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BAIN, | 
Bookseller, 


LHAYMARKET . 


CALIFORNIA 
ACADEMY 
OF SCIENCES 


SS Girt b 


Ruth Coats 


AN 


EPITOME 


LAMARCK’S ARRANGEMENT 
TESTACEA: 


FREE TRANSLATION OF THAT PART OF HIS WORKS, DE L’HISTOIRE NATURELLE 


\ 
DES ANIMAUX SANS VERTEBRES. Oa tz 


WITH 
ILLUSTRATIVE OBSERVATIONS, 


AND 


Comparative and Synoptic Tables of the Systems of Linneus 
and Lamarck. 


BY 


CHARLES/DUBOIS, F.L.S. & F.HLS. 


LONDON: 


PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, BROWNE, AND 
5 GREEN, PATERNOSTER-ROW; 
AND BY J. MAWE, N™ 149, sTRAND. 


1825, 


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( 1xx ) 


XXlit 


A TABLE exhibiting Lamarcx's Divisions of the 
Linnawan Genera of Shells, with a reference to the 
Page in which the Description of each is given in this 
Work. 


*,* Many of Lamarck’s Genera of Recent Testacez are not men- 
tioned inthis Table, as no certainty can now be established of the 
Genus in which Linneus would have placed them: though pre- 
sumptive evidence might appear auflictent to determine that 


pount. 

¢ : ae va S Chitonweaes settee Page 146 
oe l Chitonellus Si onsiatetn: sal scat a re esee 146 
Tubicinella ooenmereeveneeteeeee 92 
Coronula »«;-s+-ceseseerees 24 
; Balanus a ee ee ee | e@oonne 95 
Acasta>.sasscccciscccccece 26 
: Creqsia (0.03.28 oot ee es onan o7 
II, Lepas --+----- Peraoaee a i a 
i Anatifera oes eee eeoeeresvereeer 98 
Pollicipes eee § erseeen eonenere 99 
Cinaras i acs7- o03 200 s4en6b) GO 
Otion «+++... ot ote 30 
lil Pholas--» Tia Pholas ©. Kile wip eles Sees d-eishe'e © 016 37 

4 *; Gaatrachomia hick. ee eas ss 3 
Panopea a cle ie eters eevee cas Aj 
Glycymeris were ee we eeee eee 41 
Mya ac chulte CUM ber etate ale wuarelatalals 42 
Anatina sete eters eececees 43 
_. } Lutraria (some) «+++ ++-+> wee 4d 
IV, Mya 9 @eeee Amphidesma (some) ecoeveace 49 
Corbula «0s seceeccrcce's -- 50 
Unio eeecermerteoeeoeeveees f2eeer 90 
Hyria eco eer ere er eeeaeese @ eee 92 
Vulsella ..-+eeseecrscvee Pe ns le 


52 


XXIV 


BOER .s:s\0-0 amin uhase telly wind) Teeen OE 
Vv. so A wvieh ae 
Sanguinolaria --++++...c00.. 5A 
Tiintella. ees «ss. c ree ak 80 
Mya (some) ..---..... wees * Ae 
Amphidesma (some) ----. see 49 
Pandora. ssiimpmaias nero’ 2 coos 51 
VI. Tellina °i20<2:} Psammobia ica. alde? oldies - 54 
Psammoteea?s es BAY Ole 55 
Tellnai?- 22 a SBS eg 56 
Lucina (some) --..- aetna ciate lave) SORE 
Cyclas® «5's sic vislesins cosscere 64 
Cyrepasiitsletet. saves Cec am | 
VE, Cardium ---- Cardinm e+s.<sseacs cesses "5 
Lutraria (most) ++eeee..... 44 . 
VIII, Mactra .... Wactraicisiees tere s 0/08 cuevete hate 45 ; 
Crassatella (some) -.-+-....- 46 | 
Amphidesma (some) ----..-- 49 | 
Petricola (some) ---.++-+-.- 42 | 
Crassatelia +’: dic sieve ovo eseee 46 
IX. Donar -.-... Venerirupis (some) --+++++. 53 
‘ Donax oe hate, sein ete leis wraads - 61 
Capsa state tate wrala ae tataeteWanefatoara 62 
Petricola (some) --+-+.+.+.- 52 
Venerirupis(some)---....... 53 
Sanguinolaria (some) -++-++. 54 
Corie aes 6 hile< aicbinss watncns 59 
Lucina (some) +++++se0- seee 60 
~ X. Venus-.....2+. ¢ Domax (some) «++sseee wove 61 
Crassina «-+++-. eS 63 
Cyrena (some) «+++ ee++++ee. 65 
Galathe@'s teehee teers cose 66 
Cyprina © ssecesceues eevoee 67 
Cytherea p'vivio%e) ole teas tole’ os, cielo - 68 


Venus tis dake c ereeeeever 71 


XXV 


Avicula-++e eereree @eeseeeee 410 
Meleagrina Biss s'e16) ees Gi onars.e "9y« 112 
Ostrea (some) -++++++" sees 124 


Plicatula-+«e-+++sseee8 ooce 118 

XI. Spondylus meh Spondylus Sor late oNarwxaien ania ee 119 
Cardita etuerreeevereve esce 73 

Cypricardia soeeoeoeerrre eere 79 

I dias scesece recess cece 81 

XII. Chama:+---- reales ie ete in ey dae’ 96 
| esen Reta iie cin ace \ela s1 0) aje''se 99 

Hippopas Dale ae ejeisieyeloieiays bes LOG 

f Cucullea Ce ° 82 

AYCA+ esse eee ceceseee Srehiveithe ves OD 

KUL Arca---+- ** ) Pectunculus «+-+++++++> aieiete Gp 
Nucula «sees cersereessrere 87 

Crenatula -+++++-++<° ; eae 1s 

Perna escecceercesccvcves - 108 

Malleus «--s-+ceesseerseees 109 

Pedum er--ee-seeecerers SF ohana AE 

XLV. Ostrea+-++es ihe 5 ey At ee een Hod £44 
Pecten one oie ade ptale § 116 

Gryphza ale Be &- ee Nal bi ates) elie \e 123 
Ostrea--ssccccesscess Ae Ariens bl 

Placuna -+-++es-ee aletedteteelays 128 

Anomia. -<--cncecccscscece 130 

, Crania oe @ Pee eeeeevarte® s ° 154 

XV. Anomia+++--- Orbicula eeeersseeee eroeese 135 
Terebratula psa A ete) oh scene 136 

Hyalea ia eeeesseore ee ae 140 

Saxicava «+eeeeserreeeeeeee 51 

Anodon Piet a: eee ea 93 

Modiola «-:+++-+ssseeeeee8 102 

XVI. Mytilus Me ake ee eeeeeerertesereeeeee 103 


XXVi 


XVII. Pinua ----- Pina see eee cece ee reeecess 105 


[ Limacina Pann ese wo e's aia 'e la <0 142 

XVIII. Argonauta - ) Argonauta +++++--- esse eens 308 
pe Caspian de. ieos 3s ae wave sue 310 

Orthoceras --.... Wa ae eos - 302 

| IN OGOSBFial L Laidiet in eters 6 viene. os 503 

XIX. Nautilus'---- 9 Spirula, «.++--e+eee ee eeeeee 305 
; Oristellariat. desis coe o cee GOS 

| Cristea oe wate Oe 
XX, Conus: ~ «ee oe Gonus «3 ««*!- ” SCRA Ae ma a AE 994. 
XXI. Cyprea ..-- Cypraea --- Se Win ieselal ka neers 2984 
Ballaea x whee mee ewe nn ence 160 

Acerares Bis: bisic tov 60 occ e cle § 0's 160 

Burl esis taht sieisicyo:sinivcale eis wines 161 

Bulimus Ming he ee eee a iene” thie Was ® ‘481 

XXII. Bulla...... Wiclict iran ste? tales ct ccnis vce e ie 288 
Physa i ia) 191 

Pyrula (some) --++e.eeeee. 236 

CVG THs. = cio eredele eval tare ate ek 281 

LT EMREO IOI b Syrese esse sie ‘o:' e he lpi fo 290 

Auricula++;. ce ee ee od: wale uate 186 

Ancillaeers. sce ceeeveseves 201 

Tornetdllee &\n'0.6 0 cc cs wying we 208 

Turbjnella +++. .+seeeeee eee 230 

Cancellatin«s <<. o«cee erceee 931 

Columbelig's 205 wos. ness eee. 268 

XXUL Voluta +--+ ) Mitra bardedes se Sale nie ui Seere + 269 
Volytet inch, fics esesisccns »- 272 
Marginella +++ eees..+ ese. ¥78 

Volwetinbe tid sina s sade. eoee 279 

Ach@tiietside es ceperavense ee. 285 


. Oliva OOLLED CBR re c8eeuetl e 9992 


XXIV. Buccinum - 


‘ 


XXV. Strombus 


EEE 


XXVI. Murex -- 


| 


XXVIL 


Concholepas ++---+-+* atic a <p hehe 
Achatina (some) «+++-++++5 - 183 
Phasianella -----++--+-+« sient 2Oo 
Pleurotoma ««-++eeeererece 228 
Turbinella (some) ----++++-- 230 
Cancellaria (some) -++++++> 931 
Pyrula (some) ct ata se tis. sle)ehe - 236 
Murex (some) es AP Re 240 
Triton -- teens ee eens Slolansie es Dade 
Cassidaria -++-++sscsereccee 251 
Cassis «++sse+- Mievupebsler aie Pe ss BOS 
Purpuras+++eeeseeseeerenes 955 
Monmaceros)decscccscccceces 200 
Harpa +--+ +e++ees Bcd tlavghies 260 
Dolittle doc < Sess. ohh ks 961 
Buccinum ----- 7 262 
BiyOrhidl jd Pelco wecisn d+ owe ete 965 
Terebra «--++--eee. AAA rie eee [715 


Pirena +--+... Dr eeialats! eye aL alons-6 195 
Cerithium (some) --+++++> 226 
Pleurotoma (some)-----++++- 228 
Rostellaria ------ aieth sieleras 9-014 Ca 
Pteroceras:++-+-ssseers Boe TOS 


Strombus -+---cesscers ac ols ee 
Cassidaria (some) -++---+- ee eae 
Purpura «----+-- avsielae) 214 my Re 
Cerithium --------++e+eeees 296 
Pleurotoma --++--+«- ste] 5.91 of ane 
Turbinella (some) --+---- «#57 230 
Fasciolaria ----++se+eeeeeee 233 
Busus (site tle sae: oe cacesace , 234 
| Pyrula eeee seer eee cee eee 2936 
Struthiolaria ++---++eseeeeee 238 
Randlatnde desc scsedese see 239 
WMurex vce ec cece cece scene 240 
TritOAWildes s.0) i clewcies tenons 944, 
Ricinula ---:-: WOW ME svc. etdis) al we 954: 
Purpura (some) aisha arar diel ol é,ele B55 


XXVII. Trochus -« 


XXVIII. Turbo 


XXIX. Helix 


XXVili 
Pyramidella+....-ese.e6+0s 909 
Bodaciesin tse «'5:% ss os Sh ele bo 214 
Rotella e's wche's sos me Alokalaidte ite ts 915 
IIE 18 a shops a0 10. «bath vv vas 916 
Monodonta (some) ---....-- 219 
Turbo (some) .......... eee 990 
Cerithium (some) ae ens 226 
Pupa oie TotatteRie: CkeNpl elie ithetaly fel eps te - 179 
Clansilia'G'n.4);0n0e ape sctiae ls 180 
Auricula (some) +--+. eke 186 
Cyclostomia’!. ai vis) = sun sity - 188 
Planorbis (some) -.+++-..-- - 190 
Palodina ws se Gls. 400s ales oeiele 196 
Scalarin titi hefetiwrce: sc vigice e- 911 
Delphinula....... POPES eb 
Trochus (some) ----+++..++.- 216 
Monodonta (some) «++«++-- 219 
Pare Fe Vetoes 6 we hGacetnite 220 
Teareitellia's ctepiei's wine Von eicsd » 294 
Fiadie teint, «eos ws ean S69 
Careeolla ths. sc otucks cok - 175 
ADGMOGEI: «kes ctebe ewe ee - 176 
Helicina (some) ---.+.-.+..- 178 
Pupsa(eome) jo. 00s e'og ses - 179 
SPRING bb olie in. awe WS Ce 181 
REMEBER tas aia obs nied A wlaes se 185 
Avripgia ss olckus so. eae coe 186 
Cyclostoma....++- riley Maen tte 188 
Plahorbia Sy Gti crt Geldea Gace 190 
Ly MntOh Gis Foleie sss ceacessne 192 
Melania rent r asec eeeeeees 193 
Melanopsis --+++.-.:svee+e 194 
Paludina (some) ++-seeeeees 196 
Val vatigt She di etic oon. iale sso eve 196 
| Ampollaridh ois 4is nis o's ee as 197 
Watica setith Posske eects coe 202 
Panthivin bb diss wakes va dien 203 
UPUPNOME sie gin-civids wn einatn'e's 204 


——— UT Tr 


—— Se ST ee ee ee 


———S OUT ee 
- = EE ——— <I ee —_ 


XxIx 


Navicella (some) s+++eeerees 198 

Z Weritinigerciciels <1. 0 eterate cic eree 199 

XXX. Nerita -+- INeTita sie 2 < siece sia) 0 ersesece 200 
Natica ereee eieye] siege: snerareahsie7® 902 

{stoma Wise @) eLals) a fall s)'s! v6.6.9 ee 206 

XXXI- Haliotis Q atest ee eeeoe eeoeveorteoses 907 
Lingula Wied 1sn)m 0's ais) ote) sie oj010 139 

Patella isc.cjc;e ee cle 6 cco ine o 0 ays - 149 

Umbrella. «-+ cece -cencecee 151 

Parmophora eo eres eer reoee 152 

Emarginula- ee seseereeesrsee 153 

Fissurella ---=+= Cro eee tecie « 154 

XXXII. Patella Pileopsis eee e reso re rtsoves 155 
Calyptrea a) ole letoudl s! a’ w/e 6 oe) wre’ ee 157 

Crepidula eletels) ofelerete’s oft 's ones” 159 

Ancylus::-+- core seses reeves 459 

Navicella (some) -++++++ ++ 198 

Stomatella ----- wie sieldiel oleic es 205 

XXXII Dentalium Dentalium -----++++++- wee HH 


XXXIV. Serpula - 


Siliquaria sieiexelere euietete (p's estes” O43 
Spirorbis Aish Glel Vie veils eheres.e)s) ain tele 17 
Serpula oocve Sevcuccvecevce | 17 
Vermilia -+ +++ ee ceccccevcves: 18 
Aspergillum -+++ .+++eeeeeee 3d 
Septaria ++seesseeee eoeee 35 
Vermetus ---+++-+- CHvecvvsis 310 


Fistulana ©. silat el She jeuelere « a\evieleters 34 
Septaria (some) +++++++eees - 35 
Teredo eee e ere ees ee nt eene ~ 36 


XXXV. Teredo - 


XXX 


————$——— 


THE following corrections of some of Lamarck’s gramma- 
tical errors have kindly been forwarded to the Editor, by a 
classical Friend, though unfortunately not in time to appear 
in their proper places. They are nevertheless, too import- 
ant to be omitted, and the Editor here begs leave to ac- 
knowledge their reception with many thanks. There are 
doubtless others, which should be corrected, but the difficulty 
of doing so is very great, as it requires an experienced Con- 


chologist as well as an accomplished Scholar, to trace’ the” 


etymology of many of the Generic names of Shells, and the 
few persons in whom that combination of talent exists, have 
not hitherto condescended to elucidate this subject for the 
benefit of others less highly instructed. 


Argonauta Being of the masculine gender, their 


Oti ee fees .~ = r e 
Teen ; species should have the masculine ter- 
Waa eis A oar minations, as Triton variegatus, &c. 
Teredo -+-+--- Is feminine, as Teredo palmulata. 
Amphidesma: - - 


Anostoma «-..-+ 
Cyclostoma --- 
Diceras -..---- Are neuter, as Pleurotomaimperiale, &c. 
Orthoceras «++. 
Pleurotoma --- 
Pyrgoma acheracs 


In the first part of this Epitome the orthography of La- 
marck’s name will be found to differ, from its having been 
variously written by different authors: viz. de la Marck, 
La Marck, and Lamarck; the latter of which is; however, 
presumed to be the correct way of writing it. 


4 


—_=S—  -— 


Page 
23 
24 
26 
27 
30 
32 
41 
52 

107 
135 
143 
175 
247 
302 


ERRATA. 


for read 
Balenarium Balenarum 
balanaris balenaris 


Soudes entrélles Soude entr’elles 


Montaguii Montagui, & passim 
Cineras Cinaras, & passim 
perifery periphery 
Glycimeris Glycymeris, & passim 
labagella flabagella 

Crenulata Crenatula 

Brochio- Brachio- 

Perronii Peronii 

Richardi Richardii | 
Pterocera Pteroceras, ¢ passim 


Orthocera Orthoceras, 4 passim 


7 = 
' SEA 1 ' : o : 
Pa i, : 1%, F 
4 ' 
o~ ‘- = ‘ * 
~ » Ts se . \ 
_ ey } 
%, fs 
\ 
f f 
‘ pe 
: 1 
coated P e - 
. = “a U A , 
- < ; 
*. i e 4 . 
ar * 
x * 
i 


J . Sy 
. ¢ . 2 4 
aS ; ” eis 
rs eee Fi Ge 
: d a. shievea 
‘ ‘ f , a 3¢ - 
. / o> : r "tr GS f 
D fe corte (ra eee 
r Bc Ride ivucnl aed 
Se GA iro, stivad: eitlaras zoluoe 
L ’ ¥ ate "Oye, LALIT I00 Be teens tera lee. 
et Se Tey oes 15.01, eet ene 
4 Ps 


i im 
Peat; Siohrisgy 


ieee 2 is THATS? 7 ahiodiiay lt ’ 


. wowed Sp Vabisiga dit 
ahits57(h abl anys!) 

er ieee t, yee ee: <aiPrait] 

; ? Hite o . tJ 
7 breck itt: throne 

eri 2a HL Gawzore | ~ Rispotart 


INTRODUCTION. 


CONCHOLOGY comprehends the description of 
all molluscous animals having a testaceous covering, 
and constitutes one of the most numerous and beautiful 
branches of natural history, exhibiting as much va- 
riety, symmetry of form, and vivid richness of color- 
ing, as any other of the marvellous works of Him, who 
“« In six days made the heaven and earth, the sea, and 
all that in them is.” 


SuHeEtus abound in the different seas, salt-marshes, 
sandy shores, rivers, lakes, forests, and plains, of every 
part of the globe: but the most beautiful and valuable 
aquatic and terrestrial species are found in the eastern 
and tropical climates. With moderate care they are 
less perishable than almost any other natural produc- 
tion of equal delicacy, preserving their beauty unim- 
paired during the lapse of ages; and from the difficul- 


2 INTRODUCTION, 


ty with which the greater number of them are ob- 
tained, and the high prices given by amateurs for some 
of the more rare or beautiful species, when in a high 
state of preservation, they will always continue objects 


of great admiration and interest. 


‘By many persons shells have been deemed merely 
pleasing curiosities, or pretty playthings, and collec- 
tions of them formed with no other view than that of 
gratifying an elegant and expensive taste: but the inves- 
tigations of scientific men, have placed them in a high- 
er rank; nor can it now with truth be asserted, that 
a knowledge of them does not lead to any of the useful 
results, which the study of other brauches of natural 
history has produced, Much interesting and instruct- 
ive information has already been derived from them, 
and a far greater portion may be reasonably antici- 
pated, from the skilful examination of modern natu- 
ralists. A rapid progress in the attainment of this 
knowledge must necessarily be retarded by the very 
limited observation that can be made of the habits and 
formation of animals dwelling in the impenetrable 
depths of the sea, or the impervious shades of the fo- 
rest. It must also be admitted, from the intimate con- 


nection existing between conchology uid geology, 


INTRODUCTION. 3 


that a knowledge of the one is indispensable to the 
study and acquirement of the other; as the former 
assists in elucidating most satisfactorily many of the 
phenomena of nature, and the extraordinary mutations 
this planet has undergone; which, without it, would 


have remained in a state of much greater obscurity. 


To the unwearied and immortal labours of Linnaeus 
in forming his Systema Nature, the world will for ever 
remain greatly indebted; but, from the fallibility of hu- 
man nature, the magnitude of the undertaking, the 
greater diffusion of scientific research, and subsequent 
discoveries, it has become absolutely necessary to make 
such alterations in his system, (particularly in that part 
of it which treats of the Testaceze), as will explain the 
~ generic characters with greater precision, form a more 
natural association of their species, and constitute new 
genera of such as were unknown, or had escaped his 
observation at that period; the propriety of which it 
may be presumed Linnzus himself must have admit- 


ted, had he existed at the present time. 


Many subsequent writers on Conchology, impressed 
with this necessity, have suggested improvements, 
and pointed out distinctions in the arrangement of the 

B2 


4 INTRODUCTION. 


genera of shells, but have not possessed the necessary 
industry, or perhaps sufficient courage, to form a new 
and more natural one, differing so essentially from the 
long established, and universally adopted system of the 


most eminent naturalist that has ever existed. 


Tue Chevalier de la Marck, however, undismayed 
by the prodigious difficulties he had to encounter, and 
though, in the midst of his great and laborious enter- 
prise, unhappily afflicted with the loss of sight from the 
effects of an inveterate ophthalmia, (a calamity at all 
times most deeply to be deplored, and, to a naturalist, 
nearly an insurmountable barrier to success, as his vi- 
sion should, if it were possible, be microscopic), stead- 
ily pursued the path he had adopted, and, with a 
strength of mind but seldom equalled, and a persever- 
ing industry greatly to be admired, has brought to its 
completion—L’ Histoire des Animaux sans Vertébres— 
a work which will remain a lasting monument of his 
patient and intelligent investigation of a subject not 
easily understood, and yet more difficult to be ex- 
plained with any degree of clearness or correctness, de- 
prived as he was of the most important aid of ocular 
demonstration, by which he could have pointed out 


many other of those extremely slight indications, and al- 


INTRODUCTION. 5 


most imperceptible variations of structure, so eminently 
characteristic of the transitions from one genus to ano- 
ther, and so necessary to enable the naturalist with 
greater confidence to determine in which the object 


under his examination should properly be classed. 


Tue inevitable consequence of this melancholy pri- 
vation, has been some anomalies and inaccuracies: they 
are however of less importance, and fewer in number, 
than could have been expected in a work so voluminous, 
continued under such unfavorable and discouraging 


circumstances. 


La Marck, in that part of his work descriptive of 
the Molluscee having testaceous coverings, has been 
entirely guided by the organization of the animal, in 
forming an arrangement of the genera of their shells. 
It being a well established fact, that the animal con- 
structs the shell by which it is wholly covered, or 
only partially protected, on the model of its naked 
body, by successive superincumbent strata of testa- 
ceous matter, the first being merely a thin, fragile, 
or viscous substance, becoming of greater thickness 


and solidity by each additional deposit, until it .ul- 


6 INTRODUCTION. 


timately attains its full period of growth and mature 
completion, affording a convenient habitation and se- 
cure retreat, or only defending such organs of the ani- 
mal as the Master Architect of nature had pointed out 


as being most in need of protection. 


Wuere an opportunity was not afforded La Marck, 
orthe persons assisting him in his great task, toexamine 
the anatomical structure of the animal, he has, from 
analogous reasoning on the muscular impressions of 
the shells, or other characteristic and concurrent tes- 
timonies, been enabled to determine with great pro- 
bable certainty, the most consistent and natural asso- 
ciation of their several species. In many instances he 
has beautifully displayed a strong and continued chain 
of approximation, amounting almost to a positive proof 
of the transitions which appear to take place from one 
genus to another, and which some physiologists hypo- 
thetically assume to exist, firmly linking together the 
different orders of natural history throughout the cre- 
ation, by means of those paradoxical and singularly 


organized animals so frequently met with. 


Awnp it may here be observed, that the study of every 


ie Se 


— a 


INTRODUCTION, Vf 


branch of natural history would be materially faci- 
litated, and a more natural classification of the various 
species accomplished, by observing attentively the in- 
dications Nature herself so often furnishes, which are 
too frequently overlooked and neglected as unimport- 
ant, from their being but slightly defined. 


Tue multiplication of genera which La Marck’s 
classification has occasioned, appears to many unneces- 
sary, and difficult to comprehend or remember; it in 
fact, however, greatly facilitates and simplifies the stu- 
dy of Conchology, by confining within a narrower 
compass the too widely extended genera of Linnzus, 
and remodelling those that have been blended toge- 
ther in strange confusion, either with regard to the 
figure or the habitat of the shell, or the structure and 
functions of the animal; each of which now being dis- 
tinguished by certain more or Jess strongly defined ge- 
neric characters, peculiar to itself, may at once be re- 
cognised from its congeners, and, by a moderate exer- 
cise of memory, placed in its proper and most natural 


class. 


Ir is not, however, the writer’s intention to enter in- 


8 INTRODUCTION, 


to the discussion of a subject upon which so much di- 
versity of opinion exists in the minds of naturalists; 
but to give an opportunity of comparing, without much 
trouble, the classification of Linneus and La Marck, 
to those who may be disinclined to purchase an ex- 
pensive book, or are altogether unacquainted with the 
language in which it is written, and not perhaps anx- 
ious to make Conchology a scientific pursuit; thus en- 
abling them at the same time to keep pace with mo- 
dern science, by understanding something of the new 


arrangement. 


La Marcx’s generic descriptions have in most in- 
stances been preserved, but not always literally ren- 
dered, and frequently others added or substituted, as 
much as possible divested of the technical terms of 
science, which are difficult to comprehend, and appear 
obscure to those not accustomed to compare shells with 


their written descriptions. 


A caTaLoGueE of the recent species is subjoined to 
each genus in the order established in the original 
work, the number of fossil species enumerated, and il- 
lustrative examples selected from the system of Lin- 


INTRODUCTION, 9 


neeus or Others, with a reference to the author in whose 
work it is figured or described. 


Tue genera of fossil species, and naked mollusce, are 
mentioned in the respective places assigned to them, 
as they assist in explaining geological facts, and are 
most important in connecting the evidence upon which 
La Marck has founded his system. The reasons that 
have prompted him to depart from the classification of 
previous authors on Conchology, are invariably stated, 
and such additional observations and illustrative re- 
marks added or interspersed, as the writer's experience 
has enabled him to offer, which it is humbly presumed 
may tend to elucidate this interesting subject in an easy 


and concise manner. 


A Synoptic Table is also added, exhibiting the ar- 
rangement made by La Marck, of the molluscous ani- 
mals with and without testaceous coverings, including 


also the fossil genera. 


No pretensions to originality or merit are made, 
beyond that of endeavouring to assist or promote, by 


every possible means, a pursuit that must tend to ele. 


10 INTRODUCTION, ° 


vate the thoughts from “ nature up to nature's God!” 
and afford an elegant and rational amusement to many, 
whose leisure moments need relaxation from the fa- 


tigues of more serious study, or the cares of business. 


Suovutp this attempt prove successful, the writer 
will feel amply compensated; and he hopes the mo- 
tive that has prompted him, will screen his exertions 
from the too severe criticism of those scientific persons 


who may condescend to peruse the following pages. 


CONCHOLOGY. 


AN INTRODUCTION 


TO 


LA MARCK’s CONCHOLOGY. 


ARENICOLA. 
LUMBRICIUS MARINUs.—Linneus. 


Ency. pl. 34, f. 13. 
AN Annelides said to inhabit a tubular shell; but the 
animal only has been seen by La Marck. A descrip- 


tion of this animal is given in the Synoptic Table. 


Arenicola piscatorium. 


SILIQUARIA. 


SERPULA ANGUINA.—Linnaus. 


Martini, fig. 13, ¢. tab. 2, t.1. 
Turis was considered a serpula by Linnzus; but the 
distinctions are sufficiently marked to constitute a se- 
parate genus. Shell tubular, irregularly twisted, some- 


times in a spiral form at the base, open at the upper 


14 


extremity, and having a subarticulated longitudinal 
dentated fissure the whole of its length. 


Siliquaria anguina. Siliquaria leevigata. 
te eeeees muricata. ssseeeee lactea. 
CLYMENE. 


Savigny's Manuscripts. 
A tun slender tube, open at both ends, its external 


surface incrusted with sand and fragments of shells. 


Clymene amphistoma. 


DENTALIUM. 
DENTALIUM ELEPHANTINUM.—Linn. 


Mart. t. 1, f.4 A.5 A. 


Snes of this genus are well known from their re- 


semblance to an elephant’s tusk in shape: the shell is 
a testaceous tube, nearly regular, slightly curved, and 
gradually attenuated to the lower end, and open at 
both extremities. Some species are longitudinally 
ribbed, others with annular marks, probably indicat- 
ing their progressional growth; but the greater num- 


ber are quite smooth on the exterior. 


15 


Tube striated, or ribbed longitudinally. 


Dentalium elephantinum Dentalium octoganum 
acne eee aprinum seeeeees® novemcostatum 


ee fasciatum seveeeeee dentalis 


T'ube without ribs or longitudinal striae. 


Dentalium entalis _ Dentalium nigrum 

Bie carat : tarentinum ++eeee+++ politum 

elisieick «the. af a; corneum ++sseeeee eburneum 
PECTINARIA. 


AMPHITRITE AURICOMA. 


ee 5 


“28 


Muller, p. 26, pl. 26. 
A MEMBRANOUS, or papyraceous tube, in the form ofa 


reversed cone, not fixed to one spot, the exterior with 
adhesions of sand. 


Pectinaria Belgica Pectinaria capensis. 


SABELLARIA. 


SABELLA ALVEOLATA.—Linneus. | = 
Is nearly allied to the preceding species: the animal 


however, differs; the tubes are cellular at the base, the 


Mae aes 
SERRE ae 


16 


orifice expanded in the form of a cup. They are unit- 
ed together in one common mass, and composed of ag- 
glutinated grains of sand and fragments of shells. 


Sabellaria alveolata Sabellaria crassissima. 


= ‘TEREBELLA. 

* Filijel. Meth. p. 57, fig. 5. 

Tuts is distinct from the Sabellaria, the animal be- 
; ing different. Tube lengthened, cylindrical, flattened, 
? attenuated, and pointed at the base; of a membranous 
HN texture, with adhesions of sand. 

t Terebella conchilega — Terebella cristata 


Terebella ventricosa. 


AMPHITRITE. 


- | SABELLA PENICILLUs.— Linneus. 
Turis animal has no resemblance to the Sabella of Lin- 
neus. Tube elongated, cylindrical, becon ling thin- 
ner towards the base, of a tough membranous texture, 


and most of them without adhesions. 


Amphitrite ventilabrum Amphitrite vesiculosa 
ste eeeeaee penicillus reeeeeeese volutacornis 


Pee tenes magnifica = ++. ee eee infundibulum. 


tt © | 


Z) 


17 


x 


- SPIRORBIS. | i ag 
SERPULA SPIRORBIS.—Linne@us. G. 


Lister, p. 553, fig. 5. 

Linnzus has classed this with his G. Serpula, to 
which it is nearly allied; the animal being, however, 
distinct, a separation is necessary. Tube testaceous, 
turned spirally on an horizontal plane, the lower part 
of which is attached to marine substances, generally 
fuci; the opening of the tube terminal, and rounded 
or angular. 

Spirorbis nautiloides Spirorbis carinata 

vee n eens spirillum »seeee++ Jamellosa 


Spirorbis tricostalis. 


SERPULA. 
SERPULA VERMICULARIS.—Linneus. 


Ellis Corall. tab. 38, fig. 2. a oN 
Linyzvs and other authors have considered thisa 
mollusca, very little importance having hitherto been 
attached to the animals inhabitin g shells. Subsequent 
investigation has, however, proved the animal of this 


genus to be an Annelides; the tubes are solid, cal- 


Cc “ie 


Es ee 


18 


careous, irregularly twisted; aperture terminal, round- 
ed, and smooth; fixed at the lower extremity, or more 
or less completely adhering by other parts to marine 


substances. It is found solitary, or in groups curiously 


intertwined. 
Serpula vermicularis Serpula filaria 
Sh piace fascicularis cn eeens pellucida 
a eneeee intestinum ++eeeee intorta 
se eeeee contortuplicata  -++++"s cristata 
eR plicaria ».ee+++ Spiruleea 
coeeees glomerata sss quadrangularis 
Poy -» decussata .eeeees minima 
Pe ee protensa  geeee ae echinata 
Se AA infundibulum ».+eeee sulcata 
Ney hy annulata .++-+++ costalis 
ELS Sie cereolus -+++s++ Gentifera 
coe ene filograna ».see++ Sipho 
ooseses vermicella § +*:***" arenaria. 


VERMILIA. 


SERPULA TRIQUETRA.—-Linneus. 


Born, p. 436, t. 18, fig. 14- 


Say re = * 


Tuts, like the preceding genus, has been confounded 


19 


with the Serpule by previous writers: it is quite dis- 
tinct, however, from any other tubular Annelides, and 
the tube being provided with a convex, orbicular, and 
sometimes conical operculum, has necessarily occa- 
sioned a separation from the Serpule. Tube testa- 
ceous, cylindrical, more or less twisted, gradually at- 
tenuated towards the lower end; opening round, the 
margin with one, two, or three teeth; shell attached 


at one side to marine bodies. 


Vermilia rostrata Vermilia subcrenata 
Sas diane’ triquetra eee sees plicifera 

deceevae bicarinata im ae ee scabra 

Be noe eruca seeessss teeniata. 


GALEOLARIA. 


In the French Museum.| oe 


Tue Galeolariz nearly approximate the Vermili, but 
the size of the shell, peculiar structure of the aperture, 


and more especially the extraordinary operculum, have 


induced La Marck to constitute the present genus— 


Their tubes are found adhering together at the base, 

in crowded groups or tufts, open at the summits: aper- 

ture orbicular, terminating on one side in a spatulous 
c2 


2) - 
tongue (lingulam spatulatam). Operculum squamose, 
furnished on the upper side with small testaceous parts 
or valves, from five to nine in number, the middle one 
dentated at the truncated part of its summit, the others 

a little toothed on their internal margin; the whole of | 
them attached to the edge of the operculum on one 
side only. ; 


Galeolaria ccespitosa Galeolaria elongata. 


| oe | MAGILUS, 
Tas most singular shell, which might easily be mis- 
taken for a petrified body, is composed of a testaceous, 
white substance,resembling semi-transparent alabaster - 
the base of it turned round into a short solid oval spire, 
with about four contiguous whorls, resembling a Helix; 
the last and larger one prolonged in an irregularly un- 
dulated, or nearly straight direction, sometimes to the 
length of several feet: the upper exterior part of the 
tube is convex, the lower side flattened, plaited, carinat- 
ed, and somewhat angular, with closely set, waved, la- 
mellar plaits, much thicker on one side than the other; 
the interior rounded, smooth, and its lower part with 


a groove corresponding to the external keel 


21 


Tuts shell is generally found embedded in madre- 
pore; the animal, though unknown, La Marck con- 
jectures must occupy, in the first instance, the spiral 
whorls, from which it altogether removes as necessity 
requires an extension of the length of the tube, filling 
up, at each stage of increase, the cavity previously 
quitted, with solid testaceous matter, but not forming 
partitioned cells or chambers, as some of the Serpu- 
Ize do; it occupies only the small portion of its last 


addition. 


From these observations of La Marck it may rea- 


souably be presumed that the shell, in the first place, 
is only buried to a depth sufficient to conceal the 
whorls of the spire, at which time the terminal tube 
would reach the surface of the madrepore in which it 
is found (usually the Madrepora sinuosa); but in con- 
sequence of the growth of that substance in a spheri- 
cal form, the animal of the Magilus, in order to keep 
pace with it, from the necessity of having a communi- 
cation open to the exterior surface of its retreat, is for- 
ced to abandon the first plan of continuing the whorls 
in a spiral direction, in which it never could have 
reached the exterior; and, by prolonging the last one, 


seeks an exit at the nearest opening. The lamellar 


22 


plaits on the surface of the tube undoubtedly indicate 
the periodical additions at the different removals of the 
inhabitant. The great length of the last whorl men- 
tioned by La Marck, must be of very rare occurrence; 
in the many examples the writer has examined, it sel- 


dom exceeded a few inches. 


Mrs. Mawe has possessed examples of this shell in 
its early stage of growth, in which the spaces or cham- 
bers were not filled up, and merely presented a divi- 


sion between them. 
Magilus antiquus. 


TUBICINELLA. 


LEPAS TRACHAHFORMIS. . 


Wood's Conchology, page 31. 
Turis animal is at present but little known; the struc- 
ture of its shell, however, clearly indicates that it must 
become the type of a distinct genus. The shell is uni- 
valve, in the form of a cylindrical tube somewhat bent, 
and rather narrower at the base; open at both ends, 
the upper one closed by an operculum consisting of 


four smooth trapezoidal valves affixed to its interior 


23 


edge by a fleshy collar, the lower extremity closed by 
amembrane. The tube is encircled with strong an- 
nular ribs separated into six compartments, or valves, 
by longitudinal interstices. It is found buried in the 
fat of whales, to the depth of several inches, its oper- 
culum, and a portion of the upper part of the tube on- 
ly visible on the surface. The number of additional 
rings or circles which surround the tube, no doubt 
mark its progressive growth, from the obvious neces- 
sity of possessing an opening to the exterior, by keep- 
ing pace with the increase of the substance in which 
it is embedded. 


La Marek, in his generic description of this shell, 
calls it an univalve, as he does his genus Balanus, ac- 
counting for an increase of their size in circumference 
by supposing that the pieces which are firmly fixed 
together, may be disunited by the animal, the neces- 
sary addition made to them, and again reclosed; an 
hypothesis extremely rational, but which appears to 
militate against his assertion of these shells being uni- 
valves. Another species has also been described by 
Dr. Leach. 


Tubicinella balzenarium. 


24 


CORONULA. 


LEPAS DIADEMA.—Linneus. : 


- Wood's Conchology, plate 5, page 35. 


Turs, like the preceding genus, exists on the back of 
the whale, tortoise, or other marine animals, in which 
a small portion of it is embedded at the base, and ad- 
ditionally secured or fastened by small teeth on the 
lower part of the cells or partitions of the shell. It 
appears an univalve, but is composed of six longitudi- 
nally ribbed valves, diverging from the summit to the 
base, and, with the intermediate spaces, (which are 
smooth, or finely striated concentrically), dividing it 
into twelve compartments. The aperture is always 
regular, and of a rounded oval, or slightly hexagonal 
form; interior funnel shaped; ‘base open, and divided 
into eighteen striated partitions or radiating cells, and 
the operculum divided into four small obtuse valves. 
The increased size of the shell takes place at thelower 
extremity or base. 
Coronula diadema Coronula balanaris 


Coronula testudinaria. 


n 25 é 


BALANUS. 


LEPAS TINTINNABULUM.—Linn. 


Mawe's Linn. f. 1, pl. 2. 
ne 7 2 — owe 
La Marecx in this Genus has only preserved such 


shells as appeared univalves by the connection of their 


valves in a peculiar manner, their lower part closed 


with testaceous matter, and the operculum consisting of 
four pieces. These Shells are usually of a conical form, 
more or less elevated, sometimes narrower at the base, 
in the form of a tulip; aperture subtriangular or ellipti- 
cal; base closed by a solid testaceous termination, firm- 
ly fixed to the substance on which the shell is attach- 


ed; operculum consisting of four pieces or valves, in- 
serted internally near the base. 


Tue increased growth of these shells in height and 
circumference is easily perceived in each of its stages, 
the one on the conical part, and the flake or testaceous 
separation at the bottom exhibiting the other. La 


Marck conjectures that the animal, when necessity 


obliges it to increase the size of its habitation, possesses 
the faculty of detaching the parts forming its exterior, 


and, after having added a given portion to each, fasten- 


26 


ing them together again, (les soudes entrélles de nou- 
veau). Some species are armed with spines on the ex- 


terior, which La Marck has not mentioned. 


Balanus angulosus Balanus palmatus 
seeeees sulcatus .+ +e... stalactiferus 
Seeeeee tintinnabulum «+--+ - plicatus 
veeeees MIQTESCENS = «+ reer duploconus 
weeeeee cylindraceus -++eee+ patellaris 
+s+eee calycularis -++s+++ semiplicatus 
swat roseus sseeee- galeatus 
se tees ovularis »+++e++ subimbricatus 
Sia diye @ + miser seeeees TUGOSUS 
se beeee amphimorphus «+--+: plancianus 
560d ye a perforatus se eeere crispatus 
a levis “seesees punctatus 

- spinosus teste fistulosus 
oh ae radiatus -seeees latus. 


ACASTA. 


| ACASTA MONTAGUII.—Leach. 


| Cirrip. Acampt. plate f. 
Tue species constituting this genus were named by 


Dr. Leach, Acaste, and continue to be so called by La 


27 


Marck. They are found enveloped in sponge, and ne- 
ver affixed to hard bodies; the valves are but slightly 
connected together, particularly those at the bottom: 
the exterior form is oval subconical, formed of six la- 
teral unequal valves with an orbicular lamina, inter- 
nally concave, (resembling a patella), forming the base; 
the operculum with four pieces or valves: the exterior of 
the base being conical or convex, prevents the shell from 
standing by itself in an erect position, when detached 
from the substance which envelopes it. 
Acasta Montaguii — Acasta glans 


Acasta sulcata. 


CREUSIA. «> 
AS 


LEPAS STRIATULA.—Linn. | 


Pennant. 4, pl. 38, f. 7. 
Tus genus, as well as the preceding, was named by 
Dr. Leach, and with the succeeding G. Pyrgoma, are 
the only two genera known to possess four valves, and 
the operculum to consist of two pieces only; they are 
in general small shells affixed to madrepore or other 
marine substances, orbicular or conically convex, com- 


posed of four unequal valves, united, but distinctly 


—= 


i a de 


28 


marked by a suture at the divisions; the operculum in- 
ternal and bivalve. 
Creusia stromia Creusia spinulosa 
Creusia verruca. 


PYRGOMA. 


: Z 
“. PYRGOMA CANCELLATA.—Leach. 


Turis genus differs from the preceding with regard to 
its form. Its valves, being more firmly united, give it 
the appearance of a subglobular univalve, the interior 
division longitudinally grooved, the convex back pre- 
sents an elliptical area, circumscribed by a crenated 


margin, in the centre of which the aperture is placed; 


the operculum is bivalve. 


Pyrgoma cancellata. 


| ANATIFA. 


- LEPAS ANATIFERA.—Linn. 


: se | Mawe's Linneus, fig. 7, plate 2. 


Turs should properly be called G. Anatifera; it is un- 
like all other preceding shells of the Linnzean genus 


Lepas, not adhering by the testaceous base of the shell 


29 


or enveloped by other substances, but affixed to ma- 
rine bodies, generally in numerous groups, by a tough 
membranous peduncle, sometimes a foot long; the shell 
is very flat, composed of five valves, two placed on each 
side faintly striated, the fifth or dorsal one smooth, with 
sulcated sides, longer and narrower than the others, 
all of them united together and kept in their proper 
position by a thin membrane. 


Anatifera levis Anatifera dentata 
Pataacs sae villosa evesenes Striata 


Anatifera vitrea. 


) POLLICIPES 


, LEPAS POLLICIPES.—Linne@us. 


Mawe’s Linn. f. 8, pl. 2. 


Dr. Leacu established this genus, which is easily dis- 


tinguished from others somewhat resembling and al- 


lied to it. The shell consists of thirteen or more valves, 


the smallest at the sides, which are very flat and com- 
pressed, the peduncle short, wrinkled, rigid, and often 
covered with small scales like shagrine. 

Pollicipes cornucopia Pollicipes mitella 


Pollicipes scalpellum. 


ite | 30 


, CINERAS. 


| CINERAS VITTATA.—Leach. 


A sHELL consisting of five narrow valyes so widely pla- 
ced that they do not cover the whole of the animal, to 
compensate for which, they are inclosed in a membra- 
nous bag, a continuation of which forms the peduncle; 
this is of a greenish colour with six longitudinal black 


stripes, three on each side; it has an anterior opening 


for the passage of the animal’s arms. 


Cineras vittata. 


OTION. 
LEPAS AURITA.—Linn. 


/ Wood's Conchology, f. 4, pl. 12. 


SHELL with only two testaceous valves, small, semilu- 


nar and separated, inclosed in a membranous bag, as 
in the preceding genus, but terminated in two tubes 
or ears at the back part, and the centre aperture ad- 
mitting the passage of the animal’s tentacule, the 
singular form of which prevents its being blended 


31 
with the G. Cineras without a further examination 


of its structure. 


Otion Cuvieri Otion Blainvillii. 


ASPERGILLUM. 
SERPULA AQUARIA.—Linne@us. 


Burrows, pl. 22, fig. 3. 

In separating this shell from the Linnzan Serpule, 
La Marck has been guided, as in every other instance, 
by the distinct organization of the animal; and though 
the inhabitant of the Aspergillum had not been seen 
by him, the difference of its shell fully authorizes his 
having distinguished it from the Serpulz, and assum- 
ing that they cannot be the same. 


Tus elegant and very singularly formed shell is a 
testaceous tube, (La Marck calls it a testaceous sheath), 
somewhat curved, though in most instances nearly 
straight, gradually tapering towards, and open at, the 
upper extremity, becoming somewhat club-shaped to- 
wards the lower end, which is closed by a convex disk or 
cover, perforated by numerous small holes; and some- 


32 


times with & small lengthened fissure in the centre; 
it has a waved testaceous subtubular fringed border 
projecting beyond the perifery of the outer circle. On 
the side of the tube, near its extremity, are two per- 
manently fixed valves, leaving an open fissure between 
them: the exterior of the tube of some species is in- 


crusted with sand. 


La Marck considers this shell an equivalve bivalve 
allied to the genus Fistulana, in which, however, the shell 
it incloses is detached and free, while in the Aspergillum 
it adheres to the sheath, completing, by the two fixed 
open valves, a part of the tube that incloses the animal. 
He remarks, that it is no doubt an error to suppose that 
this shell is ever fixed by the open end, which, like 
the Clavagella, and Fistulana, must necessarily be open 
for the egress of the animal. He describes four spe- 
cies. It is known to conchologists in England by the 


familiar name of the Watering-pot shell. 


A Firtn, and most extraordinary species, was disco- 
veredand brought to England by the Earl of Mountnor- 
ris. The tube is of a considerable circumference, almost 
straight, and nearly of an uniform size during its whole 


length, which sometimes reaches upwards of twelve 


33 


inches. At the lower extremity of it, near the base, 
are three equidistant rows of waved testaceous frills or 
ruffles, with a narrow space between them; . the upper 
end terminated with a perforated disk, as in the other 
species. Among many unique and nondescript shells 
in the late Earl Tankerville’s collection, is an example 


of this rare species. 


In the above description, the writer has reversed the 
position of the shell, according to La Marck’s idea, 
having strong grounds to believe the open end always 
to be downwards in the sandy places in which, at low 
water, this shell is found. 

. [dize 
Aspergillum Javanum —_Aspergillum Nove Zeylan- 


= hodieia eal aye vaginiferum 


CLAVAGELLA. | ‘tiie 

Figured in Sowerby's Genera of Shells, No. 13. 
No recent examples of this genus have yet been seen 
by La Marck, who considers the Clavagella an inter- 
mediate species between the Aspergillum and the Fis- 
tulina, differing from the former by having only one 


Dd 


re 


34 


external fixed valve, the other free and internal; and 
from the latter, which has no perforations at the larger 
extremity. This shell has also.an appearance of small 
projecting tubes at one extremity round the disk, simi- 
lar to those of the Aspergillum. Sowerby in his Ge- 
nera of Shells, No. 13, has described the only recent 
species of this genus supposed to be known, under the 


name of 


Clavagella aperta. ae 


FISTULANA. 


Encycl. Method. pl. 167, fig. 17, 22. 


La Marcx asserts a singular fact with respect to this 
genus. He, like all other naturalists, had considered 
these tubes, as well as those of the Aspergillum and 
Clavagella, which inclose the animal, to be the shells 
themselves; but has now ascertained them to be quite 
distinct. The Fistulanz: have their shell free and de- 
tached, within the sheath, and neither of the valves 
fixed into the partition of the tube, which is most ge- 
nerally testaceous, closed, and retort-shaped at the pos- 
terior extremity, attenuated to the other end, where 
it is open, containing a bivalve shell, the valves of 


which are equal, but gaping. 


35 


Tuts animal also possesses two protuberant calcare- 
ous tubes, covering parts of its body at the open end 
of the tube, each of which is terminated with from 
five to eight cup-shaped calcareous or corneous ap- 
pendages, piled one above the other. It inhabits the 
sand, and perforates wood, stones, and sometimes 
shells. 7 

Fistulana clava Fistulana gregata 
ste eeees - corniformis  ------+-+ lagenula. 


*@% re 
SEPTARIA. |™* 
SERPULA POLYTHALAMIA—JLinne@us. 


Marit. tab.1, fig. 1,6,& 11. 

A very long testaceous tube gradually attenuated to its 
upper end, and divided interiorly by vaulted divisions, 
seldom complete, the extremity of which is terminated 
by two slender tubes without any interior partitions. 
This sheath, no doubt, incloses a bivalve shell at its 
end; but it has not yet been found quite perfect.— 
The only species mentioned by La Marck is the 


Septaria arenaria. 


D2 


ee 


36 


TEREDINA. 


A FossiL genus; consisting of a testaceous cylindrical 
sheath, the posterior extremity closed, and exhibit- 
ing the two valves of the shell it incloses; the anterior 


end open. 


7 | TEREDO. (iia 
TEREDO NAVALIS.—Linn@us. 
‘Tuts also, like others allied to it, is a testaceous scab- 
bard or sheath, covering the animal, but not connect- 
ed with its shell, and which ceases to exist in the Pho- 
lades. The sheath is open at both ends, and the shell 
it contains, being no longer fixed and adhering, closes 
the posterior extremity. The internal shell consists | 
of two concave valves, each provided with a subulate 
piece within, at the back of which the marks of the 
two valves described in the second species are very 
visible. At the interior orifice of the sheath, the ani- 
mal presents two small tubes, similar to the genus Sep- 
taria. They commit great havoc by destroying the 
planks of ships, piles of embankments, &c. 


La Marck makes no mention of the enormous spe- 


cies so ably described by Sir Everard Home, and called 


37 


T. Gigantea, which sometimes exceeds four feet in 
length, and several inches in circumference. 


Teredo navalis Teredo palmulatus. 


PHOLAS. 
PHOLAS,—Linneus. | 
Turs well known shell is described by Bs Marck asa 
bivalve, but without any tubular sheath inclosing it, 
though very sinsilar in form to those which have.— It 


has one or more accessory valves, either at the hinge or 


above it. The inferior, or lower margin of the valves, 
recurved outwardly. 


In this shell, the valves being sufficiently large to 
protect the greater part of the animal, it does not re- 
quire, as in the preceding genera, asheath to defend 
their very long bodies. The Pholas pierces stones, 


chalk, and wood, from whence it cannot remove itself. 


Pholas dactylus Pholas silicula 
teenies orientalis -+++++ costata 
sete candida .+ +++ crispata 
seeeee dactyloides  ------ callosa . 


Pholas clavata. 


38 


GASTROCHANA. 


MYA DUBIA. 


| Pennant, 4, pl. 44, f. 19. 

A sue. nearly allied to the G. Pholas, being like it 
a Borer; it is generally found in madrepore; but, not 
having the accessory valves, it necessarily constitutes a 
new genus. Shell bivalve, equivalve, almost wedge- 
shaped, widely gaping, the anterior aperture very large, 
oval, and oblique, the posterior extremity nearly closed ; 
hinge linear, marginal, and without teeth. 


Gastrocheena cuneiformis | Gastrochzena mytiloides 


Gastrochzena modiolina, 


SOLEN. 
_ |SOLEN VAGINA,—Linne@us. 


Chem. 6, t. 4, f. 26. 


Wir a few shells separated which were confounded 


with this genus by other authors, it now stands de- 
fined by La Marck as a bivalve transversely oblong, 
extremely wide; while that part, which would by ma- 


39 
ny be considered the width, is in fact the length of the 
shell, and is consequently very small. ‘The two valves 
are equal, and when closed resemble a flattened cylin- 
der, truncated at both ends, sometimes a little curved; 
they are united by a hinge, more frequently lateral than 
in the middle of the lower margin, and sometimes it is 
situated very near one of the extremities. When open, 
the shell exhibits two or three small recurved teeth, 
often placed at the extreme edge of the truncated extre- 
mity, but more frequently at a short distance from it; 
they join laterally when the valves are closed, but do 
not enter the cavities apparently formed to receive them. 
The apices are very small and scarcely perceptible; the 
ligament external and near the hinge: in some species 


there is a callosity to which the ligament is attached. 


Tue Solenés inhabit the sand of the’sea shore, which 
they sometimes penetrate to the depth of two feet in a 
verticle direction, and there remain stationary ; the ani- 
mal only quitting the shell and returning to the surface 
in search of food, which it effects by an extension of 
the muscular foot affixed to the further extremity of the 
shell. Some species have their valves much longer, 
narrower, and flatter at the extremities, as the Solen 
Diphos, (S. Rostratus of La Marck), in which the cal- 


losities at the hinge are also very visible. 


40” 


- Cardinal teeth contiguous to the anterior side. 
Solen vagina Solen vaginoides 
sees corneus -++++ siliqua 


Solen ensis 


Cardinal teeth somewhat distant from the anterior 


side. 


Solen pygmeeus Solen cultellus 
tetas ambiguus -++++ planus 


Solen minutus. 


Cardinal teeth (or hinge) nearer the middle than 


the anterior side. 


Solen legumen Solen constrictus 
ies Dombeii -++++» coarctatus 
seee. Javanicus = «+++ strigilatus 
z Ureess Caribeeus -+++- radiatus 
ee antiquatus = «+++ violaceus 


Solen rostratus. 


| 


= 
i 


OO ——————— 
- 


Al 


9 
Ray PANOPAA. 
MYA GLYCIMERIS.—Linnaus. 


Chem. 6, t. 1, 3, f. 25. 
Tuts genus is nearly allied tothe G. Solen. The more 
prominent apices of these shells, and the situation 
of the ligament of the valves prevent their being class- 
ed with the Myz. Shell equivalve, transverse; un- 
equally gaping at the sides; a conical primary tooth on 
each valve, at the side of which is a compressed cal- 
losity, short and ascendant, not projecting externally ; 
ligament external, on the longest side of the shell, at- 
tached to the callosities, or nymphe. 

Ponopeea Aldrovandi 


GLYCIMERIs. 


MYA SILIQUA.—Linneus. 


Chem. tab. 11, page 192, fig. 1934. 
Tue few species of this genus yet known have been 
blended by previous authors with the Myz, from 
which their hinge distinguishes them: they are allied 
to the Solen and Saxicava; from the first of which they 


— — 
-_——- — 


42 


differ, having teeth at the hinge, and from the latter 
by the ligament being placed on the shortest side of 
the shell, which is transverse, widely gaping on either 
side; hinge callous without teeth, with externally pro- 
jecting callosities. 


Glycimeris margaritacea. 


| MYA. 
MYA TRUNCATA,—Linneus. 


Chem. 6, t.1, f. 12. 

Tues shells are marine bivalves, transverse, inequila- 
teral, not always equivalve, gaping at the two extremi- . 
ties, one of which is often obtusely truncated. Hinge 
with a very singular large compressed spoon-shaped 
tooth, rising perpendicularly from the plane of the left 
valve, and fitting into the entrance of the primary ca- 
vity corresponding with it on the opposite valve, when 
both are closed; ligament interior, short, thick, and at- 
tached to the projecting tooth on one side, and to the 
cavity on the other. These shells remain concealed 
in the sand, through which they protrude a long mem- 
branous tube, enveloping two smaller ones. 

Mya truncata Mya erodona 


» arenaria .+ +» solenimyalis. 


43 


ANATINA. 
SOLEN ANATINUS,—Linneus. 


Chem. 6, t:6, f. 46, 48. 


Tue Anatine are very distinct from the Myz, or the 
Solenes, with both of which they have been blended 
by former writers. Shell thin, extremely fragile, semi- 
transparent, subequivalve, gaping at one or both sides, 
much inflated at one end, resembling a duck’s bill; a 
spoon-shaped tooth on each valve projecting internally, 
beneath which is placed a curved rib running towards | 
the interior of the shell; sometimes-a closed fissure or 
suture extends from the apex, giving the appearance 


of a second rib. These shells appear to connect the 


-Myz and Mactre, and form a transition to the G. 


Lutraria. 
Anatina laterna Anatina trapezoides 
weeeeeee truncata s+ seeees TUgOSA 
we neeeee subrostrata  -------- imperfecta 
settee longirostris  -----++-+ myalis 
bale eleiersid globulosa ++++-+++ rupicola. 


44 


LUTRARIA. 


“MYA OBLONGA.—Gmelin. 
) 


Gualter, t. 90, f. A. 2. 


Tuis genus is perfectly distinct from the G. Mactra, — 
as it wants the lateral teeth, and by its affinity to 
the G. Anatina presents a natural transition from the 
G. Mya. Shell inequilateral transversely oblong or 
rounded, gaping at the lateral extremities; hinge with 
one tooth, as it were folded or plaited in two, one side 
of which is plain, with an opposite hollow to receive 
it; no lateral teeth, ligament interior and fixed in the 


hollow cavities of the primary teeth. 


Shell transversely oblong. 


Lutraria solenoides Lutraria elliptica 


Lutraria rugosa. 


Shell orbicular or subtriangular. 


Lutraria compressa Lutraria papyracea 
ae oybiebie lh piperata wAihy 0! Siete plicatella 
Aas. 5 tillinoides seeeeeee Crassiplica 


seeeeees candida ++eee+e+ cComplanata. 


45 


MACTRA. 


MACTRA SOLIDA.—Linnaus. 


Lister, t. 253, f. 87. 
Tue Mactre, separated from the Lutrariz, now con- 
stitute a numerous and well defined genus. They are 
marine shells, some of a large size, almost always sub- 
triangular, slightly gaping at the sides, either smooth 
on the exterior or transversely ribbed. The charac- 
ter of the hinge is very singular; on each valve, be- 
neath the apex, is a compressed tooth, bent or angu- 
lar, like two divergent pieces, at the side of which is 
a subcordiform oblique cavity, to which the ligament 
is attached. There are also two lateral teeth, com- 
pressed and inserted, one of them more or less near 
the cavity of the ligament, and the other near to the 
primary tooth. In some species, where the cavity of the 
hinge is very large, the primary tooth is oblique, and al- 
most obsolete ; but the lateral teeth always exist. 


Mactra gigantea Mactra Helvacea 
vetees Spengleri ++++++ grandis 
se neee striatella -+eee+ stultorum 


oe seee carinata . .«---+-- maculosa 


—- — 


Mactra straminea § Mactra ovalina 
wees + australis -++e++ alba 
vesees violacea -»-e++ solida 
weceee fasciata seen castanea 
BNeie ete ts turgida BBS 3 AV rufa 
weteee plicataria -++ee+ squalida 
++++++ Tufescens -+..-+ Brasiliana 
ewes maculata -+++++ donacina 
sete subplicata ------ depressa 
+++. triangularis) «+--+ lilacea 
ae lactea -+++++ trigonella 
tees abbreviata ----+-+ deltoides 


Mactra crassatella. 


CRASSATELLA. 


- MACTRA STRIATA.—Gmelin. 
} 


Chemnitz, 6, tab. 22, fig. 222, 223. 


A erear affinity exists between this genus and those 
of the Mactra and Lutraria, it having, like them, the 
ligament of the valves internal, and attached to the 
primary cavities of each valve, but when closed they 
fit exactly, and do not gape, as in the above genera.— 


In some species the ligament is partially visible on the 


AT 


exterior, but less so than in the G. Amphidesma.— 
Shell inequilateral suborbicular; valves sometimes at- 
tenuated at one end; two divergent primary teeth, 
with a cavity at the side; lateral teeth obsolete; liga- 
ment internal, inserted in the cavity of the hinge on 
either side of the valves. 


_ Crassatella Kingicola Crassatella subradiata 
PR Fe. donacina seeeeeeees COntraria 
poe ree sulceata seesseee-- Cuneata 
gat eutianets rostrata te eeeeeees eryeinaea 
stla todas at bei iataide glabrata dit phe hbaitey cycladea 


Crassatella striata. 


ERYCINA. 


Tue equivocal character of these shells renders it very 
difficult to judge of their hinge. La Marck only men- 
tions one species, not having those before him which 
he had described in the Ann. du Musée. Shell trans- 
verse, subinequilateral, equivalve, rarely gaping; two 
unequal divergent primary teeth, with a cavity be- 
tween; two short, oblong, lateral, compressed, insert- 
ed teeth ; ligament interior, fixed inthe cavity between 
the primary teeth. 


Erycina cardioides. 


© 
a 


48 


UNGULINA. 


La March's Cabinet. 


Daun established this genus, which is remarkable 
from the cavity receiving the ligament having the ap- 
pearance of being divided into two, the one at the end 
of the other; the ligament, though internal, is parti- 
ally visible outside, from the almost marginal situation 
of the cavities in which it is placed; one short primary 
subbifid tooth on each valve. Shell with external ribs 
or grooves on the exterior of the valves, and tinted 
with red within. 


Ungulina oblonga —_-_ Ungulina transversa. 
—————_—_—_—_— 


| SOLEMYA. 


| 
Encycl. Meth. plate 225, fig. 4. 


Tue genus Solenimya, as it should properly be called, 
at first sight appears to resemble the Modiola; never- 
theless, its characters bear a greater affinity to the So- 
lenes, and a yet greater to the Anatinz. Shell thin, 
transversely oblong, cylindrical, or compressed, obtuse 


at the extremities; apices flat and hardly visible, one 


49 


compressed, dilated, and very oblique; tooth: on-each 
valve slightly concave beneath to receive the ligament, 
which is partly internal, and partly, external; valves 
a little gaping at the upper side, and covered with a 
brown rayed epidermis, terminating round the margin 
in a fringed or deep ragged edge, 


Solenimya australis  Selenimya Mediterranea, 


AMPHIDESMA. 


TELLINA LACTEA.—Linneus. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 9, plate 3. 
La Marck, on his first examination of the species 
of this genus, called it Donacilla, considering them to be 


allied to those of the G. Donax; but, on a subsequent in- 


vestigation, he has determined to constitute the present — 


genus of them, as they possess very peculiar charac-— 2% 


ters, and are quite distinct from all other bivalves, par- 
ticularly in having the valves connected by two li- 
gaments. Shell generally small, transverse, inéquila- 
teral, suboval or rounded, occasionally a little gaping 
-atthesides, and, as Sowerby observes, there is a distinct 
flexuosity in the valves of the larger species. Hin ge with 
‘one or two teeth, and a narrow cavity for the interior li- 
gament; the other ligament short and external. 


E 


» oe — 
--—— — ~ 


50 
’ Amphidesma variegata Amphidesma flexuosa 
SOS Be sities donacilla NTE Chane o prismatica 
Ry] ia) ahaa st lactea. fo) l= sieeee sete et phaseolina 
re) eg Sen cornea vebebenenes corbuloides 
ite ae albella Lesseseceess glabrella 
aeaateleis s = 's »'e lucinalis veeeeeeeeees purpurascens 
a Boysii etoile sion CRGOnes 
SNP whe erie tas tenuis Taare to itetehn § physoides. t 
CORBULA. 


| Encyl. Method, pl. 280, fig. a, b, ¢. 


Tis genus approximates those of Crassatella and Un- 


gulina, but is eminently distinguished from them by the 


inequality ofthe valves, and thestrong primary elevated 
tooth. Shell regular, inequivalve, inequilateral; only 
slightly, if at all, gaping; one primary tooth in each 
valve, conical, curved, and ascendant; at the side a ca- 


vity; no lateral teeth. Ligament interior, placed in 


the cavities. 
Corbula australis Corbula Taitensis 
Psat 18. stole 0 IGRI a see eielate nucleus 
seeeeee erythrodon seers iimpressa 
Sawa ovalina | yeeeeee porcina 


Corbula semen. 


[And four fossil species. ] 


3) | 


PANDORA. 


TELLINA INEQUIVALVIS.—Linneus. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 2, pl. 6. 


Tue hinge of the Pandora bears.some resemblance to 
that of the Placuna, but the shells of this genus have 
two muscular impressions, and. are more nearly allied 
to the Corbula. Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, trans- 
versely oblong; the upper valve flattened, the lower 


convex; two primary teeth, divergent and unequal, on 


the upper valve; two oblong corresponding cavities on 
the lower: ligament interior. 


Pandora rostrata Pandora obtusa, 


SAXICAVA. 


MYTILUS PHOLADIS.—Linneus. 


Muller 3, tab. 87, f. 1, 3. 
Turse shells inhabit holes pierced by the animal in 
rocks or stones, from which they cannot remove, re- 
sembling, in that respect, the Pholades. Shell bivalve, 
transverse, inequilateral, obtuse, and gaping at both 
E2 


52 


ends. Hinge with two distant tubercles, or obsolete 
teeth: ligament exterior. 

Saxicava rugosa Saxicava pholadis 

pe lass apa gallicana +> r++" australis 


Saxicava veneriformis. 


PETRICOLA. 
"VENUS LYTHOPHAGA.—Gmelin. 
| 
| Chem. 2, t. 13, f. 15. 


Tue shells of this genus are borers, at least such as are 
known: they are bivalves, transverse, inequilateral ; 


upper side narrowed and a little gaping; lower side 


rounded. Hinge with two teeth on each valve, but 


ometimes with only one. 


Petricola lamellosa Petricola rocelaria 
Upon ochroleuca a Se, ene ee 

eeeeees semilamellata  -+-+++*"" ruperella 
ea lucinalis ..+ee+++ Chamoides 
silts nlcteta striata > 3) vo eee h estes pholadiformis 
os ce wee costellata .++eeeee labagella 


Petricola linguatula 


53 


VENERUPIS. 


VENUS PERFORANS. 


Montague, page 127, tab. 3, fig. 6. 


_ Tus should be written Venerirupis, and is another 


species of Borer or Lithophagus shell, by most au- 
thors considered of the G. Venus; from which, how- 
ever, notwithstanding the similarity of the hinge, it 
must be separated, the teeth, on a careful examina- 
tion, being rather differently disposed. Shells of this 
family are only distinguished from the preceding ge- 
nus, by having three primary teeth on one of the valves 
at least. Shell transverse, inequilateral; posterior 
side very short, anterior slightly gaping. Hinge, two 
teeth on the right valve, three on the left, and some- 
times three on both, which are small, contiguous, pa- 


rallel, and but little, if at all, divergent. Ligament 


exterior. 
Venerirupis perforans Venerirupis exotica 
terete tereliie #6 nucleus Sele obs ushers es) GIStans 
SET irus seeeeeeeees Crenata 


Venerirupis carditoides. 


54 


SANGUINOLARIA. 


SOLEN occIDENs.—Gmelin. 


Mawe's Linnaeus, fig. 6, plate 5. | 


Auruoven these shells appear nearly allied to the 
Solenes, with which they have hitherto been “uni- 
formly classed, they possess, however, a very distinct- 
ly marked difference, never having the transverse ob- 
long shape, or the edge of the valves parallel to the 
base. The valves are elliptical, with rounded, slight- 
ly gaping extremities. The upper margin arched. 
Hinge with two contiguous teeth on each valve. 
Sanguinolaria livida 
rugosa 


Sanguinolaria occidens 


eikivis alate eters .. rosea Ae eek eet Te pee 


4 PSAMMOBIA. 


feed | TELLINA FERROENSIS.—Gmelin. 


| Mawe's Linnaeus, f. 4, p- 6. 
Lixe the Sanguinolariz, these shells appear allied to 
the Solenes, gaping a little at the sides; and conse- 


quently many authors have so classed them.—They 


are, however, different in form, in which they more 


nearly resemble that of the Tellens; but besides gap~ 


, Fi 


55- 


ing slightly at the sides, they have not the irregular 
plait on the anterior part, though they sometimes have 


a symmetrical angle or pinch on that side, in each 


. 


valve. Shell elliptical, transverse, or a flattish oblong 
oval, slightly gaping: apices projecting. Hinge with 


two teeth on the left valve, and one only inserted on 


the opposite. 
Psammobia virgata | Psammobia alba 
ct om Se Ferroensis WN dalek \Majate. Cayennensis 
Se aeata ee oe vespertina Sees Peers leevigata 
atolalesohel sh she » florida slave delayed em MERINe LIA 
Bence sedis Se maculosy § -+--.+---++ pulchella 
est eeseees ceerulescens . -------+-- aurantia 
AS AL rie elongata veseseeees fragilis 
Sheehy NE) flavicans Jeo.’ livida 
Metal « boas! squamosa Ble Mheieinielwtiep + 

PSAMMOTA. 


Tuese shells are only degenerated Psammobie; they 
no longer have three cardinal teeth, (two on one valve 
and one on the other), as the left valve of the Psam- 
moteea only presents one tooth, and sometimes one 
of the valves is without a tooth, the other exhibiting 


two. Shell transverse, oval, or oblong; gaping a little 


7 


a aa ee ee 


56 


at the sides, one primary tooth on each valve, though 
sometimes only on one of them. Ligament exterior, at- 
tached to callosities at the hinge, and without the irre- 


gular plait of the Tellina. 


Psammotzea violacea Psammoteea serotina 
eis hy air zovalis Jes toe hols COIR 
Ri Fas fo oo pellucida seve soa oe b taPenuine 


Psammotzeea donacina. 


[One fossil species. | 


S| —TELLINA. | | ‘ 


TELLINA RADIATA.—Linne@us. 


| Chem. 6, tab. 11, fig. 100. 
Wiru a few divisions, this genus remains as Linnzeus 
had arranged it. Shell transverse or orbicular, in gene- 
ral flattened, the anterior side angular, exhibiting at the 
margin a flexuous and irregular plaited or twisted ap- 
pearance. One ortwo primary teeth on the same valve, v4 
two lateral teeth, often distant: ligament quite external. 
‘(La Marck has not mentioned, that upon the edge of 
the front side of either valve, in some species, are rows 
of serrated teeth, running from the apex to the margin, 
as inthe T. Foliacea and T. Spengleri). The valves are 


not always of an equal size, or exactly uniform, being 


57 


sometimes more convex on one side than on the other, 
and the strize occasionally running in different direc- 
tions in each: they are sometimes quite smooth, and 
_ others have imbricated scales. The valves in some spe- 


cies are much more twisted than in others. 


Shell transversely oblong. 


Tellina radiata Tellina elliptica 
seeees unimaculata osenwe albinella 
seeeee semizonalis ++++++ margaritina 
-+++++ maculosa ++ sse8 strigosa 
es virgata -++-++ planata 
teens staurella ‘++e++ punicea 
te eeee crucigera +++. depressa 
ay 9g Spengleri »+++++ pulchella 
Ie C rostrata seeees fabula 
totes latirostra +++++- tenuis 
veces sulphurea seeee+ exilis 
wm ieidi ih foliacea -++++» donacina 
we eeee operculata se+eee nitida 
rahe: aia rosea +eeeee scalaris 
~+e+++ chloroleuca ~~ ------ psammotella 


Shell orbicular, or rounded oval. 


Tellina remies Tellina striatula 


2 PS suleata -+eee scobinata 


58 


Tellina crassa , Tellina decussata 
we eeee leevigata -+++++ Brasilliana 
seeeee linguafelis -+++++ obliqua 
Lopeeees Tugosa we eae umbonella 
. teense lacunosa tees deltoidalis 
tenes gargadia +++ee+ nymphalis © 
at ie pristis °° 6 22S vas solidula 
tenes multangula -+++++ bimaculata 
oa ape’ polygona +e++- sexradiata 
sees capsoides +++. ostracea 


TELLINIDES. 


In the French Museum, . 


La Marck gives this as the type of a genus which 
cannot properly be united to any of its congeners: hay- 
ing lateral teeth, it differs from the Psammobia; by not 
having the valves twisted, it is distinguished from the 
Tellina; the valves also closing, and their interior hav- 
ing fascial muscular impressions, render it distinct from 
the Lucina. Shell transverse, inequilateral, a little 
flattened, slightly gaping at the sides: apices small, not 
swelled; noirregular plait at the margin. Hinge with 
two divergent teeth on each valve, two lateral teeth 


59 


nearly obsolete, the posterior one placed near the pri- 
mary tooth on one valve. 
Tellinides Timorensis. 


CORBIS. 


VENUS FIMBRIATA.— Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 2, plate 3. 


Cuvier constituted this genus, having discovered that 
the organization of the animal differed from those with 
which it had previously been classed. Bruguiere and 
La Marck had joined these shells with the Lucine, 
but the, latter has now followed Cuvier in separating 
them. Shell transverse, equivalve, no flexuosity ; api- 
ces curved inward, opposed to each other; two pri- 
mary and two lateral teeth, the posterior one nearest 
tothe hinge; muscular impressions simple, valves some- 
times convex, strongly ribbed transversely, longitu- 
dinally striated. margins serrated, and closely inter- 
locking. | 
Corbis fimbriata 
[Aud two fossil species. | 


60 


LUCINA. 


VENUS JAMAICENSIS. 


Chem. 7, p. 24, t. 39, fig. 408, 409. 
Tue hinge of the shells of this genus seems to ally 
them to the Tellens, particularly on account of the la- 
teral teeth; and though they also in many species pos- 


sess a distinctly marked angular depression on the 


shell, it is never flexuous, which circumstance proba- . 


3 bly induced Linnzeus to class them with the Veneres. 


Shell suborbicular, inequilateral; small pointed apices. 
The hinge very variable, but usually with two diverg- 
ent primary teeth, one bifid, which change or become 
obsolete with age; two lateral teeth, the posterior one 
nearest the hinge; two muscular impressions very 
widely separated, the posterior one prolonged in a 


small band sometimes extending to the centre of the 


valve. 
Lucina Jamaicensis Lucina concentrica 
seeece Pensylvanica ---+--- divaricata 
seeeee edentula seeeee Carnaria 
ceveee mutabilis Athans wikis scabra 
aeseee radula veeeee reticulata 


61 


Lucina squamosa Lucina sinuata Ze 

Pies lactea .eee++ pecten 

.seree undata _ «sees lutea 

steeee circinaria «+++ digitalis 

oo aoa columbella tied GAR globularis. 
DONAX. 


DONAX scoRTUM.—Linneaus. 


Mawe's Linn. f. 1, pl. 9. 
Sue ts of this genus are so singular in their form, that 
they are immediately recognized ; they are transverse, 
very inequilateral, almost triangular, a little flattened ; 
the anterior side very much shortened, obtuse, and 
appearing truncated, giving the shell the form of a 
wedge; valves equal, a little gaping at the front side, 
and in many species dentated or finely crenulated on 
the interior margin. Another very characteristic dis- 
tinction of this genus is, its having at the hinge, besides 
_ the primary teeth, one or two lateral teeth a little dis- 
tant and separated from the cardinal ones, similar to 
those of the Mactre, Lucine, Telline, &c. In the 
G, Venus, G. Cytheria, &c, the shortest side of the shell 


is always the posterior, and the longest and largest hav- 


= 


—_—=--- = 
$ 


ing the ligament attached to it, is the anterior; 


quis <_< — -_ Oo ———eo } 
— ee ee 


62 
while 
in the Donax, it is exactly the reverse, the ligament be- 


ing affixed to the shortest side as in the Tellens, to which 


consequently they are more nearly allied than to the 


G. Venus, though without the flexuous plait. 


Internal margin of the Valves smooth, or nearly $0 


Donax scortum Donax granosa 
ass ee CEDE fo Seana >. columbella 
Ae compressa weeees Veneriformis 
ie De ser cuneata we eee australis 

Ne deltoides wesc epidermia 

2 SUA radians ...+«+ bicolor 

A sd DEC TIT Petaee vittata 


Donax triquetra. : 


Internal edge of the Valves distinctly dentated or 
5 ee - erenulated. 


Donax ringens Donax meroe 


oes alee rugosa ji ce eeee scripta 

dete ae Cayennensis .. +++ truncuilus 
Sapins® elongata ..see flabagella 
Pees 2 denticulata wee ee Cinatinum 

coca Veyld cardioides ws sees Martinicensis 


63 


CAPSA. 


DONAX LEVIGATA.—Gmelin. 


Sowerby’'s Genera, No. 10, plate 3. 

Tuesxr shells are rather inequilateral, having their ]i- 
gament on the short side, as in the preceding genus: _ 
they belong to the G. Tellinides, although without 
lateral teeth; they are also allied to the G. Psammo- 
bia, and to certain Telline, by the similarity of the 
cardinal teeth; but they scarcely gape at the sides, 
-and have not the flexuous bend of the Tellens. Shell 
transverse, equivalve, and closed. Hinge with two 
teeth on the right valve, one inserted bifid tooth on the 
other; no lateral teeth: ligament external. 


Capsa levigata Capsa Braziliensis. _ 
| 


CRASSINA. 


VENUS DANMONIENSIS.—Montague. | 
Sowerby’s Genera, No. 4, pl.3, fig. 1, 2, 3. 

Tus shell resembles a small Crassatella in appear- 
ance, being thick and solid, and the valves perfectly 
closing together in every part; but the position of the 
ligament distinguishes it. Nor should it be confounded 
with the G. Venus, since it has not more than two 


64 © 


teeth on each valve, and even appears to have but 
one, very large, on the left valve, the other projecting 
but slightly. Shell orbicular, transverse, equivalve, 
subinequilateral, and closed. Hinge with two strong 
divergent teeth on the right valve, and two very une- 
qual on the other. Ligament external, and placed on 
the longest side. . | 


Sowersy, in his Genera of Shells, properly calls 
this genus Astarte, several species having been describ- 
ed under that name previous to La Marck’s adopting 
that of Crassina. 


Crassina Danmoniensis. 


CYCLAS. 


TELLINA CORNEA.—Linn. 


Lister, Conch. tab. 159, fig. 14. 
Suetts of this genus are small, of a very convex oval 
form; valves thin, and always without three primary 
teeth on either of them; apices never eroded or decor- 
ticated: some species are so thin and fragile, as to be 
transparent, the valves smooth, or transversely stri- 


ated. Shell transverse, equivalve; apices protuberant; 


". <. oe 


in 


ee ee ee ee 


a 


t 
‘ 


¢ 
? 


65 


primary teeth very small, almost obsolete, sometimes 
two on each valve, of which one is plaited in the 
middle on the one valve, and sometimes two plaited or 
folded teeth ‘on the other. These shells inhabit 
fresh waters. 


Cyclas rivicola Cyclas obtusalis 
acetate cornea ..«+-- fontinalis 
seeeee lacustris ..++e+ australis 
se oo obliqua s+" sulcata 
sete calyculata +++» striatina 


Cyclas Sarratogea. 


CYRENA. 


TELLINA FLUMINEA.—Gmelin. | 


\ 


Sowerby's Genera No. 5, pl. 2. 

TueEse shells inhabit rapid roveiw and streams, and 
have been classed with the preceding genus, from 
which they are however distinct, having three cardi- 
nal teeth on each valve, and also lateral teeth... They 
are thick, solid shells; sometimes of a great size: the 
apices eroded or carious; covered on the other parts 
with a green or brownish epidermis. Ligament.exte- 
rior, and placed on the largest side. 


¥ 


66 


Lateral Teeth, serrated or divided. 


Cyrena trigonella Cyrena fuscata 
reves orientalis -+++++ fluminea 
BA ey cor seeeee Vviolacea. 


Lateral Teeth, entire. 


Cyrena depressa Cyrena Bengalensis 
reteee Caroliniensis ----.- Zeylanico. 


[One fossil species. ] 


| 

) GALATHEA. 

| VENUS PARADOXA. 
| 


} Sowerby’s Genera, No. 3, pl. 1. 

‘s Turs elegant shell inhabits fresh water rivers, and in 
some respects is nearly allied to the Cyrene, from 

- which however the divergent form of its primary tooth 

| distinguishes it. Shell equivalve, subtriangular, pri- 
mary teeth furrowed, two on the right valve joined at 
the base, three on the other valve, placed triangular- 
ly, the intermediate one being advanced, separate, 
thick, and callous; the muscular impressions are late- 
ral, and appear double on each side; shell covered 


So 


67 
‘with a greenish epidermis, beneath which the surface 
is of a milk white, highly polished, with from two to 


four violet rays, diverging from the apex to the margin, 
which is slightly tinged with violet. 


Sowerey has very properly changed the name of this 
genus to that of Potamophila, Galathea being the name 
given by Fabricius, (and adopted by La Marck,) to a 
genus of Crustacea. 


Onuy one ‘species is at present known. A beauti- 
ful example of this rare shell isin the Tankerville 
Collection; and the Provost-of Eton has also a very 
fine specimen. 

Galathea radiata. 


CYPRINA. 


VENUS ISLANDICA.—Linneus. 


Pennant, pl. 58, f. 47. 
Tue Cyprine are in general of a large size, much 
resembling the Veneres, but are distinguished from 
them by having one impressed lateral tooth on the 
‘front side, sometimes obsolete; the Nymphz or callo- 


Fo 


68 


sities of the hinge large, arched, terminated near the 
apices by a cavity sometimes very deep; ligament ex- 
ternal, partly fixed beneath the apices. From the 
shells of this genus possessing a lateral tooth, though 
sometimes obsolete, and being covered with an epider- 
mis, they are conjectured to inhabit rivers at their 
junction with the sea. _ Shell equivalve, inequilateral, 
of an oblique heart-shape. Apices obliquely curved, 
three unequal primary teeth meeting at their. bases, 
and a little divergent upwards. 
Cyprina tenuistria | Cyprina Islandica. 


: [And six fossil species. ] 


CYTHERIA. 


VENUS CASTA.—Gmelin. 


Chemnitz 6, tab. 33, fig. 346. 
Tuts genus, notwithstanding the number of the spe- 
cies, was blended with the G. Venus of Linnzeus, con- 
tributing to render that an overgrown and badly de- 
fined family. La Marck observes that a great diffi- 
culty exists in discovering the characters of some.of 
the species, the shades of difference between them.be- 


ing so extremely slight; he however has pointed out, 


69 


as a guide to distinguish them from the G. Venus, that 
they all have four primary teeth on one valve, and on- 
ly three united on the other, with an isolated cavity, 
oval, and parallel to the margin, the lateral teeth di- 


vergent to the summit. 


Tuey are all marine shells, solid, regular, equivalve, 
inequilateral, apices equal, recurved and slightly pro- 


jecting. Four primary teeth on one valve, and three 


on the other, with a distant cavity parallel to the edge, 


not at all connected with those which receive the cars 


dinal teeth, they being placed in a different direction. 


— Internal Margin of the Valves very entire. 


Anterior cardinal Tooth, with a striated canal, or its 


Sides uneven. 


Cytheria lusoria Cytheria graphica 

eo ey oe petechialis ++e++ee+ morphina 
Pep ay a a impudica Ap as purpurata 
Cais dds: castanea 1b Ul ena AP 
see eoeee zonaria > eese* corbicula 
teeeeees meretrix sooeeeee tripla. 


70 


Anterior cardinal Tooth without a striated canal, 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| . and entire. 


Cytheria gigantea 
Be ce ee a a lee erycina 

OE ee ne 8 aS lilacina 
viet nsis lore impar 
‘ we eeeeee erycinella 


Sih ies ae pectoralis 


pst . +» planatella 


aes --+ maculata 
5 ee ee citrina 


Vawibiawicle albina 


SEER AG als trigonella 
eeeeeeee Sulcatina 
Hebreea 


ere ee ee 


esi axis castrensis 


Gytheria Venetiana 


oe itunes juvenilis 
aiainionibete iy rufa 
eeeeeeee Guiniensis 
Jnveigatie Dione 

a erguicis ae , Arabica 
oeeeeeee trimaculata 


be ielai ole - immaculata 

6 hte pellucida 

«+eeeeee hepatica 
enn Ho 

wf abi ata lucinalis 


SRA ee lunaris 


‘te enaies prostrata 
seneeeee interrupta 
+eeeeees tigerina 
seeeeess punctata 
-» umbonella 


undatina 


71 


Cytheria, scripta Cytheria pulicaris 
eoeeesee NUMUlina ws e*e++ mixta 
wee SUR og muscaria ©=-—--+--+-» abbreviata 


The internal Margin of the Valves crenulated, or 
_dentated. 


Cytheria pectinata Cytheria plicatina 


ub. diz gibbia weeeses flexuosa 
iG ae «+ ranella ++ eeeeee macrodon 
tebeeeee divaricata = -» +++» +» Junularis 

se eeeeee testudinalis  ..-+.+-. squamosa - 
sete ees cuneata seeeeeee Cardilla 
1st ath. placunella sreeeees CYQNUS 
wecieceee rugifera soeeeeee Gentaria 


[Nine fossil species. ] 
EEE 
VENUS. 
VENUS PUERPERA.—Linn. 
Chemnitz 6, tab. 36, fig. 388, 389. | 


Turs genus has been considerably diminished in num- 


ber from that so called by Linnzeus, who had blend- 
ed with it many other shells, allied to or resembling 
the Veneres, but characteristically, distinct; it never- 


theless remains a very numerous, varied, and beauti- 


72 


ful family; consisting of such shells only, as have three 
primary teeth on each valve, the lateral ones diver- 
gent tothe summit. Ligament external, covering the 
escutcheon. This genus is not in form easily distin- 
guished from the G. Cytheria, though generally more 
transverse than orbicular; the hinge however marks 
the difference most clearly. They are marine shells, 
free, regular, and beautifully varied in their designs 
and coloring; they inhabit the sandy shores, buried to 
a small depth below the surface, and are particularly 


numerous in warm climates. 


Internal Margin of the Valves crenated, or dentated. 


Shells with lamellar Strie. 


Venus puerpera Venus verrucosa 
- ++. reticulata §§ = ‘+::- rugosa 
+ee. pygmea sees casina 
- corbis sees crebriscula 
weve’ crenulata tees plicata 
oes 6 MERGE OC yoee se cancellata 


Venus subrostrata. 


Without lamellar Strie. 


Venus granulata Venus pectorina 


Venus marica 


comes 


cingulata 
cardioides 
grisea 
elliptica 
Dombeii 
mercenaria 
lagopus 
gallina 
gallinula 
pectinula 
sulcata 
lamellata 
exalbida 
rufa 
dorsata 
hiantina 
crassisulca 


corrugata 


- Malabarica 


- papilionacea 


adspersa 


punctifera . 


turgida 


literata 


73 


Venus sulcaria 


eeeete 


ee ete 


textile 
texturata 
geographica 
rariflamma 


decussata 


- pullastra 


- glandina 


truncata 
retifera 
anomala 
galactites 
exilis 
scalarina 
Scotica 
aurea 
virginea 


marmorata 


ovulza 
- laterisulca 


- callipyga 


opima 
nebulosa 
phaseolina 


carneola 
% 


74 


Venus florida ’ Venus flammiculata 
Mee ee petalina +++» conularis 
 eesibicolor  =s—s eo eee strigosa 
‘My aan : floridella +++++ aphrodina 
ce sidgnnbeeitere. «6 o8s poles Perronii 
+++ pulchella sess aphrodinoides 
eh sinuosa -++++ elegantina 
nn ener erry flammea 
ves oGtemubaris ©. i \i + @ese% undulosa 
seer. vulvina -++++ pumila 
sees vermiculosa se ++ ovata 


Venus inquinata 


[There are also six fossil species. | 


VENERICARDIA. 


Sowerby’s Conch. No.9, tab. 50 
La Marcx had only seen one recent species of this 


genus, which he describes as greatly resembling the 
G. Venus, but having only two oblique cardinal teeth 
~ on each valve. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, subor- 
bicular, the sides most frequently with rayed longitu- 
dinal ribs, two oblique primary teeth turned in the 
same direction. 


Venericardium australis. [And ten fossil species. ] 


: 


SS Sri ee eee —_Eeee ee ee 


75 


CARDIUM. 


CARDIUM.—Linn. 


Mawe's Linneus, plate 7. 


Turs beautiful and interesting family has been so well 
defined by Linnzeus, that La Marck has not separated 
any of them. Similar to the G. Venericardium and 
G. Pecten, the convexity of their valves is furnished 
with numerous longitudinal ribs, more or less elevated, 
armed with spines, hollow scales, or marked with 


strie; the interior partly smooth and only grooved at or 


-nearthe margin. In all the species, the connecting |li- 


gament of the valve is exterior, very short, and the two 
muscular impressions but slightly marked. Shell equi- 
valve, subcordiform; apices protuberant;. hingé »with 
four teeth on each valve, the two primary ones oblique 
and near together, articulating with the correspond- 
ing teeth on the other valve; two lateral inserted dis- 
tant teeth. They inhabit the sea shore, concealed at 
a small depth in the sand. La Marck makes two di- 
visions of them: the first is distinguished by having 
the anterior side as large or larger than the posterior, 
and no distinct angle at the apices; the second, by 


: 


<—* 


eS eS |? 


76 
possessing carinated or angular umbones, and the pos- 


terior side being often much larger than the anterior. 


In the second division, La Marck has placed the 
Cardium cardissa, and similar species of Cardia, having 
their valves angularly flattened, and being, when clos- 
ed, in the shape of a compressed heart; forming a re- 
markable distinction from other bivalve shells, in which 


the depression is always in the opposite direction. 


Ir is difficult to imagine that these species are inhab- 
ited by the same animal that constructed the Cardium 
costatum, so amazingly do they differ from it in form. 


e . 
La Marck, however, does not make any observation on 


~ the subject, and has not even formed a separate divi- 


- 


sion of them. 


_ No particular Angle at the Umbones, and the anterior 


side at least as large as the posterior. 


Cardium costatum Cardium Brasilianum 
ak eae Indicum . veeeeees apertum 

siew ie @ipie's ringens +reeeees Dapyraceum 
+ BE Asiaticum seeeeees Dullatum 

2a RIM tenuicostatum  -+++-+-+ ciliare 
Paskeys's fimbriatum veeeeeee eChinatum 


77 


Cardium pseudolima Cardium levigatum 
-+eeeeee aculeatum eoeeeees Diradiatum 
-eeeeees @rinaceum seeeeees eolicum 


-eeeeees tuberculatum  --------+ pectinatum 


seeoe+e isocardia seeeeeee rusticum 

-++eeee+ Muricatum reeeeses edule 

seeeeees angulatum eeeeee-- Groenlandicum 
«e+eeeee marmoreum eeeeess Jatum 
soeeee-- elongatum eoeeee-+ Crenulatum 
soeeee.- ventricosum seeeeess Exiguum 
esee-++-+ rugosum ceoeeeees Mnutum 
seoee-+- Sulcatum seeeeeee FOSCUM 
eoeeee-s serratum see+ «ee scobinatum. 


Umbones carinated or angular, the posterior side often 


much larger than the anterior. 


Cardium unedo Cardium hemicardium 
seeeeees Medium sees eees Cardissa 
seseeees fragum eesee--+s inversum 
eoeeeess retusum eoeercoee SUNONIC 4 
oe++-+s- tumoriferum eeseeee lineatum. 


{There are also fourteen fossil species.] 


78 


-CARDITA. 


| CHAMA ANTIQUATA.—Linneus. 


Mawe's Linn. pl. 12, fig. 4. 


Turis genus was included by Linneus with the 
Chame, from which however it essentially differs, the 
teeth being of another form, valves always equal, and 

the shell never affixed by its lower valve to other bo- 
dies. It is nearly allied to the G. Venericardia, from 
which some species are with difficulty distinguished 
without a careful examination of the position of the 
two teeth: it is a marine shell, and some species are 
‘said to spiu a byssus by which the animal attaches it- 
self to marine substances. Shell regular, equivalve, 
inequilateral; the greater number of species appear- 
ing longitudinal, from the great elongation of the 
anterior side. Hinge with two unequal teeth, one 
‘short, straight, and placed beneath the umbo, the 
other oblique, marginal, and prolonged, inserted into 
a corresponding fossule: valves more or less strongly 
ribbed, smooth, or imbricated; internal margin crena- 


ited or plaited. 


79 


Shell subcordiform or oval, more transverse than 


longitudinal. ai 
Cardita sulcata Cardita intermedia: f 
Vi a ajar seseeee trapezia 
aa, +» turgida «+++. bicolor 
teens + squamosa -+ee++ depressa. 


Shell more longitudinal than transverse. 


Cardita phrenetica Cardita concamerata 
seeeeee crassicosta eooeee- sinuata 

se eeeee rufescens +. eeees aviculina 
cee eens calyculata eooess> Citrina 
a subaspera -+ee-+ subleevigata 
NOR AOE go a corbularis 


Cardita lithophagella. 
[There are also four fossil species.} 


CYPRICARDIA. 


CHAMA CORALLIOPHAGA.—Gmelin. 
Chem. 10, plate 359, tab. 172, fig. 1673, 1674. 


Tuis genus has also been separated from the Chame 
by La Marck: it nearly approximates the preceding 


genus in general form, but may be easily distinguish- 


80 


ed from it, by having three teeth beneath the apices, 
like those of the G. Venus, in addition to the callous 


lengthened tooth or ridge. Shell marine, equivalve, 


inequilateral, obliquely or transversely elongated; 
valves finely striated, never ribbed; hinge with three 
teeth beneath the umbo, and one lateral elongated 


tooth, or callous ridge. 
Cypricardia Guinaica Cypricardia rostrata 
A Ts a angulata--+++++++++ coralliophaga. 


[Three fossil species. } 
ne 


HIATELLA. 


“MYA ARCTICA.—SOLEN MINUTUS.—Linn. 


| | Chem. 6, t. 6, f. 51,52. 


A genus established by Daudin and unknown to La 
Marck, who is of opinion, from the type given, that it 
more nearly approximates to the Cardite, (although the 
shell gapes), than to the Solenes, with which Linnzeus 
had classed it. Shell very inequilateral, transverse, and 
gaping at the upper part. Hinge with a small tooth 
on the right valve, and two rather larger oblique teeth 
on the left, ligament exterior. | 
Hiatella arctica. 


31 


ISOCARDIA. 
CHAMA cor.—JLinneus. 
Sowerby’s Genera, No.7, pl. 2, fig. 1, 2. 


Tue shells constituting this genus have been separat- 
ed from the G. Chama of Linnzeus, and the G. Cypri- 
cardia and G. Cardita of La Marck; not only on ac- 
count of the peculiar shape of the cardinal teeth, but 
also of the singular and graceful curvature of the um- 
bones, which are spirally turned on either side, in the 
form of a fool’s cap; from whence is derived the fami- 
liar English name of the type of this genus. Shell 
_ equivalve, heart-shaped, globose; the umbones distant 
and spirally recurved to the side of each valve; two 
flat primary teeth, one of which is bent and inserted 
under the umbo; a lateral prolonged callosity or length- 
ened tooth ; ligament external and forked on one side. 


Tue Isocardia Moltkiana, ( Sowerby’s Genera, No.7, — 


plate 2, fig. 3.), may be mentioned as the most elegant 
and illustrative species of this genus; it is also a very 
rare shell. 


Isocardia cor Isocardia semisuleata 


Isocardia Moltkiana. [And one fossil species, | 


G 


J i aes & 


———., 
=, 


82 


CUCULLAA. 
See ARCA cucuLLus.—Linn. 
Sowerby's Genera, No. 4, pl. 6, fig. 1, 2, 3. 


Tus genus very nearly resembles the G. Arca of Lin- 
neeus, from which La Marck has separated it, in con- 
sequence of several manifest distinctions of structure. 
The Siape is more gibbous or trapeziform; anterior side 
truncated obliquely, and the hinge (which in young 
shells is similar to that of the Arca) by growth or age 
becomes displaced, or appears obsolete, exhibiting pa- 
rallel ribs, which terminate it, and give the teeth a more 
horizontal appearance than in the G. Arca, as it now 
stands defined by LaMarck; another very remark- 
able distinction is the muscular impression within, to 
one side of which is an ear-shaped testaceous appen-' 
dage, placed at an angle with the anterior surface, and 
forming a chamber or division. Shell equivalve, ine- 
guilateral, rhomboidal, heart-shaped, truncated at one 
end, and very globose; umbones distant and separated 
hy the angular groove or area of the ligament, which 
is altogether external. Hinge linear, straight, with 
small transverse teeth, having at its extremity from 


two to five parallel ribs, 


83 


LaMarcx does not mention that the valves are 
marked with minute and strong longitudinal strie, one 
valve often overlapping the opposite one, and that the 
margins of them are crenulated. The different size of 
the valves has induced collectors to suppose examples 
of this shell not true pairs; but it is a character pecu- 
liar to them and some of the G. Arca, though not con- 
stantly observable in all the species. 

Cucullea auriculifera. 


[One fossil species. ] 


ARCA. 


ARCA NOX.—Linn. 


Chemnitz 7, tab. 53, fig. 509. 
Tue Arce, as they are now established by LaMarck, 
form a numerous and well defined genus, easily known 
by their general resemblance to the hull of a ship, and 
they are on a slight examination readily distinguished 
from their congeners. The G. Arca of Linnzeus is now 
_ subdivided into four:— Cuculleea, Arca, Pectunculus, 


and Nucula; each of which possesses a strong dis- 


tinctive character, and renders their separation fromr 


each other necessary. Shells of the present genus are 
transverse, subequivalve, inequilateral, apices distant, 


G2 


84 


separated by the angular area or channel of the liga- 
ment, which isalways external. Hinge in a right line, 
without ribs at the extremities as in the Cucullza, and 
furnished with numerous acute teeth alternately in- 


serted between others on the opposite valve: in many 


| species the valves when closed gape in the centre, oc- 


casioned by the wide flexuous curve of their outer 
margins, and sometimes one valve overlaps the other. 
They are said to spin a byssus, and are covered with a 
Jamellar or velvet-like epidermis, frequently ending in a 
deep fringe at the margin. Valves longitudinally ribbed, 
imbricated, smooth, granulated, or finely striated. 


lr might perhaps be advisable to distinguish the 
species of Arca which gape, and certainly spin a bys- 
sus, from those which have their valves closed at eve- 
ry part, and probably are never affixed by a byssus to 


marine bodies. 


Superior Margin not crenulated within. 


Arcatortuosa Arca sinuata 
. «+++ semitorta -+++ avellana 
-+-» Now +++» Cardissa 
- vetragona +++» ventricosa 


- umbonata see retusa 


85 


Arca sulcata » Arca lactea 

.+ +s ovata _ sees trapezina 
-+++ barbata ss «« +» pistachia 
«ree fusca -»»+ pisolina 
-+.» Magellanica  --++ cancellaria 
-.+» Domingensis —-- - +) callifera 


_. Area irudina. 


Superior Margin crenulated within. 


Arca Helbingii = Arca Indica 


es scapha wily NS apele dees 
vse. antiquata s+. -»._ Brasiliana 
».+ «ee rFhombea cate corbicula 
»+.- granosa ; sees squamosa 
- auriculata ++ Cayenensis 
: inequivalvis -  seee bisulcata 


[And nine fossil species. ] - 


PECTUNCULUS. 


r ARCA GLYCIMERIsS.—Linne@us. 


Mawe’s Linn. pl. 13, f-7. al 

Tuese shells were blended by Linneeus with his G. Ar- 
_ cay to which in some respects they, appear allied; ne- 
vertheless, their constant form, and the character of 


86 


the hinge, render it necessary to constitute a distinct 
genus of them. They are distinguished fromthe Arca 
by the orbicular compressed shape of the valves, (which 
by age become extremely thick and ponderous, often at- 
taining a very large size), and particularly by the hinge, 
in which the teeth are less numerous, thicker, more se- 
parated, and placed in an arched or curved position 
round a part of the inner margin. The valves never 
gape, nor does the animal attach itself by a byssus.— 
The apices are small and distant, divided by an angu- 
lar channel, in which the ligament is inserted. The 
valves have often rayed longitudinal ribs, covered with 
~ a velvet-like epidermis, and the interior margin crenu- 
lated. The centre teeth of the hinge appear nearly ob- 


solete or worn down. 


Longitudinal distant furrows, and often in addition fine 


stria, either transverse or longitudinal. 


Pectunculus glycimeris ~ Pectunculus angulatus 


©! wie bia cee pilosus oan wale ts PEO 
re undulatus Pre Lindt aie pallens 
eee cenene marmoratus --+--++++++.» violacescens 
@ coccereees scriptus . teeeeeeeees ZOnalis 

Proidis nisi «bie pennaceus «+--+ +--+» striatularis 


aw > adele Ns - rubens +eeeeeeeees NUMMarius 


87 


Longitudinal, projecting, radiating ribs, with or with- 
out transverse striae. 
_ Pectunculus castaneus Pectunculus pectinatus 
is, wale al pectiniformis .--------- - radians 
Pectunculus vitreus. 


[There are also nine fossil species. | 


NUCULA. 
ARCA PELLA.—Linn. 
Chem. 7, tab, 53, fig. 550, 551. 


Tis genus appears to form an evident transition to th 

G. Trigonia, and is the last division LaMarck has made 
of the genus Arca of Linnzeus; from which, and the two 
other divisions, it differs, particularly in consequence 


of the ligament being partially inserted internally, with - 


out the angular groove on the exterior of the valves. - 


Shell small, subtriangular, ovate, striated transversely, 
_ somewhat beaked at the anterior end: apices contigu- 
ous, and curved backward ; ligament marginal, partly 
internal, no angular channel. Hinge linear, many 
teeth, with an oblique projecting spoon-shaped cavity 
in the centre of it, to which the ligament is attached. 


ee Eee ee errr, 


88 


The valves are more or less pearl y within, as are also 
those of the Trigonie, and’ evidently indicate an alli- 
ance with the Naiades. LaMarck has not thought it 
necessary to make a separate. genus. of those which 
have the margins entire. 


Nucula lanceolata Nucula Nicobarica 
eee a + rostrata ealfota art obliqua 
ae pella -++eees margaritacea. 


[Four fossil species. ] 
Sd 


TRIGONIA. 


Ann. du Mus. 4, p- 355, pl. 67, f. 2. 


Tue only recent example of this shell known to La- 
Marck is the ‘Trigonia margaritacea, a shell brought 
from King’s Island, New Holland, by Peron. The ge- 
neric description of this shell allies it in some degree 
to the Cardia and Cardita, but. more particularly con- 
nects it with the G. Castalia. From the locality of the 
fossil species it is supposed to inhabit the sea in very 
deep places. , Shell equivalve, inequilateral, subtrian- 
gular, sometimes suborbicular; cardinal teeth oblong, 
flattened at the sides, divergent, and grooved trans- 
versely; of which two on the right valve are grooved 


89 


on both sides, and in the other, four are grooved only 


on one side; ligament exterior and marginal. . 


Anotuer recent species of this very rare shell ex- 
_ists in the Jate Earl Tankerville’s splendid cabinet. 
Trigonia pectinata. 
[There are fifteen fossil species. | 


CASTALIA. nl 6 , 


In the cabinet of the Marquis de Drée. 


LaMarcx having seen only one species of this singu- 
lar fresh water shell, has given it as the type of his ge- 
nus Castalia; it greatly resembles the G.Trigonia, but 
the lamellar teeth are different in number and position, 
and more like those of the G. Unio; .it cannot however 
properly be classed with either, as it occupies an in- 
termediate station between the two. Shell equivalve, 
inequilateral, subtriangular, apices eroded, and curved 
towards the posterior side; hinge with two lamellar 
teeth, transversely striated, one of them posterior, dis- 
tant, shortened, and subtrilamellar; the other anterior, 
lengthened and lateral: ligament exterior. The sub- 


stance is nacreous: valves with longitudinal flat ribs, 


90 


transversely striated, but not extending to the upper 


margin, and covered with a brown epidermis. 


Turs shell appears to inhabit fresh waters, and indi- 
cates that the Trigoneze form a transition from the 


Arcaceze to the Naiades. 


SO ee — 


Castalia ambigua. ‘ 


UNIO. 


“=| MYA MARGARITIFERA.— Linn. - 


Wood's Conchology, plate 23, fig. 1, 2, 3. 

Linnavs included this genus in the G. Mya, which 
consists entirely of marine shells, while the true Uni- 
ones are fresh water shells, and quite distinct from 
them in their form, hinge, and position of the ligament. 
The external appearance of the Unio greatly resem- 
bles the G. Anodon, and is nearly allied to it in many 
other respects, but it attains a much greater solidity, 
and the formation of the hinge is most clearly different, 
having a short cardinal tooth on each valve, generally 
single on the left side, and divided on the right into 
two lobes, with a lengthened lateral tooth, compress- 


ed, canaliculated, extending along, and occupying 


91 


a considerable space beneath the margin, on the in- 
ferior side; the two teeth interlock when the valves 
are closed. The substance of these shells is nacreous, 
and their exterior covered with a brown or green epi- 
dermis, the apices eroded or carious. They inhabit the 
mud of rivers, placed with their apices downwards; 
some species have their valves slightly gaping; and 
some produce fine pearls. 


Cardinal Tooth short, not lamellar or substriated. — 


Unio sinuata Unio carinifera 
. elongata eee: Georgina 
++ crassidens : clava 

.-» Peruviana, - recta 
- rariplicata - naviformis 
- purpurata - glabrata 
- ligamentina - nasuta 
- obliqua - ovata 
- retusa - rotundata 
. rarisulcata - littoralis 
- coarctata - semirugata 
++ purpurascens - nana 
- radiata - alata 
--+ brevialis - deladonta 
- rhombula - sulcidens. 


¥ 
ui 
: 


92 


Cardinal Tooth compressed, elevated, and often. 


lamellar. 
_ Unio rostrata Unio luteola 
- pictorum jo sees marginalis 
- Batava -+++ angusta 
- corrugata +++. Manca 
»++ nodulosa +++ Cariosa . 
- varicosa ++++ spuria 
+++) granosa - «++ australis 
- depressa -+++ anodontina 
- Virginianum | +++» suborbiculata. 
HYRIA. 


') MYA SYRMATOPHORA.—Gmelin. 
Swainson’s Exotic Conchology. 


Tne genus Hyria is very distinct from the preceding 
genus, not only in general form, but in the shape of the 
cardinal tooth, particularly thatof therightvalve. They 
much resemble the Avicule in shape, and probably in- 
habit lakes, rather than rivers. The cardinal, or posterior 
tooth, is diyided into many lamellar plaits or pieces, the — 
centre ones very small, and presenting the appearance 
of an assemblage of divergent, and very unequal sized 


93 


flakes: this compound tooth is not erect, but slopes in 
an inclined position towards the posterior side. ‘The 
substance of the shell is solid, and beautifully pearly. 
Shell equivalve, obliquely triangular, auriculated, base 
truncated. and straight: hinge with: two projecting 
teeth, the one posterior or ‘cardinal, divided into nu- 
merous divergent parts, the anterior ones smaller, and 
the others, anterior or lateral, being very long and la- 
mellar; ligament linear and external. ‘This genus, 
with that of Dr. Leach’s Dipsas, form the transitions to 
the genus Anodon. 


Hyria avicularis Hyria corrugata 


ANODONTA. 
MYTILUS CYGNEUS.—Linn. 


Swainson’s Exotic Conchology. Z 
Tue genus Anodon, as it properly should be called, 
has been separated from the G. Mytilus of Linnzeus: 
_ it consists of fresh water shells, so nearly allied to the 
G. Unio that they cannot easily be distinguished from 
them without a careful examination of the hinge, which 
in this genus wants the cardinal and lateral teeth, 
and merely presents a smooth internal rim round the 


edge, terminated at the anterior end by a sinus or 


94 , 


notch, in which the anterior extremity of the ligament 
is sunk or attached ; their apices, like those of the Unio, © 


are eroded. The substance of the shell is pearly, and — 


covered with a false epidermis; the valves are general- 
ly very thin, concave, and attain occasionally a great 
size. Shell equivalve, transverse, inequilateral, two 
distinct muscular impressions; ligament external, insi- 
nuated at the anterior extremity into the sinus of the 


cardinal ridge. 


Ir inhabits ponds and lakes, and the animal is sup- 


/ 


posed to be viviparous. 


No distinct angle at the posterior extremity of the car- 


dinal line 


Anodon cygnea Anodon rubens _ 
Sa - anatina -+++e++ crispata 
nr. - suleata Ls ssee+ uniopsis 
ceteeee fragilis ..+++++ Pensylvanica 
We, a '. cataracta ..e++++ intermedia 


With a distinct angle at the posterior extremity of the 
cardinal line. 
Anodon trapezialis Anodon glauca 


ete Fe exotica +eeeeee SiINUOSA 


Anodon Patagonica 


IRIDINA. 


Sowerby's Genera, No.7, pl. 3. 


Tue G. Iridina so closely resembles the G. Anodon, 
that it has only been separated from it in consequence 
of the hinge being attenuated near the middle, and 
having small tuberculated knobs irregularly distribut- 
ed along its whole length, without any other appear- 
ance of articulation. The substance of theshell is rather 
thick and always more solid than the Anodon; it has’ 
a brilliant rose-colored pearly hue, the interior more 
particularly iridescent; it inhabits the rivers of warm 
countries. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, 
with small apices, recurved but nearly erect; muscu- 
lar impressions, similar to those of the Anodon: hinge 
linear, attenuated near the middle, and its whole 
length, appearing as if notched by frequent unequal 
tuberculations; ligament external and marginal. 


_ AN example of this very rare shell, which Sowerby 
has figured and named Inidina elongata, is in the Pro- 
vost of Eton’s collection, and another in the late Eart 

of Tankerville’s cabinet. 


Iridina exotica. 


a 


DICERAS. 


A FossiL genus nearly approximating the genus Cha- 
ma from which it differs by being regular, equivalve, 
never attached by the lower valve, and the. distinct 
character of the hinge. Only one species known to 
LaMarck. ; ia 


CHAMA. 
CHAMA LAZARUS.—Linn. 

owerby's Genera, No.7, pl, fig. 3. 

Tea ddabe: has separated these shells from the G, Cha- 
ma of Linnzeus, and associated in this genus such of 
them only as possess a thick oblique transverse tooth, 
resembling a lengthened callosity, in general crenulat- 
ed or grooved, fitting into a corresponding cavity in the 
lower valve: the shell is inequivalve, irregular, heavy, 
rough, scaly or spinous; having the faculty of affixing 
itself to other bodies, or to each other, by means of its 
lower valve. Apices unequal and recurved: hinge, one 
thick oblique tooth, subcrenated, articulating intoa ca- 
vity of the opposite valve; 'two distant lateral muscu- 
lar impressions; ligament external and inserted. The 
characters of these shells in some respects ally them to 


the G. Diceras, and in others to the G. Etheria. 


97 


Umbones turning from the left to the right: j 


Chama lazarus Chama florida 

iy eae damzecornis Sacee es lA 
seeeees gryphoides “sees «+ eeruginosa 
SO TRS crenulata -+++eere asperella 


Bee a Big -unicornis . -+++ee- decussata. 


Umbones turning from the right to the left. 


Chama arcinella Chama albida 
se eeeeed radians -+.++++ ruderalis 
‘se see ++ eristella seeeees Croceata -: 


Chama Japonica 


[There are also eight fossil species. ] 


- 


ETHERIA. 


Sowerby's Genera, No.1, pl. 1. 


Re Tars shell has never before been described by any 


author on Conchology, and probably has escaped the 

naturalist’s researches, from its inhabiting the sea at a 

great depth, where it is attached to the rocks by the 

‘lower valve. In consequence of the irregularity of the 

shape, its general appearance is that of an oyster; ithow- 
H 


Co re 


_ and being lamellar, as in the oyster. They are of consi- 


~ the body to which itis affixed. The interior of the valves 


98 


ever is more nearly allied to the G. Chama, possessing, 
like the species of that genus, two sepa rate lateral mus- 
cular impressions, with the faculty of affixing itself by 
the lower valve, and in fact has only been separated 
from it by not having any tooth at the hinge, and by 
the substance of the shells, having a pearly appearance, 


derable size, and of an extremely irregular form, occa- 


sioned by the lower valve adapting itself to the shape of 


is covered with very singular hollow globular, irre- 
gularly formed concretions, beneath the pearly coating, 
which may probably be only accidental. It has also 
a subcylindrical callosity attached to the base of the 
shell, which does not exist in the second species de- 
scribed by Lamarck. Shell irregular, inequivalve, ad- 
hering by the lower valve: apices short, and appear- 
ing as it were forced into the base of the valyes. Hinge 
without teeth, waved, subsinuous, unequal; two lateral 
and oblong muscular impressions: ligament external, 


winding, and partly penetrating the shell. 


Specimens of this very rare shell exist in the Pro- 
vost of Eton’s cabinet, and in that of the late Karl 


TJankerville. 


99 
Shells with an oblong callosity on the base of the valve. 
Etheria elliptica Etheria trigonula — 


Shells without an incrusted callosity at their base. 


Etheria semilunata Etheria transversa. 


TRIDACNA. 


CHAMA G1Gas.—Linn. 
Mawe's Linneus, pl. 12, fig. 1. 


Tue Tridacnz were confounded by Linnzus with the 
genus Chama, which are irregularly formed shells, 
with one tooth only, and always attached to other sub- 
stances by the lower valve, from which these are most 
distinct, being equivalve, the hinge with two teeth, 
and the animal affixed to other bodies by a mass of fili- 
form tendons: other distinctive characters equally ob- 
servable, are, that the valves possess longitudinal ribs, 
armed with broad vaulted scales at equal distances, more 
or less elevated, the outward edges waved and interlock- 
ing with each other; its posteriorslope always gapes, and 
is generally crenated, through the aperture of which 
passesa bundle of tendinous fibres, by which the animal 
H2 


100 


affixes itself to rocks, and remains suspended, notwith- 
standing the magnitude and weight these shells some- 
times attain, having been found weighing five hundred ~ 
pounds, and measuring several feet in length, a size 
unequalled by any other testaceous body. The ani- — 
mal is said to produce very fine pearls, but there is no 
nacreous appearance on the valves. Shell regular, equi- 
valve, inequilateral, transverse, posterior slope heart- 
shaped and widely gaping: hinge with two teeth, — 
compressed, unequal, and inserted; valves with broad 
rounded longitudinal ribs, armed with scales more or 
less vaulted; ligament exterior, and placed on the 


longest side. 


Tridacna gigas Tridacna crocea 
stays kale tare elongata ninbeiaints Wie mutica 
seen ‘++ squamosa +eeeeees Serrifera 


[And one fossil species. ] 


| HIPPOPUS. 


/  -CHAMA HIPPOPUS.—Linn. 
Sowerby’s Genera, No. 13, pl. 1. fig. 1. 


Lamarck has distinguished this from the preceding 
genus, (which it nearly approximates), from the cir- 


101 


cumstance of its having the posterior slope closed, or 
nearly so, and the inner margins dentated at that part,and 
occasionally interlocking with the opposite valve; from 
which it may be inferred, that the animal inhabiting this 
shell does not suspend itself by a tendinous byssus: nor 
does it ever attain so large a size as the Tridacna, seldom 
exceeding eight or nine inches in length. The ribsare 
armed with small tubular spines, or imbrications, never 
resembling arched or vaulted scales. Only one species 
is known. Shell equivalve, regular, the posterior side 
heart-shaped and closed, or nearly so, with dentat- 
ed edges: hinge having two teeth, compressed, une- 


qual, anterior, and inserted; ligament external and 
marginal. 


Ir appears doubtful whether this species attaches it- 
self by a tendinous byssus or not, although LaMarck 
seems to consider it impossible. Many genera of shells, 
known to spin a byssus, presenf no greater passage for it , 
than the Hippopus maculatus, which in almost all the Wy 
examples the writer has examined is by no means en- 
tirely closed at its posterior slope. . 


Hippopus maculatus. 


102 


MODIOLA. 


| MYTILUS MODIOLUs.—Linneus. 
Mawe’s Linn. pl. 16, fig. 1. 


Linnxvs and other writers have blended this genus 
with that of the G. Mytilus. Lamarck has however 
pointed out sufficiently strong characteristic distinc- 
tions to authorize their being formed into a separate 
genus: ‘The shape of the shell is more transverse than 


| 


longitudinal; the umbones not being absolutely termi- 
nal, it is rarel y attached by a byssus to other substances, 
though it has the faculty of spinning one, in common 
with the G. Mytilus, like which also, the valves 
slightly gape; the cardinal ligament is almost whol- 
ly interior, and occupies a marginal canal. Shell sub- 
transverse, equivalve, regular, the posterior side very 
short; apices almost lateral, and inclined to the shortest 
side: hinge lateral and linear, without teeth; cardinal li- 
gament almost entirely internal, affixed to a marginal 
gutter; a muscular i impression, sublateral, lca 
and hatchet-shaped. 

Modiola papuana Modiola Guyanensis 

wtteeee tulipa s+seee+ Adriatica 


Bs Pe albicosta i etste pinhe pulex 


a 


103 


Modiola vagina — Modiola discrepans 
byt ob oF ; picta Me sarees. BA discors 
) Sa ieatates soto ad en trapezina 
SERRE plicatula teeeees cinnamo mea 
Se .+ semifusca oeee ees Silicula : 
tha cab wate securis seen eee plicata 
pea purpurata o seeseee semen 
jésacks Barbata’ 9 nce ees lithophaga 
Modiola caudigera. 


[There are also five fossil species.] 


MYTILUS. 


MYTILUS EXUSTUS.—Linn. 


Mawe's Linneus, plate 16, fig. 2. 


Tue genus Mytilus now consists of such examples of | 
the Linnean Mytili, as are regular, equivalve, and lon- 
gitudinal shells; of a solid and not lamellar substance, 
(as in the Oyster); with pointed apices at the inferior 
end, nearly straight or slightly curved; and attached 
to other substances by a byssus of a short thick texture ; 
the cardinal ligament lateral, and a considerable por- 
tion of it internal, by which, as well as the different 
position of the apices, it is easily distinguished from 


104 
the preceding genus. Shell with one lengthened, sub- 
lateral, club-shaped muscular impression: hinge lateral, 


and most generally indented. Lamarck meutions, that, 
towards the end of autumn, small crabs (Pinnothéres) 


seek shelter from danger within these shells, without ~ 


injuring or molesting the animal. 


% 


Shells longitudinally grooved. 


m 
% 
rf 


Mytilus Magellanicus § Mytilus exustus 


sat a erosus - ce eeeee bilocularis 
re ee crenatus seeeeee OValis 

esc eeee decussatus -.++-++ ustulatus 
Wee st cae hirsutus == eves - Domingensis 


Mytilus Senegalensis. 


Shells without longitudinal grooves. 


_ Mytilus elongatus - Mytilus afer 
ities « latus | sich Site achatinus 
di ak zonarius =—tié« +e» +» un gilllis 
veteees canalis -+++++* planulatus 
Glo El al ungulatus ...+e++ borealis 
ecces:s WiOIACCUS = = = er erets angustanus 
Wii Sin opalus Seid vba eeomnens 
seveeee smaragdinus .«++ee+ Galloprovincialis 


wobervee perna se eenee edulis 


ne i 


bh 105 


Mytilus abbreviatus _ Mytilus incurvatus 
veseess petuSUS tt renee lineatus 
- + ++e+++ Hesperianus -++++++ lacunatus 
[And two fossil ag i] 


-PINNA. 


PINNA RUDIS.—Linn. 


Mawe's Linneus, plate 17. 


Tuts genus has not undergone any division or altera-_ 
tion by Lamarck. The shells of it are marine, some- 
times attaining upwards of two feet in length, fragile, 
ofa longitudinal form, narrowed to a point at the base, 
in the figure of an acute angled triangle, the upper end 
open and tr uneated or rounded ; valves convex, arm- 
ed with tubular ies 


ni : vaulted scales, imbrications, or 
striae; s 


e with: an angle longitudinally placed at ) 
the sides; i in other species, the valves are rather round-: 


ed at the upper end, and in the shape of an expanded 
fan: the ligament of the hinge is marginal, exter- 
nal, andso extremely narrow and confined, that the 
valves are capable only of a very limited expan- 


~ sion, and appear as it were soldered together. The 


106 
substance of the shell is solid, but thin, foliaceous, and 
in many species almost transparent. The animal sus- 
pends itself to rocks or other substances by an abun- 
dant byssus of a fine silky texture, with which various 
articles of dress have been fabricated. Shell subequi- 
valve, flattened, no particular opening for the byssus : 


hinge lateral, linear, and marginal. 


A most singular and elegant species of Pinna exists 
in the late Earl Tankerville’s cabinet, having each 
valve on the hinge side strongly serrated longitudinal- 
ly, and in many other peculiarities differing from any 
species hitherto described. 


Pinna rudis Pinna muricata 
+++. flabellum “+++ pectinata 
sia vie() seminuda. -+++» saccata 
soe angustina = s+ ee varicosa 
Ks nobilis +++. dolabrata 
reees SQUAMOSA =— «eee ingens 
+ee++ marginata veee+ vexillum 


Pinna nigrina. 


[And one fossil species. } 


107 


CRENATULA. 


OSTREA PICTA.—Gmelin. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 8, plate 4. 


Tre Crenatule constitute a very remarkable genus, 
somewhat resembling the G. Mytilus, but by the great 
_ similarity of the hinge approaching nearer to the G. Per- 
na: there is however this peculiar distinction, that in the 
Crenatula the hinge is composed of slightly concave cal- 
lous crenulations, which receive the ligament, while in 
the Perna it consists of parallel truncated linear teeth, (or 
rather rib-like joints), corresponding and opposed to the 
opposite ones, the ligament being inserted only in their 
interstices. Shells of this genus are thin and extremely 
delicate; of a foliated texture, resembling the Placune, 
Avicule, &c. more or Jess irregularly formed; valves 
flattened, foliaceous, no distinct cpening for the byssus: 
hinge linear, marginal, with concave callous crenula- 


tions, in which the ligament is inserted. 


Crenatula avicularis Crenulata bicostalis 
Boe oLisicy modiolaris tree ee ees viridis © 
Dit dues. nigrina +eeeeees mytiloides 


Crenatula phasianoptera. 


108 


PERNA. 


| OSTREA EPHIPPIUM.—Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 8, plate 5, 


Ir appears extraordinary that Linneeus should have 
classed these shells with the G. Ostrea, as the hinge is 
sO peculiar to themselves, and the byssus by which the 
animal affixes itself, renders their separation natural 
and expedient. The G.Perna nearly resembles the 
G. Crenatula, though very distinctly and in many re- 
spects differently characterized: the shells are sube- 
quivalve, flat, somewhat misshapen, of a lamellar struc- 
ture, the margins frequently thin and foliaceous; a 
linear marginal hinge composed of sulcated tranverse 
parallel teeth, or joints, not alternating with the op- 


posite ones, but opposed to them, in the interstices 


of which the ligament is insinuated; the posterior sinus. 


a little gaping, and placed beneath the extremity of 
the hinge, through which the byssus passes; apices 
smal], almost equal, and situated at one extremity of the 
hinge: the substance of the shell although solid, is form- 
ed of flaky portions, not adhering closely to each other, 


and giving it a foliaceous appearance. k 


| 


109 


Pernaephippium - — Pernacanina 

-«ss Obliqua = <++5. marsupiom , 
ogee isognomon -.+++ sulcata 

eee avicularis -++++ vulsella 
sete femoralis seeee acléus: 


[And two fossil species. | 


MALLEUS. 


OSTREA MALLEUS.—Linneus. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 6, plate 2. 
Tue genus Malleus of Lamarck, like the preceding, 


was by Linnzeus included in the G. Ostrea, it in some 
respects approximates the Perna, but the hinge is very 
different, and more nearly resembles that of the Avicula, 
though it cannot be mistaken for it, both being without 
the sulcated teeth or joints at the hinge; but the coni- 
cal cavity, situated under the apices of the Malleus, and 
crossing the angle of the ligamental slope, decidedly dis- 
tinguishes it from the Avicula; the valves also, though 
irregular, are of the same size, without any notch orsinus 
on either side, which is not the case in the G. Avicula. 
The singular long pickaxe shape of the base of these 
shells is very remarkable; they possess no elegance 


110 


of structure or beauty, being rough and irregularly 
formed, the substance lamellar and foliaceous; they 
are attached by a byssus passing through an open- 
ing at the posterior side of the apices, and at the base 
of the shell is an open channel formed by the parti- 
tions of the valves; the ligament is nearly external, in- 
serted between the slope of the hinge; the principal 
cavity of the interior surface is somewhat pearly, Shell 
linear, oblong, valves flexuous, distorted, and with long 
transverse lobes on either side of the apices. The white 
variety is the most rare and valuable; the common 


sort M. vulgaris is black. 


Malleus albus Malleus vulsellatus 
oo. vulgaris +++ +s -anatinus 
+eeeees normalis -.+++++ decurtatus. 
‘ 4 
: ; 5 e 
: AVICULA. 


MYTILUS HIRUNDO.—Linn. 


Bh , ) | Sowerby's Genera, No. 14, plate3. . 
Lamarck has separated this from the G. Mytilus of 
Linnzeus. The form of the shell is scarcely less re- 
markable than that of the Malleus, although of quite a 
distinct character. The principal part of the shell con- 


111 


taining the body of the animal, is obliquely attached to 
along, straight, transverse base, and resembles a bird's 
wing; the two extremities of the base (which are fre- 
quently elongated and of unequal length), may be 
compared to the tail; so that the shell when but par- 
tially expanded, presents the appearance of a bird fly- 
ing, from which fanciful resemblance Lamarck has de- 
rived the name of thisgenus. Shell inequivalve, with 
a siuus or singular notch in the left valve, through 
which the byssus passes: hinge linear, with one pri- 
mary tooth on each valve, beneath the apices, which 
are oblique, small, and not projecting. The shell 
is generally thin and very fragile, the interior part 
pearly in the centre, with a broad black border sur- 
rounding it, and the margin terminated in a fringe oc- 
casioned by the epidermis or foliaceous texture of the 
exterior—Sowerby has united this genus with the 
following. . 


Avicula macroptera Avicula Tarentina | 


SSOP Spal lotorium +++++++ Atlantica 

eoeess- semi-Sagitta = -++--- * squamulosa 

5 ideale heteroptera *++se++ papilionacea | 

ce eeeee falcata ~ ++-+++- costellata 
Hrerpi on, #1 crocea terse physoides 


Avicula virens. 


{There are also two fossil species. ] 


112 


MELEAGRINA. 


| 
| MYTILUS MARGARITIFERUS.— Linn. 
DY 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 14, pl. 4. 


A very great affinity exists between this genus and the 
preceding, from which, however, it is distinguished by 
being equivalve, always without the elongated trans- 
verse base, or the cardinal tooth, and by the form of the 
shell, which is orbicular, and frequently eight inches in 
diameter: in addition to these distinctions, the sloping 


sides of the opening, admitting the passage of the byssus, 


is perceptible on both valves, which is never the case . 


with the G. Avicula, where a notch answers the same 
purpose: the exterior of the valves is less smooth, and 
generally covered with scales. Hinge linear and with- 
out teeth, their substance solid, very thick, and of a bril-- 
liant pearly appearance, from which many elegant trin- 
kets are made: and the extravasation of the liquor des- 
tined to the periodical augmentation of the shell, pro- 


duces those isolated deposits of nacreous matter called 


" pearls, the finest of which are found in the Meleagrina 


margaritifera, the type of this genus, commonly called 
the mother-of-pearl oyster. Sowerby has united it with 
the Avicula; and mentions the existence of some fossil 
species in the London clay, and strata identical with it. 


Meleagrina margaritifera © Meleagrina albina. 


- 
ee a eek ae) eo ee eee 


113 


PEDUM. 


OSTREA SPONDYLOIDEA.—Gmelin. 


_ Sowerby’s Genera, No. 2, pl. 1. 

’ Tue G. Pedum, from thesingularly sloping notch in the 
lower valve,-for the passage of the byssus, evidently is 
allied to the G. Avicula, and G. Meleagrina; it also in- 
dicates the approach of the G, Plagiostoma and G, Li- 
ma, though very distinct from either. The shell is of 
a regular form, its lower valve, i in which is a sinus for 
the byssus, is turned up at the margins, being thick- 
ened and angular, and somewhatresembles a fire shovel 
in shape; the upper valve, the edge of which is smooth 
and sharp, without any angle, falls within the lower. 
Hinge without. teeth, ‘and the ligament connecting it 
partly exterior, as in the ‘Spondylus. The French tri- — 
vial name for this shell is La Houlette, from its resem- 
blance to their shepherd's crook or hoe. Shell inequi- 
valve, a little eared, Haferior valve gaping, apices dis- 
tant and unequal; hinge without teeth; ligament part- 
ly external, placed in a lengthened deep narrow groove, 
cut in the internal division of the summits, the lower 


valve sloped near its posterior base. Upper valve with 


114 


fine radiating strize, covered with minute granula- 


tions, and a false epidermis. 


Lamarck considers the sinus in the lower valve to 
be formed for the passage of a byssus, but from the 
very singular cavity on the exterior of the valve, it 
would rather indicate that it is the receptacle of a ten- 
dinous ligament. 


Pedum spondyloideum. 


LIMA... 


OSTREA LIMA. 


Chem. 7, tab. 68, fig. 651. 


In this genus the sinus or notch has altogether disap- 
peared, and the valves, being thickened and gaping, 
form a lateral opening. ‘The ears at the base of the 
shell are small, but distinctly visible; on which ac- 
count this genus is placed next in succession to the G. 
Pedum, and is allied to the G. Plagiostoma and G, Pec- 


ten; with which latter genus many authors have con- — 


founded it. Shell thin, of a very delicate, white, semi- 


pellucid, solid substance; the valves of nearly all the 


species flattened, some more ventricose than others, — 


115 


with longitudinal ribs, armed with vaulted scales, im- 
brications like a rasp, or with striz; the margins cre- 
nulated, and closely interlocking when the valves are 
closed: hinge without teeth, and the cardinal cavity 


receiving the ligament. 


Lima inflata Lima annulata 
sees squamosa ++. fragilis 
| a isaleba glacialis = «+++ linguatula. 


[Five fossil species] 


PLAGIOSTOMA. 


_ Sowerby’s Conghology, No. 14, pl.77. | 


No recent example of this genus has yet been disco- 
vered. Lamarck apparently has assigued it this station, 
to connect together, as an intermediate link, the gene- 
ra Lima, Pecten, Spondylus, and Podopsis. Shell sub- 
equivalve, free, subauriculated, cardinal base straight 
and transverse. Apices a little distant, the external 
edges of the hinge angular, straight on one side, oblique 
on the other: hinge without teeth, a cardinal cavity 


| beneath the apices, partly internal, opening outwards, 


and receiving the ligament. 
(‘Ten fossil species. ] 
12 


116 


PECTEN. 


OSTREA maxima—Linn. 


Mawe’s Linneus, ie 14, Fig. A, 2, 4, 6. 


In this genus the apices are approximated hid nearly 
contiguous, without any angular. separation between 
them, and the cavity for the ligament is altogether inter- 
nal. The shells of this family are extremely numerous, 
very beautiful, and so well known to eyery collector, 
that a minute description of them is not here requisite. 
The valves are regular, in general flattened, but often 
not equivalve, one being frequently more convex than 
the other,’ with longitudinal radiating ribs from the 
apex tothe margin; flat, smooth, or armed with vaulted 
spines, imbrications, or striz, of every possible form; the 
marginal edges entire, smooth, or crenulated, generally 


interlocking in each valve: they are auriculated, ‘and — | 
the posterior side with the largest ‘ear, beneath which — | 
the sinus is placed: substance solid and thin, Lamarck — 
does not mention that in some species the flat upper 
valve drops into the lower to a considerable depth; nor 


the very dissimilar form of the P. Pleuronectes.and its 


congeners, in which the valves never close, and, though _ 


ribbed within, are smooth on the exterior surface. 


SORE 2 pf Pi Me 


117 


ai 


Shells with the ears equal, or nearly so. Py 


Pecten maximus ~ 


++++++ Jacobzeus 
«+eee+ bifrons — 
tee ziczac 


ata oe Laurentii — 


aieem wie pleuronectes - 


peeees obliteratus. 
we eeee Japonicus 
-+++++ Magellanicus 
eieiaives purpuratus 
aeeee lineolaris 


Dera kre radula : 


Pecten rastellum Te 


© eiels. ble aspersus 
-+++$% flavidulus 


HES ETT ys B glaber 


oo) ey eld2S sulcatus 


Dist slebeke virgo 


rem iN unicolor 


oe oe griseus 


eee distans 


‘seeeee isabella 


Shells with the ears unequal. 


Pecten nodosus 
bial) pallium 


bieGie oe pesfelis _ 


Haas sauciatus 


Nae opercularis 


. | Pecten lineatus ~ 
o+sne+* flabellatus 


«amis irradians 


_+eeeee flexuosus 


ooesss Inflexus ~ 


cheno dispar 


beeees quadriradiatus 
tenes Islandicus 


118 


Pecten asperrimus Pecten pellucidus 

cidin ele senatorius .+++++ Tranquebaricus 
teens aurantius Rea gibbus 

oot gif MORONS. 6... eee eee miniaceus 

oes chan varius cree pusio : 

ons sanguineus -+++++ hybridus 

Be NS. sinuosus -+ +++ sulphureus 
seeeee ornatus -+-+e> lividus 


Pecten hexactes. 


[And twenty-seven fossil species. ] 


PLICATULA. 


SPONDYLUS PLICATUS.—Linneus. 


sim | Sowerby’s Genera, No. 3, pl. 4. 

“Te G. Plicatula has been separated from the G. Spon- 
dylus of Linnzeus, which it somewhat resembles in ge- 
neral appearance, but on examination proves to be quite 
distinct in its structure. The ligament is altogether 
internal, asin the Pecten; it has the primary teeth of the 
Spondylus, but without the ears or the prolonged beak, 
which are very conspicuous in that genus. The Plica- 
tulze also possess the faculty of affixing themselves to 


one another, or various marine bodies, grouped together 


ee ee ee 


119 


in clusters. The valves are both of them strongly 
plaited within and without, closely interlocking with 
each other. Shell inequivalve, not eared, narrowed 
towards the base, superior margin round, plaited, or 
strongly ribbed, summits unequal, and without external 
facets. Hinge with two strong teeth in each valve; a 
cavity between the primary teeth, in which the liga- 
ment is internally inserted. 

Plicatula ramosa Plicatula cristata 

rae - depressa + seeeees Feniformis 

Plicatula australis. 


s 


- [There are also six fossil species. ] 


SPONDYLUS. 
SPONDYLUS GEDAROPUS.—Linn. 


Mawe's Linnaeus, pl. 2, f. 1, 4. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 9, plate 1, 2. 
Tis numerous and beautiful family, out of which La- 
marck has only constituted one new genus, the G. Plica- 
tula, (Spondylus plicatus of Linnzeus,) has long requir- 
ed a distinctive arrangement of the species, all of which, 
with the exception of the Spondylus regius, were called 


by Linneeus, S. Geedaropus. Lamarck describes twen- 


120 


ty-one species, all of which possess some precisely defin- 
ed difference of character, though many of them are but 
very slightly indicated.. The S. regius is considered a ve- 
ry rare species, and has been ably described aud figured 
in Sowerby’s Genera of Shells. The shells of this genus 
are inequivalve, adhesive, attaching themselves to each 
other, or to stones, corals, and other marine bodies; 
summits unequal, the lower valve exhibiting a more or 
less long, flat, internal slope, divided by a groove, in 
which a portion of the ligament is inserted, becoming 
enlarged by age: valves eared,-and their exterior 
ribbed, and armed with long recurved, or nearly 
straight spines, terminated in a point, or palmated. 
On the lower valve, which is always the largest, 
there are broad foliaceous laminze, by which the 


ae ae 


with two strong hooked teéth on each valve articulat- 
ing together, an intermediate cavity for the ligament, 
communicating at the base with the external groove 
in the summit of the lowér valve, ligament interior, 
and a portion of it seen externally in the lower ‘chan- 


nel. They possess no locomotive power.) ¢ 


121 


Lamarck observes that the different length of the 
beak at the summit of the lower valve is accounted for, 
by theanimal possessing the faculty of displacing the up- 
per valve as it requires increase of room, and bringing it 
more forward towards the margin, similar to the plan he 
states to be adopted by the Ostrege, and only observa- 
ble in these two genera. taxi ovid'd’) 


Ir however appears, from the very singular position 
of the two teeth on the valves of this shell, that they 
are so securely interlocked with each other, as to re- 
quire considerable force to separate the valves, and 
which cannot be effected without, breaking’a portion 
of that part of the lower cavities, nto which. the teeth 
of the upper valve are inserted. Lamarck’s assertion, 
therefore, that the animal of this genus, as. well as that 
of G. Ostrea, possesses the power of removing the up- 
per valve as its growth increases, is pointed out by 
Sowerby as quite impossible and hypothetical in ei- 
ther genus. saad 
Spondylus geedaropus Spondylus costatus. , 


rites’ stb te pie Americanus ‘eeeeeees variegatus 
se eeeeee arachnoides -++++++-+ longispina 
im ieie. 0: sca°s candidus seeeeeeee PeEgius 


ata et aig 0s multilamellatus ---....-. avicularis 


122 
“Signdlee coccineus = Spondylus microlepos- 


sseseeeas crassisquama ----- ses. Croceus 
rot ayo spathuliferus = ---- +++ aurantius 
A OE PET ae Bt ducalis weeeeeeee padians 
east LG longitudinalis. ----.+++- zonalis 


Spondylus violacescens. 
[There are also four fossil species. } 


PODOPSIS. 
Encycl. Method. plate 188, fig. 6, 7. 


Tne G. Podopsis is only known in 2 fossil state; it near- 
ly approximates the Gryphzea, from which it is only 
distinguished by the summit of the lower valve not 
being recurved, though much advanced beyond the up- 
per valve, either above or at the side. These shells are 
also allied to the Pectinides, by the regularity of their 
shape, their longitudinal striae, and their substance 
not being foliaceous. Shell inequivalve, subregular, 
attached by the summit of the lower valve, without 
ears, lower valve larger and more convex than the up- 
per, with the beak advanced above or on one side. 


[Two fossil species. ] 


123 


GRY PHA. 


Sowerby’'s Genera, No. 6, pl. 5. 
Tuts genus, called by Lamarck Gryphea, has hitherto 


been considered by other authors au Ostrea, to which 
in fact it bears a great resemblance; but the peculiar 
character of the lower valve, which is very deep and 
carinated, its summit terminated in a long spirally re- 
curved beak, slightly turned to one side, the edge sharp 
and angular, and the circumstance of its never being 
attached to other bodies, or, if it is, only at one small 
point, clearly distinguishes it from that genus. Shell 
inequivalve, the lower valve large, concave, carinated, 
terminating in a spirally recurved beak; upper valve 
small and flat, fitting into the lower one at a small depth 
from the marginal edge. Hinge without teeth, a car- 
dinal cavity arched and oblong, one muscular impres- 
sion only on each valve. Recent specimens are rare, 
and only one species is at present known. In a fos- 
sil state there are many described, and their locali- 
ties seem to indicate that this shell inhabits the sea 
at a great depth. Sowerby has reunited this genus 
to that of the Ostrea, pointing out strong grounds of 


124 
objgction to Lamarck’s separation of it. See No. 6, . 
of his Genera of Shells. 


Gryphea angulata 
[And eleven fossil species. ] 


OSTREA. 


afstit { 


: big? YS "94 
OSTREA EDULIS.—COMMON OWVSTER. 


re 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 6, pl. 8. iy Party 
Tue genus Ostrea, as it now stands, is a very natural 
and well-defined association of shells. Bruguiere was 
the first to divide the G. Ostrea of Linnzeus into seve- 
ral new genera, to which Lamarck has.added\ others, 
as will be seen by an attentive comparison: of the 
illustrative examples ‘given to each genus’ in ‘this 
arrangement; of which Pedum, Pecten, Gryphea, 
and Vulsella, were all considered Ostreee by Linnew- 
us. And notwithstanding the numerous divisions now 
made, Lamarck observes, that those which have the 
valves plain and united,’‘and those which have them 
plaited or angular, might still be made into twosections; 
but the irregularity of these’shells renders the determi- 
nation of their species often very difficult. Shell adhe- 


sive, inequivalve, irregular, summits distant, becoming 


125 
by age of avgreat» substance, and very unequal; the 
superior valve of some species shifting its place as- the 7 
animal requires moré room, and producing’a long beak 
on the lower valve, ‘similar to that of the Spondylus. 
Hinge without teeth, ligament half internal, substance 
ofthe shell lamellar, presenting a scaly or foliaceous ap- 
pearance on the exterior; apices distant, the lower one 
never recurved above the upper, as in the Gryphza, 
and Spondyli; interior of the valves pearly, and some 
species produce small pearls, but of little value or 


beauty. 


Tue Ostrese appear to have the faculty of removing 
from one spot'to another under particular circumstances. 
They however almost always remain fixed and immove- 
able in one spot, and exhibit no other signs of life than 
that of opening'their valves to receive the nutriment af- 
forded them by the sea. 


Tue singular faculty possessed by this genus, as well 
as by that of the Spondylus, of displacing the upper valve 
as the shell increases in size, is exclusively peculiar to 
these two genera. | | 


Norwitustannine the teeth of the hinge in the 


126 


shells of this genus are less prominent, and differently 
constructed from those of the G. Spondylus, the im- 
possibility of the animal having the power to remove 
the upper valve as the shell increases in size, is equally 
manifest. See Sowerby’s judicious observations on this 
genus, No. 6, of his Genera of Shells. 


Margin of the valves plain or waved, but not plaited. 


Ostrea edulis 


se eeee hippopus 

+e++e+ borealis 

we eee Adriatica 
+++ cochlear 
Sues +++ cristata 


oe 


rs TPS gallina 


yee 


ah, Oeoee numisma 
had 
--+ lingua 
wees tulipa 
eoeeevee Brasiliana 


+eeeee SCabra 

-+++++ rostralis 
+++++ parasitica 

«ee+++ denticulata 


- spathulata 


Ostrea ruscuriana 
stees Virginica 
-+++-+ Canadensis 
tenes excavata 
++-++++ mytiloides 
seeeee sinuata 
seteee trapezina 


se eees tuberculata 


oy elliptica 


haliotidea 


-+++e+ deformis 


-. « fucorum 


127 


Margin of the valves distinctly platted. 


Ostrea cornucopiz Ostrea plicatula 


se eeee cucullata ++eee+ glaucina 
“esnece doridella ‘ele sle » fusca 
cree rubella «+--+ turbinata 
veeeee limacella +++ cristagalli 
-erucella os «+++ - imbricata 
hie ee “sseeee hyotis 
savy olabrellay:) 2 i shea radiata 


' [And thirty-three fossil species. ] 


VULSELLA. 


MYA VULSELLA.—Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 9, plate 5. te 
Tue G. Vulsella approximates the G. Ostrea, = 
the leading characters are very distinct from it; their 
valves are always nearly of an equal size; the apices 
equal, though somewhat separated; and beneath them 
on each valve, a projecting callosity, depressed under- 
neath, having the impression of a conical cavity, ob- 
. liquely arched for the reception of the ligament. Hinge 


without teeth. These shells are free, longitudinal, sube- 


128 


quivalve, occasionally gaping a little at the posterior 
side; never attached to ine Baie: by the lower valve, 
though often found enveloped in sponge or matine fuci. 
The interior of the valves is pearly, and their substance 


solid, and sometimes semitransparent. - 


Lamarck does not mention that the exterior of the 
valves, particularly the upper one, is armed with finely 
granulated or striated longitudinal rays, extending from 
the apex to the margin, and with one lengthened mus- 
cular impression within each valve. 

Vulsella lingulata = Vulsella spongiarum 
 aaeeee hians  —=S-- - +» mayttilina 
vee eae rugosa ye iy as ovata 
[And one fossil species.] 
ee 
' PLACUNA. 


ANOMIA SELLA.—JLinn. 


\Mawe's Linn. pl. 15, fig. 1. 

Tue very peculiar form of the hinge in the shells of 
this genus, which on one valve is that of the letter V, 
the lower parts not quite joined together, with corre- 


sponding cavities on the other valve to admit them, and 


129 


their being very flat, of a thin, transparent, and foliace- 
ous texture, with the edges generally fringed, constitute 
the remarkable characters of this singular shell. It is 


sometimes orbicular, and very flat; one of the species 


‘has the valves generally of a square form, waved on ei- 


ther side in large folds; and finely striated, or wrinkled 
longitudinally: ligament attached to the two ribs at 
the hinge. Interior with one muscular impression, 
similar to that of the Ostrea. The very small space 
between the valves when they are closed, indicates the 
animal inhabiting them to be of an extremel y thin sub- 
stance. 


Tuts genus immediately precedes that of the G. Ano- 
mia, with which it was blended by Linnzus, though 
it bears but little resemblance to the shells of the lat- 


ter genus in form; unlike them also, it is never affixed : 


to other bodies, and the organization of the animal is ; 


likewise perfectly distinct. 


as tes 
Se | . ‘ 


Placuna sella Placuna papyracea_ + ae 


Placuna placenta 


(‘There is also one fossil species. ] 


) 
; 


i ee i — — 


130 


. 
| 
/ ANOMIA. 
ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM.—Linn. 


_\Mawe's Linnaeus, plate 15, fig. 5,6. 

Tue Anomiz are shells without locomotive power, and 
the animal, like that of the oyster, lives and dies on the 
spot where its egg was hatched. They are irregularly 
formed, inequivalve shells, always affixed to marine bo- 
dies, particularly tothe Oyster, (to which they appear in 
some respects allied), and other testaceze, by means of a 
small callous stony or osseous operculum, mistaken by 
many persons for a third valve, but which in fact is only 
the dilated and thickened extremity of the tendon or in- 
terior muscle of the animal, forming a small solid ellip- 
tical ossified mass, and attached to the body on which 
these shells are affixed. It is so constructed as to close 
the hole or notch at the summit of the flattened valve, 
when the muscle of the animal is contracted. The per- 
forated and smaller valve in this genus is the lower one, 
being always placed next, and conforming to the shape 
of the substance to which it is affixed. In the Oyster, 
the largest and most concave is the lower valve, and 


the contrary exists in the G. Terebratula, in which the 


131 


largest and most convex is pierced at the summit, and 
supposed to be the upper valve. Aoi 


As it appears certain that it is the extremity of the 
muscle of the animal which is attached to the opercu- 
Jum, and not a ligament connecting the operculum 
to the larger valve, it is obvious that the Anomie dif- 
fer essentially from the Ostreze. Independent of this 
muscle, there is an interior cardinal ligament which 
fastens the valves together, the impression of which is 
easily seen. Poli describes the animal as being organ- 
ized very similarly to that of the Oyster. 


Anomia ephippium Anomia pyriformis 

eee eee patellaris sees fornicata 
Sapsidc'e cepa eoeeees MEMbranacea 
steeeee electrica +e++-e+ squamula 


Anomia lens. 


K@ 


4 


| | aoe 132 


Mat _ SPHERULITES. 
. Encycl. Meth. plate 172, fig: 7, 8,9: 
: if One species. 


RADIOLITES. 
Encycl. Meth. plate 172, fig. 1. 
Three species. 


CALCEOLA. 
Knorr. Petrif. fig. 5, 6. 
One species. 


BIROSTRITES. 
_ Sowerby’s Genera, No. 11, plate 3. 
One species. 


. 
} 
} 
k 


_Tue above four genera are fossils, and therefore, though 
necessarily introduced to complete the arrangement of 
Lamarck’s system, need only here be mentioned in the 
places which he has assigned to them, as forming in- 
termediate and connecting links in the recent genera of 
Testacee, which are more immediately the object of 


consideration in this work. 


133 


_ DISCINA. 


See G. Orbicula and G. Crania: 


Lamarcx has named this singular shell Discina, from 
each valve presenting, near the centre, a remarkable 
and very distinct orbicular disk; that on the superior or 
upper valve is smooth and pierced, and exhibits in the 
centre a small papillary elevated summit, giving it the 
appearance of a Patella: it is also surrounded by a 
margin longitudinally marked with delicate radiating 
strie. ‘The disk of the lower margin is very white, 
obliquely crossed by a notch or cleft, open on both sides. 
Although the valves of the shell are of an equal size, 
they are not exactly similar, the upper one being ra- 
ther more convex, and the lower without striz round 
its disk. No traces of hinge, ligament, or muscular im- 
pressions, are visible. It is found affixed to stones on 
the British coast. This genus, Sowerby remarks, should 
be entirely expunged, Lamarck having constituted it, 
without mature consideration, from examples of the 
Orbicula Norwegica. 


Discina ostreoides. 


134 


* + } CRANIA 


ANOMIA CRANIOLARIS.—Linneus. 
Sowerby's Genera, No. 12, pl. 4. 


Linn.xus included this in his G. Anomia, from which 
Bruguiere first separated it, pointing out the distin- 
guishing characters. The shell is inequivalve, nearly 
round, and most generally affixed by its lower or inferi- 
orvalve. The three indentations or holes, which are on 
the internal surface of this valve, appear only to pene- 
trate it in consequence of the violence necessarily used 
to detach it from the substance to which it is affix- 
ed by its external surface. Lamarck therefore does 
not consider them to be the apertures through which 
certain muscles protrude, in the manner of the Ano- 
mia ephippium, but merely depressions or cavities in 
the lower valve of the shell, while it remains attached 
and closely adhering to any marine body. ‘These holes 
or cavities give to the shell the appearance of a death’s — 
head or skull in some respects it seems allied to the © 
Terebratula, while the form of it, and being affixed 
by the inferior valve, seem to ‘indicate an alliance to — 
the G. Orbicula. But the animal being unknown, the ] 
precise genus of it cannot be determined. The writer 


135 


has seen this shell affixed to the root of the Isis nobilis 
or stony red coral, but very rarely with both the valves. 
In Sowerby’s Genera of Shells this genus is very ni- 
nutely described. 
Crania personata. 
[There are also four fossil species. | 


ORBICULA. 
PATELLA ANOMALA. 


Muller, table 3, fig. 1, 7. 

Tuts shell‘has been mistaken for an univalve by most 
writerson Conchology. Poli, however, calls one of the 
species, Anomia turbinata; but subsequent investiga- 
tion has proved it a bivalve: the lower velye, which is 
extremely thin, and closely adhering to marine bodies, 
had escaped the notice of former naturalists; and the 
upper one might consequently easily be mistaken for a 
Patella, which it nearly resembles, having a more or 
less pointed and elevated summit. Sheil suborbicular, 
inequivalve, without an apparent hinge; lower valve 
extremely thin, flat, and adhering ; upper valve subconi- 

_ cal,summit elevated. The animal is a true Brochio- 


136 


poda, and only differs from the two others of this fa- 
mily, in consequence of the shell not being affixed by 
a pedicle. This genus is evidently confounded by La- 
‘marck with that of Crania, as has been satisfactorily 
stated in the description of that genus given by Sower- 
by, in No, 12 of his Genera of Shells. 

Orbicula Norwegica. 


TEREBRATULA. 


y ANOMIA VITREA.—Linn. 


Sowerby's Genera, No. 15, plate 2. 


Tue necessity of separating this genus from that of the 
G. Anomia of Linnzeus, was observed by Bruguiere, and 
is manifest on an inspection and comparison of the two: 
there is no general resemblance between them, and the 


animals of each are very differently organized. The — 


shell of the Terebratula is inequivalve, of a subovate 
form, and is attached to marine bodies by a short fleshy 
tendinous peduncle terminating in a number of byssi- 
form filaments passing through the hole, or sometimes 


only sloping cleft, at the summit of the recurved beak 


of the larger valve, and by which the shell is suspend- _ | 


137 


ed and remains free, never adhering by any part of the 
valves themselves. The hinge has two curved teeth 
on the larger valve, inserted and locked into corre- 
sponding cavities in the smaller. The valves are in - 
some species smooth, in others angular; and some have 
plaits, which close perfectly, giving the margins a flex- 
uous appearance. M. de Valenciennes is of opinion, 
that, where the aperture is not round, and only a notch 
is observable, it is occasioned by the absence of two 
small accessory valves or pieces, which seem to com- 
plete the opening, and which frequently escape notice. 
The writer considers the larger and perforated valve 
the upper one, having seen two examples of this shell 
attached to marine bodies by its pedicle, in both of 
which the smaller valve was beneath. The animal in 
its structure very much resembles that of the Lingula, 
being able, like it, to extend beyond the shell two long 
posite arms, fringed or ciliated on one side, which, 
when the animal is at rest, are folded up in a dou- 
ble plait, with their extremities only curved, or roll- 
ed in a spiral form within the shell; the osseous parts, 
which remain attached to the lesser valve of the Tere- 
bratula, after the removal of the animal, are called by 


English collectors the springs of the shell, the pre- 


188 


cise use of which has not yet been clearly ascertained, 
though Lamarck considers them as supports to.the — 
animal's body. Among the many characteristic differ- 
ences that exist between this genus and that of the 
G. Anomia, may particularly be pointed out, that init — 
the perforation is always on the smaller valve, which 
is attached to the opposite one by means of a cardi- 
nal ligament, while in the Terebratulz the hole is al- 
ways in the larger valve, which is connected by teeth 
at the hinge to the smaller one. .From the locality of 
the fossil species of this genus, these shells may be pre- 
sumed to inhabit the sea at a great depth. Lamarck di- 
vides this family into two sections, those having the 
valves smooth, and those having them longitudinally 
grooved. He has enumerated twelve species, but a 
greater number is known, though not all of them de- 
scribed by any author. 


Shells smooth, without longitudinal grooves or stria. 


Terebratula vitrea Terebratula pisum 
Sitbidls sinioieed dilatata  =§=- | teeeeeeees globosa 
Terebratula rotunda. 


139 


Shells longitudinally grooved. 
Terebratula flavescens | Terebratula sanguinea 
vesesesess Gentata eeeess++~ caput serpentis 
ce cbeeeee .. dorsata M55] hs whe ohaye fle ner? truncata 
Terebratula psittacea. 


[There are also forty-seven fossil species. | 


LINGULA. 


PATELLA UNGUIS.—Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. |, plate 2. 

Linn2us certainly could only have seen one valve of 

this singular shell, which naturally led him into the 

error of supposing it an univalve of the genus Patella, 

particularly as there are no hinge, teeth, or other vi- 

sible mode by which the valves are connected together ; 
but it has since been discovered that they are united 
by means of a tubular, fleshy, or membranous pedun- 

cle surrounding the narrow part of the valves, and af- 

fixed to marine substances by the base of it, in the 
manner of the G, Anatifera; the interior of the valves 
also possess small callosities like those of the Parmo- 


_Phora, which have tended probably to confirm the 


140 


idea of this shell being a Linnzan Patella. It is, how- 
ever, abivalve: the valves oblong, oval, flat, truncated ‘ 
at the upper end, with a slight point inthe centre, form- a 
ed by the angular depressed rib at the back, and giving 
them the appearance of a duck’s bill: the base of the 
valves, which is inserted in the fleshy peduncle, is — 
pointed, and much narrower than the opposite patulous | 
termination, The animal protrudes on either side of 
its shell a long, but not articulated, fringed arm, which is 
rolled within the shellin a spiral form, when contract- 
ed. Jamarck only mentions one recent species of this. 
genus, but there are others known, though not yet: 
described, and also several fossil species. 

Lingula anatina.. 


12 


HYALAA.. 


. 
ANOMIA TRIDENTATA.— Linn. 


_ Chemnitz 8, plate 108, Vign. 13, fig. F. G: 

- Tuis most extraordinary shell is of a thin transparent’ 
horn-like substance, its form tricuspidated, with hollow 
points, and finely striated transversely: the valves are 
united, and, as it were, soldered together, but une- 


141 


qual, one being subglobular, ventricose, and anteriorly 
shortened, occasioning an aperture through which the 
animal protrudes two wing-shaped portions of its body ; 
the other is larger, and has its under part nearly flat. 
Its trivial name in this country is Venus’s chariot, from 
a fancied resemblance to a triumphal car in miniature. 
- Shell, corneous, transparent, globose, oval, tridentated 
at the posterior end; the middle part perforated, with 
a cleft on either side. 
Hyalza tridentata Hyaleea cuspidata. 


CLIO. 


Tuis is a molluscous animal without any testaceous 


covering, but is here placed as leading to other species 


of it which have shells. 
~* Clio borealis Clio australis. 
CLEODORA. 


CLIO PYRAMIDATA—Linneus. 


142 


of its body is covered by a somewhat firm cartilaginous, 
straight, and transparent shell, like an inverted pyra- 
mid, or in the form ofa spear truncated and open at the 
upper part; of a distinct shape in different species, and 
not opened laterally, or at the posterior ae as 
in the G. Hyalzea. ti LATO RIPE WIEN 
Cleodora pyramidata Cleodora caudata. 


s Cc») | LIMACINA 


CLIO HELICINA.—Linn. 


Sue tx thin, fragile, and papyraceous, its whorls spi- 
ral and united in a discoid form, giving it a strong re- 
semblance to the G. Helix; but in consequence of 
the very wide umbilicus, formed by the position of 
its whorls, it more nearly approximates the G. Planor- 
bis. The animal of this shell has the power of re- 
ceding altogether within its covering, in which it dif- _ 
fers from the preceding genus. Lamarck considers the 
name of Limacina less applicable to this genus than 
that of Helicina, given to it by Gmelin. 
Limacina helicialis. 


143 


CYMBULIA. 


Ann. du Mus. 15, p. 66, pl..3, f. 10, 12. 


A carTILAGINovus shell of crystalline transparency, 
and firm consistency, in the form of an oblong slipper, 
or wooden shoe, (sabot of the French), truncated at the 
summit, with a lateral opening at the anterior end. 


Cymbulia Perronii. 


PNEUMODERMON. 
Ann. du Mus. 15, p. 66, pl. 3, f: 10, 12. 


A MoLLuscovs animal without any testaceous covering, 
and much resembling the G. Clio. 


Pneumodermon Perronii. 


GLAUCUS. 


A MOLLUsCoUs animal without a shell. 


Glaucus Forsteri. 


144 


EOLIS. 


A moxzusca without a testaceous covering. 


Eolis Cuverii Eolis lacinulata 


a OG: fasciculata —Ss--* «> _ peregrina 
7 ep minima $$ c""* affinis. 
——— ll 
TRITONIA. 


) 
: A mouuusca without a shell. 


Tritonia Hombergii _—‘Tritonia arborescens 


Tritonia coronata. 


SCY LLAA. 
A mouuusca without a shell. 
Scyllza pelagica. 


a Te 


| 
: TETHYS. 

A MOLLUSCA without a shell. 
Tethys leporina Tethys fimbria. 


ee ee he | | 


DORIS. 


A MOLLUusca without a shell. 


Doris solea Doris stellata 

seeee argus ste eee ‘pilosa 

SC verrucosa -+e+ levis 

Ca limbata AW] - fusca 

tees tuberculata ‘r++ muricata— : 
Spe obvelata -++++ lacera 


Doris atro-marginata. 


PHYLLIDIA. 


_ A Motuusca without a shell, but its back covered with 


@ rough or coriaceous skin. a s > | 
} 
Phyllidia varicosa Phyllidia pustulosa 


Phyllidia ocellata. od f 


sess: 7 146 
el CHITONELLUS. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 12, pl. 2, fig. 4, 5. 


Tuts is also a Mollusca, on the middle of whose back 
are fixed in a straight line certain testaceous pieces or 
parts, resembling detached valves of the Chiton, but 
they are never quite joined or locked ‘together while 
the animal is living, and do not prevent its body from 
moving in every direction: these valves, upon the con- 
traction of the animal when dead, become nearly united. 
It may be supposed that this Mollusca, from its pecu- 
liar organization, climbs the stems of marine plants in 
search of subsistence, like the caterpillar, which in 
appearance it much resembles. Sowerby has united 
this genus to that of Chiton, not seeing sufficient 
grounds to separate them, i 

 Chitonellus levis  Chitonellus striatus. 


CHITON. 


CHITON sQUAMOSUS.—Linne@us. 


Sowerby's Genera, No. 12, pl. 2, fig. 1,2, 3. 
Lamarck has made no alteration in this genus of Lin- 


neeus; and the characters being so well defined, and 


possessin g no variations, it cannot be confounded with, or 


147 


mistaken for, any other genus. Only six species are de- 
scribed by him, though many more are known to collec- 
tors in England, The principal observation Lamarck 
makes on this singular and well-known shell, is, that it 
seems more like an univalve than a multivalve, and 
should only be considered an elongated shell, with the 
testaceous portions of it transversely broken. by nature, 
at its first formation, into a number of distinct moveable 
parts, in order to facilitate the animal's motion: these 
valves or testaceous parts, which are generally eight in 
number, and as Lamarck asserts sometimes only seven, 
and even six, are inserted at their lateral extremities into 
a tough ligament, which surrounds the outer margin, 
- and firmly unites them together in their proper position. 
This ligament is sometimes fleshy, coriaceous, smooth, or 
wrinkled, covered with small scales, or beset with tufts 
of hair; and in‘one species, C. spinosus, it has numerous 
tubular, curved, long, thin, black spines. A toughinter-— 
- nal membrane connects the under part of the'valves or — 
portions, allowing the animal to contract the shell in 
a globular form, or fully to expand it; in which posi- 
tion the edges of the valves slightly overlap each other. 
When these portions are all united, they form an ellip- 
‘tical shell, the centre part of which is more elevated 
than the rest; and each succeeding valve of less con- 
L2 


— 


148 


vexity towards the margins. They are variously stri- 
ated, or minutely granulated; and one extremely rare 
species has callous adhesions longitudinally placed 
along the back of the valves. Many species of Chiton 
are elegantly marked; the interior is generally of a 
green or white color; one species is, however, of a beau- 
tiful pink. They adhere to rocks covered by the sea, 
to tortoises, and to the backs of fishes, &c. 


Tue writer has carefully examined many hundred 
examples of this genus, each possessing eight valves, 
but has never seen one with a less number. Whenever 


such an occurrence has taken place, it should probably 


be considered a lusus, and not characteristic of a dis- - 


tinct species. 


SoweERBy mentions that the fossil species are rare, 
but that detached valves are sometimes found in the 
calcareous sand in the neighbourhood of Paris. The 
C. gigas sometimes attains four inches in length. 

Chiton gigas Chiton spinosus 
eoeees sQUAMOSUS  =— ++ s+ fascicularis 


- Peruvianus ——«++---: marginatus. 


* i aoe 


149 


PATELLA. 
PATELLA GRAN ATIN A. —1 Ane. 


Mawe's Linnaeus, plate 32, fig. 4,7. 
Tuts numerous and beautiful genus of Linnzus has 
been subdivided by Lamarck ; from it he has constitu- 
ted the genera Fissurella, Emarginula, Navicella, Um- 
brella, Pileopsis, Calyptrzea, Crepidula, Parmophora, 
and Ancylus; each of which possesses sufficiently well- 
defined characters to authorize a separation, by which 
they may be more easily distinguished from the. still 
widely extended family of Patella. As it is now ar- 
ranged, it comprehends only such shells as are in the 
form of a wide, concave, and more or less elevated cone, 
terminated by an imperforated summit. The part of the 
shell to which the imperforated summit inclines, is the 
anterior, which circumstance has been clearly estab- 
lished from the impression of the animal’s head being 
always visible at that part. The posterior end is al- 
ways wider than the anterior; aperture generally ellip- 
tical; the summit of the shell is usually the thickest part; 
margin without any fissure; the exterior variously mark- 
ed with striz, longitudinal ribs, granulations, or sharp 


ridges, rendering the margin angular or waved, though 


150 


most frequently smooth. Lamarck does not mention, 
that in some species the longitudinal ribs, radiating from 
the summit, are continued far beyond the edge of the 
margin, and appear like the rays of a star. One species 
of the Patella attains an enormous size for shells of this 


genus, the writer having seen an example which mea- 


sured six inches. 

Patella apicina Patella Safiana 
chneee + granatina ie eees testudinaria 
dt oculus brave Se cochlear 
FS barbara. re compressa 
vteeee plicata .+++ granularis 

ble oe laciniosa --.+-- deaurata 

veces saccharina -+++++ Magellanica 

sevens angulosa ..++++ stellifera 
[Seeiee ee barbata.. i. rigis tenes vulgata 

seeees Jongicosta +++ eee mammillaris 

sees spinifera - lineata 

tetees aspera -+++++ Jeucopleura — 

5 aes luteola +++++- notata 

Baela k's pyramidata ++++e> Tarentina 

1 berks umbella seee-- punctata 

secewe plumbea +++++* puncturata 

bay) «ia ceerulea -seeee Javanica 

sei bie radians -++eee tuberculifera 

scutellaris betes miniata 


151 


Patella viridula _ Patella pellucida _ 
PT pectinata »-+++ tricostata 
yy ie -- Galathea. >. -+-++++ australis 


Ovi Patella cymbularia. | 


PLEUROBRANCHUS. 
Ann. du Mus. 5, p. 269, pl. 18, fig. 1,2 


An internal dorsal shell, thin, flat, and obliquely oval. 

Several species of this genus are mentioned by Cuvier, 

with which Lamarck is unacquainted. 
Pleurobranchus Peronii. 


UMBRELLA. 


PATELLA UMBELLATA.—Gmelin. 


Chem. t. 10, 169, f- 1645, 1646. 
Ge in and others have classed this with the G. Pa- 
tella, to which it bears the nearest resemblance. Sub- 
sequent discoveries have enabled naturalists to pro- 
nounce that this shell is external, though occasionally 
covered by the animal attached to it, the body of which 
it partially defends, Shell external, irregularly orbi- 


152 


cular, nearly flat, concentrically wrinkled, slightly con- 
vex, with a small pointed apex near itscentre; margin 


very acute and sinuated; color generally a yellowish 


white; interior surface more or less concave, finely stri- 
ated, with raised spots or granulations, the centre part 
with a dark chesnut-colored mark, and surrounded by 
a smooth border. Lamarck mentions a second species 
not having radiating striz on its undersurface. ‘These 
shells sometimes attain several inches in diameter, and 
some examples possess an epidermis, which circum- 


stance is not mentioned by de Blainville, from whose 


_ examination of this genus the above description has 


been given. 


Umbrella Indica Umbrella Mediterranea. 


PARMOPHORUS 


PATELLA AMBIGUA, 


Chemnitz, 11, tab. 179, fig. 1918. 


De Blainville first pointed out the characteristic dis- 
tinctions of this shell, which should be called Parmo- 
phora. It is an oblong parallelogram, nearly flat; 
posterior margin rounded, and rather wider than the — 


‘ 


153 


anteriot; which is slightly truncated, and notched, with 
a small pointed apex, placed very near the posterior 
margin, and inclined backwards, to which may be 
added, that in appearance it somewhat resembles a sin- 
gle valve of the Lingula anatina, but having both its 
extremities nearly similar; the interior exhibits very 
strong callous muscular impressions, which are in some 
species marked with a blood-red color. It is com- 
monly called the Duck’s-bill Limpet by English col- 
lectors. 
Parmophora australis | Parmophora brevicula 
Parmophora granulata. 


(There is also one fossil species. ] 


EMARGINULA. 


PATELLA FISSURA.—Linn. 


| Mawe's Linneus, plate 32, fig.1. 
Tuts is another of Lamarck’s divisions of the G. Pa- 
tella of Linnzeus. Theshell is conical, more or lesse le- 
vated, and inclining to the anterior side, which is al- 
ways the least, and opposite to the slit or fissure, ele- 
gantly cancellated with longitudinal ribs and trans- 


i 


4 
' 


—————— Oa 


154 


verse striz; a deep and narrow marginal fissure, ex- 
tending nearly half way to the summit. 


Most of the shells of this genus are very small; some 
are of an elevated, and others of a widely depressed co- 
nical form. 

Emarginula fissura Emarginula rubra. 
[Aud three fossil species. ] 


FISSURELLA. 


/ | pATELLA Picta.—Gmelin. 


Mart. 1, t. 11, f.90. 


Tuts is another division of the Linnzean Patella: the 
shells are in the form of a very depressed truncated 
cone, elliptical or oblong, perforated at the summit; the 
margin thickened, and sometimes crenulated: the per- 
foration is never perfectly round, but generally of an ob- 
long or oval shape, and very frequently resembles a 
key-hole, from which circumstance they are called 
Key-hole Limpets by English collectors; the exterior 
surface longitudinally ribbed, and slightly striated 


transversely. 


155 


Fissurella picta _ Fissurella’ radiata 
Fe eps Se nimbosa sss = +++ viridula 
S hefn ie - crassa “lseeeseeee hiantula 
5 eid .e+e Greeea fb eeeeteeys pustula © 
ase Wee nodosa teeeee.se fascicularis 
uh enn ation Cayenensis «+++ ++ «1 Javanicensis 
decom on lilacina ++ ee #e »-» depressa 
22s a5 © ofa "rosea +e+eeeeee) Peruviana 
SOS tate Se of Barbadensis  --+---- + gibberula 


Fissurella minuta. 


[There is also one fossil species. | 


PILEOPSIs. 


PATELLA UNGARICA. 
Mart. 1, tab. 12, fig. 107, 108. 


Tuis alsoisa separation from the Linnzan G. Patella. 
The shell is an oblique sharp pointed cone, bent for- 
ward, with a recurved, almost spiral summit, finely 
striated longitudinally, and slightly wrinkled trans- 
versely; aperture, a round oval; the anterior margin 
shorter and sharper than the posterior; the base nearly 
round, more or less regularly crenated, and indented; 
interior with.a lengthened, arched, transverse, muscular 


impression. 


156 


In the fossil examples of this genus, a testaceous de- 
posit or support, apparently the result of successive ac- 
cumulations, is visible upon the substance to which they 
are attached, leaving, as it were, the impression of the 


Ff. margin of the shell: as this deposit has never been ob- 


served on the spot from whence recent specimens have 
been removed, it may be concluded that the animal in- | 
habiting them seldom, if ever, removes from one spot 


to another. 


‘Tue P. ungarica (commonly called the Fool’s-cap 
Limpet in this country) and its congeners, Sowerby 
considers more properly to belong to the G. Hipponix 
of Defrance. See G.Terebratula, No. 15, of the Ge- 
nera of Shells 


Shells not known to have the support which is observed 
in many fossil species of this genus. 
Pileopsis ungarica _— Pileopsis intorta 
. peat» TET Le. bla ore Alias subrufa. 
[And four fossil species.] _ 


Shells with a known support. 
[Two fossil species. | 


157 


CALYPTREA. 


PATELLA EQUESTRIS —Linneus. © 


-Mawe's Linn. pl. $2, f. 3; 


Liynxus and other authors considered these shells of 
the genus Patella, from which. they however essenti- 
ally differ. The form is conical; exterior transversel y 
waved and foliaceous; summit vertical and imperfora- 
ted; base orbicular and not much expanded: the in- 
terior cavity exhibiting a transverse funnel or tongue- 
shaped testaceous appendage, from which they have 
been called Cup-and-Saucer Limpets in this country. 
The last species, mentioned by Lamarck, C. tectum- 
sinense, has recently been met with by the writer, and 
is so singularly constructed, and so perfectly distinct 

from the other species of Calyptrzeze, that it may be well 
~ to point out the peculiar character of it. The shell 
is formed of separate, transverse, irregular, round lami- 
- nee, of an uniform size, attached to each other by the 
| apicial point or summit on the exterior of each, pre- 
senting the appearance of a number of small flat Patel- 
de, piled one on the other, apparently increasing to an 
indefinite number, during the life of the animal. Those 


_ OO EE yO EE = 


158 
now alluded to had five distinct laminz in one ex- 


ample, and six in the other. 


Calyptreea extinctorium Calyptraea equestris 


thet eeeee leevigata seeebeces tectum-sinense, 


CREPIDULA. 


PATELLA FORNICATA.—Linn. 


Mawe's Linneus, plate 32, fig. 3. 

Tus is another very distinctly marked separation from 
the G. Patella. Shell oval or oblong, a much depressed 
concave exterior; the spire inclined obliquely to one 
side; margin entire, and the opening partially closed 
horizontally by a partition, giving it the appearance of 
a half-decked boat: some have. angular longitudinal 
ribs on the surfave, others have them armed with spines ; 
or prickles; they, like. the generality of shells blended 
by Linnseus with the G,. Patella, seem constantly fixed 
to one spot, as the shape of their base is conformable 
to the substance on»which they adhere, They never 
have an operculum, which distinguishes them from the 
G, Navicella. “olinite: 


159 


Crepidula fornicata Crepidula unguiformis 
a Gi aio AER porcellana eeeeeeeee Gilatata — 
blister eaeid be aculeata ee.eeeeee’ Peruviana. 
}———— ———__———. — 
ANCYLUS. 


28 

PATELLA LACUSTRIS.—Linn. 4 

Sowerby’s Genera, No. 14. 4 
Draparnaup was the first to constitute this genus, 
and separate it'from that of Patella, preserving the 
name given it by Geoffroi, which Lamarck has conse- 
quently adopted. The shell is of a thin, brittle, and 
membranous texture, in the form of an oblong cone, 
with a pointed summit inclined backward; the base 
oval and smooth. It is a fresh water shell, and La- 
marck observes he has only provisionally placed it witi 
the Calyptraeze: the animal's existing in fresh water, 


and habitually breathing the air, renders it very dif- 
ferent from the inhabitant of the latter, with which it 


is here associated. 


Pea 


‘Drararnavp has placed this genus following that 
of Lymnea, to which the animal more esi approxi- 
mates i in its organization. 


160 


Tue third species, A, spina-rose, e Ferrusac has sa- 
tisfactorily proved not to arty genus, and La- 
marck has inadvertently continued Draparnaud’s er- 
ror in supposing it did. See Sowerby’s Genera, No. 14, 
Ancylus lacustris Ancylus fluviatilis 
Ancylus spina-rose. _ 


ACERA. 
Cuvier Ann. du Mus. p. 16, pl. 10, f. 15, 16. 


Tue Acera is a molluscous animal without any testa- 
ceous covering external or internal, and here classed as 
preceding others of the same species, which have shells 
enveloping or covered by their bodies. 

Acera carnosa. 


BULLEA. 


BULLA APERTA.—Linn. 
se ~ } 
Chemnitz 10, tab. 146, fig. 1354, 1355. 


Tuese shells are nearly allied in many respects to those 
of the G. Bulla, from which, however, they must be 
distinguished, not being externally visible, but con- 


161 


cealed within the thickness of the mantle, and in not 
adhering to the’ an‘mal by any muscle. . This shell is 
besides very thin, fragile, but slightly concave, and is 
partially rolled inward on one side: its whorls do not 
present the conical projection, usually called a spire, 
or its axis, the part called the columella. The last 
evolution of the whorl is terminated by the aperture, 
which is very ample, thin, and expanded at the upper 
part. Only one species of this genus is known. 
Linnazus had classed this genus with the G. Bulla, 
which it more nearly approximates than many other 
shells he had confounded with it; but the peculiarity 
of this shell, being entirely covered by the animal, and 
never externally visible, renders its separation very ne- 


cessary. Su tl 
Bullzea aperta. 


BULLA. 


BULLA LIGNARIA.—Linn. 


Encycl. Meth. pl. 259, f.3, A.B. 
a Tae genus Bulla of Linnzus included a vast variety of 
the most opposite genera of shells, which Lamarck 


‘ 


i ee ee 


; 


A ey seen 


162 


has removed from it, and classed separately in natural 
groups, under the names of Bullea, Ovula, Achatina, 
Physa, Terebellum, and some are comprised in the Gi 
Pyrula, and G. Bulimus. The great confusion that for- 
merly existed, and the manifest incongruity of blending 
together marine, fresh water, and land shells, which 
may be observed in the Linneean G, Bulla, is now élu- 


cidated; and, by this arrangement, a very natural as- — 


sociation is formed of each different species. ‘The 
shells constituting the present G. Bulla, as it is defined 
by Lamarck, possess one consistent family character, 
viz. shell univalve, of a globose oval form, rolled up, hav- 


ing no columella, and without a spire; the large exterior 


whorl elevated above the others, giving an umbilicated 


appearance to the upper part of the shell; aperture open 
the whole length of the shell, and generally wider at the 


base; the outer edge sharp and smooth. 


Tue animal inhabiting the Bulla can altogether re- 
cede within its shell, and therefore is very distinct from 
that of the preceding genus, in which the shell is quite 
enveloped by the mantle of the animal. The thickness 
and coloring matter of the Bullz, as well as their more 
regular convolutions, and the animal being attached by a 
muscle to its shell, all clearly tend to render the forma- 


tion of the two genera necessary. 


163 


In the type of this senus, B. lignaria, the animal 
possesses a very singularly formed testaceous substance 
within its body, not noticed by. Lamarck, and called 
the Gizzard by English collectors, 


Bulla lignaria Bulla fasciata 
te eee ampulla trees aplustre 
teeee striata -++++ hydatis 
feces naucum °*"** Cornea 
Pees. physis ‘see fragilis 


Bulla solida. ; 
P | —_—_—_ 
LAPLYSIA. 


_ LAPLYSIA DEPILANS.— Linn, 


Encycl. Method. plate 83, fig..1, 2. 


Tue name of this Sehus was altered by Gmelin, and 
some other authors, to that of Aplysia, from the Greek, 


164 


ofa shell, being but a very thin yellow transparent car- 
tilaginous substance, of an ovate form, concealed within 
the thickness of the fleshy shield which covers the bran- 
chie, and which is attached to the posterior end of the 
animal's back, by a point only at one side. 
Aplysia depilans Aplysia fasciata - 
. - Aplysia punctata. 


DOLABELLA. 
| BULLA | DU Bra.—Of some Authors. 


Encyel. Meth. pl. 83, f.1, 2+ 
Fe 
| Sowerby's Genera, No. 16, plate 6. 


Tus extraordinarily formed shell, like the Aplysia, (to = 
which it is closely allied, differing only inthe substance _ 
of the shell), is but the partial covering ‘of a mol- 
luscous animal: it is difficult of description, not pos- 
sessing any of the common characters which distin- — 
guish other shells. Lamarck and Cuvier consider it — 
altogether an internal shell, and describe it as being of 
rather an oblong form, a little arched in the shape of an — 


adze, one side narrower, thicker, more callous, and — 


165 


nearly spiral, and the other becoming larger, flatter, 
and thinner; its substance is solid and brittle; the thin 


part semitransparent, and slightly concave. . 


Aut the examples the writer has seen of this shell, 
were covered with a thin friable brown-colored epi- 
dermis, over which the marginal edges of the posteri- 
or parts are reflected; which occurrence is not noticed 


by. Lamarck. 


Ir is known to English collectors by the name of 
Bulla dubia: and Sowerby mentions that there are 
other species besides those enumerated by Lamarck. 

Dolabella Rhumphii —_—Dolabella fragilis. 


ONCHIDIUM. 


Cuvier’s Ann. du Mus. 5, p. 38, pl. 6. 


A mo.uusca without an interior shell, or external tes. 
taceous covering. Only two species are enumerated 
_by Lamarck but others are known to Cuvier. 
Onchidium Typhe Onchidium Peronii. 


166 


ae 
7 | PARMACELLA. 
Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. 5, p. 442, pl. 29, f. 12, 15. 


A ‘TERRESTRIAL mollusca, nearly allied to the Slug, 
and discovered by Olivier in Mesopotamia; its organs 
of respiration, however, are defended by a fleshy shield, 

in the thickness of which is'a solid crustaceous body, 
assuming the form of a shell. In Sowerby’s Genera, 
No, 13, plate 4, this shell is figured and described. . 

. Parmacella Olivieri. * 


LIMAX. 
LIMAX RUFUS.—Linn. 


A naxep terrestrial mollusca or common slug, on 
whose back exists a tough or fleshy shield, beneath 
which the animal screens its head and a portion of the 
| body when contracted, containing, in its internal part, a 
‘small flat detached osseous substance, not exhibited on 


the exterior surface, and in some instances only compos- 


ed of corpuscular grains, or elementary parts of bone, 


167 
Fifteen species are known, of which the following on- 
ly are mentioned by Lamarck. 
Limax rufus Limax cinereus 


tn iat albus Mawerk agrestis. 


Sowerby’s Genera of Shells, No. 1, pl. 6. 


Tuts genus of mollusca is called Testacellus, by Sower- 
by; itis nearly allied to the Limax and Parmacella, from 
which, however, its organization differs, and it is also 
immediately distinguished by a very small shell, which 
coyers a portion of the posterior extremity of the ani- 
mal’s body, It is nearly ear-shaped; slightly spiral at 
the summit; the aperture very wide, oval, obliquely 
enlarged, having the margin turned inwards. This a- 
nimal, while living, remains generally beneath the sur- 
face of the ground, and is seldom seen above. Lamarck 
only mentionsone species. Mr. Sowerby, however, has 
discovered a second in the neighbourhood of London, 
which he calls T. scutellum, and has given a very in- 


teresting description of it in his Genera of Shells, No 2; 


168 


and a third, the T. Maugei of de Ferrusac, has been 
naturalized in a garden at Bristol, but is a native of 
Teneriffe. | 

| Testacellus haliotideus. 


ee -VITRINA. 
2) ae 
” Sowerby's Genera, No. 11, plate 4. 


5 


- Tis mollusca, like the preceding genus, possesses 4 
shell beneath which the animal partially contracts it-_ 
self, It is small, very thin, depressed, terminated above 
‘by a short spire; the last whorl very large, and form- 
ing a wide rounded or oval opening, the left edge arch- 
ed, and slightly bent iisarie: Lamarck only men- 
tions one species, but several others are known, and 
two of them are natives of this country. See Sower- 


by’s description of this genus. 


Vitrina pellucida. 


169 


% 


HELIX. 


 *AELIX HOMAMIA Lien, 
Chem. 98, table 96, 128, fig. 1138. A. B. C. 


Tuk shells of this genus are terrestrial, and the families 
of them innumerable; all parts of the globe not covered 
with water affording nutriment to the immense variety 
of different species, which every where abound. Their 
umber, diversity, and beauty can only be equalled by 
some classes of Entomology, in which a similar extent of 
species is observable. Lamarck has pointed out the in- 
dispensable necessity of making considerable and im- 
portant divisions of the G. Helix of Linnzeus, which he 
has therefore separated into the genera Helix, Auricu- 
Yee Carocolla, C yclostoma, Planorbis, Achatina, Anosto- 
ma, Ampullaria, Bulimus, Janthina, Paludina, Pupa, 
Lymnea, Succinea, Sigaretus, some of the Naticze, &c. 
each of which possesses consistent, natural, and charac- 
teristic generic distinctions, sufficiently strong and pre- 
‘cise, most fully to authorize their separation and dis- 
tinct classification from the G; Helix of Linnzeus, in 
which they were blended and confounded together in — 
strange disorder; the marine, land, and fresh water 


_ species, so intermixed, both with regard to the habi- | 


170 


tat and functions of the apimal, and the form and cha- 
racter of the shell, that the naturalist in vain look- 
ed for those concurring testimonies, and distinguish- 
ing generic characters, by which alone he could 
satisfy his mind on the propriety of adopting them 
as his guide in classing the object under his ex- 
amination, and determining its genus. The G. He- 
lix, as it now stands established by Lamarck, com- 
prehends such of the shells, so called by Linnzus, ) 
as present constant and similar generic characters 
in all their species, viz. their being orbicular, con- 
vex, or conoid, generally globular; aperture entire, 
of a greater width than length, very oblique, con- 
tiguous to the axis of the shell, having the margin of 
it disunited by the angle of the previous evolution or 
whorl; the right margin or lip thickened or reflect- 
ed inwards, a circumstance which never takes place 
in marine or fresh water shells, whose general appear- 
ance might, in other respects, resemble that of the He- 
lix. The substance of the shell is never pearly, though 
externally and internally highly polished: the animals 
conceal themselves, during the heat of the day, in damp 
shady places, and during winter, in the holes of trees 
and walls, or beneath the surface of the ground, some of 


them closing the aperture of their shell with a false cal- 


171 

careous operculum, protecting them from injury or in- 
trusion, while they remain in an inactive or torpid state: 
and such is their tenacity of life, that the writer has 
received shells of this genus from the Brazils and the 
West Indies, closely packed in boxes, which, shortly af- 
ter they were opened in this country, exhibited these 
animals gladly escaping from their confinement, appa- 
rently uninjured by the length of their journey, or the ~ 
want of air and sustenance—It is also a well attested 
fact, that a portion or even the whole of this animal's 
head will be reproduced, after having been severed 
from the body, by accident or cruelty. 

‘Suegits thus clearly characterized cannot easily be 
‘mistaken, and may reasonably be supposed to form the 
testaceous covering of molluscous animals, all of which 
have a similar organization of parts—A fact assumed 
by Lamarck, as the basis of ‘his systematic arrange- 
ment, and satisfactorily established by a host of evi- 
dence, either derived from the examination of the ani- 
mal while living, or where that was not practicable, 
from a constant and uniform concurring similarity of 
structure in the shell. In this genus the naturalist may — 
easily witness the process of the animal's forming its 


shelly dwelling upon the model of its naked body, com- 


172 


mencing with a thin, fragile, pellucid, vineous matter, 
in its first stage scarcely perceptible, but becoming, 
by each successive. deposit or layer of testaceous. coat- 
ing, thicker and more solid, till the whole is completed 
and has attained to its full maturity. 


THe propriety of Lamarck’s having been guided in 
his arrangement of the genera of shells, by the organ- 
ization of the animal inhabiting them, and not by the 
form of the shell only, except with a reference to the 
inhabitant of it, need not be more fully exemplified 
than in this instance, should any doubt still exist in the 
naturalist’s mind; and in every case the study of na- 
ture would be much facilitated, by observing more 
narrowly the indications she furnishes for the classifi- . 
cation of distinct genera and species, which, from be- 
ing often so very slightly defined, are too frequently 
overlooked or neglected, and considered of less import- 


ance than they really are. — 


Helix vesicalis Helix mutata 
--++- gigantea (nee pomatia 
weeee polyzonalis | +++++ aspersa 
setae monozonalis . — -----+ vermiculata 
es bs pulla +++» alonensis 


eevee lineolata »+ee+ versicolor 


173 


Helix naticoides - Helix guttata 
setae picta ..+++ Madagascariensis 
ee galactites -+.++ Jayanica 
wteeee heemastoma ‘ ..... Peruviana 
sees melanotragus -++++ simplex 
eats extensa +++++ Cidaris 
eee Jucana --++- Citrina 
wena globulus -++++ algira 


«+--+ melanostoma 


Fiver de ceelatura vidoes 


+++++ microstoma sees - 
maculosa 
Richardi : 


Bonplandii se 


gee ee TIGER Gss: oS . Me yews 
ee 


planulata 
labrella 
ungulina 


eeeee UIP ULTTA «#ee#e 


pellis-serpentis ---- 


Senegalensis 


+ «ees unidentata 


eneee 


eecqee cepa eoeee 


heteroclites 
«+++ discolor 


«+e lactea 


ee eee 


ee+++ Zonaria 


/ 
‘ 


- verticillus 
olivetorum 


planospira 


Barbadensis 
sinuata - 
hippocastanum 
bidentalis 


argilacea 


arbustorum 
candidissima 
nemoralis 
hortensis 
sylvatica 


splendida 


174 


_ Helix serpentina Helix crenulata 
CeigiwesNiciensis + planorbula — 
.++e+ variabilis +++» macularia 
--+++ fruticum -++++ maritima | 
Sty aie neglecta .-++» strigata 
: ees cespitum ee++»s muralis 
-+++s ericetorum wees. rugosa’ 
-+.++ intersecta +++ comea 
..+«. carthusianella = - -- ++ linguifera 
. +++» carthusiana +--+ incarnata 
ti dase diaphana aie cinctella 
owns COnOPOT 6) les eee cellaria 
ee velutina -.ee. nitida 
+++» obvoluta. < aigiep plebeium 
-++. Cookiana RE personata 
bis eiens pileus seers hispida 
ype papilla .. «++ rotundata 
Be a punctifera +++++ apicina 
ii plicatula ~ -see striata 
wards planorbella teens conspurcata 
aed scabra sese* Conica 
weeee Cariosa -+.«» conoidea . 
_ Helix pulchella. 


iil gee 


175 


| | ; 
CAROCOLLA. : Gs 


HELIX GUALTERIANA.—JLinneus. 


Mawe’s Linneus, pl. 29, f. 3. 


Tuais is the first of Lamarck’s divisions of the G. He- 
lix of Linneeus, and though the shells composing it 
are very nearly allied to the Helices, they nevertheless 
offer sufficient reasons for constituting a distinct genus. 
Shell orbicular, more or less convex or conoid, and 
sometimes quite flat on the upper part, as in the 
G. Gualteriana; the circumference of its outer whorl 
carinated and sharp; aperture ovate, contiguous to 
the axis of the shell; the right lip or margin sub- 
angular, and frequently toothed within. They are 


all terrestrial shells. 
Carocolla acutissima  Carocolla Madagascari- 
seeeeeees albilabris ensis 
els eats Uv angistoma = - ---- «--. marginata 
+++ee+-e+ labyrinthus -+++..... lychnuchus 
re lucerna veeee+ee+ planata 
Wi eee inflata +eeeeeees planaria 
sheeeeee. Gualteriana ----- ‘++. hispidula 
BatviNive bicolor ++sseeees Japicida 
er eeeeeee Mauritiana......... albella 


Carocolla elegans. 


176 


ANOSTOMA. 


/ ; s 
HELIX RINGENS.—Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 8, plate 1. 


Lamarck describes two species of this extraordinary 
shell, hitherto considered of the G. Helix by former au- 
thors, from which the peculiar structure eminently dis- 
tinguishes it, and necessarily constitutes a well defined 
genus by itself. Shell orbicular, globose, slightly 
keeled; an obtuse convex spire, the last whorl turned 
upwards, nearly reaching the summit, and rising at 
the front part in a perpendicular direction from the 
base of the shell; the rounded aperture horizontally 
attached to the body whorl on the upper side, with 
two teeth on the columella, and three or sometimes 
more on the right side, and the outer lip reflected on 
the side not affixed to the spire: its general appearance 
may be said to resemble the form of an antique Roman 
lamp with a projecting spout. 


Tne only difference in the two species described by 


Lamarck, is the one being more globular in form than 


the other; there are also two small punctures, one on 
each side of the lip near to the spire, in the second spe- 


PD, sa et = 


i eg ‘i 


seo 4 arta 
~~ s 


177 


cies named, which appear to have escaped his obser- 
vation; he also describes the aperture to’-be of a 
circular form, having probably included the thin ex- 
panded portion of the lip which lies on the spire, it 
otherwise must be considered more semicircular than 
round. It is much to be regretted that the animal has 
not yet been examined or described, as it certainly, in 
its organization and habits, must differ from all other. 
molluscze: the formation of the shell appearing to indi- 
cate, that, on the completion of the last whorl, with the 
reflected, thickened, and dentated lip, the animal would 
be obliged to carry its dwelling with the spire down- 


. wards; while, in a younger stage of growth, it is sup- 


posed, like all other Helices, to present the spire up- 
permost, and inclined to one side. Sowerby concurs 
in this opinion, which however at present can only be 
considered hypothetical. : 

_ Anostoma depressa Anostoma globulosa. 


178 


=| HELICINA. 


Lister, tab.61, fig. 59. 


Taese shells in form greatly resemble the G. Nerita, 
but are terrestrial, some feeding on trees, and others on 
the surface of the earth; they are also distinguished from 
the G. Helix, by their transverse callous coliimella, de - 
pressed and diminished in thickness at the lower part. 
Shell subglobular, not umbilicated; opening’ éntire, 
semi-elliptical, with a sharp edge, forming an angle at 
the lower part or base of the right side; the operculum 
is horny. The Trochus vestiarius of Linneeus may be 
confounded with this genus; but ifs being a marine 
shell, and the callosity covering the whole of its lower 
surface, by which if is rendered convex, sufficiently dis- 
tinguish it from the Helicina, whose callosity is con- 
fined to the columella side only. | 

Helicina neritella Helicina fasciata 


ABSA Ae striata oa" siehaie ERCNIS 


179 


PUPA. 


TURBO UvA.—Linn. © 
Martini, 4, tab. 153, fig. 1439, a, b. 


Tuts family is distinct from the Turbines, or Helices, 
and more nearly approximatesthe G. Clausilia, with 
which it might be united if the character of the open- 
ing did not indicate a differently organized animal.— 
The Pupz are most of them terrestrial; shell cylin- 
drical, and generally thick; aperture irregular, half 
ovate, rounded aiid subangular at the lower part, the 
niargins nearly equal, reflected outwards, and sepa- 
rated at the upper part by a thin columella lip; the 
whorls at both extremities nearly of an equal size, while 
thosé of the body part are larger and more’ ventricose. 


Pupa mumia 2 Pupa zebra 

gta ok uva oven. unicarinata 
eves SUICATA we alee maculosa 
«eee. candida Rl Fy eS: clavulata 
UP Es labrosa «+++. Ovularis 
.»..» fusus -+ee. Germanica 
wseee tridentata see. cinerea 
ots o) fASCIONAtA (OOO AS tridens 


N2 


180 


Pupa quadridens Pupa avena 

pia ie polyodon eee granum 
renee variabilis +++ fragilis 
coos. frumentum  — «=== dolium, 

ob sible MIBCRIS tite Dies Gon. umbilicata 


Pupa muscorum. 


“gl. CLAUSILIA. 
TURBO TRIDENS. 


Ww Chem. 9, tab. 112, fig. 957. 


Tue characteristic name of Clausilia was, in the first in- 
stance, given to shells in which the entrance of the open- 
ing was closed at a certain depth by a moveable ovate 
testaceous lid, performing the office of an operculum, 
and supported by a thin elastic pedicle, inserted in the 
columella: the lid closes upon the animal when it re- 
treats within its dwelling, by means of the pedicle acting 
asaspring. Lamarck has not been able to ascertain that 
all the examples he has given of this genus are so pro- 
vided, but concludes they should be, and has consti- 
tuded the present genus, from the other constant and 
similar characters to be observed in them; the most 


181 


remarkable of which is that of the termination of the 
lower whorl being quite detached from the base of 
the shell. The aperture ovate, or rounded; its edge 
entire, and the margin reflected outwards. ‘These 
shells are terrestrial, fusiform, slender, and the summit 
rather obtuse, to which may be added, though not 
mentioned by Lamarck, that the opening is occa- 


sionally dentated. 


Clausilia torticollis Clausilia teres 
See door truncatula - ..-....- denticulata 
Pasde eat retusa weeeeeee COllaris 
eee eeee costulata v+e+eee+ papillaris 
se seeese corrugata ese eee plicatula 
Selmats re . inflata sreeeees TUGOSA, 

6 

BULIMUS. 


HELIX OvaTA.—Mudller. 
- Du Bois’ catalogue of the Bligh Collection, pl. 2. 


Or this beautiful genus, the shells of which are all terres- 
trial, some were blended by Linnzus with the G, Bul- 
la, and others with the G. Helix, from which they es- 
sentially differ, never being of an orbicular shape. 


The animal has a great resemblance to that of the He- 


_——_--_— 


182 


lix; but the structure of the shell is altogether different 
either from the Bulla or Helix, and must necessarily be 
separated from them. The shell is ovate, oblong, or spi- 
ral, more or less yentricose; aperture entire, longer than 
wide; margin very unequal; columellastraight, smooth, | 
not truncated, or widened at the base, striated longitu- 
dinally ; and when the shell has, obtained its maturity. 
a reflected lip is formed, thickened round its circumfe- 
rence on the right side, and frequently nearly covering 
the umbilicus.on the other. In the B. ovata, the type 
of this genus, the outer lip has a thickened callosity at 
the middle part, not mentioned by Lamarck. ‘These 
shells have no operculum; the substance of some spe- 
cies is extremely thin, and the margin of the aper- 
ture smooth and sharp; all of them are supposed to be 
oviparous, and the eggs of some species are nearly as 
large as those of a pigeon. Many of the species of this 
genus are heterostrophe shells, and have never been 
found with the whorls turned to the right hand, or 


what are termed dextral shells. 


Bulimus ovatus Bulimus Richii | 
RY As bo hzemastomus eeceeee INVEFSUS. 
teenies gallina-sultana = +--+» ++ citrinus, |. 
AS ee zigzag seeeees Sulfanus. ©. 


_eteeees undatus tt tees Pythogaster 


183 


Bulimus ovoideus ‘Bulimus Mexicanus 
oe+eeee interruptus ++ +++ multifasciatus 
sivton bles Peruvianus ce eeeee Bengalensis 
Sb etees Favannii _ ssaeeee Caribeorum 
esiedees sMambenl )) 1) esjeojeee octonus 

Ao caleareus seee--- terebraster 
22 eajess decollatus | eeeeee articulatus 
votes :Jyonetianus se eee acutus 

bia cocarbiate inflatus seeeees ventricosus 
see eeee radiatus -+eeee- mMontanus 
crews sufragilis >> -leee ge hordeaceus 

i clamp ee ot Guadalupensis ee++++- Jubricus, 


ACHATINA. 


BULLA ACHATINA.— Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 14, pl.6. 


Lamarck has constituted a distinct genus of this nu- 
merous and elegant family of shells, which were con- 
founded by Linnzeus with the G. Bulla. The charac- 
ters of them in many respects resemble those of the G. 
Bulimus, but on examination the difference existing 
between the two will be evident, and prove the expedi- 


ency of a separation, ‘The columella is smooth and trun- 


184 


cated, and the margin of the aperture never thickened, 
which seems to indicate, that the animal breathes only 
air, and though not altogether incapable of existing in an 
aqueous element, probably derives its sustenance from 
the vegetation on the banks of rivers or stagnant pools, 
and only occasionally ventures into the water. Shell 
oval or oblong, ventricose, striated longitudinally; aper- 
ture ovate, never thickened or reflected: a smooth, 
straight columella, truncated at the base, without an 3 
operculum. Lamarck has not mentioned that they are 
oviparous, which no doubt is the fact, as the writer has 
seen the ovum of one species resembling the egg of a 
large sized humming-bird, and containing a distinctly 
formed shell within. Several of these, like the shells 
of the preceding genus, are heterostrophe. After the 
A. fulminea, Lamarck has now placed the A. columna- 
ria, having determined it to belong more properly to 
this genus than to that of the Lymneza, from which it 
has therefore been removed. | 


Last Whorl of the Shells ventricose, and not 


compressed. 


Achatina perdix Achatina immaculata 


sila} df, bates zebra veeeeees purpurea 


: 
Fa mas 
te 


185 


Achatina acuta ; Achatina ustulata 
Fini oy ae. bse bicarinata seeeeeee vexillum 
stteeees Mauritiana -------- Virginea 


wa bahetareis castanea eeeeecee Priamus. 


Last Whorl compressed, and attenuated to the base. 


Achatina glans Achatina fulminea 

RT ie TR Peruviana seeee+-+ COlumnaria 

os td albo-lineata. -++--+++ folliculus j 
beteeees fusco-lineata ------++ acicula, 4 


SUCCINEA. 


HELIX PUTRIS—Linn. 
Sowerby’s Genera, No.9, plate 4. 


Tunis genus was at first called Amphibulimus by La- 
marck, not knowing that Draparnaud had called it 
Succinea, which name he has now therefore adopted. 
The genus appears to be intermediate between those of 
Bulimus and Lymneza: the animal is almost amphibi- 
ous, inhabiting the neighbourhood of water, in which 
it fearlessly ventures, but habitually lives in the open 
air, and may therefore more properly be considered a 


terrestrial shell. They are distinct from the G. Bulimus, 


= 


—- a ~<a ~~ 


ee oe ae ee - ere ee es Ss 


aie ee ee a ee 


186 


in never having their lip reflected or thickened; and 
from the G. Lymnea, the columella being smooth, at- 
tenuated, and sharp; and the reflected right margin oc- _ 
casioning no appearance ofan angle, plait, or fold. Shell — 
ovate, oblong; aperture oblong, very ample, and entire; 
right lip not reflected, and united to the columella at the 
lower part: no operculum. Lamarck mentions only — 
three species; de Ferrusac, nine; and Sowerby has dis- 
covered another not noticed by either, which he calls 
S. ovata. 
Succinea cucullata Succinea amphibia 


Succinea oblonga. 


(SH 


AURICULA, 
VOLUTA ‘Avnre ine Liaw: 
Mawe's Linnaeus, pl. 29, f. 4. 
- Mart. 2, t. 23, f. 436, 438. 


SuExxs of this genus were considered Volutes by Lin- 


neeus, from which Bruguiere removed all those not 
possessing a notch at the base, to his genus Bulimus, not 
considering that the plaited or callous columella dis- 
tinctly indicated the dwelling of a differently organiz- 
ed animal. Lamarck has therefore constituted the pre- 


187 


sent genus. He had imagined that the shells with a plait- 
ed column, the aperture without any notch at the base, 
and the margin smooth and sharp, were river shells; and 
consequently had formed them into a genus by them- 
selves, under the name of Conovulus; but, from the sub- 
sequent observations of M. de Valenciennes, it was dis- 
covered that they were terrestrial. Lamarck has there- 
fore united all of the G. Conovulus under the’ present 
name, Shell suboval, or oblong; aperture longitudi- 
nal, contracted, and ear-shaped, quite entire at the base; 
the margin at the upper part narrowed and disunited, 
columella with one or more callous plaits; the centre of 
the right lip thickened, sometimes reflected outwards, 


and sometimes smooth and sharp. 


Right Lip outwardly reflected. 


Auricula Midee Auricula scarabzeus 
stabs vais Judze eeeeee.» bovina 
EE ASA Sileni sha hehvechs « caprella 
Sipvedvnsvede 4 leporis Hehaleigh ole‘ myosotis 
SEP ARB felis cieigye «ofc BRRIEIAA ie 


Raght Lip plain and sharp. 


Auricula Dombeiana Auricula nitens 


ret eeens coniformis seeeeeee MOnile. 


— > 


188 


CYCLOSTOMA. 


HELIX VOLVULUs.—WMuller. 


22 


Encycl, Meth. plate 461, fig. 3, a. b. 
Chemnitz, 9, table 123, fig. 1064, 1066. 


Tus genus, (of which the Turbo carinatus of Gmelin 
is a species), is terrestrial ; and, from the great variety of 
form in its different species, has been blended by for- 
mer authors on conchology with other genera. It now 
however only comprehends a branch of the Linnzean 
G. Helix, from the others of which it essentially differs, 
and is easily distinguished by the aperture being invari- 
ably circular, and the margin thin, sharp, and outwardly 
reflected at right angles withit. The G. Cyclostoma is 


not the only one in which the species possess a circular 


aperture: the G.Scalaria, Delphinula, and Paludina, 


have it also: the two former have likewise a reflected 
lip; but the annular processes of the one, and the pear- 
ly substance of the other, distinguish and prove them 
to be marine; while the G. Paludina, not possessing the 
reflected lip, but a smooth sharp margin, is evidently a 
fluviatile shell. These shells vary considerably in form, 


some being turreted, some cylindrical, others flat at the 


189 


spire, or convex, and can only be recognized with cer- 
tainty by their round aperture and reflected lip, their 
exterior never having tubercles or spines, and their pos- | 
sessing a horny operculum. fh 

: 


Cyclostoma planorbula Cyclostoma fasciata 


veeeveceees VOlvulus ai anlar erate o, oce/e mumia 

ee eoreceeee Carinata seul diets ty Datasets quaternata 
Merete e pe oe Sas es ee ferruginea 

mr octets fey sco unicarinata -+---+...-. decussata 

A SN tticdrimata ss J+ co dacduce Miéolata 
Siatai ajer hetatete Gheblatea ks cf ick wanes Se mamumuillaris 

ee ee o#- FUQOSA ee ee eee ids ate ligata 
Bi eth a ant Radpeess a 3 igh sso iiwote Jui lene tie 
a Pa interrupta ---.....4.. orbella 
smi aeite cama ARIA | 4; oes? ¥iee.<2's: mbriatn 
aba ts 8 OES EN a es anita bris 
eseeceseees flayula eee eeeeee elegans. 
Doubtful Species. 


Cyclostoma patulum — Cyclostoma truncatulum. 


190 


PLANORBIS:..... .cge-ved ctiv' 


@) t HELIX CORNU-ARIETIS,—Linnaus. 
E | Ce : verch : 
~" \ Encyel. Meth. plate 460, fig. 3, a, b. 

Chem. 9, t. 112, f.952, 953. 


Turis genus formed a part of the G. Helix of Linneeus. 
Muller and Bruguiere were the first to separate it;- and 
Lamarck agrees with them in the propriety ofso doing, 
not only with a view to diminish the great number of 
shells described as belonging to the G. Helix, but to dis- 
tinguish the aquatic from the terrestrial species. Shells 
of this genus are discoid, that is, having the spiral evo- 
lutions on an horizontal plane, or, as it were, wound 
round a central point, gradually increasing in size, and 
leaving the upper and lower sides concave, and nearly 
similar, the spire being only a little elevated; the aper- 
ture oval, dilated, far removed from the axis of the shell; 
the lip never reflected; substance generally thin and — 
diaphanous; the whorls nearly cylindrical, but some- 
times flattened, angular, or carinated; they have no 


operculum, and inhabit fresh water. 


Lamarck. does not appear to have observed, in more 


than one species of the P. spirorbis, the very peculiar 


191 


and characteristic distinction of its being heterostro- 
phe, or what is commonly called a reverse shell, which 
also occurs in many other examples examined by the 
writer. » | f 


Planorbis cornu-arictis Planorbis vortex 


ovo =teroee corneus seeeeeees Geformis 

ween teens carinatus seeeeees- COntortus 

Sees lutescens ++e+e+ee- hispidus 

ais) e\enaid) stops orientalis seeeeeees Nitidus 

oon stecess spirorbis | eaeeesees imbricatus 
PHYSA. 


BULLA FONTINALIS.— Linn. 


Sowerby's Genera, No. 7, plate 6. 


Tue G. Physa, established by Draparnaud, is a fresh 
water shell, thin, fragile, and generally heterostrophe, 
or having the whorls turned to theleft hand; they were 
considered Bulle by Linnzus, from which the project- 
ing spire distinguishes them: they are nearly allied to 
the G. Lymnza, from which they only differ in not 
having the aperture widened, the right margin being 
a little advanced above its base. Sowerby in his Ge- 

nera of Shells, No.8, has united this genus with that 


tat tepties ste nl me 


192 


of Limneza, observing that the circumstance of the 
Phys being heterostrophe shells, is not a sufficient 
generic distinction to warrant their separation; as they 
differ in no other respect from the G. Lymnza. 

Physa castanea Physa hypnorum 

reas fontinalis -++++ subopaca 


LYMNEA. 


HELIX STAGNALIS.—Linne@us. 


= *| Sowerby’s Genera, No.7, pl. 6. 


Te numerous species of this genus of shells, and their 
being aquatic, renders the separation of them necessary 
from the G. Helix and G. Bulimus, but more particular- 
ly the characters of each being in other respects so ve- 
ry different. It is an aquatic shell, oblong, sometimes 
turreted and more or less ventricose; spire projecting ; 
aperture ovate, entire, and sharp, the lower part reflect- 
ed upon the columella, and forming an oblique plait 
on re-entering the opening; substance not pearly, and 
generally thin: no operculum... The first species men- 


tioned by Lamarck, L. columnaris, being a terrestrial 


shell, he has in the last volume of his work removed it to 


193 


the G. Achatina (to which it more properly belongs); 
and. has placed it next to the Achatina fulminea.— 
Sowerby has united these with the Physz, for the 
reasons stated in the description of that genus. 


Lymnuea columnaris Lymnea auricularia 


sae Wine stagnalis o« deiasies GVata 

oo) eis-pisturd palustris +ereveee peregra - 
-eeocess Virginiana = «+ se eeee intermedia 
oom eleldisis luteola -+esess+ Jeucostoma — 


evsiensios QACUMINACA «+ +n olsats minuta. - 


; 
y 
ig 
, 
> 
’ 
Ps 


MELANIA. 


HELIX AMARULA.—Linn. 
_ Mawe’s Linneus, plate 20, fig. 2. 
Linn «us blended these shells with his G. Helix, and 


some affinity has been supposed to exist between this 
genus and that of the Lymnza; but, exceptthat they ~ 
are both of them fluviatile shells, and the form of the 
Melania an oblong oval, with the spire produced or tur- 
reted, in other respects they are very dissimilar. The 
shells of this.genus are closed by a horny operculum: 
they are rather thick; the exterior wrinkled, and the 
margin of the spiral whorls often surmounted by spines 


1) 


194 


or knobs; the columella smooth and arched, the lower 
part of their aperture entire, constantly wider thanthe 
upper: they are'also covered with a brown or black epi- 
dermis. The animal breathes only air. 


Melania asperata Melania decollata 
hicte gtk truncata — - eooeeee amarula 
pe ee coarctata 2 oh enap thierella 
eeeeees punctata seeee+ spinulosa - 
+eeee+ Corrugata oon aes granifera 
venes +» subulata - = «--+-++ carinifera 
rats 2 Mae leevigata eeee-e- truncatula 
«eee. Clavus seeress fasciolata. 


MELANOPSIS. 
MELANOPSIS COSTATA. 


Encycl. Meth. p. 438, f-7. 


Tuese shells are fluviatile, and are very nearly allied 
to those of the preceding genus; from which, however, 
they are easily distinguished by their columella being a 
callous at the upper part, and their base truncated asin 
the Achatina. They approximate the G, Pirena, from — 
which they principally differ in having only one si- 
nus, or a widened opening at the base of the shell. They _ 


195 
are turreted; the aperture entire, oval, and oblong; the 
columella callous at the upper part, truncated at the 
base; the right side of the margin separated by a sinus 
or notch. Shell with an operculum. 

Melanopsis‘costata | Melanopsis levigata. | 


PIRENA. 


Encycl. Meth. pl. 458, f. 2, A. B. 


Tue G. Pirena resembles the G. Melania and G. Me- 
Janopsis, but more particularly the former genus: from 


the latter however, it is principally distinguished by 
not having any particular callosity; and it cannot be 
confounded with the G. Melania, the right margin 
having a sinus at the base, and another at the summit; 
consequently the shells of this genus present two 
notches, while those of the G. Melanopsis and G. Me- 
lania exhibit only one. It is a turreted shell, the 
aperture oblong, right lip sharp, and the base of the 
columella inclined towards the right side. The oper- 
culum is horny. . 
Pirena terebralis Pirena aurita 


emt, spinosa -+++++ granulosa. 


196 


VALVATA, 


| HELIX PISCINALIS.—Gmelin. 


Mutter and Draparnaud have described this genus of 
fresh water shells under its present name, which La- 
marck therefore preserves. It is quite distinct from the 
G. Planorbis, although its form is rather discoid: asthe 
animal only breathes water, and has an operculum, it 
more nearly approximates the G. Paludina; but the 
spiral cavity of the Valvata is complete, that is, not mo- 
dified by the previous whorl, and the aperture is round- 
ed, and not angular at the summit. Shell widely um- 
bilicated, rather oblong, obtuse, cylindrical; whorls 
but slightly connected, and not limiting the spiral cavi- 


ty; aperture rounded, entire, and sharp; the operculum 
«ie 


aia: Valvata piscinalis. 


PALUDINA. 


HELIX VIVIPARA.—Gmelin. 

Tus genus, of which the various species have been 
confounded with the genera Bulimus, Cyclostoma, and 
Turbo, by various authors, Lamarck has properly 
classed by itself. It generally inhabits fresh water, 


197 


but has been found in brackish water, and even 
where it is quite saline; the animal breathes only wa- 
ter like that of the Valvata to which it nearly approxi- 
mates, but has the Branchiz internal. Shell with 
round or convex whorls compressing the spiral cavity ; 
aperture a rounded oval, angular at the summit; the two 
edges of the lip united, sharp, never reflected outward- 


ly; the operculum horny and orbicular. 


Paludina vivipara Paludina unicolor 
Goi Sieur achatina eee eeee impura 
rte tees Bengalensis  -------++ muriatica 


: Paludina viridis. 


AMPULLARIA. 


HELIX AMPULLACEA.— Linn. 


Sowerby's Genera, No. 4, pl. 3. 


Tis genus appears to be allied to the G. Planorbis, 
but the shells are very different. ‘They inhabit fresh 
water in hot climates, and sometimes attain a great 
size; the columella lip is thickened, projecting, and 
recurved or reflected over the umbilicus, which is 
small, forming a compressed funnel-shaped aperture, 
without producing any callosity within; the right side 


of the margin is always smooth and sharp. Shell glo- 


) 


198 
bular, extremely ventricose; opening ear-shaped; the 
spire depressed; and the circumference of the: last 
whorl at least four times the size of the preceding 
evolutions. 


Tues shells are closed by an operculum, sometimes 
of a horny and occasionally of a calcareous substance, 
which circumstance, as well as the slight groove on the 
columella, into which it fits, appears to have escaped 
Lamarck’s observation. “ts 


Ampullaria Guyanensis © Ampullaria Guinaica 


ge oni BA TUgOSA tees eeeee Virens 
i fasciata te eee eeee carinata 
alow aae canaliculata ..+++«.- ++ avellaua 
EPP TT oe) Cite ay ee Oe intorta 
Ampullaria fragilis. . 


[There are several fossil species described in the An- 
nales du Museum. p. 30.] 


NAVICELLA. 


| NERITA PORCELLANA.—Chenmitz. 
| Chem. 9, tab. 124, fig. 1082. 
Tuese are fresh water shells, and nearly allied to the 


Nerita, but yet more closely to the Neritina. The sum- 


199 


mit does not turn in an oblique spiral curve, as inthe 
genera mentioned, but is straight, turned quite to ‘the 
base, and concave beneath; the left margin flattened, 
sharp, and straight, forming a flat internal deck or par- 
tition, which covers a part, but never half the cavity 
of the aperture; a solid flat operculum, with one late- 
ral and subulate tooth (or appendage). 
_ Navicella elliptica _ Navicella lineata 


Navicella tessellata. 


NERITINA. 


NERITA PULLIGERA.—Gmelin. | y 
Chem. 9, t. 114, f. 975, 976. 
Naturautsts have hitherto confounded the shells of 
this genus with the true Neritze, which in form they 
greatly resemble ; but from the circumstance of the 
latter inhabiting the sea, and the Neritinz fresh water, 
Lamarck was induced to conjecture the animals were 
differently organized, and that the shell would conse- 
quently furnish some proof to that effect, which on ex- 
amination he found to:be the case. The Neritinze are 
in general of a thin substance; the most part smooth 
-on the surface, or merely finely striated: in all the spe- 


cies known the right side of the aperture does not pos- 


med LO =e , 


200 


sess. any crenulations or teeth; the operculum (of 


"those species which have been found with it), is provid- 


ed with a lateral tooth on one side. Some species are 
armed with long spines. Shell thin, semiglobular, or 


“oval; flattened beneath, not umbilicated; opening se- 


micircular; left margin smooth and sharp. 


- Neritina perversa Neritina auriculata 
++eeeee pulligera seseee- Domingensis 
pe apie.s * dubia st vee fasciata 
chat se. Zebra : eevee. lineolata 
aie fa inte zigzag ee semi-conica 
teeeees gagates seers -- strigilata 
Pepys. lugubris ++eeee. meleagris 
Seite Bue corona eeeeeee virginea 
sreeee. brevi-spina = «+ ++ ++ fluviatilis 
che teee crepidularia +--+: viridis 

Neritina Beetica. 


NERITA. 


ms é : NERITA EXUVIA.—Linn. 
Mawe’s Linneus, pl. 30, f.1 §7. 
Sowerby’s Genera of Shells, No. 15, pl. 4. 


Tue true G. Nerita is distinguished from the Neritina 
by the following characters, independent of its being a 


201 


marine shell: it is solid, semiglobular, concave beneath, 
not umbilicated; aperture entire, semicircular; summit 
very obtuse; left side flattened, (septiforme), sharp, 
and often dentated, the inner one slightly concave, ge- 
nerally with granulations; operculum fixed by a tooth 
or appendage which fits into a receptacle within the » 
shell, opening as the animal passes out, and. closing 
upon it when retired within its shell. The shells are 
never spined, but variously striated. They are gene- 
rally so well known to collectors, that a more minute 


description is here unnecessary. 


Nerita exuvia Nerita chameleon 
ecocoes textilis === ev anes versicolor 
siwcesipndata SON Ascensionis 
esses peloronta = ev eee - Malaccensis 
-++e+- Chlorostoma =...» lineata 
«++eee atrata «e+ ee scabricosta 
eoeess polita tee ee plicata 
»++++ albicilla .seeee tessellata 


Nerita siguata, 


' 202 


NATICA. 


NERITA CANRENA.—Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No 15. pl. 5. 


Tue species and varieties of this very numerous fa- 
mily were classed together by Linnzeus under the 
name of Nerita canrena. Bruguiere first separated 
them, and adopted Adanson’s name to distinguish them 
from the Nerite, to which they have but a very slight 
affinity. The shells of this genus are solid, subglobu- 
lar, umbilicated; aperture entire, semicircular; right 
lip smooth and sharp; left margin oblique, callous, but 
not toothed, the callosity modifying the umbilicus, and 
sometimes closing it entirel y; the exteriorsmooth; oper- 
culum generally calcareous, with concentric ribs, fitting 
into a slight groove on the columella, though in some 
species it is horny and smooth: which circumstances 
are not observed by Lamarck in his description of these 
shells. Sowerby meations the existence of numerous 


fossi] species. - 


Natica glaucina Natica melanostoma 
seen albumen .eeees aurantia . 
enna mamillaris seeees CONICA 


ee te: mamilla ++++++ plumbea 


203 
Natica ampullaria Natica lineata , 
eeeees Canrena »+ee+- fulminea 
se eeee cruentata +++++- maculosa — 
cose - millepunctata -----+-+ vittata ; 
stot ga vitellus ++++++ castanea 
esse.» helvacea -++e++ Marochiensis 
-reers COllaria. we ee es arachnoidea 
a ae monilifera eee Zebra 
-+++++ labrella . «+++ ZOnaria 
ody Gott rufa »+«+ee Chinensis 
seeeee uni-fasciata -+eees Javanica , 


Natica cancellata. 


JANTHINA. | Mf 
) 


HELIX JANTHINA.—Linne@us. | 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 5, plate 3. 


Tats singular. marine shell was classed by Linnzus 
with the Helices, all of which are terrestrial. The 
Janthina is only in general form like the Helix, but 
differs in every other respect irom that or any other 
genus. The shell is extremely thin and fragile, trans- 
parent, and of a beautiful violet color throughout its 


substance: the form is round and ventricose; whorls 


204. 


slightly angulated; spire obtuse; colamelia straight, 
continued below the base-of the right side, oceasioning 
an angle to be formed at the lower part of the aperture ; 
a sinus in the margin of the outer lip, which, from the 
delicate substance of the shell, is seidom seen perfect. 
These shells are found floating on the surface of the sea ; 
suspended by a vesicular appendage, attached to the 
foot of the animal, which emits a violet-colored liquid, 
when touched, Two species are described by La- 
g marck; but Sowerby mentions two others, the J. glo- 
bosa, and a species found upon our own coasts, though 
very rarely: and among many unique and non-descript 
shells in the late Earl of Tankerville’s cabinet, the 
writer has observed another very distinct and beauti- 
ful species. ; 
Janthina communis Janthina exigua. 


S; | SIGARETUS. 


. ' 
~\ WELIX HALIOTOIDEA.— Linn. 


oy 
~—<_ Mart.1, table 16, fig. 151, 154., 


Tue Sigaretus is a shell concealed in the mantle of the © 
animal producing it. !t somewhat approximates the 


G. Natica, greatly resembling a very depressed shell 


205 


of that family, from which, however, the extraordinary 


ails gyi til cera 


width of the aperture, and its spiral short columelic, 
render it perfectly distinct. Shell nearly orbicular, | 
but subauriculated, and very much depressed ; left side 
short and spiral; ‘spire flat; aperture eval, entire, ex- 
tremely wide, exposing the whole interior. 

Sigaretus haliotoideus © Sigaretus leevigatus 


eee eeees concavus eeeesse+ cancellatus. 


STOMATELLA. 


PATELLA LUTEA.—Linn. 


Mart.1, table 17, fig. 154, 155. 


Tris genus in external appearance much resembles the 
G. Stomatia and G. Hahiotis; and Liunzeus considered 
it a Patella, to which it has, however, less affinity than 
to either of the other genera. It may more easily be 
mistaken for a much depressed Turbo; but its form and 
the want of an operculum indicate a very different in- | 
habitant. It never possesses the transversal rib of the 
Stomatia, nor is the right margin so much raised as 
that of the Haliotis; and it is always without the per- 


forations, so remarkably characteristic of that genus. . 


206 


Shell oblong, ear-shaped ; aperture entire, very wide; 
summit pointed, incurved, and nearly marginal; the 
interior beautifully iridescent. 


Stomatella imbricata Stomatella sulcifera 
oleWie ew Mere SRDS DHE <inialaietgsie + auricula 
Stomatella planulata. 


STOMATIA. 
a 
. | HALIOTIS IMPERFORATA.—Linn. 


Chem. 10, t. 166, f. 1600, 1601. 

Tas shell very much resembles the Haliotis in appear- 
ance. It hasevena transverse subcarinated rib, tubercu- 
lated, butneverimperforated. Shell ear-shaped, oblong, 
very convex; spire much elevated, and recurved to one 
side; aperture entire, oblong, and the interior very 
pearly. | : 


Stomatia phymotis | Stomatia obscurata. . 


207 


HALLOTIS. 


HALIOTIS MIDX.—Linneus. 


Mawe's Linn. pl.31. 


Tue Haliotides constitute a beautiful genus, numerous: 
in species, and remarkable for their singular form and. 
brilliant pearly substance. They are so well known 
to all collectors by the trivial name of Ear Shells, that 
a minute description of them here is not necessary, 
particularly asthe writer’s object is chiefly to make 
Lamarck’s arrangement easy of comprehension to those 
who are unacquainted withit, by giving his reasons for 
having divided many of the genera, as they formerly 
were constituted by other authors, and stating where 
no alteration has taken place in a genus, as is the casein 
_ the present, with the exception of the H. imperforata. 
It is therefore only necessary to add a few particulars 
mentioned by Lamarck, not generally known, regardin g 
theanimal. Asthe animal increases the size of its shell 
anew hole is commenced, appearing at first only anotch 
on the external margin, but which afterwards is com- 
pleted as the growth of the shell continues, and others 
_ formed in succession, admitting the passage of a short 


syphon. Whenat rest the animal adheres, like the Pa- 


~ gen” 


208 


tella, to rocks nearly on a level with the sea; and dur- 
ing the fine summer ‘nights it wanders to feed on the 
herbaceous plants that grow near the shore. 


Tris genus, in the writer's opinion, much wants a 


better classification of its species in their natural prox- 


imities. reit 

Haliotis Midze - Haliotis asinina 
PreK - iris seeeaee glabra 
wRU NG -. tubifera sees ee lamellosa 
se teeee excavata veeeee+ unilateralis 
PaaS australis | eeeeses rugosa 
+++e.++ tuberculata — «-.-.... canaliculata 

Posy ad. ve Wiriatasy rn ibd den oes tricostalis 
Haliotis dubia. 

TORNATELLA. 


he | VOLUTA SOLIDULA.—Linneus. 
* < -| 3 


Mart. 2, t.43, f.440, 441. 

Tue Tornatellz are convolute and marine shells, which 
Lamarck in the first instance mistook for, and classed 
with the G. Auricula, on account of the plaits or callosi- 


tieson the columella: but besides the difference of their 


~~ = _— 
dul ~ Pes 


209 


habitat, their general form is very distinct, and would 
more nearly resemble the G. Ovula, if the spire was 
not produced. The surface of these shells has sel- 
dom an epidermis, and is altogether or only partially 
striated transversely; they have on the columella one 
or more thick, obtuse plaits: the shell is rolled round its — 
own axis, oval, cylindrical; aperture oblong, entire, right 


edge sharp, spire elevated, and rather acute. 


Tornatella flammea Tornatella auricula 
Eiatatbe ats .. golidula oi dhs dbs, wis uete nitidula 
Maka welaae fasciata — ay aids aco hails pedipes. 


PYRAMIDELLA. 
TROCHUS DOLABRATUS.— Linnaeus. 


Favanne, pl. 65, f. L. 


LAMARCK is convinced, on an examination of these 
shells, that they are marine and not terrestrial, though 
different authors have not precisely determined their 
habitat: (three only of the species described by La- 
marck, are stated by him to inhabit the sea). Shell 
subconical, turreted, without an epidermis; apertare se- 
mioval, entire, outer lip sharp; the lower part of the 
columella a little projecting, and subperforated at the 
base, with three transverse plaits. 


P 


210 


Pyramidella terebellum Pyramidella plicata 
eS AER, AT, dolabrata of HL AAEE corrugata 


Pyramidella maculosa. 


ge VERMETUS. | 
y : SERPULA ienubescalbeeaLeumian 
Mawe's Linn. pl. 34, f. 1. 


Ar the first sight of this shell it might be considered 
the production of an Annelide, or the shell of a Serpu- 
la; but the figure and description given of the animal 
by Adanson, evidently prove it to be a true Mollusca, 
and very singular in its organization, since it cannot 
displace itself to climb or swim from one place to ano- 
ther. The shell is tubular, thin, diaphanous, almost hor- 
ny, and turned in a loose spiral form, particularly at 
the posterior end; it is rendered extremely remarkable 
from the cireumstance of its adhering, or being affixed 
to marine bodies by the attenuated and pointed extre- 
mity of the spire. These shells are usually found 
grouped together, and as it were intertwined with each 
other: they appear nearly allied to the shells of the G. 
Scalaria, which are rendered tubular by the peculiar 
separation of the whorls of the spire, though they are 
free, and never attached by any part to marine bodies. 


Vermetus lumbricalis. 


211 r 


SCALARIA. 


TURBO SCALARIS.—Linn. | 
Sowerby's Genera, No. 11, pl. 2. 


‘Tae Scalariz are marine shells, very easily distinguish- 
ed from the G. Cyclostoma, (though they have, a circu- 
lar aperture), not only as to habitat, and their turreted 
form, but by their longitudinal, elevated ribs, which are 
never connected together, rather oblique, and almost 
sharp: these ribs are only the thin reflected margins of 
“previous terminations of the opening, each exhibiting 
the growth and addition made by the animal to the 
shell, at successive periods of enlargement: these ter- 
minations are very different in terrestrial shells, never 
being left ata former stage of growth. The spire of 
‘the Sealaria is more or less elongated in the different spe- 
cies, but in all yet known the succeeding whorlis always 
larger than the preceding, which occasions the turreted 
form of these shells to differ from the cylindrical shape 
of the Pupze, to which they may be said to bear some re- 
‘semblance; they, like the Scalarize, having numerous 
ribs on the whorls, though their form is much more cy- 
lindrical. The aperture of the Scalariz, is round or 
nearly so, the edge of it thickened, sharp, and outward - 
P2 


212 


ly reflected at aright angle; there appears a very slight 
indication of a groove or canal on the columella side, 
not mentioned by Lamarck. Sowerby also observes, 


that these shells possess a thin horny operculum. 


One of the most beautiful species of this genus, the 


_ S. pretiosa (commonly called the Wentletrap), is ex- 


tremely singular for its umbilicus, and the separation of 
its spiral whorls, which appear like an attenuated tube 
spirally evolved round a cone. The whorls are drawn 
out, often quite separated from each other, or only slight- 
ly connected together by the longitudinal ribs of the pre- 
vious terminations of the aperture; and even these in 
some examples do not touch, proving that they are not 
essential to the support of the whorls; from which cir- 
cumstance this genus may be considered-nearly allied 
to the G.Vermetus. There are many more species 
known than those enumerated by Lamarck, as well as 


many fossil species. See Sowerby’s Genera, No. 11. 


Scalaria pretiosa -  Scalaria varicosa 
se evess lamellosa «eeeees COMMUNIS 
pvleeees coronata -+«eees australis 


Scalaria raricosta. 


{And three fossil species. ] 


213 


DELPHINULA. 


TURBO DELPHINUS.—Linneus 
Mawe's Linn. pl. 28, f. 4. 


Tus genus possessing the round mouth of the G. Tur- 
bo, probably induced Linuzeus to consider it of that 
family, but the united margin of the aperture at once 
distinguishes it from the Turbo. In many respects 
it approximates the G. Scalaria, like which it some- 
times has the whorls drawn out and detached. The 
shell is solid, conical, or subdiscoid, umbilicated, thick, 
nacreous within and under the external coating; aper- 
ture entire, round, or trigonal; whorls of the spire rug- 
ged on the outside, and angular on the side of the umbi- 
licus, (which is filled with short spines proceeding from 
the interior side of the whorls, not mentioned by La- 
marck); no columella is visible: it is presumed the ani- 
mal has an operculum; the exterior is armed with spines, 
depressed and palmated at the summits, tubercles, or 
scabrous striz. The solidity and pearly substance of 
these shells and their external surface, at once distin- 
guish them from the terrestrial G. Cyclostoma, though 
both possess a circular united aperture. 
Delphinula laciniata | = Delphinula distorta 
Delphinula turbinopsis. 


[There are also seven fossil species. | 


= oe 


214 


SOLARIUM. 


Chem. 5, t. 196, f. 1691, 1696. 


_ Liynzus and other writers considered this genus to be 


a species of Trochus, with which it certainly appears- 
closely allied, particularly when compared with such of 
them as have the base terminating in a sharp edge at 
the outer circumference. In form this genus also some- 
what resembles the Planorbis, and from the examina- 
tion of some fossil species it is very difficult to draw a 
distinct line between them. The division however 
now made by Lamarck, cannot be mistaken for either 
of the above mentioned genera, the umbilicus of the 
shell being always dentated or crenulated at the edge 


of the internal whorls. These shells are of an orbicular, 


_ depressed conical form, umbilicus very wide, with den- 


tated spiral whorls running interiorly from the summit 
to the margin, the opening of the mouth nearly quad- 
rangular: no columella. The writer has seen a calca- 
reous operculum, said to belong to a shell of this ge- 
nus, but cannot vouch for its having been found with 
it. In appearance it nearly resembled the thick stony 


operculum of many of the Turbines, but was of a more 


215 ae 


quadrangular form. Seven species are named by La- 
marck, but several others are known. . 
Solarium perspectivum Solarium stramineum 
nates Bin granulatum Bn gres an) a'5 hybridum 
tte eeees _levigatum aia. ane variegatum 
Solarium Juteum. 


[There are also eight fossil species. } 


' ROTELLA. 


TROCHUS VESTIARIUS.—Linn. 
Sowerby’s Genera, No. 14, plate 2. 


Tue base of the shells of this genus being particularly 
callous, and several peculiarities being observable in the 


sutures and appearance of the surface, which do not 


- exist in the G. Trochus, Lamarck has been induced to 


establish the present genus. It in some respects re- 
sembles the G. Helicina; but the shells of the latter 


being terrestrial, with the lip reflected, and the callo- 


sity extending beyond the umbilicus, cannot be con- 
founded with this genus. Shell orbicular, highly 
polished, without an epidermis; spire subconical, very 
low; aperture semicircular, and probably closed by an 


operculum. Lamarck has altered the specific name 


216 


of the type of this genus from Vestiarius to Lineolata, 2 
liberty he has frequently taken in other genera, and 
which is much to be regretted, as the number of Sy- 
nonyms has already created very great confusion, and 
Jed to many errors. 

Rotella lineolata —- Rotella suturalis 

settee rosea -+++e+e monilifera 

Rotella Javanica. 


TROCHUS. 
TROCHUS SOLARIS.— Linn. 
Mawe's Linneus, plate 27, fig. 1, 5. 


From this genus, as Linnzeus had constituted it, La- 
marck has separated the genera Solarium and Rotella; 
it however still remains a numerous and elegant fami- 
ly. The shells are marine, their form conical, the spire 
more or less elevated, the whorls angular, convex, some- 
times thin and sharp; aperture transversely depress- 
ed; the axis of the spire but slightly inclined: they 
stand easily and almost entirely erect on their base, 
which is flat and concave, (rarely convex, as in the Ro- 
tella); when placed in that position, the aperture forms 


an angle at the last whorl, exhibiting the lower part 


217 | 

of the columella, which is twisted or arched. Most of 
the species are of a beautiful pearly substance, and 
many of them have longitudinal ribs, (an occurrence ne- 
ver seen in the Turbines, for which some of this genus 
have been mistaken); the whorls of many of the species 
are marginated, with compressed vaulted scales or 
spines, more or less long; the aperture heart-shaped 
and closed by an operculum. Some species have the fa- 
culty of attaching stones, corals, and fragments of shells 
to their exterior, as the T. agglutinans of Lamarck, 
(T. conchyliophorus of Linnzeus). These have not been 
particularly distinguished by Lamarck, and might with — 
great propriety form a distinct family. 


Trochus imperialis Trochus asperatus . 


ee longispina ++» rhodostomus 
ane solaris +++eeee spinulosus 
Cit or xe th Indicus «+-ee-- costulatus 
$3 tas +. radians seeeees INEFMIS 
ore -- pileus veeeeee agglutinans 
see eees calyptreeformis  -+--+-+- czelatus 
eeoe++. fimbriatus == + eee ee tuber 

ee-+- brevispind es ee eee magus 
teeeees rotularius ceeeere riérula 
plies 8 wkd stella seseeee argyrostomus 
etic. - stellaris seeeeee Cookii 


Trochus niloticus 


veeeees pyramidalis 


-+eeeee noduliferus 
seeeo+. Caerulescens 
+ ++ee+ Obeliscus 
+eeeeee virgatus 
++eeee. maculatus 
seeeees granosus 
eee es Squarrosus 

“seerees incrassatus 
...+e++ flammulatus 
veces eClatus 
teres marmoratus 
-.ee+++ Mauritianus 
++eeee- imbricatus 
eooeee itriserialis 

»ee-e- crenulatus 

+seeee. asperulus 
eoooess acutus 
sees. CONnCAVUS 
.»+eee+ jineatus 


+++ zizyphinus 


218 


Trochus conuloides. 


6-30 e 


seseeeoeve 


eve ree 


conulus 
jujubinus. 
Javanicus 
annulatus 
doliarius 
granulatus 
granatum — 


moniliferus- 


iris. 


ornatus 
bicingulatus 
calliferus 


umbilicaris 


—undatus 


Pharaonis 


- sagittiferus 


carncolus 


_ cinerarius 


excavatus 
nanus 


pyramidatus 


Trochus erythroleucos. 


[And eight fossil species described in the Annales du 
Museum, Vol. 4, p. 46.) 


219 


MONODONTA. | 


TURBO PAGODUS.—TROCHUS LABIO.—Linn. 3g 


Chemnitz, 5, tab. 166, fig. 1579, 1580. | 
Tats genus occupies, as it were, an intermediate space ~ 
between the Trochus and the Turbo, distinguished 
from the former by the aperture being rounder, and 
scarcely at all depressed, and from the latter by the 
tooth-like projecting angle which the truncated colu- 
mella occasions at the base of the aperture. Shell oval 
or conoid; aperture entire, rounded; the margin dis- 
united at the upper part, and closed by an operculum; 
the interior margin in some appearing double, or 
grooved in its thickness, in others single and sharp: co- 
lumella arched, truncated at the base, exterior surface 
occasionally tuberculated or striated. 


Monodonta bicolor Monodonta tectum 
A +--+» pagodus [cum + ai a wis eae kG 

IE Re ong tectum Persi- ---------- australis 
URES Ie papillosa eiathue tas »++ canalifera 
Sad Romlid,o,)<,s = AOTORIREIG 054 tems wiaisiee viridis 

Seat a za'od kia JEgyptiaca ikaach ouaeranens (a fragarioides 
seer eaeees carchedonius -+--+++++- constricta 


See a ai « modulus © ssseeesees tricarinata 


220 


Monodonta articulata Mouodonta canaliculata 
seeeoveees Jugubris Tre Sh gees ho seminigra 
coreereess punctulata see eer eee rosea 


Monodonta lineata. 


TURBO. 


TURBO MARMORATUS.—Linn. 


Mawe's Linn. pl. 28, fig. 1. 
Chemnitz, 5, tab. 179, fig. 1775, 1776. 


Tue species of this genus are very numerous and much 
diversified, they differ from the Monodonte in never 
having the columella truncated at the base, but having 
it imperceptibly smoothed down on the right side; the 
aperture consequently presents a round opening: in 
many other respects they greatly resemble the preced- 
ing genus. They have been blended together with 
the Trochus by other authors, from which they are 
very distinct, the whorls being constantly convex and- 
never flattened; the shell is solid, resting almost entire- 
ly on its aperture, and the columella is never visi- 
ble. Shell subconical or turreted, whorls never com- 

pressed, aperture eutire, rounded, and closed by an 3 


operculum; margin disunited at the upper part, colu- 


221 


mella flattened at the base. The interior, as well as 
the exterior of these shells, when uncoated, presents a 


most brilliant pearly appearance of a golden or silvery 


iridescence. 


Many of these species have their ex- 


terior armed ,with spinous foliations, or are variously 


sculptured; others are perfectly smooth. 


Turbo marmoratus 
+++e++ imperialis 
++++++ torquatus 
++e++ sarmaticus 
ee+es+ Cornutus 
*++++* argyrostomus 
++eeee Chrysostomus 
aloe’ > Rus radiatus 
+++++ margaritaceus 
-eeees Setosus 
-+++++ Spenglerianus 
-e+++- petholatus 


- undulatus 


+ versicolor 
stees smaragdus 


seeeee cidaris 


Turbo diaphanus 
+eeeee TUGOSUS 
yalien coronatus 
->-*++ crenulatus 
weees - hippocastanum 
de eeee muricatus 
- «++ littoreus 
seeelee ustulatus 
»+++ Nicobaricus 
+++++e neritoides 
seeeee retusus 
seeeee Fudis 
-++e++ obtusatus 
s+eee+ pullus 
+«+++ caerulescens 
ester - cancellatus 


seeees COstatus. 


222 


PLANAXIS. 


BUCCINUM SULCATUM.—Born. 


Sowerby'’s Genera, No. 12, plate 3. 


Tnese are marine shells allied to the G. Phasianella, 
from which they are distinct, having the base of the co- 
lumella truncated as in the Melanopsis, and would have 
been yet more different if they had not possessed an 
operculum, as Lamarck imagined was the case. The 
shells of this genus are generally small, transversely 
grooved on the exterior; of an oval, conical form; 
solid; aperture ovate; columella flattened, truncated 
at the base, separated on the right margin by a nar- 
row sinus or channel; the interior surface of the right 
margin grooved or rayed with a callosity running be- 
neath the summit, appearing in that respect allied to 
the G. Buccinum and G. Purpura. Sowerby in his 
Genera of Shells, observes, that he has seen one spe- 
cies with a thin horny operculum, (a circumstance with 
which Lamarck was unacquainted), and considers them 
more nearly allied to the Buccina and Purpuree, than 
to the Phasianellz, in consequence of the callosity which 
runs under the summit of their right lip. 


Planaxis suleata Planaxis undulata. 


4 eet Re tet oe -- ee 


» 


Rat: ed 
Hae 


223 


PHASIANELLA. 


BUCCINUM AUSTRALE.—Linn. 


. 
Sowerby’s Genera, No. 4, plate 1. 


Tus genus very nearly approximates the G. Turbo, 
with which, as well as those of Buccinum, Bulimus, and 
Helix, other authors have confounded them. The form 
of these shells is spiral, oval, and conical, the last whorl 
considerably larger than the others; aperture oval, en- 
tire, inclining obliquely towards the base of the co- 
lumella, the lower part rounded, the upper narrowed, 
at which part the previous whorl forms a slight pro- 
jecting angle; columella smooth, compressed, and at- 
tenuated at the base; right margin sharp, smooth, not 
thickened or reflected outwards; a pear-shaped calca- 


reous operculum. They are marine shells. 


Tues shells are generally well known to English 
collectors, by the trivial name of Pheasant Snails, and 
are deservedly admired for their exquisite beauty, and 


the delicacy of their varied patterns and rich coloring: 


they form a very natural group, not easily to be mistaken 


for any other genus. Swainson has pointed out a 


} 


224 


very distinctive character in this genus, that of a slight- 
ly projecting or salient angle, running along the colu- 
mella. Sowerby mentions, that some fossil species are 
found in the neighbourhood of Paris, and in the London 
clay, but all of them small. 


Phasianella bulimoides _Phasianella lineata 


PUA TSAR -» rubens seee ee eeee NEDUlOSA 
AE aca variegata te a sulcata 
a Se elegans see eeeee Mauritiana 
PSAAL SAR Peruviana eee ween angulifera. 
\ : | 
TURRITELLA. 


ae) ’ TURBO DUPLICATUS.—Linneus, » 
@. 
_ Sowerby's Genera, No. 12. pl. 1. 

Former Naturalists, having only been guided by the 
general form of the shell, and not taking advantage of 
the indications pointed out by the different formation of 
the mouth, gave the name of Screws indiscriminately 
to the very long turreted shells, and blended them with 
the Scalariz, Turritellz, Turbines, and Cerithiz, each 
of which has differently characterized apertures.— 


The present genus may easily be distinguished from 


225 


those resembling it, by a sinus on the right margin of 
the aperture, only visible when the mouth is quite per- 
fect, (which seldom occurs), and not existing in any 
other species of shells of a similar form. They are all 
marine shells, more or less striated, or transversely ca- 
rinated, but none of the species known possess vertical 
ribs, thickened bands, or spinous tubercles; the edges 
of the aperture are separated at the upper part, and ne- 
ver reflected outwards; they are of avery long, turreted, 
spiral form, attenuated to a sharp point; and when the 
lip is perfect, it exhibits a sinus between the upper cari- 
nations. They possess an orbicular, horny operculum 
Turritella duplicata  Turritella brevialis 


weeceeese terebra eel oe bicingulata 
ere aie «+. imbricata = «+ +++ + + trisulcata 
eercceres replicata ec cecece : exoleta 
ayalaia eatetate fuscata coeeseecee Carinifera 
+eee e+++ Cornea [Aly aelemid eres « australis 


Turritella Virginiana. 
{There are also twelve fossil species. } 


Ee 


226 


CERITHIUM. 


STROMBUS PALUSTRE.—Linneus. 


| | Mart. 4, t. 156, f. 1472. 
Mawe's Linneus, pl. 25, f. 5, pl. 26, f. 6. 


Bruauiertr first established this beautiful and nume- 
rous genus, and adopted for a generic title the name 
given by Adanson to one of its species, which Lamarck 
has consequently preserved. The greater number of 
these shells were blended with the genera Murex, 
Strombus, and Trochus, by Linnzeus. The G. Ceri- 
thium is nearly allied to the G. Pleurotoma, but the 
aperture has not the slit on the right margin; and there 
are other distinctions, which render a separation ex- 
tremely proper. The spire of these shells occupies 
at least two-thirds of the whole length of the shell, 
the last whorl only slightly exceeding in size the 
previous one, giving it the appearance of a sharp point- 
ed elongated pyramidal cone; the exterior surface is 
seldom smooth, but variously striated, granulated, tu- 


berculated, or spinous; and sometimes with varices and 


_ bands, most singularly diversified in each of the spe- 


cies. The regularity and elegant distribution of these 
protuberant parts, as well as those of the G. Pleuroto- 


ma, and G. Fusus, might furnish a sculptor with the 


227 


models of innumerable designs for ornamenting archi- 
tectural columns. The aperture is short, oblong, and ob- 
lique, terminated at the base by a short canal, trunca- 
ted and recurved backwards, never with a notch; at the 
upper part of the opening is a gutter or groove, more 
or less strongly defined in the different species. . They 
inhabit the sea, but such as have the canal straight and 
truncated, inhabit salt marshes, or the embouchure 
of rivers, where the sea joins the fresh-water: they 
are not however river shells, and do not offer suffici- 
ently strong characters to constitute a genus of them- 
selves; nor has Lamarck thought it necessary to make 
even a division of them, which might probably have 
been advisable. | 
Cerithium giganteum = Carithium erythrzeonense 


ATi ice Ge palustre yeereeees Muricatum 
vege te< sy @uleatmanit } isi jislecwsawe radula 

eit <isieta'd « telescopium tein ciatete crassum 

beisley Axis ebeninum rsoeeeeee decollatum 

BH <r tions nodulosum = ---+--++» obtusum 

“ie fren vulgatum seen semigranosum 
Wide cat 66 (6:06 ' obeliscus a SO asperum 

ele een ete granulatum coeeeeees lineatum 

rage tite +++ aluco teeeee oe Vertagus 
veeereree echinatum —s ees ee eee fasciatum 


Q2 


228 


-Cerithium subulatum Cerithium ocellatum 
vevedteee’. heteroclites  -+--..s0. literatum 
hkhees.°zonale [UM eee eeeee atratum 
seveseeee semiferrugine- ++---++++- eburneum 
woalete « vier torulosum coeeeesss punctatum 
<1 Ry tuberculatum -------+- lima 
HANS ORC Ay # MoruS = sseeereee perversum. 


{And sixty fossil species.]’ — 


PLEUROTOMA. 


MUREX BABYLONIUS.—Linneus. 


Mawe's Linnaeus, pl. 26, fig. 1. 


Tuese shells were considered Murices by Linnzeus, 
and Bruguiere confounded them with the G. Fusus; 
they are however very different from either, not hav- 
ing the varices of the Murex, and possessing a long, thin 
notch or slit, on the right side of the aperture, which 
does not exist in the Fusus. Lamarck in the first in- 
stance called all these shells having:a short canal Cla- 
vatulz, and those with a long canal Pleurotome; but 
the very variable length of canal in the intermediate 


species, induced him to class them all under the present 


genus, being only guided by the notch on the upper 


229 


part of the edge of the aperture. These shells are either 
turreted or fusiform, varying in length; terminated at the 
base by a straight canal more or less lengthened; right 
margin with a deep narrow notch or slit near its upper 
part; the spiral whorls variously sculptured, as in the 
preceding genus; aperture closed by a small horny 


operculum. 


Pleurotoma imperialis 


-Pleurotoma fascialis . 


phiGiexnabaare 2 eitrcuilifiack teen ne eeee bimarginata 
pty +++++ muricata ++eeee++++ buccinoides 
iii here doc Piptarate tai sins baie chee amie cingulifera 

Se talais aim oa flavidula A EE aE virgo 

sete eeeeee interrupta 4) ek ae Babylonia 
Sk ees Pa) gt Se ee undosa 

iain sale amie CUICTS-., BLAKE wis ohevel tl es0'c6.8 marmorata 
if kein A oases BEIZONQHB <.24 a,0i2 «ac, <\0-0 « tigrina 

st teeeeeee lineata teeeeereee Crispa 

A re? spirata seeeeeeeee albina 


Pleurotoma nodifera. 


3 [There are also thirty fossil species. ] 


- 


230 


TURBINELLA. 


VOLUTA PYRUM.—Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 2, pl. 2. 


Tue greater number of these shells were classed by 
Linnzeus with the G. Voluta, and others with the G. Mu- 
rex, but although the columella is singularly plaited, 
they have a much greater affinity to the G. Murex than 
to the G. Voluta; the canal at the base of these shells 
is however a sufficient distinction to separate them from 
the latter, and the want of varices clearly distinguishes 
them from the former. It does not at first appear easy to 
draw a line between this genus and that of Fasciolaria, 
nevertheless the position of the plaits on the columella 
is so peculiarly different, that a separation is fully war- 
ranted. Shell turbinated or fusiform, canaliculated 
at the base; spire more or less produced; columella 


with from three to five projecting plaits, compressed 


_ and transversely placed; exterior coated with an epi- 


dermis, aperture closed by a pear-shaped horny oper- 
culum; columella lip frequently sharp, thin, and re- 
flected. In the Tankerville collection is an hetero- 
strophe or reversed example of this genus, specimens of 


which are extremely rare and valuable. 


231 


.'Furbinella scolymus Turbinella leucozonalis 
Jo Siailsisud pye.e rapa oes e eee one TUStICR 
elatthap taicie tie napus clad tape thet 4: ciel » cingulifera 
sa Sms YR pyram seysherstatl sje polygona 
i ies ca ig ae + pugillaris seeeeees oo Carinifera 
wee tee es rhinoceros eeeeeese es infundibulum 
se seeee +++ cornigera me v++-++ craticulata 
> RCE ae ceramica veente s os ee, Jinedta 
a he r capitellum seeeeeeeee nassatula 
Watbetazes oie ++» mitis sees eceeee triserialis « 
Ate, AME globulus in ihe eek g eh w WOM Tiel 


Turbinella ocellata.. 


CANCELLARIA 
VOLUTA RETICULATA.—Linneus. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No 5. pl. 1. 


AvtTHoues in this genus the canal is very short, and in 
a few species scarcely visible, Lamarck, from the cer- 
tainty of its existence in some, has been induced to unite 
ali of them in one class, and to place them next in 
succession to the 'Turbinella, to which in. many re- 
spects they are naturally approximated, Such species 


as. have the canal less apparent might have been classed 


} 232 
| with the Columellariz ; but in so doing, the leading 
| characters of that family would have been altered, by 
blending with it any shell having a canal; nor would 
the alliance have been pointed out which exists between 
the Cancellarize and the Turbinelle. Linneeus in- 
cluded these shells with the Volutee; they are however 
very unlike the Oliva, Voluta, (properly so called), 
Mitra, Marginella, or any other of the new genera, 
which have been formed from his widely extended G. 
Voluta. Many of the Cancellariz are subcanaliculated 
at the base, which never takes place in any species of 
Volute. Shell oval, or turreted; aperture with a very 
, short canal at the base, sometimes hardly visible; in- 
terior of the opening grooved, columella with few or 
numerous irregular plaits, the greater number trans- 
verse; exterior striated, cancellated, and in general 


rough to the touch. 3 They are all marine shells. 
| Cancellaria reticulata Cancellaria senticosa 


clea el ewide asperella oeueles e++-» citharella 
peild meted scalarina «+++ +--+ spirata 

aidinad Wtich scalariformis -----.++-. obliquata 
elelh'bis olmoial nodulosa seeeeecees rugosa 

etree eens cancellata «+++++++++ Ziervogeliana. 


[And seven fossil species, ] 


LT ee 


 , 
: 


+ 233 


FASCIOLARIA. 


MUREX TULIPA.—Linn. 
Martini, 4, tab. 136, fig. 1286, 1287. 


Tuis genus is divided from the G. Murex of Linnzus 
in consequence of never having any varices, though it 
hasacanalatthe base. Bruguiere had separated these 
shells, but confounded them with the G. Fusus, from 
which: they differ in having plaits on the columella. 
The plaited pillar brings them nearer to the G. Turbi- 
nella, but in the latter, the position of the plaits is 
transverse, while in this it is spirally oblique. The 
shell is fusiform, whorls sometimes nodulous, canalicu- 
lated at the base; two or thrée plaits on the columella, 


oblique and spiral; ithas an epidermis, and horny oper- 


culum. 
Fasciolaria tulipa Fasciolaria filamentosa 
chiara certs ¢ distans veeeceeeee COrOnata 
de Menlo sate trapezium s+eeeeeeee ferruginea 


sVabihaiaeh s af He aurantiaca seeeseeeoe Tarentina 


234 


FUSUS. 


MUREX coLus.—Linn. 


Martini, 4, tab. 144, fig. 1342, 


Tue genus Fusus was constituted by Bruguiere of an- 
other division of the G. Murex of Linnzeus; in which 
he included all the species not having thickened bands. 
on the spire, without distinguishing the genera Pyrula, 
Fasciolaria, Pleurotoma, &c. The shells of the G. Fu- 
sus, as it is now established, are of an elongated fusi- 
form shape; the whorls ventricose at the lower extre- 
mity, and without varices, or longitudinal, thickened 
bands on the spire or body. The columella is seldom | 
plaited as in the Turbinellz and Fasciolariz; the right 
margin exhibits no slit, as inthe Pleurotome; and the 
long produced turreted spire distinguishes them from — 
the Pyrule. These shells are turreted, and have a 
transverse or nodulous keel, sometimes striated lon- 
gitudinally; columella plain; aperture canaliculated at 
the base, and ending in a channelled beak, frequently 
longer than the spiral whorls; the right side of the 
aperture in adult shells is always dentated or cre- 


nulated. They are marine shells, with a horny oper- 


culum. 


235 

Fusus colosseus Fusus corona 
ta wt longissimus Bidiin te, » raphanus 

-+». colus ee+++ filosus 
+++» tuberculatus -++++ polygonoides 
-.-»- Nicobaricus = ~~ --:-- verruculatus 
..+«- distans -..++ lignarius 
-++*+ torulosus ct eee Syracusanus 
-++++ Incrassatus +++» strigosus 
-+-++ multicarinatus ++eee varius 
-+++« sulcatus -++++ crebricostatus 
. eee antiquus eee afer 
-++++ despectus -++++ rubens 
».e+» Carinatus -++++ sinistralis 
-++++ proboscidiferus seee- Nifat 
-.++- Islandicus -+++- articulatus 
+++. morio «+++. buccinatus 
-++++ coronatus Shae aculeiformis 
-+++» cochlidium -«++- scalarinus 


Fusus contrarius. 


{Thirteen fossil species are enumerated, and others are 


referred to in the Ann. du Mus.] 


— 


236 


PYRULA. 


MUREX CANALICULATUS.—Linneus. 


Mart. 8, t. 66, f. 738, 740. 


Linn vs intermixed these as well as many other shells 
of different genera, with his G. Murex; in the arrange- 
ment of which he appears to have included all the 
shells having a canal at the base, rendering it in con- 
sequence an extremely incorrect and widely extended 
genus. Bruguiere separated them, but was only guided 
by the want of varices, and did not distinguish the 
Pyrula from the Fusus, from which it essentially 
differs; the spire of the former being short and very 
much depressed, and the last whorl extremely large 
and ventricose, frequently extending atits margin above 
the elevated point of the spire, and giving the shells 
of this genus the form of a fig or pear, which is never 
the case with the G. Fusus. ‘The Pyrule are sub- 
pyriform, canaliculated at the base, without varices; co- 
lumella smooth, no notch at the lip. To which descrip- 
tion may be added that the edge of the aperture js 


‘most generally crenulated, the substance of the shell 


237 


very thin, semi-transparent, and papyraceous, with in- 
ternal and external, slight, transverse ribs, interrupted 
by the sutures formed at the previous stages of the 
growth ofthe opening; avery wide umbilicus in many 
species; and the aperture closed by an ovate, pear- 
_ shaped, horny operculum. 


Pyrula canaliculata Pyrula ternatana 
wy 9 6)6 e+ CRTICD ot. let yh ed aaletwi ate bezoar 
eocee s perversa corere rapa 
eeeses Candelabrum  — «+++ papyracea 
tise, n-ase, CEG Pie Re. lig iia aol oa galeodes 
-++eee bucephala veers angulata 
nia ah eoa vespertilio ++eeee SQuaMosa 
at cia melongena «+ +eee nodosa 
teens reticulata ooeeee Citrina 
eovees ficus == te nee abbreviata 
Se rs ficoides +++» neritoidea 
seeeee Spirata tees deformis 
aisle d spirillus -e+++ lineata 
shaha eau elongata sree plicata 


[The fossil species are referred to in the Ann. du Mus. 
vol, 2, P- 389.] 


tae i a 


238 


STRUTHIOLARIA. 


MUREX STRAMINEUS.—Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 1, plate 3. 


Tus genus in some respects resembles those of Buc- 
cinum and Murex, with which Linnzus ‘had blend- 
ed it, but, in addition to these shells not having any 
notch at the base of the canal, they have a-thickened 
marginal lip on the right side, which never occurs in 
either of the above genera. Shell oval, spire elevat- 
ed; aperture oval, sinuous or winding, terminated at 
the base by a very short canal, straight and without 
a notch; left side of the aperture callous and repand- 
ed, right side with a thickened varix or outward lip, 
waved and continued to the base. Tliese shells are 
marine, but the mollusca inhabiting them may be pre - 
sumed often to wander on the shore in search of food, 
and from the necessity of frequently moving in and out 
of its shell, produces the singular callosities at the two 
edges of the aperture. Lamarck does not mention that 
the whorls of these shells are angular towards their 
upper side, more or less nodulous; and in some ex- 
amples a groove or canal separates each whorl from 
the previous evolution: the spire is obtuse, and shorter 


than the body whorls, Sowerby observes that the 


239 


thickened aperture appears only to exist in adult spe- 


cimens of this genus. The usual length of the shell 


is about two inches; but the writer has seen a gigan- _ 


tic example measuring upwards of four inches. The 
following species were all Lamarck had seen, but 
several others are known in this country. The spe- 
cific name of the type of this genus Lamarck has 
changed from Stramineus to Nodulosa. 


Struthiolaria nodulosa  Struthiolaria crenulata. 


RANELLA. 
MUREX RETICULARIS.—Linnaus. | 


Mart.4, t. 128, f. 1228. 


Mawe’s Linn. plate 26, fig. 5. 


INTERMEDIATE as this genus may be considered in 
some respects between the G. Struthiolaria and G. 
Murex, it naturally forms a distinct division, in con- 
sequence of the singular position of the varices, or 
thickened bands.—When the growth of the animal 
requires an addition to its habitation, a portion of its 
body, equal to the semi-circumference of the shell, 
is protruded and left exposed, remaining stationary 
till the additional half turn to the shell is completed: 
and as the animal never adds to the capacity of the 


whorls on either side, a depressed appearance is 


—— ~~ 


240 
A 


occasioned, which is much increased by the position 
of the varices at the sides. Shell oval or oblong, sub- 
depressed, canaliculated at the base; aperture round- 
ed or oval; varices straight or oblique; placed at regu- 
lar intervals of each half turn of the whorl, and form- 
ing a longitudinal row on each side, from the spire to 
the base: these varices or thickened bands are some- 
times smooth or tubercular, and in some species armed 


with long straight spines. 


Ranella gigantea Ranella granulata 
-+++e+ leucostoma +e+ees granifera 

oo Siete candisata Be st ae semigranosa 
seen Argus -»++-++ bitubercularis 
os ee crumena seeeee Yanina 

mee oe spinosa s+eee+ anceps 

5 ido aol bufonia seeese Pygmea 


MUREX. 
MUREX BRANDARIS.—Linne@us. 
Mawe's Linneus, plate 26, fig. 2, 3. 
Mart. 3, t. 114, f. 1058, 1059. 


NotTwiTHSsTANDING the numerous divisions that La- 
marck and other authors have made of the G. Murex 


of Linneeus, it still remains a beautiful and very nu- 


241 


merous genus, naturally associated, and well character- 
ized. Bruguiere reduced it to such shells as had per- 
manent, thickened bands or varices; which arrange-’ 
ment rejected the genera Fasciolaria, Fusus, Pyrula, &c. 
Lamarck however, on consideration, has been induced 
to form two other genera, the G. Ranella and the G. 
Triton, each exhibiting a great variety of species, 
differing from the G. Murex, which, as it is now con- 
stituted, comprehends only such shells as have three 
or more varices on each whorl: and it is custom- 
ary, when speaking of the number of varices, to 
count only those on the lower whorl. It may be 
remarked that these varices or bands are arranged 
obliquely in succession on each whorl, forming longi- 
tudinal rows, becoming more oblique near the sum- 
mit of the spire. 


Tue Murices are easily recognized by their hav- 
ing three or more rows of varices on each whorl. 
In the Ranelle there are only two, arranged on 
either side in rows; and the Struthiolarize have 
only one at the margin. It is therefore evident that 
the animal of the Murex adds, at each increase, a 


smaller portion to the size of its shell, than those of 


the other genera mentioned. Shell oval or oblong, 


R 


242 


canaliculated at the base, the exterior having rough 
longitudinal bands, or armed with spines, which are 
straight, recurved, or beautifully ramified. Aperture 


rounded or oval, with a horny operculum, | 


¢ 


Lamancx has formed this family into three sections: 
the first consists of those with a beak, always ‘much 
longer than the aperture, as in the M. cornutus; the 
second, of such species as have the canal thick, more 
or less long, and three varices on the lower whorl, as 
in the M.palmarose; and the third comprises the 
species that have more than three varices on the inferior 
whorl, as in the M.saxatilis. 


Shells with a slender beak or tail, always longer than 
the aperture. 


Murex cornutus.. =~ “Murex ternispina 
sees brandaris  =—-+++ + brevispina 
sees Crassispina -eeee+ haustellum 

- tenuispina veers + tenuirostrum 


st eeee rarispina seeees motacilla 


243 


Beak or Tail thickened, not abrupt, and more or less long. 


Whorls with three varices. 


Murex inflatus Murex capucinus 
-->++ elongatus ++eee+ asperrimus 
-+ee++ palmarosee -++¢+* phyllopterus 
--ee++ brevifrons +++e+* acanthopterus 
e+e calcitrapa scree tripterus 
IEE. ts tae ee en eee - trigonularis 
tae, INE (LA Od en, Safe ania uncinarius 
aS oh Pat axicornis. | +e+e++ hemitripterus 
ceeees CEFVICOTNIS = teres gibbosus 
seeees aculeatus =——tés- «+ = -_ triquetterr 
-ssee* microphyllus seeee trigonulus 


Whorls with more than three varices. 


Murex brassica Murex quadrifrons 
‘ee saxatilis -++ee+ turbinatus 
Wots'sie.0 endivia ++++++ trunculus 
Tags a's radix teeees anguliferus 
++e+++ melanomathos —--..-- melonulus 
see.e» hexagonus = ew wee Magellanicus 
Pag te scorpio -ses++ lamellosus 
sevees secundus seeese erinaceus 

rs ' . 


244 


Murex Tarentinus Murex cinguliferus 
{tee scaber ...+++ subcarinatus 
seeeee costularis .+seee torosus | 
state polygonulus Evie BAW lyratus 
weeicoegitulinus. 9 + «ees concatenatus 
seeees angularis soeeee granarius 
kesgelevorispatus - - * > Seas fimbriatus 
see eee fenestratus ++++++ pulchellus 
.eeee+ Cingulatus i ee aciculatus 


[There are also two fossil species. | 


TRITON. 


MUREX TRITONIS.—Linn. 


£ 


a Martini, 1, tab. 184, fig. 127, 1281. 


However great the affinity may appear between this 
genus and those of Ranella and Murex, there are con- 
stant differences of character, which at once distin- 
guish them from each other. In the G. Ranella the 
varices or bands are disposed in longitudinal rows, 
only on each side, and presenting but two series. In 
the G. Murex the varices are arranged in longitudinal 
rows, at equal distances, but they are more numerous 


than in the G. Ranella; while in the G. Triton, the po- 


245 


sition of the bands which mark the progress of growth 
in the shell, is very different from either of the above- 
mentioned genera, never being in longitudinal rows or 
series, but alternating, few in number, sometimes only 
one on each whorl, and occasionally none except at the 
opening, which is always terminated by a varix; this 
indicates that the animal adds to its shell more than 
a half turn of its circumference at each enlargement ; 
the varices are never spinous or foliated, though fre- 
quently plaited or tuberculated. Shell oval or oblong, 
canaliculated at the base; spire more or less elevated, 
(and sometimes extremely long, as in the T. varie-— 
gatum, which occasionally attains two feet in length) ; 
the mouth is generally wrinkled on both sides; aper- 


ture oblong, and closed by an operculum. 


Triton variegatum Triton pyrum 

Peet nodiferum -+++++ cynocephalum 
eeeeee gustrale seeeee tripus 

iD i lampas -+-++++ Canaliferum 

1 scrobiculator seers retusum 

ie Spengleri ; --++++ Clavator 
ree corrugatum »+++++ tuberosum 
siesacare ys succinctum reenes Vespaceum 

eR pileare -+++++ chlorostomum 
stata es lotorium seeee> anus 


eosees femorale = cereee clathratum 


246 


Triton subdistortum Triton rubecula 
se+ee» Cancellatum 4 wese++ Cutaceum 
ona eyes maculosum -eeees Golarium 
-+++» Clandestinum -«++eee Tranquebaricum 


Triton undosum. 


ROSTELLARIA. 
STROMBUS FUSUS.—Linn. 
artini, 4, t. 158, f. 1495, 1496. 


Tuis genus approximates that of Strombus, but more 
nearly resembles the G. Pterocera; it consists of fusi- 
form shells with an elongated spire, terminated below 
by a canal formed into a pointed beak, and having also 

a second canal ascending along the spire, formed by the | 
outer lip and the continuation of the columella; the right 
margin is attached at the upper part to the spire, upon 
which it is sometimes recurved at the extremity; the 
right edge of the aperture by age becomes more or 
less dilated in the shape of a wing, and dentated; but 
what most particularly characterizes this genus, is the 
sinus of the lower part of the right margin being quite 
contiguous to the canal, which never takes place in 
the Pterocerze or the Strombi. In addition to this 


description of Lamarck’s, it may be well to add that in 


247 


most species the beak of the shell is somewhat curv- 
ed, and short in comparison to the length of the spire, 
while in others it is straight, and as long, if not longer 
than the upper part of the shell. Young shells never 
have the lip dentated. The R. rectirostris, which is one 
of the most rare shells known, has been admirably fi- 
gured by Swainson in his Exotic Conchology, from a 
splendid example in the choice cabinet of W. J. Bro- 
derip, Esq. 
Rostellaria curvirostris ~ Rostellaria rectirostris 
*Rostellaria pespelicani. | 


[And three fossil species. ] 


PTEROCERA. 
STROMRUS CHIRAGRA.—Linn. 
Mawe's Linn. pl. 25, f. 4. 


Tue shells of this genus have not the canal at the base 
shortened or truncated, as in the Strombus, but on the ' 
contrary it is elongated in the form of a tail, attenuated 
to its extremity, and often closed: the right margin di- 
‘lated by age into an expanded digitated wing, attach- 
ed to and covering the whole of the spire, the lower 
part interrupted by an interval or wide gap; this 
space or gap is not contiguous to the body of the shell, 
(as in the Rostellaria), but distant, and similar to that 


s 


248 


of the Strombus; which is only distinguished from 
this genus by the short canal, and the want of digita- 
tions. Shell oval, oblong, ventricose ; spire short, and 
generally concealed by the expanded mouth or lip. 


Lamarck uses the word, digitations, generally, for 
that which, in some species of this genus, may more 
properly be called long recurved claws, whence the 
trivial name of Spider or Scorpion, applied to these 
shells. In young examples these digitations are not 
visible. Seven species are here enumerated, but an- 
other, the P. purpurea, is described, and, with other ex- 
amples of this genus, admirably figured by Swainson 
in his Exotic Conchology; the writer has also seen 
one quite distinct from any of these, though resem. 


bling in many respects the P. millepeda.. 


Pterocera truncata Pterocera pseudoscorpio: 
Vadeis ein *aaeee lambis Ete tecalie ta) oie scorpio 
ee “+++ millepeda teeesees aurantia 


Pterocera chiragra. 


STROMBUS. 


STROMBUS GIGAS.—Linne@us. 


Mawe's Linn. pl. 25, fig. 2, 3. 


Tue genus Strombus, as it now stands defined by La- 


249 


marck, presents one distinct and leading character 
throughout all its species, whereby it may be easily 
: distinguished; which is, that the widely dilated, wing- 
shaped aperture on the right side is never dentated, or 
digitated, as in the Pterocera; another equally remark- 
able distinction is, that the sinus or notch at the 
lower part of the winged aperture, is always separat- 
ed from the canal, which is contiguous in the Ros- 
tellaria. Shell ventricose, terminated at the base by 
a short canal, truncated or notched; right side dilated 
by age, and expanded into the shape of a wing, lobed, 
or crenulated at the upper part, with a sinus at the low- 
er end, separated from the canal or notch at the base. 
Other remarks may be added to the above, which will 
perhaps assist to point out more fully the character of 
this genus. The spire is in many species quite conceal- 
ed by the expansion of the lip at the upper part; in 
others it is turreted-and more or less produced: in the S. 
latissimus, the outer lip is reflected inwards at the mid- 
dle part, either in a fold or solid plait; and in some the 
wing is continued in a long channelled termination at 
the upper part. The exterior of different species is 
variously striated, smooth, wrinkled longitudinally or 
having more or less prominent tuberculations on the up- 


per part of the whorls, some of which present the ap- 


250 


pearance of large irregular callosities; other species are 
conical and divergent at the sutures; and some have 
hollow. spines. These shells frequently attain a large 
size, and very great solidity; they possess a long, nar- 
row, horny operculum. 


Strombus gigas 
++eeeee+ accipitrinus 
s+ eeeeees latissimus 

- tricornis 


coer vores gallus 


seeeeeees bituberculatus 


+++ cristatus 
- dilatatus 


eeeeseee+ Dubonius 


oie, ¥s ale asta lentiginosus . 


pee auris-Dianz 
«8 Raghiog inch pugilis 
v+ereeee. pyrulatus 
+eeee7e+- gibberulus 
seeeeeeeo Duhuanus 


Corereses 


Mauritianus 


Strombus Canarium. > 


- Isabella 
- vittatus 


steeeeees epidromis 
ereeeees Columba 
seeeeer ee succinctus 


veseseree troglodytes — 


ces ceeees tridentatus 
eevee e+e. Urceeus 
teeeeeees plicatus 

-» Floridus 


++++eee*. papilio 


eeeteteone 


st Seeeh tead lineatus 
rereeeees marginatus 
coeereoeen turritus 


- cancellatus 


[And one fossil species. ] 


: 


251 


CASSIDARIA. 
BUCCINUM ECHINOPHORUM.—Linn. | 
Mart. 2, t.41, f.407,408. | 


Tue shells of this genus are nearly allied to the G. Cas- 
sis, but some striking differences of character render 
their separation necessary. They are in general more 
inflated and rounder than the G. Cassis, but what 
principally distinguishes them, is, the canal which 
terminates the lower part of the aperture not being 
suddenly recurved towards the back of the shell, but 
ascendant and very little arched ; the spire is short, co- 
noid, composed of convex whorls, without any thick- 
ened bands; the left margin apparent, and affixed to 
the columella, which is almost always covered with lit- 
tle rough, oblong, transverse tubercles; right lip plait- 
ed or thickened; exterior transversely grooved, and the 
upper part of the whorls, in some species, with small 
round tubercles, regularly placed. They are marine 
shells. ; 

Cassidaria echinophora _—Cassidaria cingulata 

Su fia cases Thyrrena vey sees « Btriata 

Cassidaria oniscus. 


[There are also two fossil species.] 


a le ee i et el 


252 


CASSIS. 
RUCCINUM CORNUTUS.—Linnaus. 
? Mawe’'s Linn. pl. 24, f. 1. 


Lamarck has separated these shells from the Genus 
Buccinum of Linnzeus, for the following reasons: the 
form of the aperture being longitudinal, straight, and al- 
most always dentated on the right side; the flattened 
side of the columella lip forming a very considerable 
angle at that side, and the canal being abruptly turned 
towards the back of the shell: these at once distinguish 
this genus from that of Buccinum, which has only a 
notch at the base. The spire of the Cassis is seldom 
much elevated, often interrupted by thickened bands 
or varices, obliquely placed, having formed the termi- 


nations or lips of previous apertures, and constituting 


the distinguishing character of the first section of this 


genus, the second not possessing any bands. Shellin: © 


flated, columella plaited or wrinkled transversely, ex- 
terior nodulous or smooth, spire with bands or nodules 
only; and the canal at the base always abruptly turn- 
ed towards the back of the shell. They sometimes at- 
tain a very large size, and in one species the columella 


lip projects above the spire, giving a flat, ovate, or tri- 


253 


angular appearance to the lower surface of the shell. 
They are marine, and the animal] has the faculty of bu- 
rying itself in the sandy bottom of the sea. 

Spire of the Shells having thickened bands. 


Cassis Madagascariensis Cassis crumena 


mites cornuta -++++ plicaria 
veeee tuberosa -+o+s areola 
sseee flammea seee- Zebra 
> es fasciata -++e+ decussata 

i TS Sass ate glauca -e++- abbreviata. 
Spire without bands. 

Cassis rufa Cassis sulcosa 
tia. pennata - -++e* granulosa 
aise testiculus -++++ saburon 
Pcnaat achatina --++*+ canaliculata 
seals pyrum -see* semigranosa 
Bavidle Zeylanica ++ee. vibex 


Cassis erinaceus. 


{And one fossil species. ] 


254 


RICINULA. 


|... Mawe’s Linn. pl. 26, fig. 1. 


Tue Ricinule approximate the Purpure, yet are suffi- 
ciently different to constitute a separate genus, They 
are in general of a small size and oval form; spire ve- 
ry little elevated; whorls with tubercles or spines; 
aperture almost constantly tinged with a violet or pink 
color; right side with unequal teeth, nearly closing the 
aperture; columella with small plaits or unequal teeth, 
and not plain and smooth, as in the Purpura. Shell 
tuberculated or with Jong spines; opening oval and 
toothed, the lower part ending in a half canal, recurv- 
ed towards the back, and notched. The R. digitata is 
very remarkable for the two long palmated digits at the 
upper part of the right side of the aperture. | They are 


marine shells, and possess an operculum. 


Ricinula horrida  Ricinula digitata 
the ipfahntuiate miticula see. eeee aspera 
Sah re taal clathrata seeeeeee MOTUS 
ries ar arachnoidea coeeeeee mutica 


Ricinula pisolina. 


255 


PURPURA. 
BUCCINUM PATULUM.—Linneus. | 


Mart, 3, t. 69, f:758, 759. 


Tuts genus is the lastin Lamarck’s arrangement which 
_ presents the appearance of a canal at the base of the 
aperture: it consequently leads in order of prox- 
imity to the G. Monodon, Concholepas, Harpa, Doli- 
um, Buccinum, &c.; in all of which the canal has quite 
disappeared, and a notch only remains. The gradual di- 
minution of the canal, till it became altogether effaced, 
probably occasioned Linnzeus to arrange some of these 
species with the Murices, and others with the Buccina: 
there are, however, characters which distinctly mark 
this genus, and render it necessary to separate the 
shells composing it from the arrangement of previous 
authors. The aperture is never narrowed in the mid- 
dle, either by plaits on the columella, or by teeth 
on the right side, but is always dilated; the columella 
smooth, flattened, and terminating ina point at the base, 
where the notch is more or less obliquely placed, and 
appears a little ascendant backwards. Shell oval, ei- 
ther smooth or tuberculated, or angular on the exterior 


surface; aperture ovate, dilated, sometimes internally 


ad 


256 


grooved, and slightly crenated or dentated at or near 
the right margin, which is sharp. It has a semilunar, 
thin, horny operculum. From the animal of one species 
of this shell the ancients extracted the Tyrian purple 


dye. 
_ Purpura Persica ay 
Seiten’: Rudolphi 


rrenees columellaris 
Sel epeieis-e succincta 

solaris a consul 

ove isTaye armigera 


SATs 5 bitubercularis 


sates gl the hippocastanum 


-++s-+* undata 

vik oka cea hzemastoma 
Jgelecra mancinella 
SN »- bufo 

nye ie callosa 
eoeees neritoides 
se+ee++ planospira 
voiture! callifera 

con hiais »- coronata 
Hieveip.cie carinifera 


-+eeeee scalariformis 


Purpura sacellum 
Spite ns squamosa 
nipie Tele yay rugosa 
mee eee textilosa 
a ee sertum 
een eeee Francolinus 
sees limbosa 
TE, Enh ligata 
RTS cruentata 
seeeeee Japillus 
++++eee imbricata 
b Ribose lagenaria 
tebe iad - cataracta 
eeees++ bicostalis 
s+eeees plicata 
A aula ees fiscella 
we -» thiarella 
Cae Pee rustica 
by LE semi-imbricata 
sereees echinulata 


257 


Purpura hystrix Purpura clavus 
dixtend Habe deltoidea weeeees fasciolaris 
teens unifascialis seeeeee vexillum 
cote eee retusa esses bizonalis 
0, «p+ O/C IRIR i) Fetaid Fase <i6se ale nucleus. 
MONOCEROS. 


BUCCINUM MONODON.—Linnaus. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 5, pl. 5. 


Lamarck would not have divided this genus from 
that of Purpura, which it in every respect resembles, 
except on account of the singular, thin, conical, some- 
what curved tooth at the base of the right side, which, 
being constant in many different species, renders it ex- 
pedient to constitute aseparate genus of them; a refer- 
ence, therefore, to the generic description of the G. 
Purpura will suffice for this genus. It may, however, 
be added, that the spire is more elevated in some spe- 
cies of the G. Monoceros than in others; the exterior 
surface of the whorls carinated and angular, smooth, or 
with small imbricated scales in transverse rows; aper- 
ture internally grooved; and in some species, recently 
brought from the South Seas, the right side of the 
opening near its edge presents one or more rows of 
s 


258 


small tubercles, besides the thin sharp tooth at the base. 
From the growth of the tooth, in proportion to the in- 
crease of the shell, an internal rib is formed, and some- 
times a corresponding groove on the exterior. It is 
known to English collectors by the trivial name of the 
Unicorn Scoop. Lamarck mentions five species, but a 


greater number isknown. The type of this genus, M. 


cingulatum, possesses some singularities; its columella | 


is not smooth, but irregularly plaited or wrinkled, and 
the tooth does not extend within the interior of the 
whorls, as in the other species enumerated by Lamarck, 
but appears affixed only at the edge of the lip. 
Monoceros cingulatum § Monoceros striatum 
mint’ Wel mubis wate imbricatum al dyidteo Selinviass hs glabratum 


Monoceros crassilabrum. 


CONCHOLEPAS. 


PATELLA LEPAS.—Linneus. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No.6, pl. 1. 


Turs very singular shell has hitherto always been con- 
sidered a Patella, from which it is very distinct in many 
respects, but particularly on account of its having an 
‘operculum. Bruguiere classed it with the Buccina, in 


congequence of the slight notch at the base: but other 


a ee eg 


259 


distinct characters have induced Lamarck to make 
the only species known, the type of a separate genus, 
immediately following that of G. Monoceros; it has 
two teeth at the base of the right side instead of 
one, as in that genus. Shell oval, inflated, half spiral; 
the summit inclined obliquely on the left side; colu- 
mella flat; aperture very ample, oblique, longitudinal, 
with a slight notch at the base. Two teeth at the 
lower part of the right margin. An oblong, thin, horny 
operculum. Lamarck does not mention some other 
peculiar characters of this shell: the small summit 
(when seen in a perfect state) is formed of spiral whorls, 
nearly concealed by the very widely expanded aper- 
ture, the left side of which is greatly reflected, and 
forms a sharp anglé above it; the right lip crenated at 
the base. The shell is seldom seen otherwise than 
much wormed, but the exterior presents transverse 
grooves or slender ribs, diverging from the apex to 
the margin, imbricated with small scales. What La- 
marck terms the teeth differ in appearance from those 
of the G. Monoceros, being flattened and broader, and 
merely the continuation of two external, thickened ribs. 
Sowerby very properly considers it nearly allied to the 
G. Purpura. 
Concholepas Peruvianus. 


s2 


260 


HARPA. 


~~ | BUCCINUM HARPA.—Linneus. 

Mawe's Linn. frontispiece, fig. 4; & pl. 24, f. 7. 
Linn us included the whole of these beautiful shells 
in his G. Buccinum, and nearly all of them under the 
name of B. Harpa, considering them all of one species. 
Lamarck, however, from the number of species, and 
each possessing distinctive characters, has deemed them 
worthy of forming a genus by themselves. One general 
character eminently distinguishes these shells: that of 
having longitudinal parallel ribs, compressed, sinuous, 
and sharp, the upper extremity of each armed with 
one or more projecting detached points, giving the spire 
a coronated appearance. Shell oval, more or less inflat- 
ed, with longitudinal sharp ribs, parallel, and flexuous, 
the spire short; aperture with a notch at the lower 
end of the canal; columella smooth, flat, and pointed 
at the base. The most beautiful and valuable species 
of this genus is the H. imperialis, in which the number 
of ribs far exceeds that of any other, and occasions it 
to be called in England the Many-ridged Harp. It is 
also the only one that has a small spiral keel round the 
summit. Sowerby, in his Genera of Shells, No. 3, has 


261 


changed the specific name of Lamarck’s H. imperialis 
to H. multicostata, which, notwithstanding its ex- 


cellence, only adds yet more to the confusion of sy- 


nonyms. 
Harpa imperialis Harpa articularis 
eee ventricosa seeeee TOSEA 
seeeee conoidalis eoeees minor 
it tetent nobilis --ee-. striata 


[And one fossil species. | 


DOLIUM. 


BUCCINUM DOLIUM.—Linneus. 


Mawe’s Linn. pl. 24, fig. 3. 


DarGENVILLE, struck with the analogy existing be- 
tween the species of this genus, first classed them toe 
gether under the name of Dolium, which name La- 
marck has preserved. Linnzeus and many other na- 
turalists have blended these with the G. Buccinum, 
as are also the G. Harpa, Terebra, Eburna, &c. in the 
same arrangement, (notwithstanding their great dif- 
ference of form), which has probably been occasion- 
ed by their considering the notch at the base of the 


aperture a sufficient guide. The shape of the Dolium 


262 


is however very different from either of the above-men- 


tioned genera, and its species form a very natural group: 
they are ventricose, inflated, subglobular; spire nearly 
depressed, and on a level with the largest whorl; sub- 
stance very thin, and all of them have transverse cir- 
cles on the exterior, causing the interior to be grooved, 
and the right margin of the aperture dentated or cre- 
nulated along its whole length; opening oblong, notch- 


ed atthe base. They sometimes attain a great size. 


Dolium galea Dolium fasciatum 
veeeres olearium se eeeee pomum 
woeeees maculatum teeeees Variegatum 


Dolium perdix. 


BUCCINUM. 


BUCCINUM PAPILLOSUM—JLinn 


Mawe’'s Linn. pl. 24, f. 2 & 5. 

BRuGUIERE, impressed with the-necessity of reform- 
ing the too widely extended genus Buccinum of ‘Lin. 
nus, constituted from it his genera, Cassis and Tere- 
bra. There yet remained a great number of distinct 
species intermingled, which rendered the generic char- 


acters of the G. Buccinum very vague and inconsistent. 


263 


_ Lamarck has therefore farther reduced the enormous 
number of shells called Buccina, and established the 
genera, Harpa, Dolium, Monoceros, Concholepas, and 
Eburna, each presenting distinctive and peculiar char- 
acters, very different from those possessed by the 
G. Buecinum as it now stands; in which there is still 
a great variety and diversity of species, though they 
are nevertheless allied to each other by characteristic 
assimulation. Shell oval or conical oval, generally 
small, aperture longitudinal, a notch at the base, no ca- 
nal, columella not flattened, swelled at the upper part. 
The exterior variously sculptured; the marginal lip 
most frequently thin and sharp, and a cartilaginous 
operculum. Of one very numerous section of this ge- 
nus Lamarck had formed his G. Nassa, but he hassince 
reunited them to the Buccina. In it the thickened-lip 
and great callosity. of the columella, with the irregu- 
Jar lump or tuberculations on the back of some species, 
are remarkably characteristic. 


Buccinum undatum | Buccinum testudineum 


ee oder a\chens glaciale : oeeeeeeee achatinum 
BAe tg (si Anglicanum NAD ad glans 

seeeeeees PapyraceuUM = -++eeeeee papillosum 
ee eees annulatum veseeeees Olivaceum 


tee e nee leevissimum teeeeeees Canaliculatum 


264 


Buccinum crenulatum 
eoeeeeees reticulatum 
seeeeeeee Tranquebari- 
cum 
eeeeseeee Iineatum 
SR fuscatum 
seeeeeees lineolatum 
seeee+e++ maculosum 
Rieti 6a oi politum 
eoeeeeees Suturale 
eeeeseesee mutabile 
eocesees inflatum 
eeoceeeees retusum 
seeeceeee Ventricosum 
seeeeeeee gemmulatum 
eeeeeeeee Coromandeli- 
anum 
teeeeeees fasciatum 
Uae Gare" miga 


reeeeeees lyratum 


Buccinum tricarinatam 
»eeeees e+ Brasilianum 
seeeeeees semiconvex- 
um 
seeeeeees fasciolatum 
octecces+ VINOSUIEM 
seeeeeeee tenuiplicatum 
+e+eseee Subspinosum 
elvis é.eahe-«’ JAS AIa Gs 
-+eeeeeee levigatum 
oeeeeeees flexuosum 
eeeeeeees aciculatum 
seeeeeeee Corniculatum 
eoeeeeees eribrarium 
ee eeeeeee grana 
teseeee ee Coccinella 


-++ zebra 


site es [um 
ee ey dermestoide- 
ree oe ee ey aurantium 


seeeseeee pedicular 


Columella callous, (the Nasse). 


Buccinum arcularia 
seeeeeees COrOnatum 
ceeeseoee Thersites 


Buccinum gibbosulum 


a eels totes te pullus 


seeeees es marginulatum 


265 — 


Buccinum pauperatum = Buccinum polygonatum 
Buccinum neriteum. 


[There are also two fossil species. } 


EBURNA. | 


| 

/ 

BUCCINUM aa: 9: man 
Mawe’s Linn. pl. 24, f. 4. 


Tis genus has been separated from the G. Buccinum 


by Lamarck, in consequence of the peculiar char- 


- acters of the umbilicus and of the columella, which is 


prolonged at the lower end, and forms a canal occupy- 
ing the remaining part of the left side. In every other 
respect it possesses the same characters as the Bucci- 
num. The E. Zeylanica is remarkable for the spines 
with which the umbilicus is filled, and only existing 


in that species. 


In the late Earl Tankerville’s cabinet is an example 
of the E. glabrata, in which the channel on the left 
side is quite closed and concealed, rendering that dis- 
tinction doubtful, as the sole guide by which Lamarck 


has constituted this genus, and dismembered it from 
the G. Buccinum. 


ee eee ae 


266 


Eburna glabrata Eburna spirata 
veeees Zeylanica  --+++++ areolata 


Eburna lutosa. 


TEREBRA. 


BUCCINUM: MACULATUM.—Linneus. 


& Mawe’'s Linn. pl. 24, f. 8. 


Tuis genus Bruguiere pointed out as a necessary se- 
paration from the Linnzean G. Buccinum. The Tere- 
bre are not only distinct from the Buccina on account 
of the long turreted form of the shell, but also from 
the peculiar character of the very short columella, and 
the animal (according to Adanson) not possessing an 
operculum. They are alsoreadily distinguished by the 
following marked and peculiar characters:—Shell very 
long, turreted, and sharp pointed at the summit; the 
exterior smooth or variously striated, never with spiral 
ribs or carinations, as in the G. Turritella, to which 
the general form bears some resemblance. From the 
G. Eburna they may be known by not having a canali- 
culated umbilicus, and from the G. Buccinum, in con- 
sequence of the aperture only occupying a very small 


portion of the length of the shell. 


267 


Tue aperture is longitudinal; last whorl slightly 
gibbous; lower end of the columella twisted or ob- 
lique; base notched; and the animal has no opercu- 


lum. 


TuHey sometimes attain ten inches in length, of 
which size the most perfect examples are in the Tan- 


kerville cabinet. . 


Terebra maculata ‘Terebra striatula 
rah eta -- flammea »eeeeee Chlorata 
secteee crenulata oseeees Cerithina 
ssecees dimidiata = ++ ++ - raphanula 
sosleees muscarial © 9s eee cingulifera 
dvs eee subulata +eeeees Myuros 
veld eees oculata «+ ++eee scabrella 
teenies duplicata -++eee+ strigilata 
stn eeee Babylonia »+seee Janceata 
oe eeeee corrugata veeeee aciculina 
wineees Senegalensis ------+ granulosa 


se seeee ceerulescens ss + - + + ss vittata. 


268 


| COLOMBELLA. 


VOLUTA RUSTICA.—Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 9, pl. 6. 


Tue shells constituting this genus are short, small, ra- 
ther thick, often striated transversely, and much varied 
in color; they appear allied in some respects to the 
G. Mitra. Linneeus considered them to belong tothe G. 
Voluta, from which they are very distinct, having the 
interior part of the right lip or margin gibbous, or 
thickened, rendering the aperture narrow and waved, 
and by having also a very small thin elliptical opercu- 
lum. Which latter circumstance Sowerby observes 
allies this genus to that of Ricinula. Shell oval; spire 
short; plaits on the columella; more or less notched 
at the base; and without a canal. They are marine 


shells. Sowerby has corrected the name of this genus, 


which should be written Columbella. 
Columbella strombifor- | Columbella flavida [ta 
mis st eeeeeees semipuncta- 
Leann eater ee rustica Pe wo 


stteees +++ mercatoria weeeeceeee reticulata 


pace’ - 
A Os at ese. 


Lae 


~ 
he 
bas re. cee 


« = 


269 


Columbella Hebrzea Columbella fulgurans 
cteen ees Pardalina <> s«.<ecieoes mendicaria 
ssc ceceeee scripta seeeeeeees turturina 
SS he eee ovulata teeeeeeees punctata 
ae ee PAAR AOS Riis isin) bb.a 5d Oe unifascialis 


Columbella zonalis. 


MITRA. 


VOLUTA PAPALIS.—Linn. 


Mawe's Linn. pl. 23, f. 7. 


Tuts very numerous and extremely elegant genus so 
obviously differs from the G. Voluta, that no doubt can 
exist of the necessity and propriety of its being formed 
into a separate genus, constituting a well defined and 
naturally associated and elegant family. The following 
strong distinctive characters are pointedoutby Lamarck, 
all of which are peculiar to this genus, and clearly dis- 
tinguish it from the G. Voluta. The summit of the spire 
is always pointed, and never terminated in a papillary 
form; the plaits on the columella gradually diminish 
in size towards the base; the upper, consequently, are 


larger than the lower; they are always transverse, and 


270 


parallel to each other; the columella lip exists, though . 
sometimes very thin, and only visible at the base: and 
some species have an epidermis. Shell turreted or sub- 
fusiform, spire pointed, base notched, no canal, aper- 
ture elongated; right margin sharp, smooth; columella- 
lip thin, and attached; no operculum. The exterior is 
most beautifully sculptured in every possible pattern, 
with transverse grooves, punctures, granulations, or 
strize, and sometimes smooth ; and the coloring matter 
of every hue. The upper part of the whorls, in many 
species, is crenulated. Another very characteristic 
distinction between this genus and that of Voluta, is, 
the right lip being in many species dentated, which 


never occurs in the latter. 


Swarnson, in his Zoological [ilustrations, has figured 
many of the rare species of this elegant genus in the 


most accurate manner. 


Mitra episcopalis Mitra versicolor 
ween papalis -++++ sanguinolenta 
-++e+ pontificalis == s+ +s ferruginea 
sees puncticulata «+--+ terebralis 
see+» millepora sett adusta 

woes Cardinalis «tees granulosa 


++e++ archiepiscopalis = «++ "+ crocata 


Mitra casta 


eeeee 


oeeee 


2ee¢eee 


nexilis 
olivaria 
scabriuscula 
granatina 
crenifera 
serpentina 
teeniata 
plicaria 
corrugata 
costellaris 
lyrata 
melongena 
cinctella 
vulpecula 
Caffra 
sanguisuga 
stigmataria 
filosa 
fissurata 
lactea 
cornicularis 
lutescens 
striatula 


subulata 


Mitra cornea 


ee#eeae 


tringa 


melaniana 


- scutulata 


dactylus 
fenestrata 
crenulata 
texturata 
conulus 
limbifera 
aurantiaca 
amphorella 
coronata 
paupercula 
cucumerina 
patriarchalis 
muriculata 
torulosa 
ebenus 
harpzeformis 
semifasciata 
retusa 
microzonias 
ficulina 


nucleola 


Se ee eS ee 


272 


Mitra unifascialis Mitra plumbea 
ate bacillum tee larva 
Serie ly er pisolina 
steee arenosa .-+-. dermestina 
Saran clavulus ete granulifera 
ee literata seoee ONISCINA 
iiserats Peronii .+-+- tabanula 
seen obliquata .+++» pediculus 


[And fourteen fossil species. } 


VOLUTA. 


First family—cyMpB10L£.—VoLUuTA NAUTICA.— Linn. 
Mart. 3, t.75, f. 785. 


Second Family—muR1c1n £.—V. IMPERIALIS.—Linn. 


Encyclop. Meth. pl. $82, f. 1. 


Third Family—mvsicaLes.—v. EBREA.—Linn. 
Encyclop. Meth. pl. 380, f- 2. 


Fourth Family—rFvuso1pEx.—V. MAGNIFICA.—Linn. 
Chem. 11, t. 174, f. 1693. 


Tne G. Voluta, established by Linnzeus, though well 
defined, as far as the plaits on the columella and the 


273 


notch at the base formed a part of its distinctive 
characters, was in other respects by no means natural, 
including shells of different families, which have neces- 
sarily been separated and placed at a distance, not be- 
ing in any way allied toit. It comprehended shells with 
the aperture entire, margin thickened, and the plaits 
on the columella callous, as in the G. Auricula; others 
having the aperture channeled at the base, as in the 
G. Fasciolaria; some with the aperture simply notched 
at the base, as in the G. Buccinum; others of the G. 
Turbinella approximating the G. Murex and the G. 
Mitra, in which the spire is sharp and pointed, the 
right lip dentated, and the plaits on the columella 
smaller atthe base. These were all promiscuously blend- 
ed together, occasioning an immense extent of genus, 


and a confusion of species and character, incompatible 


- with reason, and greatly impeding the student’s pro- 


gress, as he might in vain seek, amidst the contradic- 
tory evidences of different species, for that constantly 
recurring generic distinction, which alone could enable 
him to determine satisfactorily to what genus the shell 
under his examination precisely belonged. The G. 
Voluta as it now stands reformed by Lamarck, not- 
withstanding its much more limited extent, still re- 
mains a very numerous, natural, and most beautiful 


T 


274 


association of species; many are of the greatest rarity, 
aud for, which amateurs have given larger sums.than 
for the examples of any other genus of Testaceze. From 
the great. variety of form in the different, species, La- 
marck has been indjiced to separate them into four small 
groups -or’ families, pointing out by that,means the 
most. obvious similarity between each, though they are 
all inseparabl y united together by leading generic char- 


acters, and form but one. genus, 


Tue first family, called by Lamarck Cymbiole, and 
known to English collectors by the trivial name of 
Melons, is distinguished by the shells comprised in it 
being subglobular, or inflated; the spire papillary, aud 
in some species crowned with sharp vaulted spines; jin 
others the whorls are truncated, and more or less con- 
cave at the upper part; the margin of them sharp and 
keeled, and some have the spire nearly concealed by 
the body, whorl., a cigk aed 

In the second family, Muricine, (called Horned 
Musics), the shells are oval, and spined or tuberculateds 
spire papillary, surrounded at the upper part of the 
whorls with long, hollow, recurved spines or prongs 
closed at their points, as in the V. Imperialis; or smalt 


acute vaulted spines, as in the V. Vespertilio. 


275 


_ In the third family, Musicales, (commonly called 
Music Shells, from many of their species being marked 
with a pattern strongly resembling musical notes and 
lines), the shells are tuberculated at the spire, as in the 
Y, Musica. 


Anp in the fourth family, Fusoidee, (Spindle Vo- 
jutes) the. shells are’ more elongated, the spire more 
produced, and no'spines or tubercles on thewhorls, as 
in the V. magnifica. 

In all of the above species the spire is mammillary 
or obtyse;. the columella. more; or les§ plaited; the 
lower plaits larger and more oblique than the upperones; 
and a notch at the base., , Shell oval, more or less ven- 
tricose, fusiform, or conical; aperture’ effuse; right lip 
smooth, generally sharp, and never dentated. La- 
marck observes that none of \the species of this genus 
are “ pourvue de drap marin,” which can only be trans- 
lated—not having an epidermis: this is an error; a8 
Many species possess .a thin filmy external coat, answer- 
ing to what in other shells has been called by him a‘false 

epidermis; and all the Melons have a strong and ‘very 

thick epidermis. It may also be well to remark that the 

number of plaits on the columella isin general uniform in 
T2 


276 


the different speciesof Voluta: they nevertheless occa- 
sionally vary, without consequently rendering such ex~ 


amples new species. 


Tuoved it is not the writer’s present object to point 
out all the rare shells in each genus, he cannot avoid 
stating that the V. Junonia is incomparably the most 
so of this. Very few examples of it being known, and 
perhaps not more than four can be traced in Europe; 
one of which exists in the select cabinet of W. J. Bro- 


derip, esq. 


Many of the most rare and beautiful species of this 
singularly elegant genus, have been figured by Swain- 
son in the first Numbers of his Exotic ConcnoLoey, 
with a verisimilitude that has never yet been equalled, 
and probably never will be excelled by any artist. 
This talent, combined with his scientific knowledge as 
a Naturalist, must render the above work the most 
‘eminent of its kind in this country; and it is earnestly 
to be hoped that the unavoidable delay which has hi- 
therto unfortunately attended the publication of the 


succeeding Numbers may be shortly surmounted. — 


277 


CymBioLe.—First Family. 


Shells ventricose or inflated. 


Voluta nautica Voluta Neptuni 

wees diadema ++eeee cymbium | 

Sietetel aie armata i -+++ olla | 

aR, ducalis - _ +eee++ proboscidalis = - 
ob eo eitempelbata | Tere See porcina 
ooo ZEthiopica seeeee scapha ’ 

BP er: melo. -»++++ Brasiliana. 


Muricinx.—Second: Family. 


Shells oval, spined or tuberculated. 


Voluta imperialis Voluta mitis 

teeees pellis-serpentis ----++ nivosa 

sees vespertilio sree serpentina. 
F Mustcanes.—Third Family. 


Shell oval, subtuberculated. 
_ * .... Voluta hebreea Voluta thiarella 
dae SICA of)” ihy),3 8 use carneolata 


+¢. ese Chlorosina..  —=«s_ + + 2+ + Guinaica 


278 


Voluta levigata  Voluta fulva 
ath polyzonalis ees se SUICHRE 


Voluta nodulosa. 
7 e 


Fusorp Ex.—Fourth Family. 


Shell lengthened, ventricose, and nearly ‘fusiform. 


Voluta niaguifica - Voluta undulata 
veeeee ancilla tees Siriaas 
vee : . Hagin ov oggia! dE - yexillum 
veeeee ‘Pacifica’ ++++++ volvacea . 

ve aeee fulminata -+++++ festiva 

Es ee Jynemid Venn teste mitreeformis 


Voluta nucleus. 
[There are alsé eighteen fossil species. | 


ws 
+ 
fi FL kit 


“MARGINELLA.. 


VOLUTA GUAR ELLA —Linn. 


kee MA ED 1D, 


Sowerby’ $ Gener at, No: 4, pl. 2. 


Most authors have considered these shells as form- 
ing a part of the G. Voluta, to which Linnzeus as- 
signed them, ‘and to which in matiy respects they 


evidently appear allied.’ Bruguiere’ was the first to 


279 
point out those peculiar characters which eminently 
distinguish them from that genus, and render their 
separation expedient; but he classed them with 
the G. Mitra: from both of which Lamarck has 
properly divided. them, as the following character- 
istic distinctions never occur either in the Volute 
or the Mitre—The right margin is thickened at the 
outward side, forming a lip or marginal border; the 
aperture occupies the whole length of the shell, and is 
but slightly notched at the base; the plaits on the co- 
lumella differ in position from those of the Volute, be- 
ing nearly of an equal size: the spire is extremely short 
and sometimes altogether concealed, occasioning those 
species to form a natural transition to the next genus ; 
they are marine shells, and have no operculum, It 
appears probable that the inhabitant of these shells 
covers the greater portion of the exterior with the 
mantle of its body, in the manner of the Cypreeze and 
some other genera, depositing successive layers of 
testaceous matter in a similar way, as the examples of 


this genus differ materially in thickness of substance. 


Shells with a projecting spire. 
Marginella.glabella Marginella nubeculata 


teeeee ness radiata ceereeeess Coerulescens 


280 


_Marginella quinquepli- Marginella aurantia 


Pa ee bivaricosa 
«pip oni pete limbata +++eee++++ longivaricosa 
sists. oan “. ee. rosea seeeeeeees MusCaria 
ihe a bifasciata weeeeseeee formicula 
en ee . faba oe eceeeess EDUENER 
Marginella dentifera 


[And one fossil species. ] 


Spire not projecting. 


Marginella dactylus Marginella persicula 
Sith a Oded bullata evccsceees Jineata 

Bs LA ee cornea weeeeeeee tessellata 
av teisncer ae ast avellana Vidinnhe ainls 0h interrupta. 


VOLVARIA. 


VOLUTA PALLIDA.—JLinn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 5, pl. 4. 


Turis. genus evidently connects the shells having a 
columella with those which are “ enroulées sur elles- 
mémes,” cylindrically rolled or evolved upon their own 
axis, the whorls equal to its length; to the former they 


are allied by the plaits on the columella, and to the 


281 


latter by the whorls being rolled over each other: they 
appear more uearly to approximate the G. Marginella; 
but the right side of the aperture is generally sharp and 
divested of the thickened lip. Shell cylindrical, ob- 
long; spire obsolete or concealed ; aperture narrow, 
the whole length of the shell, with one or more plaits 
at the lower part of the columella. They are marine 
shells, and generally very small. Sowerby in his Ge- 
nera of Shells, No. 5, has given a plate of three fossil 
species of this genus, two of which are not mentioned 
by Lamarck. 
| Volvaria monilis Volvaria triticea 
er pallida Sth da} oryza. 
Volvaria miliacea. 


{And one fossil species. | 


OVULA. . es 
BULLA 0vuM.—Linn. 


Sowerby’s Genera, No. 2, plate 4. | 


/ BULLA vVoLvA— Linn. | 
Sowerby’s Genera, No. 2, pl.5, f.1. The adult Shell. 
Mawe’s Linn. pl. 22, f. 1. The young Shell. 


Brueutiere, in the first instance, separated the shells 


282 


of this genus from those of the G. Bulla, in which they 
were classed by Linnzeuis. Lamarck has adopted the 
same association of species, but has divided them into 
two families; the first consisting of those which have 
the right side of the aperture wrinkled or thickened; 
and the second, of such as are smooth on the right 
side, in which he includes the species that have the 
last whorl attenuated, and produced in long beaks 
or rostra at both ends of the shell, as in the O. volva. 
The G. Ovula, as it is now constituted, forms a very 
natural association, and precedes the G. Cyprea, to 
which it is nearly allied: it is, however, constantly dis- 
tinguished from the latter by the want of spire, and the 
left or columella-lip never being plaited or toothed. 
To the G. Bulla they also approximate, being like them 
convolute shells; but the right lip, which is constantly 
folded or reflected inwardly in adult shells, and either 
smooth or wrinkled, is a character quite opposite to that 
of the Bulla, in which the lip is thin, sharp, and straight. 
Shell ventricose, oblong, oval, or egg-shaped; the 
whorls convolute, rolled round their own axis; the outer 
one very large, nearly concealing all the others, and in 
some species attenuated at both extremities, producing 
very long subcylindrical beaks, as inthe O.volva, which 


has somewhat the appearance of a Weaver's Shuttle, 


, 283 
the trivial name given it by English Collectors. In 
other species, as the O. gibbosa, the conformation of the 
whorls more nearly resembles that of the Cyprae, 
but they exhibit no spire; the edge of the right margin 
always reflected inwards, either smooth or wrinkled; 
no columella lip or plaits; aperture longitudinal, nar- 
row, extending the entire length of the shell, and ef- 
fuse ; hooperculum or epidermis. By a parity of reason- 
ing it may safely be concluded, that the animals inhabit- 
ing the shells of this genus possess a mantle which 
they have the power of extending over the whole ex- 
terior surface of the shell, as is known to be the case 
with the Cypree. This genus is the first of the six 
genera, into which Lamarck has divided the shells 
which are spirally evolved on their own axis, viz. 
G. Ovula, G. Cypreea, G. Terebellum, G. Ancil- 
laria, G. Oliva, and G. Conus. The two first, Ovula 
and Cyprea, have the right lip reflected inwardly. 
The plate, fig. 1, referred to in Sowerby’s Genera, re- 
presents the O. volvain,its adult state;, and in, Mawe’s 
Linn. pl 2, f. 1, a matchless, example of the O. volva, 
(now in Mr, Brodevip’s.cabinet), is figured in. its young 
state, before the formation of the. inwardly reflected 


lip. 


a 


284 


Shells with the right lip wrinkled, or platted. 


Ovula oviformis Ovula Jactea 
tees angulosa sees Carnea 
sees verrucosa -+ee- triticea 


Ovula hordacea. 


Shells with the right lip smooth. 


Ovula gibbosa Ovula spelta 
see. acicularis -++++ birostris 
Ovula volva. 


[There are also two fossil species.] 


CYPRAA. 


CYPREA MAPPA.—Linn. 


& 
? 
= 
ry 
- 
ba 
a 
a 
- 
> 
= 
S 
y 
9 


| Martini, 1, tab. 25, fig. 245, 246. 


Mawe’s Linn. pl. 21, f. 3. 

Tis very numerous and generally well known fami- 
ly presents the most consistent uniformity between its 
species, and with the exception of the Ovula verrucosa, 
no other shel] can be mistaken as belonging to it. It is, 


therefore, sufficient to give only Lamarck’s generic de- 


285 


scription of the genus, and some interesting and expla- 
natory facts respecting the structure and growth of the 
~ shell; which will satisfactorily account for a singular oc- 
currence, frequently observed, of the young and incom- 
pletely formed shell being often twice as large as the 
adult of the same species. In the full grown and mature 
shell, the form is oval, convex above, slightly flatten- 
ed beneath, and the spire nearly covered by the evo- 
lutions of the whorls, leaving in some species a small 
cavity, resembling an umbilicus; the aperture narrow, 
extending the whole length of the shell, and dentated 
or plaited on either side; the right margin always re- 
flected inwards. But in young and immature shells, 
the form is very different, the aperture then being much 
wider, particularly at the base; the right margin sharp, 
and not reflected; no plaits on the columella, the spire 
very much produced, and the shell more resembling a 
cone, except in thickness. Inthenext stage of growth, 
it acquires the outline of its perfect form, but it is not yet 
completed, as its substance is thin, the shell light, and 
the spire, though very small, not so much concealed as 
in the succeeding stage of increased growth: the pattern 
and coloring are also very different to those of the third 


and last stage, at which the shell becomes solid; and 


286 


the animal having then made the final deposit of tes- 
taceous matter, has completed the colored pattern or 
design, and covered it with a beautiful transparent 


enamel. 


Tue animal possesses two membranous~extensions 
on that part of its body called the Mantle by ana- 
tomists, in the form of wings, which furnish the tes- 
taceous and coloring, matter;, these increase in size, 
as the shell advances in growth,. and. when it has at- 
tained its maturity, fold over, and totally conceal the 
whole of it, during the animal’s removal from one spot 
to another, or from the necessity it is under of partially 
quitting its habitation in search of food. 


In some species, these: membranous wings do not 
quite meet on the convex part or back of the shell, and 
the space that separates them, with the unequal termi- 
nation of their edges, is invariably marked by .a‘dis- 
tinctly colored dorsal’ line, which is strongly defined 
in the C. mappa. In general, these wings are long 
enough to overlap-éach other, and the pattern'and co- 
_ lors are then more equally’ distributed over the whole 


surface of the shell. The circumstance of 'fréquently 


ye eee 
. ; 


287 


seeing examples of this genus in an incomplete state, 
twice the size of other mature examples of the 
same species, may be accounted for, by the presump- 
tive fact that the animal in some instances, after hav- 
ing completed its shell to a certain period of. growth, 
becomes too large for it; and possessing the faculty of 


. removing from it-altogether, new models another hab- 


itation on the increased size of its body, which it com- 


pletes to its second stage of growth; and then, from a 


similar necessity to that by which it was first prompted, 
again quits it, or, the term of its existence being then 
completed, dies, and leaves the shell as it is so often 
found. The animal, when in a quiescent state, buries 
itself in the sand at the bottom of the sea. ‘The plate 
referred to in Mawe’s Linn. fig. 3, represents the 
young shell of the Cypreea, in which the spire is always — 
very prominent, and the lip not reflected inwardly. 
In this stage of growth the shells may be said to re- 
semble in form some of the ventricose species of the 
G. Conus, particularly the C, bullatus. 


Tue C. aurora, when finely’ colored and without 
an artificial perforation, by which the chieftains of New 


Zealand suspend it to their dress as an ornament, is 


certainly the most valuable of this genus, though many 


other species are of greater rarity. 


Lamarck observes that many species exist, but 


their determination is difficult, as the characters (inde- 


pendent of the markings and colors of the shell), are 


not numerous or much varied. It is however very desir- 


able that some more natural chain of approximation 


should be established between them; many species pos- 


sessing sufficiently marked characters to guide the Na- 


turalist in that task. 
Cypreea cervina 


totacheda exanthema 


coeece * scurra 
ooh iacalele rattus 


Sie bE stercoraria 


hin Senin ventriculus 


eceeewne aurora 


Cyprea tigris 


veces caput-serpentis 


»+ eee. cinerea 


neeeees icterina 


» aptlateat miliaris 


: 


Cypreea lynx 
+ses +e adusta 
oe ots ee» erosa 
ceeeees Caurica 
eo.see- Isabella 
Be a9 -» ocellata 
+eeeeee cribraria 
-seeee turdus | 
ceeeees Olivacea 
ereeeee stolida 
seeeees hirundo 
+eeeee undata 
seseees Zigzag 
-+eee+ flaveola 


seteee - sanguinolenta 


A ee poraria 


-eee-+ee ursellus © 


SEY tie tye asellus 


. moniliaris 


2 ae stercus-mus- 


carum 


289 


Cypreea cicercula 
sixes nee lota 
Sateen globulus 
-:eeee OVUlata 
eeeeeee helvola 
»eeeee+ Arabicula 
seeeees staphylea 
+++eee pustulata 
+e++ee+ nucleus 
seeeeee limacina 
+eeees+ moneta 
s+ee++- Obvelata 
tieeihe : annulus 


ceceees radians 


coe eevee oryza 
s+eee. Coccinella 


“whe and «+ australis 


cesses albella, 


[And eighteen fossil species. ] 


—————————— ee 


290 


TEREBELLUM. 


af 


BULLA TEREBELLUM.—Linn@us. 


| 
a 
| Sowerby's Genera, No.8, pl. 6. 

Ir may be conjectured that all the univalve shells, 
whose characters puzzled Linneeus in their classifica- 
tion, were placed by him in the G. Bulla, as a provi- 
sional receptacle for them: thus the Terebellum, which 
he did not characterize as a distinct genus, the Ovula, 
Bulla, (properly so called,) Achatina, and some species 
of Pyrule, notwithstanding the disparity of such an 
association, were all blended together. The G. Te- 
rebellum is a convolute shell; the whorls evolved on 
their own axis; the right side. plainand sharp, in the 
form of an elongated cone, nearly cylindrical, and point- 
ed at the summit; ‘the back part of the base irregular- 
ly notched; aperture longitudinal, contracted at the up- 
per part, very wide at the base; columella smooth and 
truncated at the base; substance thin. Their charac- 
ters ally them to the Ancillaria, Oliva, and Conus; 
the Cyprzea also in its first stage of growth slightly re- 
sembles it. 

Terebellum subulatum. 


[And two fossil species. ] 


291 


ANCILLARIA. 


VOLUTA AMPLA.—Linn. 


Sowerby’s. Genera, No. 3, pl. 3. 


In appearance this genus resembles that of Oliva, 
between which and the G. Terebellum, it seems to 
form an intermediate link ; but the whorls of the spire 
never being separated at the upper part by a suture or 
groove distinguishes them from the former; and the 
callous oblique band at the base of the columella, from 
the latter, as well as from some species of Buccina, not 
very ventricose, which they might otherwise be mista- 
ken for. Shell oblong, cylindrical; spire. short, very 
slightly notched at the base ; aperture elongated and 
wide, but not extending the whole length of the shell, 
and rather wider at the lower part; columella not 
plaited, and with a callosity at the base. Sowerby, 
in his Genera of Shells, has preserved Lamarck’s ori- 
ginal name for this genus (Ancilla). 

Ancillaria cinnamomea_ Ancillaria marginata 

eT see» ventricosa seeeeeees Candida. 

[And five fossil species. ] 


u2 


292 


OLIVA. 


VOLUTA PORPHYRIA.— Linna@us. 


Sowerby's Genera, No. 8, pl. 2. 


Lamarck has constituted of these shells a distinct ge- 
nus from that of the G. Voluta, to which Linnzus had 
assigned nearly all of them, under the title of Voluta oli- 
va, as if they were merely varieties of one species, not- 
withstanding that many of them are most distinctly cha- 
racterized. They cannot be confounded with the Voluta 
or the Mitra, the shells of those genera not having their 
spiral whorls separated by a canal; in addition to which 
the left side of the aperture or columella of the Oliva 
presents, at its upper extremity, a projecting callosity, 
concurring in the formation of the spiral canal, which 
so strikingly marks these shells; the columella has al- 
so at the base vestiges of the very oblique callosity, 
which indicates their alliance with the Ancillariz, 
though in that genus there is no canal at thespire, and 
the columella is never plaited. Shell subcylindrical, 
convolute, and smooth; the last whorl concealing all 
the others, as in the G. Conus; spire short; sutures ca- 
naliculated; aperture longitudinal and narrow, notch- 
ed at the base; columella obliquely striated its whole 
length. It is presumable that the animal inhabiting 
the shells of this genus constructs its dwelling in a 


| 
| 


293 


similar manner to that of the Cyprzea, as the exterior 
surface, when rubbed down or polished, presents be- 
neath it a very differently colored stratum: and as there 
never is any dorsal lines on these shells, the mantle 
of the animal may be supposed entirely to envelope 
them. They have no operculum or epidermis. This ge- 
nus, like that of the Cypreea, much wants a more natu- 
ral arrangement of its species, at present they are with 
difficulty distinguished, as the indications are even 


less marked than those of the Cypreee. 


Oliva porphyria Oliva reticularis 
uhh textilina -++++ flammulata 
cia erythrostoma -+ ++. granitella 
eeeve pica ‘eres araneosa 
+e-++ tremulina = «+= literata 
a, etaie angulata -++++ scripta 

ses MAUTA tts tricolor 
sees sepulturalis +++» sanguinolenta 
Bia ee fulminans >++++ mustelina 
sees irisans -++++ lugubris 
weeee elegans »++++ funebralis 
bees episcopalis -++++ glandiformis 
weeee venulata -. +++ Peruviana 
eeees guttala -++++ Senegalensis 


staes leucopheea -+ +++ fusiformis 


294 


Oliva undata Oliva auricularia 


eoess inflata tts acuminata 
+++ bicincta” ..+++ subulata 
Aik, 3% harpularia ..--+ luteola 
Ty0?. Hepatica’?) E778 <s testacea 
Ti bind ustulata ...-+ hiatula 

, PIE avellana . sees obtusaria 
23%. tessellata ..-++ Zeylanica 
. aH. carneola ..+++ nebulosa 
sixes Sapa 114! Yh ase fabagina 


-eee- oriola ...-+ conoidalis 


STS Gandida*’°‘° teers undatella 
weees yolutella: °°. ee eburnea 
Batts tigrina seee? nana 
ee ia Brasiliana _. soe! Zonalis 
sees utrieulus soso OFyZae 


[And five fossil species. | 


| 
CONUS. 
CONUS cEDO-NULLI.—Linneus. 
Mart. 2, t. 57, f. 633. 


Mawe's Linn. frontispiece, fig: \- 


Tr. shells of this genus are the most numerous, as well 


/ 


as the most beautiful of the class which comprehends 
the spiral univalyes; among them are man y of extreme 
rarity, and. of remarkable. elegance in the symme- 
try of their form, diversity of marking, and richness 
of coloring matter. They constitute a very natural 
and easily. distinguished association, including an im- 
mense number of species... The most remarkable and 
distinguishing character of this genus is the shells hav- 
ing the whorls of the spire compressed and rolled over 
each other, the outer one being entirely visible, and 
the upper edges of the previous evolutions only seen 
with a suture or groove between them; these spiral 
elevations are termed the spire, which is sometimes 


nearly flat, convex, more or less produced, and occa- 


sionally even slightly concave; the extremity of the 
whorls coronated, smooth, or tuberculated. It results 
from the form of the shell, and the spiral cavity (which 
contains the animal) being compressed in its whole 
length, and the largest part nearest the spire, that they 
may be strictly called turbinated shells, attenuated to- 


wards the, base; the aperture is narrow, effuse at the 


base, never dentated ; the outer lip smooth and sharp. 


Lamarcx has divided this genus into two sections: 


the first including the coronated Cones; the second, 


~~ 


296 


those with the spire plain. Tothe above remarks and 
description of the genus, may be added a few more 
particulars tending to exhibit the peculiar characters 
of this elegant shell; the aperture is terminated at the 
upper part ina notch, occasioned by the suture or se- 
paration of the external whorl from the spire. Be- 
neath this appears a slight callosity, running round the 
interior of the shell. The form of the shell is extremely 
various: some being thin, cylindrical, and oval; others 
short and wide; some with a very produced spire, 
which in other species is nearly flat and truncated, 
either mucronated, coronated, tuberculated, or with 
flattened or convex whorls; the exterior more or less 
covered with minute granulations, some quite smooth, 
and others transversely grooved or sulcated. Many 
species are known to be, .and most probably all of 
them are covered with an epidermis, which in some 


species is very thick and has a tufted appearance. 


ADANSON, whose veracity has never been impugned, 
asserts that these shells are closed by an operculum, 
and it is very extraordinary, that in a class of shells so 
abundant, particularly in the hot latitudes, the animal 
has never been examined by any other person, and 


this assertion, therefore, has never been confirmed. 


297 


Tus genus, like other very numerous ones, possess- 
ing but few variations of character, requirés a more na- 
tural association of its species; as a guide to which, the 
peculiar structure of the spiral whorls, in addition to 
the more or less elongated shape of the shells, might 
be adopted by the Naturalist. The only shells that 
could possibly be confounded with this genus, are 
young examples of the G. Cyprzea; but the latter, in 
that stage of growth, are extremely thin and of light 
weight, which at once distinguishes them from the G. 
Conus. 

As itis not the intention of this work to point out all 
the rare examples of each genus, they have in a very 
few instances only been mentioned. But the C. gloria- 
maris, the most rare of this genus, must not pass unno- 
ticed, as there are only a very few examples of it known; 
one of which, formerly belonging to M. de Calonne, is 
in the Tankerville Collection. There are many other 
extremely rare and valuable species, viz. the C. omai- 
cus, C. aurisiacus, and the varieties of the C. cedonulli, 
too numerous to be here mentioned; all of which are 


to be found in the above matchless cabinet. 


298 


Shells Senile, 


Conus marmoreus 


_. sites Bandanus 


eoeeee HOCtUrNUS 
-«s«e+ Nicobaricus 


sev0etne araneosus 


_. @e *e-- Zonatus 


-seseee imperialis 


-+eeee fuscatus 

-» «+» viridulus 

wnat deg regius | 
-eeeee Cedo-nulli 
».eeee aurantius 
++++ ++ nebulosus 
eeee es Minimus 
seeeee sulcatus’ 


-e.e++ Hebreeus 


_e eee ee vermiculatus 


-++ee+ arenatus 
+++» pulicarius 
-+++++ fustigatus 
«+++ Obesus 


coves VRTION™ 


Conus tulipa 
ssee+s geographus | 


vie punctatus 


ws see teniatus 


eecere musicus 


deaf. miliaris 


eoeeee MUS 

+e+ee+ lividus 
-.+++» Barbadensis 
veee++ TOSeUS 

sees Cardinalis 
»+++++ Magellanicus 
.+.ses distans 

-+ee+ pontificalis 
.++++ Caledonicus 
se++++ sponsalis 
»s++++ puncturatus 
+++. Ceylanensis 
-+++++ lamellosus 
sees pusillus 
reeeee ExIQUUS 


4.08 ¢@ 6 4 asper, 


Conus 


ePeree 
eeeevee 
ereeee 
eeeeee 
ceeepe 
eoeeee 
eeeeee 
eornvee 

eseeee 
eoveee 
eeeeee 
eerese 


v,eeoeee 


299 


Shells not coronated. 


millepunctatus 


literatus 
eburneus 
tessellatus 
generalis 
Maldivus 
Malacanus 
lineatus 
monile 
centurio 
vitulinus 
vulpinus 
flavidus _ 
virgo 
daucus 
pastinaca 
capitaneus 
classiarius 
vittatus 
mustelinus 
vexillum 


Sumatrensis 


Conus hyzena 
eseeee Miles 
veeees ammiralis 
e+ee* Genuanus 
++++++ papilionaceus 
++++ee Siamensis 
-+++++ Prometheus 
A> ree glaucus 
-+ee++ Suratensis 
»+e+++ monachus 
+e+e+ ranunculus 
»+2ee+ anemone 
+eeeee achatinus 
+eee-- Cinereus 
+++» stramineus 
s+ eeee Zebra 
--++ee lacteus 
-+++++ cingulatus 
sees Vicarius 
~+cees mercator 
»+ee++ ochraceus 


-.eee+ betulinus 


a 


Conus figulinus 
+eeeee Quercinus 
+++e++ Proteus 

+++ leoninus 
seeeee augur - 
+e+++e pertusus . 
++ee++ Nivosus 
e+++e+ fulgurans 
+e+eee acuminatus 
-eeeee amadis 
eeoees Janus 
-++e+e flammeus 
.++e++ lithoglyphus 
.vee+ testudinarius 
eeeeee Venulatus 
+++++ Queestor 

++ ++++ MusCcosUS 
.+++++ Narcissus . 
..++++ Mozambicus 
-»eeee Guinaicus 
.-+++» Franciscanus 
-.. «+ informis 
seeeee rattus 


-+eree Jamaicensis 


300 


Conus Mediterraneus 


We Bh puncticulatus 
-+++++ Mauritianus 
seeeee fumigatus 

+ eee ee ques: 

-++++ luzonicus 
seeees Catus 

+e-++>* WeEFFUCOsUS 
+++e+* acutangulus 
.++e++ mindanus 
-eee++ Japonicus 
-+se+e pusio 

-+++++ Columba 
»+++++ madurensis 
++ee++ Nemocanus 
++++++ cancellatus 
eevee fusiformis 
+eee+e Coerulescens 
‘oe sees aurora 
-.++++ Taitensis 
-+ee++ Adansonii 


-+++++ tinianus 


~ ...e++ Portoricanus 


seeeee Crocatus 


301] 
| i 
Conus amabilis Conus strigatus 
o+ee+s Omaicus seers» glans ; ( 
eevee nobilis +oeeee mitratus 
seeees aurisiacus +++e++ nussatella 
seeeee terminus ee+e++ aulicus j 
«eee. Striatus eeoeees auratus 1 
-+++++ gubernator -+++++ Colubrinus 
-eeecs granulatus seers Clavus 
coeeee terebra eeeee+ auricomus 
se+eee verulosus seve es OMaria 
seesies raphanus teeeee rubiginosus 
veeees Magus ceeece pennaceus 
++ «++ spectrum s+eee+ preelatus 
-eeeeee DHullatus cesses panniculus 
“sees Cervus [rum -++++» archiepiscopus 
seeeee Stercus-musca- ++++++ Canonicus - 
oeees Limorensis coeere episcopus 
-»++++ nimbosus ++eee+ abbas 
cosees Gux - +++» legatus 
veeee tendineus --eee textile 
Aaverete preefectus . seeeve pyramidalis 
.ee+ee melancholicus -+++++ gloria-maris 
Conus australis. 
[There are also nine fossil species.] x4 


302 


BELEMNITES. 
NAUTILUS BELEMNITA.—Gimelin. 
seneyel. Meth. pl. 465, fi 1. 
A fossil. 


: ORTHOCERA. 


Linn us has classed this genus, as well as the G. Spi- 


NAUTILUS RAPHANUS. —Linneus.> 


rula, with his G. Nautilus, indicating the alliance that 
exists betweeen the many chambered shells, or shells 
with septa. _The Orthocera is a very minute elongat- 
ed marine shell, channelled on the exterior, resembling 
a slightly curved horn: the interior is divided into many 
cells, transversely separated by septa, which are tra- 
versed by a subcentrical syphon, sometimes projecting 
at both extremities of the shell, and sometimes only at 
one. They are found in the sand on the Mediterra- 
nean shores. 7 pie iia 

Orthocera raphanus Orthocera obliqua 

es cowce fascia « weeeeeeee acicula 


eoeeeeese raphanistrum eovereene legumen 


303 © 


NODOSARIA. 
NAUTILUS RADICULA.—Linneus. F 


Encycl. Meth. pl. 465, f. 4, A.B. C.. 


Tus genus very nearly approximates the preceding; 
but the exterior has smooth, globular nodosities, and 
has not the small longitudinal ribs which render the 
~ Orthocerz channelled on the interior. 

Nodosaria radicula Nodosaria dentalina 


Nodosaria siphunculus. 


HIPPURITE.—A fossil. 


25 


CONILITES.—Ditto. 


SPIRULA. 


NAUTILUS SPIRULA,—Linn@us.: 


Mawe's Linn. pl. 19, f. 3. 


Tis common little shell is known to all collectors, 


304 


and was. classed with the G. Nautilus by Linnzeus. 
Peron has discovered that it is attached at the lower 
part of the animal to which it belongs, and, except a 
portion of its last spiral turn, is. completely enveloped 
by the body of the animal. 

, Spirula Peronii. 


SPIROLINITES.—A fossil species. 


LITUOLITES.—Ditto. 


| RENULITES.—Ditto. 


CRISTELLARIA. 
/ Tux greater number of these shells, of which the Nau- 


tilus Planatus is the type, are microscopic, and figured 
and described by Fichtel, also in the Encycl. Method 
(Cristellaria Planata) &c. pl. 467, f- 1, A. B.C. 


NINE species are enumerated by Fichtel, all of which 


appear to be recent shells. 


305 ag c en 


| ( 
ORBICULINA. | } 
SHELLs minute. Nautilus Orbiculus of Fichtel; Orbi- 
culina Nummata, Encycl. Method. pl. 468, f.1, A. § 
B. C. D. | 
—aeeeee eee 
MILIOLA. | 


| 5 
A Minute shell, one recent species of which is found 
on fuci, at the Island of Corsica. 


| CR nate, 


GYROGONITES.—A fossil. 


Susidimmapinieendemeee on 


MELONITES. 


A MINUTE Nautilus of Fichtel. novel Method. na 
469, f 1, A. B. C.D. E. F. 
Two species, 


Sees, 


ROTALITES.—A fossil. 


PONE Ae a 


LENTICULITES.—A fossil. AS 


x . 


306 


PLACENTULA. 


~ 


“‘A-winote Nautilus of Fichtel. Encycl. Meth. pl. 466, 


fi9, A; B.C. D. 


jl % Le “4 
A MINUTE Nautilus of Fichtel. Encycl. Method. t. 4, 
f- D. ELF. 


VORTICIALIS. 


A munvute Nautilus of Fichtel. Encycl. Method. pl. 
470, f.1, A.B.C. © v 


9 ¢ 
G3) | NUMMULITES.—A fossil. 


307 


NAUTILUS. | 


NAUTILUS POMPILIUS.—Linn. | 
Mawe’s Linn. pl. 19, f.1, 2. 
Mart. 1, p. 226, Vign. 10, t.18, f. 164. 


Tuts elegant shell is so well known, that a minute de- 
scription of it is here unnecessary. Its form is spiral, 
discoid; whorls contiguous, the last enveloping the 
others; numerous cells separated by a thin pearly par- 
tition, or transverse septum, concave on one side, and 
perforated by a syphon running through them all. This 
shell Lamarck conjectures to be only the partial cover- 
ing of a molluscous animal, on whose body it is proba- 
bly situated in a similar manner to that of the Spirula; 
which fact is said to be confirmed by a recent traveller, 
whose interesting remarks on natural history are likely 
soon to be presented to the public. ' 


Nautilus pompilius Nautilus umbilicatus. 


ORBULITES.—A fossil.’ 


x 2 


308 


| | 
_AMMONOCERATITES.—A fossil. 


TURRILITES.—A fossil. 


BACULITES.—A fossil. 


ARGONAUTA. 


ARGONAUTA ARGO.—Linn. 


| 

) 

| Mawe's Linn. plate 18, fig. 1, 2- 
| Mart. 1, t. 17, f. 157. 


Tuts genus is universally well known, and its elegant 
species forma part of every collection, under the trivial 
name of Paper Nautilus. There are three species: one 
(A. argo)with the keel much narfower than in the others, 
and the pointed tuberculations on either side of it very 
sharp; the sides of the shell striated transversely, with 
wrinkles proceeding longitudinally from the.spire; the 
second species (A. tuberculosa) is more convex at the 
sides, with nodulous elevations, the kee] broader, and 
the points at each side more obtuse. The third species 


(A. nitida) has the aperture very much dilated. 


309 


Tue animal inhabiting this shell is said to ex- 
pand two arms, connected by a membrane in the form 
of a sail, and two others acting as oars; by the aid of 
which it is propelled and guided on the surface of the 
sea, in its elegant, but frail bark. On receiving any 
alarm, or the weather becoming too rough for its con- 
venient navigation, the animal withdraws its sail and 
oars, and, retreating into the interior of the shell, sinks 
to the bottom. 

Argonauta argo Argonauta tuberculosa 


Argonauta nitida. 


OCTOPUS. 
SEPIA ocToPUs.—Linn. 


A MOoLLUscous animal, enclosing a very small dorsal 


osseous substance. 


Octopus vulgaris Octopus cirrhosus 
-+eeees granulatus = -+---e- moschatus. 
LOLIGOPSIS. 


A MOLLUscous animal, but without any interior bone. 


Loligopsis Peronii. 


310 


LOLIGO. 
SEPIA LOLIGoO.—Linn. 
A MOLLUSCOUS animal, containing an elongated, thin, 
transparent substance, enveloped at the anterior part 
of its back. 
Loligo vulgaris —_Loligo subulata 
teeeee sagittata 9 sees sepiola. 


SEPIA. 


A MOLLUscoUs animal], with a crustaceous, spongy, 
opaque, horny substance inclosed in its body, but quite 
free and detached. 

Sepia officinalis Sepia tuberculata. 


| CARINARIA. 


| PATELLA CRISTATA.—Linna@us. 


Mart. 1, t.18, f. 163. 


Tue first species, described by Lamarck; of this genus, 
in general form, and in some other respects, resembles 


the G, Argonauta, but principally on account of its tex- 


oll 


ture, which is thin, papyraceous, very fragile, and semi- 
transparent. ‘The shell of the C. vitrea is in the form 
of a fool's cap, flattened at the sides, the summit spiral- 
ly recurved towards the aperture, but never entering it. 
It has one keel only on the whole length of the back, 
sharp, and dentated: the animal inhabiting it is never 
quite inclosed by the shell, which only serves to pro- 
tect certain parts of its body. An example of this 


shell, which is considered by collectors the most rare 


of all the Testaceze, exists in the cabinet of the Earl 
‘ of Mountnorris, and is supposed to be the only one 


_ in this country. Another is in the French Museum. 


Tne next species described by Lamarck, the C. 
fragilis, (Ency. Method. pl. 444, f- 3), is much small- 
er than the preceding, and may be distinguished 
from it by the very fine longitudinal striz, diverging 
from the summit to the margin; it also has no dorsal 


carination. 


Tue third species, C. cymbium, (Martini 1, t. 18, ~ 


f. 161, 162), is not larger than a grain of sand, and can 
only be seen through a magnifying glass. 
Carinaria vitrea Carinaria fragilis 


Carinaria cymbium. 


Sr 


312 


PTEROTRACHEA. 


A MOLLUscous animal. ~ 
Pterotrachea coronata Pterotrachea pulmonata 
comets eees hyalina ° : eee eee ere aculeata. 


PHYLLIROE. 


A MOLLUscous animal. 
Phylliroe bucephalum. 


THE END. 


Page. Page. 
Pt ee ree 26 Baculites........... 308 
WGEFEs sees wees 160°) Balanis: - «2.25%. care Jnt's eae 
Achatina -......... 183 Belemnites -.-...... 302 
Ammonites:---+-... 307  Birostrites ..-...... 132 
Ammonoceratifes .-- 308 Buccinum -......... 262 
Amphidesma -...... 49 Bulimus ........... 181 
Amphitrite A of 8 atesebete RG RE on. ois ote ncn 161 
Ampullaria eae Be 167) Pillsia 6 ..0. ieee 160 
Anatifera,.......... BH. Calceol pic ws ss. cn were 182 
SRM ETINE Sake owt’ s-e » 43 Calyptraa ......... 157 
PopciMaria a3 ts. . a os 291 Cancellaria ........ 231 
Ancylus Ea RELY > tale Me 159 Capsa whoteraiale et a cee 63 
Anodon --++........ OF Caaedite: «vs os waek <7 
PRM whale oe code 190. Gardiner. oo 60k and 75 
MNOStOMA: 6 +2 «sain 15 176) Clarinavias. d¢4 gem cnt 310 
Ee ni ca tve'g it aut + GG. Caroceabia’é y-< sleuete. 175 
Arenicola-......... 19); Cassidarig «0 s635<4)..2 251 
Argonauta ofelavoteves died ie, Catia li ee 252 
Aspergillum ....... 31: Castalia. - +». 5.50545 89 
Auricula .... 20.45% 186 Cerithiom: -.... sce. 226 
ye ner PROS Citing hacks sé Ble clas 06 


Page. 
Chiton | gia iene: 146 
Chitonellus ..-...... 146 
Citerns 32 iil. wiece ah 30 
Clansiling ios ss - 180. 
Clavagella ---...... 33 
Cléodora »- + esx... 141 
Clip Gisteake won Moib:o's ad 
Clymene.......e6+. 14 
Columbella --...... 268 
Concholepas -....-. 258 
Conilites sian 303 
CORUS : 00: ere weet eae 204 
Cofbis - «+6 6. cee LO HO 
COPEL © <encerare ot 50 
Coronula -.--- PEpsretit )| 
CDBRNIR.-oscrareciyeatereinin’s 134 
Crassatella ---+..... 46 
Crassina «eee. scese% 63 
Crenatula .......... 107 
Crepidula -.--+ fesse 158 
Ceesia yeep or aee b Q7 
Cristellaria -..-.-+++ 304 
Ciiculleaa ‘--:./..c:0i a m--) 
Cyclaseessseseseeee) 64 
Cyclostoma ---.++-- 188 
Cymbulia «-+----. -» 143 
Cypraca ++ see se eee. 284 
Cypricardia «+.++--. 79 
Cyprina Pree «een 67 
Cyrena «secre essen 65 


Cytherea a ee 68 
Delphinula ..-..... 213 
) Dentalium -...- sian 

Diceras «+. ay sana 96 
Diseitia . <2.2/00mee oe 133 
Discorbites ....-... 306 
Dolabella ’.:. os 2..-25 164 
‘Doligm 2a. 06.0030 et 
DIMAS oy isis u Sie.c ee 61 
DOTS 2 os rsbeetns's och 145 
Eburna --.--+......% 965 
Emarginula «-...... 153 
Bodlig «+ «00%. S05 ISU 144 
Erycina....-+....+. 47 
Etheria: <0 SRA 97 
Fasciolaria --+..+... 233 
Fissurella ---......+ 154 
Fistulana ........ ». 84 
BOs Ass oa andces eee 234 
GHhlathea «<-.5 34.20 028 66 
Galeolaria +........ 19 
Gastrocheena .--.... 38 
Glaucus -...- ee 143 

. Glycimeris +. ---... Al 
_ Grypheea -.--..+--. 123 
Gyrogonites ---...-. 805 
Hatiotin :: =e '0...0ia 207 
Harpa’<-\<4-. ding 260 
Helicina «-...-..... 178 
Felix «s+. .seeeeeee 169 


Page. 
Hissbellin: soi vexsse. 80 
Hippopus ---.-. 94643700 
Hippurites -.-.--... 303 
Hyalaea + se0e+s sees 140 
Hyria occa rece wees 92 
Tridina< =. - ever. o hii 95 
Tepeardia « - <<. ccsn ie 81 
Janthina «++. ..-< - 203 


Laplysia, see Aplysia, 163 


Lenticulites -----..- 303 
Daa ® oe es cuee oes 114 
Limacina ---.-.-..«. 142 
Uimiax -< see's ss ind6 
Lingula eee eee 139 
Lituolites ..-.....-. 304 
Loligo ---+-+---+- 310 
Loligopsis ----++-+ 309 
MRE wee nbs o's 2 60 
TARE AP a oa 00 «0:00 tain 44 
Lymnza Cees eee eens 192 
Miata. << oni oe cig aloe 45 
Magilus ----.-.-.-. 20 
Moalleus«...s3..0444 109 
Marginella -+++-+.++ 278 
Melania ----.-+-++ - 193 
Melanopsis --++++-- 194 
Meleagrina -------- 112 
Melonites -+--++--. 305 
Miiligke ss. -- 5. nth 305 
MEA fie seek oe ih 269 


Page. 
ee a ee er 102 
Monoceros -» +++++. 957 
Monodonta---:+-- + 219 
Wit | oo ok cee site 240 
M YA severeeecscese 42 
Mytilus --.----++-+- 103 
PGES, coin. «ca bers 2902 
Nautilus °....5.., . 307 
Navicella ----+++-++s 198 
TRERUS cise s.+.0)a 0. «ids 200 
Wemitina +202 2cccsce 199 
Nodosaria »+.-+....+- 303 
Myr ee a See 87 
Nummulites ----..-- 306 
Octopus ---++++++66: 309 
Oliva ---..... sseecs 292 
Onchydium «--+++-. 165 
Orbicula -.++-++++++ 135 
Orbiculina -----++.- 305 
Orbulites --......-. 307 
Orthocera -..+++.+++ 302 
Qatiea «ss oie. m aughey 124 
QOtion: -- -<jsevessunp 30 
Ovula ~-...5. sib aapan 281 
Paludina--... s opens 196 
Pandora «+-+s.00s08 5} 
Panopeea ++ -+++++00 Al 
Parmacella----++«++ 166 
Parmophora -----+++ 152 


Patella ok ec ccscakone’d 140 


Page, 
Pedtetnraiates akin oie 116 
Pectinaria ++. +++ 1s 
Pectunculus-+-..--- 85 
PMS molars ais dn 8 113 
gee WES epee 108 
Petricola ---..+..-- 52 
Phasianella ----++-- 223 
PHOS: s+ 9495) aoeins BT 
Phyllidia ..---.+-+- 145 
Phylliroe ----- vere 312 
Physa «++--++-++e0- 191 
Pileopsis -++-+++++- 155 
Pifiria 3. ss «se seis oh 105 
Pirena: + <ve+' coals 195 
Placentula --------- 306 
Placuna +--+-+++ee+- 128 


Plagiostoma +«rees+ 115 


Planaxis ----------- 222 
Planorbis ---++-+++: 190 
Pleurobranchus --++ 151 
Pleurotoma -------- 228 
Plicatula. ------+++- 118 
Pneumodermon ---- 143 
Podopsis ea bial wwe! or 97 122 
Pollicipes ----+---- ~ 29 
Polystomella -+----- 306 
Psammobia ---+---- 54 
Psammoteea +++ ++ -+> 5d 
Pterocera «+++ ++++:: 247 
Pterotrachea «+++-++ $12 


Page. 
Pupa -+erereseeees 179 
Purpura gaa epi 955 
Pyramidella ---.--.. 209 
Pyrgoma -+-+-+++++. 28 
Pyrula .-++++- coe e+ 236 
Radiolites ---+.-...6 132 
Ranella 20 66 \0es~0 «diet 239 
Renulites ---.--.++- 304 
Ricinula «- ++ -.s0++s 254 
Rostellaria ---- «+++ 246 
Rotalites’- 5%. .+essas 305 
Rotella -.....%+secs Q15 
Sabellaria -------- a SES 
Sanguinolaria ------ 54 
Saxicava ++---.e9. - 5] 
Scalaria «++...sese 211 
Scyllaca -+eseeeeees 144 
Sepia -+--++-+eeeee 310 
Septaria +++eee--++ 35 
Serpula -+++++++. ara 
Siderolites ------+-+ 306 
Sigaretus «----.-++- 204 
Siliquaria---------. 13 
Solarium ---.+-+«e+: 214 
Solenimya -----++ +++ 48 
Sheu oad. ihe seo Rhee 38 
Spheerulites ---+---+ 132 
Spirolinites «-+++++> 304 
Spirorbis ---+++++-- 17 
Spirula -.-.-. ciehiee 303 


Page. 

Spondylus --++++++: 119 

Stomatella --++++:+ 205 

Stomatia --+-+-+-++- 206 

Strombus --: «+++ os 248 
Struthiolaria -» +--+. 238 

Succinea-++ «e++ss 185 
Tellina ---+-cscecee 56 
Tellinides ------+-- 58. 
Terebella ----- coors (16 
Terebellum -------- 290 
ti ee 266 
Terebratula------ - 136 
Weredina -+-++-+++ 36 
"TEFEGO - +++ sce -»- 386 
Testacellus-...- Eo its bi, 
Tethys +-++++---++- 144 
Tornatella ..---+--- 208 

“‘Tridacna ------ eoce QO 
Trigonia ---------- 88 
er ne - 244 

Tritonia «+ ++eeeees « $44 


Page. 
Trochus ««'+++++++ - 216 
Tubicinella .--+++-- 22 
Turbinella ---.++++. 230 
Turbo --+++e+ «+++ 220 
Turrilites ...... 00.2. 308 
Turritella -+++--+++++ 224 
Umbrella ----..-ee- 151 
Ungulina ---»+--+-- AS 
US Sa PS, a eae 90 
Valvata --.-+see5 -- 196 
Venericardia -.-+--> 74 
Venerirupis -----+++ 53 
Venus «+--+: oes 71 
Vermetus --.------ 210 
Vermilia .--.+e---- 18 
MTP a Oe oon t sila 168 
Wolittae (5 eis/e 000 Goes 272 
Wolvaria fess ss cus 280 
Vorticialis -...--.-- 306 
Vulsella «+++++--++- 127 


7 LONDON: 
_W. M‘DOWALL, PRINTER, PEMBERTON-ROW, GOUGH SQUARE. 


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Full text of "An epitome of Lamarck's arrangement of Testacea: being a free translation of that part of his works, De l'histoire des animaux sans vertèbres"

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