EPICTETUS
AND THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
EPICTETUS
AND THE
NEW TESTAMENT
BY
DOUGLAS S. SHARP, M.A., B.D. (Manch.),
Late Wellington and Bishop Lee Greek Testament
Prizeman at Manchester University.
LONDON :
CHARLES H. KELLY,
25-35, CITY ROAD, AND 26, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.G.
S5
First Edition^ 19 14.
MEINEM LIEBCHEN,
298523
CONTENTS.
Foreword by Dr. Moulton
Introduction
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
Phrases Similar or Identical
Nouns
Pronouns (including the Article)
Adjectives
Verbs ....
Adverbs and Prepositions
Conjunctions and Particles
Sundries ....
Resemblances between Epictetus and
the New Testament in Thought and
Teaching
Differences between Epictetus and
THE New Testament in Language,
Thought and Teaching
how to account for the resemblances. —
Had Epictetus Relations with
Christianity?
Index to Greek Words
Index to References
Index to Subjects
PAGB.
ix
xi
15
36
48
63
88
95
lOI
107
126
132
139
143
157
FOREWORD.
I GLADLY accept the opportunity of offering a
foreword to my old pupil's study of contacts
between Epictetus and the New Testament. It
was on my suggestion that he took up this subject
for linguistic research ; but the arrival of the proofs
of a book was a surprise to me. A very rapid
glance over the pages has made the surprise a
welcome one.
In grammatical as well as lexical questions, as
this book well shows, Epictetus has much to teach
us. I might remark in this connexion that Mr.
Sharp (p. 6i) remembers my obiter dicta better
than I do. I do not now feel so sure about the
use of ft)9 suggested there, but I must look into it
further.
A wider circle than those who study New Testa-
ment Greek will find much interest in the few
pages which present parallels in Epictetus' thought.
They should send some English readers to the
accessible discourses of a very noble 'heathen,'
whose * feeling after God ' was assuredly not
without reward.
James Hope Moulton.
May 21, 1914. ,
INTRODUCTION.
The following chapters represent an attempt to
deal with Resemblances in Language, Thought,
and Teaching — together with certain Differences —
which exist between the works of Epictetus and
the New Testament. To speak of Language only,
in Epictetus there are often found the same nouns,
adjectives, pronouns, verbs, verbal forms, pre-
positions, conjunctions, particles, the same syntax
as in the New Testament.
The texts used are, for Epictetus, H. Schenkl's
Editio Minor in the Teubner Series (1898), and for
the New Testament that of Westcott and Hort.
The author has found invaluable Moulton-Geden's
Concordance to the New Testament, and Mrs.
Carter's Translation of the Moral Discourses of
Epictetus in the Everyman's Library (edited by Dr.
W. H. D. Rouse) ; he moreover acknowledges his
indebtedness to Prof J. H. Moulton, not only for
his writings, but also for many impressions received
during the few years that he had the great privilege
of being his pupil. .
Xll INTRODUCTION.
The usual abbreviations have been employed,
such as 'Matt' for Matthew, ' E.' for Epictetus,
' N.T.' for New Testament. In regard to the
references to Epictetus, 'Bk.' signifies one of the
Books of the Discourses, ' Ench.' the Encheiridion
or Manual, 'Frag. Diss.' the Fragments of the
Discourses, ' Stob.' Fragments from Stobaeus, 'Cod.
Vat.' Maxims found in a Vatican Manuscript of
the 14th century. Amongst other abbreviations,
' Proleg.' for Dr. J. H. Moulton's Grammar of New
Testament Greek : Volume I., Prolegomena (ist
edition).
EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
CHAPTER I.
Phrases Similar or Identical.
A. — Possible Imitations of New Testament Passages.
Our immediate object in this section is to place
side by side sentences or phrases taken from
Epictetus and the New Testament respectively
which display a marked resemblance to one
another, not so much in the thought which they
express, nor yet in the syntactical form in which
they have been composed, as in the actual choice
and arrangement of the words themselves. Little
comment will be necessary ; in the comments that
are made we want, as far as we can, to leave the
question of the explanation of these resemblances
to a later stage.
In view of this statement, perhaps, the choice of
the title for this section is unfortunate, but we
would suggest that the term ' possible ' still leaves
the question open.
Thirteen examples are appended.
I. E. N.T.
6 ^eXf t ov TTOiel Koi o fxr) ov yap o deXo) tovto irpaacrai,
BiXei TTOiet. — Bk. II., ch. xxvi., aXX' o fxiorSi tovto ttoiw. el 8e o
§ 4. ov $eX(o TOVTO TroiS> . . . — Rom.
^ vii. 15, 16.
B
EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E. says that error is unintentional. St. Paul —
speaking probably of his own experience just
previous to his conversion — asserts that, contrary
to his own desires and better judgment, he sinned
because he could not help himself.
2. E.
TJ6Xr](ras. — Bk. III., ch. x,
§8.
' if thou hast contended
according to the rules.'
N.T.
(env 8e Koi d6}<fj ny, ov
(TT€(f)avovTai) eav fifj vofxi^cds
dBXrjrrr}. — 2 Tim. ii. 5.
' (he will not be crowned)
unless he shall have con-
tended according to the
rules.'
E. and St. Paul quite naturally use the technical
terms that were current ; any suggestion of the
imitation of one by the other falls into the
background.
3. E. I N.T..
dW eyo) (Toi Xcyw. — Bk. j cyco 8i Xcyo) vfiiv. — Matt. v.
III., ch. vii., § 13. 22, 28, etc.
E. in contrast with Epi-
Our Lord in contrast with
curus.
I the Old Testament.
The teacher's word of authority, 'But / say
unto
4.
(thee.'
tyou.'
E.
OVTCO KUL VjXClS TTOieiTf.
II., ch. xvii., §34.
I N.T.
-Bk. ovTcos Koi vficls TToielre
I (avTols). — Matt. vii. 12.
* So also do you.'
PHRASES SIMILAR OR IDENTICAL.
5- , . ^■,
KOL tIs (Toi ravTTjv Trjv i^ov-
criav Se'Sco/cei/ ; — Bk. I., ch.
xxix., § II.
N.T.
Koi TIS (TOI eSoiKep rfjp e^ov
(Tiav TavTTjv ; — Matt. xxi. 23.
^ And who {^ave^^^"^"!^^^^ ^^^^ authority r
:gave
6. E.
(dovXov) ... 6 Kvpios avTov
dno^rjuel. — Bk. IV., ch. i.,
§58.
The slave's master goes
on a journey.
(orau yovv irddrj tls otl €v-
(Ko)yov), dneXOcov dnqy^aro. —
Bk. I., ch. ii., § 3.
(' Whenever then anyone
has discovered that it is
reasonable) he goes away
and hangs himself.'
N.T.
avOptoTTOs aTTohrifiwv CKdXea-eu
Tovs I8I0VS dovXovs . . . Koi
dnedrjixTjaev . . . /acto Se iroKvv
Xpdvov epx^rai 6 Kvptos rav
8ov\a>u (Kfivcov. — Matt. XXV.
14, 15, 19.
N.T.
(koi pl\lras to. dpyvpia els top
vaov dvex^Plf^^^i '^"O dneXOwv
dnqy^uTo. — Matt, xxvii. 5.
'(And casting the silver
coins into the temple, he de-
parted and) went away and
hanged himself.'
We notice that in E. dirriy^aTo is gnomic aorist,
while in N.T. it is simple narrative. In spite of
that we are tempted to ask : 'is it mere coincidence
that E. and Matt, use the same phrase, or can it be
that E. used the story of Judas to illustrate his
fibint that a man does sometimes think it reason-
able to commit suicide in this way ? '
8. E. j N.T.
€Kciv(ov xpeiav flx^v n deus. — ' o Kvpios avTiov xp^^av i'x^i- —
Bk. I., ch. vi., § 13. i Matt. xxi. 3.
' God had need of them ' ' The Lord hath need of
(animals). ^ ' them' (the ass and colt).
B 2
EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
9- _ E-_
Spare ovv Koi Tvpocrix^Te,
(fifj. . .). — Bk. I., ch. iii., § 9.
'Take heed and beware
(lest...).'
10. E.
^r}T€i Koi (vpr](r€LS, — Bk. I.,
ch. xxviii., § 19 ; Bk. IV.,
ch. i., § 51.
' Seek and thou shalt find.'
11. E.
(ravra fieWeis paprvpelv kol)
Karaia-xvveiv rrjv KKfjo-iv rjv K€-
KXrjKev ; — Bk. I., ch. xxix.,
§49-
' (Are you going to give
this as your testimony and)
bring disgrace on the calling
with which he has called
you?'
12. E.
(tou Oeou eTTLKaXovi-icpoL §eo-
fjLfda avTov ') Kvpt-f, eXerjcrov.
— Bk. II., ch. vii., § 12.
In a passage dealing with
divination : ' (calling upon
God we entreat Him,) " Lord
have mercy." '
N.T.
opare Kal npo(T€)(€Te (otto
TJys C^prjs. . .). — Matt. xvi. 6.
'Take heed and beware
(of the leaven ...).'
N.T.
^T^reire Koievprjo-eTe, — Matt,
vii. 7.
' Seek and you shall find.'
N.T.
{irapaKokS) ovv vpas cyco . • . )
d^icoy nepiTraTrja-at rf)? KXrjaeMs
^s eKkrjOrjre. — Eph. iv. I.
' (I therefore beseech you)
to walk in a manner worthy
of the calling with which you
were called.'
N.T.
[ical Idov dvo TVff)\oi . . .
eKpa^av Xdyovres,) Kv/ne, cXe-
r](rov (rjpas). — Matt. XX. 30,
31 ; also Matt. xvii. 15.
' (And behold two blind
men . . . cried, saying : " Lord,
have mercy (on us)." '
At first we are tempted to ask whether the
phrase Kvpie, iXerjaov was part of the Church's
liturgy in E.'s time and, if so, whether he adopted
it. But, on the other hand, Kvpio^ was in common
use as a divine title, in which case the phrase would
be perfectly natural.
PHRASES SIMILAR OR IDENTICAL.
13.
Bk. il., ch. xii., § 17.
' For he who does it, it
is clear, must not do it in a
corner.'
N.T.
ov yap i(TTLv eV yavla Tre-
TTpayfiivoif tovto. — Acts xxvi.
26.
' For it is not in a corner
that this thing has been
done.'
This phrase denoting secrecy — iroielv {or irpda-
aeLv) Ti iv ^(ovla — is evidently a current proverb
found quite as naturally on the lips of E. as on
those of St. Paul. Any possibility of imitation on
the part of E. becomes the more remote in view of
the many instances of the term ^wvla in his writ-
ings, e.g. KaOrjiJuevov iv ycovla. — Bk. I., ch. xxix., § 36 ;
iv ycovia KaOe^ofievoL. — Bk. I., ch. xxix., § 55. In these
two instances again ' sitting in a corner ' denotes
secrecy. We must add that the position is
considerably strengthened by the statement of
Knowling {Expos. Greek Testameiit, Vol. 1 1.,
p. 512) that the phrase in question occurs in Plato :
Gorgias, 485 D.
B. — Verbal Phrases.
I. E.
etff T<yv Oeov dcfyopfovras (iV
TTavTi Koi fiiKp<^ Koi fieyaXw). —
Bk. II., ch. xix., § 29.
' Looking away unto God
(in everything both small and
great).'
N.T.
d(Jiopa)VT(s €is (tov rrjf rrtcr-
T€a)S dpxrjyov Koi Te\eio}Ti]v)
'It/o-ow. — Heb. xii. 2.
' Looking away unto (the
author and perfecter of our
faith) Jesus.'
2. u}<\>€Kov — in N.T. written o^eXoi/- -' would that,
with 3rd person.
6 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E. I N.T.
(i>(f)€\6u Tis fieTo. TavTTjs €Koi- I o(f)e\ov Ka\ dnoKoyjrovTai ol
tiyjOr). — Bk. II., ch. xviii.,§ 15. I dvaa-rarovvrfs v/iuy. — Gal. v*,
I 12.
cjcpeXov with ist person is common in E., e.g.
(o(f)€\ov 0)9 (l)peva<; e^^o) ovro) Koi tu^t^i^ cl^ov. —
Bk. II., ch. xxi., § I, but it is not found in N.T.
On the other hand (w</)eXoz/ with 2nd person is
not found in E., but it occurs three times in N.T.,
viz. : — o(j)€X6v ye i^aaiXeuaare. — I Cor. iv. 8. ocpeXov
dveLX^aOi fzov /niKpov tl a^poavvrj^. — 2 Cor. xi. I.
6(^e\ov yjrvxpo^ V^ V fecTTo?. — Rev. iii. 1 5.
3.^ E. j N.T.
oTdv eh o-avTOV €\6i]s. — Bk. i els eavrou he e\66iv . . . —
III., ch. i., § 15. j Luke XV. 17.
' When thou hast come to ■ ' But when he came to
thyself.' i himself.'
Sin drives a man out of his senses.
4. 7r/)09 with Accusative after Xe^o).
E. I N.T.
rovTo ovv ov TToXXciKts' (TV CommoTi, e.g
avros elnes npos tovs eraipovs ; \ Koi elivav Xeyovres irpos av-
Ti)v . . . — Luke XX. 2.
' And they said to him.
— Bk. III., ch. xxvi., § 3.
' Is not this then what
thou didst often say to thy
companions ? '
This is found also in Plato, e.g. Xeyco Se touto ov
77/009 TTCLVTa^ vfjba^. — Apology 38 C. 'I do not say
this to you all.'
5. 1X7] yevoLTo.
This is very common in E,, giving a strong
repudiation, e.g. Bk. I., ch. i., § 13. It is equally
PHRASES SIMILAR OR IDENTICAL.
common in N.T. in the same sense, and especially
in St. Paul's writings, e.g. Rom. iii. 4.
6. 8o/c(o followed by dative of 1st person singular
in the sense of * I think.'
E.
(jroXv vr) Aia Ta>v iiWcov
TOVTO a^(LVOv) doKOi flOL (/Cf-
KTrj(r6ai). — Bk. II., ch. xii.,
§ 21.
' I really do think (that
this is a much better posses-
sion than the others).'
N.T.
iyoi fiiv ovv €%)^a (fxavTco
(npos TO ovofia ^Irjaov rof;
Na^twpai'ov Seti/ TroXXa evavria
irpa^ai). — Acts xxvi. 9.
' I verily thought (that I
must do many things in op-
position to the name of Jesus
of Nazareth).'
7. a</)e9 with 1st person subjunctive in the sense of
' let me.' This is common in E. and in N.T.,
e.g. :—
N.T.
a(j)€S e/c/SaXo) to Kdp(fios e<
Tov ocfiOaXfxov (Tov. — Matt,
vii. 4.
' Let me pull out the mote
out of thy eye.'
a(^es iSo) TLS 6t. — Bk. II.,
ch. xviii., § 24.
'Let me see what thou
art.'
C. — Adverbial Phrases,
I. KojjL^lra)<; ex^iV) ' to be well,' * to be in a fair way/
after illness.
N.T.
iTTvdeTO ovv TtjV dpuv trap*
avToav fv jj Kop.'^OTfpov fax^v. —
John iv. 52.
' He inquired of them
therefore the hour in which
he began to improve.'
(^oTap 6 laTpos €l(TipXf}Taiy
. . ./XT^S' tiu etivrj) KOfxy^ois ex^^S"
...— Bk. III., ch. X., §13.
' (When the physician
comes in, . . . not even if he
has said,) "thou art in a
fair way." '
8 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
The phrase is also used impersonally in E. of a
man recovering from bad temper : — (yi^vwaKe oti
KofJL^fr(o<; aol iarc. — Bk. II., ch. xviii., § 14. ' Recog-
nise that it is well with thee.'
2. 77/909 oXlyov ' for a little (time).'
N.T.
T] yap aufxaTiKt] yvuvatria
Trpor oXiyov iarXv o)(f)iXifxos. —
I Tim. iv. 8.
' For bodily exercise is pro-
fitable for a little.'
drfus yap eVre npos oXiyov
(pcuvoiJievT]. — James iv. 14.
* For you are a vapour
appearing for a little time.'
E.
o be TTpos oklyov rja-deX^
pcwTia. — Bk. IV., ch. ix., § 4.
' But the other after being
delighted for a little while
grows sick.'
orav d(p^s, (firjai, npos uXiyov
Tjjv Tvpoa-oxifv . . . — Bk. IV.,
ch. xii., § I.
'Whenever, he says, thou
dost let go thy attention for I
a little while.' i
3. iva Ti; in the sense of ' v^)\y } \ 'yevr^Tai being
understood, occurs once in E. : Xva rl ; ov 'yap
apKel . . . — Bk. I., ch. xxix., § 31. 'Why ? is it not
sufficient . . . .^ '
It is common in N.T., e.g. iva rl evOvfieiaOe
TTovTjpa iv Tat9 Kaphlat^ v/jlmv ; — Matt. ix. 4. ' Why
do you imagine evil things in your hearts ? '
D. — Adjectival Phrases.
I. 7] olKoviJiivr] in the sense of ' the world ' (777 being
understood) is common in E. and N.T., e.g. : —
N.T.
p-eXXet Kpivfip rrjv olKovpevrjv
iv biKaiocrvvrj. — Acts xvii. 31.
' He shall judge the world
in righteousness.'
E.
hia Ti. . .ware. . .npos avrov
epX^adai rovs €K ttjs oIkov-
pevrjs ; — Bk. III., ch. i., § 18.
* Why ... so that ... the
inhabitants of the world
come to him ? '
PHRASES SIMILAR OR IDENTICAL. 9
2. 7) ariixepov rjfJLepa, a somewhat redundant ex-
pression for ' to-day,' occurs once in E. and three
times in N.T.
E.
airo TJ/s (rfjfxcpov roivvv
r]fi4pas ov8ev oKXo eTncrKnTrijao-
fxev. — Bk. I., ch. xi., § 38.
' From to-day then we
shall consider nothing else.'
N.T.
fiapTvpoixai vpiviv rrj (rrjfiepov
Tjpipa. — Acts XX. 26.
' I testify to you to-day.'
Also Rom. xi. 8 and 2 Cor.
1 iii. 14.
Sometimes in N.T. rj/jiepa is omitted, e.g. efieivev
av fiexpt T?}? arjfjL€pop. — Matt. xi. 23. 'It would
have remained until to-day.'
E. — Nou7t Clauses.
I. iirlfyvaycnq t^9 aX7}0ela<!, 'knowledge of the truth*
— the aim of Philosophy and God's purpose for
ourselves : —
Xa/Scoj/ . . . Kavuuas els eVt- \
yvoxriP Trjs aXtjOeias ... — |
Bk. II., ch. XX., § 21.
* Having received . . . rules i
for the knowledge of the ;
truth...' !
2. The association of 86^a
E.
In reference to the gran-
deur of office :
orav 81" avras ras vnareias Kol
Ti)v 86^av Kol rfjp €7n<pdveiav . . .
— Bk. III., ch. xxii., §29. |
'Whenever on account of |
the Consulships themselves |
and their glory and spleft- 1
dour...' j
N.T.
pera to Xa^elp ttjp eiriyvcoaip
Trjs dXtjOeias. — Heb. X. 26.
Also — with the omission of
TTjs — I Tim. ii. 4, 2 Tim. ii.
25, iii. 7, Tit. i. I.
and iincpdveia : —
N.T.
In reference to the Second
Coming of Christ :
npocrde^opepoL ttjp paKapiap
cXntda Koi €7n(f)dpciap tjJs do^ijs
Tov peydXov Qeov. — Tit. ii. 13-
' Waiting for the blessed
hope and manifestation of
the glory of our great God.'
10 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
We notice that So^a is used in the N.T. sense of
' glory,' * brightness,' and not in the classical sense
of * opinion,' * reputation.'
3. %a/3f9 TM Oeoj, 'thanks to God,' is found once in
E. and six times in N.T. : —
E.
Tore KOL eyoi) rjfxilpTavov.
VVV 8' OVk4tI, X^P'S' TO) 0f&). —
Bk. IV., ch. iv., §7.'
' Then I too was faulty ;
but, thanks to God, not
now.'
N.T.
X"pts 8e T(p 0fO) 8ui ^IrjO-ov
XplCTTOV TOV KVpinv JjfXWV. —
Rom. vii. 25.
' But thanks to God through
our Lord Jesus Christ.'
Also Rom. vi. 17, i Cor.
XV. 51, 2 Cor. ii. 14, viii. 16,
ix. 15.
We may compare with the above iroWr} %a/3i9
auT(Z in E. — Bk. IV., ch. v., § 9. * Many thanks to
him.'
4. rj <^v(TL<; Tf av6p(07rlv7j, ' human nature,' occurs once
in E. and once in N.T. : —
E.
ovras 'lax^pov tl kol dvUrjTop
i(TTiv J} (jjvais 17 dvd()a>7rivr]. —
Bk. II., ch. XX., § 18.
* So strong and uncon-
querable a thing is human
nature.'
N.T.
TTctara yap (pvais OrjpLCiv re Kal
7r€T€iv(i)V, ipnfTiov T€ Koi ivaXloiv
dapLci^erai koi dcdafxaarai rfj
(f}V(TCi Tji dpdpoiTTLVr]. — Jamcs
iii. 7.
' For every nature of beasts
and birds, creeping things
and things in the sea is being
tamed and has been tamed
by the human nature.'
PHRASES SIMILAR OR IDENTICAL.
II
F. — Pronominal Phrases.
I. oval, 'alas,' Svoe,' followed by the dative, which
is very common in N.T., occurs twice in E., e.g. : —
E.
ovai not. — Bk. III., ch. xix.,
§ I, ch. xxii., § 32.
Alas for me.'
N.T.
ovai yap fioi. — I Cor. ix.
ovai vfilv. — Luke xi. 43, &c.,
and many other examples.
2. t/ followed by two datives united by Kat in the
sense of ' what has A to do with B .? ' is common
both in E. and N.T. Dr. Moffatt comments on
such phrases in the Expositor for January, 191 3,
p. 94.
E. N.T.
rt e/ioi KCLi (Toi ; — Mark v. 7,
Luke viii. 28, John ii. 4.
' What have I to do with
thee .? '
ri TjixLu Koi aoL ; — Matt. viii.
29, Mark i. 24, Luke iv. 34.
' What have we to do with
thee ? '
Dr. Moffatt's comment on
John ii. 4 is appHcable to
each of these examples, viz.
that the phrase 'is occa-
sioned by a resentment of
interference.'
Ti fxoL Kol avT^ ; — Bk. L,
ch. xxii., § 15 (bis).
' What have I to do with
him?' (Zeus).
tI ifiol Koi avTols ; — Bk. I.,
ch. xxvii., § 13.
' What have I to do with
them ? ' (the gods).
Dr. Moffatt's comment on
these two passages is that
they express the complaint
of neglect or indifference,
Zeus and the gods refusing
help when it was expected.
The following instance may
be explained in a similar way.
rl r}fuv KoX aoi ; — Bk. II.,
ch. xix., § 16.
' What have we to do with
thee ? ' — to a man in a ship-
wreck who does not try to
rescue others, but jests. •
12 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT
E.
Each of the remaining
instances receives from its
context a meaning similar
to that of each of the N.T.
passages : an expression of
resentment at interference.
Tt rjfilp Koi avria ; — Bk. I.,
ch. i., § l6.
' What have we to do with
that ? ' (the North Wind).
Whether it blows or not is
God's concern, not ours.
Tt iyLoi Koi <roi ; — Bk. II.,
ch. xix., § 19.
' What have I to do with
thee.-^' — to a man who wanted
to add to his ills.
TL yap crot Koi rjfxiv ; — Bk. 1 1.
ch. XX., § II.
' What hast thou to do
with us.?' — following a re-
quest to a teacher not to
concern himself about others.
Similarly —
Ti (Tot Koi TO) dXXorpio) KaKO) ;
— Bk. III., ch. xviii., §8.
'What hast thou to do
with another man's evil ? '
A very fine instance : —
TL 6e aoi Koi ro7s dWorpiois ;
Tis yap ei ; 6 ravpos et ^ t]
fiaarikKTcra t5)v fxiXio-a-cop ; —
Bk. III., ch. xxii., §99.
'What hast thou to do
with the concerns of others ?
What art thou ? Art thou
the bull (of the herd) or the
queen of the bees ? '
PHRASES SIMILAR OR IDENTICAL. 13
G. — A Phrase that Resembles a * Hebraism'
In Bk. IL, ch. xxiL, § 36, we find the following
words : — et^o)? aKpiPui<; to tov ITXaTwyo?, or* iraara
^jrvxv cLKovaa areperai tt)? aXrjOela^, which we
translate, ' knowing accurately the teaching of
Plato, that no soul is willingly deprived of the
truth.'
For the present our attention is taken up by the
phrase irda-a '^v^V ct/covaa. "AKovaa being regarded
as equivalent to ou% e/covaa, the phrase becomes
an example of the use of Tra? with a negative in
the sense of ' no one,' and it is in this way that we
have translated it. Any other translation seems to
us impossible.
In this case the phrase bears a striking resem-
blance to various New Testament passages that
once were regarded as * Hebraisms,' i.e. Hebraic or
Aramaic constructions. We instance three : —
ov Si/catcoOijaerat iracra aap^ evcoTriov avrov. —
Rom. iii. 20. ' Before Him shall no flesh be
justified.'
7ra9 7r6pvo<; fj aKaOapTO^ . . . ov/c €%€* /cXrjpovofiiav
ev TT) jSacTLXeLa rov ^piarov Koi ®eov. — Eph. v. 5-
' No fornicator or unclean person . . . has inheritance
in the Kingdom of the Christ and God.'
ovK av ia-coOr] irdaa crdp^. — Mark xiii. 20. * No
flesh would have been saved.'
Of these instances the first and last may be
regarded as Translation-Greek, the first being a
translation (or rather adaptation) of Psalm cxliii. 2,
the last a translation from the Aramaic. In the
14 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
case of the second we might argue that St. Paul,
being a Jew, reproduced in Greek, by translation,
an Aramaic construction. But, even so, can we
thus explain the passage in Epictetus i* If it be
suggested that Epictetus imitated the New Testa-
ment, we ask, why should he do so if there were a
more natural Greek mode of expression ?
Is this not rather evidence that 7rd<; . . . ov, so
far from being merely Translation-Greek, was a
regular Hellenistic idiom ? And surely, if we are
to understand the phrase as a quotation from Plato
— etSft)9 cLKpL^oi^ TO ToO IlXaTco^'o? — the possibility
of Hebraic influence becomes very remote. We
are wondering if the Papyri will throw any light on
the matter.
(Since I wrote the above Dr. J. H. Moulton has
granted me permission to insert the following note,
which will be seen to answer our query : — * In the
Ry lands Papyri, vol. II, now passing through the
press, there is an interesting example of this idiom
in a very ungrammatical petition from a bee-keeper
named Hieracion, of Letopolis, complaining of
injury from people fxr) e^ovra^; irav Trpdyfia tt/oo?
6/xe, "who have no grievance against me." The
papyrus is dated 133 A.D. See on this idiom
Proleg. iii., p. 245 f. I think it was probably
admissible Greek, though decidedly uncommon.')
CHAPTER II.
Nouns.
In the list appended nouns in general use in
Classical Greek, in Epictetus and in the New
Testament have been omitted. Any exceptions
to this rule are due to a remarkable parallelism
between E. and N.T.
I. ayyapeia.
This term, denoting compulsion applied to a
man or appropriation of a beast of burden or
carriage for military purposes, occurs once in E.
This term is not found in N.T., but the correspond-
ing verb dyyapevo) occurs three times : —
E.
av 6' dyyapcia fj koX crrpa-
Tia)Tr]s eViXa/STyrat, a(f)€Sj fxr}
dvTLT€iv€ fxrjbe yoyyv^e. — Bk.
IV., ch. i., § 79.
(Referring to an ass : — )
' But if there should be a
press and a soldier lay
hands on it, let it go, do
not resist or murmur.'
N.T.
Kol ocTTis ae dyyapevaei
fiiXiov ev, vTraye /xer' avrov
dvo. — Matt. V. 41.
' And whosoever shall
compel thee to go one mile,
go with him two.'
TovTov rjyydpeva-av iva apt}
TOP (TTavpbv avTov. — Matt,
xxvii. 32.
' Him they compelled to
bear His cross.'
Koi dyyapevovcriv irapdyovrd
Tiva . . . Lva apr) tov aravpov
avrov, — Mark xv. 21.
15
l6 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
2. dBeXcpo^.
This occurs once in E. as a term applied to a
friend, not, as we might expect, according to Deiss-
mann {Bible Studies, p. Z%)^ in a technical sense as
of a member of a religious community. It is also
used in the natural sense of ' brother ' — e.g. Bk. L,
ch. xxii., § \o\ V. p. 22. It is very common in
N.T., where it often denotes a member of the
Christian Church : —
E.
a8fX(j^c, ovdiva aov e'x^co cv-
VUV<TT€pOV Ov8e (f)iXT€f)OV. —
Bk. IV., ch. xiii., § i8.
'Brother, I have no one
more kindly disposed or
dearer than thou.'
N.T.
dWa ddeXfjios jacTa dBe\(f)ov
Kpiuerai.- — I Cor. vi. 6.
* But brother goeth to law
with brother.'
Also John i. 41, &c.
3. atpeatf;.
In the sense of ' sect ' this occurs once in E. and
often in N.T. : —
E.
TT/petre ovtcos eavTovs iv ols
enpaao-ere koX evpfjcreTe rivos
iaB' alpeaeojs. rovs nXelaTovs
vpci>v ^KniKovpeiovs eupr/crere,
oXiyovs Tivas nepinaTrjTiKovs
. . . — Bk. II., ch. xix., § 20.
' Observe yourselves thus
in your actions and you will
find of what sect you are.
Most of you you will find to
be Epicureans, a few Peri-
patetics.'
N.T.
TrpmToaraTrjv re rrjs Ta>v
l>ia((opaia)v aipecreais. — ActS
xxiv. 5.
' A ringleader of the sect
of the Nazarenes.'
del pev KoX aipiaets iv vplv
elvai. — I Cor. xi. 19.
* There must also be sects
among you.'
Also Acts V. 17, XV. 5, &c.
NOUNS.
17
4. ala'x^poXo^ia.
This term, meaning
shameful/
I.e.
indecent
N.T.
vvv\ bi aTToOeaOe Koi v/xet?
. . .alo-xpoXoyiav eV tov (Tto-
fxaTos vfia>v. — Col. iii. 8.
' But now do you also put
off. . . shameful speaking out
of your mouth.'
Speaking/ occurs twice in E. and once in N.T. :-
E.
(Assuming av nefjinoL^ from
the previous sentence) ov8'
avrl alaxpoKoyias aido). — Bk,
IV., ch. iii., § 2.
' Not even (if thou hast
got) modesty in return for
indecent speaking.'
fTTKTcfiaXes be koi to els ala-
Xpokoylav ivpoeXOelv. — Ench.
xxxiii., § 16.
'But dangerous also is
the approach to indecent
speaking.'
5. aldiv.
This word, lit. ' age/ which is very common in
N.T., especially in the indefinite sense of ' eternity/
occurs once in E. and apparently in this usual N.T.
sense : —
E.
ov yap elpn. alcov, aXX civ-
Spanos, fiepos Tfbv iravToav wy
u>pa rjfxepas. — Bk. II., ch. v.,
§13.
' For I am not an age ' (i?;'
'eternity'), 'but a man, a
part of the whole, as an hour
of a day.'
N.T.
6 rpwyuyv tovtov tov QpTov
C^cei els TOV alava. — John vi .
58.
' He that eateth this bread
shall live unto the age.'
Also John iv. 14, viii. 51,
&c.
6. aKOT].
In Classical Greek and often in N.T. this term
has the meaning 'heaj;ing' or 'report.' Once,
c
l8 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
however, in E. and three times in N,T. it is used in
the sense of ' ear ' : —
E.
(In comparison with com-
mon sense — 6 koivos vovs)
koivT) Tis aKof] XeyoiT tiv rj
flOVOV CfiCiVQiV duiKpiriKT]. Bk.
III., oh. vi., §4.
'That would be called a
common ear which distin-
guishes only sounds.'
7. avacnpo^r).
This term in the sense
haviour,' occurs once in E.
Trwy tiv cvpoi 6 koKos kcu dyaSos
. . . uva(TTpo(f)j}v Tr)U [eV] avTjj
K(i6i']Kov(Tav. — Bk. I., ch. vii.,
§2.
' For in every subject of
action our quest is how the
noble and good man may
find ... a method of beha-
viour suitable to the occa-
sion.'
N.T.
rivoiyT)(Tav avTov al aKoai. —
Mark vii. 35.
' His ears were opened.'
enetbrj inXrjpcoacv rrdvTa rii
prjixara avTov els Tcis UKoas rod
Xaov. — Luke vii. i.
'When He had ended. all
His sayings in the ears of
the people.'
^eviCovra yap Tiva clcrcjjepeis:
els Tiis uKoas rjpojv. — Acts
xvii. 20.
' For thou bringest certain
strange things to our ears.'
of ' manner of life,' * be-
and often in N.T. : —
N.T.
T]Kov(raT€ yap rrjp epfju dvaa-
Tpo(f}r)v TTorf eu Toi 'lovSaVfr^w. , .
—Gal. i. 13. '
' For you (have) heard of
the manner of life that was
once mine in the Jews' re-
ligion.'
rrjP dvaaTpoc})i)v vputv iv rots
eOuecnv e\oj>T€s KoKtjV. — I Pet.
ii. 12.
' Having your manner of
life fair among the Gentiles.'
Also Eph. iv. 22, &c.
NOUNS.
19
The fact that E. uses this term in an ethical
sense helps to confirm the argument of Deissmann
{Bible Studies, p. 194), that the term in question,
being found in an Inscription of Carpathos of the
2nd century B.C., is in no sense a * Hebraism ' — not
even Translation- Greek.
8. ave^LKaKia.
In the sense of * patience (amid evil) ' this occurs
once in E., but not in N.T. In N.T., however, the
corresponding Adjective ave^UaKof; is found once : —
E. I N.T.
8ov\ov Se Kvpiov ov bet fio-X'
ea6at, dWa fjmov eivai npos
ndvras, 6iSaKrtKoi/, ctve^iKaKov.
— 2 Tim. ii. 24.
* But the Lord's slave must
not strive, but be gentle to-
wards all, apt to teach, for-
bearing.'
(Assuming from the pre-
vious clause Trpoa-cjieprjTai as
the verb for the protasis) av
XotSopta, fvpqaeis dve^iKaKiav.
— Ench. X.
* If abuse (be presented
to thee) thou shalt find
patience.'
9. ap)(^tT€KTa}V.
Familiar as it is in the sense of ' architect/
* master builder,' this term cannot be overlooked,
because St. Paul applies it to himself as an Apostle.
It occurs once in E. : —
(Assuming from the pre-
vious sentence ccoprjTo as the
verb of the protasis and for
the apodosis vnijpeTr) av avr^
fXprjTo ^ Kvpi(o ;) ei 8' larpopy
ojcravro)?, el 8' dpxireKTova. —
Bk. IV., ch. i., §117. •
N.T.
as ao<p6s dpxvriKTOiv 6epi-
\iov eOrjKa, aWos 8e eiroiKO-
dopet. — I Cor. iii. 10.
'As a wise' {or 'skilful')
'master-builder I laid a
foundation, but another
builds thereon.'
C 2
20 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
'But if,
bought a physician or archi-
tect, would he have treated
him as a servant or as a
master ? '
10. ^aalXiaaa.
The N.T. term for 'queen' occurs once in E.
E.
€1. . .rj ^aaikicrara ra>v fieXicr-
(Tcov ; — Bk. III., ch. xxii.,
§99.
' Art thou . . . the queen of
the bees?' — v. p. 12.
N.T.
/3a(riXi(rcra votov eyepOqae-
rai €v TTj Kplaei. — Matt. xii.
42.
* The Queen of the South
shall rise up in the judg-
ment.'
Also Rev. xviii. 7, &c.
II. yvvaiKcipiov .
This diminutive of yvvrj is fairly common in E.
As a rule the diminutive force can be traced,
suggesting the idea of youth or (on the part of the
writer) of affection. Sometimes, however, as in
Ench. vii. — where the term is used in close associa-
tion with iraihlov — the diminutive force seems to be
lost. The term occurs once in N.T., where the
diminutive force seems to be retained, suggesting
the idea of weakness or folly : —
E.
TQiv KokSiv yvvaiKapiau. —
Bk. IV., ch. i., § 86.
' Of the pretty girls.'
Also Bk. II., ch. xviii.,
§ 18, etc.
N.T.
oi. . .alxfiaXoiTiCovrfs yvvai-
Kupia (r€(r<op€vixeva cifMapriais,
dyoixeva ini,6vp,laii TTotKiXats. —
2 Tim. iii. 6.
'Who. . .take captive silly
women, laden with sins, led
away by various desires.'
NOUNS.
21
12. So^a.
For So^a in the N.T. sense of 'glory,' ?'. Noun
Clauses, p. 9. There is an approach to this
meaning in Bk. IV., ch. iv., § 42 : iav /xev eveKa
86^7/9 avro TTotfj, ' if he do it for fame.*
13. evae^eia.
According to Deissmann (Bid/e Studies, p. 364)
this, together with evae^elv and evae/Sy^;, occurs
frequently in the Inscriptions of Asia Minor and
appears to have been a familiar term in the religious
language of the Imperial Period. It is found in
Ench. xxxi., and often in N.T. in the sense of 're-
ligion,' * piety,' * godliness.' The Adjective evcepr']^
occurs in Bk. II., ch. xx., § 22, Acts x. 2, &c.
E.
T^ff Trepi Tovs Oeovs. — Ench.
xxxi., § I.
Reference will be made to
this passage again in Chapter
ix., p. 109.
N.T.
bi<oK€ di diKaiocrvvrjVf evai-
^eiav, TTio-Tiv. — I Tim. vi. II.
* Follow after righteous-
ness, piety, faith.'
Also Acts iii. 12, &c.
14. fcavcov.
In the sense of ' rule ' this is very common in E.
and occurs four times in St. Paul's writings : —
cLoevai ae ovv Oft, orav (la-
fpXV ^*^ ■'"o Oearpovf on kuvojv
flo-epxv f«t napaSeiyp-a rols
AXoty.— Bk. III., ch. iv., § 5.
* It is necessary then for
thee to know that when thou
comest into the theatre, thou
N.T.
oaoi TO) Kavovi tovtco (rToi)(^r]-
crovcriv. — Gal. vi. 16.
' As many as shall walk
by this rule.'
Also 2 Cor. X. 13, 15, 16.
22 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
comest as a rule and example
to the others.'
Also Bk. I., ch. xxviii.,
§§ 28, 30, etc.
15. KOLVWVO^.
In the sense of * partner,' * partaker,* this occurs
once in E. and often in N.T. : —
yovels, ahik^oi^ reKva, irar-
ptff, arrkcos oi kolvcovoL — Bk. I.,
ch. xxii., § 10.
' Parents, brothers, chil-
dren, country, in short those
who are associated with us.'
N.T.
Koivoivos €fi6s Kcii els vjxas
(Tvvepyos. — 2 Cor. viii. 23.
* My partner and fellow-
worker for you.'
Also Luke v. 10, 2 Pet. i.
4, etc.
16. KoWvpiov.
This term for * eye-salve' occurs twice in E. and
once in N.T. —
E.
ra yap KoWvpia ovk ax^prja-ra
Tols ore tfl Koi las Set iyxpio-
ixivois. — Bk. II., ch. xxi., § 20.
' For eye-salves are not
useless to those who use
them for anointing when
and as they must.'
Also
§21.
Bk. III., ch. xxi.,
N.T.
KoWovpLov iyxplaai tqvs
d(p3aXixovs crov lua jSXenrjs. —
Rev. iii. 18.
* Eye-salve to anoint thy
eyes that thou mayst see.'
17. fcpd/3^aTo^, Kpd^aTTo^.
This non-classical word, the regular N.T. term
NOUNS.
23
for ' bed/ is found in E., as is also its diminutive
Kpa^^driov, e.g. : —
av ovv 6 7rav8oK€Vs dnoOavcov
OTToXlTr?/ (TOt TOVS Kpo^j^UTOVS.
— Bk. I., ch. xxiv., § 14.
* If then the innkeeper die
and leave thee the beds.'
For Kpa^fiariov V. Bk. III.,
ch. xxii., § 74, &c.
N.T.
KUL Tjyfpdr] Koi evBvs upas
TOP Kpa^aTTov e^rjXBfp. — Mark
i'i. 12.
' And he arose and imme-
diately taking up his bed
went out.'
Also Acts ix. 33, &c.
18. KTrjVO<^.
This is found at least twice in E. and four times
in N. T . in the sense of ' beast of burden/ ' horse ' : —
E.
las TCI vnobr]paTa anoyyi^ei
TO. eaiiroO, las to kttJvos. —
Bk. II., ch. xxii., § 31.
'As he sponges his own
shoes or his horse.'
AlsoBk. III., ch. ix., § 15.
N.T.
ewifia^daas be avTov iivt to
'ibiov KTqvos. . . — Luke X. 34.
'But putting him on his
own beast.'
Also Acts xxiii. 24, &c.
19. Kvvapiov,
This diminutive of kvwv occurs at least once in
E. and four times in N.T. : —
fl6^ OVTiOS . . . TTpofTeXde €tt\
Kvpdpiov, €7ri InTrdpiov, eVi
dypibiov. — Bk. IV., ch. i.,
§ III.
' Then proceed thus ... to
a dog, a horse, an estate.'
N.T.
Koi TO. Kvvdpia vnoKuTOi rrjs
TpaTri^Tjs ecrBiovcnv diro toiv
sJAix'^cov. — Mark vii. 28.
* Even the (little) dogs
under the table eat of the
crumbs.*
Also Matt. XV. 26, &c.
24 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
20. \aXid.
This is used in E. and N.T., not in the uncom-
plimentary sense of * chatter,' but in that of * speech/
* conversation/ e.g. : —
E.
dvayKT) Tov crvyKaQuvra tktIv
ennrXeou ...els XaXidv . . . — Bk.
III., ch. xvi., § I.
' He who frequently asso-
ciates with others. . .in con-
versation. . .must. . .'
N.T.
dXrjBcos Ku\ (TV (^ avToDV (i,
Kcii yap Tj \aXui aov drjXou ere
TTOul. — Matt. xxvi. 73.
'Truly thou too art of
them, for even thy speech
maketh it clear that thou
art.'
21. fjuwy^aipa.
This, the common N.T. term
found in E., e.g. : —
for * sword/ is
E.
in aWovs €)(ov(nv ras pd^-
dovs Koi rovs kovtovs koL tcls
paxaipas. — Bk. IV., ch. i.,
§88.
' It is against others that
they direct their fasces, their
staves and their swords.'
N.T.
p€T* avrov ox}^os nn\vs pera
paxaipStv KoX ^vKwv. — Matt,
xxvi. 47.
' With him a great multi-
tude with swords and staves.'
22. vao<;.
This non-Attic term for ' shrine ' occurs both in
E. and in N.T., e.g. : —
E.
TL ovv vaovs TTOinvpeu, ri ovv
dyakpara . . . ; — Bk. I., ch.
xxii., § 16.
'Why then do we make
shrines, why statues. . . ?'
N.T.
TO cr«o/xa vpo)V vao9 tov cV
vplv dyiov nvevpaTos ecrTiv. —
I Cor. vi, 19.
' Your body is a shrine of
the Holy Spirit who is in
you.'
NOUNS.
25
23. ofcVo5eo-7roT?;9.
This non-classical term for ' householder,' which
is common in N.T., occurs in E. : —
(Referring to God).
(an yap tls koX ivBaK oIko-
deaTToTTjs eKuara [6] diarda-croiP.
— Bk. III., ch. xxii., §4.
' For here too is a master
of the house who orders
everything.'
Also Bk. III., ch. xxiv.,
§99-
N.T.
6i lJ8(i o olKo8ean6rr]s tvo'm
oipa. . . — Luke xii. 39.
* If the householder had
known at what hour . . . '
Also Matt. xiii. 27, &c.
24. oucovofjbia.
This is found in Plato, Xenophon, and Aristotle,
and also in Luke xvi. 2, 3, 4, in the literal sense of
* stewardship,' * household management ' ; it is used
in E. and St. Paul's writings in the metaphorical
sense of ' arrangement,' ' management,' ' dispensa-
tion,' e.g. : —
E.
(The term is associated
with ?iiniKr](ris to describe the
production of raisins from
grapes, a change that is) re-
rayfievrj tis olKovofiia Ka\ hun-
KJ]m9. — Bk. III., ch. xxiv,,
§92-
'A certain appointed ar-
rangement and administra-
tion.'
N.T.
61 yf rJKOvcraTe rrjv oiKovn-
fiiav rrfs x^P'-'''^^ ''"ot' Qfov. —
Eph. iii. 2.
' If at any rate you have
heard of the dispensation of
the grace of God.'
SiaKovos Kara rfjs olKovojxiav
Tov Qeov. — Col. i. 25.
'A minister according to
the dispensation ' (or * ar-
rangement ') ' of God.'
26 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
25. TTaL^aycoyo^,
This classical term * tutor ' for the slave who took
the children to school occurs in E. and in St. Paul's
writings, e.g. : —
E.
aXK e^eracrov fxi] , . . cl . . .
ofiov auareBpa^jJiivoi kol vtto
rw avT<M 7rai8aya)y«. — Bk. II.,
ch. xxii., § 26.
' But inquire not. . .whether
. . . they have been brought
up together and under the j iii. 25
same tutor.' !
N.T.
6 v6[xos naibayoiyos i]^Qiv
ytyovfv els Xpiarov. — Gal. iii.
24.
' The law has become our
tutor unto Christ.'
Also I Cor. iv. 15 ; Gal.
26. Trrjpi^Lov.
The diminutive of injpa occurs twice in E. but
not in N.T. In the latter, however, irrjpa is found.
Deissmann (IVew Lights pp. 41-44) suggests that
whenever it is found in N.T. irr^pa means not, as
had been supposed, ' bread-bag ' or * travelling-bag,'
but ' collecting-bag ' used by a beggar. The reason
for the suggestion, we are told, is that the term is
so used in * a Greek inscription of the Roman
period . . . discovered at Kefr-Hauar in Syria, in
which a " slave " of the " Syrian goddess " speaks of
the begging expeditions he has undertaken for the
"Lady."'
That E.'s use of Trripl^LoVy in close connexion
with alrecv, tends to support Deissmann's sugges-
tion, may be seen from a comparison of the
following passages : —
NOUNS.
27
E.
nqpldiov npoaXrfyjrofiai Koi
^ v\o u Koi Treptepx.'^ixevos
alrelv up^opaL rovs dnav-
TMVTas. — Bk. III., ch. xxii.,
§ 10.
' I shall take a wallet and
staff and begin to go about
begging from those who meet
with me.'
Also TTTjpibiov KoX ^v\ov Ka\
yudOoi fieydXat. — Bk. III., ch.
xxii., § 50.
' Wallet and staff and great
jaws ' (of the Cynic).
N.T.
fifj KTr]crr)ade ;^puo-oi/ p,r]be
apyvpov prjSi x^Xkov (Is ras
^wvas vficiiv, fxf] nrjpav els odou
...p.r]8e p a /3 So I/.— Matt. X.
9, 10.
'Get not gold nor silver
nor brass for your girdles,
nor a wallet for the way. . .
nor a staff.'
fxrj /SaoTTci^ere ^aXXdirnop^ prj
7rr]pav. — Luke x. 4.
^ Carry not a purse, nor a
wallet.'
Also Luke ix. 3, &c.
yvaOoL fieyaXaL supports this idea of Trripa (or
Trrjpl^iov), as suggested by Deissmann.
Further support for the idea may be found in the
fact that while E. speaks of ^v\ov, N.T. in Matt. x.
10, Mark vi. 8, Luke ix. 3, speaks of pd^SoVy
suggesting that a staff was a regular accompani-
ment on a begging expedition.
27. irvevfjua.
This term, lit. ' spirit,' is used in two senses
common to E. and N.T.
a. It is used in the sense of * faculty,' * power ' : —
E.
eiKii ovv (TOL 6 Ofos ocpdaX-
fxovs edcoKev, (Ikjj 7rv€vp.a evcKe-
paaev avrols ovrcos laxvpou koL
(piXoTcx^oVy (oare fiuKpdv i^t-
Kvovpeuov dvap,da(Te(rdaL rovs
Tvnovs Ta>v opcofxdvcov ; — Bk.
II., ch. xxiii., § 3. •
N.T.
The anarthrous npfvpa
dyiov is common in the
sense of a ' faculty,' ' power '
or * influence ' from the Holy
Spirit, e.g. :—
avTos Se ^aTTTLO-ei vp,ds nvev-
fiart ay 1(0. — Mark i. 8.
28 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
* Is it in vain then that
God gave thee eyes, is it in
vain that He infused them
with a spirit so strong and
active that it can represent
the forms of distant ob-
jects ? '
N.T.
* He shall baptize you with
Holy Spirit.'
eav ^rj ris yfvvrjdr/ e^ vbaros
Koi rrvfVfiaTos.— John iii. 8.
' Unless a man shall have
been born of water and
spirit.'
13. It is used in the sense of * mind.'
E.
(The terms '^vxrj and
TTvevfxa are used in a para-
graph referring to the same
object, in the sense of ' soul '
or * mind.' After comparing
the yfrvxri to a vessel of water
and appearances of things
to a ray falling on its sur-
face, E. continues :) orav
Toivvv rrKOTOuBfj tis, ovx «*
Tex^fti Koi at diicrai crvyx^ov-
rat, alsXa to irvevfia ecf)' ov
flat. — Bk. III., ch. iii., § 22.
'Whenever anyone there-
fore becomes dizzy, it is not
the arts and the virtues that
are confounded, but the mind
in which they are.'
N.T.
(vBvs imyvovs 6 ^\r](Tovs ro)
TTvev^aTi avTov. — Mark ii. 8.
' Jesus immediately per-
ceiving in His spirit.'
(Here apparently vol
' mind ' would express the
same meaning : voi too is
sometimes a variant for
yj^vxf}.)
Perhaps also the sense of
' mind ' occurs in —
ravra elnwvy 'ir/o-ou? eVa-
pax^r} Tw TTvev/xaTi. — John xiii.
21.
' Having said this, Jesus
became troubled in His
spirit.'
28. TTpOKOinj.
This term, which is not employed by any author
earlier than the 3rd century B.C., occurs in E. and
N.T. in the sense of ' progress,' ' improvement,'
e.g. :—
NOUNS.
29
del yap irpos o av r] TeXciorrjs
Tivos KaOdna^ "y?7> rrpos avro
1) npoKOTrfj (rvveyyia-fxas eVrt.
— Bk. I., ch. iv., § 4.
' For to whatever point
perfection of anything abso-
lutely brings one, improve-
ment is always an approach
to it.'
N.T.
ravra fxeXera, iv tovtois ia$i,
iva (Tov rj TTpoKoirrj (f)av€pa jj
TrdaLp. — I Tim. iv. 15.
' In these things be dili-
gent, be in them, that thy
improvement may be mani-
fest to all.'
29. TTpoaeoTTov.
This term is very common in E. and N.T. In
E. it denotes 'character' (real or assumed) or
* part ' played, the development of this idea being
seen in the use of the term by Sabellius to express
his conception of each of the Three Persons in the
Godhead. In N.T. however (apart from its use in
the literal sense of ' face '), it has a different shade
of meaning in a metaphorical sense : viz. that of
* person,' i.e. ' outward appearance ' as opposed to
'reality,' ' genuine worth,' 'character' {in the true
sense). We may make comparisons : —
E.
ovKeTL (rdxrfi to tov koXov
Koi dyaOov irpocrcoTrov. — Bk.
III., ch. xxii., § 69.
' He will no longer pre-
serve the character of a
noble and good man.'
What will happen to the
Cynic if he is disloyal to
God : here tt. means ' real
character.' #
N.T.
ov yap /SXcTrety els TrpoacoTrou
dvOpiOTroiv. — Matt. xxii. 16.
' For Thou regardest not
the person of men.'
Also—
dno de tS>v hoKovvTa>v eivai
Ti — OTTolol TTOTe TjCTav ovbev poi
diacfiepei — irp6(Ta>Trov [o] Geo?
dv6po)iTuv ov \ap.^dv€L. — Gal.
ii. 6.
30 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
N.T.
' But from those who are
reputed to be something —
what they once were maketh
no matter to me — man's per-
son God recciveth not.'
E.
Also for 'character as-
sumed ' —
viTOKf}LTr]S ei dpdfxaros . . .
crou yap roCr' eari, to doOiv
VTTOKpLvao-Oat TrpoacoTTov KaXcos.
— Ench. xvii.
' Thou art an actor in a
drama ... It is thy part to
act well the character given
thee.'
30. TTpo<^r)Tr}(;.
This familiar N.T. term is found in close asso-
ciation with lepev^ in one passage in E. : —
l€p€i<; Kad tarda cv avTov<; koX 7rpo(j)'r]ra<;. — Bk. II.,
ch. XX., § 27. ' They appoint themselves priests and
prophets.'
It is interesting to note that Deissmann shows
(Bzd/e Studies, p. 235 f.) that in the 2nd century
A.D. in Egypt some of the priests were known as
irpoipriTaL. Conversely in the history of the Church
the * prophets ' of the early times became in later
times regarded as 'priests.'
31. aroix^la.
This word is used in E. and N.T. to denote
'elements' in two senses, physical and intellectual.
a. In the physical sense the reference is to the
* four elements ' : —
E.
aVTU Til TtTTUpa (TTOlXfia.
uv(t> Koi KUTOi Tpenerai koI
^erajSaXXet koi yfj re vda>p
N.T.
01 ovpavoi . . . <rrot;^f ta 8e
Kavaovfifva \v6i]areTai koi y^
Koi TO. iv avTT] epya . . . ovpavoi
NOUNS.
31
N.
ar)p
yiuerai /tai v
Frag. Diss. 8.
*The four elements them-
selves are transformed and
changed up and down, and
earth becomes water and
water air. . . '
N.T.
TTVpOVfJLeUOL \vdr](TOVTaL Koi
orroi;(eTa Kavcrov/Jicva rqKeToi.
— 2 Pet. iii. 10, 12.
' The heavens . . . and the
elements shall be dissolved
with fervent heat, and the
earth and the works that
are in it . . . the heavens
being on fire shall be dis-
solved and the elements
shall melt with fervent heat.'
Even if we adopt the suggestion of R.V. mg.
and Strachan {Expos. Gk. Test., Vol. V., p. 145)
that in 2 Pet. iii. 10-12 aToixela denotes the sun,
moon and stars, the term is still used in a physical
sense.
yS. In the intellectual sense the term is found at
least once in E. and five times in N.T. to denote
' elements ' or ' rudiments ' to be taught : —
a Zi]vu)V X^yei, yvoovai ra
Tov Xoyov aroi^ela. — Bk. IV.,
ch. viii., § 12.
'As Zeno says, to know
the elements of reason,'
N.T.
ore rjfxev vrjTrioi, vno to.
cTToi^e^a TOV Koafiov TJixeOa
de^ovKciip,epoi. — Gal. iv. 3.
' When we were children
we were in a state of slavery
under the elements of the
world.'
Also Heb. V. 12 ; Gal. iv.
9 ; Col. ii. 8, 20.
32. (TXW(^.
The meaning ' fashion ' as opposed to ' form
i/xopcj}}]), common in^N.T., is found once in E. : —
32 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E. I
TrapaKeKadiKe (rot crTpaTi6iTT]s
epax^jjLaTL tSiwrifcw. — Bk. IV.,
ch. xiii., § 5.
' A soldier in civilian dress
has taken a seat by thee.'
N.T.
Kai
(iudpcoTTos. — Phil. ii. 7.
in
' And being found
fashion as a man.'
Also I Cor. vii. 31 (and
I for the verb) Rom. xii. 2.
There is however one passage in E. in which
fjLopcjiij seems to have no stronger sense than that
given to axni^cu. This being so, we believe that
we can find two parallels in N.T. : —
E.
rl ovv eXeyfy, on avOpanos
fan ; ixr] yap €K ylAiXrjs /Jiopcprjs
KpiperaL rcov ovTOiv eKaarov ;
inel ovTO) Xeye Koi to Krjpivop
fxriXov eivai. <al 6dp.T)v i^eiv
avTO Sfi KOI yevcriu ' ovk lipKel
rj €Kt6s Tre pLypa(f)T]. — Bk. IV.,
ch. v., §§ 19, 20.
'What then wast thou
saying, that he is a man?
Why, is each of the things
that exist distinguished by
the mere form? Then say
just as well that the piece of
wax is an apple. Yes, but
it must have scent and taste
too : the external figure is
not enough.'
In this passage p-op<l>ri is
evidently equivalent to ttc-
piypa(l)i).
N.T.
hvaiv i^ avTfov TrcpiTrarovariv
ecPavepcoBr] iv irepa iMop<pfj. —
Mark xvi. [12].
'To two of them as they
were walking He was mani-
fested in another form.'
Lightfoot admits that /xop-
(f)rj ' here has no peculiar
force,' but suggests that
(Txw^ '^^s avoided 'as it
might imply an illusion or
an imposture' {Epis. to the
Phil., p. 131).
Its use in E. encourages
us to say that here pop<pTj
= o'XVH'^i'
(Also p.6pcf)aicris in) —
exoures p.6p<f>(j>(riv eixre^eias
Tr)v de bvvap.LV avrrjs r]pvT]p.€vai.
— 2 Tim. iii. 5.
' Having a form of godli-
ness but having denied its
power.'
Lightfoot, in seeking to
NOUNS.
33
N.T.
show why St. Paul, instead
of using (Txw^ to describe
that which was superficial
and unreal, yet avoids fiopcfyr]
and uses fi6p(f)co(Tis^ states
that the termination -axns
'denotes the aiming after
or affecting the P'Op(^r) '
{Epis. to Phil.,^. 131). But
with this statement Sanday
and Headlam disagree {Ro-
mans^ p. 66).
Here again — and E. en-
courages us — we cannot
distinguish fxopcfiuiais from
33. T€\covrj<;.
This common Synoptic term is found at least
twice in E. in the same sense of 'tax-gatherer' as
in N.T. :—
E.
fxfj cds TCI Tracdia vvv /tei/
(f)ik6(TO(})os, varepov be reXcovrjs,
fira pr)TU)p. — Bk. III., ch. xv.,
§ 12.
' Do not as the little children
be now a philosopher, after-
wards a tax-gatherer, then an
ora,tor.'
Similarly Ench. xxix., § 7.
N.T.
ovxi. KOI oi Te\a>vai to avTO
TTOLovartv ; — Matt. v. 46.
' Do not even the tax-
gatherers the same ? '
Also Mark ii. 15, Luke iii.
12, &c.
34. xa/oa/CT?;/).
Its use in E. for th* ' stamp ' or ' image ' on a coin
D
34 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
may be paralleled with the similar use of eUoiv in
N.T. :—
E.
TIVOS €)(€l TO!/ X^P^'^'^VP"^
Tovro TO rerpaaaapov ;
'iavov. — Bk. IV., ch. v., \
' Whose image has
sesterce .? Trajan's.'
Tpa-
17.
this
N.T.
Set^arc /uoi b-qvapiov ' Tivos
e^ft elKoua Koi emypacfirjv ; 01
de eimw Kaiaapos. — Luke xx.
24.
' " Show Me a denarius :
whose image and superscrip-
tion has it?" They said,
" Caesar's." '
Also Matt. xxii. 20, Mark
j xii. 16.
With these instances we may compare a develop-
ment of the use of x^P^'^'^Vp i" N.T. — 09 uiv . . .
XcipaKTyp tt}? vTrocrrdaecof; avrov — Heb. i. 3, ' Who
being . . . the expression of His essence ' (Westcott :
Hebrews, p. 12). As this is the only N.T. example
of the use of the word there is nothing in N.T. to
correspond to its use in E. in the sense of
* character,' * characteristic ' : Ench. xxxiii., § i ;
xlviii., § I.
35. '>^vxn^
This term in the plural is once used in E. in the
sense of ' persons,' * individuals,' a sense which it
sometimes has in N.T. : —
E.
uTonov yap oXiyais a-Ti^da-i
TToXkas 8ov\cveiv yJAv^ds. —
Stob. 23.
' For it is absurd that many
persons should wait on a few
chairs (at meals).'
N.T.
fjixfda be at rrdaai ^v\ai
iv T(o n\oi(o las e^dofiTjKovra e^,
— Acts xxvii. 37.
* Now we were in all in the
ship seventy-six souls.'
Also Acts ii. 41, iii. 23, vii.
14.
NOUNS. 35
In Acts vli. 14 — a quotation from Deut. x. 22 —
iv ylrvxct'if; i^SofjbTjKovra irivje agrees with LXX.
and also with the Hebrew ^9? ; but in Acts iii. 23
— a quotation from Deut. xviii. 19 — '>^vxn does not
agree with LXX., nor is it represented by ^9? in
the Hebrew text.
The use of -^vxr) then, from the evidence of the
New Testament itself as well as from that of
Epictetus, is shown to be in no sense a ' Hebraism.'
Rather the term for ^soul' was used in both
Hebrew and Greek in the sense of ' person ' or
* individual.*
D 2
CHAPTER III.
Pronouns (including the Article).
I. Reflexives.
In the plural the 3rd person forms are used for
those of the ist and 2nd persons in E. and N.T.,
e.g.:
a. 3rd person for 1st person : —
E. I N.T.
els rlva Se x^P^^ avrovs i ov yap iavTovs KTjpvaaonev.
KaTardaaofxev ; — Bk. II. , ch. I — 2 Cor. iv. 5.
iv., § 3. ! ' For we preach not our-
' In what rank do we place j selves.'
ourselves ? ' |
yS. 3rd person for 2nd person : —
E.
Trjp€LT€ OVTOiS CaVTOVS eP OLS
c7rpd(Ta€T€. — Bk. II., ch. xix.,
§ 20.
' Observe yourselves thus
in your actions.'
N.T.
\oyi^€a$€ iavTovs iivai ve-
Kpovs p.iv TTj apxipria. — Rom.
vi. II.
* Reckon yourselves to be
dead unto sin.'
7. We must also note that in at least three places
in E. the 3rd person singular eavrov is used for the
2nd person. There are two examples of this in
N.T., one having come down to us in the best texts
and two in inferior texts (Rom. xiii. 9 and Gal. v.
14): according to Moulton (Pro/eg., p. Sj), Mate
36
PRONOUNS (INCLUDING THE ARTICLE). 37
scribes, reflecting the developments of their own
time, have introduced it.' We append examples : —
E.
firjBenoTe e'lTrps avros TTpos
iavrov... — Ench. xxxiii., § 13.
Never say to thyself.'
Xf'ye avTos npos iavrov . . .
— Ench. xlix.
' Say to thyself.'
Also Bk. IV., ch. iii., § 11.
N.T.
d<^' eavTov trv tovto Xc'yety
. . . ;— John xviii. 34.
' Sayest thou this of thy-
self.?'
(W. H. reads a7r6 o-eavrov.)
dya7rr](reii rbv liK-qcriov trov
bis iavTov. — Rom. xiii. 9.
' Thou shalt love thy neigh-
bour as thyself.'
(Sanday and Headlam —
Romans^ p. 374 — quote the
passage in this way ; W. H.
reads cos acavTov.)
On the strength of the above passages in E.,
added to the fact that the usage occurs once in
Lucian (Moulton, Proleg., p. Zj, footnote), one is
inclined to ask whether, after all, the above examples
in N.T. — or, at any rate, that in John xviii. 34 —
may not be genuine.
h. The use of iavrov in an indefinite sense in
I Cor. X. 29 — (TvveiBrjariv Be Xeyco ov')(l rrjv iavrov
aXXa rrjv rov irepov, ' not one's own conscience, I
mean, but that of the other man ' — may be paral-
leled from Ench. xxxiii., § 14 : iv raU o/jbiXiaL^
aTrecTft) rb iavrov rtvcov epycov r) kivBvvcov eVt rroXv
Kal afi6rp(o<; /ubefivrjaOat. ' In conversations let there
be absent the frequent and excessive mention of
one's own deeds and dangers.'
38 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
2. ov6el<;.
This occurs in place of ovSet<; in E. and N.T.,
e.g.:
a. In the masculine : —
E.
Koi TovTo ov6e\s KwXvcrei. —
Ench. xxxii., § 2.
* It will be in thy power to
make a good use of it and
this no one will prevent.'
N.T.
Koi Trapiov npos vpns Kai
voTeprjOds ov KaT€vdpKr]aa ov-
Bevos. — 2 Cor. xi, 9.
' And when I was present
with you and came to be in
want I did not become a
burden on anyone.'
y8. The neuter occurs in N.T., e.g. : —
Kav eyca . . . ayaTrrjv ^e fjur) €^(0^ ovOev eljjui. * And
if I have . . . but have not love, I am nothing.'
We have, however, failed to find an instance
in E.
3. cKelvo^.
Apart from the sense of ' that one (yonder)
there are two usages in E. and N.T. : —
a. With emphatic force, e.g. : —
E.
(f)iXos €(ro/iai Kaia-apos' ckci-
VOV fl€ OVTCl fToipoV ovbcls «8t-
Kf)(Tj6i.—Bk. IV., ch. i., § 95.
' I will be Caesar's friend ;
no one will do me wrong if I
am /lis comrade.'
N.T.
Kill (Kiivos oibev oTi akrjBrj
\eyei. — John xix. 35.
'And ke^ (i.e. /esus pro-
bably) 'knows that he speaks
the truth.'
Also John i. 8, &c.
13. It is used in the neuter referring to something
that will be mentioned, e.g. : —
PRONOUNS (INCLUDING THE ARTICLE). 39
Tipos dnoXfiTrr) rav €kt6s, t'l
avT avTov irfpnroi^. — Bk. IV.,
ch. iii., § I.
' Whenever you lose any-
anything external, have this
ready, what you get in place
of it.'
N.T.
cKelvo de yiva)aK€T€ otl et
r}h€l 6 OlKobeaTTOTTJS TTOia (f)V-
\aK^ 6 KkeiTTrjs ep^eTai, eyprjyo-
prja-ev au. — Matt. xxiv. 43.
'But be assured of this,
that, if the householder had
known at what watch the
thief was coming, he would
have been awake.'
4. 09 as Demonstrative.
This occurs in Attic in the Platonic phrase tj S* 09,
* said he ' : Plato also uses the term in the opening
words of a sentence, koX 09, e.g. : —
Kol 09 cLKovcra^ iyeXaaev, ' and he laughed when
he heard.' — Phaedo 84 D.
The latter phrase is found in E. ; with it may be
compared the common N.T. usage of 09 fteV ... 09
Be, 'one. . .another,' e.g. : —
N.T.
« peu edojKfv nevTe raXavra,
a de dvoj <o 8e ev. — Matt. XXV.
15-
' To one he gave five talents,
to another two, and to another
E.
-Bk. I.,
K (u o s Tivarponov
ch. i., § 3.
'And he (said) : how is
this?'
5. Confusion of Relatives and Interrogatives.
There are instances in E. of Relatives being used
where we should expect Interrogatives and vice
versa. There is something similar to this in N.T.
a. Interrogative employed as Relative.
In E. there is one clear instance of this (repeated
40 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
twice) : there are also a few probable instances.
In N.T. there is one clear instance : there is also
one probable instance.
(i.) The clear instances are the following : —
N.T.
ov t'l iya> 6eXa>j aWa r'l av.
— Mark xiv. 36.
' Not what I will, but what
Thou wilt.'
E.
eyw 5' ^X^' '^'■^^ H'^ ^^^ apea-
KfiVf Tivc vrroreTax^ciiy rivi
TTfiSco-dai' rS ^em. — Bk. IV.,
ch. xii., § II.
'But I have one whom I
must please, to whom I must
be subject, whom I must
obey : God.'
(2.) In the instances which we call ' probable ' we
can at any rate perceive the transition from the
Interrogative to the Relative sense.
There are at least two such instances in E. and
one in N.T. We append them : —
E.
iiKourrov avTov, riva Xe'yfi. —
Bk. III., ch. xxiii., § 17.
' Hear him, what he says.'
aKovaov avTOv KanrfpiTovTcov
TL Xe'yft.— Bk. IV., ch. i., § 48.
' Hear him, what he says
about these things also.'
We notice the use of the
verb aKovd) in both instances.
N.T.
Luke xvii. 8.
' Make ready wherewith I
may sup.'
In support of our conten- '
tion we may mention that the
Vulgate treats ri as a Rela-
tive (as it does in Mark xiv.
36):
' Para quod coenem.'
yS. Relative employed as Interrogative.
PRONOUNS (INCLUDING THE ARTICLE). 41
(i.) Indirect questions,
olo^ is used at least once in E. and once in
N.T. :—
N.T.
vfuv di' vfius. — I Thess. i. 5.
' Even as you know what
kind of men we showed our-
selves toward you for your,
sakes.'
E.
Koi f] 7rpo(r7roir](Tis Spa 5t'
oLoov av yivoiTO. — Bk. IV., ch.
vi., § 4.
' Observe too by what
means the pretence would be
carried on.'
There are also two clear instances and one
possible instance of 09 being used in this way in E.
But this use cannot be paralleled from N.T.
We append the two clear instances : —
^PXh ^i^O(TO(^ia^ . . .^rjr7)cri<; rod irap' o ylveTai r)
fidXV' • • — Bk. II., ch. xi., § 13. ' The beginning of
philosophy is ... an inquiry into the cause of the
disagreement. . .' ti<; yap aya06<; icrrvv ovk etSo)?
09 ecTTt ; — Bk. III., ch. xxiv., § 20. * For who is a
good man without knowing what he is ? '
The possible instance — where at any rate we can
see the transition from the Relative to the Inter-
rogative sense — is as follows : —
(rt fie hel iroietv (TKiy^rat . . . ) a hel fjie iroielv ovk
olha.—Bk. II., ch. xv., §§ 15, 16. '(What I must
do, consider ;. . .) what I must do, I know not.'
(2.) Direct Questions.
There are two instances in E. of ©109 being used
in this way : —
TO, he TTTTjva javra orav \7j(j)0fj koI iyfccKXeifieva
TpecpqTat, oia irdai^eL ^rjTovvTa eK^vyelv ; . . . ola
42 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
Xeyei^ ;— Bk. IV., ch. i., §§ 26, 28. * But as to these
birds, when they have been caught and are being
reared in confinement, what do they suffer by
trying to escape ? . . . What dost thou say ? '
There is, perhaps, a parallel to these instances in
the use of 09 in a well-known passage in N.T. We
refer to Matt. xxvi. 50 : e</)' o Trdpei, which R.V.
translates, ' Do that for which thou art come.'
But there seems to be force in Bruce's objection to
this that Judas had already done so — in giving the
kiss. (Expos. Gk. Test., Vol. I., p. 316.)
On the other hand the sentence is often taken as
a question. The familiar A. V. rendering, following
the T.R. e<^' w — which, however, cannot differ
materially in meaning from e</)' 5 — is 'Wherefore
art thou come .'* ' Luther, following the T.R.
reading, translates similarly * Warum bist du
gekommen } ' Also, as Bruce reminds us in the
passage already mentioned, the Vulgate and
Weizsiicker treat the sentence in a similar way, the
former translating it, * Ad quid venisti 1 ' the latter
•Wozu bist du da?'
It is not usual for one to-day to urge an A.V.
rendering in preference to that which corresponds
to it in R.V. But in this instance, when we con-
sider that in E. olo<; is used as a Direct Interrogative
and 09 as an Indirect Interrogative, and moreover
that Luther, the Vulgate and Weizsacker treat 5
as if it were t/, we surely have a strong case for the
A.V. rendering ; and, really, the meaning thus given
seems very natural.
PRONOUNS (INCLUDING THE ARTICLE). 43
6. Omission of Pronoun.
A Pronoun, such as at-To? or rt? — or perhaps a
Noun, such as dvOp(07ro<; — is sometimes omitted
when it is the subject of a verb in a sentence or is
in the Genitive Absolute ; we give instances.
a. As subject of a verb, e.g. : —
E.
tiXX' epovai • Tru6eu rj^lv ovtos
o(f)pvv €vf)vn)(^€v ; — Bk. II., ch.
viii., § 24.
* But they ' — or ' men ' —
* will say : " Whence, we
ask, his supercilious look ? " '
AlsoBk.IV.,ch.i.,§9i,&c.
N.T.
ov8e KaiovcriP Xvx^ov Kin
TLBeaariv avrov VTVo tov fio^iov
dXX' 67ri Trjv Xvxviav. — Matt.
V. 15.
* Nor do they' — or 'men' —
' light a lamp and put it under
the bushel but on the stand.'
13. In the Genitive Absolute.
According to Moulton (Pro/eg:, p. 74) this is
frequent in papyri but rare in N.T. There is at
least one instance in E. : —
E.
(tov 8' eTTiTpOTTOV Tr]S 'HTrei-
pov aKooTfioTepov anovdao-avTos
KcopabS Tivi Ka\ iivl tovtco 8r)-
fioaia Xoi8opr]BtvTos), eiVa €^1]^
aTrayyeiXaj/rov npos avrov,
OTL eXoidoprjOr], Kui ayavaK-
TovvTos npos Tovs Xoidoprj-
o-avras. — Bk. III., ch. iv., § i.
' (When the Governor of
Epirus had exerted himself
somewhat inappropriately in
favour of a certain comedian,
and was, on that account
publicly railed at), and then,
when someone afterwards
N.T.
KCU iXvOVTOiV TTpOS TOV 0)(\oV
npofrfjXBev avTM avBpaynos yovv-
Treroiv avTov. . . — Matt. xvii.
14.
' And when they had come
to the multitude there came
to Him a man kneeling to
Him...'
This example is mentioned
by Moulton, and also Acts
xxi. 31.
44 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
informed him that he was
railed at, and he was vexed
with those who railed at
him...'
7. There is at least one instance in E. of a
Pronoun being omitted after wo-re followed by the
Infinitive. There are two examples in N.T. which,
however, are not closely parallel to that in E. The
instances are the following : —
E.
eJra (TKCvdpinp fxiv el ^s
ovToi cranpop, axrve croi Tr^io?
fiT]8iv 8vvaaOai ;^p^o-^at . . . —
Bk. II., ch. iv., §4.
'Then if thou wert so
sorry a vessel, that no one
could use thee.'
N.T.
eScoKev avTols e^ovaiav nv^v-
fiiiTcou iiKaBapTCdv cocrre eV/SaX-
Xetv avrd. — Matt. X. I.
* He gave them authority
over unclean spirits so as to
cast them out.'
a>a-T€ iTnn'iTvreiv avr^ iva
avTov a\|/'(Bt'rai ocroc ei^ov
patrTiyas. — Mark iii. 10.
' So that there were press-
ing on Him to touch Him as
many as had plagues.'
B. There is at least one instance in E. of the
Pronoun as Object of the Verb being omitted, but
there seems to be nothing corresponding to this in
N.T. The instance is in Bk. III., ch. xxiii., § 7 : —
€v6v<; oLKovei^ Xe'yovjo^ . . .' Immediately thou hearest
one saying. . .'
7. Omission of the Article.
a. With Possessives (used attributively).
PRONOUNS (INCLUDING THE ARTICLE). 45
At least two instances occur in E. and one
in N.T.
E.
&)$■ eXcvdepos, o)? vTrrjpeTrjs
aos... — Bk. III., ch. xxiv.,
§98.
' As free, as thy servant.'
Also 8ov\os €fi6s. — Bk. III.,
ch. xxiv., § 75.
N.T.
efiop ^pS>ixd eVrti/ tva Trotr/crft)
, . — John iv. 34.
' My food is to do ... '
/3. With Demonstratives.
This is so both in E. and N.T. in the case of
ovTo^i, TifKiKovTo^, TotouTo? and ToaovTO^, e.g. : —
(l.) 0UT09.
E.
uphpanoha ravra ovk oldfP
...— Bk. IV., ch. v., § 24.
' These wretches do not
know. . . '
(2.) rrfKiKovTOf;.
E.
rl 8c KoX Xv^VOV aTTTCLS KOI
TTOi/ft? VTvep Tjp.av Koi TrjkiKavra
^i^Xla ypdcfieis ; — Bk. I., ch.
XX., § 19.
*And why dost thou light
a lamp and labour for us
and write so many books ? '
(3.) TOLOVTO<;.
E.
TjfXUS TOVTO fXOVOV r}fldpTOIl€Vf
OTL ToiovTov KaTaaKOTTov eVe/t-
nofiiv. — Bk. I., ch. xxiv^, ^5.
N.T.
avTr} (iTToypacfirj irpdrrj eye-
j/cro — — Luke ii. 2.
' This enrolment was first
made . . . '
N.T.
TTcos r//iel? €Kcf)€V^6iJ,€6a njXi-
KavTTjs dp.eXT}(ravT€5 ao>Tr)pLas ;
— Heb. ii. 3.
' How shall we escape if
we neglect so great salva-
tion ? '
N.T.
01 o)(XoL . . . edu^aaav top Qeop
TOP 86pTa e^ovaiap Toiavrrjp
Tols dvdpoiTvois. — Matt. ix. 8.
46 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
' Our only fault was this,
that we were sending such
a spy.'
(4.) 7oaovTO<;.
E.
dXX' (K ToaovTov ;(/Joi/ov
fnibqfiiov uyvoel tovs vofiovs
rrjs TToXfcoy ... — Bk. II., ch.
xiii., § 6.
' But though he has lived
here so long he is ignorant
of the laws of the State. . . '
N.T.
' The multitudes . . . glori-
fied God who had given such
authority to men.'
N.T.
Trap' ov8€v\ TO(TavTr]v TrtVrij/
eV TW 'icrpo^X evpov. — Matt,
viii. 10.
'With no one in Israel
have I found so great faith.'
Also, for use with xp^^^^
John xiv. 9, &c.
7. With Nouns.
This is common both in E. and N.T. in the case
of terms such as /troV/io? denoting the only one of a
class and in the case of olKo<i in the sense of ' home.'
(i.) Terms .such as Koafiof^.
E.
ii^iov . . . rjfMiis . . . 7rvv6dvea6ai
. . .Tl KpariCTTOU i(TTLV iv KOO-fKO
...— Bk. III., ch.vii., § I.
' It is fitting. . .that we. . .
should inquire what is the
most valuable thing in the
world.'
Koi yi} Koi OiiXaaarn Kiii
rjXioi. . . — Frag. Diss. 3.
' Both earth and sea and
sun.'
crv ijKios ei.— Bk. III., ch.
xxii., § 5.
' Thou art the sun.'
N.T.
T) cTrayyeXia rt5 'A/3paa/i. . .
TO KkrjpovopLOV avTov eivai Koir-
fiov. — Rom. iv. 13.
' The promise to Abraham
. . .that he should be heir of
the world.'
6)9 eV oupavS Koi eirl yrj<i. —
Matt. vi. 10.
'As in heaven so also
upon earth.'
eaovrai ar^pda iv rjKlto Kiii
afXfivrj. . . — Luke xxi. 25.
' There shall be signs in
sun and moon.'
PRONOUNS (INCLUDING THE ARTICLE). 47
(2.) oIko<;.
E.
irapeKuOvTo. . . — Bk. IL, ch.
xvi., § 44.
' If Heracles had remained
sitting with those at home.'
(p^€Tat fls OLKOV. — Bk. I.,
ch. xix., § 24.
' He comes home.'
OTL (TOt €^ OLKOV (jiepeTClt
ovbev. — Bk. II., ch. xxi,, § 12.
* Because nothing is
brought thee from home.'
N.T.
ft Tis Treiva iv o'Ua eaBierat.
— I Cor. xi. 34.
' If any man is hungry let
him eat at home.'
Also I Cor. xiv. 35.
(px^rai €ls OLKOV. — Mark iii.
20.
'He comes home' — prob.,
so perhaps Mark ix. 28.
CHAPTER IV.
Adjectives.
A. — List of Adjectives common to E. and N.T.
As in the case of Nouns, terms which are in
common use in Classical Greek, in Epictetus and in
the New Testament are omitted in the appended
list ; any exceptions to this rule are due to a
remarkable parallelism between E. and N.T.
I. a86/ct/x09.
The use of this term in E. in reference to coins
in the sense of * spurious ' may be a suggestion that
St. Paul employed the metaphor of the coin in his
use of the term, e.g. : —
E.
UKovcrat, hia tl ras fiev
doKifiovs dpaxfJ-as TrapadexVi
ras 5' ddoKifiovs drroSoKi/xa-
Cds ; — Bk. I., ch. vi., § 6.
* To have heard why thou
dost receive the genuine
drachmae but reject the
spurious.'
Also Bk. IV., ch. v., § 17.
N.T.
fXT) TTios aWois KTipv^as ailTOS
ddoKifios yevafxai. — I Cor. ix.
27.
' Lest having preached to
others, I myself be rejected
(as spurious) ' — A.V. : ' a
castaway.'
Also 2 Cor. xiii. 5, 6, 7, &c.
2. atBio<i.
This term, usually rendered 'everlasting,'
* eternal,' seems to be a synonym of aloivio^. It
48
ADJECTIVES. 49
does not of necessity denote * unendingness,' but
the description of alcovio^ found in the Expositor
for February, 1908 ('Lexical Notes from the Papyri,'
p. 1 74) may often be applied to it : —
* The word depicts that of which the horizon is
not in view, whether the horizon be at an infinite
distance, as in Catullus' poignant lines —
Nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux,
Nox est perpetua una dormienda,
or whether it lies no further than the span of a
Caesar's life.'
Once in E. and once in N.T. the quality of *un-
endingness ' seems to be present : — .
E.
aBavarov XPVI^^ V oXr^Beia koL
aidiov. — Frag. Diss. 36.
' Truth is an immortal and
eternal thing.'
N.T.
rj T€ dittos avTov ^ivvajxis
KOL BeiOTTjs. — Rom. i. 20.
'Both His eternal power
and divinity.'
In the other passage, however, in N.T. where the
term occurs, a limit is set to the length of time
involved, the term apparently having the same
meaning as aldyvio^;, which is found in the following
verse. The passage is as follows : —
dyyeXovf; re. . .66? Kploriv fieydXr)^ rj/jbepa^; Sea/jLocf;
ai^ioi<^ vTTo ^ofjyov TertjprjKev. — ^Jude 6. 'And the
angels He hath kept in everlasting bonds under
darkness unto the judgment of the Great Day.'
3. direpicnracrro^.
Epictetus, urging that the Cynic should be un-
married, uses this ter«n to denote the result, that he
E
50 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
will be 'without distraction.' St. Paul, speaking
of a similar matter, uses the Adverb dTrepiairdcrTcot;
in a similar way : —
E. I
i
ToiavTris ^' ov(rrj5 Karaord-
creo)?, ola vvv eariv, ms iv
Traparn^eiy fir} nor dnepiana-
CTTov eivai Set tov Kvvlkov oKov
npos Tfi diaKoviarov Oeov . . . ; —
Bk. III., ch. xxii., § 69.
'But the state of things
being such as it now is, as
that of an army prepared for
battle, surely the Cynic must
be without distraction, de-
voted entirely to the service
of God...?'
N.T.
(St. Paul gives the advice
8ia Trjv euecrraxrav dvdyKtjv,
' on account of the present
necessity ' — v. 26).
npos TO €v<T)(r}pov Koi evnd-
pehpov TO) Kvpi(o dnepiaTrdo-TOis.
— I Cor. vii. 35.
' For that which is seemly
and that you may attend on
the Lord without distrac-
tion.'
4. avTOX^tp.
This term, meaning 'with one's own hands,'
occurs once in E. and once in N.T. : —
E.
ovK av diriKBoav avroxftp
iyevov rovTov tov dvOpaynov . . . ;
— Bk. IV., ch. ix., § 12.
'Wouldst thou not have
gone away and laid (violent)
hands on this man . . . ? '
N.T.
Koi TJf TplTrj aVTOX^ip^S Tf)V
(TKevrjv TOV ttXolov €piy\rav. —
Acts xxvii. 19.
*And on the third day
they cast out with their own
hands the tackling of the
ship.'
5. 6elo<i.
The neuter with the article is used once in E. and
once by St. Paul in his discourse to the Athenians
in the sense of * the Deity ' : —
ADJECTIVES.
51
tv ol TToXIrai riyiSiV eTna-rpacj)-
€VT€S Tifxcoa-L TO Oelop, — Bk. II.,
ch. XX., § 22.
'That our citizens may
turn and honour the Deity.'
N.T.
oi/K 6(f)eL\0[JL€V vofxi^(LUxpv(T^
. . . TO Belov elvai ofioLov. —
Acts xvii. 29.
' We ought not to think
that the Deity is like unto
gold...'
6. K€p6Bo^o<;.
This comparatively late term — not being found
before the time of Polybius — occurs once in E.
and once in N.T. in the sense of 'vainglorious/
e.g. :—
E.
6 irpoaTTOiovfjievos to. firjbep
npos avTov ecrrca dXa^ayv, taTto
K€v68o^os. — Bk. Ill.jCh.xxiv.,
§ 43-
' Let him who claims what
doth not belong to him be
arrogant, be vainglorious.'
N.T.
fxi] yivoiiieda K€j/d5o^of, aX-
XrjKovs TrpoKoXovfievoi, aXXrj-
\ois (pOovovvTfs. — Gal. V. 26.
' Let us not show ourselves
vainglorious, provoking one
another, envying one an-
other.'
7. KOKKLVO'^.
This adjective, the Latin *coccin(e)us ' found in
Martial's Epigrams, Bk. II. 39, &c. — so Deissmann :
Light from the Ancient East, p. yy — does not appear
in Greek literature before the time of Plutarch. It
is, moreover, according to Deissmann — v. above
reference — one of the many N.T. words that have
been discovered in Inscriptions. It occurs at least
twice in E. and six times in N.T. It means
* scarlet/ e.g. : —
E.
nXX* av aKovcrrjs, on ov Sei
(popelv KOKKiva
xi., § 34.
Bk. IVy ch.
N.T.
Koi 7; yvvq rjv 7rept^6j3X>;/i-
p-ivrj 7rop({>vpovv Kul kokkivov.
— Rev. xvii. 4.
E 2
52 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
'But if thou hearest that
it is not right to wear
scarlet . . . '
Also Bk. III., ch.xxii.,§ lo.
N.T.
'And the woman was
clothed in purple and
scarlet'
Also Matt, xxvii. 28, &c.
8. Koa/iiio^.
There is a remarkable parallelism in thought
and language between two passages— one in E.,
the other in N.T. — in which this word occurs. The
term is used in the sense of ' decent/ * modest ' : —
N.T.
( Understand /3ovXo/xai from
preceding verse) —
axravTcos yvvatKas ev Kara-
arroXfj Koafiito fxera aldovs kol
(Ta)(ppo(Tvvr]s Kocfie^v iavrds. —
I Tim. ii. 9.
' In like manner (I desire)
that women adorn them-
selves in decent apparel
with modesty and sobriety.'
Also I Tim. iii. 2.
9. fiaKapio^;.
This common N.T. term for ' happy ' — the
classical synonym evBalficov does not occur in
N.T. — is found at least twice in E., e.g. : —
E.
(In reference to women) —
fV ovdei/l aXXw Ti[xoiVTai rj
tS Kocr/Jiiai (f)aivea6aL koX aldrj-
fioves. — Ench. xl.
' For nothing else are they
honoured but for the appear-
ance of a decent and modest
behaviour.'
E.
Kuv TTOu ixvpa<f>lov enirvx^Ds,
}iaKapios €Lvai fioKely. — • Bk.
IV., ch. ix., § 7.
'And if thou dost meet
with perfume anywhere, thou
thinkest thyself happy.'
N.T.
fiandpioL ol nTa))(o\ tgJ
TTvevp.ari. — Matt. V. 3.
' Happy the poor in spirit.'
Also Matt. V. 4, &c.
ADJECTIVES.
53
lO. /jLerecopo^.
This term occurs once in E. apparently in the
sense of * elated.' It does not occur in N.T., but
the Verb /nereo) pi^ofMai is found once, although the
sense seems to be different from that of the Adjec-
tive in E. : —
orav SiXo), naXtv €v(f>paLur}
KOI IX€T€(i>poS TTOpCVr) cls ^ AdrjUUS.
— Bk. III., ch.xxiv., §75.
'Whenever I please, thou
mayst be cheerful again and
set out elated for Athens.'
N.T.
fxf] ^r]T€lT€ Ti (pdyrjTe Koi rl
TTirjTey Koi fiT) ixerccopl^eade. —
Luke xii. 29.
' Seek not what you shall
eat and what you shall drink,
and be not of doubtful mind.'
1 1 . fjbcopo<;.
This common N.T. term for * foolish ' is found
with its synonyms acjipcov and dvorjrof; in E., e.g. : —
E.
ov8e\s ovv 6p.oXoyr}aei on
acfypav iariv rj dvorjros . . . ov)(^
€vprj(r€t9 p,€ p.(op6v avOpanrov. —
Bk. II., ch. xxi., §§ I, 2.
' No one then will acknow-
ledge that he is senseless or
thoughtless. . .Thou wilt not
find me a foolish man.'
N.T.
yeyova a(j)p(ov. — 2 Cor. xii.
II.
' I have become a fool.'
0) avorjTui Koi ^padels tij
Kaphia. — Luke xxi v. 25.
' O foolish ones and slow
of heart.'
nivre bk i^ avrwv rjcrav pcapa'i.
— Matt. XXV. 2.
'But five of them were
foolish.'
12. V€Kp6^.
At least twice in E. and once in N.T. this familiar
term seems to be used not in the sense of * dead,'
but in the sense of * mortal,' being virtually equiva-
lent to dvijTOf; : — •
54 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
^
N.T.
TO fxev (TWfxa vfKpbv hut dfiap-
riav. — Rom. viii. IQ.
'The body is dead' (i.e.
' mortal ') ' because of sin.'
(So Sandayand Headlam :
p. 198.)
E.
(Since we have the body in
common with the animals)
. . . uXXoi p.iv €Tn TavTTjv drro-
kKIvovctl riju (Tvyyivaav tjjv
(iTVxr] K(u VfKpav — Bk. I., ch.
iii., § 3.
' Some incline to this un-
happy and inortal kindred.'
Also Bk. II., ch. xix., § 27.
13. oXoKXrjpo^.
This word occurs at least twice in E., describing
the body and a vessel, and twice in N.T. in the
sense of ' whole,' ' entire ' : —
N.T.
oXoKXrjpnv vpLbiu to nvfvfxa
Ka\ Tj "^v^r} Koi to acofxu . . .
TrjpriBetr), — I Thess. V. 23.
' May your spirit and soul
and body be preserved entire.'
iva T]T€ TeXcLoi Ka\ oKoKXrjpoi^
iv fJLTjdevl XeiTrofKPOi. — J as. i. 4.
' That ye may be perfect
and entire, lacking in noth-
incr.'
E.
(Ti rt/xco TO abijxuTiov, 6X6-
KXrjpOV aVTO €X€tV dvTL TToXkov
trniovp.ai. — Bk. IV., ch. i.,
§151.
' I still pay regard to my
body, I set a great value on
keeping it whole.'
oKKa (TKevos p-eu oXoKXrjpov
Kut xprjcripop €^(o eppippevov
nils TiS evpcov dvaiprjo-eTaL koi
Kfphos r)yT](T€Tai. . . — Bk. III.,
ch. xxvi., § 25.
' But though anyone finding
a whole and useful vessel
that has been cast out of
doors will pick it up and
count it a gain . . .'
14. o(no<^.
This familiar N.T. term for * holy ' occurs at least
once in E., where it is associated with evae^t]^ : —
ADJECTIVES.
55
TO evae^es Koi to oaiou
nolou Tt (Toi (f>atveTai ; — Bk.
II., ch. XX., § 22.
'What dost thou think of
piety and holiness ? '
N.T.
/SouXofiat ovv TTpo(T€vx((r6at
Tovs av8pa9. . .enaipovTas oalovs
Xftpov. — I Tim. ii. 8.
' I desire then that the men
pray. . .raising holy hands.'
15. 7rov7jp6<;, <l)av\o<;.
As in N.T., these two terms in E. have the same
meaning as KaKo^;, ' bad,' * wrong,' ' wicked,' ' evil.*
All three terms are found with Boyfia in E. in contrast
with 6p66(;, * right,' e.g. el fiev 6p6a Boyfiara e%€t9,
/caXco?, el Be (^avXa, Ka/€(A)<;. . .el. . .(j)av\a Be ri? ep^a
B&yfiara . . . ttov 8' av rjvecrxov vtto tivo<; ef erafoyuevo?,
on iT0V7]pa e^et9 Bojfiara ;. . .ec ri e^fo kukov Bojfia,
dcpeXe avro. — Bk. III., ch. ix., §§ 2, 4, 9, 13. 'If
thou hast right principles, well, if wrong, ill . . . If. . .
but one has wrong ' (or ' bad ') ' principles . . . How
wouldst thou have borne anyone examining thy
principles, whether they were bad .\ . . If I have
any bad principle, take it away.'
For <j)av\o<; as applied to persons we may note
the following examples in E. and N.T. : —
E.
olBcls apa T<av (pavXcov ^rj
&)$• ^ovXerai. — Bk. IV., ch. i.,
§3.
' No one then who is wicked
lives as he likes.'
Also Bk. IV., ch. v., § 8.
N.T.
Tray yap 6 cfiavKa rcpdaa-av
fxiad TO (f)ais. — John iii. 20.
' For everyone who prac-
tises evil hates the light.'
Also Rom. ix. 11 — where
the contrast is with dya06s.
In N.T. similarly 7roi/?;/309 and kuko^; are applied
56 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
to persons, e.g. Matt. xxii. lo, where the contrast
is again with a^aOo^, and Matt. xxiv. 48.
16. 7rT6)%09.
According to Liddell and Scott (p. 1342) this
word * always had a bad sense till it was ennobled
in the Gospels/ i.e. the sense of 'beggar.' But,
whether or not its use in the Gospels could have
influenced its use in E., with the one exception of
^elvoi re irrcoxoi re — Bk. III., ch. xi., § 4, a quotation
from Homer {Odyssey, xiv. 58), it is used in the
N.T. sense of * poor.' In fact, the sense seems to
be that of irevr)^, which never means 'beggar,' in
Bk. III., ch. xxvi., § 8 : 66 aov 01 yovel^ irivrjTef;
rjaav {rj irXovcnoi fxlv rjaav) ' if thy parents were
poor (or were rich),' e.g. : —
E.
6 S' ort TTToyxos iariv, 6 6 on
Tvaripa ;^aXe7r6i/ ex^t rj jxrjTe'pa
...-Bk. IV., ch. i., § 43-
' Another (thinks the cause
of his evils to be) that he is
poor, another that he has a
harsh father or mother . . . '
(TV 8' . . . BeXfLS, ov SeXeis,
TTTCoxorepos p.ov. — Bk. III., ch.
ix., § i6.
' But thou, . . . whether
thou dost wish it or not, art
poorer than I.'
N.T.
T) xhP"' (^^T^] '} TTTcaxv TrXeioi/
7rdvT<ov ej3a\eu. . . — Mark xii.
43.
' This poor widow cast
more than all . . .'
ovx o 0f(W e^fXe'^aro rovs
TTTcoxovs rw Koapco ttXovctiovs
iv TTiorei. . . : — Jas. ii. 5.
' Did not God choose the
poor as to the world to be
rich in faith . . . ? '
17. O-aTT/OO?.
The literal sense of ' rotten,' * putrid,' ' corrupt,'
found in earlier Greek writings is not found in E.
ADJECTIVES.
57
and N.T. ; here the meaning is *of poor quality/
* rotten ' (in the modern slang sense of the term), or
perhaps sometimes ' (morally) corrupt' It is some-
times used in contrast with aryado^y KaXo^ ov kojjl'^^o^:
in E. it is sometimes used as an expression of
dislike or contempt, e.g. : —
N.T.
(Of a tree and fruit.)
TO he crairpov bivbpov Kapnovs
TTOurjpovs TTOul ' ov bvvaTca 8ev-
dpov ayaQov Kaprrovs Troprjpovs
eveyKelp, ov8e devdpov aanpov
KapTTOvs KaXovs noielv, — Matt,
vii. 17, 18.
'But the tree of poor
quality produces evil fruit ;
a good tree cannot bear bad
fruit, nor can a tree of poor
quality produce good fruit.'
Also Matt. xii. 33, Luke vi.
43.
(Of the contents of a fish-
net.)
(TvviXe^av ra KoXa els ayyr].
Tit de a-aTTpa €^<t> t/SaXoj/. —
Matt. xiii. 48
'They gathered the good
into vessels, but the worthless
they cast away.'
E.
(Of a household utensil.)
elra orKevdpiou fxev el fjs ovrat
aairpop, axxre <joi TTpbs firjbev
SvvaGrSaL xpW^^f- • • • — Bk. II.,
ch. iv., § 4.
' Then if thou hadst been
a vessel of such poor quality
that thou couldst have been
of no use.'
(Of a foundation.)
ap de (rawpop vpoo-rrjo-r] koI
KaraTrlTTTOp, ovk (olKo8op,r](reis
ol8e p.iKp6p) olK.obofj,r)p.dTiop. —
Bk. II., ch. XV., § 9.
'But if thou shalt have
laid a poor and unsteady
foundation (thou wilt) not
(even build a small) house.'
(Of vinegar and honey.)
TO o^os aanpov, dpifiv yap '
TO fxeXc amvpop, dpaTpeiref, yap
pov TT}P e^iv. — Bk. IV., ch. iv.,
§25.
' Vinegar is disagreeable,
for it is sour ; honey is dis-
agreeable, for it disorders
my constitution.'
(Of a coin of Nero's.)
plyjrop e^o), ddoKipop ^eaTi,
aranpop. — Bk. IV., ch. v., § 17.
58 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
* Throw it away, it is worth-
less, good for nothing.'
(Of — living — geese.)
6 vs Kcii TO. aairpa x^v'ibta
Koi (TKuiXrjKes Koi dpa;(i/ai. —
Bk. IV., ch. xi., §31.
' The swine and the nasty
geese and worms and spiders.'
(Of principles.)
onov 6' tiu r) aanpu doyfiara
eK€2 Ttavra ravra (Ivai avayKi).
— Bk. III., ch. 22, §61.
'And wherever there are
unsound principles, there, of
necessity, must all these
things' (e.g. griefs, disap-
pointments, jealousies) 'be.'
(Of words — perhaps in the
sense of ' morally corrupt.')
eKclvoi [xev ra (rcnrpa ravra
(iTTO doyndrcov \a\ova-iv, vixels
de ra KO/j-yp^a dno rciiv ^eiXcoi'.
— Bk. III., ch. xvi., §7.
' They ' (the vulgar) ' utter
these profitless' {or 'cor-
rupt') 'words from principles,
but you from your lips.'
N.T.
(Of words, in the sense of
' profitless ' — so Expcrs. Gk.^
Test.^ Vol. III., p. 347 — or
perhaps ' morally corrupt.')
irds \6yos craTTfios €k rov
crroixdros vixcov fxr] eKTVopevicrOiO^
dWd ft ris dya6u9 npos olko-
doprjv rrjs xp^'f-^^^' — Eph. iv. 29.
' Let no profitless ' {or ' cor-
rupt ') ' word come forth out
of your mouth, but that
which is good for building
up of the need.'
Similarly in E. the adverb o-airpm is used in the
sen.se of * poorly,' ' badly/ in association with
€V ^CKOTToXei aairpMf; \oveL ra jBaXavela ' koX ev
OLKco KUKOjii KOi 0)36 KaKU)<i, — Bk. II., ch. xxi., § 14'
ADJECTIVES.
59
* In Nicopolis the baths wash badly ; and at home
and here things go ill'
1 8. raXaiTTcopo^.
Epictetus and St. Paul use this term in the same
sense of * wretched ' and in the same kind of
context, aapKihta of the one corresponding to
acofiuTo^ of the other ; but, as Bonhoffer^ points
out, for different reasons : E. because happiness
was sought in the flesh, St. Paul because he was
confined to the body. We append the passages :—
E.
TL yap flfiL ; * ToXainoipov av-
Bpconiipiov ' Ka\ ' to. dvcTTrji'd
fxov aapKibia.^ — Bk. I., ch. iii.,
§5.
'For what am I?' "A
wretched man " and " My
miserable flesh."'
AlsoBk. III., ch. xvi., §7.
N.T.
TaXatVcopos eyS) avOpoinos
Tii fie pvacrat €K tov aatfiarns
Tov Oavarov tqvtov ; — Rom.
vii. 24.
* Wretched man that I am !
Who shall deliver me from
the body of this death ? '
Also Rev. iii. 17.
19. TeX6f09.
This common N.T. term is used once at least in
E. in the sense of ' full-grown ' in contrast with
fietpaKiov. Similarly St. Paul and the author of
Hebrews (v. 13, 14) use it in contrast to vrjinoi : —
E.
ovK en ft fxeipiiKiov, oXXa
dvrfp ^8rf TfXctoff. — Ench. li.,
§1.
N.T.
p-expt KaTavTr)(T(Ofi€P . . . ft?
av8pa TeXeiov . . . Iva p.r}K€Tt
ci)fi€v vTjmoi. — Eph. iv. 13, 14.
* Epiktet uitd das Neue Testament (p. 68) in the series
Reli^ionsgeschichiliche Versnche iind Vorarbeite7i : Giessen,
1911. ♦
6o EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
' Thou art no longer a boy,
but a full-grown man.'
N.T.
' Until we arrive . . . unto
a full-grown man . . . that we
may be no longer children.'
20. (piX6aTopyo<;.
This strong term 'tenderly affectionate' occurs
once in E. and once in N.T. : —
E.
7ra>s ovv y€v(Ofiai (fnXoarop-
yos ; — Bk. III., ch. xxiv.,
§58.
' How then am I to be-
come tenderly affectionate ? '
N.T.
rfj (^tXaSeX^ia els dXKTjXovs
<f)iX6<TTopyoi . . . — Rom. xii.
10.
' In love of the brethren
tenderly affectionate to one
another.'
B. — Comparatives and Superlatives.
As we should expect, there are many instances
both in E. and in N.T. of the Comparative being
used in the usual sense of ' — er (than).' In E. the
Comparative is sometimes used in the classical
sense of ' somewhat — ,' e.g. kclv avaTrearj'; Be/ca
rjfjiipa'iy avadTa^ ein'xelpr^aov fiaKpoTepav 68ov irepi-
irarrjaac koX oyfrei ttco? crov ra a/ceXr] rrapaXveTai. —
Bk. II., ch. xviii., § 3. * If thou hast been reclining
for ten days, get up and attempt a somewhat long
walk and thou wilt see how thy legs are weakened.'
iycb BeiXorepo^ elfiL, ofioXoyoo. — Bk. II., ch. xxi., § 2.
* I am somewhat cowardly, I confess.'
This is true of Adverbs, e.g. yjrvxpoTepov. —
Bk. III., ch. xxiii., § 10. ' Somewhat coldly.'
But in E. and N.T. there are cases of confusion
ADJECTIVES.
6i
and
between Comparatives and Superlatives, one being
used for the other.
I. Comparative in place of Superlative.
N.T.
vvvl de fxcvei ivlffTi^y iXnis,
dydTTT) ' TO. Tpla ravTii, fxei^tou
be TovTOiv rj dydnr}. — I Cor. xiii.
13-
' But now abideth faith,
hope, love : these three,
but the greatest of these is
love.'
Kara navra w? deicrtdaifiop-
earepovs vfids 3€copa>. — Acts
xvii. 22.
According to Dr. J. H.
Moulton,^ as is used as with
a superlative :
'In all things I perceive
you to be exceedingly re-
ligious ' {or ' as religious as
possible').
E.
(Referring to i
meadows.)
ov ydf) Tovs Kop.'^oTfpovs rjfjuv
roTTOvs eK\e^6pevos . . . (\rjXv0as.
— Bk. II., ch. xxiii., § 39.
' For thou hast not come
to choose our finest places . . . '
So /oo, probably —
oKKo hk rl TMV p,lKpOT€p(OP
epyoiv VTTo dnpoo-e^ias emreX-
elrat Kpelaaov ; — Bk. IV., ch.
xi.,§5.
'But is any other of the
smallest tasks performed
better by inattention ? '
2. Superlative in place of Comparative.
(We may compare the current English custom
* the best of the two.')
N.T.
Moulton gives two in*
stances {Proleg.^ p. 79) : —
Trpwroy p.ov r)v. — John i. 15.
E.
eV Topevfiari t'l KpdricTTOv
eariVj 6 apyvpos rj 17 Te^vrj ; —
Bk. III., ch. vii., § 24.
^ The writer is not sure whether this statement has
appeared in print, but he remembers it being given in a class
at Didsbury (probably) yi 1906.
62 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
'In an embossed wofk
which is the better, the silver
or the workmanship ? '
N.T.
' He was before me.'
cfxe rrpcoTou vfiwv fi€fiL(rr]K.€v.
— John XV. 1 8.
' It has hated me before
(it hated) you.'
So too, perhaps, npoiTov in
Acts i. I means 'former' —
so Moulton {v. supra).
3. There is one passage in E. in which a Superlative
and a Comparative are used in parallel clauses, in
such a way that we must treat them alike, either as
two Superlatives or two Comparatives : —
dyada Be ra tov Kparlo-Tov /cpetTTovd iariv rf rd
Tov (pavXorepov ; — Bk. III., ch. vii., § 4. * Which are
better ? The good things of the best ' (or ' better ')
* or of the worst ' (or ' worse ') .-*
As the immediate context, however, refers to two
things — soul and flesh — it seems more correct to
treat these forms as two Comparatives.
CHAPTER V.
Verbs.
A. — List oj Verbs common to Epictetus and the
Neiv Testament.
In the appended list the rule will be followed
which has been adopted in the case of Nouns and
Adjectives, i.e. Verbs in common use in Classical
Greek, in Epictetus and the New Testament are
omitted except where there are instances of remark-
able parallelism between E. and N.T.
I. a'^/pvTTveco.
This term is used by earlier writers in the sense
of ' be sleepless,' but when found in E. and N.T. it
means 'keep watch,' e.g. : —
OV Td(f)pOV (TKCl^eL TLS, OV
XapaKa nepi^aXel, ov< dypv-
Trvrjaei, ov Kivdwevaei. — Bk.
III., ch. xxiv., § 32.
* No one will dig a trench,
or throw up a rampart, or
keep watch, or expose him-
self to danger.'
Also Bk. I., ch. vii,, § 30,
Bk. IV., ch. i., § 176.
N.T.
avTol yap dypvnpovarip vnep
rdv y^rvx^av vfx&u. — Heb. xiii.
17.
' For they keep watch on
behalf of your souls.'
Also Eph. vi. 18, &c.
63
64 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
2. ar^di and its compounds, TrpocTwyai, virdyco.
In E. and N.T. these are used intransitively in
the sense of ' go ' or * come,' e.g. : —
a. dyoo — in pres. subj., ist plural.
E.
N.T.
ayco^ep eVl top avOvTrarov. — aycofiei/ els Tt]u ^lovbaiau
Bk. III., ch. xxii., § 55.
' Let us go before the pro-
consul.'
^. TTpoawytM).
E.
epX^crOai del Trpoy rbv Xoyoj/,
(OS TTpos TO, y(Q)p,CTpL<a npocr-
dyop.€v, o)S Trpos to. povatKa. —
Bk. II., ch. xvii., § 39.
* We must come to reason,
as we come' {or 'go') 'to
mathematics or music'
Also Bk. III., ch. XV., § 12.
iraXiv. — John xi. 7.
' Let us go into Judaea
again.'
Also Matt. xxvi. 46, &c.
N.T.
Kara peaov t^s vvktos vne-
voovv oi vavTOL Trpoadyeiv riua
avTois x^Rf^^' — Acts xxvii. 27.
* About midnight the sailors
surmised that some land was
approaching them.'
7. virdyco — very common, especially in com-
mands.
N.T.
vnaye, aeavrov del^nu t^
iepel. — Matt. viii. 4.
'Go, show thyself to the
priest.'
Also Mark xi. 2 ; John iii.
I 8, &c.
As in the Papyri (Expositor for July 1908, p. 91),
E.
vnaycy ir]T(L ra naihia. —
Bk. III., ch. xxii., § 106.
' Go, seek the children.'
Also Bk. III., ch. xxi.,
§ 6, &c.
VERBS.
65
SO this term occurs in E.
* I have received (to the
E.
TO yap evdaifiovovv a7re\fti'
Set Trdvra a ^eXet, 7re7r\r)p(ofiev(o
Tivi €oiK€vai. — Bk. III., ch.
xxiv., § 17.
' For that which is happy
must have received all that
it desires, like one that has
eaten to the full.'
Also Bk. III., ch. ii., §3.
and N.T. in the sense of
full),' e.g. :-
N.T.
aTrixovcnv top fiKrOov avratv
— Matt. vi. 5.
' They have received their
reward.'
a7re;(o) he rravTa Kiii Tvepicr-
aev(o, — Phil. iv. 1 8.
'But I have received all
things and I abound.'
Also Matt. vi. 2, &c.
4. UTToBo/CLfld^a).
Of this common Classical and N.T. term for
'reject' there is at least one example in E. which
is given under aSoKifio^; (Chapter IV., p. 48).
5. l3dW(o.
This verb is used intransitively twice in E. and
once in N.T. : —
E.
ei yap ovtch ravra ex^t,
jSaXo)!/ KaOevde Ka\ to. tov
(rKtaXrjKos Tvoiei. — Bk. II., ch.
XX., § 10.
' For, if these things are
so, lie down and sleep and
play the part of the worm.'
Also Bk. IV., ch. X., § 29.
N.T.
(Not quite in the same
sense as in E.)
e/3aXev Kar avrrjs uvcpos
TvcficoviKos. — Acts xxvii. 14.
'There beat' (or 'fell')
' down from it a tempestuous
wind.'
6, ^aTTTl^CO.
In two passages in N.T. this term is used in the
sense of ' wash ' : —
F
66 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
OTi ov TTpoiTOV e^aTTTidOrj irpo tov aplarov. —
Luke xi. 38. 'Because he had not washed before
breakfast.'
(Reading W. H. margin the text has pavTlacov-
Tuiy * sprinkle themselves '), ol jap ^apicratoi . . . eav
fjiy) TTvyfJifj vLyfrcovrac ra? %e?pa9 ovk eadlovaiv, , .
Kol aiT ajopa<i eav /jlt] /SaTrrtarcovTac ovk iadlovaiv
. . .^airriafMOV^ iroTTjpiwv /cal ^earcov kuI ^aX/t/o)!^. —
Mark vii. 3, 4. * For the Pharisees . . . unless they
have washed their hands with the fist, eat not. . .
and, after returning from the market-place, unless
they have washed they eat not. . .washings of cups
and pots and brazen vessels.' If the reading
/SaTTTLacovTai be incorrect, we, at any rate, have the
noun ySaTTTicr/iou? in the same sense.
There is one passage in E. in which the term
occurs. Here again the meaning is not * baptize,'
but the meaning is different from that of the word
as used in the above two passages. Starting with
the thought of * dip,' N.T. develops that of * wash * ;
starting with the same thought, E. develops that of
* sink.' The passage is as follows : —
MCTirep OVK av i^ovXov iv vift /jLeydXy Kal yXacjivpa,
Kal TToXv^p^o-q) irXecov ^airri^eaOaL — Stob. 47.
' Just as thou wouldst not like to sink when sailing
in a large, fine and gilded ship. . .'
7. jSadTu^o).
This term is found both in E. and in N.T. in the
sense of ' lift,' ' bear,' e.g. : —
VERBS.
67
N.T.
€i3dcrTa(Tav ndkiv XiOovs 01
*Iov8cnoL. — John X. 31.
'Again the Jews took up
stones.'
en TToWd €X<>i vfiiv Ae'-yetj/,
aXX* ov bvvaaOe ^aard^eiv
aprt. — John xvi. 12.
' I have yet many things
to say to you, but you can-
not bear' (i.e. 'endure')
' them now.'
audpcoTTos Kepdpiov vSaros
^aa-TciCcop. — Mark xiv. 1 3.
'A man bearing' (i.e.
'carrying') 'a pitcher of
water.'
Also Luke xiv. 27, &c.
The N.T. sense, however, of 'carrying away,'
found in John xx. 15 ^ €i orv efidaraaa'^ avrop, 'If
thou hast carried Him away,' and probably in John
xii. 6 : ra /BaWofjueva ijBdaja^eVy ' he used to carry *
{or * carry away ') ' what was put in,' is not found
in E.
E.
(Of an athlete.)
ov ^aard^d. pc. — Bk. I., ch.
xxix., § 35.
' He does not lift me.'
(TKi>^ai 7rpS)TOv rt ecrrt to
TTpdypaj etra Koi rrjv aavTov
<Pv(riv, Ti dvvaaai /Saordcra/.. —
Bk. III., ch. XV., §9.
' Consider first what the
matter is, then too thy own
nature, what thou canst
bear ' (i.e. ' endure ').
Also Bk. I., ch. iii., § 2, &c.
8. ^id^ofiaL
This word is used at least twice in E. and once
in N.T. in the middle sense of ' force one's way ' : —
E.
UTroKkdapos €po\ ov ytVerat,
dXKd Tols (3iaCop€voLs. did t'l
ovv ov ^id^opai ; — Bk. IV.,
ch. vii., §§ 20, 21.
* Being shut out does liot
N.T.
OTTO Tore 1) fSaaiXeia tov Qeov
evayyeXi^eTiu Koi nus els (ivtt]v
^id^erai. — Luke xvi. 16.
' From that time the good
tidings of the Kingdom of
F 2
68 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E. N.T.
relate to me, but to those God are being announced
who (try to) force their way | and every man forces his
in. Why then do not I (try | way into it.'
to) force my way in ?' |
There is nothing in E. to correspond to the use
of 13. as passive in Matt xi. 12 : ?; ^aaiXela tmv
oupavMP ^La^erai, 'The Kingdom of Heaven is
suffering violence.'
9. pKeiTO).
This occurs at least once in E. and many times
in N.T. in the sense of ' look to/ * pay attention to/
e.g. :—
N.T.
/SXeTTfre be vfiels eavrovs.-
Mark xiii. 9.
' But look to yourselves.'
E.
KOI flTj fXOl naTTTTOVS avTov
KoX irpoirdnTTovs ^Xe7^e. — Bk.
IV., ch. i., § 57.
' And do not, I pray, pay
attention to his grandfathers
or great-grandfathers.'
10. ^ovXofiai, 6e\(t),
That it is difficult to distinguish these terms in
meaning in E. and N.T. may be seen from a con-
sideration of the following passages : —
N.T.
TToXXa e;^a)i' vyuv ypd(f)eiv
ovK €^ovXr]dr]v Sid )(^dpTov /cat
fieXavos. — 2 John 12.
TToXXa eixov ypd-^ai (rot,
aXX' ov 6e\a> 8id fxeXavos koI
KoXdfiov aoi ypd(f)€iv. — 3 John
13.
'Though I had' {or 'have')
E.
fcayo) BeXco.
OeXei fif TVX^t^v Tivos ' Kayo)
/3ovXo/xai. ov BeXei ' ov ^ov-
Xofiai. dnoOavelv ovv ^eXco. —
Bk. IV., ch. i., §§ 89, 90.
*It is His will that I
should desire ; it is my will
too. It is His will that I
VERBS.
69
E.
should obtain something ;
I wish it too. It is not His
will ; I do not wish it. It is
my will ' (or ^ I am willing ')
' then to die.'
N.T.
* many things to write to you
I did ' (or ' do ') ' not wish to
do so by means of paper
and ink.'
* I had ' (or ' have ') 'many
things to write to thee, but
I am not willing to write to
thee by means of pen and
ink.'
When there is a marked difference of meaning,
PovXofiai = ' I wish,' OeXto = ' I will ' or * I am
willing.' In the latter sense OeXco is weaker than
/SovXo/jLatf but not so in the former sense. There
are two other instances in E. and one in N.T. where
the two verbs are used together : —
E.
^oiiKofiat, ypdcjieiv <ms ^e'X(o
TO Aiavos ovona ; ov ' dWa
8idd(rK0[xaL 0e\€iVj as 8el ypd-
(fica-dai. — Bk. I., ch. xii., § 13.
' Do I wish to write the
name of Dion as I like'
(or ' will ') ? ' No ; but I am
taught to be willing to write
it as it must be written.'
In this passage BeXa is
used first in a stronger and
then in a weaker sense.
Also Bk. III., ch. xxiv.,
§54.
N.T.
OP eyo) e^ovXofirjv npos ip-av-
Tov Karex^tv, • • • X^P''^ ^^ ^^^
yvmfiTjs ov8ev r}6eXT]cra noirjcrai.
— Philemon 13, 14.
'Whom I was wishing to
retain for myself, . . . but
apart from thy mind I was
unwilling to do anything.'
In this passage it seems
clear that BiXca is weaker
than ^ovXofiai}
^ Dr. Moulton, however, suggests that at BiXto is very
strong, ' I won't.' •
yo EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
N.T.
e 'Ir/crov yevvrjOevTOs ev
Malt.
TOV
BrjBXfen TTjs 'lovdaias.
ii. I.
' Now when Jesus had been
born in Bethlehem of Judaea.'
Also John ix. 2, 19, &c.
11. yevvaco.
This term is used twice in E. and several times
in N.T. in the sense of ' bear/ rather than of
• beget ' :—
E.
ep Hep(rais fxiu yevvrjOds
ovK (av) eaTTCvdcs oIkcIv Tr)v
EXXaSa . . .iv nevia 8i yevur]-
6€L5, Ti crnevdeis TrXovrelv. . . ;
— Stob. 12.
' If thou hadst been born
in Persia thou wouldst not
have been eager to live in
Greece . . . but since thou
hast been born in poverty,
why art thou eager to be
rich....?'
12. yv/jbvd^o).
This is common both
metaphorical sense, e.g. :
E.
Trpwroj/ ovv eni r^s Oecopias
yvfivd^ovaiv Tjfias 01 (f)i\6<Tocf)oi.
— Bk. I., ch. xxvi., § 3.
' First then the philoso-
phers exercise us in theory.'
Also Bk. I., ch. i., § 3, &c.
So aytav, ' contest,' is used in a metaphorical
sense, e.g. Bk. II., ch. xviii., § 28 ; 2 Tim. iv. 7.
13. SiaKovieo.
This common N.T. word occurs also in E. : in
one passage in E. it is associated with vTnjpeTeeo —
also a N.T. word : —
in
E. and in N.T.
m a
N.T,
yu/ii/a^e de creavroi/ npos
evatlSeiav. — I Tim. iv. 7.
' But exercise thyself unto
godliness.'
Also Heb. v. 14, &c.
VERBS.
71
E.
iKclva TCI €pya e^' ols reray-
fi€vaL flal biaKov€LV Tavrrj kcu
vTTTjpeTelv. — Bk. II.,ch. xxiii.,
§11.
' Those offices in which
they have been appointed to
minister to it and serve it.'
N.T.
6 vios TOV avOpOiTTOV OVK
rlKBev diaKovTjOrjpaL akXa 8ia-
Kovrjarai. — Mark x. 45.
' The Son of Man came
not to be ministered unto,
but to minister.'
Also Matt. XXV. 44, &c.
The noun Wikovo^ — another N.T. term — is found
in E., e.g. ct)9 BtaKovot teal BoOXat rerayfJuivaL elalv
virripeTelv — Bk. II., ch. xxiii., § 7. * They have been
appointed as ministers and slaves to serve.'
14. BovXaycoyeo).
This late Greek word, 'treat as a slave' — not
found before the end of the ist century B.C. — occurs
at least twice in E. and once in N.T. : —
E.
Ti Xeyeis irpos tovtov tou
SovXayoiyovvTo. ere; — Bk. III.,
ch. xxiv., § 76.
What sayest thou to this
man who is treating thee as
a slave .'' '
Also Bk. IV., ch. vii., § 17.
N.T.
VTrcoTrid^o) fiov to aoiyfia Kal
8ovkay(oya>. — I Cor. ix. 27.
' I beat my body black and
blue and treat it as a slave.'
15. efjbiTepTrepevofiai.
This verb occurs once in E., but not in N.T. In
the latter, however, the simple verb irepirepevo^ai
occurs once in the same sense 'be a braggart.'
Both verbs are post-classical, as is the Adjective
irepTTepo^, 'braggaii,' which occurs once in E. —
72 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
Bk. III., ch. ii., § 14. We append the passages in
which the Verb occurs : —
avayv(0(TTj Km e^TrepTrepet/o-j/,
* Idov TTcdS hiakoyovs avvTi-
6t) 111 ' ;—Bk. II., ch. i., §34.
' Wilt thou read and brag,
" See how I compose dia-
logues " ? '
N.T.
rj ayanr). . .ov nepnepeverai.
— I Cor. xiii. 4.
' Love . . . vaunteth not
itself.'
16. 6/jL7rXeKco.
This term, meaning ' entangle,' which is applied
by St. Paul to Timothy as a soldier of Christ Jesus,
is applied in E. to the Cynic who is devoted to the
service of God : —
E.
firj . . . civai bel top kvvikov
. . . ov TTpoadeBefxevov Ka6r]Kov-
(TLv IhiiOTiKOLS ou8' efiTrcTrXey-
fxivov (Tx^o-ecnv, as irapa^alvuiv
. . . ; — Bk. III., ch. xxii., § 69.
' Surely. . .the Cynic must
. . . not be tied down to vulgar
duties, nor entangled in re-
lations, by transgressing
which . . . ? '
N.T.
ovBels (TrpaT€v6iievos efinXcK-
erat reus tov ^lov Trpayfiariais.
— 2 Tim. ii. 4.
' No man serving as a
soldier is entangled ' (or ' en-
tangleth himself) Mn the
affairs of life.'
Also 2 Pet. ii. 20.
I/' iimrX^jao-ot).
This term, common in Plato in the sense of
* rebuke,' is so used once in E. and once in N.T. : —
E.
(Speaking of approaches
to indecent speech.)
au fiiv evKcupop fi, kol eVi-
N.T.
TTpea^vrepoa fxfj eTTLTrKrj^pSy
dWa napaKoXei. cos Tvaripa. —
I Tim. V. I.
VERBS.
71
E.
N.T.
' Rebuke not an elder, but
exhort him as a father.'
ttXtj^op rw npoeXBovTi. — Ench.
xxxiii., § i6.
If there be a favourable
opportunity rebuke him who
makes the approach.'
1 8. iTTlCTK 0176(0.
This common Classical term occurs both in E.
and in N.T. in the sense of 'inspect,' 'watch
over,' e.g. : —
!
E.
6 ^cKTiXevs . . . ov Bel rovs
iiWovs imcrKoTTelv^ rovs ye-
yafxrjKoras . . . — Bk. III., ch.
xxii., § 72.
' The king . . . who must
watch over others, married
men. . .'
Also Bk. I., ch. xi., § 38, &c.
N.T.
€7n(TKOnOVVT€S firj TLS V(TT€-
pcov dno T^s x^pf-Tos tov ©eoO.
— Heb. xii. 15.
' Watching lest there be
one falling short of the grace
of God.'
Also I Pet. V. 2.
19. e'maTpe(f>(o.
Once in E. this term is used in the passive in the
moral sense of 'conversion,' like the intransitive
active and the passive of arpicjico (Matt, xviii. 3,
John xii. 40) in N.T. : —
IV oi froXirat fjumv eniaTpa-
<f)€VT€s Tifiaai TO Oelop. — Bk.
II., ch. XX., § 22.
' That our citizens may
turn and honour the Deity.'
N.T.
fxeTavoTjaare ovv Koi eViarpc-
^are irpos to i^aKK^Orjvai
vfiav Tcis AfiapTtas. — Acts iii.
19.
' Repent therefore and
turn, that your sins may be
blotted out.'
Also Luke xxii. 32, &c.
74 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
20. ev'X,ctpL(TTeo).
This post-classical word for * thank ' is common
both in E. and in N.T., e.g. : —
N.T.
Gew €\ctfi(v 6dp(Tos. — Acts
xxviii. 15.
' Paul thanked God and
took courage.'
Also I Cor. i. 4, &c.
E.
firjT dxapiams IcrOi . . . dXX'
tmep fxiv Toi) opav Ka\ aKoveiv
Kcii vff Ala vrrep avrov rod (fjv
. . . €V)(fipi(rTei TW 6(a. — Bk.
II., ch. xxiii., § 5.
' Be not thankless . . . but
for sight and hearing and,
in fact, for life itself. . .thank
God.'
Also Bk. II., ch. vii., § 9,
&c.
21. 0X113(0 i 0-T€I^O%ft)/3eft).
These words occur together in at least two
passages in E. and once in N.T. : —
E.
iavTovs 6\i^op€u^ eavTovs
aT€VOX(OpOVp(V, TOVt' €(TTL TCI
b6yp,aTa r)p.ds OXi^ei kol arcvo-
^copet. — Bk. I., ch. XXV., § 28.
* We squeeze, we straiten
ourselves, that is our prin-
ciples squeeze and straiten
us.'
Also Bk. I., ch. XXV., § 26.
The corresponding Nouns OxI'^l^, arevoxoopta are
also common.
N.T.
tV rravrl ffKi^ofxevoi dXX' ov
aT€vn)(^Q)povp.€voi. — 2 Cor. iv. 8.
' Pressed on every side,
but not straitened.'
(^Xi/3cD is very common :
o-rej/oxwpf'w occurs twice.)
22. Opia/M^€vco.
This post-classical word, meaning ' triumph over,'
VERBS.
75
* lead in triumph,' occurs once in E. and twice in
N.T. :—
N.T.
T« be 0eft> X"P*^ ''^ Trap-
TOT€ Opiafi^evovTt Tjfias ev tw
Xpto-rw.— 2 Cor. ii. 14.
' But to God be thanks
who always leads us in
triumph in Christ.'
Also Col. ii. 15.
E.
olov ol Tois Opiafx^evovaiv
€(^etrrcoreff omaBcp koX vno-
fiiUvrja-Kovres otl audpconoi
fla-i. — Bk. III., ch.xxiv.,§ 85.
* Like those who stand
behind generals celebrating
a triumph and remind them
that they are men.'
23. /carafcvTrrct), irapa/cvirTa).
In the sense of ' stoop (and peep) * these terms
are found in E. and in N.T., KaraKviTTO) once,
irapaKVTTTOt) several times : —
N.T.
Koi na\iv KaraKV'^as eyparfyev
els TTjv yrjv. — John viii. 8.
*And again stooping down,
He wrote on the ground.'
(OS ovu eKkaiev 7raptKv\j/ev
els TO p.ur)ne7ov, koi Oetapel hvo
dyyeXovs. — John xx. 11, 12.
' Whilst she was weeping
therefore she stooped and
peeped into the tomb, and
beholds two angels.'
Also James i. 25, &c.
evdvs eyco orau TrXeo), kutu-
Kvy^ras els top ^vOop ^ to
neXayos itepi^Xe-^dp-epos ... —
Bk. II., ch. xvi., § 22.
' For instance, whenever I
am on a voyage, stooping
and looking into the deep
or glancing around upon the
sea. . .'
Ka6f]p.e0a (T7ra>fiepoi koi tto-
paKVTTTop^ep avpe)((i)Si tIs apefios
TTpei ; — Bk. I., ch. i., § 16.
' We sit anxious and con-
tinually look out to see which
way the wind blows.'
Also other instances.
24. Kiveo).
Once in E. and^once in N.T. the middle (or
76 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
passive) of this Verb is used very much in the
sense of ' live ' : —
E.
nois yap dvvarai afXTre'Kos fxf)
afXTreXiKOis KivelcrBai^ dXX' eXai'-
KoJs . . . ; — Bk. II., ch. XX.,
§i8.
' For how can a vine live not
like a vine but an olive. . . .'"
N.T.
iv avTa yap ^afxcv Kai Kivov-
fxeBa KoX eafiev. — ActS xvii. 28.
' For in Him we live and
move and are.'
25. XaXico.
This exceedingly common N.T. term is common
also in E. Sometimes it is used in contrast with
Xeyco in the sense of ' talk,' * speak,' e.g. : —
N.T.
^Irjcrovs eXdXrjcrev toIs o)(\ois
KOI Tols ixaOrjTois avTOv Xeycov.
— Matt, xxiii. i.
* Jesus spoke to the multi-
tudes and His disciples say-
ing.'
Sometimes, however, \a\i(o is followed by an
accusative and it is difficult to distinguish it in
meaning from Xeyco, e.g. : —
E.
\6yovs eXoXfiy npenovras
E.
XtiXei (Teavra. . .dya>va avro
Xeye.— Bk. iv!, ch. iv., § 26.
'Talk to thyself. ..call it
a contest.*
dv8pl dyaOm ' eird /xot Xc'ycts. —
Bk. IV., ch. ix., § 8.
' Thou wast speaking words
befitting a good man ; then
thou dost tell me.'
N.T.
oflTtt 6 vofios Xc'yft Tols iv ra
v6[x(o \a\el. — Rom. iii. 19.
* Whatsoever the law says
it speaks to those who are in
(the control of) the law.'
26. XetTTft).
This Verb, when used in the active voice in N.T.,
VERBS.
77
always has the intransitive sense of * be lacking.*
It is similarly used in E., e.g. : —
N.T.
croi XetTret.-
-Luke
en ej/
xviii. 22.
' There is still one thing
lacking to thee.'
E.
Tt (Toi XeiVa ; — Bk. II., ch.
xiv., § 19.
* What is lacking to thee ? '
aoi ovv TovTo Xeinei. — Bk.
III., ch. ii., §8.
* This then is lacking to
thee.'
27. XeLTOvpryio).
Once in N.T. this term is used in a non-religious
sense (the religious sense being found in the re-
maining passages in which the term is used, Acts
xiii. 2, Heb. x. ii): in a similar way the term is
employed at least once in E. : —
E.
Tw ovTL Oavixaarov i(TTL
(^iKelv Trpayixa, a rocravra
XetTovpyovfxep kuO' €KdaTr]v
i]fiepav. — Frag. Diss. 23.
' It is really wonderful that
we should love a task to
which we render such service
every day.'
N.T.
d(fietKov(nu Koi iv to7s aapKi-
Kols \€iTovpy?)a-ai avrois. —
Rom. XV. 27.
' They owe it to them also
to serve them in carnal
things.'
28. TrapaKovo).
Once in N.T. this term seems to be used in the
Classical sense of * overhear,' viz. Mark v. 36. In
one other passage in N.T. the term occurs twice in
the sense of ' pay no heed to,' a meaning not found
before the time of P«lybius, at least in authors ; in
yS EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
the same sense the term
E.:—
E.
fX(HVj]ao Tivas crvix^ovXovs
7rape\aj3es Koi rivcop napa-
Kovaeis dir€i6rj(ras. — Ench.
xxxii., § 2.
' Remember whom thou
hast taken as counsellors
and to whom thou wilt pay
no heed if thou disobey.'
29. TToieo), TTpdaao).
Where these terms are used together in E. and
in N.T. it seems difficult to apply the distinction
recognized in Classical Greek, that Troteco means
* do/ ' accomplish,' Trpao-aco ' practise/ * act/ e.g. : —
is found at least once in
N.T.
edv Be irapaKovar] avTWP
eiTTuu TTJ €KKXr]oia • edv be. koi
Tijs eKKXrjaiai napaKovaj] . . . —
Matt, xviii. 17.
' But if he shall have paid
no heed to them, tell it to the
Church ; but if he shall have
paid no heed even to the
Church. . .'
E.
et Ti pi) TTOielv ede\j]S, prj
TTotfi avro, oAX' eBiaov uXXo
TL npi'tTTeiv puXXou uvT avToii.
— Bk. II., ch. xviii., § 4.
(Understanding cktikov
from the previous clause,)
' If thou wouldst not make
anything habitual, do not do
it, but become accustomed
to practise ' {or ' do ') ' rather
something else instead of it.'
oTiiv TL diayvovs, on TTOL-qreov
earl, TroujSy ptjdenuTe (pvyrjs
ocpOijvai 7rpu(raa>v auro. —
Ench. XXXV.
Whenever thou doest any-
thing, assured that it ought
N.T.
nds yap 6 (jjavXa rrpdaacop
piael TO (fids Koi ovk ep-)(eTUi
TTpOS TO (f)a)S. . .6 de TVOlCdV T))l>
dXijOeiav epxeTUi npos to c}mu)s.
— John iii. 20, 21.
' For everyone who prac-
tises ' (or ' does ') ' evil hates
the light and comes not to
the light . . . but he who does
the truth comes to the light.'
ov ydp o SeXco TovTo rrpdaaui,
(iXX' O piad TOVTO TTOtCd. 6t de
O ov OeXo) TOVTO TTOtW ... —
Rom. vii. 15, 16.
* For what I would not,
this I practise ' (or ' do '),
' but what I hate, this I do.
VERBS.
79
E.
to be done, never shun being
seen to practise' (<?r'do') 'it.'
N.T.
Now if what I would not,
this I do...'
Also John V. 29, Rom. ii. 3,
&c.
30. iTpO(je^(o.
Twice in N.T., and at least three times in E., this
word is followed by firj and the subjunctive : —
E.
fv rw TVfpnraTelp KaOi'mep
TTpoaex^is, fi^ (m^Tjs tjXai . . .
OVTU> 1Tp6(T€\€, pt} KCU TO TjyC'
poviKov ^\d'^T]s TO aeavTOv. —
Ench. xxxviii.
' As in walking thou dost
take care lest thou tread
upon a nail ... so take care,
lest thou harm also thy ruling
faculty.'
Also Ench. xvi.
N.T.
Sia TOVTO Set 7repi(raoT£p(o^
Trpoae^eiv rjpas to7s aKova-
Oe^aiv, prj ttot€ irapapvatpev. —
Heb. ii. i.
'Therefore we must pay
more abundant heed to the
things that were heard, lest
perchance we drift away.'
Also Luke xxi. 34.
31. aravpoco.
This common N.T. word for * crucify,' apparently
not used in this sense before the time of Polybius,
is so used at least once in E. : —
et, yap (navpoyOrjvai 6ek€L<i, etcBe^ai koI 7]^ei 6
aTavpcx;. — Bk. II., ch. ii., § 20. ' For if it is cruci-
fixion that thou wouldst have, wait, and the cross
will come."
32. OTlXpW.
The use of this Classical word in E. does not cor-
respond to its use in N.T. In E. it is employed to
describe Socrates' personal cleanliness ; —
80 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
^coKpari]^ oXiyaKif; iXovero. — 'AWa eariX/Bev
avTov TO (7(o/j,a, — Bk. IV., ch. xi., § 19. * Socrates
seldom bathed.' ' But his person looked clean.'
The use in E. of the Adjective aTiXirvo^, however
(not found in N.T.), corresponds to the solitary use
of the Verb in N.T. :—
IfiaTiBia o-rtXTrm. — Bk. IV.,
ch. vi., § 4.
* Gay clothes.'
eaBrjra eTTideiKvveij/ OiXeis
(TTtXirvrjv. — Bk. IV., ch. ix., § 7.
' Thou wouldst display fine
clothing.'
N.T.
(Referring to the Trans-
figuration.)
Ka\ TCI Ifidria avTov cyevero
arCK^ovTa Xev/ca Xiav ... —
Mark ix. 3.
' And H i s garments became
glistening, exceeding white.'
33. (JVp(0.
In the sense of ' drag by force ' this word is found
in comparatively late Greek, not being so used
before the time of Theocritus.
It is so used in N.T., and at least twice in E. : —
E.
Ibov (TVpi) (Is TO dcO-flOiTT}-
piov. — Bk. I., ch. xxix., § 22.
'See, thou art being
dragged to prison.'
Also § 23 of the same
chapter.
N.T.
crvpcov T€ avdpas Koi yvvoLKas
rrapebiSov els (pvXaKtjv. — Acts
viii. 3.
'And haling men and
women was committing them
to prison.'
Also Acts xvii. 6.
34. vTrdp^o).
In the Expositor for December 1912, p. 564
(* Lexical Notes from the Papyri '), it is stated
that * the idea of falling back upon a " basis," and
hence of continuity with a previous state, which
VERBS.
8i
originally belonged to this verb, seems to have
gradually faded in later Greek.' Evidence of this
maybe found in N.T. and in E., where often vTrdp-
X€iv cannot be distinguished in meaning from ehai.
Probably the full force of the verb is found in
Phil. ii. 6 : 09 eV fiopcpfj @€oO, ' Who, being (to start
with) in the form of God,' and possibly in Bk. IV.,
ch. ix., § 6 : uTrTjp^e? alSrjfMov Kal vvv ovkcti, elf
'thou wast — to start with (.?) — modest, and now
thou art so no longer.'
But the opposite is the case in the following
examples : —
E.
norepov 5' rj^t] croi vnap^et
TOVTOf TO fir} elvai iXeov a^iop^
rj ov)(^ vrrdpx^t ; — Bk. IV., ch.
vi., § 2.
*Art thou now in such a
condition as not to need pity,
or art thou not ? '
Also Stob. II, 24.
N.T.
aKov(o a-)(icrp.aTa iv vp.lv
vndpxfiP' — I Cor. xi. 18.
' I hear that there are
divisions among you.'
(With this we may com-
pare I Cor. i. II : eSrjXmStj
yap pot nepL vpoov, . .otl epides
iv vplv (la-iv.)
Also Luke viii. 41, xvi. 23,
&c.
35. xo/JTafw.
This term was employed from the time of Hesiod
onwards to denote the feeding and fattening of
cattle, and in Classical times was sometimes applied
vulgarly to human beings ; in this latter sense it is
regularly used in E. and in N.T., e.g. : —
E.
orav \opTaaBriTf arjpepov,
KciOrja-Bf K\dovTes nepl m-fjs
N.T.
e(f)ayov TrdvreSf Kol fx^P'
Tdadrjaav. — Matt. xiv. 20.
G
82 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
avpiov, TToBcu (f)dyr)T€. — Bk. I.,
ch. ix., § 19.
*When you have eaten
your fill to-day, you sit weep-
ing about to-morrow, how
you shall get food.'
Also Bk. III., ch. xxii.,
§ 66 ; Frag. Diss. 23.
N.T.
* They all ate and were
filled.'
Also Matt. XV. 33, Luke vi.
21, &c.
B. — Verbal Forms.
I. Verbs in -fxi with endings of Verbs in -ay.
This is a fairly common usage in E. and in N.T
We append illustrations : —
a. For Classical avviarij/iic.
N.T.
Toiyapovv ijp^^ovro npos av
TOP a^iovvres (f)iko(r6(j)ois vn
avTov (TVcrTaBrjvat kukcIvos
dnriyep Koi (rvvLcrTavev. — Bk.
III., ch. xxii., § 22.
' So they used to come to
him asking to be recom-
mended by him to philoso-
phers, and he used to take
and recommend them.'
13. For Classical heUvv^i.
dpxofieOa noKtv €avTov9 avv-
lo-rdueiv ; — 2 Cor. iii. i.
' Are we beginning again
to recommend ourselves ? '
Also 2 Cor. X. 12, &c.
ravTo. fioi deiKvve. l8ov 8clk-
vvay, (Prjaiv, dvaXvaco aoi <tvK-
\oyi(TixovS' — Bk. III., ch.
xxvi., §§ 18, 19.
N.T.
OTTO TOTC ^p^aro 'Irjaovs
XpiaTos heiKvvdv rols fxaOijrali
avTov on 5ei... — Matt, xvi
21.
VERBS.
S3
E.
* Show me these things.
" See, I do show them," he
says. " I will solve syllogisms
for thee."'
N.T.
*From that time beg a
Jesus Christ to show to H'u
disciples that He must. . .'
Also John ii. i8.
Also (for diroWvo)) Bk. IV., ch. ix., § 9, 3rd. pers
pi. ; John xii. 25, 3rd pers. sing.
2. rj/jbijv, r;?.
The forms are common in E. and in N.T. for the
Classical ?;, r/aOa : the latter term, however, occun
twice in N.T. (Matt. xxvi. 69, Mark xiv. 6y) com
pared with five instances of 779. We append
instances : —
E.
€L Tivos avTcou dovXos fffJ-TjU
. . . — Bk. II., ch. XX., § 29.
' If I had been the slave of
one of them.'
eiro (TKcvdpiov fX€v el r/s ovtco
aaupov... — Bk. IL, ch. iv.,
§4.
' Then if thou hadst been
a vessel of such poor quality
N.T.
KaO^ fifiepav rjfxr)V irpos Vftaj
iv Tw tfpw btbatTKoiv. — Marl
xiv. 49.
' I was daily with you ir
the Temple teaching.'
ei 17s a)8e ovk av p,ov inridauei
6 d8eX(f)6s. — John xi. 32.
' If Thou hadst been here
my brother would not havt
died.'
3. oiSafjiev.
The Classical tarfiev seems to occur but once ii
E. — Bk. IL, ch. xvii., § 13 ; it never occurs in N.T
On the other hand, olhajjuev is the regular term ii
E., and always appears in N.T. as the 1st perso;
plural of olha^ e.g. :-*
G 2
84 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
ovK o'ldafieVy el eart ris At^/xj^-
rr)p ^ Kopr} tj UXovtcov. — Bk.
11., ch. XX., § 32.
* We do not know if there
is any Uemeter or Kore or
Pluto.'
N.T.
f]fM€7s o'idafieu on fxcra^e-
^rjKapfV e/c rov Oavarov els rrju
CoiTjv. — I John iii. 14.
* We know that we have
passed out of death into
life.'
4. -V'
Both in N.T. and in E. this is the ending for the
2nd person singular middle and passive, not only
in the subjunctive but also in the indicative (never
-ei), e.g. :—
E.
N.T.
eHno^ia6r)(rr}y TrevBijCTeis, ra-
ovbeu diTOKijivT] ; — Matt.
paxSfja-rj.fie^yl^r].. .— Ench. i..
xxvi. 62.
§3.
' Answerest Thou nothing ? '
'Thou wilt be hindered,
thou wilt lament, thou wilt
be disturbed, thou wilt
blame...'
5. -rcoaav.
This is the ending, not the Classical -tcov, for the
3rd person plural of the imperative active in E. and
in N.T., e.g. : —
N.T.
e^ovaiv Mcovcria Kat rovs
TTpocfirjTas ' dKovcraTcoaav avTcov.
— Luke xvi. 29.
' They have Moses and the
prophets ; let them hear
them.'
6. aKovaw.
This form is used for the future, instead of the
Classical aKovaoixai, at least once in E. and three
ovToi (re 01 biaXoyicrpoi fxfj
6Xi^€Toiaav. — Ench. xxiv., § i.
' Let not these reasonings
distress thee.'
VERBS.
85
times in N.T. It is true that the middle form
occurs four times in N.T., but all the instances are
found in Acts. Of these, however, one — iii. 22 — is
a quotation from LXX., and one — xvii. 32 — occurs:
in the words of the culture-loving Athenians to St.
Paul ; two instances only — xxi. 22, xxviii. 28 — are
thus left to St. Luke himself, and him we know to
be a genuine Greek, who might on occasion use the
Classical form.
We append illustrations of the non-Classical
form : —
N.T.
ot V€Kpo\ aKovaovaiv rfjs
(pcovrjs Tov vlov Tov Qeov. — •
John V. 25.
* The dead shall hear the
voice of the Son of God.'
Also John V. 28, Acts xxviii ,
26 (quot. from LXX.).
7. ylvofiai.
This form, instead of the Classical r^uyvofiaiy is
found in E. and in N.T., e.g. : —
E.
irons /x' aTToSe'^eTat, vrtos' /xou
aKova-ei ] — Bk. II., ch. xiii.,
§17.
' How will he receive me,
how will he hear me ? '
fiauOdveiv eKao-ra ovr(o OeXetv
o)s yluerai. irias bk yiverai, ; —
Bk. I., ch. xii., § 15.
*To learn to will that all
things should happen as they
do. How do they happen ? '
So too yivcocTKco for Classical yiypuyo-Kco.
8. Omission of Augment.
Occasionally examples of this occur. We give
one example from dcich work : —
N.T.
Koi yiverai to. ea-xara rod
av6pu>7TOv CKeiuov xeipova rSav
TTpoDTav. — Matt. xii. 45.
'And the last state of that
man becomes worse than the
first.'
86 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
ovxf- yap 7r€7rpaK€i avrov eoy
nXprja-Tov ; — Bk. I., ch. xix.,
§ 22.
* Had he not sold him as
useless ? '
N.T.
T] re 6a\a(Tcra dvcpovpcyaXov
TTi'iOUTos dieyeipero. — John VI.
1 8.
'And the sea was rising
because a great wind was
blowing.'
C. — T/ie Use of the Perfect Tense.
I. There are instances in which this tense denotes
an abiding result i e.g. : —
E.
av px] (Tx^s, i^c\evarj ' rjvoi-
KTai Tj Bvpa. — Bk. I., ch. ix.,
§ 20.
' If thou dost not get it '
(I.e. food), 'thou wilt go out
(of life) ; the door is open.'
avuyv(OTe to S€vocf)ci>vTos
^vpnoa-iov Kat o>\re(r6e Troo-a?
pdxcis diciXeXvKe. — Bk. II.,
cli. xii., § 15.
'Read Xenophon's "Sym-
posium" and you will see
how many controversies he
has ended.'
2. But sometimes it seems impossible to distinguish
this tense from an Aorist in meaning, e.g. : —
N.T.
oyjreaOe top ovpavov oVf toyora.
— John i. 51.
' You will see the heaven
(standing) open.'
Kill iv TO) vofiw de r(o v^ctfpco
yeypanrai on fiuo dv6p<ii7r(OP /;
p,npTvpia dXrjdrjs €(TTiu. —John
viii. 17.
' Now even in your law it
stands written that the testi-
mony of two men is true.'
E.
KaOelKe rrjv K6p.r]v, dpeiXij({)e
rpi^oivay yvpvbv deiKPvei top
W/40I/. — Bk. IV., ch. viii., § 34.
' He lets his hair grow, he
N.T.
Kat eiprjKa avrw, Kvpie pov,
arv oi8as. — Rev. vii. 13.
' And I said to him, " My
lord, thou knowest." '
VERBS.
87
assumes the (philosopher's)
cloak, he bares his shoulder.'
(Here a Gnomic Aorist might
easily be substituted for the
Perfect.)
N.T.
(Here a Narrative Aorist
might well be substituted for
the Perfect, parallel with
elirev of V. 14.)
Similarly e'lprjKe. — 2 Cor.
xii. 8.
It becomes the harder to distinguish between the
two tenses when they are used in close association,
either in the same sentence or in reference to the
same act or circumstances, e.g. : —
E.
KeKXfLKC T^v Bvpav, ea-raKcv
TiVa npo TOV KOlTOtVOS. — Bk.
III., ch. xxii., § 14.
' One shuts the door, place«
someone before the apart-
ment.'
ri iy€v€TO ; to tvKoiov a7ra)Xe-
To . . . TL yeyovep ; els (l)v\aKfjv
dnrjxOn' — Bk. III., ch. viii.,
§5.
* What has happened ?
The ship is lost. . .what has
happened ? He has been
taken off to prison.'
Also Bk. II., ch. xviii.,
§ 8 (jrinavTai . . . oTTOKarc'crri^),
&c.
N.T.
6 ra nivre roXavra \n^a>v . . .
6 TO €V ToXaVTOV eiX7/(|)fa)$'. — •
Matt. XXV. 20, 24.
* He that received the five
talents, ... he that received
the one talent.' (It may be
however that although the
Aorist participle is used of
the one-talent slave in v. 18,
it is changed to the Perfect
in v. 24 because the talent
remained in the condition
in which it was given to the
slave.)
a'7V€\6(tiv TveivpaKfv rravTa oara
(Ix^v KoX r)y6pa(r€v avTov. —
Matt. xiii. 46.
' He went away and sold
all that he had and bought
it.'
Also Rev. viii. 5, &c.
CHAPTER VI.
Adverbs and Prepositions.
I. avcodev.
This Adverb is used
once in E., and in N.T.
probably : —
E.
ov OeXeis airojiaOelv, et bv-
varov, Tcavra ravra Kol avaOev
up^aaOai crvvaiadavoyLfvos . . . ;
— Bk. II., ch. xvii., § 27.
'Art thou not willing to
unlearn, if possible, all these
things and begin again con-
vinced . . . ? '
in the sense of * again *
once certainly and twice
N.T.
TTco? emcTTpecfieTf TrdXtv eVt
ra dcrOcvi] kol 7TTa>)(d aToix^la,
ois TToXiv ava>6€V dovXeixrai
^eXere ; — Gal. iv. 9.
' How are you turning
back to the weak and beg-
garly elements, to which you
are willing to be enslaved
again ? '
Also (probably) John iii.
3,7.
2. Adverbs denoting ' rest at ' are often used in the
sense of * motion to.'
This is common in English to-day. ' Here ' is
used for ' hither,' ' there ' for ' thither,' * where ' for
' whither.' We append examples from E. and
N.T. :—
SS
ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS.
89
a. aWa'X^ov.
E.
oKKa aXKov aKKa-)(ov eTrcjine.
— Bk. III., ch. xxiii., §22.
*But he used to send
different people to different
teachers.'
^e.
E.
IIU fX €K€l TrefXTTrjSj OTTOV . . .
— Bk. III., ch. xxiv., § loi.
' If thou send me thither,
where. . . '
7. OTTOV.
E.
OTTOV ap aiTeXdayj eVfi fioi
KoXcds caTiu. — Bk. IV., ch.
vii., § 14.
* Whither I shall have
gone away, there it will be
well for me.'
N.T.
aycifiep aXXaxov eh raj e;(o-
fxevas KoifionoXeis. — Mark i.
38.
' Let us go elsewhere into
the neighbouring towns.'
N.T.
fierd^a evOev e/cet. — Matt,
xvii. 20.
'Remove from here to
yonder place.'
N.T.
Kol OTTOV iyoi virdyco oldare
TTjv 686v. — John xiv. 4.
'And whither I go you
know the way.'
TTOV.
Kol TTOV (fivy(0 TOP ddpuTop ;
— Bk. I., ch. xxvii., § 9.
' And whither am I to flee
from death ? '
N.T.
TTOV ovTos fieWei TTOpfveaOai
ort. . . ; — John vii. 35.
'Whither shall this man
go that . . . ? '
3. Sihe.
This term is sometimes used in the sense of
* here ' or ' hither,' e.g. : —
a. In the sense oW here.'
90 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
N.T.
Kvpie, KoXov icTTLV r)ixas code
€Lvai. — Matt. xvii. 4.
'Lord, it is good for us to
be here.'
a)Se T} ttoXXt; Tvpo(To\r] Koi
crvvTaaii. — Bk. III., ch. xxii.,
§105.
' Here is most of his atten-
tion and apphcation.'
/S. In the sense of ' hither.'
E. N.T.
80? o>Sf Tr]v irrtadurjv. — Bk. ^\des u)8e npo KUipov fiaaa-
II., ch. XX., § 30. viaai rjnas; — Matt. viii. 30.
Bring the soup hither.' ' Hast thou come hither
to torment us before the
time?'
4. Prepositions with similar meanings in E. and
N.T. :—
a. dvrL
This term does not always mean ' in place of ' ;
but in at least two passages in E. and three in
N.T. it has the sense of ' for the sake of : —
E.
ni/Tl \vXVOV KXeTTTTJS €y(VeTO,
dvrl Xv^vov uTTKTTOs, livrl Xv-
Xvov OtjiHoydrjs. — Bk. I., ch.
xxvii., § 21.
' For the sake of a lamp
he became a thief, for the
sake of a lamp untrust-
worthy, for the sake of a
lamp like a wild beast.'
Also Bk. II.,ch. xiii., § 16.
N.T.
'irjaovp, OS uvtI ttJs rrpoKci-
fievrjs nvrS ^."^pas vnepeipev
(TTavpov aL<r\vv?jS KiiTdcppovij-
(Tds. — Heb. xii. 2.
'Jesus, who, for the joy
that was set before Him,
endured a cross, despising
shame.'
Also Matt. xvii. 27 ; Heb.
xii. 16 ; and perhaps Matt.
XX. 28 ; Mark x. 45 {Xvrpop
ni/Tt TToXXtOJ/).
Apparently, in view of the above, it is unsafe to
ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS.
91
build up the ' Vicarious ' Theory of the Atonement
on the meaning of a Preposition.
IB. ek.
This term is sometimes used in the sense of * in/
e.g. :-
N.T.
finvoycvfis Qeos 6 lov els top
koXttov tov TTUTpos eKc^vos e^rj-
yrj(raTo. — John i. 1 8.
' God only-begotten, who
is in the bosom of the
Father, He hath declared
Him.'
Oft aVTOV KOVKKOVflLOV, UTTOV
TO depfiop 7roir}aei t(o TratSto),
IV avTO Xovarj els (TKacliTjv. —
Bk. HI., ch. xxii., §71.
' He must have a kettle,
in which he will warm the
water for the child, that he
may wash him in a basin.'
Also Bk. III., ch. xviii.,
§5.
7. iv.
Conversely this term, as a development of the
* pregnant construction,' is sometimes used in the
sense of ' into,' e.g. : —
N.T.
eldev '2ifia)va k(u ^Avdpeap
TOP d8€\(f>op St/icoi^op dn(pi-
^dWoPTUs eV Trj BaXuaaa. —
Mark i. 16.
' He saw Simon and
Andrew, Simon's brother,
casting a net into the sea.'
Also Rom. i. 23 {tJWa^ap
TTjP 8u^ap . . .€P opoioipaTi ciko-
pos. . .).
B. TTUpd,
(I.) Followed by the Accusative, twice in N.T.
and often in E., the«term means 'because of : —
Kal pvp iv 'Po) fit] d.P€p)(r], ort
So/cfi iTOi. — Bk. I., ch. xi.,
§32.
'And now thou art re-
turning to Rome, because
it seems good to thee.'
Also Bk. II., ch. XX., § 33
{airfXOeiv ip fiaKavelo)).
92 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
av Se Tis aTv\fj, fi€fivr}ao on
Trap* avTou drvxel. — Bk. III.,
ch. xxiv., § 2.
' Now if any man be un-
happy, remember that it is
his own fault.'
Also Bk. IV., ch. xii., § i,
&c.
N.T.
eav eiTTi] 6 novs "On ovk eljxl
X^^pj OVK elui €K Tov (ra)[xaTos,
ov Trapa tovto ovk ecrnv €K tov
o-oapctTos. — I Cor. xii. 15.
' If the foot shall have said,
" Because I am not a hand,
I am not of the body," it
is not therefore not of the
body.'
Also I Cor. xii. 16.
(2.) Followed by the Genitive, it is used in the
sense of * by ' (of the Agent) once in E. and once in
N.T. :—
E.
TO. dWiWpia oylreTai , . .a>s av
dldcorai napa tov ^x^vtos e^ov-
aiav. — Bk. IV., ch. X., § 29.
'Another man's goods shall
look to it . . . how they are
given by the man who has
authority over them.'
N.T.
yevrjaeTai avTols napa tov
naTpos fJiov tov iv ovpavoTs. —
Matt, xviii. 19.
* It shall be done for them
by My Father who is in
heaven.'
e. 7r/)09.
This term, at least once in E. and three times in
N.T, is followed by an Accusative of the Person, in
the sense of * with ' : —
E.
ITpOS OP OvbeiS i(TTl (TOV TTl-
OavdiTepos. — Bk. IV., ch. ix.,
§13.
'With whom no one has
greater credit than thou.'
N.T.
rrduTa 6e yvp.vd . . . toIs d<p-
da\po7s avTov, rrpos op Tjpiv 6
Xoyos. — Heb. iv. 13.
' But all things are naked
... to his eyes with whom
is our reckoning.'
Also John i. i, 2.
ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS.
93
f. VTTep.
Followed by the Genitive, this term does not
always mean ' on behalf of.' Sometimes it is no
stronger than irepl in the sense of * about,' 'con-
cerning,' e.g. : —
E.
Tt yap icrri to dno<f}aiv6-
fievov vnep eKiio-Trjs Tovrtou rSiV
8vudne<ov . . . ; — Bk. II., ch.
xxiii., § 7.
' For what is that which
gives an opinion concerning
each of these faculties . . . ? '
Also nepl and vnep in
parallel clauses in the same
sense : nepl rivos yap (f)o^r)(rrj ;
. . .aXX' vnep tov crapxiTOS koi
rfjs KTiaews'^ — Bk. IV., ch. i.,
§§ 82, 83.
5. Preposition governing
At least two instances
TOT£ and dir' apri) and
tiexpi> wSe) :—
E.
yix] (f)dour}(rr)T€ dvBpanco ye-
povTi l8eLP Oeapia, o p-expt vvv
ovK elbov. — Bk. II., ch. xix.,
§25.
' Do not begrudge an old
man a sight which I have
never yet seen.'
Also Bk. III., ch. XX.,
§ 18 : p-expf- 2)(^6.
N.T.
ovTos icTTLV vnep ov eyo) elnov
. . . — John i. 30.
' This is He about whom I
said . . . '
Also in 2 Cor. i. 8 W. H.
reads in the text (ov yap
BeXofxev vp,as dyvoelv^ dbe\-
(j)oi,) vnep (ttJs BXi-^eoiS rjpwv
. . .) but nepi in the margin.
an Adverb.
of this occur in N.T. (aTro
two in E. ifjiixpt vvv and
N.T.
Koi dno T()T€ eCrjTet evKaipiav
IvaavTovnapaha. — Matt. xxvi.
16.
'And from that time he
began to seek an oppor-
tunity for betraying Him.'
ov p.r) ni<o an apri €k tov-
TOV TOV yevr)p.aTos Trjs dpneXov
. . . — Matt. xxvi. 29.
' I will never again drink
of this fruit of the vine. . . '
94 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
6. fiecro^.
This Adjective is used as a Preposition govern-
ing the Genitive four times in N.T. and at least
once in E. :— '
E.
^oKi KOI (Tov Ka\ Tov Tiaihiov
fxeaov aypibiov... — Bk. II.,
ch. xxii., § lo.
' Throw an estate between
thyself and the child . . . '
N.T.
fieaos vfJ-au (TTTjKCL ov vfiels
ovK o'ldare . . . — John i. 26.
* In the midst of you stands
one whom you know not.'
Also Matt. xiv. 24 (W. H.
margin) ; Luke xxii. 55 ; Phil,
ii. 15 (neuter, not in agree-
ment).
CHAPTER VII.
Conjunctions and Particles.
I. iva.
Apart from that for the expression of Purpose,
there are six different uses of this term : —
a. To express a Consequence, e.g. : —
E.
ei S' ouro) Ka)(f>6s ei Ka\
TV(f)}i6s, Iva firj^e top ''Hcfyaicr-
Tov VTroXafx^dvTjs koXov ^.^XKea
. . . — Bk. IV., ch. viii., § 21.
* But if thou art so deaf
and blind that thou dost
not suppose even Hephaestus
to be a good smith. . . '
N.T
Xeyco ovv, firj eirTaLcrav iva
nea-cofTiv ; — Rom. xi. 11.
'I say then, "Did they
stumble so that they fell ? " '
(On this Moulton has a
note in his Proleg.^ p. 207.)
^. After TToieoj,
This is similar to the Latin use of facto ut, e.[
E.
t:\vvov avTOf dnoa-nrj^ov,
TTolrjcrov iva ae ixrjdels dno-
(rTpe(f)rjTai. — Bk. IV., ch. xi.,
§17.
' Wash it, rub it, take care
that no one avoids thee.'
N.T.
ovK ebvvaro ovtos 6 dvoi^as
Tovs 6<p0a\iJLovs TOV TV(f)\ov
TToirjcrai iva Ka\ ovtos fj-rj
dizoBdvn ; — John xi. 37.
' Could not he who opened
the blind man's eyes have
prevented also this man from
dying ? '
95
96 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
7. In a Substantive Clause, e.g. : —
E.
"EfaKptxTTjs ovu Iva naOrj ravra
vn ^ABrjvaicoV' — ■ Bk. I., ch.
xxix., § 16.
*That Socrates then should
suffer these things at the
hands of Athenians ! '
N.T.
efiov 0p5)pd eariv Iva noirjao)
TO OfKrifxa Tov nefi'^avTos fic.
— John iv. 34.
' My food is to do the will
of Him who sent Me.'
B. After verbs denoting a Wish or Command,
e.g. :—
N.T.
^e'Xoj Iva OTTOv (IfA cyo) Ka-
KelvoL wcriv fxer e/xov. — John
xvii. 24.
* I will that where I am
they also may be with Me.'
elnov Iva oi \[6oi ovtoi aproi
yivavrai. — Matt. iv. 3.
* Command that these
stones be made bread.'
TTpoaevxecrBe de 7va fif} yc-
vrjrai r) c^ivyr) vfj,S>v ;ffi/ia)i/oy
firjbe cra^^dra. — Matt. xxiv.
20.
* But pray that your flight
be not in the winter nor on
the Sabbath.'
E.
HakXov BeX(o, (f)r)(rivf Iv
€K€ivos avTo. dcfyeXrjTai fj ij/'
eyu) fif) nefxyj/co. — Bk. II., ch.
vii., § 8.
" I would rather," she
says, "that he should seize
it than I not send it." '
ypa-^dray trot (KwStKeXXoi'),
Iva Kpivtjs Trept ra>v p,ov(nKa)v.
— Bk. III., ch. vii., §30.
' Let him give thee a com-
mission to judge of music'
fvXfcrOai avTovs eSei iva pr]
BepiaSSxriv prjbenoTe', — Bk.
II., ch. vi., § 12.
' Ought they to have prayed
that they might never be
reaped ? '
e. Introducing a Command, e.g. : —
E. I N.T.
aye Iva Sax^po)!/ crrecfiavaB^
. . . aye Iva Trjprjaco rrjv epavTOV
rrpoaipeaiv. — Bk. III., ch. iv.,
§9.
fKacTTOs Tf)v favTOv yvvaiKa
ovTcos dyandro) cos favTov, rj de
yvvTj Lva cf)oj3r)Tai, tov dvdpa. —
Eph. v. 33.
CONJUNCTIONS AND PARTICLES.
97
E.
* Come let Sophron be
crowned . . . Come let me
preserve my choice.'
av 7rT(i))(6v VTioKpivaa-Bai ae
0(\r], Iva Koi TOVTov ev(pvci)s
vTTOKpLvrj. — Ench. xvii.
*If it be his will that thou
shouldst act a poor man, act
even him naturally.'
N.T.
'Let each man love his
wife even as himself, but let
the wife reverence her hus-
band.'
(This usage seems to be
found in the following pas-
sage :— )
TOVTo Xeyo) Lva fxrjbels Vfias
napaXoyi^rjTac Iv -niOavoKoyia.
— Col. ii. 4.
'This I mean : let no one
delude you by persuasiveness
of speech.'
f. In the sense of * because,' e.g.
yiKoiov ovv, ti/' aWos viKqar)
KoifjLtpbwv, efxe /SXavrrefr^at. —
Bk. UL, ch. iv., § 10.
* It is ridiculous, then, that
I should be hurt because
another man wins the victory
as comedian.'
N.T.
'A/3/jaa/A . . . rjyaWtdcraTo Iva
John viii. 56.
' Abraham . . . rejoiced to
see my day.'
Also (so Expos. Gr. Test.,
vol. v., p. 439),
vai, Xeyec to TrveO/xa, Iva
avarrarjaovTai €K rav Kontou
avTcov. — Rev. xiv. 13.
'"Yea," saith the Spirit,
"for they (shall) rest from
I their toils." '
2. irXriv.
This term sometimes occurs as a Conjunction
with the same sense as that of dWd, Si ' but ' — a
late usage — e.g. : — •
H
EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
SixTKciXop 8e filial KOL away-
ayelu ravra . . . nXrjv ovk ii8vv-
arov. — Bk. II., ch. v., § 9.
' Now it is difficult to blend
and unite these things . . .
but it is not impossible.'
1 N.T.
ttXj;!/ Xcyco tijuli/ . . . — Matt,
xi. 22.
' But I say unto you.'
3- M-
In E. and N.T. this Negative very often occurs
where in Classical Greek ov would be found.
a. It is used to introduce a question implying a
doubt, being often combined with t«, e.g. : —
E. I N.T.
fxr] TL ovv ^e^aiov 17 r]bovri ; — 1 fir] tl ovtos iariv 6 Xpiaroi ;
Bk. II., ch. xi., § 20. j — John iv. 29
' Can pleasure then be a I ' Can He possibly be the
steady thing ? ' i Christ ? '
^. With the Participle, whatever the sense, not
only — as in Classical Greek — in a Conditional
sense, e.g;. : —
(In a Concessive sense.)
vvv 8e fxr) dvvdixevoL rivfs
TOP -^(oixbv KaranlveLV avvra^iv
dyopdaavres eiri^dWovrai ecr-
6U1V. — Bk. I., ch. xxvi., § 16.
'But, the fact is, some
men, although they cannot
swallow the morsel, buy and
set themselves to devour a
treatise.'
N.T.
(In a Causal sense.)
/ij) e'xovTos 5e avrov dno-
dovvM CKeXevcrev avrov 6 Kvpios
TrpaBrjvai.. . .—Matt, xviii. 25.
' But, because he had noth-
ing wherewith to pay, his
master commanded that he
should be sold . . . '
CONJUNCTIONS AND PARTICLES.
99
7. With the Indicative of a statement, especially
after a Relative or 6ti, ' because,' e.g. : —
fxrf yap aop tovto to epyov
^p aXX' iKfivov. — Bk. II., ch.
vi., § 7.
' For this was not thy busi-
ness but his.'
N.T.
6 /XJ7 7n(TTev(ou rjbr] KeKpirai,
OTi fifj 7r€7rlcrT€VK€V els TO ovofxa
. . . — John iii. 18.
* He who beheves not has
been judged already, because
he has not believed on the
name . . . '
B, With Infinitives of Verbs of * saying' and
thinking,' e.g. : —
E.
Trepi Bewv 01 p.ev Tives elciu
(01) XeyovTcs fiTjb^ elvat to delov.
— Bk. I., ch. xii., § i.
' In regard to gods there
are some men who say that
the Deity does not even
exist.'
N.T.
cV eKeivT) tt] rjfxepa TvpocrrjXOov
avTM ^addovKoioi, \iyovTes fxfi
eipai dpaaraa-ip. — Matt. xxii.
23-
* On that day there came
to Him Sadducees, who say
that there is no resurrec-
tion.'
Also Acts xxiii. 8.
4- CIV-
a. This is often found in place of idv, e.g. : —
E. N.T.
av TL 64\(o^ (jiTjcrip, epa> croC
Tw KvpLcp. — Bk. I., ch. i., § 20.
' " If I have a mind to say i
anything," he says, " I
tell it to thy master." '
will
Kayoi ap v^coOo) eK Ttjs y^y,
ndpTas iXKixTco npos ifiuvTop. —
John xii. 32.
'And I, if I be lifted up
from the earth, will draw all
I men unto Myself.'
/5. In the sense of 'would
with riOeXov^ e.g. : — •
H 2
it is often omitted
lOO EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
fjdeXou avTov a.TTo^\r]6r)vai
Tov Konpapos. — Bk. I., ch. xix.,
§ l8.
* I could wish that he were
turned out of the bed-
chamber.'
N.T.
rjOiKov be napuvai npos vpds
apTi, Koi aXXd^ca rrjv (})(ovriv
fxov. — Gal. iv. 20.
'Yea, I could wish to be
present with you now, and
to change my voice.'
5. ISov.
a. The case for a supposed * Hebraism * is break-
ing down, for this term is very common in E. as
well as in N.T., as an Interjection in the sense of
* behold,' e.g. : —
E.
L^oi) vios d^Lepao-Tos, IBov
Trpea-^vrrjs a^ios tov ipdv kcu
dvTfpdcrdai. — Bk. IV., ch. xi.,
§35
' Behold, a young man
worthy of being loved, behold,
an old man worthy of loving
and being loved in return.'
/3. Sometimes the term is treated as a Verb and
is followed by an object, e.g. : —
E.
oravaXXov (iSj/?) nXovTOvvra,
Idovj TL dvrl Tovrov e^fts. —
Bk. IV., ch. ix., § I.
* Whenever thou seest
another man in possession
of riches, see what thou hast
instead of them.'
Also Bk. IV.,ch.viii.,§35,
with accusative.
N.T.
Koi Idov nudpes bvo irapur-
TrjKeicrav avTols iv ca6r]cre(TL
XevKals. — Acts i. 10.
'And behold, two men were
standing by them in white
clothing.'
N.T.
I80V evoiTTiov TOV Oeov otl ov
^evdopat. — Gal. i. 20.
' Behold, before God, that
I he not.'
Also (possibly),
I80V vdcop ' TL Koikvei pe
^aTTTicrOrjvat ; — Acts viii. 36.
' Behold water. What
hinders me from being bap-
tized?'
CHAPTER VIII.
Sundries.
A FEW examples of resemblances between E. and
N.T. in Syntax remain to be treated.
I . Accusative Absolute.
As we might expect, the Impersonals Bokovv and
Siov are found in E. (in Bk. III., ch. xxvi., § 30, and
Frag. Diss. 24 respectively), tvxov occurs in E.
and N.T. in the sense of * perhaps.' (We may
compare with this the North English dialect
* happen ') : —
E.
6(11/ 8e Koi TavT* edeKijs Kol
uj^X^tv Koi TrXoureti/, tvxov fiiu
OuS' aVTOiV TOVTtiiV TCV^T] . , . —
Ench. i., § 4.
* But if thou dost want both
these and command and
riches, perhaps thou wilt not
obtain these. . .'
N.T.
MciKedoviav yap Siepxoixai,
TTpos vp-as be rvx^v KarapevS}
rj Trapaxeipdcrco ... — I Cor.
xvi. 6.
* For I pass through Mace-
donia, but perhaps I shall
stay or winter with you.'
2. Accusative — in place of Nominative — and Infini-
tive.
There are in E. at least one clear instance of
this construction and two instances in which the
Infinitive is omitted. In N.T. there are several
clear instances. There seems to be no need to
explain the usage as^ue to Latin influence, because
lOI
102 V:PlCT!iTUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
the Accusative in every instance is that of the
Reflexive Pronoun ; the usage therefore arises as a
natural development of thought and language.
We append instances : —
N.T.
eycb ifiavTOP ovtto) Xoyi^ofiai
KnTeLkT]<P(vai — Phil. iii. 13.
' I count not myself yet to
have apprehended.'
Also Rom. vi. 11, Rev.
ii. 9 (Xe7<")j ^c-
E.
ol Tpay(d8ol oltjaovTai iav-
Tovs eivat Tipoo-coTrela ... —
Bk. I., ch. xxix., § 41.
' The tragedians will think
themselves to be masks.'
Also (without Infinitive)
Bk. II., ch. xxi., § 2, Ench.
xlvi., § I.
3. Dative — unusual instances.
a. To express Duration of Time.
There are several examples of this in E. and
N.T., e.g. :-
N.T.
Kal xpopcp iKavS ovk fVe-
dvcraro t/xarioj'. — Luke viii. 27.
' And for a long time he
had worn no garment.'
E.
ToaovTto Se XP"'^? TrapaKe-
Ka6iKeuai yepovriio ov ttoXXov
d^iM. — Bk. II., ch. vi., § 23.
' To have sat so long by
the side of a good-for-nothing
old man.'
/3 To express Motion to a Person,
(i.) The Dative is very common after Trpoaepxo-
fjiai in this sense, e.g. : —
E.
el fie Tis. . . 77 poa-epx^Tai toIs
<piXoa6(fiois. — Bk., I., ch.
XX vi., § 9.
' Now if anyone . . . comes
to the philosophers.'
N.T.
Tore Trpoa-fpxovTat avTa ol
fiadrjTtu ^Icodvov. — Matt. ix. 14.
'Then there come to Him
the disciples of John.'
SUNDRIES.
103
(2.) It is sometimes found after the simple verb
epxofiai, e.g. : —
N.T.
fieTavorjaov ovv ' el 8e firj^
epxojjiai (Toi raxv. — Rev. ii. 1 6.
' Repent therefore ; but if
not, I come to thee quickly.'
E.
Koi €px]] fiOC KiiTiicrToXas
TToitja-as o)? cro(p6s . . . ; — Bk.
II., ch. xxi., § II.
' And dost thou come to
me with a show of wisdom
. . ?'
4. Plural Verb after Neuter Plural.
This is usual in E. and N.T. when the dis-
tributive idea is prominent in the noun, e.g. : —
N.T.
TO. npo^ara ra efia rrjs (P(ov?]s
fiov aKovovaiu^ Kayui yivoi)(TKa>
avrd, KOI aKoKovOovaiv fioi. —
John X. 27.
' My sheep hear My voice,
and I know them, and they
follow Me.'
E.
ei TrepiarTiiaeLS Xeyeis Tci rre-
piea-TTjKoTdj TViwra Trepiardo-eis
elcriv. — Bk. II., ch. vi., § 17.
'If thou callest the things
that surround thee circum-
stances, all things are circum-
stances.'
5. Loss of Emphasis.
This may be seen in the use made in E. and
N.T. of Diminutives and of Compound Verbs,
e.g. :—
a. Diminutives.
E.
nT]pl8iov Koi ^vXop Koi yvddoi
fXfyoKai, — Bk. III., ch. xxii.,
§50-
' A wallet and staff and
great jaws.'
There seems to be no
point in taking it. as ' little
wallet ' or ' poor wallet.'^
N.T.
ol §€ eaOiovTcs tja-av uv^pes
axrel TrevraKicrxiXioL X^P'^^
yvvaiKcop koI 7rai8i(ov. — Matt,
xiv. 21.
* And those who ate were
about five thousand men
apart from women and chil-
dren.'
104 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E. N.T.
E. is exceedingly fond of It would surely be un-
Diminutives : often they reasonable to suppose that
have no force. only little children were found
in the crowd.
Q. Compound Verbs.
KaracpiXico is a splendid illustration both in E.
and N.T. :—
(iypV7rvT](rai ere del, rrepibpa-
jxfiVy TILS x^'P^s- KaTa(pL\TJ(rai.
— Bk. IV., ch. X., § 20.
Thou must watch, run
about, kiss hands.'
The point is not on kissing'
fervently, but on the very
fact of kissing at all.
N.T.
elTrev X"^P^> pa3^et ' f«t ku-
r€(f)I.Xrj(r€v aiirov. — Matt. xxvi.
49.
'He said, "Hail, Master" ;
and kissed Him.
We cannot endorse the
R.V. mg. rendering 'kissed
him much ' : it is more
natural to read with R.V .
text ' kissed ' simply.
6. Infinitive for Imperative.
Moulton gives instances of this for N.T. {Proleg.,
p. 179) ; this usage occurs too in E., e.g. : —
E. N.T.
ix€ixv?]adcu ovv iv reus Ka-
OokoV, OTl 01 (ITTOppjJTOl \6yoi.
. . . — Bk. IV., ch. xiii., § 23.
' Remember therefore, in
general, that secret dis-
courses. . .'
7r\fju els o ecjyOdcraixcv, rw
avT(p aroixflv. — Phil. iii. 16.
' Only whereunto we have
attained, by the same (rule)
let us walk.'
7. Participle for Imperative.
This usage also occurs at least once in E. and
occasionally in N.T. (cf Moulton, Proleg,, pp. 180,
181), e.g.:—
SUNDRIES.
105
E.
TL OVP llVTlTTOirj TOV oXXoTpioV ;
del fX€fjLvi]fxa'os o ri arbv Koi ri
dWorpiov [/cat] ov rapaxdrja-rj.
— Bk. II., ch. vi., §8.
' Why then dost thou
claim what belongs to an-
other ? Always remember
what is thine and what is
another's, and thou wilt not
be disturbed.'
This instance is not so
satisfactory, however, as we
could wish, because khi is
omitted by S (Codex Saibau-
tinus, 1 2th century). The
omission of kui would natur-
ally suggest that p,€iJLV7]i.i€vnsbe
taken as an ordinary Parti-
ciple. On the other hand,
the Imperative sense is sup-
ported by a comparison with
a passage of similar context
i:i Ench. i., § 3. — p.ep,vri(xo
ouu, on edv . . . olr]djjs . . . rd
dXXoTpui i'Sid, . . . Tapax6i)(Trj
(v. Teubner Ed., p. 118).
N.T.
aTTOCTTVyOVVTfS TO TTOVqpoVy
KoWoifjievot TO) dyadco . . . to
auTO els aXkrjXovs cf)povovvT€s.
— Rom. xii. 9, 16.
* Abhor that which is evil,
cleave to that which is good ;
... Be of the same mind one
toward another.'
8. aJcTTC with the Infinitive in Final sense.
At least three instances of this occur in N.T. and
one in E. : —
€1 TavTa ovK efiaOes [pvx]
S>(TT epyco dei^at, Trpos tl uvtu
efiaOei ; — Bk. I., ch. xxix.,
§35. ^
N.T.
e KaTqpyrjdTjfxev utto
vvvi
TOV vofioVf dnoBavopTfs eV to
KaTeixofxeBUf ajore ^ovXeveiv
[^^a?] iv KaivorrjTi rrvevjjiaTos
I06 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
' If thou didst not learn
these things to show them in
practice, why didst thou learn
them at all ? '
N.T.
Koi ov TToXaiorrfTi ypafifiaros.
— Rom. vii. 6.
' But, the fact is, we have
been discharged from the
law, having died to that
wherein we were being held,
that we might serve in new-
ness of spirit and not in old-
ness of letter.'
Also Matt, xxvii. i, Luke
XX. 20.
CHAPTER IX.
Resemblances between Epictetus and the
New Testament in Thought and
Teaching.
In the preceding pages it has become evident that
Epictetus was a moral and religious teacher. jR.e-
_jiiajdkai)le,.parallels may be discovered between the
Thought and Teaching of Epictetus and those
found in the New Testament. We append illus-
trations : —
I. The Nature and Attributes of God.
a. God's Essence.
E.
vovs, eniCTTrjfXT], \6yos op66s.
— Bk. II., ch. viii., § 2.
' Mind, knowledg^e, right
reason.'
N.T.
' In the beginning was the
Word (Xoyos), and the Word
was with God, and the Word
was God.' — John i. i.
'God is Spirit.' — John iv.
24.
13. God's Omnipresence and Omniscience.
E.
' The philosophers say that
we must first learn that God
exists and that His provi-
dence directs the vviiole
N.T.
' He is not far from each
one of us.' — Acts xvii. 27.
' All things are naked and
open to His eyes, with whom
107
I08 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
{npovoel Tb>v oXcov) and that
it is impossible to hide from
Him not only our actions,
but even our thoughts and
emotions.' — Bk. II., ch. xiv.,
§11.
'Are they not (the Gods)
at the same distance from
everywhere? Do they not
everywhere equally see what
is happening ? ' — Bk. IV., ch.
iv., § 48.
7. God's Care.
E.
*(Zeus) who neglects not
even one of the smallest
things.' — Bk. III., ch. xxiv.,
§113.
* He (6 Qeos) administers
all things well and neglects
not the affairs of men.' —
Bk. III., ch. xxvi., §28.
N.T.
is our reckoning.'— Heb. iv.
13-
' But concerning that day
and hour no man knows,
not even the angels of
heaven, not even the Son,
but the Father only.' — Matt.
xxiv. 36.
N.T.
'Are not two sparrows
sold for a farthing? And
one of them will not fall to
the earth without your
Father. But even the hairs
of your head are all nutn-
bered.' — Matt. x. 29, 30.
S. God the Answerer of Prii^er.
E.
* Ask not from Gods those
things which thou desirest,
but seek this from Gods,
that thou mayst be set free
from desire itself. Then
shall the Gods hearken to
thee when thou prayest not
for the pleasant but for the
good things. And then shall
N.T.
' You ask and you do not
receive because you ask
wrongly that you may spend
it on your pleasures (i}6oi/ats).'
— James W. 3.
RESEMBLANCES IN THOUGHT AND TEACHING. IO9
F.
they give to thee the good
things when thou rejoicest
not in pleasure (ridovfj), but
in virtue.'~Cod. Vat. 3.
6. God in Man.
* When you have shut your
doors and made it dark
within, remember never to
say that you are alone ; for
you are not, but God is
within and your genius
(5ai/xQ)^).' — Bk. I., ch. xiv.,
§§ 13, 14-
' It is in thyself that thou
dost carry Him (God) and
thou dost not perceive that
thou profanest Him by
unclean thoughts and im-
pure actions . . . and when
God Himself is within you
(e(rQi6ep, cf. Matt. vii. 15) and
sees and hears everything
. . .' — Bk. II., ch. viii..
N.T.
' Know you not that your
bodies are members of
Christ ? . . . Know you not
that your body is a shrine
of the Holy Spirit who is in
you, whom you have from
God?' — I Cor. vi. 15, 19.
' Grieve not the Holy
Spirit of God.' — Eph. iv. 30.
§§ 13, i{.
It is evident that E.'s teaching is pantheistic, but
the resemblance to that of the New Testament is
obvious.
2. Religion — Man's Relation to God.
a. The Essence of Religion.
E. N.T.
*Know that the chief 'He who comes to God
feature of piety {evae^ias) must believe that He exists
no EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
towards the Gods is this :
to have right conceptions
about them, as existing and
administering everything
with goodness and justice,
and to keep thyself in this
resolve, to obey them, and
yield to them in all that
happens and willingly follow
them. . . ' — Ench. xxxi., § i.
/3. God's Will the Standard.
E.
' In a word will nothing
N.T.
and that He shows Himself
the rewarder of those who
diligently seek Him.' — Heb.
X. 6.
' Submit yourselves to
God.' — James iv. 7.
N.T.
'The will of the Lord
come to pass.' — Acts xxi. 14.
*As Christ's slaves doing
the will of God with good
pleasure from the heart.' —
Eph. vi. 6, 7.
else than what God wills.' —
Bk. II., ch. xvii., § 22.
' For what God wills I
consider better than what
I will.' — Bk. IV., ch. vii.,
§20.
Also Bk. II., ch. vii., § 13 ;
ch. xvi., § 42. Bk. IV., ch. i.,
§§ 89, 90, 99, &c.
7. Conversion.
This has been referred to under the Verb
tVfo-T/3ec/)ft), p. 73.
B. Trust in God.
E. I
'When you have eaten
your fill to-day, you sit
weeping about to-morrow,
whence you shall get food !
{iTodev 4>dyrjT().' — Bk. I., ch. |
ix., § 19. 1
N.T.
'Be not anxious for your
life, what you shall eat (tl
(^ayf/Tf).'— Matt. vi. 25.
RESEMBLANCES IN THOUGHT AND TEACHING. 1 1 1
e. Fellowship with God.
E.
* Let any of you show me
the soul of a man. . .in this
poor mortal {veKpw) body,
aiming to have fellowship
(Koivapias) with Zeus.' — Bk.
II., ch. xix., § 27.
f. The Friend of God.
E.
*To look up into Heaven
as the Friend of God (cf)i\ov
Tov Qeov) fearing nothing of i
the things that can happen.' i
— Bk. II., ch. xvii., § 29. j
The reason of this Friend- 1
ship seems to be found in j
§ 22 : ' Will nothing else |
than what God wills.' i
N.T.
' If we shall have said that
we have fellowship {Koivatvlav)
with Him ' (Gco's in previous
verse). — i John i. 6.
N.T.I
' Abraham believed God
. . . and he was called
"Friend of God" (cfjiXos
Qeovy — James ii. 23.
'You are my friends if
you do what I command
you.' — John xv. 14.
7j. Call upon God as Helper.
E.
* Remember God, call upon
Him {eniKaXov) as Helper
(^orjOov) and Protector, as
the sailors call upon Castor
and Pollux in a storm.' —
Bk. II., ch. xviii., § 29.
N.T.
' Everyone who shall have
called upon {emKaXea-rjTai)
the name of the Lord shall
be saved.' — Rom. x. 13.
'So that with confidence
we say, "The Lord is my
Helper (^orjBoi) : I shall not
fear."' — Heb. xiii. 6.
0. Thankfulness to God.
This is found under the Verb evxapiareo), p. 74.
1. Man's Business. •
112 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
' In life it was my business
(epyoi/) to praise (v^velv) God.'
— Bk. III., ch. xxvi., § 30.
E. N.T.
'Teaching and admonish-
ing yourselves with psalms
and hymns (u/xi/oiy) and
spiritual songs, singing
{a8ouT€s) with grace in your
hearts unto God.' — Col. iii.
16.
Sin and its Consequences.
a. Sin as Stumbling (Trralco).
E.
' No man stumbles on ac-
count of another's action . . .
But it was a stumble {tttoI-
a-fxii) when he (Paris) lost
the modest, the faithful, the
hospitable and the decent
character. When did Achilles
stumble.^ Was it when Patro-
clus died? Impossible (/XJ7
yivoLTo) ; but it was when he
was angry, when he wept for
a girl, when he forgot that
he was there, not to get
mistresses, but to fight.
These are human stumbhngs,
this is the siege, this is an
overthrow, when the right
principles are destroyed,
when they are ruined.' —
Bk. I., ch. xxviii., §§ 23, 24,
25-
p. Sin brings Loss.
E.
*What does the adujterer
lose? The modest, the
chaste, the decent char-
N.T.
' For whosoever shall have
kept the law wholly but have
stumbled in one point, is be-
come guilty of all.' — James
ii. 10.
' For in many things we
all stumble. If any man
stumbles not in word he is
a perfect man, able also to
control his whole body.' —
James iii. 2.
It can be seen that E.'s
exposition of 'stumbling' is
largely in accord with N.T.
thought.
N.T.
St. Paul speaks of those
who reject Christ as rol?
aTToXXvfieVoiS' (i Cor. i. 18).
RESEMBLANCES IN THOUGHT AND TEACHING. II 3
acter ; the citizen, the neigh-
bour. What does the angry
man lose ? Something else.
The coward ? Something
else. No man is wicked
(fcaKos) without loss or dam-
age.'— Bk. XL, ch. X., §§ 18,
19.
' Never is a man guilty
{a^aprduei) in one instance
and a sufferer in another.'
— Bk. III., ch. xviii., §5.
7. Punishment follows Sin.
N.T.
' Unto the day of judg-
ment and loss ' {or ' destruc-
tion ' — aTTcoXeias) ' of impious
men.'— 2 Pet. iii. 16.
' The wages of sin {a^apTuis:)
is death.' — Rom. vi. 23.
E I
!
* Is there not the divine |
and powerful and inevitable
law which exacts the greatest
punishments {KoKda-eis) from
those who are guilty {ayiap-
ravouTcov) of the greatest
offences .? ' — Bk. III., ch.
xxiv., § 42.
S. Sin as Slave Master.
'He is free who lives as
he likes, who can neither be
compelled nor restrained nor
suffer violence, whose pur-
suits are unhindered, desires
successful and aversions un-
incurred. Who then would
live wrongly {uixapTavoiv) l-m-
N.T.
' And these shall go away
into eternal punishment {k6-
Xaoriv), but the righteous. . . '
—Matt. XXV. 46.
' The Lord knows how . . .
to keep unrighteous men
under punishment (/coXa^o-
fxevovs) unto a day of judg-
ment.' — 2 Pet. ii. 9.
N.T.
' Our old nature {avQpcavoi)
was crucified with Him (i.e.
Christ), that the body of sin
might be done away, that
we might no longer be slaves
{^ovkeveiv) to sin {afiapTia}.^ —
Rom. vi. 6.
'The Creation itself also
I
1 14 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
No man. Who would live
deceived, prone to mistake,
unrighteous (adcKos), disso-
lute, discontented, dejected
{raneivos'^)? — No man. No
man then of those who are
wicked ((^auXoi/) lives as he
likes : therefore neither is
he free (eXev^fpos).'— Bk. IV.,
ch. i., §§ 1-3.
Also Bk. II., ch. i., § 23 —
ov^e\s ajxapTdvcov eXevOepos
N.T.
shall be delivered from the
bondage {dovXeias) of corrup-
tion into the liberty {iXcvde-
piav) of the glory of the
children of God.' — Rom. viii.
21.
' Everyone who doeth sin
(ufxapTiav) is slave (SovXos) of
sin.'— John viii. 34.
6. Cleanse the Life by the Power of God.
' Remove by cleansing
{KiiBapov) thy own evils.
Cast out from thy mind
grief, fear, desire, envy,
malevolence, avarice, effe-
minacy, intemperance. But
it is not possible otherwise
to cast them out, except by
looking away to God alone,
by a state of submission to
Him alone, by being con-
secrated to His commands.'
— Bk. II., ch. xvi., §§ 45, 46.
N.T.
* Let us cleanse {KaOapl-
crcofjiev) ourselves from every
defilement of flesh and
spirit.' — 2 Cor. vii. i.
' God . . . cleansing {Ka6a-
piaas) their hearts by their
faith {rfj TTiWei)-' — Acts xv.
8,9.
' Every branch that bcareth
fruit He cleanseth {Kudaipci)
it. . . ' — John XV. 2.
4. Man's Relation to Others.
a. Please God rather than Men.
* For rair^ivos v. next chapter.
RESEMBLANCES IN THOUGHT AND TEACHING. II 5
E.
' Whenever thou visitest
one of those who are in
authority, remember that
there is also Another who
sees from above what is
happening and that thou
must please (dpiaKeLv) Him
rather than the man in
authority.' — Bk. I., ch. xxx.,
§1.
' If thou hast ever turned
to external things with a
view to wishing to please
(apeaai) anyone, know that
thou hast ruined thy scheme
of life.' — Ench. xxiii.
N.T.
'Do I seek to please
{dpio-Kciv) men ? If I still
pleased men I should not be
slave of Christ.' — Gal. i. lo.
' Finally, brethren, we ask
and beseech you in the Lord
Jesus, that, as you have re-
ceived from us how you
must walk and please {dpi-
cTKeiv) God, as you are
walking — that you abound
more and more.' — i Thess.
iv. I.
(3. Do not Covet.
E.
' Why then dost thou claim
{dvTiTToifj) that which belongs
to another? Always re-
member what is thine and
what is another's and thou
wilt not be disturbed.' — Bk.
n., ch. vi., § 8.
' What is the divine law ?
To preserve what is our
own, not to claim {dvri-
TTOietCT-^ai) what belongs to
others...' — Bk. II., ch. xvi.,
§28.
N.T.
' Had not the /a-w said,
" Thou shalt not desire (eVt-
dvfxrjueis) " {or " covet.") ' —
Rom. vii. 7 ; xiii. 9.
' I have desired {eTreBviirja-a)
no man's silver or gold or
clothing.' — Acts xx. 33.
7. Rejoice in Another's Success.
I 2
Il6 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
' Does anyone receive
greater honour {TrpoeTifiijSrj)
than thou at a festival, in
compliment, or in being ad-
mitted to a consultation? If
these things are good, thou
must rejoice that he has ob-
tained them, but if they are
evil, do not be grieved that
thou hast not obtained them.'
— Ench. XXV., § I.
8. The Danger of Evil Company.
N.T.
' In honour (n/x.^)
ferring one another.' —
xii. lo.
pre-
Rom.
E.
* Know that if the com-
panion be polluted, he that
converses with him, although
he may be pure, must be
polluted with him.' — Ench.
xxxiii., § 6.
5. Man's Nature.
a. Man is God's Son.
E.
' We are all originally de-
scended from God, and God
is the Father of men ... If
thou know that thou art son
of Zeus . . . reason and thought
in common with the Gods . . . '
— Bk. I., ch. iii., §§ 1-3.
'(Why should not a man
call himself) a son of God ?
. . . are not we akin to God
and have not we come from
Him?'— Bk. I.,ch.ix.,§§6,i3.
N.T.
' Evil company corrupts
good manners.' — i Cor. xv.
33-
N.T.
' Jesus . . . being son, as was
supposed, of Joseph, (the son)
of Heli . . . (the son) of Adam,
(the son) of God.' — Luke iii.
23, 38.
' Your heavenly Father.'
— Matt. vi. 14, &c.
' One God and Father of
all.'~Eph. iv. 6.
' Man {dvi]p) . . . being the
Image and Glory of God.' —
I Cor. xi. 7.
RESEMBLANCES IN THOUGHT AND TEACHING. 11/
E.
' Thou art a distinct portion
(dnoa-Traarna) of God : thou
hast a certain part of Him
in thyself.' — Bk. II., ch. viii.,
§11.
13. Man's Superiority.
E.
' Is a man then in no way
different from (Sia^epet) ' (or
'better than') 'a stork?'—
Bk. I., ch. xxviii., § 19.
7. The Body.
(I.) Made of Clay.
' It (the body) is not thine
but a fine mixture of clay
(;rr;Xo$-).' — Bk. I., ch. i., § II.
' How could He make the
body of clay {tttjXivov) incap-
able of hindrance ?' — Bk. IV.,
ch. i., § 100.
(2.) As Fetters.
E.
' That we have the body
and its possession attached
to us as fetters (bea-fid) ... we
can no longer endure being
tied down (SfSe/xei/ot) with
this (paltry) body. . .'— Bk. I.,
ch. ix., §§ II, 12. •
N.T.
' Are you not of much more
value (duKpepeTe) than they '
(i.e. birds) ? — Matt. vi. 26.
' Of how much more value
{dia<pep€Te) are you than the
birds.' — Luke xii. 24.
N.T.
' The first man is of the
earth earthy (xoi'xos).' — i Cor.
XV. 47.
St. Paul adapts the LXX. :
' And God formed man xovu
from the earth.' — Gen. ii. 7.
N.T.
* Who shall deliver me out
of this body of death.?' —
Rom. vii. 24.
* We who are in the taber-
nacle ' (i.e. the body) ' groan,
being burdened (jSapou/ifvot).'
— 2 Cor. v. 4.
Il8 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
3. The Soul is Immortal.
E.
'In feasts remember that
thou entertainest two great
guests, body and soul, and
what thou shalt have given
to the body thou dost pre-
sently lose, but what thou
shalt have given to the soul
thou preservest for ever (6ta
TravTus).^ — Stob. 20.
6. Conscience.
(i.) An Active Conscience.
E.
' To the Cynic, instead of
arms and guards ' — as with a
King — ' Conscience {t6 avp-
eibos) gives this power ' — of
reproving and punishing de-
linquents. — Bk. III., ch.xxii.,
§94.
N.T.
* But concerning the resur-
rection of the dead, did ye
not read what was said by
God : " I am the God of
Abraham and the God of
Isaac and the God of J acob " ?
He is not the God of (the)
dead but of (the) living.' —
Matt. xxii. 31, 32.
(2.) A Dull Conscience
E.
(To one overcome by
Temptation.)
'Thou wilt be reduced to
so weak and wretched a con-
dition that afterwards thou
wilt not even know that thou
art doing wrong (d/iapravcis),
but thou wilt actually begin
to make defences for thy
conduct.' — Bk. II., ch. xviii.,
§31.
N.T.
' In that they (Gentiles)
show the work of the law
written in their hearts, their
Conscience {ttjs avveibrja-eoys)
bearing witness therewith,
and their reasonings one with
another accusing or else
excusing.' — Rom. ii. 15.
N.T.
' But the Spirit says ex-
pressly that in later times
some shall fall away . . .
through the hypocrisy of men
that speak lies, seared in
their own Conscience as with
a hot iron.' — i Tim. iv. i, 2.
' To them that are detiled
and unbelieving nothing is
pure ; but both their mind
and their Conscience are de-
filed.'— Tit. i. 15.
RESEMBLANCES IN THOUGHT AND TEACHING. 1 19
(3.) We may note the following parallel con-
structions : —
E.
(ivOpconos crvi'eiSws eavra
firjdeu aya6bv fxr^re TrenoirjKoTi
fiTjT ivOvyiovyLevto. — Bk. III.,
ch. xxiii., § 15.
' A man conscious that he
has neither clone nor con-
ceived a good action.'
N.T.
ov8ep yap efxavra avvoida
I Cor. iv. 4.
' For I am conscious
nothing against myself.'
oi
6. Sundry Points of Conduct and Experience.
a. Act in a Manner Worthy of God.
'But if thou hadst been
Pheidias' statue either of
Athene or of Zeus, thou
wouldst have remembered
both thyself and the artist ;
and, if thou hadst had any
sense, thou wouldst have en-
deavoured to do nothing un-
worthy of him who fashioned
thee, nor of thyself, nor to
appear in an unbecoming
manner to those who saw
thee. But now that Zeus
has made thee, art thou on
that account careless how
thou shalt show thyself.? . . .
Being therefore the formation
of this artist, dost thou put
Him to shame.?'— Bk. II.,
ch. viii., §§ 18, 19, 21. •
N.T.
' For we are His workman-
ship (TTotTy/ia), created in
Christ Jesus for good works,
which God prepared before-
hand that we should walk in
them.' — Eph. ii. 10.
' Whether therefore you eat
or drink or do anything, do all
to the glory of God.' — i Cor.
X. 31.
' Love your enemies and
pray for those who persecute
you : that you may become
sons of your Father in
Heaven, for He makes His
sun to rise upon evil and
good and sends rain upon
righteous and unrighteous.' —
Matt. v. 44, 45
I20 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
^. The Adorning of the Inner Man.
E.
' Thy excellence lies in the
rational part {to XoyiKov) :
this adorn {koo-^h) and beau-
tify ; leave thy hair (kojut^j/) to
Him who formed it as He
willed.'— Bk. III.,ch.i., §26.
N.T.
' Whose adorning (KoV/ios)
let it not be that which is
outward of plaiting of hair
(rpixcov) and putting on of
gold or of clothing, but the
hidden man of the heart
(Kapbias). . .' — I Pet. iii. 3, 4.
7. Do the Good for its own sake.
E.
' Knowest thou not that a
genuinely good {koXos kcu
dyados) man does nothing for
the sake of appearance but
for the sake of having acted
well.'— Bk. III., ch. xxiv.,
§50-
N.T.
(The Contrast — the Scribes
and Pharisees.)
' So you also appear out-
wardly righteous to men, but
within you are full of hypo-
crisy and lawlessness.' — Matt,
xxiii. 28.
a. Do Right and Fear Not.
E.
' When thou dost anything
from a clear sense that it
ought to be done never avoid
the being seen to do it, even
though most men should
misunderstand it. For if
thou art not acting rightly,
avoid the action itself ; but
if rightly, why dost thou fear
those who shall reprove you
wrongly ? ' — Ench. xxxv.
N.T.
' For rulers are not a cause
of fear to the good work but
to the evil. And wouldst
thou not have fear of the
Authority? Do the good,
and thou shalt have praise
from it. . .But if thou do the
evil, fear.' — Rom. xiii. 3, 4.
€. How to Speak.
RESEMBLANCES IN THOUGHT AND TEACHING. 121
(i.) Say only what is Necessary and let Words
be Few.
N.T.
* Slow to speak (XaX^o-at).'
— James i. 19.
' Let yours be the " Yes,
yes " and the " No, no." '—
James v. 12.
' Let no profitless ' (or
' corrupt ') ' word come forth
out of your mouth, but that
which is good for building
up of the need ' (i.e. ' as
occasion requires')- — Eph.
iv. 29.
(v. under aanpos, p. 56.)
E.
*Let there be silence for
the most part or let that which
is necessary be said (\a\ei-
cr6(o) and in few words.
Sometimes, however, when
occasion calls for it, speak
(Xe^oi/), but speak sparingly
... If then thou art able by
thy own conversation, bring
over that of the company to
a fitting subject.' — Ench.
xxxiii., §§ 2, 3.
(2.) Swearing is Prohibited.
E. I
'Avoid swearing (opKov), \
if possible, altogether, but if I
not, as far as thou art able.' I
— Ench. xxxiii., § 5.
N.T.
* But before all things, my
brethren, swear not, neither
by the Heaven, nor by the
earth, nor by any other oath
{opKov).^ — James v. 12.
(3.) Speech to be Wholesome.
E.
* But dangerous also is the
approach to indecent speak-
ing {alaxpokoylav). When-
ever, therefore, such a thing
has happened, if there be an
opportunity, reprove the man
that has made the approach ;
but, if not, by silence and
blushing and a forbidding
N.T.
* Let your speech always
be with grace, seasoned with
salt.'— Col. iv. 6.
* That it may give grace
to those who hear it.' — Eph.
iv. 29.
122 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E. I
look {(TKv6f}(07rdacu, cf. Matt,
vi. 1 6), show thyself to be dis- !
pleased by the conversation.'
— Ench. xxxiii., § i6. i
Also V. under alaxpoXoyia, p. 17.
^. Avoid Extravagance.
E.
' Provide things relating
to the body no further than
the bare need, such as food,
drink, clothing, a house,
servants. But everything re -
lating to show {86^av) and
delicacy reject.' — Ench.
xxxiii., § 7.
N.T.
(The Prayer.)
' Give us to-day our bread
for the coming day.' — Matt,
vi. II.
7). The Disadvantage of Riches.
' Riches (ttXoutos) are not
among the things that are
good . . . Riches . . . seduce
from Tightness of mind (o-co-
cf)po(ri)vr]s). It is difficult,
then, for a rich person to be
right-minded (craxppovclv) or
a right-minded person rich.'
— Stob. 10.
N.T.
*A rich man {ttKovo-ios)
will with difficulty enter into
the Kingdom of Heaven.' —
Matt. xix. 23.
' Those who wish to be
rich (TrkovTelv) fall into a
temptation and a snare and
many foolish and harmful
desires, such as drown men
in destruction and perdition.
For the love of money is a
root of all (kinds of) evils.' —
I Tim. vi. 9, 10.
RESEMBLANCES IN THOUGHT AND TEACHING. 123
0, True Humility.
E.
So^oj/ 6e fxr)hiis elvai Ka'i
cldevai firjdev. — Bk. II., ch. i.,
§36.
'But think that thou art
nobody and that thouknowest
nothing.'
— Advice to a young man.
I. Fear of Death.
'Dost thou then consider
than the origin {K€<pdXaiov) of
all human evils and mean-
spiritedness and cowardice
is not death, but rather the
fear of death (6 rot) Oavdrov
(f)6(-ios) ? '— Bk. III., ch. xxvi.,
§38.
N.T.
* If any man thinks (SoxeT)
that he is anything when
he is nothing {fjt-rjbev) he de-
ceives himself.' — Gal. vi. 3.
' If any man thinks (SoKei)
that he knows (eyi/wfce'mi)
anything, he has not yet
come to know it (eyvco) as he
must (come to) know it.' —
I Cor. viii. 2.
N.T.
'And might deliver all
those who through fear of
death (^o/Sw Oavdrov) were
all their lifetime subject to
bondage (douXeias).' — Hcb.
ii. 15.
K. When Death Comes.
E. I
'What then wouldst thou
be found by Death to be j
doing ? For my part, I |
would be found doing some |
humane, beneficent, public- I
spirited, noble task.' — Bk.
IV., ch. X., § 12. I
N.T.
* Do you also show your-
selves ready, for in an hour
that you think not the Son
of Man comes. . . Happy that
slave whom his Master, when
he comes, will find so doing.'
— Luke xii. 40, 43.
X. Contentment.
124 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
E.
* Mindful of these things,
rejoice in what you have
(rots' napovari) and be content
(ciydmi) with those things for
which it is the season (kiu-
p6s):—Bk. IV., ch. iv., § 45.
(Even in Prison.)
E.
*And then we shall be
imitators of Socrates, when
in prison {(f)v\aK^) we are
able to write hymns of praise
(naidvas).^ — Bk. II., ch. vi.,
§26.
N.T.
' I have learnt in whatso-
ever state I am therein to be
content {avTdpKr)s).^ — Phil.
iv. II.
N.T.
(The jailor) ' who, having
received such a charge, cast
them (Paul and Silas) into
the inner prison {(pvXaKrjv)
and made their feet fast in
the stocks. Now about mid-
night Paul and Silas were
praying and singing hymns
to God.' — Acts xvi. 23, 25.
/>6. Repentance.
With the N.T. fieravoecv ('change the mind') we
may compare E. : —
* If thou wouldst be good (ayado^) first believe
that thou art wicked (KaK6<;)/ Stob. 3.
7. The Teacher.
a. The Impartation of Truth.
* Of the young men it is
not easy to gain the attention
{nporpeylrai) of the effeminate
(paXaKovs) : for it is not easy
to take cheese by a hook ;
but the ingenuous (ey^vels),
even if thou discourage (dno-
N.T.
We may compare the use
of Parables. Those who
wanted to learn the truth
would discover it from study
of the Parables. Those who
did not want to learn the
truth would not discover it
RESEMBLANCES IN THOUGHT AND TF:ACHING. 1 25
E.
TpiTTTjs) them, are more eager
for learning (en fiaWov exou-
rat Tov Xoyov).^ — Bk. III.,
ch. vi., § 9.
N.T.
however plainly our Lord
spoke, ' because seeing they
do not see and hearing they
do not hear nor understand.'
— Matt. xiii. 13.
13. The influence of the Teacher (Philosopher,
Preacher) on the Audience.^
' He (Rufus) used to speak
in such a way that each of us
as we sat thought that some-
one had accused us to him ;
so did he hit {rjirTeTo) upon
what was done, so did he
place the faults of each before
his eyes (ouro) npo d(f>6a\fiS)p
iriBcL ra iKacTTov kuko) . . .
Who hearing thee read or
discourse is troubled {riyoivia-
arev) about himself or turns
{iireoTpdcfirj) to himself or goes
away and says, " The philo-
sopher hit me well : I must
no longer do these things " ? '
— Bk. 1 1 1 ., ch. xxiii., §§ 29, 37.
N.T.
' But if all prophesy, and
there come in one unbelieving
or unlearned (t8ia>Tr]s)^ he is
convicted {eXeyxfrai) by all,
he is searched {avaKplverai)
by all, the secrets of his heart
become manifest (ra Kpvnra
Tr]s Kapblas avrov (Pavepa
yiVerai), and SO he will fall
upon his face and worship
God, declaring " Indeed God
is in you.'" — i Cor. xiv. 24, 25
^ The parallel is drawn by Dr. Moffatt in the Expositor
March 191 3, p. 285.
CHAPTER X.
Differences between Epictetus and the
New Testament in Language, Thought
and Teaching.
Although we have drawn attention to remark-
able parallels between Epictetus and the New
Testament, we must point out certain Differences
between them : —
I. ayairdcD, dya7Tr]T6<;.
Certainly in Stob. 9 dyaTrdco is used in a sense
approaching that of N.T. ' love.' ' As when thou
seest a viper or asp or scorpion in an ivory or gold
box thou dost not, on account of the magnificence of
the material (in which it is enclosed), love it {dya7ra<;)
and count it happy, but, because its nature is
harmful, shun it and loathe it (fjuvadTrrj) . . .' But,
as we have seen under ' Contentment ' in the
preceding Chapter, p. 124, the Verb is used in the
Classical sense of *be content' — Bk. IV., ch. iv.,
§45.
Similarly in N.T. dya7Tr)T6<; means * beloved,' but
in E. it has the Classical sense of ^satisfactory,'
E.
dyanrjTov yap, ft firj8e7roT€
dpiivres ravTrjv rfju irpoao^rjv
N.T.
ovTos iariv 6 vlos fxov 6 dya-
TrrjTos. — Matt. iii. 1 7.
126
DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, ETC. 12/
E. N.T.
oXlyciv y( dixaprrjixdroiv €kt6s ' This is my beloved son.'
iauixcda. — Bk. IV., ch. xii., Also i Cor. iv. 14 and
§ 19- often.
' For it is satisfactory if, by |
never remitting this attention'
(i.e. the endeavour to be
faultless) Sve shall be free
from a few faults at least.' |
2. X6'yo<^.
In N.T. this term is used in the sense of * word '
— e.g. Matt. vii. 26. ' Everyone who hears these
words of Mine ' — or * account,' ' reckoning,' e.g.
Matt. XXV. 19. ' Holds a reckoning with them.'
In E. however the term, as a rule, means * reason,'
a meaning which it never has in N.T., e.g. Bk. I.,
ch. iii,, § 3. ' Reason (\6709) and thought {yvcofir})
in common with the Gods ' ; Ench. xxxii., § 3, &c.
3. ol/C€LO<;.
Once at any rate in E. this term has the meaning
of iSLo<; ; in N.T. it always means ' belonging to a
household,' e.g. : —
E.
oTT€p ovv arot (pvaiKov kcu
crvyyeves, 6 \6yos, rovro koi
oIkcIov r]yr}(rdiJL€vos tovtov iin-
fieKov. — Stob. II.
*That therefore which is
natural and congenial to thee,
Reason, think to be specially
thy own and take care of it.'
N.T.
TOVS oIk€IOVS Trjs TlllTTCOiS.
Gal. vi. 10.
' Those of the household
of the faith.'
(Included in, but not equi-
valent to iSios.)
et be Tis Ta>v Idicov koI fxdXi-
(TTa olKciavov Trpovoel. — I Tim.
v. 8.
' But if any man provides
not for his own and especially
those of his household.'
128 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
4. ova {ova in N.T.).
In E. this is a term of praise, but in N.T. a
term of scorn : —
E.
dXX' eTraivecrov fxe. ri Xeyeis
TO enuivecrov ; eiTre fxoi ova Kai
dav^acrrios. — Bk. III., ch.
xxiii., § 24.
* But praise me. — What
N.T.
And those that were pass-
ing by were speaking evil
(i^Xaa-cjirjfjLovv) of Him, shak-
ing their heads and saying,
ova 6 KaraXvoiu top vaov . . .
dost thou mean by " praise " ? j o-ao-ov aeavrov.
— Say to me " Fine " and
"Marvellous."'
Also § 32.
' Ah ! Thou that destroyest
the Temple . . . save Thy-
self.' — Mark xv. 29, 30.
5. ovaia.
This term is used in three different senses in E.,
none of which is found in N.T. : —
a. In the sense of 'essence/ e.g. — Bk. II., ch.
viii., § 2. ' What then is the Essence of God } ' as
in ofioovdLo^ of the Creeds ; Frag. Diss, i, * It is
not sufficient to learn the essence of good and
evil.'
/3. In the sense of ' subject,' e.g. — Bk. II., ch. xi.,
§ 19. 'What subject has fallen under our enquiry V
7. In the sense of ' kind of things,' e.g. Bk. I.,
ch. xxii., § II. 'Where then are we to place "the
good " {to a^aOov) ^ To what kind of things shall
we adapt (our preconception of) it ? '
In N.T. the term occurs twice only, and in the
sense of 'substance,' 'goods,' Luke xv. 12, 13.
* Give me the portion of the substance that falleth
{e-m^aXkov) to me . . . and there wasted {Btea/cup-
TTiaev) his substance.'
DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, ETC. 1 29
6. irXeove^ia.
Tills term is always used in N.T. in a bad sense
meaning ' greediness,' * covetousness,' the character
of the grasping spirit ; in E., however, it occurs in
the good sense of ' advantage,' e.g. : —
N.T.
olrives aTTTjXyTjKOTes eavTovs
irapebbiKav rrj daeXyeia €is epya-
aiav ciKadaparias irdfrTjs kv
TrXfoi/e^ta.— Eph. iv. 1 9.
'Who, being past feeling,
gave themselves up to lascivi-
ousness, to work all unclean-
ness with greediness.'
7. crcoTTjpLa.
It is known that this N.T. term occurs on pagan
inscriptions in a religious sense in the Imperial
Period. E., however, does not use the term in a
strictly religious sense, but rather in an exclamation
like the modern ' Bless me.' That his use of the
term is widely different from that of N.T. may be
seen from the following comparison : —
E.
Spa yap olov ecrriv. . .€vyva>-
Hocrvvrju KTrjcraaBai, oar) rj nXeo-
j/c^ia.—Bk. II., ch. X., §9.
' For see what it is ... to
secure a good temper, how
great the advantage.'
E. 1
TL aroi edo^a ; Bavtxao-Tcos^ Kv-
pi€, Tr)v efXTjV oroi cr(OTr)piav . . .
TovTois ov iroWol dvvavrai vra-
paKoKovBelv, /xa rfjv vp-sripav
aoiTripiav. — Bk. III., ch. xxiii.,
§§11,26.
' What didst thou think of
me ? — Marvellous, by my
life, sir. . .By your life, there
are not many capable of
pursuing these things.' •
N.T.
bvi^apus yap Qeov €(tt\v fls
acorqplav TravrX tw irLfrrevovri.
— Rom. i. 16.
' For it is God's power
unto salvation for everyone
who believes.'
I30 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
It must be added, however, that acoTrjpla is not
always in N.T. used in a strictly religious sense,
but rather in the ordinary sense of ' safety ' ; in this
sense the term occurs at least once in E., e.g. : —
I N.T.
! TrapaKaXS) viias /xeraXajSelj/
I Tpo<f>r]s, rovTO yap npos rrjs
j vp-eTepas arcorrjpias v7rdp)(€L. —
Acts xxvii. 34.
' I beseech you to take
food, for this is for your
safety.'
Also (probably) Luke i. 71.
E.
aXX* e/ceiJ/ot pev Tr]v piado-
<f>opiav XapjBdvovTes opvvovaff
rrdvTcov TrpoTiprja-eiv Trjv tov
Kaiaapos (Tcorrjpiai/ . . . ; —
Bk. L, ch. XIV., § 15.
' But do they (the soldiers)
when they are receiving their
pay swear to prefer before all
things the safety of Caesar...?'
8. TaireLvo^ and its Cognates.
A greater contrast in the use of these terms
cannot be imagined. That which is most praise-
worthy in N.T. is in E. an object of scorn and con-
tempt. E. adopts the characteristically Pagan atti-
tude towards that which is the great Christian virtue,
Humility, regarding it as Meanness and therefore
unworthy of man, who calls himself God's son, e.g. : —
a. Taireivo^.
E.
oLvOpoiTTOv raTTeiuov, pepyjrL-
/xoipov, o^vdvpov, SetXoV, TTavra
pepcfiupevov, naaiv eyKaXovvra,
prjbeTTore rj(rv)(Lav ciyovra, nep-
Tvepov. — Bk. III., ch. ii., § 14.
*A man mean, discon-
tented, quick - tempered,
cowardly, complaining of
everything, accusing every-
body, never at rest, a brag-
t.'
N.T.
(Our Lord's words.)
npavs elpt kcu rarrdvos rfj
Kapdla. — Matt. xi. 29.
' I am meek and lowly in
heart.'
rarreivols de dldaxxii' xdpiv. —
James iv. 6.
' (God. . .) but gives grace
to (the) lowly.'
DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, ETC. 13I
/8. TaTreivoQ).
E.
6 d' 'OSvo-crev? ore vavayos
e^eppicfiOTj, fir] ri iTarrelvcoarev
avTOV rj aTropia, fir) ri €7r*Kka-
a-ev ; — Bk. III., ch. xxvi.,
§33.
'But when Odysseus was
cast away by shipwreck, did
his destitution deject him ?
did it break his spirit ? '
7. Ta7retvo(f)po(Tvv7].
E.
TTOV €TL KOkaKciaS TOTTOS, TTOV
raTr€ivo(l)poavvrjs ; — Bk. III.,
ch. xxiv., § 56.
' Where is there still room
for flattery, for meanness ?'
9. The Supreme Power.
Like the Stoics E. confounds God with the
World ; the contrast between this and the state-
ments in N.T. respecting God and the World is
evident from the following comparison : —
N.T.
6 Geoy 6 rroirjcras rbv Koafiov
N.T.
ooTis ovu TaneLvaxTfi eavrov
cos TO Tvaihlov rovTO^ ovtos icrriv
6 fiei^cov iv rfj ^aa-iXfta rcov
ovpavSiv. — Matt, xviii. 4.
' Whosoever therefore shall
humble himself as this little
child, he is the greatest in
the Kingdom of Heaven.'
N.T.
8ouXeu6)j/ rw Kvpiat ficra ird-
crrjs Tan€ipo(f)po(Tvvrjs. — Acts
XX. 19.
' Serving the Lord with all
humility.'
Travra vnaKovet ra Koa-fito Kai
VTiripfTil . . . ajxeivov vrrep rjfxcov
^e^ovXevrat pera tcov oXav koX
rjpas (tvv8ioi.k5)v. — Frag. Diss.
3-
' All things obey and serve
the World... (It) has con-
sulted the best for us, govern-
ing us in conjunction with
the whole.' *
Koi Travra ra ev avT(o. — Acts
xvii. 24.
* God who made the World
and all things that are in it.'
V
K 2
CHAPTER XL
how to account for the resemblances.—
Had Epictetus Relations with Chris-
tianity ?
I. In view of the remarkable parallels existing
between Epictetus and the New Testament such as
those to which attention has been drawn in the first
nine Chapters of this book, the question has been
asked, ' Was Epictetus a Christian ? ' We must
now give reasons why we cannot answer * Yes.'
a. In the first place, Epictetus makes many
references to Zeus and the Gods. Granted that
the Zeus of Epictetus is a far nobler Being than
the Zeus of Homer, yet we cannot understand how
a Christian could speak of Man as son of Zeus
(Bk. I., ch. iii., § 3). And, as to the Gods, certainly
a Christian does not endorse Polytheism (* Piety
towards the Gods.' — Ench. xxxi., § i).
13. In the second place, Epictetus speaks of the
Christians apparently as ' the Galileans.' Speaking
of meeting death fearlessly, Epictetus asks : eha
VTTO jjt^avla^ fjikv Bvvarai ti<; ovtco hiaTedrjvai irpo^
Tama /cat viro eOov^ ol VaXCkaloi ; ' Can then any-
one be thus disposed to these things from madness
and the Galileans from habit } ' — Bk. IV., ch. vii., § 6.
If Epictetus is really referring to the Christians who
132
HOW TO ACCOUNT FOR THE RESEMBLANCES. 1 33
would die rather than sacrifice to heathen deities,
we can perceive the scorn underlying the passage.
' It helps to confirm this opinion that M. Antoninus
(ii., § 3) mentions them by their proper name of
Christians, as suffering death out of mere obstinacy '
(Rouse, p. 341). And certainly the apostate Em-
peror Julian centuries later spoke of the Christians
under the same name.
7. In the third place, as has been noticed in the
preceding Chapter, raireivof; and its cognates are
used by Epictetus, not in a Christian but in a
Pagan sense. Christianity says, * Humble thyself,'
Paganism, * Assert thyself.' This of itself would
be sufficient to show that Epictetus was not a
Christian.
3. In the fourth place, Pantheism is taught
directly in Frag. Diss. 3 (§ 9, ch. x.), and suggested
sometimes, e.g. Bk. II., ch. viii., §§ 12, 13. — ovk
olBa<; OTL Oeov T/oe^et?. . .eV aavT(p <j)ip6c<; avrov* . .
'Dost thou not know that thou art feeding a
God . . . .? It is in thyself that thou dost carry
Him.' This, of course, is not the teaching of
Christianity, but of Stoicism.
e. In the fifth and last place, lofty as is the
moral teaching of Epictetus, the examination of it
convinces us that its tone is lower than that of the
teaching contained in the New Testament. To
give but one illustration, when, after considering
what is covered by the term afiapTdvai in Epictetus,
we turn and examine St. Paul's or St. John's use of
the term, we are conscious that we have risen to a
higher platform. *Sin,' as described in the New
134 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
Testament, can hardly be said to be met with in
Epictetus : afjuaprdvo) in Epictetus means ' I commit
a fault/ e.g. eV ijiavTov €7n(7Tpe(j)co, el ravra Kayo)
dfiaprdvco. — Bk. IV., ch. iv., § 7. * I turn to myself
(to learn) if I also commit the same faults.'
We conclude, then, that Epictetus was not a
Christian.
2. A very natural question to ask is, 'Was Epictetus
acquainted with the New Testament writings ? '
\ To this we cannot give a definite answer. We
\ know that Epictetus was born about A.D. 60, when
the New Testament was in process of formation,
and that in his early life he removed to Rome,
where there was already in existence a branch of
the Christian Church. In Rome he remained until
he was expelled by Domitian in A.D. 94. Accord-
ingly he may have seen some of the New Testa-
ment writings — written as they were in the Greek
tongue — or, at any rate, he may have come into
touch with Christian teaching and thought. But,
after all, there are two points to be considered.
a. In the first place, assuming that Epictetus
was acquainted with Christian writings and thought,
this acquaintance must have been somewhat super-
^ficial, if we examine his description of a Jew : orav
3' dvakdPr) TO Trddo^ to tov /BejSafifJbevov koI rjprjfii-
vov, Tore koX eaTi tco ovtl koI KoXelrai 'louSato?. —
Bk. II., ch. ix., § 20. If, as seems natural, /Se^a/Ji-
fievov refers to Baptism and fjprjfievov refers to
Circumcision, and we therefore translate the passage,
* But when he has adopted the sentiments of the
HOW TO ACCOUNT FOR THE RESEMBLANCES. 1 35
baptised and circumcised man, then he both really
is, and is called, a Jew,' we notice that Epictetus
has fallen into the common Pagan error of the
time, of confusing Jews and Christians and regard-
ing Christians merely as a Jewish sect. Also we
ask, ' Why did not Epictetus, if he was really
acquainted with New Testament writings and
thought, use the technical terms for ' baptise ' and
' circumcise,' i.e. fiaTTTi^o) and TreptrefjLvco ^
^. In the second place, when we consider the
remarkable parallelism in Phrases that exists
between Epictetus and the New Testament, we
question whether there is really any need to assume
that Epictetus quoted from the New Testament.
For instance, it seems fair to urge that any teacher,
speaking with authority, might say aXV iy(a
aoi Xeyo). — Bk. III., ch. vii., § 13 (iyco Be Xeyco
v/uv — Matt. V. 22) or ^iJTCt koI evpr}aeL<; — Bk. I.,
ch. xxviii., § 19 {^yrelTe Kai evprjaere — Matt. vii. 7).
Again, it seems reasonable to suppose that such a
phrase as i'7TL<yvcoai<; t?}? aXydela^ (Bk. II., ch. xx.,
§ 21, Heb. X. 26) was already in existence before it
was used by Epictetus and the author of the
Epistle to the Hebrews, and that they took it from
a common source.
We conclude then that, after all, it is doubtful
whether Epictetus was acquainted with the New
Testament.
3. How then are we to account for the Resem-
blances between Epictetus and the New Testa-
ment ? •
136 EPICTETUS AND THE NEW TESTAMENT.
a. Whenever we find that the Thought and
Teaching of Epictetus can, for loftiness of tone, be
paralleled with much that is found in the New
Testament, surely this is evidence that ' the Light
which lighteth every man ' shone clearly into his
heart and mind. Such has been and still is the
case with many teachers outside the pale of
Christianity. And in old times, outside the pale of
Judaism, before the coming of Christianity, nay,
preparing the way for Christianity, there were
inspired men sent from God, in whom this Light
shone: witness Heracleitus of Ephesus with his
doctrine of the Divine Logos, witness Zoroaster,
witness Socrates, Plato and many others. Such,
we conclude, was Epictetus, and in this way do we
explain the loftiness of his thought.
^. When we attempt to explain why Epictetus
in his language approximates to that of the New
Testament, we are compelled to raise the question,
' Is it likely that he would use terms unfamiliar to
him?'
The answer can only be an unqualified ' No.'
And we know that, as experts like Drs. Deissmann,
Milligan and Moulton have made abundantly
clear, the language of the New Testament was the
language spoken by the people of the time, the
language of documents that were either non-literary
or else literary to a very limited extent. Such
surely is the language of Epictetus. And as
evidence, that so far from adopting that of
classical writers, Epictetus could use language that
was non-literary, we may refer to Ench. xi. : to
HOW TO ACCOUNT FOR THE RESEMBLANCES. 1 37
%ft)/otoj' a^rjpWrjVy 'the estate has been taken
away/ where we notice that to the literary form
a^rjpeOrj '-v'^ has been suffixed, a usage which can
be paralleled from the Papyri.
Our conclusion then is that the language of
Epictetus resembles that of the New Testament
because it was the language as spoken by the
people of the time.
^ Dr. Moulton points out that the adding of a superfluous
-V is easily attributed to scribes : as a better example of non-
literary language we suggest the use oi aveo-rdKaaiv in Bk. I.,
ch. iv., § 33 : TpinToXefKO . . . ^afiovs iravres avOpmnot dpfa-rd-
Kaa-iv. 'To Triptolemos all men have raised altars.' The
literary form is dpca-TrjKaa-tv and is moreover intransitive in
meaning.
( 139 )
INDEX TO GREEK WORDS.
PAGE
PAGE
ayaTrdu) .
. 124, 126
dir* &pTi .
.
. 93
ayanrjTos
. 126
aireXdijiV air-fiy^aTO
. 3
ayyapda, euoj
• 15
direpiffiraffTos, -
(as
49, 50
aypvirvcw
. . 63
dir4x(>}
64,6s
&ya>
. 64, 89
diroSrj/xeco
• 3
ayd)V
. 70
airo5oKifid((o
. 65
a5e\(})6s .
16, 22
T. OTToAAv^eVoty
. 112
&5lK0S
. 114
diroWvco .
. 83
a56Kl/MOS .
• 48, 57
dir6a"iraa'iJ.a
• "7
45u
. 112
airh rSre
82,83
ae\4co
2
dpeaKO)
• "5
aidios
. 48, 49
apxireKTuv
. 19
alpiffis .
. 16
ai/rdpKTjs .
. 124
aicr-x^poKoyia
17, 121, 122
avrSx^ip .
• SO
alciu
• 17
&(!>€$
7, 15
aldvLos .
48, 49
a.<pripiQ7]V
• 137
aKO-fi
. 17, 18
d(popd(D .
• 5
aKovaa
. 13
aKovcrcCf Ofxai
. 84, 85
fidWw .
. 65
aWaxov .
. . 89
jSoTTTt'CcW .
65,
66, 13s
hfiaprduto, 113,114,
118,133,134
fiapeofiai .
• "7
afidpTrjiJLa
. 127
fiaaiXiffffa
. 20
a/xapria . *
. 113, 114
fiaardCco .
66,67
&u .
. 99, 100
T. fie^a/jifiiuov K
• T^pW^VO
. . 134
dva<Trpo(p'f)
i8, 19
fiidCofiai .
67,68
due^iKaKla, os
. 19
iSAeVo .
. 68
aueardKaffiv
. 137
fioTjdSs .
. Ill
dv6T]T05, &(ppUV
. 53
Poi\Ofj.ai .
68,69
dyrl
. 90
dvTiiroico/xai
. 105, 115
FaAiXaioi
. 132
&pud€v .
.•88
yivvdu), .
69,70
I40
INDEX TO GREEK WORDS.
PAGE
PAGE
ylvofiai .
. . 85
i-iriirXiicrcra)
72, 73
yLvdxTKQ} .
. . 85
iiriffKotrew
. 73
yvw/xri
. 69, 127
iiri(rrp4(f>w, 51, 7^
„ no, 125,134
yvixvd((o .
. 70
eiri<pdv€ia
• 9
yvvaiKCLpiov
. 20
fpyov
. 112
yuylq,, iroieiv (irpdcrffeiv) eV . 5
epXafiai els (Reflex.) . . 6
^aradev .
. 109
SeiKuvu .
. 82
evdaifiwv .
. 52
SeiaiSaifxoveffTepovs
. 61
€v<r4fi€ia, 7JS
21, 55» 109
54oy
. lOI
eifxapicrreio
. 74, III
SecTjuci, 5e&j
. 117
SiaKovea .
70, 71
C-i]Tet K. evprjffeis
• 4, 135
SlUKOVOS .
. 71
81CI, TravTSs
. 118
V .
. . 84
8ia(pepcD .
. 29, n7
^dopi, .
. 108, 109
SioiKTicris .
• 25
iJHW, ^s .
. . 83
SoKew
. 123
80KOVV
. 101
d€7os
50, 51
8okS) fioi (e/iauT^)
• 7
06 Aw . I,
56, 68, 69, 88
S6^a . . 9,
10, 21, 122
exifia, e\i^Ls .
• 74
hovKayuyica
. 71
dvrjTds
• 53
SouAeia .
114, 123
dpiafifievco
74, 75
SouAeucu .
113, 131
Opi^f KSfirj
. 120
8ov\os
3. 71, 114
XSios
. 127
kavrSv
36, 37, 68
ISldoTTjS
. 125
iyd) . A.€7ft)
2, 135
I80V
. 100
e'lKdiu
. 34
lepevs
30, 64
e^prjKa
86,87
'{pa
15, 95, 96, 97
els . . . •
• 91
'Ipari; .
. 8
4k€7
. 89
'lovda7os .
• 134
iKe7po5
38,39
t(rfJL€p
. . 83
i\€v9epiay OS
. 114
ilxTeptrepevofiai .
71, 72
KaOalpw, KaQapl^oi
. 114
6yu.TrAe/ca> .
• 72
KaK6s . 55,
113, 124, 125
€V .
. 91
Kav(i>p
. 21
i^ovalav diSufii
• 3
KaTaKvirro)
• 75
inlyvwais r. aATjdeias .
9, 135
KaTa<pi\4a>
. 104
iiriOvficw .
• "5
Kep65o^os
• 51
itrtKoKiOfiOA
4. Ill
K€(pd\aiov
. 123
INDEX TO GREEK WORDS.
141
Kifeci}
PAGE
75»76
va6s
PAGE
• 24
KhTJffis (fcaAe7v)
• 4
peKpSs . . 53, 54, III
KOiviapia. .
. Ill
vfjirios
31,59
Koivwv6s .
. 22
VOfllflWS .
2
kSkkivos .
• 51
KoKaQu, KSXaa-is
. 113
|uAoi/
. 27
KoXKvpiov
. 22
IcdflT]
. 120
oidUfJLCV .
83,84
KOfxxl/cos ex^ii^
.7.8
olSos
• 133
Koa-fieco, OS
. 120
oIkcTos
. 127
k6(Tijlios .
• 52
olKo^e(Tir6Tt]s
• 25
K6(TflOS
. 46
oiKovofjiia .
• 25
Kpd$^aT0Sy KpdfiaTTos
22, 23
oIkos
46,47
KTTJJ/OS
• 23
olKOVfieVT], 7)
. 8
Kj5pi€, iXi-qffov .
4
otos (Inter.)
41,42
K^piOS
3, 131
6\6k\t}pos
. 54
Kvvdpiou .
• 23
'6irov
. 89
AoAew
76, 121
Spare k. irpoffex^Te
'6pK0S
• 4
. 121
AoAto
. 24
r
'65 (Demons.) .
• 39
A67c«>
Ae/TTw
76, 121
76,77
ts (Inter.)
^(TlOS
41,42
54, 55
\eirovpY^(i)
. 77
ova
. 128
\oyiK6s .
. 120
ovai
. II
\6yos . 64, 92, 10
7, 125, 127
ovdtis
. . 38
fxaKdpios .
. 52
ovaia
. 128
fjLa\aK6s .
. 124
OVTOS
. 45
fidxaipa .
. 24
ovrG) K. vjxits voie^re
2
IxeipaKiov .
• 59
fi4(Tos (Prep.) .
. 94
iraidv
. 124
fieravo€(t}
. 124
vaidaywySs
. 26
/xeriupos, iCofiai
• 53
rtaiSlov . . 2
0, 103, 104
fifXP'- ^^^
. 93
rrapd
41, 91, 92
fi4xpt 5Se
. 93
irapaKovco
. 77. 78
M . . .
I, 6, 98, 99
TrapaKirtrroo
• 75
fiij yeyoiro
6, 112
iras . ov (or fii])
13, 14
flilTi
• 99
TTivpdKei. .
. 86
fiop<t>-fi
. 31, 32, 33
irepiTefxva}
. 135
/x6p(pwcris
32, 33
irepirepfiofMi
71, 72
fxapSs
. n
irepvepos .
. 71, 130
142
INDEX TO GREEK WORDS.
PAGE
PAGE
vr)X6s, ir^Xivos .
. 117
ff(t>(ppov4(ii}^ ffuxppocrvvri
. 122
TTTjpa, ITIjplSlOV .
26, 27, 103
aar-qpia .
.
129, 130
irXeove^ia
. 129
TaXaiiroipos
,
• 59
TrKi)v
. 97, 98
raireivSs .
. 114,
130, 133
irXova-LOSy TrXovros,
4a> . 122
. 27, 28
raireivo(f)po(ri>v'r]
Tuntivd
w . 131
TTi/evfia
T4Xei05
.
. 59
irolrjfia .
. I, 5, 78
reXdovrjs .
.
. 33
. 119
ttjXlkovtos
.
. 44
TTOPTjpds .
. 55, 57
tI . . . Kui (two
Datives)
; II, 12
irpoKOir-f) .
. 89
. 28, 29
Tt/iTj, irpoTi/xdw
ris; (Rel.)
•
. 116
. 40
TTpOVoid) .
. 108, 127
rotovTOs .
,
. 45
TTpos
. 92
TOaOVTOS .
^
45, 46
TTpSs (x4yco)
irpSs oXiyov
. 6
. 8
Tvx6v
•
. lOI
. 84
TTpocrdyo} .
. . 64
Trpoffex^ .
• 79
vfivew, li/xvos
.
. 112
irp6(T(t}irov
29, 30
inrdyco
.
. 64
TTpOTlfMaU .
. n6
vndpx^ •
.
80,81
irpO(})'fjTT)S
. 30
vxep
. 93
TTpUTOS
61, 62
virrjperew
70,
71, 131
irT&x^s .
. . 56
(pdymre .
.
82, no
^a$5os .
. 27
(pavXos
55,
62, 114
aawpSs . . 5
6, 57, 58, 121
(j>iXos 6eov
(piXScrropyos
. Ill
. 60
<TaTrpS>s .
(rapKiSia, crcofxa .
a-f}fj.€pov (^/xe'pa), 7}
. 58
• 59
• 9
cpSPos daudrov
(pvXaiiii .
(pixris 7] d*'0poo7rf
I'VyV
. 123
. 124
. 10
CTKvdpCOTTd^b)
. 122
(TTavp6s .
15, 79
XapaKT-fjp
.
33,34
(xravpoui .
. 79
Xdpis T. 0e^
.
. 10
areuoxcopia, 4c
.74
XopTdCw .
.
81, 82
(TTiX^ia .
• 79, 80
Xovs, X'^'f'^s
.
. 117
crriXirvos
. 80
Xpeiav ^XQ>
.
. 3
aroix^la .
avvKTrdvC)
• 30, 31
. 82
^vx-h . I
3, 28, 3^
U 35, 63
(Tvuoida, (TvyeiSws,
TvveiSrjais,
556
,
89,90
118, 119
is .
. 61
(ripfo
. 80
&(rTe
44,
[05, 106
cx^/ia .
• 31, 32, 33
&(j>€Xov (o(j>eXov]
1
.5,6
( 143 )
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
Bk. I., ch. i., § 3 .
„ §11 .
» §13 .
„ §i6 .
„ §20 .
„ §111.
ch. ii., § 3 .
ch. iii., § I
,, §2 .
» § 3 54,
» §5 .
» §9 .
ch. iv., § 4 .
„ §30 .
ch. Yi., § 6 .
» § 13 .
„ ch. vii., § 2 .
„ §30 .
ch. ix., §§ 6, 13
„ §§ II, 12
„ §19 .
„ §20 .
ch. xi., § 32 .
„ „ §38 .
„ ch. xii., § I .
„ „ §15 .
„ ch. xiv., §§ 13, 14
„ § 15 .
ch. xix., § 18 .
Epictetus.
PAGE
PAGE
39,70
Bk.I.,ch.xix.,§22 . . 86
. 117
„ „ §24 .
. 47
. 6
„ ch. XX., § 19 .
• 45
12, 75
,, ch. xxii., § 10 . ]
6,22
. 99
„ §11 .
. 128
. 23
„ §15 .
II
• 3
„ „ §16 .
. 24
. 116
„ch.xxiv.,§5 .
45
67, 116
„ §14 .
23
116, 132
„ch.xxv.,§§26, 28
• 74
. 59
„ch.xxvi.,§3 .
70
• 4
„ §9 .
102
. 29
„ „ §16 .
98
. 137
,, ch. xxvii., § 9 .
89
. 48
„ §13 .
II
• 3
„ §21 .
90
. 18
„ ch.xxviii., § 9 .
4
. 63
„ § 19 10,11;
^I35
. 116
„ §§ 28, 30
22
. 117
„ch.xxix.,§ 11 .
3
82, no
„ „ §16 .
96
. 86
„ §§ 22, 23
80
. 91
„ §31 •
8
9, 73
,, „ §35 . ^7
,105
• 99
„ „ §36 . .
5
. 85
„ §41 .
102
. 109
„ §49 .
4
. 139
„ „ §55 .
5
. 100
„ch. xxx.,§i .
115
144
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
Bk. II., ch. i., § 23
» » § 34
„ §36
.,§20
§3
§4
§9
§13
§7
ch. ii.
ch. iv.,
>j
ch. v.,
j»
ch. vi.,
ch.
§12
§17
§23
§26
.,§8
,, §9
» § 12
», § 13
,, ch. viii., § 2
» §11
„ §§ 12,
» §§ 13=
» §§i8,
,y §24
§20
•,§9
§§i8,
§13
§19
§20
§15
§17
§21
i.,§6
§16
§17
^,§II
§19
§9
§§iS=
ch. ix.
ch. X.
ch. xi.
ch, xii.
„ ch.
,, ch. xiv.
»> >>
„ ch. XV.
rAQE
114
72
123
79
36
• 44, 57, 83 1
98
17
97
105,
115
96
103
102
124
96
74
4
no
107,
128
117
13 .
133
14 .
109
19,21.
119
43
134
129
19 .
"3
41
128
98
86
5
7
46
90
85
108
77
57
16 .
41
Bk. II., ch. xvi., § 22
,> J, § 28 .
„ §42 .
>> >» § 44 •
»» », §§ 45, 46
„ ch.xvii.,§i3 .
„ §22 .
„ §27 .
»» ,, § 29 .
>» J, § 34 .
» §39 .
ch. xviii., § 3 .
» §4 .
„ §8 .
„ §14 .
„ §15 .
„ §18 .
„ § 24 .
„ §28 .
„ §29 .
ch. xix., § 16 .
„ §19 .
„ §20 .
„ §25 .
» §27 .
„ >, § 29 .
,, ch. XX., § lo .
„ §11 .
„ §18 .
„ §21 .
» § 22
21, 51
„ §27 .
„ §29 .
„ §30 •
» §32 .
„ „ § 33 •
,, ch. xxi., § I .
M §2 53,
„ § II .
PAGE
75
115
no
47
114
83
no
88
III
2
64
60
78
87
8
6
20
7
70
III
II
12
16, 36
93
III
5
65
12
10, 76
9, 135
55,73
30
83
90
84
91
6,53
60, 102
. 103
54
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
145
72
Bk. II., ch. xxi., § 12
jj j» § 14
„ „ § 20
,, ch. xxii., § 10
„ § 26
,. >, § 31
„ch.xxiii.,§3
» „ § 5
5» >» § 7
„ §11
». »♦ § 39
„ch.xxvi.,§4
Bk. III.,ch.i., §15
» „ § 18
>> ,j §26
„ ch. ii., § 3
»> >» § 8
,y § 14
„ ch. iii., § 22
,, ch. iv., § I
M » §5
„ §9
,, § 10
„ ch. vi., § 4
» » §9
„ ch. vii., § I
>. >» § 4
„ § 13
n ,> § 24
„ § 30
„ ch. viii., § 5
„ ch. ix., §§2,4,9, 13
,, „ § 15
» § 16
„ ch. X., § 8
„ §13
„ ch. xi., § 4
„ ch. XV., § 9
„ § 12
124
PAGE
47
58
22
94
26
23
27
74
I, 93
71
61
I
120
65
77
130
28
43
21
96
97
18
125
46
62
135
61
96
87
55
23
56
2
7
56
33»^4
Bk. III., ch.
xvi., § 1
. 24
>»
§7 . 5
;8, 59
ch. xviii., § 5 . 9]
. 113
)>
§8 .
. 12
>j
§31 .
. u8
ch. xix
,§i .
II
ch. XX
,§i8 .
. 93
ch. xxi
,§6 .
. 64
»j
§21 .
. 22
ch. xxii
,§4 .
• 25
»j
§5 •
46
>>
§ 10 . 2
7,57
j»
§14 .
87
>»
§22 .
82
j> .
§29 .
9
j»
§32 .
II
>>
§36 .
13
»>
§50 . 27
, 103
>»
§55 .
64
>>
§6i .
58
>)
§66 .
82
>>
§ 69 . 29, c
;o,72
>»
§71 •
91
>»
§72 .
73
>>
§74 •
23
»»
§94 .
118
>>
§99 . I
2,20
,,
§105.
90
>»
§ 106.
64
ch. xxiii., § 7 .
44
j>
§ 10 .
60
»>
§11 .
129
>j
§15 . ■
119
>>
§17 . .
40
>>
§22 . .
89
5»
§24 •
128
>>
§26 .
129
>>
§29 .
125
yy
§32 . .
128
»»
§37 . •
125
140
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
PAGE
1
PAGB
Bk. IIT
.,ch
xxiv., § 2
. 92
Bk. IV., ch. i., § 95
• 38
,»
»>
§17 .
. 65
» §99 .
. 1 10
>»
>>
§20 .
• 41
„ §100.
• 117
J,
»j
§32 .
• 63
,. §117-
. 19
>»
j»
§42 .
• 113
» § 151 •
. 54
jj
j>
§43 .
• 51
,y §176.
. 63
>>
>>
§50 .
. 120
„ ch. iii., § I .
• 39
>>
>»
§56 .
. 131
» §2 .
. 17
>>
j>
§58 .
. 60
» §11 .
• 37
»>
»j
§75 .
45,53
„ ch. iv., § 7 . ic
5, 134
j>
j>
§76 .
. 71
„ §25 .
• 57
»>
>>
§85 .
• 75
„ §26 .
. 76
j>
j>
§92 .
• 25
,y §42 .
. 21
>j
j>
§98 .
• 45
y, §45 • 12^
\y 126
j>
,,
§99 •
• 25
>» >> § 48 .
. 108
»>
>>
§101 .
• 89
„ ch. v., § 8 .
• 55
>>
j>
§113.
. 108
» §9 •
. 10
„ch
XXV]
.,§3 .
. 6
,» yy § 17 • 34, <
t8,57
»>
,,
§8 .
. 56
yy § 19, 20
32
>>
J>
§§ 18, 19
. 82
„ yy §24 .
45
>>
>»
§25 .
• 54
„ ch. vi., § 2 .
8i
j>
9>
§28 .
. 108
>, >j § 4 • 4
1,80
>>
5>
§30 . loi, 112
„ ch. vii., § 14 .
89
>»
»>
§33 .
• 131
,y §17 .
71
>>
),
§38 .
. 123
» » §20 . 67
» „ §21 .
, no
67
Bk. IV.,
ch.i
.,§§1,2
[i3» 114
„ ch. viii.,§ 12 .
31
»>
>)
§3 •
55. 114
„ „ §21 .
95
>>
»,
§§ 26, 28
. 42
M §34 .
86
jj
,,
§43 .
. 56
» » §35 .
100
)>
>»
§48 .
. 40
„ ch. ix., § I .
100
j>
»»
§51 .
• 4
„ §4 .
8
jj
i>
§57 .
. 68
», ,» § 6 .
81
j»
)>
§58 .
• 3
» ,, §7 . 5
2,80
>»
>>
§79 .
. 15
„ „ §8 .
76
>>
)>
§§ 82, 83
• 93
„ „ §9 •
83
>»
>>
§86 .
. 20
„ §12 .
50
J,
>j
§88 .
. 24
„ §13 .
92
j>
)>
§§ 89, 90
68,110
„ ch. X., § 12 .
123
»>
>»
§91 .
. 43
„ §20 .
104
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
147
PAGE
PAGE
Bk. IV., ch. X., § 29
. 65, 92
Enct
I. xxix..
§7
• 33
„ ch. xi., § 5
. 61
»»
xxxi.,
§1
„ » § 17
• 95
21,
34, 109, no, 132
» § 19
. 80
,,
xxxii..
%2
. 38, 78
» §31
. . 58
,,
„
§3
. 127
M § 34
• 51
>»
„ §16
. 121, 122
» » § 35
. 100
J,
xxxiii..
§§2,,
3,5 • 121
„ ch. xii., § I
. 8
,,
,,
§6
. 116
„ §11
. 40
,,
,,
%1
. 122
„ § 19
126, 127
,,
» §§ 13,
14 . 37
„ ch. xiii., § 5
• 32
,,
„ §16
17, 73
» ,, § 18
. 16
,,
XXXV.
78, 120
» § 23
. 104
,,
xxxviii
,
• 79
,,
xl.
. 52
Frag. Diss, i
. 128
,,
xlvi., § I
. 102
3 A
\6, 131, 133
,»
xlviii., § I
• 34
8
• 31
»,
xlix.
. 37
23
77,82
,,
li., § I
• 59
34
• 49
Stob.
3
. 124
Ench. i., § 3
84, 105
J,
10
. 122
>, „ §4
. lOI
,,
II
81, 127
„ X.
• 19
,,
12
. 70
„ xi.
. 137
,,
20
. 118
,, xvi.
. 79
,,
23
• 34
„ xvii. .
30,97
,,
24
. 81
„ xxiii. .
. IIS
J,
47
. 66
„ xxiv., § I .
. 84
„ XXV., § I .
. 116
Cod.
Vat. 3
. 109
L 2
148
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
New Testament.
Matt.
PAGE
PAGE
ii. I
70
Matt.
xii. 45
85
iii. 17
126
xiii. 13
125
iv. 3 . .
96
xiii. 27
25
V. 3, 4 .
52
xiii. 46
87
V. 15
43
xiii. 48
57
V. 22, 28 . 2
, 135
xiv. 20
8i
V. 41
15
xiv. 21
103
V. 44, 45 .
119
xiv. 24
94
V. 46 . .
33
XV. 26
23
vi. 2, 5 .
65
XV. 33
82
vi. 10
46
xvi. 6
4
vi. II
122
xvi. 21
82
vi, 14
116
xvii. 4
. 90
vi. 16
122
xvii. 14
43
vi. 25
no
xvii. 15
. 4
vi, 26
117
xvii. 20
. 89
vii. 4
7
xvii. 27
. 90
vii. 7 . 4
, 135
xviii. 3
. 73
vii. 12
2
xviii. 4
• 131
vii. 17, 18 .
. 57
xviii. 17
• 78
vii. 26
. 127
xviii. 19
. 92
viii. 4
. 64
xviii. 25
• 98
viii. 10
. 46
xix. 23
. 122
viii. 29
. II
XX. 28
. 90
viii. 30
. 90
XX. 30, 31 .
. 4
ix. 4
. 8
xxi. 3
• 3
ix. 8
• 45
xxi. 23
• 3
ix. 14
. 102
xxii. 10
. 56
X. I
. 44
xxii. 16
. 29
x. 9, 10 .
. 27
xxii. 20
• 34
X. 29, 30 .
. 108
xxii. 23
• 99
xi. 12
. 68
xxii. 31, 32 .
. 118
xi. 22
. 98
xxiii. I
. 76
xi. 23
• 9
xxiii. 28
. 120
xi. 29
. 130
xxiv. 20
■ 96
xii. 33
• 57
xxiv. 36
. 108
xii. 42
. 20
xxiv. 43
• 39
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
149
Matt.
Mark
PAGE
PAGE
xxiv. 48
. 56
Mark xi. 2
. 64
XXV. 2
• 53
,, xii. 16
. 34
XXV. 14
• 3
„ xii. 43
. 56
XXV. 15
3»39
xiii. 9
. 68
XXV. 18
. 87
,, xiii. 20
• 13
XXV. 19
3, 127
xiv. 13
. 67
XXV. 20, 24
. 87
„ xiv. 36
. 40
XXV. 44
. 71
„ xiv. 49
• 83
XXV. 46
• "3
„ xiv.. 67
. 83
xxvi. 16
• 93
XV. 21
• 15
XX vi. 29
• 93
XV. 29, 30
. 128
xxvi. 46
. 64
„ xvi. 12
. 32
xxvi. 47
. 24
xxvi, 49
. 104
Luke i. 71
. 130
xxvi. 50
. 42
,» ii. 2
. 45
xxvi. 62
. 84
„ iii. 12
• 33
xxvi. 69
. 83
„ iii. 23, 38
. 116
xxvi. 73
. 24
iv. 34
II
xxvii. I
. 106
„ v. 10
. 22
xxvii. 28
• 52
„ vi. 21
. 82
xxvii. 32
. 15
vi. 43
. 57
„ vii. I
. 18
i. 8
. 27
„ viii. 27
. 102
i. 16
. 91
„ viii. 28
. II
i. 24
. II
„ viii. 41
. 81
i.38
. 89
ix. 3
. 27
ii. 8
. 28
„ X. 4
. 27
ii. 12
• 23
X. 34
. 23
ii. 15
• 33
xi. 38
. 66
iii. 10
. 44
» xi. 43
II
iii. 20
• 47
xii. 24
. 117
V. 7
. II
„ xii. 29
. 53
V.36
. 77
xii. 39
. 25
vi. 8
. 27
„ xii. 40, 43
. 123
vii. 3, 4
. 66
xiv. 27
. 67
vii. 28
• 33
XV. 12, 13
. 128
vii. 35
. 18
XV. 17
. 6
ix. 3
. 80
„ xvi. 2, 3, 4
. 25
ix. 28
. 47
„ xvi. 16
. 67
X. 45
7^90
„ xvi. 23
. 81
ISO
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
Luke
John
PAGE
PAGE
xvi. 29
. 84
John
viii. 34
. 114
xvii. 8
40
viii. 51
. 17
xviii. 22
77
viii. 56
. 97
XX. 2
6
ix. 2, 19
. 70
XX, 20
106
X. 27
. 103
XX. 44
34
X. 31
. . 67
xxi. 25
46
xi. 7
. . 64
xxi. 34
79
xi. 32
. . 83
xxii. 32
. 73
xi. 37
. • 95
xxii. 55
94
xii. 6
. . 67
xxiv. 25
53
xii. 25
. . 83
xii. 32
. 99
i. I .92
, 107
xii. 40
. 73
i. 2
92
xiii. 21
. 28
i. 8
38
xiv. 4
. . 89
i. 15
61
xiv. 9
. . 46
i. 18
91
XV. 2
. 114
i. 26
94
XV. 14
. Ill
i. 30
93
XV. 18
. 62
i. 41
16
xvi. 12
. 67
i. 51
86
xvii. 24
. 96
ii. 4
II
xviii. 34
. 37
ii. 18
83
xix. 35
. 38
iii. 3, 7 .
88
XX. II, 12
. 75
iii. 8 . 2
8,64
XX. 15
. 67
iii. 18
99
iii. 20 . 5
5,78
Acts
i. I
. 62
iii. 21
78
j>
i. 10
. 100
iv. 14
17
>>
ii. 41
. 34
iv. 24
107
j>
iii. 12
. 21
iv. 29
98
,,
iii. 19
. 73
iv. 34 . 4
5» 96
,,
iii. 22
. 85
iv. 52
7
,,
iii. 23
. 34
V. 25, 28 .
85
>>
V. 17
. 16
V. 29
79
,,
vii. 14
34, 35
vi. 18
86
»,
viii. 3
. 80
vi. 58
17
>)
viii. 36
. 100
vii. 35
89
)>
ix. 33
. 23
viii. 8
75
,,
X. 2
. 21
viii. 17
86
>»
xiii. 2
. 77
Acts
Rom.
INDEX
TO REFERENCES.
151
PAGE
PAGE
5 XV. 5
. 16
Rom.
iv. 13
. . 46
XV. 8, 9 .
. 114
vi. 6
. 113
xvi. 23, 25 .
. 124
vi. II
. 36, 102
xvii. 6
. 80
vi. 17
. 10
xvii. 20
. 18
vi. 23
. 113
xvii. 22
. 61
vii. 6
. 106
xvii. 24
• 131
vii. 7
. 115
xvii. 27
. 107
vii. 15, 16
1,78
xvii. 28
. 76
vii. 24
. 59, 117
xvii. 29
. 51
vii. 25
. 10
xvii. 31
. 8
viii. 10
. 54
xvii. 32
. 85
viii. 21
. 114
XX. 19
. 131
ix. II
. 55
XX. 26
9
X. 13
. Ill
XX. 33
. 115
xi.8
. 9
xxi. 14
. no
xi. II
. 95
xxi. 22
. 85
xii. 2
. 32
xxi. 31
. 43
xii. 9
. 105
xxiii. 8
. 99
xii. 10
. 60, 116
xxiii. 24
. 23
xii. 16
. 105
xxiv. 5
. 16
xiii. 3, 4
. 120
xxvi. 9
• 7
xiii. 9
36, 37, "5
xxvi. 26
. 5
XV. 27
. 77
xxvii. 14
. 65
xxvii. 19 ,
50
I Cor.
i. 4
. 74
xxvii. 27
64
i. II
. 81
xxvii. 34
130
i. 18
. 112
xxvii. 37
34
iii. 10
. 19
xxviii. 15
74
iv.4
• "9
xxviii. 26
85
iv. 8
. 6
xxviii. 28
85
iv. 14
iv. 15
. 127
. 26
i. 16
129
vi. 6
. 16
i. 20
49
vi. 15
. 109
i. 23 . .
91
vi. 19
24, 109
ii. 3
79
vii. 26
. 50
ii. 15 .
118
vii. 31
. 32
iii. 4
7
vii. 35
• 50
iii. 19
76
viii. 2
. 123
iii. 20 . i
ft 13
ix. 6
. II
152
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
Cor
ix. 27
PAGE
. 48, 71
j»
X. 29
• 37
»»
>,
»»
X. 31
xi. 7
xi. 18
. 119
. 116
. 81
»>
xi. 19
. 16
xi. 34
xii. 15,
16
. 47
. 92
>>
xiii. 4
. 72
J,
xiii. 13
. 61
,,
xiv. 24,
25
. 125
>>
xiv. 35
XV. 3
• 47
. 116
>»
XV. 47
. 117
j>
XV. 51
. 10
>>
xvi. 6
. lOI
Cor.
i. 8
. 93
ii. 14
iii. I
io>75
. 82
iii. 14
iv.5
• 9
. 36
»»
iv. 8
. 74
>»
V. 4
. "7
J5
vii. I
. 114
>»
viii. 16
. 10
»»
viii. 23
. 22
ft
ix. 15
. 10
>»
X. 12
. 82
J>
X. 13,
I5>
16 . 21
»»
xi. I
. 6
J,
xi. 9
xii. 8
• 38
. 87
»>
5>
xii. II
xiii. 5, 6
,7
• 53
. 48
>>
i. 10
i. 13
•
.115
. 18
t*
i. 20
.
. 100
»»
ii. 6
.
. 29
Gal.
Eph.
Phil.
Col.
PAGE
iii. 24, 25
. 26
iv. 3
• 31
iv. 9
. 31, 88
iv. 20
. 100
V. 12
. 6
V. 14
. . 36
V. 26
• 51
vi. 3
. 123
vi. 10
. 127
vi. 16
. 21
ii. 10
. 119
iii. 2
. 25
iv. I
. 4
iv. 6
. 116
iv. 13, 14
. 59
iv. 19
. 129
iv. 22
. 18
iv. 29
. 58, 121
iv. 30
. 109
V. 5
• 13
V. 33
. 96
vi. 6, 7
. no
vi. 18
. . 63
ii. 6
. 81
ii. 7
. 32
ii. IS
. 94
iii. 13
. 102
iii. 16
. 104
iv. II
. 124
iv. 18
. 6s
i. 25
' 25
ii. 4
. 97
ii. 8
• 31
ii. IS .
. 75
ii. 20
. 31
iii. 8
. 17
iii. 16
. 112
iv. 6
. 121
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
Thess. i. 5
), iv. I
V. 23
I Tim.
11. 4
ii. 8
ii. 9
iii. 2
iv. I, 2
iv, 7
iv. 8
iv. IS
v. I
V. 8
vi. 9, 10
vi. II
ii. 4
".5
ii. 24
ii. 25
iii. 5
iii. 6
iv. 7
i. I
i. 15
ii. 13
iv. 7
Phm. 13, 14
2 Tim.
Tit.
Heb.
1.3
ii. I
ii. 3
ii. 15
iv. 13
v. 12
v. 13
v. 14
PAGE
. 41
. 54
• 9
. 55
• 52
. 52
. 118
. 70
. 8
. 29
. 72
. 127
. 122
. 21
. 72
2
. 19
. 9
. 32
. 20
. 70
. 9
. 118
. 9
. 70
. 69
. 34
. 79
. 45
. 123
92, 108
. 31
■ 59
53,70
Heb.
James
I Pet.
X. 6
X. II
X. 26
xii. 2
xii. 15
xiii. 6
xiii. 17
i. 4
i. 19
i. 25
ii. 5
ii. 10
ii. 23
iii. 2
iii. 7
iv. 3
iv. 6
iv. 7
iv. 14
V. 12
ii. 12
iii. 3» 4
2 Pet. i. 4
ii. 9
„ ii. 20
,, iii. 10, 12
„ iii. 16
1 John i. 6
„ iii. 14
2 John 12
3 John 13
Jude 6 .
PAGE
. IIO
. 77
9, 135
5,90
. 73
. Ill
. 63
. 54
. 121
• 75
. 56
. 112
. Ill
. 112
. 10
. 108
. 130
. no
. 8
. 121
. 18
. 120
. 73
. 22
. "3
. 72
. 31
. "3
. Ill
. 84
. 68
. 68
. 49
154
INDEX TO REFERENCES.
Rev.
PAGE
ii. 9
. 102
ii. i6
. 103
iii. 15
. 6
iii. 17
• 59
iii. 18
. 22
vii. 13
. 86
viii. 5
. 87
xiv. 13
• 97
xvii. 4
• 51
Kviii. 7
• 20
Old Testament.
Gen. ii. 7 . . . 117
Deut. X. 22
,, xviii. 19
Ps. cxliii. 2
35
35
13
( 155 )
Other References.
Antoninus, 133
Aristotle, 25
Bible SttidieSy 16, 19, 21, 30
Bonhoffer {Epiktet u. d. Neue
Testament)^ 59
Bruce, 42
Catullus, 49
Creeds, 128
Deissmann, 16, 19, 21, 26, 27,
30. 51. 136
Expository II, 49, 64,80, 125
Expos. Gk. Test., 5, 31, 42, 5^,
97
Hesiod, 8 1
Homer, 56, 132
Inscriptions, 19, 21, 26, 51
Knowling, 5
Liddell and Scott, 56
Light from the Ancient East, 51
Lightfoot {Epist. to Phil.), 32,
33
Lucian, 37
Luther, 42
LXX., 35, 85, 117
Martial, 51
Milligan, 136
Mofifatt, II, 125
Moulton, 14, 36, 37, 43, 61, 62,
69, 95, 104, 136
New Light, 26
Papyri, 14, 49, 64, 80, 137
Plato, 5, 6, 14, 25, 39, 72
Plutarch, 51
Polybius, 51, 77, 79
Proleg., 14, 36, 37, 43, 61, 95>
104
Rouse, 133
Sabellius, 29
Sanday and Headlam {^Romans),
33.54
Strachan, 31
Vulgate, 40, 42
Weizsacker, 42
Westcott {Hebrews), 34
W. H. Margin, 66
Xenophon, 25
( 157 )
INDEX TO SUBJECTS.
Accusative Absolute, loi
,, and Infinitive, loi,
I02
Adjectives, List of, 48-60
Adorning (Inner Man), 120
Adverbs ('Motion to'), 88,
89,90
Aorist, Gnomic, 3, 87
Article, Omitted, 44, 45, 46, 47
Augment, Omitted, 85, 86
Baptism, 134, 135
Body (clay), 117
Business, Man's, in, 112
Circumcision, 134, 135
Company, Evil, 116
Comparatives and Superlatives,
60, 61, 62
Conscience, 118, 119
Contentment, 123, 124, 126
Conversion, 73, no
Covetousness, 115, 129
Cynic, The, 49, 72
Dative (Duration of time), 102
,, ('Motion to *), 102, 103
Death, Coming of, 123
„ Fear of, 123
Diminutives, 20, 103, 104 *
Domitian, 134
Emphasis, Loss of, 103, 104
Epictetus, Lofty tone explained,
136
Extravagance, 122
God, Act in a Manner worthy
of, 119
,, Care of, 108
,, Essence of, 107, 128
,, Fellowship with, I n
,, Friend of, in
,, Nature and Attributes of,
107, 108, 109
,, Omnipresence and Omni-
science of, 107
„ Pleasing, 114, 1 15
„ Thankfulness to, 74, in
,, Trust in, no
Good, Do the, 120
Hebraism, 13, 19, 35
Helper, God as, in
Humility, 123, 130, 133
Imperative, Infinitive for, 104
Judas, 3
Julian, 133
Language, Non-literary,
137
136,
158
INDEX TO SUBJECTS.
Life, Cleansing the, 1 14
Loss, Sin brings, 112
Man, God's Son, 116
„ God in, 109
,, Superiority of, 117
Nature, Man's, 116
Nouns, List of, 15-35
N.T., Acquaintance of.E. with,
134, 135
Pantheism, 133
Participle (for Imperative), 104,
105
Polytheism, 132
Power, the Supreme, 131
Prayer, God the Answerer of,
108
Preposition, Adjective as, 94
,, Adverb governed
by, 93
Pronouns (Omitted), 43, 44
„ (Reflexive), 36, 37
„ (Relatives and Inter-
rogative confused), 39,
40, 41, 42
Religion, Essence of, 109, 1 10
Repentance, 124
Riches, 122
Right, Do, 120
Sin (Error), 2, 112, 113, 133,
134
,, Punishment for, 113
Slave Master, Sin as, 113
Soul, Immortality of, 118
Speech, 120, 121, 122
Stoicism, 131, 133
Stumbling, Sin as, 112
Success, Rejoice in Another's,
IIS, 116
Swearing, 121
Teacher, The, 2, 124, 125, 135
Verbs, Compound, 104
„ List of, 63-82
,, Plural (after Neut. PI.),
103
,, —Perfect Tense, 86, 87
,, — Verbal Forms, 82-86
Will, God's, no
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