion because of increased mechanisation of farming and it is urgent
that the Nature Conservancy should acquire further chalk areas to
preserve them for study. Each Reserve in this planned series has its
own particular flora and fauna owing to differences in their history,
management, climate and distance from the Continent of Hurope which
has provided the main source of our flora and fauna during the last
ten thousand years and more.

The present acquisition consists of 123 acres of chalk downland, scrub
and mature woodland. The downland is basically a product of sheep-
erazing which was practised as early as the Roman occupation and
became such an important feature in the English economy during the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The scrub and woodland are the
result, at least in part, of the natural colonisation of the downland by
woody species (such as Hawthorn and Beech) and clearly demonstrate
the necessity of grazing in order to maintain the downland character.

246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/X1/1961

The Reserve has a rich flora including the Lady Orchid, Man Orchid
and Fly Orchid. One of the many notable insects is the Feathered
Ear Moth, one of whose main centres is the Wye district.

The Devil’s Kneading Trough, a natural steep-sided valley, cuts
into the downs on the Reserve, forming one of its most conspicuous
features. On the crest of the downs are several tumuli which indicate
the antiquity of human influence in this type of country.

Access to the Reserve along the public footpath is unchanged; else-
where it is by permit only. Applications to visit and for permission to
collect specimens of animals and plants should be made to the Regional
Officer for the South-East, The Nature Conservancy, 19 Belgrave Square,
London, S.W.1.

Current Literature

A Natural History of Porthleven in the County of Cornwall, by
H. B. Sargent, F.R.E.S., Kenion Press Ltd. This list is the result of
ten years of active study of certain aspects of the natural history of
the district, but it is limited to the author’s personal observations and
first hand, duly authenticated reports, the source of which is duly
acknowledged. The author starts with an interesting account of the
main local lists of the Cornish flora and fauna, and follows with a
preface in which he describes the town and its surroundings, men-
tioning also the biotopical changes that are in progress, and also
acknowledges the assistance he has received in the matter of identifica-
tions.

_ The lists of species, with short comments, follow; these are divided
under the headings of Amphibians, Birds, Butterflies, Diptera, Flora,
Hymenoptera, Isopoda, Land and Freshwater Snails, Mammals,
Orthoptera, Reptiles, and Thysanura. In a preamble to the butterfly
section, the author says that he has not attempted to deal with the
moths because he disapproves of mercury vapour lamp trapping. I am
inclined to agree with him in this unless the operator has the time and
inclination to safeguard the lives of his captives after examination, but
a very interesting part of the lepidoptera of the district is left untouched
in consequence.

An improvement could be made in the editing of the lists, for one
commences with two vertebrate orders, then two of insects, flowers, then
two more insect orders, then snails, then mammals, more insects,
reptiles, and finally more insects. Possibly this matter may be rectified
in a future edition which, it is to be hoped, will attempt to deal with
moths, beetles, dragonflies, and other so far untouched aspects of the
fauna.

The book is well printed on art paper and bound in cloth boards,
it contains views of the district and also a sketch map as a key to the
remarks on the species mentioned.—S. N. A. J.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one
16 Drawers. Easy payments if required.—R. W. Watson, ‘‘Porcorum,”
Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hants.

Orthoptera.—Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
grasshoppers of the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae from all parts of the
World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxo-
homy, cytology, and experimental biology; dry or fluid preserved or
living. Please contact D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Department of Ento-
mology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

Wanted.—Living pupae or ova of Pieris brassicae wollastoni and P. b. cheiranthi,
for experimental breeding. I should be very grateful to anyone holidaying
in Madeira or the Canary Islands who can obtain even a few specimens
Will be glad to refund expenses of airmail and to supply specimens of
any interesting crosses obtained.—Brian O. C. Gardiner, 43 Woodlark Road,
Cambridge.

Wanted.—Cabinet of Mahogany by Brady of 40 Drawers or two of 20 Drawers.—
J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, St Teresa, Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent.

For Sale.—G. quercifolia (Lappet) Larvae, A. villica (Cream Spot Tiger) Larvae,
2/6 per dozen.—T. H. Fox, 28 Boxwell Road, Berkhamstead, Herts.

IRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No comprehensive catalogue
of Irish macrolepidoptera has been published since Lt. Col. C. Donovan’s
List in 1936. I am now engaged in the preparation of a revised List,
and in order that it may be as up to date as possible, I should be most
grateful for any records from lepidopterists who have collected in
Ireland since the date of Col. Donovan’s publication. Full acknowledg-
ment will be made.

E. S. A. BAYNES
2 Arkendale Road, Glengeary, Co. Dublin, Eire

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Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Witttams, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; 0
D. K. McE. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleopter
ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S., E. C. M
Fonseoa, F.R.E.S. Leon,

CONTENTS

A NEW SPECIES OF ZYGAENA FROM GIBRALTAR, LEPIDoPTER
ZYGAENIDAE. W. G. TREMEWAN :

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA AND OTHER INSECTS IN DORSET,
B. R. BAKER 5 te A ane {e we ee

NOTES FROM DORSET. H. SYMES Be : ee
NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E:S.
THE NEW ‘SOUTH’ be: ie a aes oe ine ie Svat is
THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA, ALL
BRINDLE, F.R.E.S. bic : cones
MORE CRANE-FLIES IN THE LAKE DISTRICT. R. M. PAYNE
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS .
CURRENT NOTES
CURRENT LITERATURE

SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KENT: A CRITI
ACCOUNT. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT S08

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247

The Dingle Peninsula in July 1961
By H. C. Hueerns, F.R.E.S.

I have already (Ent. Rec., 73: 203-6) dealt with that part of our
expedition in July 1961 in which Mr. E. S. A. Baynes and I sought after
the west of Ireland forms of Huphyia bilineata L. I think, however, that
an account of the other insects we met with may prove interesting, and
also inform future collectors what they may find, and also not find, as
conditions in Kerry have altered somewhat since the days of Kane and
Donovan.

Mr. Baynes most kindly drove my wife and myself from Glenageary
to the town of Dingle, which we made our headquarters on 2nd July:
we left at 9.15 and arrived in the late afternoon; that day we only
made arrangements to plug in the mercury vapour trap and had a talk
about boats to the Blaskets.

On 3rd July we took the road along the cliffs to Slea Head and
Coomenoole, stopping when we found what looked like possible collecting
ground. It is here that I wish to issue a warning. Readers of Donovan
(p. 49) will notice that he describes Silene maritima as “‘abundant”’ at
Coomenoole, and my impression of nearly forty years ago agrees with this.
Eight years ago Mr. L. Savage told me he had experienced some
difficulty in finding any of the plant there, but it came as a shock
to us that we could only find one good sized clump. The reason appears
to be that many more cattle are reared in the neighbourhood than
formerly, and as there is little fresh water above the cliffs they are
conducted to the beach daily at low tide to drink from the streams at
their base. Nearly all the Silene grows low down on the cliffs, and the
cattle, which much relish it, crop it all off. The only clump we found
was about six feet from the ground; we collected all the seed heads from
it and halved the bag; we each obtained a good many larvae of Hadena
lepida Esp. ssp. capsophila Dup., and I was lucky enough to get one
H. caesia Borkh., which duly pupated.

The only place in which we found much Silene was at Inishvickilaun
in the Blaskets, and it may be of interest to note that I found this same
scarcity of it on the shores of Bantry Bay. When I first visited Glen-
garriff over forty years ago the plant was common in most rocky coves on
the Castletown road, and one evening I netted two H. barrettii Doubld.
over a big, bank of it at Seal Cove. When I revisited this and other
places in 1948 and 1949 only a few close-cropped plants were visible,
and to find any quantity of it I had to wade at low water to a rock near
Adrigole, inaccessible to cattle, which was covered with it. Here I
found capsophila, caesia, and H. cucubalt Fuess.

On 4th July we took the road to the Connor Pass. A little way
out of the town Mr. Baynes suggested we should search the foxgloves
for larvae of Hupithecia pulchellata Steph. and we obtained ten each.
To my great surprise I got six pupae from mine: in the Glengarriff
area I should have had at the most two, these Dingle larvae being
much less stung than usual. We are eagerly awaiting their emergence,
as all our captures so far in West Cork and Kerry have been of the
fine ssp. hebudiwm. Sheld.

On all our drives we saw choughs, but on this morning we saw a
really rare bird for the west of Ireland, a turtle dove, which rose from

248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ SI1/1961

the road just in front of us. A week later Mr. Wolf, of the London
Natural History Society, who was staying at our hotel on an
ornithological expedition, came in in a state of wild excitement to say
he had seen a turtledove. My wife and I told him (Mr Baynes had
then returned home) that we had all three seen one on 5th July, which
pleased him very much as he feared his one-man record might not be
admitted.

We left the car parked at the top of the pass and Mr. Baynes and
I walked, about 100 yards apart, for about a mile over the hillside
and bog and back again. We did not see a single moth. I mention this for
the benefit of those who may imagine the west of Ireland to be a
seething mass of entomological rarities.

We then drove to the sandhills at Brandon bay. Here there was a
great quantity of thyme, but very little on it. We raked the edge of the
sandhills vigorously. Mr. Baynes took one example of Heliophobus
albicolon Hiibn., I nothing. However, there was a great number of
Crambus perlellus Scop. on the sandhills, the unstreaked forms varied
from the usual pearl white to a deep yellow-bronze, and all were a good
deal smaller than English ones. Oddly enough the specimens we
secured of the warringtonellus form were all marked in this yellow
bronze, I had hoped to see some of the aberrations of which I possess
one taken by Russ at Sligo, dark bronze on a lighter bronze ground.

We found this same colouration in the perlellus we saw on the
sandhills at Inch, where the ‘‘Playboy of the Western World’ was
being filmed. At Inch also Epirrhoe gahata Hibn. was common, the
same rather dark form usually found in western Ireland.

Although the weather was glorious and we covered the whole
peninsula in the car, during the week we were all three together, I do
not think we saw much else of interest. On the night of 6th July,
however, Mr. Baynes and I took his pressure lamp to the top of the cliffs
near Slea Head. We placed it in a slight hollow, and nothing whatever
came to it except a couple of Hepialus humuli L. and a lovely purple
Pempelia dilutella Hiibn. Just as we were leaving, Mr. Baynes stood
it on a low wall, only four feet higher than where it had been the last
two hours, and in five minutes we saw another dilutella and half a dozen
Agrotis trux Hiibn. ssp. lunigera Steph. Possibly had we waited longer
we might have seen more, but we were booked to go to the Blaskets the
next day and, as the sea had at last become comparatively calm, we
dared not miss the opportunity by staying up all night.

After Mr. Baynes went home, my wife and I put in most of our time
searching, not very successfully, for Cryphia muralis Forst., but we did
notice the rather reddish west of Ireland form of Argynnis aglaia L.
(Mesoacidalia charlotta) on the road to the Connor Pass.

T will here summarise a few of the things that came to the mercury
vapour trap. There was nothing not recorded in Donovan so [ shall
only mention those that seem of interest.

Spilosoma lubricipeda L. Common, all typical.

S. lutea Hufn. Common, all typical.

Arctia caja L. Common, all typical.

Cryphia muralis Forst. (new to Kerry). One, a very unusual form I
have previously seen as a rare insect in Cork. My wife and I in
eleven days got twelve more by hard searching. I am dealing
with this insect elsewhere.

THE DINGLE PENINSULA IN JULY 1961 249

Agrotis trux Hiibn. ssp. lunigera Steph. A few, all of the usual Irish
form.

Amathes baja Fabr. One or two, very large and rather brilliant
reddish.

Hadena lepida Esp. ssp. capsophila Dup. Two, both of the black ab.
suffusa Tutt. This moth is undoubtedly established on Silene and
Dianthus in gardens in the town; Mr. Baynes tells me it is also
an inhabitant of the environs of Dublin. Curiously enough,
caesia seems to make no attempt to colonize. I have myself never
seen it more than fifty yards from the sea.

Plusia bractea Fabr. Two on the last night the trap was used, one very
large and perfect. I love this moth, although it is not rare in
Treland.

P chrysitis L.

P. pulchrina Haw.

Abrostola triplasia L.

All common and normal.

Lygris prunata L. Three. It is fifty years since I saw this fine insect
in the east of England. The Dingle specimens are appreciably
larger and lighter in ground colour than my English ones, also
wild caught.

Pempelia dilutella Hiibn. One, of the same form as the two on Slea
Head.

Finally, I should like to mention that one day when we were working
the cliffs for bilineata, Mr. Baynes called out that he could see a curious
woolly larva feeding on dock in a nasty place up the cliff. I joined him
and confirmed that it was a full grown Apatele ewphorbiae Fabr. and,
after five minutes careful climbing, in which he was possessed of the
two emotions, not causing the larva to fall, and not breaking his leg,
he succeeded in securing it. It spun up two days later and emerged
successfully on 20th August (this moth is double brooded in western
Ireland). The specimen is a dark slaty grey with a distinct bluish tinge,
rather the colour of a dark caesia, not of the paler clear grey of the
Burren specimens.

Kuphyia unangulata Haw. Several.

SHAPWICK HEATH NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE

This Reserve contains some of the last remnants of the extensive
raised bogs, about 15 feet above sea-level, which once stretched from
Glastonbury to within a few miles of the coast. These raised bogs were
similar to those now covering a large part of the Central Irish Plain
and were gently domed in shape and dominated by communities of
Sphagnum Moss, Heather and Cotton Grass. The Reserve is set up
under Nature Reserve Agreements with the Eclipse Peat Company
and the EKeclipse Land Company and covers 484 acres.

Extensive peat-cutting has turned the area into a complex patch-
work of marsh and scrub woodland. Practically all of it has been
cut at some time to some extent, but uncut patches remain and two
of these are included in the Reserve. The peat is used mainly for
horticultural purposes and under the Nature Reserve Agreement the
Eclipse Peat Company will continue to extract it.

There is a wide range of flora and fauna because of the diverse
habitats produced by peat-cutting and because of variations of acidity.

250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ XI1/1961

For example, Heather and Bog Asphodel are characteristic of one part
of the area and a species of sedge, Cladiwm mariscus, of another. The
rare Royal Fern is also present.

The peat deposits here have given unequalled opportunity to trace
the history of changing vegetation, climate and prehistory from B.C.
4000 to A.D. 1000. Very few such opportunities now exist in southern
England and it is of the utmost importance that remaining pieces of
the original peat should be preserved intact from top to base with
their enclosed prehistoric tracks for scientific research.

Access to the Reserve is by permit only. Applications to visit and
for permission to collect specimens of animals and plants should be made
to the Regional Officer for the South-West, The Nature Conservancy,
Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham, Dorset.

Lepidoptera seen in Cornwall during September

1961]

By G. Haccert and A. J. WicHTMAN

For the week 16th to 23rd September we stayed at St. Ives and
worked each night locally, but during the daytime we covered a good
many miles of the coastline. The only interesting migrants seen during
daylight were Colias croceus Fourc. males, one on the beach at Marazion
and two at Land’s End, and a solitary Vanessa cardui L. at Trebarwith.

At night we worked mercury vapour light, both as a trap and from
a mobile generator, also sugar and ivy blossom. The nights were cool
with a waxing moon, yet occasional pelting showers, and for part of
our stay there were blustery cold winds. Collecting sources varied much
‘in their respective attractiveness from night to night, but the trap
was always successful.

Amongst the noctuae the Leucanias were the most interesting. Of
Leucania vitellina Hiibn. we saw twelve, mostly in the trap, but sugar
and ivy were occasionally rewarding; the moths varied in colour from
pale uniform yellow to rich mottled orange, and in condition from much-
worn to mint. JL. l-albwm L. was very common at both ivy and sugar
and numerous also in the trap. There were four L. unipuncta Haw.,
two at ivy and one each at sugar and mercury vapour light. Plusia
gamma L. was abundant by day wherever we went, and one night proved
to be excessively numerous in the trap. There were several Agrotis
ipsilon Hufn. and a few Peridroma saucia Hb. Aporophila australis
Bdv. included some very dark variegated forms, and A. nigra Haw. was
very plentiful.

Three Lithosia quadra L. males came to light and there was one
female Nycterosea obstipata Fab. at ivy blossom. All together we saw
25 Rhodometra sacraria L., all in fresh condition, six of them at mercury
vapour at Penzance, and of the rest 3 were seen at ivy and valerian
blossom. The only migrant micros known to us were Nomophila noctuella
Schiff. which was numerous, and Pyrausta martialis Guen. (ferrugalis
Hiibn.) of which we saw odd ones.

LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING IN EAST ANGLIA, MAY AND JUNE 1961 251

Lepidoptera Collecting in East Anglia, May and
June 1961

By C. J. Goopatr, M.B., B.S.

Having only recently begun serious collecting again since my young
days, there are a number of well-known localities which I have not yet
had the opportunity to visit. One of these, or rather, several within a
reasonably compact area, was East Anglia, I therefore decided to
make two short visits to this region in 1961. I would have preferred
a longer time interval between them, but circumstances would not allow
this, Consequently, t chose the Whitsun Holiday, 20th to 24th May;
and 19th to 25th June.

Accordingly I set off by car early in the morning of 20th May, and
arrived in Uambridge in the mid-afternoon, where I had arranged te
meet Mr. B. O. C. Gardiner, who had kindly obtained permits for me
to visit the National Trust reserves of Wicken and Chippenham Fens.
Permits for Woodwalton Fen, Holme Fen, and Monkswood had
previously been granted by the Nature Conservancy.

Mr. Gardiner was good enough to entertain me at his home, and
showed me over his Field Research Station, where he is carrying out
some remarkable breeding experiments with large numbers of Pieris
brassicae L. He also breeds numerous Papilio machaon I. which are
released each year at Wicken Fen.

That evening we visited Woodwalton Fen, where we called on the
Warden, Mr. G. Mason, who kindly escorted us to the pleasant rustic
bungalow built in the middle of the Fen by Lord Rothschild, and now
used as a meeting room for field workers of the Nature Conservancy
and others.

The weather was not very propitious; a cold north-east wind of
moderate intensity was blowing, with a temperature of only 50° F. on
our arrival, dropping to 47° F. by midnight. Fortunately constant
cloud cover prevented a further drop.

We commenced activities with a Mercury Vapour lamp and sheet
in an open area to the north of the bungalow at 19 p.m., and continued
until midnight, when Mr. Gardiner left for home. I connected the
generator to my Robinson mercury vapour trap and left it running all
night, while I slept in my car, feeling tired after my 250-mile drive
from Morecambe.

Visitors to the sheet on this occasion were not numerous, and
nothing of much interest turned up until about 11.30 p.m. when a
male Hydrillula palustris Hiibn. in excellent condition appeared, and
was rapidly boxed. No further examples of this rarity appeared that
night, however. Among other species noted were Pheosia tremula
Clerck, Diarsia rubi View., and Chiasmia clathrata L., which appeared
in some numbers together with single examples of Notodonta ziczac L.,
and Lophopteryx capucina L.

The next morning the weather showed little change, and the cloud
and cold wind persisted. A search was made for Carterocephalus
palaemon Pall. of which Mr. Mason had seen an example a day or two
previously, but the only Lepidoptera seen were a female Anthocharis
cardamines L.. and two male Ematurga atomaria L., all flying along the
banks of the main ‘‘drain.”’

252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ X11/1961

At night I again tried the mercury vapour light and sheet, this
time at the opposite end of the open area, which J thought would be
more sheltered. This proved to be the case, and the wind, which had
dropped considerably, was hardly noticeable. The cloud largely per-
sisted, but the temperature range was much as on the previous night,
50-48° F.

The lamp was started at 9.45 p.m. and continued until 1 a.m., when
I retired to the comforts of the Lion Hotel at Ramsey, the landlady of
which greeted me with the question, ‘‘did you get any palustris?’’!
In contrast with the previous evening, a steady stream of moths ap-
peared, of numerous species, and I was delighted to be able to inform
the lady that I had indeed taken three perfect specimens of this moth,
all males.

Among other species were many Hadena thalassina Schiff.,
Diatarazxia oleracea L., Unca triplasia L.,Dysstroma truncata Hufn.,
and Hydriomena ruberata Frey., together with singletons of Smerinthus
ocellata I.., Drepana falcataria L., Discestra trifolu Hufn., Agrotis
puta Hiibn., Apamea unanimis Hiibn., Cucullia wmbratica L., and
Lobophora halterata Hufn. The species seen on the previous night
also appeared in considerable numbers.

Mr. Mason very kindly allowed me to run my Robinson trap in the
garden of his house, just beyond the boundary of the Fen. Species
present included S. ocellata, Cycnia mendica Clerck, Pterostoma palpina
Clerck., A. unanimis, Apamea sordens Hufn., Eumichtis adusta Esp.,
Ceramica pist L., and, remarkably at so late a date, one example of
Iya hirtaria Clerck.

IT left the Woodwalton area next day and motored to the Breck
District, now almost completely changed in character by the Forestry
Commission’s extensive plantations of alien conifers. Small areas of
deciduous woodland still remain, however, and I found one of these
north of Brandon.

A suitable site for the mercury vapour lamp was decided upon, in
a clearing with deciduous woods on two sides and conifers on the others.
The weather was even colder than at Woodwalton, with temperatures
in the range 45°-41° F., ight cloud cover, and a very light north-west
wind. Collecting was carried out with light and sheet until 12.30 a.m.,
when the trap was substituted and I retired to the car for a rest.

The number of moths appearing was again surprisingly large in view
of the low temperature. Almost the first was a fine melanie Hyloicus
pinastri L., a form which I am informed is of very infrequent occur-
rence, though it may be produced more often than formerly with the
increase in this species as a result of the. Forestry Commission’s
activities. Other species seen included Notodonta trepida Esp. (late
anceps Goeze), Dasychira pudibunda L., Hadena w-latinum Hufn.
(very numerous), H. rivularis Fab. (late cucubalt Schiff.), Meristis
trigrammica Hufn., Calothysanis amata L., Cosymbia pendularia
Clerck, C. porata L., Thera obeliscata Hiibn. (very numerous), Huphyia
unangulata Haw., Eupithecia lariciata Frey., Biston betularia L.
(two examples, one typical and the other f. carbonaria Jordan),
Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop., Ectropis extersaria Hiibn., and
Plagodis dolabraria L.

The following night the same area was again worked, but although

LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING IN EAST ANGLIA, MAY AND JUNE 1961 253

the temperature and wind conditions were similar, a clear sky with the
Moon entering the second quarter had a marked dampening effect, and
very few moths came to light. The commonest species was T.
obeliscata, and no other species of any interest were noted.

On the 24th T was due to return home, but on my way I called at
Woodwalton Fen again for a last try for C. palaemon, as the weather
had become warmer and there were some good sunny intervals, This
time I was lucky enough to take one male of this species in very fresh
condition, but no more were forthcoming. Mr. Mason later informed
me that no other examples had been taken this year, and the same
applied at Castor Hanglands near Peterborough, another Nature Con-
servaney reserve noted for this species.

My next visit to East Angha, on 19th June, began on a different
pattern, I went first to Southwold on the Suffolk coast, and set up my
mercury vapour lamp on the small stretch of banked sand to the south,
called the Denes. The weather was again unsatisfactory, with a clear
sky, light westerly wind, and a rapid temperature drop from 55° F. to
45° F. At 11.45 p.m. a light mist and heavy dew developed, and
operations were discontinued at 12.30 a.m.

In spite of these conditions, however, a fair number of moths visited
the sheet, the most interesting of which were two examples of Arenostola
elymi Treit. though surprisingly in rather worn condition. Of other
species noted, the following may be mentioned: Sphinx ligustri L.,
Harpyia bifida Brahm. (late hermelina Goeze), Philudoria potatoria L..,
Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., A. ripae Hiibn., Leucania comma L., L.
litoralis Curt., Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn. (common), Pyrrhia wnbra
Hufn., Cucullia wmbratica L., and Sterrha seriate Schrank.

The next day I went inland to Stowmarket, where I called upon Mr.
H. G. Chipperfield, who very kindly offered to take me to an area near
Mildenhall which is still a remnant of unspoiled Breckland. He hoped
to show me Anepia irregularis Hufn. as it visited the flowers of viper’s
buglos (Hchium vulgare L.), but unfortunately we saw none.
However, by walking through the long grass by the side of the road at
dusk, we flushed several Inthostege griseata Schiff.

We started the mercury vapour light at about 9.30 p.m.. The sky
was cloudy, but cleared an hour before we ceased activities at 2.30 a.m.
The temperature, which had been 60° F. at 7 p.m., had dropped to 45°
F. by this time. Good numbers and a diversity of species visited the
light, including four H. pinastri, one of which, found sitting on the
underside of the sheet when packing up, showed exceptionally heavy
black markings. Heliophobus calcatrippe View. (late saponariae
Borkh.) was particularly common and in excellent condition. 4H.
albicon also came in freely, as did S. ligustri, Deilephila porcellus L.,
A. vestigialis, Rusina ferruginea Esp. (late umbratica Goeze)—mostly
females, and Fupithecia subwmbrata Schiff. Among other species
were Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. (late trimacula Esp.), Inthosia
complana L., Hadena w-latinwm Hufn., H. lepida Esp., Hada
nana Hufn., Discestra trifolii Hufn. (a very pale form), Pelurga
comitata L., Epirrhoé rivata Hiibn., more L. griseata, and the Plume
Oxyptilus distans Zell.

The next morning turned out to be sunny and warm, and after a
hearty breakfast with Mr. and Mrs. Chipperfield, who were kind enough
to put me up for the remainder of the night, I visited a wood near

254 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ XIT/1961

Needham Market on their advice to obtain a new series of Melanthia
procellata Schiff. This was done, but few other Lepidoptera were noted.

After enjoying Mr. and Mrs. Chipperfield’s hospitality for lunch I
again returned to the area of Breckland worked the previous evening,
this time searching the rare Spanish catchfly (Silene itites Wibel) which
is the foodplant of A. irregularis. I found two small larvae and put
them in a plastic bag together with some pieces of the stem and flowers.
On my return home I transferred them to flowers of garden Pink, as
recommended by Mr. Chipperfield, and found that they took avidly to
these, feeding up rapidly. Both are now in the pupal state. I also
flushed two more L. griseata at dusk, but found nothing else of interest.

On starting the mercury vapour lamp at 9 p.m. the weather was
rather cloudy but fairly warm, and the temperature never dropped be-
low 55° F. up to 1 a.m., when I switched off the generator. Neverthe-
less, fewer moths appeared than on the previous night, the only new
species noted being Hadena conspersa Schiff., Sterrha interjectaria
Boisd, (late fuscovenosa Goeze), S. dimidiata Hufn., and Anagoga
pulveraria L. Next morning I searched posts and tree-trunks for H.
irregularis but was again unlucky, the only species found being a single
example of Hadena bicolorata Hufn. (late serena. Schiff.).

T then made my way to Newmarket, and after booking in at an
hotel, visited Chippenham Fen. It was late afternoon when I arrived,
and very few Lepidoptera were flying; however, I succeeded in flushing
an example of Sterrha muricata Hufn. from an area of cut reeds, fol-
lowed by a number of Eustrotia bankiana Fab. (late olivana Schiff.),
and several H. atomaria.

The weather was warm and sunny with a light to moderate south-
west wind, and the sky continued clear during the night, resulting in
a drop in temperature to 42° F. by 1 a.m,

At 9 p.m. I met Mr. Gardiner, who had motored from Cambridge,
and we were later joined by the Rev. Mr. Guy Ford. The mercury
vapour light was switched on at 10 p.m. in an area of cut reed-beds
protected from the wind by trees to the south. Results were not very
good, though several species new to me appeared. Examination of
rush-heads and patrolling the droves with a paraffin pressure lamp
yielded fair results, including numbers of Leucania pudorina, Schiff.
and Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hufn., the latter being the commonest
species seen. At the sheet these species were also noted, together with
TIithosia lurideola Zinck., Apatele megacephala Schiff., Cranzophora
ligustri Schiff., Diarsia brunnea Schiff., Heliothis maritima de Gras.,
Arenostola fluxa Hiibn., Lithacodia fasciana L. (late pygarga Hufn.),
and Phragmataecia castaneae Htibn. Of these, only A. fluxa appeared
in any numbers.

The following day I motored to Woodwalton Fen, where I was again
kindly greeted by Mr. Mason, who rendered every assistance during the
next two days. Operations with the mercury vapour lamp were com-
menced at 10 p.m. on a drove somewhat to the north of the bungalow
in rather unsatisfactory weather conditions, with a clear sky, the Moon
in the second quarter, and little wind, resulting in a heavy dew and a
rapid temperature drop to 50° F. Z. cribruwmalis was again common, as
were Sterrha dimidiata Hufn. and 'Spilosoma lutea Hufn. Other species
seen at the light in small numbers were Pterostoma palpina Clerck.,

LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING IN EAST ANGLIA, MAY AND JUNE 1961 255

Thyatira batis L., DL. pudorina, and Nola cuculatella L., while walking
along the droves with a paraffin pressure lamp yielded one Thumatha
senex Hiibn., and a number of Sterrha biselata Hufn. The most
interesting species seen, however, was an example of Perizoma sagittata
Fab., sitting on flowers of meadow-rue (Thalictrum flavum L.) at dusk
on a small drove to the south of the main ‘‘drain’’. Unfortunately it
flew away before I could capture it.

The Robinson trap was again run in Mr. Mason’s garden, and
yielded Apamea infesta Ochs. (late anceps Hiibn.), H. adusta, C. pisi,
Dypterygia scabriuscula L., R. ferruginea, P. wmbra, and Lygris
pyraliata Schiff.

TI determined to spend the next day looking for Strymonidia pruni
L. in Monkswood, not far from Woodwalton Fen. The weather turned
out to be very warm and sunny, and I set out with high hopes. How-
ever, the Warden informed me that this butterfly had so far been
extremely scarce this year, and this proved to be the case. Very few
were seen, and these mostly high up over the larger Blackthorn bushes.
Nevertheless, one female did succumb to my net by venturing too low
into the ride. The only other species of interest seen was an example
of Limentis camilla L.

That evening I again set up my mercury vapour trap on Woodwalton
Fen, this time near the clumps of Meadow-rue on which I had seen the
P. sagittata the previous night. Also working the Fen were Mr. M.
J. Leech and a companion, who operated their mercury vapour equip-
ment in the open space to the north of the bungalow. The weather had
now settled down to a warm spell, with light cloud cover and a light
southerly wind. The temperature was 73° F. when operations were
commenced at 9.30 p.m., and even at 1 a.m. had not dropped below
60° F.

I examined the meadow-rue again at dusk and was delighted to
see a P. sagittata once more sitting on the flowers. This time T
succeeded in capturing what proved to be a female in excellent con-
dition. Careful search at intervals later, however, failed to reveal any
further examples, and none came to the light. The latter, nevertheless,
attracted large numbers of moths including Smerinthus ocellata J..,
P. palpina, T. senex, L. pudorina, A. fluxa, Z. eribrumalis, and Campaea
margaritata T:. in considerable profusion. Odd examples of Gastropacha
quercifolia L., Apatele leporina L., A. megacephala Schiff., L. fasciana,
Mysticoptera sexalata Retz., and Epione repandaria Hufn. were also
recorded at the sheet, while two Anticollix snarsata Treit. were netted
while flying along a drove. Mr. Leech’s light, in addition to many of
the above species, was also visited by a number of Lygephila pastinum
Treit.

Examination of the trap in Mr. Mason’s garden next morning re-
vealed a large catch, species present including A. infesta, E. adusta,
L. pudorina, A. fluxa, Caradrina alsines Brahm., and Perizoma
bifaciata Haw.

IT returned home on the 25th, well pleased with the results of my
activities. 1961 seems to have been generally regarded as a poor year
for Lepidoptera in this country, but from my personal point of view
the opposite has been the case. I hope to publish a further article on
collecting in Cornwall and Kent in late September, at a later date.

256 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/XI1/1961

Finally, I would like to express my thanks to the Nature Conser-
vancy and the National Trust for granting me permission to collect in
their Reserves, and my appreciation of the assistance so liberally given
by the Wardens of Woodwalton Fen and Monkswood.

Gregarious Behaviour in Two Species of Scatopse
(Diptera : Scatopsidae)

By P. Roprr

On 5th October 1961 I was collecting in a small wood here at
Robertsbridge when I was surprised by a veritable cloud of Scatopse
picea Mg. that appeared when I shook a small hazel bush. Despite the
large number of these insects present, no other examples were seen
during the entire trip, and it seemed likely that there was some specific
attraction about this particular hazel bush. An examination was made,
and although many flies could be seen resting amongst the branches and
foliage, the only place where they were noticeably active was around a
sprig of small, dry, and woody alder catkins of the sort that resemble
miniature fir-cones. These catkins must have been blown into the hazel
during one of the windy days we were having at the time. Many
examples of both sexes of S. picea were running in, on, and around the
catkins with evident interest, and even after the twig had been taken
home several insects remained well in amongst the woody scales. A
close examination of the catkins under a microscope revealed nothing
unusual,

The following day I returned to the spot where the insects were found
to discover that they had moved some ten yards up the wood and now
had their headquarters in the lower branches of a hornbeam. No alder
- catkins were to be seen there and a subsequent examination of a
nearby row of alder trees produced no further specimens. One might
imagine that the previous days insects had been interested in the
catkins for the shelter they might provide, but if this is the case
there must be some special quality about them as no flies could be
found in curled leaves or bark crevices. Since their specific name is
latin for a spruce, I also had a look at various fir-cones from trees in
the area, but with negative results.

A short while later on the same day (6.x.1961) I was working along
a hedge when I again disturbed a cloud of Scatopsids from a bush.
They were of a different species—S. flavicollis Mg.—but were behaving
in a very similar way. When disturbed they would emerge from the
bush for only a short while and virtually all of them appeared to return
to it rather than take off across the field as other insects seem to do.
As with S. picea, no satisfactory explanation could be found for this
gregarious behaviour, but it did put me in mind of another Scatopsid,
Psectrosciara tenuicauda Duda., which is reported as swarming at mid-
day on sunlit fence-posts, and which I have seen swarming (in the air)
by my house, only a foot or two from the wooden walls. Perhaps other
examples of this behaviour amongst the Scatopsidae will come to light in

the future.
Little Slides, Robertsbridge, Sussex. 18.i1x.1961.

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 257

Notes on the Microlepidoptera
By H. C. Hucerns, F.R.E.S.

Pempelia dilutata Hiibn.: Although usually considered a chalk or a
limestone insect, this moth is often found on other soils where wild
thyme grows freely. I have found it in plenty on sand, and in 1961
it was, though uncommon, especially fine on shale on the Dingle
peninsula in Kerry.

I am writing of it more especially to draw attention to the races
found in the west of Ireland. When I first began to look into these in
1961 I fancied, from their size and brilliance in colour, that the Irish
insects would prove a good subspecies. Through the kindness of Mr.
Whalley, however, I have been enabled to go over the extensive series
in the British Museum (Natural History Section) and find that as the
range of the moth moves to the west it becomes steadily larger and
more brilliant. This is a characteristic of one or two other species
amongst the Phycitids, Huzophera consociella Hiibn. in south Wales and
Cornwall is much larger and brighter purple in colour than elsewhere.
When Barrett first took this form he considered it might prove to be
E. sodalella Zell., but he subsequently revised his opinion and stated it
was undoubtedly consociella. The late L. T. Ford caught a number of
this race in south Cornwall.

I have seen many dilutella from Kent and Sussex, where it is
common on both North and South Downs, and also from Farley Mount
near Winchester, where the late W. §S. Gilles and I found it to be
abundant. All these were small rather dull insects, the largest being
no more than 19 mm. in expanse. Their ground colour varied from light
to purplish fawn, and the markings were dull whitish. Specimens in
the Bankes series from Purbeck are appreciably larger and the white
markings clearer against a darker background, and others from Devon
larger still and more definitely marked.

Mr. KE. S. A. Baynes has recently taken dilutella at Kilinaboy in
the Burren, and Mr. J. D. Bradley also took several near Ballyvaughan
in 1952. All these are larger insects, averaging 22 mm. in expanse;
their ground colour is a clear reddish-fawn with enlarged and brilliant
white markings. At first sight I thought the one referred to me by Mr.
Baynes was P. ornatella Schiff., to which it bore a very strong re-
semblance, but on examining it more carefully I found it was
undoubtedly a very large brilliant dilutella, and the other Burren
insects I have since seen are the same. Curiously enough, the only
Burren ornatella I have seen, also taken by Mr. Bradley, was no larger
than these, whereas in Kent, ornatella is at least 3 mm. wider in
expanse.

The climax of the Irish dilutella, however, seems to be reached at
Dingle, where, however, it appears to be scarce. Mr. Baynes and I
took two on the cliffs near Slea Head on the night of 6th July at light,
and a third was taken at mercury vapour light in Dingle itself on the
night of 7/8th. These are all very large, one in particular being
shghtly larger than my largest ornatella from Kent, and are of a deep
maroon purple in colour. On this ground the chalk white markings,
which are more enlarged in one specimen than in any other I have seen,

258 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ XIT/1961

stand out most brilliantly. These three were all we took. I had no
mercury vapour trap with me so got no more by this method after
Mr. Baynes left me, and the weather broke the next day, so that
although I visited Slea Head once again by day, the thyme beds were
all rain soaked, and I did not succeed in flushing any.

Notes and Observations

THE Eee Stace or THERA cocnata Htpn.—Last August I knocked a
female Thera cognata Hiibn. from a Juniper bush at Aviemore and
almost 20 eggs were laid. These have just hatched (8rd November).
On consulting the handbooks I find that Barrett assumed the species
passed the winter as an egg; Newman and Leeds reckon the egg is
hatched by August; Scorer omits any reference to the egg but shows the
larva from September to June; the current edition of South says
simply that the larva feeds in May and June; Wilson says March to
June; Prout (in Seitz) says April to June.—G. Hacerrtt, 1 Torton Hill,
Arundel, Sussex. 10.xi.1961.

CucvuLtiaA VERBASCI L. on BuppiEta.—On pages 217 and 218 of the
October issue, under Seasonal Notes, Dr. F. H. N. Smith makes mention
of having found larvae of Cucullia verbasci L. (mullein shark) swarming
on ordinary purple buddleia. During a holiday spent many years ago at
Crantock, near Newquay, my wife and I found many larvae of this
species on Buddleia in the front garden of the place where we were
staying. At the time I reported this to Mr. L. W. Newman, the father
of L. Hugh Newman, who subsequently informed me that he thought I
must have been mistaken, as never before in his experience had he ever
thought of Buddleia as a foodplant of this species. I successfully reared
a series on Buddleia and believe that afterwards Mr. Newman was
-convinced that I was correct.—F. W. Byers, 59 Gurney Court Road, St.
Albans, Herts. 27.x.1961.

CIRRHIA OCELLARIS BorKu. In S.E. Lonpon (N. W. Kent).—A male,
in very good order, of this uncommon species came to my m.v. lamp on
the night of 23-24th September 1961—a night that should have been
very productive, being still, cloudy, and mild. (A slight mist, however,
may have cut out some of the light, for nothing else really notable turned
up.) The specimen has the cross lines and stigmata strongly marked,
which form, I understand, is the more usual one here; it bears little
resemblance to the very pallid insect with obsolete markings figured in
the old edition of ‘South’—a foreign example. Mr. J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt tells me that this is the first capture of ocellaris in West Kent for
many years; de Worms (1956, The Moths of London and its Surround-
ings, 3: 55/111) cites, for this century, Bexley (1908) and Sidcup (1923).
Its present headquarters near London appear to be in Surrey—roughly,
the area between Wimbledon and Weybridge; further out, the Breck
district of East Anglia. The nearest poplars here are non-seeding
‘stools’ but there are some mature trees, both black and Lombardy,
scattered about at a little greater distance. However, on the basis of
a single specimen it is not possible to say whether the moth was a
vagrant or one of a resident colony.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 259

In passing I may mention that on the same night Phlogophora
meticulosa L. was present in great, and to me unprecedented, abund-
ance; it has been by far the commonest species here this autumn, all
others except Thera obeliscata Hiibn. having appeared only sparsely—
even Plusia gamma L.—A. A. Aten, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3.
22.x.61.

ON THE OVERWINTERING- AND PUPATION-SITE OF ANTISPILA
PFEIFFERELLA Hitpn.—I think it well to draw attention to a note on this
subject by G. Elisha published as long ago as 1886 (Hnt. mon. Mag.,
23: 13-14), as it appears to have been overlooked by most of our sub-
sequent writers on the Tineina. His findings put it practically beyond
doubt that the supposed difference in habit between the two British
species of Antispila—as regards the location of the encased larva and
pupa—trests, as he surmised, on some flaw in the original observation.
This last was a statement by C. Healy (Hntom., 2: 129) that the larvae
of A. pfeifferella convey their cases below the surface of the ground; it
was repeated by Stainton (Nat. Hist. Tin., 11: 310). Elisha, naturally
wondering how a legless larva in a case could perform such a feat,
tested the matter with a large brood and found, three months after
they had finished feeding, many cases ‘concealed between the decaying
leaves in exactly the same way as with its congener T'reitschkiella’ and
many others on the surface of the earth in the jars, but—though most
carefully searched for—not one beneath the surface. Yet in spite of this
clear evidence, the erroneous or at best extremely questionable statement
of Healy seems to have been handed down uncritically from one
author to another up to our own day (cf. Meyrick, 1895, 1928; Ford,
1949, etc.).—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Black heath Park, S.E.3. 22.x.61.

ANTHEROPHAGUS SILACEUS Hest. (CoL., CRYPTOPHAGIDAE) NEAR
CHARLTON, Kent.—In early June of last year I took a specimen of this
rarity by sweeping on an extensive piece of waste land (now scheduled
for building) between Blackheath, Shooters Hill, and Charlton, but
somewhat nearest to the latter place. My previous exponent of the
species was taken in a similar way in a lane bordering part of Windsor
Great Park, a good many years ago. There are a few previous records
for N.W. Kent (Darenth, Chatham, Gravesend). The usual Anthero-
phagus in these areas, and in general easily the commonest of our three
species, is of course nigricornis F.; but at Blackheath—or at all events
in my garden—it seems to be replaced by the more local (and badly
named) pallens Gyll. These beetles pass their early stages in the nests
of humble-bees (Bombus spp.) and, as the generic name implies, frequent
flowers. A. silacews much resembles a small nigricornis but has cn
the fore body, especially the head, a thick pale pubescence very conspicu-
ous when viewed in certain lights.—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park,
S.E.3. 23.x.61.

ADELA RUFIMITRELLA Scop. In S.E. Lonpon (N.W. Kent).—On Whit
Monday last, 22nd May, during a spell of warm sunshine in the early
afternoon, I espied a small dark-looking moth flying gently, with a
peculiar sort of spinning motion, over the grass and rough herbage in an
uncultivated part of my garden; a stroke of the net secured it, and to
my surprise and pleasure there was revealed one of the charming
little metallic ‘Longhorns’. (No member of the Adelidae had ever before

260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ X1T/1961

occurred to me in the district except A. viridella in the woods on
Shooters Hill a few miles away, nor did it seem at all likely that any
would occur.) No sooner had I boxed it than two more appeared and
were duly accounted for, and before long a fourth—all in nearly the
same spot. It was evident that the species must be the local Adela
rufimitrella Scop., one I had nowhere previously encountered, and that
its presence could be attributed to the few plants of Cardamine
pratensis which come up here and there each spring under, or not
far from, the western wall of the garden where it is relatively moist
and undisturbed. (Even so, I should hardly have expected it to breed
on such scattered, short-lived plants—their flowers were then already
over and by June they become quite smothered by long grass, etc., and
seem to die down entirely.) The sky soon clouded over, and probably
for that reason I saw no further specimens in this small area; but when
later the sun re-appeared for a few minutes, one more was netted at
some distance on another wild patch where one or two plants of the
cuckoo-flower grew. Though keeping a sharp look-out whenever
possible, I met with only one further example, on the 28th of the
month, flying over a bed of mint between the other two sites—making a
total of six, all in fine condition.

Despite its slow steady flight, the insect is far from conspicuous on
the wing except when its green-gold scales happen to catch the sunlight.
T never saw it settle, and flowers (said to attract most of the group—
plenty of buttercups were at hand) seemed to hold no interest for it.
I was frequently using the sweep-net over much of the garden at the
time but never got the Adela in this way; probably its short flight-
period, not or hardly lasting into June, contributes to the fact of its
being rather seldom noticed. I believe that A. rufimitrella has rarely,
if ever, been found quite so close to London before, in recent times at all
events; but there are two oldish records for this district (Lee and
Eltham, just east of here) and one a little further out (Bexley), all by
B. A. Bower, in ‘‘Woolwich Surveys’? (1909).—A. A. Atuen, 63 Black-
‘heath Park, $.H. 3. 21.x.61.

ARGYRESTHIA SORBIELLA TREITS. ON SORBUS ARIA IN Kent.—An
Argyresthia which I met with not uncommonly amongst whitebeam on
Shoreham Downs, W. Kent, on 21st June 1957, was found to agree
perfectly with the descriptions of the above species and later verified as
such by Mr. S. Wakely. The occurrence is interesting on two counts:
firstly, A. sorbiella is not regarded as a south-eastern species in Britain
but is—mainly at all events, as Mr. Wakely confirms—northern, with
the addition of a few southern counties (Meyrick, 1895) of which Berks.
is the most easterly. This, therefore, has a chance of being the first
Kent record, but without having searched the literature I do not assert
it as a fact. Secondly, it is noteworthy that the species is considered
only as a rowan-feeder, at least with us (cf. Ford, 1949, Guide Small.
Brit. Lep.: 136), though A. conjugella Zell.—the usual rowan-feeding
Argyresthia in this part of the country—has been connected also
with whitebeam (l.c.). I did not find conjugella at Shoreham and
noticed no Sorbus aucuwparia on the downs there, whereas sorbiella was
invariably disturbed from trees of S. aria or their immediate neighbour-
hood, so that little doubt can be entertained about its foodplant in that
locality. —A. A. AttEen, 63 Blackheath Park, S.H.3. 21.x.61.

NOLES AND OBSERVATIONS 261

HupirHEcia iNNorataA Hurn, on Sea BucktHorn.—I was very in-
terested in the articles on the above species feeding on Sea Buckthorn
in ‘‘The Record’? for October, I first took a ‘‘pug’’ which I assumel
must be 7, innotata, on the North Somerset sandhills in June 1951, and
subsequently obtained a number of similar specimens at dusk in the
same locality in June and late August and September in 1951 and suv-
sequent years. I have, however, never tried to breed the species, and
did not realise that it was breeding on Sea Buckthorn until I read the
articles mentioned above. Sea Buckthorn is abundant in the locality,
and I have no doubt whatever that H. innotata does breed on it now.
I thought that this note might be of some interest on the question of the
distribution of this species.—C. 8. H. Buarnwayt, Amalfi, 27 South
Road, Weston-Super-Mare. 26.x.1961.

EUPITHECIA INNoTATA Hurn. 1n YoRKSHIRE.—The discovery of this
Pug in Yorkshire is due almost entirely to the study of ‘‘The Record’’
The sequence of events which lead to this addition to the County list,
start from another new record. In his list for the Spurn Peninsula
published in ‘‘The Naturalist’’ for October 1951, H. N. Michaelis re-
corded a single specimen of Semiothisa alternaria Schiff. which so far
appears to be the only record for the County. With the publication of
the finding of this moth feeding on Sea Buckthorn on the South Coast
(S. Wakely, Ent. Record 1958, p. 93) this took on a new significance.

On 7th August 1960, I visited Spurn with Mr. E, Richards of York
and between grubbing for A, ripae and searching for A. asteris, both
of which were plentiful, we beat the Sea Buckthorn bushes intensively.
Our bag was about a dozen small green geometer larvae from which we
each obtained two or three small pupae. I suppose it was mainly wish-
ful thinking that stopped me following up the feeling that they were
really too small for alternaria! In due course various Pugs hatched
and were set to await identification during the Winter.

At this stage the October 1961 Record arrived, and the article by
Percy Cue on page 210 sent me scurrying back to my 1961 Pugs. Sure
enough one was easily recognised as . innotata, I should add here that
Mr. Cue’s deseription of the larva and the pupa agreed perfectly with
those I had bred. I therefore showed my specimen at the recent meet-
ing of the Yorkshire Naturalist’s Union, and when Mr. Richards pro-
duced a similar specimen that he had bred, any lingering doubts were
finally dispelled.—C, I. Rururrrorp, 24 Oakdale, Harrogate, Yorks.
31.x.1961.

Mierant Morus ar Weston-SureR-Mare.—It may be of interest to
record single specimens of the following migrants, which occurred in my
mothtrap in my garden: Leucania vitellina Hiibn., 17th September;
Cosymbia pupillaria Hiibn. (5th October), and Heliothis armigera
Hiibn. (14th October).

The following northern species also occurred in my trap: Hadena
bombycina Hufn., 14th May; Calostygia salicata Hiibn., 8th August;
Entephria caesiata Schiff., 11th July. J have had specimens of the
first two of these normally Scottish and northern English species in my
trap in this garden, but this is the first occasion on which I have taken
E. caesiata at Weston, although it does occur very locally on Exmoor.—
C. S. H. Brarnawayt, 27 South Road, Weston-Super-Mare. 26.x.1961.

262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 73 15/ X11/1961

A New Arrractrion ror Morus.—On the 5th October 1961, a moth
entered the lighted bathroom of my house, flew around for a while and
then disappeared. Later on I found a Beaded Chestnut Agrochola
lychnidis Schiff. feeding on some toothpaste which had been exuded
from the seam of its tube. In the morning the moth was found dead on
its back on the window-sill—H. HK. Cuipperrigetp, 27 Chilton Avenue,
Stowmarket, Suffolk. 2.xi.1961.

Tricuius Fascratus (L.) In PERTHSHIRE AND Ross-sHrRE.—A party
of entomologists consisting of K. H. Bobe, P. LeMasurier, L. Par-
menter, L. G. F. Waddington and myself visited Perthshire in 1955.
On the 11th July we stopped at the east end of Loch Tummel to admire
the view, and by the roadside on a patch of Melancholy thistle 7.
fasciatus was abundant. I collected six specimens.

In 1956 the same party, all but L. Parmenter, were in Ross-shire.
T. fasciatus, in company with Potosia cupera (F.), was found on 15th
July about six miles north of Garve at Longart Forest (not marked on
the O.S. maps, as it is a recent Forestry Commission site).

This beetle may be more widespread than we think, is it the recorders
that are rare?—B. L. J. Byrrury, 3 Courtfield Crescent, Harrow,
Middx. 18.ix.1961.

GRAPHOLITA OROBANA TREITS. IN Hast Kent—A Prosasty New
County Recorp.—While collecting at Sandwich on 21st July 1957, in
company with my friends Messrs. Wakely and Chalmers-Hunt, I netted
a boldly-marked Tortrix of unfamiliar aspect. The situation was a
shallow, moist depression, filled with dwarf sallow, in the open ground
behind the sandhills. The determination as above has been corroborated
by Mr. Wakely. (I noticed no Vicia sylvatica in this spot, but may of
course have easily overlooked it). On this or another occasion, Mr.
’ Chalmers-Hunt took on the same ground some moths thought at first
to belong to the species, but which, on seeing them not long ago, L
considered rather to be Pammene populana F.; however, a specimen
since caught by him at Ham Fen, near Sandwich, pointed out to me
at the same time, is undoubtedly another orobana.

The occurrence of this very local species in a south-eastern county,
as far at least as I could ascertain, seems hitherto unrecorded. Mr.
H. C. Huggins, who for many years has collected the Tortrices, especi-
ally in East and North Kent and South Essex, informs me that he has
neither met with it himself in those areas, nor knows of anyone having
done so. Little appears to have been added to our knowledge of its
British range since Barrett, in 1907, recorded it from coastal cliffs
near Scarborough, the Cambridge fens, Norfolk and Dorset. Its
headquarters or best-known locality to-day, Mr. Wakely tells me, is
Wicken Fen. This is perhaps interesting in view of its capture at
Ham Fen (see above)—a southern remnant of the same type of habitat
where certain fen insects are still to be found. It seems highly prob-
able that G. orobana is an ancient survival in this corner of Kent, which
has previously escaped notice through its localization and rarity, rather
than a recent arrival by southward spread from Hast Anglia.—A. A.
ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E. 3. 23.x.61.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 263

LimonrA (METALIMNOBIA) QUADRIMACULATA L. (Dipt., TIPULIDAE) IN
BerKsSHIRE.—This large Limnobid has previously been known from
Epping Forest, Hssex, and the New Forest, Hants. Dr. F, W. Edwards
in his ‘‘British Short-palped Crane Flies’? Trans. Soc, Brit, Ent., 1938,
5: 23; records it for April and May and its breeding habitat ‘‘in large
fungi’. Mr. R. L. Coe, when dealing with the Tipulidae in the Royal
Ent. Soc. ‘‘Handbook for the Identification of British Insects IX Pt.
2’, mentions the same counties, but extends the flight time to include
June and August. In 1941 Mr. Coe in his ‘‘Some breeding records ot
British Tipulidae (Dipt.)’’ in Ent Mon. Mag., 77: 172; stated ‘‘Hssex,
Epping Forest, larva in fungus (Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.) xi.11, fly
em. 9.1.12 H. St. J. Donisthorpe; same locality and habitat, larva v.21
C. L. W. [ithycombe]’’.

On 3rd June, when collecting in Windsor Forest with Messrs. C. N.
Colyer and C. O. Hammond, I swept my net over some fungi under
beech trees and captured a male of this species with a wing length of
18 mm. Thus once again a rare insect has been found to occur in each
of these three old forests of southern England. The other species in
this sub-genus in Britain, bifasciata Schr, and quadrinotata Mg. have
both been reared from fungi.—L. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands Avenue,
Thornton Heath, Surrey.

An EntomotocicaL MystEry—A FurrHer Norte.—Following the
publication of my note (Ent. Rec., 73: 134) concerning the occurrence
of Mellicta aurelia (Nickerl) bearing Surrey data, I have had a con-
siderable correspondence with Mr. R. M. Long (now living at
Horsham), whose name appeared on the labels of the insects concerned.
He assures me that:— (a) he never took any athalia-like insects in
Beddington, nor can he imagine them occurring in that area; (b) he
never bred any athalia at the time concerned, viz. 1925; and (c) he
denies responsibility for the labels, which I sent him for his observations.
He has let me in return see examples of labels written by him at that
time and I agree that those occurring on my awrelia, though bearing
similarities in the formation of some letters, e.g. the ‘D’s in Beddington,
are definitely by another hand.

I was pleased tc see the note in the current issue of the Record by
Mr. Huggins giving his comments on the problem. So far as concerns
the origin of the butterflies he is quite likely correct, but the explana-
tion for the data labels remains as much a mystery as before.

I should like to take this opportunity to refute any implications of
Mr. Long’s non bona fides which may have been read into the final
sentence of my original note on the subject. No such implications were
intended and my remark was merely to emphasise how essential it is
for true and accurate information to be put on labels.—Dr. Nevitze L.
Birkett, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 23.xi.1961.

UTETHEISA PULCHELLA L. AND OTHER Micrant Motus in West Sussex,
1961

Nycterosea obstipata Fab. was present most week-ends when the trap
was run from June to October with sometimes as many as fifteen moths
in the trap. During early September there were masses of Plusia
gamma lL. and Amathes c-nigrum L. with a few Caradrina ambigua
Schiff., which in Sussex can still vary greatly in numbers from year to

264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 73 15/ XI1/1961

year. Of Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. and Peridroma saucia Hb. there were
one or two per night during September. Only two Macroglossum
stellatarum were seen on 30th August and 10th September.

Amongst the less common species there was at Arundel: Leucania
albipuncta Haw. on 31st August, and ZL. vitellina Hiibn. on 7th October.
At Pulborough, one female vitellina had come to the trap on 19th May,
with two others on 23rd September. A male Utetheisa pulchella UL.
came to the Arundel trap on 3rd August, and a male Rhodometra
sacraria L. on 1st August.

G. Hagerrt and A. J. WIGHTMAN.

Current Literature

Cassell’s new Atlas of the World: Cassreti & Co., Lrp., 130 + xviii,
132” x 92”, £5 5s Od. We live to-day in a rapidly changing world, and
it is truer than ever to say that any publication on any branch of
science is out of date before it reaches the public. It is even more true
to say that in spite of this fact, no progress would be made unless such
publications continue to appear, and the one under consideration brings
us into line with the position at the beginning of 1961, which is a
considerable advance. Of course the main changes are political, and an
exceedingly useful index of place-name changes is included covering
some 850 entries.

There is a section of world statistics, including an account of the
solar system, star charts, the earth’s structure, and various physical
statistics. | Historical maps show the important changes during the
twentieth century.

Physical maps with the exception of Europe, are limited to con-
tinental maps, but the British Isles, Scandinavia, France and Spain,
and central Europe, including Italy and the Balkans, are accordea
physical maps of their own.

The political maps are drawn to reasonably large scale, and the print-
ing is good. Especial credit is due to the lettering which is excellently
clear and shows a clean edge under a magnifying glass, so that many
place names can be given without undue congestion. There are 80
physical and political maps in the main section, followed by 30 economic
maps, making a convenient atlas for home or office.—S. N. A. J.

Lambillionea, 60: 11-12, Dec. 1960, publishes a short obituary notice
on Dr. Henry Beuret of Basle, by the editor. S. G. Kiriakoff describes
from Madagascar a new genus and species of the Notodontidae, sent to
him by M. Pierre Viette; a figure of the male genitalia is included.
Ed. de Laever gives an account of a successful night’s collecting at
Torgny, and there is a paper in English by the late C. L. Colinette
describing fifteen new Lymantriidae from the Congo, illustrated by a
half-tone plate of eighteen figures, and Mr. Janmoulle publishes a
short note on the use of Benzyl phenol as a specific against mildew.
61: 1-2, February 1961, opens with an obituary notice of Edward

CURRENT LITERATURE ’ 265

Schutze, the specialist on Hupithecia, by Ed. de Laever. Paul Marechal
gives a condensed meteorological account of 1960, Mr. L. A. Berger
writes on the enquiry into polymorphism in lepidoptera, and Mr.
Kiriakoff describes five new species of Thyretidae (Lep., Notodontoidea)
from central Africa with illustrations of the male genitalia. Nicolat
Gillet of Tilff, Liege, commences an account of collecting and breeding
in his district.—S. N. A. J.

Alexanor, 2: 2, R. Durand commences an account of a collecting
trip to Greece; Y. de Lajonquiére writes on papering insects, and G.
Barragué records the capture of Aglais wrticae L. in Algeria, apparently
the first record from Africa. H. Decimon writes collecting notes and
there is an interesting article on French Boloria by A. Crosson du
Cormier and P. Guerin, with a half-tone plate of fifteen figures. G.
Morie writes on a collecting bottle technique followed by an article
by J. T. Betz on the subject of public ighting and the moth fauna.
R. Olivier reports Heteropterus morpheus Pallas in the Calvados, and H.
de Lesse contributes an article on the chromosomes of Agrodiaetus dolus
Hiibn. and allied species with a distribution map and illustrations of
chromosome patterns.—S. N. A. J.

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 14: 3, June 1960, opens with
an article by EKugene Munroe and Paul R. Ehrlich on the higher
classification of the Papilionidae. Roy O. Kendal records a new larval
foodplant for Hrynnis zarucco Lucas. Joseph Miiller describes a new
melanic form of Catocala connubialis, illustrated with a half-tone plate
showing this variety, a brown-banded form and a normal specimen.
The chromosome study of Kodo Maeki and Chas. L. Remington is
continued, dealing with Nymphalinae, Charaxidinae and Libytheinae,
with pattern figures and table of species with their chromosome counts.
The portion for field collectors deals with a collecting trip in Japan by
Kaiya Kubo.—S. N. A. J.

6th October 1961.
THE Epitor,
Kntomologist’s Record.

Dear Sir,

While perusing my copy of Peterson, Mountfort, and Hollom’s
‘“‘A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe’”’ (London, 1954), I
began to think how valuable it would be to have such a convenient
pocket guide to the butterflies of Europe. This book has proved in-
dispensable to the European field ornithologist and, as is widely known,
has now been published in most of the important European languages.
The excellent little distribution maps show very well the range of each
species in Europe, and have undoubtedly helped the average British
birdwatcher out of his ‘‘parish-pump”’ outlook, enabling him to visualise
the British distribution of each species in relation to its continental
distribution. Similar maps in a field guide to the butterflies of Europe
would prove just as helpful to British lepidopterists, of whom many, like
myself, probably have only rather vague ideas as to the distribution of
continental species.

266 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 73 15/ X11/1961

Such a work on a group of insects as popular as the butterflies might
be a commercial proposition, and could well prove nearly as successful as
the Field Guide to the birds. It could be undertaken by a team of
British lepidopterists, who have considerable experience of collecting on
the continent, working under the auspices of The Record and in con-
junction with those authoritative European lepidopterists who care to
co-operate. It would also be hoped that some of the excellent entomo-
logical artists working in this country would co-operate in producing
the coloured illustrations which would be the main feature of the book.

Apart from the illustrations, the proposed guide would include a
small map for each species, showing its European distribution according
to the latest information. The notes on each species in the text would
be kept to a concise, but accurate, minimum.

Should such a Field Guide prove successful, it would be worth
attempting the same for the moths, although this would naturally be a
more difficult and more lengthy undertaking.

I have thought it worth putting forward this suggestion in the hope
that it might find support from other entomologists. It might lead, as
the Field Guide to the Birds has done with the ornithologists, to a
greater interest in the butterflies of Europe among British lepidopterists
and increased co-operation with our EHuropean colleagues, in keeping
with these days of European Common Markets.

IT am, Sir,
Yours faithfully,
J. F. Burton,
c/o B.B.C. Natural History Unit,
Broadcasting House, Bristol 8.

THE NEW “SOUTH”

From Air Marsuat Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY, K.c.B., K.B.E., M.C., D.F.C.,
A.F.C., D.L.

THe Epitor, The Hntomologist’s Record
‘Dear Sir,

I have read with interest the reviews and comments on the
new edition of South’s ‘‘Moths of the British Isles’’. It is clear that
there are a large number of errors in it, as I have found several myself
in addition to those mentioned by the reviewers.

It is very important that these should be corrected in the next re-
printing, and the simplest way to ensure this would be to ask everyone
who notices an error or misprint or wrong plate reference to notify
them to someone who would be prepared to collect and co-ordinate them,
and in due course send them on to the publishers.

If you and others think that this would be a good plan, I am quite
willing to act as co-ordinator. Notes of errors should be sent to me at
the address printed at the foot of this letter.

Yours faithfully,
R. SAuNDBY.
Oxleas, Burghclere, nr. Newbury, Berkshire.

It is with the greatest regret that we have to announce the death of
Mr. J. O. T. HOWARD, one of the governing body of this magazine. It
is hoped to publish a suitable obituary notice in the January issue.—Hp.

ENTOMOLOGIST’S GAZETTE

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EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one
16 Drawers. Easy payments if required.—R. W. Watson, ‘‘Porcorum,”’
Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hants.

Orthoptera.—Crickets of the subfamily Gryllinae (except domestic Species) and
grasshoppers of the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae from all parts of the
World required in any quantity for research work in morphology, taxo-
homy, cytology, and experimental biology; dry or fluid preserved or
living. Please contact D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Department of Ento-
mology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

Wanted.—Living pupae or ova of Pieris brassicae wollastoni and P. b. cheiranthi,
for experimental breeding. I should be very grateful to anyone holidaying
in Madeira or the Canary Islands who can obtain even a few specimens
Will be glad to refund expenses of airmail and to supply specimens of
any interesting crosses obtained.—Brian O. C. Gardiner, 43 Woodlark Road,
Cambridge.

For Sale.—G. quercifolia (Lappet) Larvae, A. villica (Cream Spot Tiger) Larvae,
2/6 per dozen.—T. H. Fox, 28 Boxwell Road, Berkhamstead, Herts.

For Sale or Exchange.—Cisbilamellatus living male and female. Six for 2/- or
exchange.—G. Wood, 102 Beaconsfield Road, Epsom Downs, Surrey.

IRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No comprehensive catalogue
of Irish macrolepidoptera has been published since Lt. Col. C. Donovan’s
List in 1986. I am now engaged in the preparation of a revised List,
and in order that it may be as up to date as possible, I should be most
grateful for any records from lepidopterists who have collected in
Ireland since the date of Col. Donovan’s publication. Full acknowledg-
ment will be made.

E. S. A. BAYNES
2 Arkendale Road, Glengeary, Co. Dublin, Eire

h Pat

IMPORTANT JANUARY 1962 AUCTION SALE

The P. Burton, Esq., Collection of British Lepidoptera and
eh Two Libraries of Books on Lepidoptera, etc.
To be held on THURSDAY, January 25, 1962, at 12 o’clock prompt (viewing all
day Wednesday previous)
At Messrs. DEBENHAM STORR & CO. Ltd., 26 King St., Covent Garden, W.C.2.
_ Many rare and historic insects will be offered for Sale, including a melanic
PP. machdon, P. napi, a unique di-morphic hermaphrodite fig. Frohawk’s
VARIETIES (plate 37, fig. 3) the unique TYPE ab. Fumosa Thompson, Carda-
mines, gynandromorphs, albino, etc. Rhamni, gynandromorphs, Croceus, another
unique insect, a di-morphic gynandro and a perfect hermaphrodite, a melanic
Euphrosyne, extreme Selene, Aurinea and Athalia vars. Cinzia, a rare albino
Paphia, some extreme ab. melaina, also a unique ab. Valesina, a di-morphic-
gynandro, Cydippe, a beautiful ab. charlotta, a melanic Aglaia, Iris, var. Iole,
outstanding Vanessa varieties, including a unique homoeotic Urticae, and a
rare albino form, a V. io, with black eye-spots on hindwings, C-album, a perfect
hermaphrodite, British taken P. daplidice, Acis and L. boeticus, EIGHT L.
_ dispar, a rare dark variety of L. batavus, L. aegos, ab. cinnameus, and a fine
de gynandromorph Agestis, an albino, Argiolus, var. caeca, Icarus, ab. opalizans,
and several gynandrous forms, and an ab. radiata, bred condition, HYBRID
Coridon x Bellargus, and NUMEROUS Béllargus and Coridon extreme aberra-
tions, including an hermaphrodite HYBRID Bellargus x Icarus, the historic
pair recorded in The Entomologist, Phloeas, ab. bipunctata-obsoleta, rare,
‘ Coridon var. vacua,, extreme rarity, also ab. radiata forms, Actaeon, an
4 hermapnroditc, a melanic Sylvestris, Fig. Frohawk. Galathea, two albinos,
Jurtina, albino forms, many others, nearly 300 separate lots.
BOOKS : Standard works by F. W. Frohawk, Bright & Leeds, J. W. Tutt, Scorer,
Dr. E. B. Ford, Barrett, Owen S. Wilson, Buckler, Kirby, etc.
Also P. Burton’s type collection of British Butterflies, contained in four ten-
drawer mahogany HILL UNITS.

SALE ARRANGED AND CATALOGUED BY—
L. Hugh Newman, r.r.u.s., The Butterfly Farm, Bexley, Kent, England,
from whom further particulars can be obtained. Next catalogue in active
preparation. Properties large or small, always welcome, especially BOOKS and
CABINETS.

J. J. HILL & SON

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS
Specialists in INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS

Reconditioned SECOND-HAND INSECT CABINETS, STORE BOXES, eétc.,
available from time to time.
Specifications and Prices sent Post Free on Application
YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. "Phone: WILLESDEN 0309

LIVING LEPIDOPTERA AND SET SPECIMENS

We specialise in living Lepidoptera and set specimens from this country

and overseas. We also stock equipment for breeding Lepidoptera and

some collecting equipment. Send for our illustrated catalogue and our
catalogue of set specimens.

WORLDWIDE BUTTERFLIES LTD., ;
Seafields House, ,Charmouth, Bridport, Dorset, England

‘ THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD

; A systematic work, in collaboration with the best specialists of all Countries,

Sarak edited by

Beane Prof. Dr. A. SEITZ

“Every known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 10-14 colours
and described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English,
‘German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. ‘Vol. 5-16: Fauna.
See waaay exotica.

Every volume may be had separately.

et : ra KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80_

‘THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECO e
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION a Sie

_ (Founded by J. W. TUTT. on 15th April 1890)

ane Dr. H. B. Wii1ams, Q.C., OUD. ERES.: Ortho
D. K. McK. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., T.RES.; Goicapsorae
ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: UL. PARMENTER, F.R.E. ee E. C. She d
Fonseca, F.R.E.S.

CONTENTS
THE DINGLE PENINSULA IN JULY 1961. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S.

LEPIDOPTERA SEEN IN CORNWALL DURING SEPTEMBER 1961.
G. HAGGETT and A. J. WIGHTMAN “ aot

LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING IN EAST ANGLIA, MAY AND JUNE 1961. Hie
C. J. GOODALL, M.B., B.S. ant aed Lap pe ya teas

GREGARIOUS BEHAVIOUR IN TWO SPECIES OF SCATOPSE hae
SCATOPSIDAE). P. ROPER as

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.ES.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

CURRENT LITERATURE

SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KENT: A ORITICAL y
ACCOUNT. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ey

TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS

All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the ED r0
‘at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. oy

ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS, and requests
» §$PECIMEN COPIES to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Roz

TREASURER, bees. Galloway Road, Bishop? 8 Stortford,
CHANGES OF ADDRESS to the TREASURER.

More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at co
price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with t
return to the Editor of corrected proof.

ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUT
DEFRAYS THE COST.

are seneing to other magazines,

All reasonable care is taken of MSS, Saber nSiEs drawings,
but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves res
any loss or damage. a

Printed bv T. Bunore anv Co. Lirp., ae

The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation

SPECIAL INDEX
VOL. 73, 1961

PAGE
ARACHNIDA
quadratus (Araneus) ............0..000 95
COLEOPTERA
(GUIDES, “(TEGIOSIE)). Gasnsnsenadsosacencoesanseunesoos 262
fasciatus (Trichius) ..................... 999, 262
imulfesreey. ((SiureewaVeyen VIG) “fasseacsnndanceessenesceeeonee 49
nigricornis (Antherophagus) ............ 259
pallens (Antherophagus) .................. 259
silaceus (Antherophagus) .................. 959
HEMIPTERA
(GOTETERAT CS) ey eae eae = a RN AE 226
HYMENOPTERA
acervorum (Leptothorax) ............ 90, 190
MINE TOUS ME (TGASITTS\ IN Foi sncacecsinencetaccncsecsuoss 92
aquilonia (Formica) .................. 190, 194
caespitum (Tetramorium) ............ 90, 190
cinerea (Formica) .................0...06 191, 193
cordieri (Formica) .................ccc 194
GLAD OM IVES a) ionasccet once qoseecechossessetcesase Q42
(CUM WUleTENEY ((DOWEMMTIOB)) Songsescosoncocoboaccose 193
erraticum (Tapinoma) ..................... 192
exsecta (Formica) .................. 93, 192, 193
MAUS (HASTUS)) oxic sccachendosdosedseteoes 92, 191
forsslundi (Formica) .............0.....0.08 193
fugax (SOVEMOPSIS)) ....5.0..0.0....2c.ees sees ees 90
fuliginosus (Lasius) ..................... 92, 191
fusca (Formica) .................. 93, 191, 193
gagatoides (Formica) ......... 190, 192, 193
graminicola (Myrmecina) .................. 90
herculeanus (Camponotus) ............... 191
interruptus (Leptothorax) .................. 94
‘kontuniemii’ (Formica) .............. ape ASG 192
lemani (Formica) ........... 93, 191, 192, 193
ligniperdus (Camponotus) .................. 191
lobicornis (Myrmica) .................. 91, 190
lugubris (Formica) ............... 93, 190, 194
“THMZ) Oe? (NO TEIATUICEN) oe sbecoodencuanssabesenauncee 194
‘microgyna’ (Myrmica) ...................5. 190
TUB UWISS “(LCRISTIOIS)) Abe orpencacnonseneseRenannne 92, 191
NaSUiaNy (2LOLOTMNGA)) sees ts ceeeeoes see 192
TMUSCIE) ph ASTURS) ewe as koe ck oc selec 92, 191
nigricans (Formica) ............cccceeeeeeee eee 194
nitidulus (Formicoxenus) ............ 90, 190
nylanderi (Leptothorax) .................. 90-91
polyctena (Formica) ...................... 194
‘pratensis’ (Formica) ......................000 194
pressilabris (Formica) ...................0065 192
rabaudi (Lasius) .........0.....0...c.0.. 92, 194
rubra (Myrmica) ..........0............0- 91, 190
TeUouiiel (MoM eAMNTC Sy), ANB Rauoasetocsnancenonoseese 93 194

PAGE
‘rufa rufo-pratensis’ (Formica) ......... 194
rufibarbis (Formica) ..................ccs0ee0ee 191
ruginodis (Myrmica) .................. 91, 190
rugulosa (Myrmica) ..................cecseeees 190
sabuleti (Myrmica) ................0e...0es 91, 190
sanguinea (Formica) ..................... 93, 193
scabrinodis (Myrmica) .................. 91, 190
SCINGIMEUS (MA PTGTAOBY) soresecuoesesssboonee 91, 190
sublaevis (Harpagoxenus) ................ 190
SUECGICA. (AWAITED) -ceccacesanssossonescess 190, 192
sulcinodis (Myrmica) ................... 91, 190
transkaucasica (Formica) .......... 190, 193
truncorum (Formica) .......................- 194
tuberum (Leptothorax) ............... 91, 190
Umbratus (aSius)) 0.0... 92, 191
uralensis (Formica) ..................... 190, 193
ORTHOPTERA
albomarginatus (Chorthippus), ... 65, 66
bitterensis (Ephippiger) ..................... 170
brachyptera (Metrioptera) ................ 65
brunneus (Chorthippus) ................... 65
discolor (Conocephalus) ..................... 266
griseoaptera (Pholidoptera) ......... 65, 226
maculatus (Myrmeleotettix) ............... 65
parallelus (Chorthippus) — ............... 64-6
thalassinum (Meconema) .................. 66
verrucivorus (Decticus) .................00.5 226
viridissima (Tettigonia) ......... 64, 65, 226
viridulus (Omocestus) ............ 64, 65, 95
TRICHOPTERA
(Check List of British Species) ...... 119-124
affinis (Limnephilus) ............000..0.... 226
clathrata (Oligotricha) ............... 237, 238
crassicornis (Agrypnetes) ............ 235, 238
grandis (Phryganea) ............c.0ec.0e.0s- 238
lunatus (Limmephilus) ...................... 226
marginata (Chimarra) .....................- 159
minor (Trichostegia) ...................0.eee 238
obsoleta (Phryganea) .................. 238, 239
pagetana (Agrypnia) ......... 236, 238, 239
permistus (Stenophylax) .................. 226
picta) (Agrypnila)) 2aeece eee 236, 238, 239
ruficrus (Oligotricha) .................. 237, 238
simulans (Triaenodes) ........................ 159
SUEY, ((ETMNAVSNMERN) oo paossoccsnodsobsoascaece 238
Vialiilaen (hie S ame a) scene peace eee 237, 239
LEPIDOPTERA
abencerragus (Turanana) .................. 178
abruptaria (Hemerophila) .......... 23, 196
ealloysibialusauiinl (CMKCTHIINEN) Shanbetonesasnsseson- 222, 231
acenisis (Ap atlele) ines reece enceencee 21, 228

PAGE
CINE RVE: (STOMA), scansdocosadsnnone Bi, 42), QO»
CKOUCOM, (CXL CLUTRISUBY) “pacogacosapedbasesooeccaembe : 176
adusta (Eumichtis) ............... 43, 252, 255
AVONOSUAUGY (IEC CHIEN) -suscedosteacooosonbeodancoaas 217
AGVeNan (OTthOSia) Meneses eee 22.133
advenella (Euzophora) .....................0.- 181
aegeria (Pararge) ...... 12, BA, YB. 125),

133, 187
aeriferana (Ptycholomoides) ......... 40, 150
aescularia (Alsophila) ...... 69, 94, 133, 154
aethiops (Erebia) ......... 55, 208, 243, 214
AunoTbaisS (COTATI), Copdonsoeossocodtspnchocoseapeeceor 15
amnitanary \(@Phalonila) cesses eee 4151
agathina (Amathes) ......... 16, 24, 219, 227
AISES ISIN (AMsIGIa)) meee eee ee sy ty, (B83, Pls)
aglaia (Argynmnis) ... 42, 54, 55, 63,
187, 248
alberganus (Erebia) ...................-+--.--- AT
albersana (Eucosmorpha) .................- 163
albicillata (Mesoleuca) .................000 23
albicolon (Heliophobus) ............ 248, 253
albipuncta (Leucania) ...... tl Bul Bie.
154, 264
albipunctata (Cosymbia) ...... 154, 213, 252
BU OWUAUA. (ESTHVACHINE)) senpscnccancacososoenoeses 4h
alceae (Carcharodus) ...............0..006e0+- 57
allcetass | (FVETES) he sstssotnc cases cceccnceecee nee 144
alchymillae (Reverdinus) .................. 4h
alcon (Maculinea) .................. 46, 47, 55
MOU (Ziy SAMA) hee Ne yee es eee 224
alni (Apatele) ......... 18, 21, 150, 184, 187
alniaria (Deuteronomos) ................... 22
AVION MUI) (TER WOBWUI)), sAAnococeecacconecanence 42, 47
alpinana (Dicrorampha) ................... 88
avilfouimiinay “(AWM ICTINE)) soesansossoscbonnaaabooonosnoscene 184
ISHS! ((CRMERNCHOHINGD) cacopconadncnnesosnesadenss 255
alternaria (Semiothisa) ..................... 23
amandus (Lysandra) ........................ AT
amata (Calothysanis) ..........0...0...0..... 252
amathusia (Brenthis) ........................ 208
ambigua (Caradrina) .................. 225, 263
MCCS (AX, THOIESIA)) .Sasodesscsenancooosnece Bui, BBE)
MOG OS (IN8Ig. THAETONG@IE)) “sascdasposntosdonnece 20, 252
angustea (Eudoria) .............cc.ceeseeeeeee 205
AO IS) (ANIIST OE) ooeessosndeesaeconseosoounan 150
annulata (Cosymbia) ....................00. 154
anomala (Stilbia) ................ 214, 217, 219
anonyma (Lemenitis) ...................... 144
aaveiile), ((SEWAVRUIG) cosasceccenenceooebassdencnene 56
AH MyAUINO MISS “(Vaio yeralz))) Goensagonsococsseeoneeen 202
antiopa (Nymphalis) .................. 142, 189
NANCIE), (COMEATTE))) scoosoneponanooonepnbonsoee 23, 196
Ayoionmmanlsy “((SVeISEN)) aaunuonncsnessnoopabosbodebase 412
apollo (Parnassius) ......... 46, 47, 169, 208
aquilonaris (Boloria) ....................... 47
arcania (Coenonympha) ............... 47, 146
areola (Xylocampa) ..................... 69, 94
argentimaculella (Meessia) ............... Q42
-argiolus (Celastrina) ...... 1D, Biz, 125,
133, 182
FMA SIS. (TENEVOVETRUIS)) segcnaendebackoooensnadenancacese 57
argyrognomon (Lycaeides) ............... 146
arion (Maculinea) ............ 44, 46, 186, 145
armigera (Heliothis) ...:.............. 213, «25
A WeMnOLMICE ABS) (IPNAESWIG)) gocccosscbocesonsoaseace 54

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
asella (Heterogenea) ............ 15, 184, 217

eysuliMeNIS) (GEAVIAENUISHIE))) cagnosaseansasnos-cucocnane 134
astenial i (Mele ta) ease eee eee eee 47
astrantiae (Depressaria) .................... 242
atalanta (Vanessa) ... 50, 63, 64, 144,

167, 176, 196, 207, 208, 219, 228, 241
athalia (Melitaea) ... 46, 47, 55, 134,

. 146, 263
atomaria (Ematurga) ...:........ 195, 251, 254
atomella (Depressaria) ..................... 88
atrata, «\(Odez1al)\ wc che eee 43
atropos (Acherontia) ... 20, 60, 63, 177,

213, 220
AULALO! (NT ACea) eee eee eee Q2
aurantiana (Pammene) ..................... 149
ENvuBaiene enka) ((IRIPANOUIS)) cogoonasesocaconcencens: 62
aurelia (Mellicta) ............... 184, 240, 263
ehubemieree) (PANINI) hessconssnccocnennocenonnceone 31
aurinia (Euphydryas) ..................... 148
ausonian (Evichloe) eee eee 179
australis (Aporophila) ............... 217, 250
australis (Colias) .................. 144, 168, 179
(HOUSURONMIES (7A, {EIOMMD) so-cenenncenscceeecaccesnce 7
autumnaria (Ennomos) ..................... 51
avellana (ApOda) ...............:.0..0.s00e 23, 184
BASiesenic), (CSUEIAEOE)) sonascososesdasnaconstopenacce 43
badiatam (Haropiniila)) eee eee 69
ibaetican(Aygalena)) es ee ee 223
baja (Amathes)). 2sc....-ces oc eee Q49
haliodactyla (Alwecita) .....0...00...:.-cse 87
bankiana (Eustrotia) ...............:..c0008 254
LOR VTETAS NIE (CEIEVGIEIMEY)) capeecoesesodooeercoce 187, 247
Voyenenis) ((IRTMAERTTPR)) Soccscecotdccseseceosedeeacn 43, 255
baton) 12 DilOteS) eee eee 46
batons (hunanania)) ie eee eee eee 178
belemiay(Euichiloe) ieee ee 178
bellargus (Lysandra) ... 72, 128, 146,

149, 228
enme vil (AG GISTIS) eee econ eee eneeeeeeee 151
betulae \(Pmecla)! ciscccogne-cescsnt eee ee 127
betularia (Biston) .................. 23, 44, 252
betulinella (Anacampsis) .................. 88
bicolorana (Pseudoips) .................. 21, 229
bicoloratay (Haldena) ieee see 954
bicolorata (Plemyria) ..............:00..08 23
HieruMish (Had ena) eee eee ee 43
ICUS DISH (Cera) eee eee eee eee 13, 213
bidentata (Gonodontis) ..................... 44

bitaciaitan (2eri7 Ona) eee eee eee 255
bifasciana (Spatalistis) ..................... 87
bifida (Harpyia) ..................00 184, 253
bilineata (Euphyia) .................. 203, 247
bilunaria (Selenia) ...................0.005 62, 133
bimaculatay (Baptiste 13
binaevella (Homoeosoma) ...............+. 86
Joya eel ((DIREVSRNMEY)) sbboseuesacessaostocceneancbe: Q4
bipunctana (Argyroploce) .................. 208
bipunctaria (Ortholitha) ................ 216
Torisyelavonnal (SEN ACHIS ” p scodsononacnanscosnoncosocue 56
biselatay(Stemrinal) sees ere eee 255
bjerkandrella (Choreutis) .................. 208
blandiata (Perizoma) ...............s.sss000 44
boeticus (Lampides) ............... 30, 57, 176
boisduvaliella (Phycita) .................. 13
bombycina (Hadena) ...............:..000-+ 195

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
Inraictea® \(Plusial)) ieee 43, 213, 249
branderiana (Ciaphila) .................05 88
brassicae (Pieris) ...... 42, 51, 62, 176, 254
brevilinea (Arenostola) .................. iG), Be)
LOIS) {(SIUAVARUIG)) Socnocnsoanbecesonconosbandnppass 56
LONPTIZ-Z EVES OY aT O79) te sang edincinnchannnreichcopposapsoe 201
Lononaumery (A DIEWESTIEN) Ae ssessnsesccessoacsbocs 43, 254
(DAWES EY, (RU NMAIE))” A racenoneocnqobontioeanbacnoooo Q14
brunnichana (Epimotia) ........ ............ 87
DEVON TAM (PVETIS) ies ncss-cecsaseeseteuces ee 46, 169
Mucepihralan (hale) essctee: cesses eneeecee 43
LoyCUerr aero (SYEYe INI)! eee acrsonneenedenposhodsuoaces 169
GAeMOS awe Aelia yeas scese eases oe eac ee eeeceees 234
caesia (Hadena) ...... 141, 208, 205, 234, 247
caesiata (Entephria) .................ccccceeeee 214
CANIEY(CANTECIITIE) | crennntnacnoic ante cronedcoce acne eebee 248
c-album (Polygonia) ... 11, 55, 94, 129,
144, 148, 184, 241, 242, 244
caleatrippe (Heliophobus) ............ 21, 253
caliginosa (Acosmetia) ................- 41, 213
callidice (Symchloe) ..................cceceees 46
callirhoé (Vanessa) ..............006008 30, 176
cambysea (ZyLACNA) ............cceceeeeeeeeees 201
camilla (Limenitis) ... 14, 34, 57, 73, 76,
129, 182, 215, 244, 255
candens (Hippothoe) ...................-5 54, 55
candidulana (E. maritima) ............... 230
(CAUMTIO) ry (CBs ENA) pesneroasscoodaqdogeooeDaosHooce: 63
(Paroneaumey. (VAY conOrMTaulS))) Soosccscocousncea onacRo=es 88
capsophila (Hadena) ................. 205, 247
captiuncula (Phothedes) ................... 215
capucina (Lophopteryx) ...... 43, 133,
229, 251
CAMacTMs TEE), (ISINESTE)) akekoonsescasocandscasoe 62
cardamines (Anthocaris) ... 32, 62, 125,
148, 165, 2418, 251
cardui (Vanessa) 16, 31, 56, 142,
146, 167, 176, 219, 227, 228, 241, 250
carmelita (Odontosia) ................ 20, 62
carniolica (S. onobrychis) ..............-..- 202
carphodactylus (Leioptilus) .............. 87
carpinata (Nothopteryx) .................. 23
castanea -(Amathes) ........:...0:sc0.05- ne, “Dil
castaneae (Phragmataecia) ............... Q54
castrensis (Malacosoma) ..............-.5+ 69
(CRITE: (EAB ON ANIVED)) oaeaaeosandacdos see ondesaneereoe 444
centrostrigaria (Euphyia) .................. 177
centuriella (Scoparia) ..............:.08 207
Gespiisi CHNOVe TA) cee eee eee = 21, 219
GVA CHES (PMUISTO)) ie. sac.csscscersceesccesssces.. 227
chamomillae (Cucullia) ............... 22, 133
CINZOS. (AVERAGING!) seccoon0ndoencsosnaonooFosses0005 203
ormanelorrian UN. GYSIBNIEN) capsccceeonoccoseaeeoceobe Q48
lmih “(UNTMTINA OE) p5iscnsoscococcocvoceceassunpnnsacec 16
chieranthi (Pieris) ......................5 30, 176
chiron (Eumedonia) ................006+ 15)... (515)
(elnilorcOSeire) (GUI MITNE)) © Secocoeaecuespoonbonecsoon 183
eimreneiin. (UNCKOyORIEE))) Ghacassocsanenccosannunnosdd 176
christiernana (Hypercallia) ............. 206
chrysanthemana (Cnephasia) ............ 207
chryssippus (Danaus) ............ 30, 31, 175
chrysitis (Plusia) .............::-. 220, 249
ChrysOn (PIUSIA) .........ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees Q44
chrysorrhea (Euproctis) ............:. Q34
cinxia (Melitaea) .............-- 54, 134, 144

PAGE
CUECE NB TUMTESIA)) cacarccccastaesauce ap aces eaten 146
Gircellanis (AsTochola) ee setae: 17
(Giaeeuampiler.y, (CENUIETE)) Se soocticroncanconoaceor cane 177
Chinagom (Ria Gea) eee. seen eet 22
Claray (Haden): \...cce ae cob eese soe 128
Glathrata (Ghiessmia))mecsseeceateeeese eens 2Q51
Glavapalpis: (Caxradrinia) ieee tecceseee 133
Glavisr(AG@rOtis)\ tn. .eca oe eee 14
cleobule (GonopteryxX) ............ssc0se0es 177
cleopatra (Gonopteryx) ................0.0 179
c-nigrum (Amathes) ............ 43, 225, 263
Cognatay. (PMERA)) pole tee ee eee 196
colquhounana (Cnephasia) ............... 41
combinellus—(Crambus) .......1:.........-.- 206
commitatan (2 elie) eee eae 14, 253
Commas (ew Cana) lees ae eee 253
communana (Cnephasia) .................. 87
complana (Bilema) ..................... 212, 253
compta (Hademna) .................. 51, 166, 222
GON COLOT A (AS FOxUre ma) eee ee ete eeeeeee 51
Confusalis \(Celanna))ieee-pepeeeee sees eee 42
conicolana (Laspeyresia) .................. 18
coniferana (Laspeyresia) ............... ala, > 413
conigera (Mewcamia) (11.0 te.cesscsso-ceee 220
conjugata (Scopula) ..................- 219, 225
connubialis (Catocala) ...................0 265
consonaria (Ectropis) .....................0 23
consociella (Euzophera) .................... 257
conspersa (Hadena) ............ 166, 187, 254
conspicillaris (Xylomyges) ...... 12, 24, 232
contaminei (Zygaena) ...................006 2
contaminellus (Crambus) ............ 10, 209
conterminana (Eucosma) .................. 181
COMO EM (EUGENE) 5.-cabadadesoacunecesacnacaecs 219
coprodactyla (Stenoptilia) ................ 47
cordigera {Anarta) .................-. sacral 62
coridon (Lysandra) ... 47, 71, 73, 94,
1s}. AVAT/, OU, DIAS
COUSICAa (Ay Fae) Meraceee eee ee ee ee 201
corylata (Electrophaes) ..................... 13
coryli (Colocasia) <..::.......... 43, 154, 167
cossus (Cossus) ............... 23, 154, 213, 217
costaestrigalis (Schrankia) ......... 219, 225
craccae: (ly sephila)) = ae cee eee 63
Criamenam (ATC ia) ene eee eee 177
crassalis (Bomolocha) .................. 154, 217
crataegella (Stigmella) ...............0... 153
crataegi (Aporia) ................. 144, 147, 208
Gratiae sie (richie) eee ee eee eee 16, 21
COMES), (UNTTRNTNEE))) nsechecesancoccsseunnsecenscas 43
CURIOS (Ghy CIMOAWHID) coons cnonscoscnooances: 228
cribrumime (Coscia) 3 sees Q4, 228
cribrumalis (Zanclognatha) ...... Q54, 255
Cristiana (Reronea) meee eee 69
GrROCEALON (Oda) eee ee eee 44
croceus (Colias) ... 54, 55, 142, 146, 176,
227, 241, 250
Grudan(Orshosia) ees aeet eee 69, 94
cucubali (H. rivularis) ......... 43, 247, 252
cucullina (Lophopteryx) ............ 15, 154
Cucmlatas (Eup hiyia)\s see Ee Sal
cuculatelian (Nola) pee eee 255
culmellus?(Crambus)i 2 ee 206
cultraria (Drepana) .........0......00.. 21, 229
cuneas (Hyphantria) is. .:.. eee 169

4 SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
Curntwlan (Clostera)y sos eee eee 20
curvistrigana (Phalonia) .................. 16
WATE (/ANASENCIOEN) LS osenaseenadesesaoncpobenes 201
cydippe (Argynnis) .................0... 182, 208
cyllarus (Agrodiaetus) ..................006 17
CHINES. (SPOT) oc scoccaccanonceoeaseroncono% 201
cynthia (Eyphydryas) ............ccc.c00c000 46
daplidice (Pontia) ... 31, 53, 55, 143,

146, 175
debiliata (Chlorochystis) ................... 14
debilis (Euphydryas) .................00..00 46
decolorata (Everes) ............cccccccceeeeaeee 146
decrepitalis (Hapalia) .................. 43, 62
defoliaria (Eranmis) ..........0000...0cec 17
Geplana (Eilema) ..............0......c0060 21, 217
depuncta (Amathes) ...............c. 214
designata (Xanthorhoe) ..................... 3
diamina (Mellicta) .........0.......cccceeeeeees 45
dictynna (Melitaea) ..............ccceceeeee ee 208
didyma (Melitaea) ... 55, 57, 144, 207, 208
didymata (Colostygia) ......0...0...ee 16
GithiniSs (Cosmin) see. eee eee 165
dilucidana (Lozopera) ....................06. 87
diluta (Asphalia) .............0..0.c.c2 17, 43
dilutella (Pempelia) ............ 248, 249, 257
Gimidiata (Sterrha) ...............ccc:ceeeeeee 254
dimidiella (Brachmia) ....................... 208
dissoluta (Nomagria) ...............:cc0eceeee 15
distans (Oxyptilus) .............cceceeeeeee 253
ditrapezium (Amathes) .................. 43, 212
dodonaea (Drymonia) ... 13, 20, 197,
213, 217, 253
dodonaea (Tischeria) ......................... 209
dodoneata (Eupithecia) ..................... 12
dolabraria (Plagodis) ............ Q3, 185, 252
dominula (Panaxia) ..................... 12, 218
dromedarius (Notodonta) ...... 43, 133,
184, 229
dubitana \Polychrosis) ..........0..00...... 11
dumolini (Lophostethus) .................. 179
duplaris (Tethea) ..............c.ccccceeeeee 14, 20
dysodea (Hadena) ...............ccccececeeeeee 232
egera (Polygonia) ........................ 56, 144
elpenor (Deilephila) ............ 20, 187, 241
elymi (Arenostola) ..................0..05- 63, 253
ephialtes (Sphinx) ...............0.ccccccceeee 202
epiphron (Erebia) .................. 42, 46, 215
GIHEWUS: (V45GINEVOIS)) sscsoshossccosbonnosceonceandane 203
ereamer((PTGris)Meacsttet ome cee eee 128
ericellus (Crambus) ...............cc.cc0eecee 42
erigerella (Coleophora) ...................-. 68
eros (Polyommatus)) ......02.0 ee 45
erosaria (Deuteronomos) ................... 92
euphemoides (Euchloé) ..................... 179
euphorbiae (Apatele) ...........cc eee Q49
euphorbiae (Celerio) ..............cc.ceeeeeeee 145
euphrosyne (Argynnis) ...... 33, 55, 62, 148
europome (Colias) .............0.000... . 208
eummyalie: (Brelia:) arses terse setae 45
exclamationis (Agrotis) ............... 149, 220
exigua (Laphygma) .............0....ceceeee 52
extersaria (Ectropis) ..................... 23, 252
extrema (Arenostola) ..............c..0cccee 51
ERULAMISS (SO NK: ae eee eee 202
fasanariBema) acc ccc etee desea eee eee 229

PAGE
fagarial (Dy SCL) Cece sae eee 4h
fagata (Operophtera) 2.0.0.0... 64
fagi (Stauropus) ...... 13, 20, 184, 187, 217
falcataria (Drepana) .................. 133, 252
fascelina (Dasychira) ............ 20, 96, 183
fasciana (Lithacodia) .................. 254, 255
faustay (Zygaenal eee esc eee By, Dae
faustina (Zygaena) ...........cccceeeeeeeeeee 223
favicolor (Leucania) ..................... Dalia
ferrugalis (P. martialis) .................... 250
ferruginalis (Hapalia) ....................... 229
ferruginea (Russina) ............ 43, 258, 255
festiva. (Diarsiay) cia eee 43
festucae (Plusia) .................... 1G, BP, 43}
fieldi (Agathymus) .................cccceeeeee 70
filicivora (Mnesipatris) ..................... 95
filigrammaria (Oporinia) ................. 16
filipendulae (Zygaena) ...... GO, 42),
110, 140, 149, 186, 199, 201, 203
firmoatia (hea) eis Mi
flammea (Panolis) ........................ 94, 133
flavicornis (Achlyia) ......... 20, 61, 69, 94
flavofasciata (Erebia) .................000.... 46
flexula (Laspeyiia) ............ccccccccceeeeeeee Q2
floccifera (Reverdinus) ...................... 144
ACTOS ales (EE Cine) meee eee een ee 13
fluxa (Arenostola) .................. 14, 254, 255
frenella (Epiblema) ..............cccccc00...0. 163
HOMINS ((BOWTNOINCCINE)) .onccnssoicocesonsopsancnsoace 14
forficalis (Mesographe) ..................... 102
formosana (Eulia) ..............0..c.ccccc00--- 181
formosana (Lozotaeniodes) ............... 40
fraternana (Epinotia) ................0....... 88
fraxinata (Eupithecia) .................. 15, 95
fraxini (Catocala) ....................... 230, 245
fulvalis (Hapalia) .................. 10, 50, 94
funebrana (Laspeyresia) .................00-. 4150
PumlerelVays (Et nia) eee ee 3
funesta (Sympestris) .............ccccccceeeeeee 46
furcata (Hydriomena) ................0...... 16
furcatellus (Crambus) .............c......0... 42
TUWUACWUIES, (CETPUNEA)) socncoscescoacceoodssecoons 43, 184
fusca (Laodamia) ........................... 86, 208
fuscantaria (Deuteronomos) ............... 22
fusconebulosa (Hepialus) .................. 4h
fuscavenosa (S. interjectaria) ............ 254
galathea (Melanargia) ......... 146, 187, 208
Paleaie (ELEY erie ics ae ee 57
Galiata (EpPirrhoé) ............cccccseeeceeseeess Q48
Sallie (Geller: 0) Meee eee eee 197, 218
gamma (Plusia) ... 63, 64, 167, 217, 225,
227, 228, 229, 250, 263
geoffrella (Oecophora) ..................... 13
geminipuncta (Nonagria) .................. 15
gibraltarica (Zygaena) ..........ccccc..... 223
RUN PENERG: (CHITA ONE) Sooosnactcanneesmosceeanaene. 164
@landon (Agriades) ............ccccccccccceee 47
glareosa (Amathes) ............... 16, 24, 154
elajcay (Halden) ieee ee 43
glaucinalis (Herculia) ....................... 86
Slaucus a(Papilic)) ase 136
gnoma (Pheosia) ......... 133, 195, 226, 242
FROUERD ((IDIASIOVIE)) | connsortnccosooascovascrernsssceoaen 46
Soma (Oxth Osis) geese 69, 94
graminis (Cerapteryx) ................. 16, 214

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
PASM (VZERVEIME)) Asonecoossodonseannbanoonnnss 202
gratiosella (Stigmella) ..................0. 152
eriseana (EUCOSma) ..............0.c0ceeceseee 18
eriseata (Lithostege) ....:.....0.0... 253, 254
Gorerisvexollle) (Di MOYEN) 2eassdasaesssdecrosabuoroccees 224
erossulariata (Abraxas) ............c.ceces TA
halterata (Lobophora) .................. 23, 252
haworthiata (Eupithecia) .................. 14
haworthii (Celaena) ............... 15) 116, 231
hellmanni (Tapinostola) .............0.... 127
helvola (Anchoscelis) .................. iQ, BP)
hepatica (Apamea) ......................5 24, 43
NGM Aiea IRAN AMES) Sei o edo accccnecevcsecuenvowsecoone 56
herecynae (Crambus) ................cccccceeees 206
hermelina (H. bifida) ............... 184, 253
Mermiqme (SaWyLUS)) co... ccvecceecserceesceee 137
hewittsoni (Erebia) ..................cc00 55
laniearey [(IBE TEASERS)" Gaesecsneensnneansuosasenccdseees A5
Fy Ane Sin (AN SACMA))) Sass ccsosesseesercapasseneen 3

hippocrepidis (Zygaena) ... 6, 26, 47,
110, 139, 199

hippocrepidis-occidentalis (Z. hippo-
GUEDIUGUS) iter ee-s occa ss osshiaeceeevecescwasaeacers 6
hippothoe (Palaeochrysphanus) ......... AT
Imrie, (GENCE) Gessasdqonucsecacdone 23, 94, 252
(MnSyonelr (ihe yess) Gossseossosedengsosec00s 219, 227
hispidaria (Apocheima) ......... 23, 69, 94
hofmanniella (Gracilaria) .................. 85
horridella (Ypsolophus) .................00 §8
NHortensis (CCPAea) .........ccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeee 10
hucherardi (Hydraecia) ............... 16, 232
huguenini (Zygaena) ............ccccceceeee 202
humuli (Hepialus) ...................... 44, 248
huntera (Vanessa) ............cccceecceeee 31, 178
MV AUG (COUAS ess. .cc.sccssssesssscee scene 144, 168
hybnerella (Stigmella) ...................05 153
hyperanthus (Aphantopus) ......... 182, 187

icarus (Polyommatus) ... 42, 54, 55,
57, 63, 144, 149, 187, 228, 243
T@qemeriiinie), (Chin e1El ani) Weccoeseccoqobapasonebecoraaees 22
jgnobilella (Stigmella) ..................0 153
ignorata (Maculinea) ...............0:0- 56
TUTE), CAN OENIDIIEE))) ConcceodsocnbSosscsLeceeroneerceeecs 7
MnGre, ((SimAiaANOIN) “GegosasssseccobessoonseseseeecosS 146
immaculata (Hemistola) ..................+5 216
immorata (Scopula) ............0c.068 12, A7
immutata (Scopula) ..............cccceceeeneee 15
imperialella (Acrocercops) ............... 83
Taeyoybuds), (GUEWICEN OIE)! Gocescosoncadseacdseessesco 15
IMNCELLAN (OLEMOSIA)! ceearnc-cceeeecosese-teeeer se 69
incultraria (Coenotephria) ............... 45
fin be Strawn (APDAINNGA))e...c. cess ssceosecceceeseeres 255
infidaria (Entephria) ..............:.:. 45
innotata (Eupithecia) .................. 210, 261
IM Ov (MOMIGMGES) Weeeteres cdetscetecescescesecweseens 45
inornata (Sterrha) .............ceeceeeeeeeee es 13
interjecta (Triphaena) ................06 24
interjectaria (Sterrha) .............:::.0 Q54
intermedia (Euphydryas) ...............- 45
interrigationis (Plusia) .............. 213, 214
io (Nymphalis) ............ 63, 144, 148, 167
TO@iUe), (EUISIEY) Soossesdornesseodoadoaosseedboopbabcoag 43
ipsilon (Agrotis) ............... 17, 64, 250, 264
iris (Apatura) ... 58, 73, 165, 182, 215, 244
irregularis (Anepia) ............ 15, 253, 254

PAGE
irrorella (Setima) ........0...ccccseesees 14, 220
jacobaeae (Callimorpha) .............. 60, 62
janthina (Euschesis) ..........:.ccseeeee 231
ayouaelanaeve, (VA ENGINE) Gaeadedennocoesoeedaecbonor 202
bata (Cleon) Mewameateresse sess Day, (eS), 7
jurtina (Maniola) HER OBR, Gitl, (ai
144, 148, 178, 182
jutae W(OONEIS)), cchesccestacs stopespecsess<sresw eens 51
Kanysmian(Zizera))” see.reac.cestesseaeracse sss 57
lacertinaria (Drepana) ............... 217, 229
lacunana (Ar&yYOpPlOce) ............eceeeee ee 113
Taeta. (Sphinx) (ei hee eeccoroeeeseeee 201
lalbum (Leucania) ... 22, 52, 219, 227,
240, 250
lariciata (Eupithecia) .................. 15, 252
lathonia (Argynnis) ......... 54, 144, 179, 208
lavandulae (Zygaena) ................. 5, 202
leauteri (Lithophane) ....................5 9, 150
lemnata (CataclySta)) .:i..::..c-c.--.-s-cee-s 86
lepida (Hadena) ............ 11, 203, 247, 253
leplastriana (Laspeyresia) ......... 14, 89
leporina (Apatele) ...... 13, 21, 43, 184, 255
leucographa (Gypsitea) ............... 41, 95
leucophaearia (Erannis) ............... 69, 94
leucostigma (Celaena) ............ 1A qe Dil
libatrix (Scoliopteryx) ............... Q4, 228
lichenanilam (Cle oral) eeerreeeetceeeeeeeeteraeeee 23
liseas (CHGebIa) iy sies.c hes cee eee ceeeeee eee 47
ligulana (Hemimene)..................:..00 207
ligustri (Craniophora) ... 13, 217, 229, 254
ligustri (Sphinx) ...... 14, 149, 187, 229, 253
limibarian (isin) eeeeeseeeeeneteeeeeeeeee 240
limberina (Plusia) ...............:cccceceeeees 177
limosellus (Dichomeris) ..................... 168
linearia (Cosymbia) ..................66 163, 217
lineatar (Celerio)?) atti iod eet ceneeeeee 60
lineola (Thymelicus) .................. 24, 242
Limeolay AEUWGOTia) eeeeeeceseteeeeeeeeece ese ees 10
LiteroSa (2LO CUS) Meee teers e eee 154
lithargyria (Leucania) .................0. 291
lithargyrellus (Crambus) .................. 169
lithoxylea (Apamea) ............ccccceeeeen eens 220
litoralis (Leucania) ............::ceeeeeeeeeee 253
litterata (Diasemia) ...............:ccceeeeees 206
littoralis (P. dubitana) ..................... 41
lividalis (Hypemna) ..............:.ccsee0ee 31, 176
livornica (Celerio) ...... 20, 60, 63, 133, 213
l-nigrum (Arctormis) .......... .......--0.---- 234
loganella (Callisto) ..........c.eeeeeeeeeeeees 209
lonicerae (Zygaena) ... 8, 26, 47, 111,
140, 187, 200, 203
Loti (Zy@aema) tacccncorescee eee ee 3
loyselis (Zy@aAena) .........2....-0-ceceeecamers 201
lubricipeda (Spilosoma) ... 43, 62, 102, 248
lucella (YPSOlOPHuS) ............cecee eee eee 88
Tucens) (Hiydraecia)) Nevace--sse--se--s-eeeeee 16
lucernea (Ammagrotis) ............... 187, 227
lucina (Hamearis) ...........cceceeeeeeeeeeeeee 129
lucipara (Euplexia) ...........0..-...cceeeseee 43
luctuata (Euphyia) .............c.ceee 13, 45
lumaria (Selemia) ........2.......cssccneceeeee 62
luneburgensis (Aporophyla) ............ 231
lunula (Colophasia) ............0..00 16, 150
lupulina (Hepalius) .............:cceeeseeees 44
Tumidatay .CHCHrODIS)eenssecseneeen aces eraser 13

6 SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
lurideola (Lithosia) .............cceeee Q54
Mea (Cibrayel ol eee comme 22
lutea (Spilosoma) .................. 13, 248, 254

luteolata (Opisthograptis) ... 34, 51, 80,

97, 103, 133, 154,
lutulenta (Aporophyla) ....................
lychnidis (Agrochola) ........................
ISP@lTAUTTIS (CWE TUITE)» soeacsancnosonsesneecacoos
lisp Stoo! (VAWAETER)) sacsnosneooneapobsontecoeee 30,

machaon (Papilio) ... 15, 46, 57, 70,

142, 146,

sechonsgonsadec 17,

maculalis (Crambus)
maculipennis (Plutella)
maera (Pararge)
maillardi (Eremobia)
major (Pandoriana)
maloides (Pyrgus)
mamurra (Satyrus)
margaritata (Campaea)
Margaritellus (Crambus)
marginaria (Erannis)
marginea (Catastia) ........... Sottceaea accor
marginepunctata (S. conjugata)

marionella (Nepticula)
maritima (Chilodes)
maritima (Eucosma)
maritima (Heliothis)
marloyi (Thanaus)

martialis (Pyrausta)
matura (Thalpophila)
medon (A. cramera)
meduca (Erebia)
megacephala (Apatele)
melampus (Erebia) ..................0.. 47,
MEIETS (PIEPIS)) A oicosk. cesvacunsemcntouae castes
meliloti (S. viciae)
mendica (Cycnia)
menthastri (S. lubricipeda)
menyanthidis (Apatele)
mesomella (Cybosia)
metallicana (Argyroploce)
meticulosa (Phlogophora)
microdactyla (Alaina)
microgramma (Laspeyresia)
minima (Petilampa)
minorata (Perizoma)
mnestra (Erebia)
mnizechii (Satyrus)
modestella (Metriotes) —
monacha (Lymantria)
moneta (Polychrisia)

monoglypha (Apamea) ...
montanata (Cidaria)
montanata (Xanthorhoe)
mori (Bombyx)
morpheus (Heteropterus)
mucronata (Ortholitha)

munda (Orthosia)
muralis (Cryphia)
murciensis (Zygaena)
muricata (Sterrha)
murinata (Minoa)
muscaeformis (Aegeria)
muscerda (Pelosia)

PAGE
TAMUISE UNOS), (COWIE) socoonsnconsopssacosncosce sone 216
myellus (Crambus) .................c0cceesceeee 47
Tome (UNIAN) Gacososeccseoosnosneno ++ 22, 215
mana: (Hada)? sae ee eee 253
nanata (Eupithecia) .................0. 16, 44
manella (Recurvaria) .............::..008 40
IMEYORVER), ((BXONOIENE)) So osscaccnonsdaopoosnconens Us vil
NADI (PICTUS) eee seeew sche eee ee 62
nausithous (Maculinea) ..................... 4h
nebuwilosay (Boia) Messe cerceee eeeeeeeeee 43
nevadensis (Zygaema) .................000008- 6
mit GPNISial) eee eves ocon eoeeeeeee 13
nigra (Aporophyla) ..............:ccc:.see000 250
niobe (Fahbriciama) ...................0.0.08+ 145
nitidulana (Gypsonoma) .................. 208
nivaliensis (Dioryctria) ..................... 137
niveus (ACeNtOPUS) ..................0.ceeeneeeee 86
noctuella (Nomophila) ... 51, 226, 229, 250
MOTNa (OeEneisS)y eee eee eee eee 51
notata (Semiothisa) ..................... 13, 44
TOON MEY, ((BTAEYOIMNGOYS)) “Lssopdecsdoacnacseooceescboscoans 164
nubeculosa (Brachyonica) .................. 62
nubilalis (Amamia) ...............c:s0cc-0s. 000 89
Ufa (Cato Calla!) eens eee seeeeeeee eee 17
obductella (Nephopteryx) ...... 68, 89, 165
obelisca) (EWMx0a)) 0 .nieneeetaeeee ee 15
obeliscata (Thera) ......... BB), ORI}, 250), 583}
obliquella (Stigmella) .................0 131
oblitella (Heterographis) .................. 169
OSA (PLOCTrIS) eee eee eee 47
obscurata (Gnophos) .................. 219, 227
obsoleta (Leucania) ..............ccccccseeeeee 934
obsoletaria. (Coenotephria) ............... 45

obstipata (Nycterosea)

212, 218, 250, 263
@loyswlsehave), (UNINC YATIS)) — ccosoaneneserearcoovboosee 87
occulta (Eurois) ............... 64, 94, 154, 214
ocellarish (Citrine) Meee 52
ocellata (Smerinthus) ... 184, 187, 252, 255
ochrearia. (Aspitates) .................. 154, 226
ochroleuca (Eremobia) ......... 15, 165, 216
ochroleucaria (Scopula) .................00.- 177
octogesima (T. ocularis) ......... 13, 20, 184
ocularis (Tethea) ...............:.. 13, 20, 184
oculea (Hydraecia) ..................... 16, 218
oditis (Leucochlaena) .................. 219, 227
oeme) \(Erebia)), t:2sncss she ee 47
oleracea (Diataraxia) ............ 43, 220, 252
olivana (BE. bankiana) ....................0.5- Q54
COV EMIIS! (LERAOPNINE))) Sconcososncnoerocceacccunnenoones 10
onobrychis (Sphinx) ...............c..c00c.e0 202
ononaria (Aplasta) ............cccccceeceeeeeeeee 14
ononidis (Parectopa) ..........cccceeeeeeeeee 84
OFA (Me bhe ay) iscSeee oo seo te eee 20, 184
orichalcea (Plusia) .............0..:eseseeeeeee Q44
CHHIOIO (ONE EMIOMPHON)) SoApsdocascconsoocsosecoceesce 184
orion (Scolitantides) ..................ccc00... 144
Ornmata (SCOPUIA) ..........cccccce.ccsseteeesnsers 44
ornatella (Pempelia) .................. 208, 257
orobana (Grapholita) ..............c..00 262
otregiata (Lampropteryx) ............ 12, 51
oxyacanthae (Allophyes) ............... 24, 64
oxyacanthella (Stigmella) .................. 153
palaemon (Carterocephalus) ... 45, 62,
251, 253

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
Dalaenom (Colas) yc. se eee ae 46, 137
paleacea (Enargia) ............... 1. TA. Th
DALeANae CHORUEIR)) Lake eee ene taee eee 151
JOBUIASS (UBIO) Gachenonncnenonesoocunen AZ, 541, 5A
pallens (Leucania) ............ 15, 22, 43, 196
pallidactyla (Platyptilia) .........0.00... 87
Palpina (Pterostoma) ... 184, 252, 254, 255
Mallinclariane (GAUSia)).is.c. antes eco eceeeaceee MA
palustralis (Pyrausta) .............cc..c0.c0. 169
palustris (Hydrillula) 2.00.0... OF
palustris (Zygaena) ......... eee Q7
pamphilus (Coenonympha) ......... eS
pandalis (Microstega) ............ccccceceeee 114
pandrose (Brebia) ........... ccc eececeeecece ees 46
paphia (Argynnis) ... 14, 33, 54, 55, 57,

59, 63, 129, 143, 146, 148, 182, 244
papilionaria (Hipparchia) .................. 23
parallelaria (Epinoe) ..............cccc 14
parthenias (Brephos) ............c..:cc0cceee 61
JOR MPUTTIEL (GWIEWIIE)) “Scassnconsosnanceeesansa 31, 176
pastinum (Lygephila) ............ 22, 154, 255
pectinataria (Xanthorhoé) ............... 43
pedaria (Phigalia) .................. 23, 61, 69
peltigera (Heliothis) ........0..0000... W2)., Pils}
penalabrica (Z. contaminei) ............... 2
pendularia (C. albipunctata) 154,

213, 252
penziana (Cnephasia} .............cccceceeeee 207
perlellus (Crambus) .................. 206, 248
perlepidella (Acrolepia) ....................- 88
perlucidalis (Pyrausta) ......... 51, 83, 114
permutatellus (Crambus) .................. 169
DSUBSIIUS ((CKOWPUAVIMEN) Goassvoesonesaneonsabaceoos 234
petropolitana (P. hiera) ..................... 45
Olvamtay (EM eIA |) Pisik. caeecccec cece tess cscceect 45
phieas (Lycaena) 30, 56, 144, 177,
187, 229
phoebus (Parnassius) .......... ....... 46, 47
phoeniciata (Eupithecia) .................. 93
WWORGAaSie (Bap iwio) eens sek eee 136
Phragmitidis (Arenostola) ............ 14, 15
TOME), (LOWY OMAN VTE) SAdatooconononneoscussoceenonooes 93
Piceaella (Recurvaria) ................00. 40
Lea; 7s (ClOSTETA)) (ee ee yk eees toe lees ockb ees dees 43
pinastri (Hyloicus) ... 13, 34, 154, 185,
5p), 958}
piniarius (Bupalus) ............... 18, 44, 215
pinicolana (Rhyacionia) ... .............. 87
pisi (Ceramica) ................00. 3252 255
plantaginis (Parasemia) ............... 96, 245
plecta (Ochropleura) ............... 43, 133, 220
plexippus (Danaus) ......... 29, 34, 175, 245
plumigera (Ptilophora) ..............0.... a
TOICETECOY o (TSH OEY) scanmacendcandacoceacneBeneeeeae scene 47
luton (Zyeaema)) go eases sce eceseenieses 202
podalirius (Papilio) A, 55, 56, 5,
142, 145
polychloros (Nymphalis) ... 141, 144,
147, 148, 182, 244
polycommata (Nothopteryx) ............ 154
polyphemus (Telea) ..............00cccce ee 98
Bolysxenesie (Papilio) aves eee eee 70
populana (Pammene) ................00.00. 262
popularis (Tholera) ...........cccccceeeeee ees 21
Populata MUYSLIS)) Bessie Mevutdevcces 16

PAGE
populella (Anacampsis) ...................05 88
TOrOyONENKE TL (CONC AGYSMEN) | Connnasacannansoonanenécode 164
[OOOO (LEVY NAVEYE)) Ganoecansonsonncnossoncocnessoso0 43
FOXOOBULT, {(oaTTaAVANATTS)) — scocseoanoe cnonsoeashoon seo 128
popu \(Poecwlocampa)y circesscene sess 21
Wovatan(COSymlbia) esses O30 959
porcellus (Deilephila) ............ 13, 20, 253
porphyrea (Peridroma) ....................: 226
potatoria (Philudoria) ............ ily BR. dai}
prasina (Anaplectoides) ............... 43, 220
[OVERTIME NMA), ((BYEIMEN) gacsecnoaacooncoandoonnenabsAnnoc 43
procellata (Melanthia) .................. 14, 254
promissa (Catocala) ............ccccccesee es 15
pronuba (Triphaena) ............ 16, 213, 225
protea (Dryobotodes) ...........ccccee 229
proto (Muschampia) ...............:.c.cceeeee 56
proximana (EE. fraternana) ............... 88
prunalis (Hapalia) ...............c eee 10
prunaria (Angerona) ......... 127, 213, 217
LOMRUUMENIED, | ((OAETAIS)) Ao cbeoncconooneceonaasccccooer Q49
pruni (Strymonidia) ... 50, 96, 126, 144,
164, 166, 255
DSE (Am abele) ie Te eae sc eee 133, 229
pudibunda (Dasychira) ...... 127, 185, 252
pudorina (Leucania) ... 188, 217, 254, 255
pulchella (Utetheisa) ......... Q17, 241, 264
pulchellata (Eupithecia) ............... 44, Q47
jooN Kolar a), (IEANCISHE)) sooo ssondoonponeaancnode 43, 249
pulveraria (Anagoga) .................. 195, 254
pumilata (Gymmoscelis) ............... 44, ATT
punctinalis (Boarmia) ......... Dye} | OIG} Deyn
punctulata (Aethelura) ..................... 133
puppillaria (Cosymbia) ................0. 163
purdeyi (Eivetriia)) 2 es0eiee eee 151
purpuralis (Z. pluto) ............... 42, 47, 202
pustulata (Comibaena) ............... 13, 23
TOW (UANETROIS)) “Gecescoscosesonasecnosecouocce 133, 252
putrescens (Leucania) ......... 63, 188, 234
DUQULO GS (TeashaSGilana)) ee eeeeeeeeee tee eee 254
pygmaeella (Argyresthia) ................. 207
Pygmaeella (Stigmella) ..................... 153
Pygmina (Arenostola) ......... iy, al, sl
TONING) (GEN ASTAMS)) 2 conoasccoooaphecerersoedes 255
DyTalinia (Cosma) esse eeee ace 22, 216
pyramidellus (Crambus) .................. 206
TON Meuate hn /ASWIYASIESN)! eahosacannboonron specocoasadesoas 93
quadra (Lithosia) ............... 21, 185, 250
quadrifasciata (Xanthorhoé) ............ 16
quadripunctaria (Euploeia) ...... 216, 218
quercifolia (Gastropacha) ...... 21, 229, 255
quercinaria (Ennomos) ............... 22, 927
quercus (Lasiocampa) .................. 215, 243
quercus (Thecla) .................. 74, 146, 184
rajellay (eithOCOMe iS) reese --seeeeeee eee 209
ramburialis (Diasemia) ..................... Q44
rapae (Pieris) ............ 30, 42, 125, 133, 175
ratzeburgiana (Eucosma) ...... 14, 18, 87
Tecens) (OTSA) eee eee eee 13
regiana (Pammemne) .................0s..00es- 149
Teciellan (Stism Ella) ieee eee 153
repandaria (EPiOme) ............ccceceecee eens 255
repandata (AICIS) ..............c0..00.. 196, 234
THETHDISY, (VASIOXOVOVIE)) conepnbnoncacosoeescoscondwenscme 164
revayana (Nycteola) ........cceccceseeseeee 232
rhadamanthus (Zygaena) ............... 4, 202

8 SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
rhamni (Gonepteryx) ... 11, 34, 55, 94,
129, 148, 182
TRIOS NIE, ((CCHEOIMEN) sanapcsuenesoponsonescee 213, 217
midens: (Poly plocal)) sesess-sssese ese seee ss ee eee 20
Pipa (AGLOUS) ieee eee 215, 253
THAYEIUER (I DFOINETENYOXS)) Se aanoonodaedonAnpndoedansosoe 253
TAU VEIS, ((IBEYOKEINE))) | Coenensonocsnbaeocosooubbbos 952
roboraria (Boarmia) ....................- 13, 154
rorella (Hyponomeuta) ..................... 39
roseticolana (Laspeyresia) ................ 150
roxellama (Pararge)) ....0.....c.c.c.cces eee 57
rubella (Lampronia) .................0000 208
ruberata (Hydriomena) ..................... Q52
rubi (Callophrys) ......... 62, 132, 144, 187
TUN rn DANS aN anes ee REL OREN SE 251
rubi (Macrothylacia) ..................... 228
rubiginea (Dasycampa) ............... 9). SB)
rubricollis (Atolmis) ............... 13, 45, 229
rubricosa (Cerastis) .......c.0ccccccecceereeees 94
tufa (Coenobia) ..................... 15, 24, 43
TAUDIEHIBY (CUMS) Gegscosneasoeccnusssnendnos 10, Dil7/
ruficornis (Drymonia) .................. 20, 133
rufimitrana (Zeiraphera) .................. 87
TENANCE (CNTR TENE)) Soccoecounasossoeseunc0% 43, 133
Teaming), (G4PNBINS)) —cccchccoscscostoocanredondoonosce 179
rupicapraria (Theria) ...................0. 69
TROIS. (ONOUAIACIMNE)) — coonsoscconsbeneaneoob600n00 114
TpUneAMe NAY, (CLC OYSHIS)) Gogsesasoscosannedseccooncc0as 207
sacraria (Rhodometra) ... 31, 213, 217,
2418, 228, 229, 241, 250, 264
sagittata (Perizoma) ..................... 14, 255
sagittigera (Pachetra) ................... 164
salicalis (Colobochlyia) ............... 11, 13
salicata (Colostygia) ..................c0.00008 16
SRINCIS (ILCWICOINRY) — sccscoscocossonssoosunscusseoe 215
salicis (Stigmella) ...............ceeeeeeee 132
sannio (Diacrisia) ............ 43, 96, 183, 215
saponariae (H. calcatrippe) ......... 91, 253
Sarpedon (Zygaena) .............cc..c0cc0eee 1
satyrion (Coenonympha) .................. 47
saucia (Peridroma) ..................... 250, 264
saxifragae (Stenoptilia) .............0...... 181
scabiosae (Z. nevadensis) .................. 6
scabriuscula (Dypterygia) ............... 255
schawerdai (Scotia) ................ccceee 169
scolopacina (Apamea) .................. 415, 212
scutosa (Heliothis) .................0.. 61, 63
secalis (Apamea) .................c00c00e0ee 14, 16
SEC au SII) se eect casa ce eaaaieaeeeme ne 202
selene (Argynnis) 33, 42, 63, 149,
208, 241
semele (Eumenis) ............c.cccsecceeeeeeee 43
semialbana (C. rurmana) .................. 207
semibrunnea (Lithophane) ............... 22
semirubella (Phycita) ................c0.0- 150
senex (Comacla) ............ccc0c0ccecceees 15, 255
serena (H. bicolorata) ..................0.. Q54
seriata (Sterrha) .............ccccccscceeesens 253
sericealis (Rivula) ..............cccccceeeeeee es 43
serratulae (PYYPEUS) ...........cccceeceeeee eee 45
Sertorius (Spitalia) ...........c..cecscseeneee 56
sexalata (Mysticoptera) ............... 13, 255
sexadlisata (M. sexalata) ............... 13, 255
Slomaitare (PLUS) stash terecaeenceetteeen ace 31
SHTMTGIS) (TAB ONROLENHIS)) crocosdennoganosesuunoubo0o0c Q34

PAGE
sinapis (Leptidea) .................. 55, 57, 109
siterata (Chloroclystra) ....................- 23
smeathmanniana (Phalonia) ............ 87
sobrina (Triphaena) ....................0060 62
sobrinata (Eupithecia) ........................ 196
socia (Lithophane) ........................ ily eo
solidaginis (Lithomoia) ..................... 16
Ssorbi! (INepticuila)) ieee eeeees cease eee 207
sordems (APaAMea) .............ccececeeseeeeaees 252
sororcula (Hilema) .............:ccceeceee 24
spadicearia (Xanthorhoé) .................. 133
sparganii (Nonagria) ............ 15, 243, 234
sparsata (Anticollix) ...............ccecceeeee 255
Soran ((SEVATMOI)) — sooneasnonccvocdccocsnoogccens00 145
spinolella (Lithocolletis) .................. 209
splendidulana (Pammene) ............... 88
Sponsay(Caitocalla)) pea eeeseeeerteree eer eeeree 15
stabilis (Orthosia) .................. 69, 94, 220
stachydalis (Anania) ...............:c..0008 14
SHENG | ((IEIAOCIEIS)) Secosasoncoensnoopncoseondono: 149
statilinus (Satyrus) .................... 56, 137
stellatarum (Macroglossum) ...... 219.
295, 242, 264
stigmatica (Amathes) .................. 15, 154
Stimiuse(Eirebia)) ieee ete eeeee eee eeeee 57
straminea (Leucania) ... 15, 216, 218, 234
strataria (Biston) ............... 23, 69, 94, 196
Ge YULIS) (AETROYGTIS)) — conosnonnnpnananceanoss v0 2002 188
strobilella (Laspeyresia) ................0.... 11
SIME. ((BTESONE))) seacuopnannopavnconeaacnnnaccannn A5
sauvella (Eurhodope) ...............:::s00 86
sublustris (Apamea) .............:c6cccceceeee 414
subtusa (Zenobia) ...........c0.ceceeen eee 22, 164
subumbrata (Eupithecia) ...... 14, 44, 253
sudetica (Erebia) .............cccceceees een eees 188
suffumata (Lampropteryx) ... 12, 23, 218
suspecta (Parastichtis) ............... Q2, 219
sylvestrana (Evetria) ............:..c:eee 151
sylvestris (Thymelicus) ......... 182, 187, 242
taenialis (Schrankia) ..................cc000 14
UVa) (CDS ENANIMIIS)) JGaopsocaosoecnodouseqoudoocou ccc. 57
taigis, (EuchlOG)) siecaccceceeeeseeeeee eee 179
tedella (Bucosma) ............c.c.ccccccseeeeere 18
telecanus (Syntaurucus) ................. 57
teleius (Maculinea) ............ccccsceesseeee 4h
UETINERAIA, (ABETOUEY)) — sonenconsonnorosnnncoonn ascone 13
templi (Dasypolia) ...............cee 17, 24
tenebrata (Panemaria) ...........c..06 Q17
terebra (COSSUS) .........csccsssseeceeeeensensene 137
Ttenmaitay (SCOpPUa) Mesmenteeteete sees 43
terrealis (Perinephela) ..................06 16
testaceata (Hydrelia) ..............cc.cseenee 217
testata’, (iyecis)) eee eee 16, 214
testudo (A. avellana) ..............cccccseee 184
tetralunaria (Selenia) ... 23, 62, 133, 217
thalassina (Hadena) ...........-......0 43, 252
thersammon (Thersammon) ............... 55
{hore (ClOSSIAMA) .............ccceeeeeee eeu een eens 45
RUE Kes) (OW EHaMENG)) \ Goadespescscoodcansactioocacoaconon[s 184
tincta. (Pola) pis eas. eee eee Q15
tiphon (Coenonympha) ................0- 4h
titania (ClOSSIANA) ............cccseeeeee een eees 45
tithonus (Maniola) ...........:..ceseeseeeeeee 57
tityus (Hemaris) .................. 127, 148, 183
tortricella (TortricOdes) ...........c:ccecee 69

SPECIAL INDEX Y

PAGE
transalpina (Zygaena) ... 6, 47, 139,
199, 202
transversa (Eupsilia) .........0.......0 69
transversata (Philereme) .................- 154
traumiana (Pammene) ......................- 149
traumiella (Gelechia) 0.0.0.0... 169
tremula (Pheosia) .................... 25
THE Gae (INOLOM OMA)! Wier esscsssssseesseseeeel 252
triangulum (Amathes) .........0........ 43, 242
tridens (Apatele) 2
tridens (Calamia)
trifolii (Dicestia)
DUP OVM GAMES MA) iced. scccsceeessesedoonsaucoae 43
trifolii (Lasiocampa) .................0..ccceee 24
trifolii (Zygaena) ...... 7, 25, 110, 187, 199
trigrammica (Meristis) .................. Doe
trimacula (D. dodonaea) ... 13, 20, 197,
213, 253
tripartita (Abrostola) ..................0: 43
triplasia (Abrostola) ........... 167, 249, 252
(TCIILHIGA! (TODD: COVGY)) 4 SB Sasaen osacesencrassonopercocebees 212
tritophus (Notodonta) ................0..05 219
tse (MICTHTACA)) cacccnencnscesee sooteeencaweceee 57
trochilus (Freyeria) ..................... YO, BIZ
truncata (Dysstroma) .................. 43, 252
ieWaxe (VARTROTHISN Ssoyecansnqoonodooonoass 63, 187, 248
tullia (Coenonympha) ... 43, 213, 214, 215
turbata (Calostygia) ...............ccceeee ee AD
turca (Mythimna) ....................... 188, 217
turionana (Evetria) ..................cceee 169
tvndarus, (Erebia) .................. 46, 47, 54
typhae (Nonagria) ...................0 213, 217
MUN CHSPH (EMMA SHAN so Lo acaboocsanecsseoscnresoesee 931
(UNTO, (TEA VTAEIOUIE))) Sopessodoneanneasonecose 253, 255
umbratica (Cucullia) ......... 149, 252, 253
umobratica (A. ferruginea) ............ 43, 253
unangulata (Euphyia) ............... Q49, 252
unanimis (Apamea) ............... 61, 62, 252
uncula (Eustrotia) ... 42, 167, 183, 217, 221
undulata (Calocalpe) ............... WA, 15), 9B
unionalis (Palpita) .................:.cc.ccee 219
unipuncta (Leucania) ..................... 250
uralensis (PYTGUS) ...........ceccee eee ee cece eens 5A
urticae (Aglais) ... 34, 73, 77, 94, 144,
148, 208, 228, 265
urticana (Argyroploce) .................0+ 113
WACCHMI (COMMS) scooncensossasescnouaneoe09080 69
varia (Lycophotia) ...........ccc 16, 43
Vata, (MEIMICTAW of o.ciassenecee bose soeereeresnser 46
Ve bl ania HRIVCIA c.cctcceseaatnaed dies wonstiseleeis 233
venata (Ochlodes) .................. 54, 5d, 187
venosata (Eupithecia) .................00- 205
venustula (Hapalotis) .................. 13, 224
verbasci (Cucullia) ..................... 22, 218
verhelulella (Teichobia) ..................... 95
VELSICOLORNA(E2ROCUS)) eassatenerses.-oseceasaees 188
versicolora (Endromis) ............ AMEN G 25233
vespertaria (BE. parallelaria) ............ 14
vestigialis (Agrotis) ............ 216, 218, 253
Vet UStias (CXVMEMA)) ..c0.coscoteesesceeceesteascnedes 22
viburnana (Tortrix) ................c.ce 151
WGI (SiOaWiMS)) | Gkoopsscouscovceosanaaneoes 45, 203
\UlILI@BY “ VATROUTEN)” Sodsubqecusossbososbneonede 217, 228
vimineticola (Stigmella) ................... 131
wimetaitian UACASIS)) tl. ccccdeaeneeteenoeteees 93, 133

PAGE
virgaureae (Heodes) ... 1... i. .ceceseseeee 47
virgaureata (Eupithecia) .................. 16
Vitalbata (Horisme) ................:0cc0e000e 216
vitellina (Leucania) ... 21, 164, 213,
217, 219, 226, 227, 240, 250, 264
VAittata. (Orthomania)y ih.cns.ssedeneescnsecteece 15
\wilomtiae rene), ((SHTAAMIY)) — ecoadeaneosoncnobeanane 212
w-album (Strymonidia) ...... 127, 164, 166
w-latinum (Hadena) ................. PBR), D583
Vv@uieneniey, (UB WGAE)) — .cronascdandeonccinnoneaonnceds 23
webbianus (Cyclirius) .................. 30, 176
woodiella (Ephestia) ...............cc0c008 14
xanthographa (Amathes) .................. 225
Xanthomeles (Nymphalis) ................. 146
xanthomista (Antitype) ............... ils}, Pr
xerampelina (Atethemia) ............ Q2, 214
xiphioides (Pararg@e) ...............0.06- 30, 175
RUM OUIS (TEEYOUILTO)) soooossasnsonocnossnobbnnnoseonne 70
AVPOOCO) ((BVAVAMTMNS)) — onocasconseaosaeenensascenne- 265
Zebeana (LaSpeyresia) ..............cseeeeceee 18
ziczac (Notodonta) ............... 133, 92h), ail
zollikoferri (Sidemia) ..................0...-. 169
DIPTERA
BCUNKENIE) (COMESIEY) —.scacnnasnsonecmcoonnoncaneos 49
acuminata (Drosophila) ........0.......... 167
agnata (Sarcophaga) ..........ccccccseeeeeeee 49
albicans (Monochaeta) ..................0. 49
albimana (Ptychoptera) ................. 67
albimanus (Platycheirus) .................. 48
albostriatus (Syrphus) .................0..0. 48
amoena (Neosturmia) ...............cc.0- 49
ampullacea (Lucilia) ....................0... 49
andalusiaca (Drosophila) .................. 167
aratrix (Sarcophaga) ............cc....0000-- 49
arbustorum (Eristalis) .................. 48, 70
assimilis (Phorocera) ..............cscee000- 48
atlantica (Drosophila) ...................... 167
autummalis (Musca) ..............ccccecceeeeee 48
basdeni (Drosophila) ................06...0.. 167
bergenstamimi (Cheilosia) .................. 48
bifasciata ((imomia) 2s.) ee eee 263
bombylans (Carcellia) ....................0.. 49
bombylans (Volucella) ................0.... 48
CASE (CONCHA) coccascocnoneuoncbosooeonanccasae 48
campestris (Metopia) ............ecce 49
campestris (Rhingia) .............0......... 48
cana; (Xystal id eee ee 49
carnaria (Sarcophaga) ............0cc.000.... 48
Cava A(CRipuilay)> Seats ae ee 239
chaleconota (Macquartia) .................. 49
chalybeata (Minella) ...............00..00... 49
chorea (Limonia, Dicranomyia) ......
197, 240
cinerascens (Cheilotrichia) ............... 240
CHIMENTO, (AVIVAEIOE)) ccccctoogsscsnoccanaonresnace 49
CONSPersale (Smii/citia) eee eee 48
contaminata (Ptychoptera) ......... 66, 67
crassimargo (Sarcophaga) .................. 49
Crassipenmis (AGIA) scene 49
curvipennis (Prostegana) .................. 167
cylindrica (Ptychoneura) ................. 49
Gis GICOLTIS I (Pil anita) ieee ee 240
disticha (Parascaptomyza) ............... 167

distinguenda (Helicobosca)

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE PAGE
Gorsalissa (Chin On OMS) eeeseeee ees eeeeeee ee 197 obscurata (Sarcophaga) .................00- 49
aubilay i(Gaygo lia ae ee ees Cae eee 48 obscuripennis (Baccha) ..................... 48
dumetorum (Dicranomyia) ............... 240 ochracea (Austrolimnophila) ............ 240
effuscata (Sarcophaga) ...............:.000+ 49 oldenbergi (Drosophila) .................... 167
@liGe yas ((S\VTAOUOTIS)) © scsooceedosondenoonsoncbponbed 48 oleracea (Tipula) ...........ccc..000 239, 240
erythrocephala (Calliphora) ............. 48 paganus (Cheilosia) .................cccc0cce0 48
euchromus (Syrphus) ..................00000 48 pallida (Parascamptomyza) ............... 167
fasciata (Graphogaster) ..................0 49 pallipes (Rhacodineura) ...................0 49
HOTMESICRNIEY (CE ONEY) | Soseedscoscaanesneonbooossso06 48 palustris (Ptycoptera) ............ccseeeeeeee 66
fenestrarum (Drosophila) .................. 167 Davida (Palles)\ ..3.<05:00..ca eee ee 48
fera (Echinomyia) ..............:...0.06+ 48, 49 pellucida (Nemoraea) ....................006 49
MACOS (SCAMOOSS)) ~ cossnso¢soncoasosonsooren 256 peltatus (Platycheirus) ..................... 48
HOMAIME: (CNGMMNOTHIINE)) Sacconsccnaosebonsennsoasas 49 pertinax (Eristalis) .........00.00..... 48, 70
HOTEL, ((MEMENTHOTOR)) . socdsasanescoonascsecondeose- 48 picea. (SCatopSe)) esse eee 256
LOLCipAtay |(OLOSOpiila)y sess eee eee 167 jovuiryoxeravaliss (WN@HTIEY) posoeasnoccimessaoanenosocnnene 49
ieulyalporerauMS, (AVOWED) Sdanccbdosspancaconenncen 240 pipiens! (Syria)! fos eee 48, 49
fulvonervosa (Limnophila) ...... 239, 240 polydon (Macronychia) ..................... 49
funebris (Drosophila) ........................ 167 pratorum (Hydrobaenus, Smittia) 197
TWEE (IPO SENME) Soo cnssbosscoadepsbonnssoncnos 167 pudica (Linnaemyia)) 9... 49
gladiatrix (Blaesoxipha) .................. 49 pulicaris (Culicoides) ....................0. 197
IPN COE, (SVCHOMMYZE) sesedcronsconaaséoosoncone 48 quadrimaculata (Limonia) ............... 263
aerial (IDACHAIMONA)) —cococosseonsccooooonbonds Q40 quadrinotata (Limonia) .................... 263
hemiptera (Alophora) ...................0. 48 TAMSIN (CSA OVNUIS)) sconsanseoscoracasdeacdssccancc 48
hirsuta (Drosophila) ...............cce 167 Teo. ((EXEGNIGIEN) | Cenasbopeecoce annnsdonocenononeon 239
impensus (Metriocnemus, rosellin (Sarcophalsa)) eee eee 49
Paraphaenocladius) ..................... 197 TEOWOIIGS (QBIEMGSTHIEY) “aoaasosonconcocoosesaccneces coc 49
MMO VESSA ee (CHETOSI A) Mepessceeeseseeemeseesace 48 TROON) ((EXOMUNSTAUIEY)) Sbdeaaccesoccocoasscnedsa cease: 48
lacustris (Ptychoptera) ..................... 66 schummeli (Tricyphona) .................. 240
TenKereaViss {CMITOWUIEY)) scsccsnccsosboasemsnonaoscs006 Q40 scripta (Sphaerophoria) .................... 48
laticornis (Blaesoxipha) .................... 49 scripta) (Pipwlaye icc-cce nee eee 240
latifrons (Wagneria) ...................... 49 scoparia (Sarcophaga) ................00ee0e 49
EMITS, (NWYSINETRIE))) p.coosoosucccoroooeoeuq0026000 49 SEIAVG) (TEIMAONINE)) cosssonaocsagonasnonecaccoonoooce 48
leucozona (Thelaira) .....................05 49 sorbillans (Tachina) ................ccseceeee 49
longicauda (Ptychoptera) ............ 66, 67 sordidellus (Hydrobaenus,
THOR GMM OSA. sescecerne sseiaee set aacd cat eoeneenteas 167 TESECUIROCIEVOINDIS)! Sosceecsocopsensnseu0so00508 197
lucorum (Leucozona) .................-. 48, 49 squalens (Limmnophila) .................... 239
luctuosa (Degeeria) .................ccce eee 49 stabulans (Paraphorocera) ............... 48
Iaraieyere (GN AB OLMIS) conccnooonosonsndeuasndooauece 48 Strobe (Stee ana) ieee eee eee 167
InmeniGles ((S@rAVIINIM)— socontescocsonsoesasunoso000s0 49 subvicina (Sarcophaga) ..................... 49
ONS: — (LVENOPTSTEE))) > sonenooassnosnanopsooosooosen 240 Syrphidae: + .h:. 8 ausetees ede ee 69
THMACUUMANIZ, (RNANTTAVKCIEY)) | Ge pssosnoodcsoocuosouseHe 240 tarsalis (Platycheirus) ...................... 48
(AME WENO KIA), (UIDNDWIE)) ssessnoesersncncnnonsonooe 240 temula (Zophomyia) .................c.ceceeeee 49
major (Bombylils) ....0.icccseecceeeeees 48 tenuicauda (Psectrosciara) ............... 256
meigeni (Limnophila) .....................0. 239 tessellata (Empis) ...................... 48, 49
melanogaster (Drosophila) ............... 69 tibialis (Pelatachina) ........................ 49
mellinum (Melanostoma) .................. 48 Creep idiay | (\ViOTa)) ieee ee eee 49
minuta (Ptychoptera) .................... 66 wneerechmaroene (BDO) ho cssachscscooccacsococense 48
mortuorum (Cynomyia) ...............00. 49 trivAaliss (BLIP) lh icseeessee eee eee 240
muscaria (Oswaldia) ................:.0..6 49 tuberculatus (Eumerus) ..................... 48
nebulosa (Anatopynia, unimaculata (Drosophila) .................. 167
MACH Op CLOPLA) ieenereeee ee teee ste eemre totes 197 variabilis (Cheilosia) ....................... 48
ine@uMOresiics (IPMIB WEIR) os cocnsoooodanesnosnoasboon 240 variopicta (Drosophila) ..................... 167
TANS SrM — (HIETANEHITIEN) — .neopeebaseponocooeuaoonee 48 AWE OeS! (MENTO) | AS nosenabosooseecmanssabecoodoacs 48
nigricolor (Drosophila) .................... 167 venustus (Syrphus) ...................:.00000- 48
nigripes (Blondelia) ..............:.ccceeeeeee 49 WOUTUIEY (CEUMESTING)) \ranocenhoasossscesuectnconecoot 49
nigripes (Thelaira) .................0c00 49 viridis (Gymmnochaeta) ..................06.5 48
nigrosparsa (Drosophila) .................. 167 vitripennis (Syrphus) ...................000. 48
MIAMOMCOUNE (SAAS) socosooeucccsodovosaesce 48 vomitoria (Calliphora) .................. 48, 49
OCU: (ETON) Jroscenacsonsnpossoacscounosad 48 vulpina (Cheilosia) ...............c.cccceeeee 48
nubeculosa (Limonia) ............... 167, 240 zetterstedti (Microdrosophila) .......... 167
Oley | VANOTNAOTER)) Soo ccdoososuncononcunsoasenboe 48 ZONA AN (MOUTGETA) eaeseeee eee eee 24
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